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I lived among woods, which are now killed with copper works, and I took my walk over sandy sea-coast deserts, then covered with low roses and thousands of nameless flowers and plants, trodden by the naked feet of the Welsh peasantry, and trackless. These creatures were somewhat between me and the animals, and were as u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Several lines in the poem reference and reflect Landor's hopes that the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte would bring about a greater equality (Book 6, 191-3; Book 307-8). These lines were qualified by a note in the 1803 edition, expressing disappointment that these hopes had not been fulfilled. According to Landor, par... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Gebir is divided into seven books. The poetic style is blank verse. By way of explanation, Landor stated, “there never was a poem in rhyme that grew not tedious in a thousand lines.” He cited Pindar and Milton as influences. “The style of Gebir is severe because when I composed it I was fresh from repeated perusals of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
The first English version of Gebir was anonymously published in July or August 1798. The printer for this edition was Henry Sharpe of Warwick, although the title page bore the imprint of Rivingtons. Landor had first submitted the manuscript to Cadell & Davies of London who had published his first book The Poems of Walt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
As published in 1798, the text was plagued by a number of errors, mostly arising from Landor’s own messy and numerous corrections to the manuscript and his residing at a distance of sixteen miles from the printer's offices. The poem was paperbound and sold for either 1 or 2 shillings. An important related work was prin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
This was Poetry by the Author of Gebir: and A Postscript To that Poem, with Remarks on Some Critics. The main contents of this book were the two blank verse epic poems "The Story of Crysaor" and "From The Phocæans" and "Protis's Narrative", each in a blank verse epic style much like the style of Gebir. In the "Postscri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
The postscript also gave an account of the book's very limited distribution: Far from soliciting the attention of those who are passing by, Gebir is confined, I believe, to the shop of one bookseller, and I never heard that he had even made his appearance at the window. I understand not the management of these matters,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Likely around 1802, partly to address the errors in the first edition of the text, Landor undertook to have the poem republished. Relying on his brother Robert to assist in preparing the text, Landor had the text published in its revised form by Slatter & Munday of London in January or February 1803. It was probably Ro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Revisions to the text of 1798 included the addition of 43 lines (1,881 lines in the 1803 version, compared to 1,838 lines in the 1798 version). Landor also added "Arguments" offering a brief synopsis of the story at the beginning of each book, as well as explanatory footnotes, glossing the text's obscure passages. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
In late November of the same year was published in identical format the Latin version, Gebirus, Poema, with the Latinized name "Savagius Landor" appearing on the title page. The next publication of the poem was in 1831, in the volume of Gebir, Count Julian, and Other Poems. Landor once again revised the text, starting ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
The first to review Gebir was the young poet Robert Southey, who was given the book to review by the editor of The Critical Review. His enthusiastic review appeared in September 1799, and included ample quotation from the poem. “We have read his poem repeatedly with more than common attention, and with far more than co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
He would later cite Gebir as a strong influence on his own long poem Thalaba the Destroyer: "I am sensible of having derived great improvement from the frequent perusal of Gebir at that time. "The poem received an approving but brief notice in The Gentleman's Magazine of London in its supplement for 1799 and referred t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Many years later, in an article on Landor for Tait's Edinburgh Magazine published in January 1847 ("Notes on Walter Savage Landor"), De Quincey recalled finding Gebir in a bookshop in December 1803 and being "astonished... by the splendour of its descriptions".. Unaware of Southey's enthusiastic praise of the poem, he ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
In a letter to Southey, he wrote, “I have seen Gebor! Gebor aptly so denominated from Geborish, quasi Gibberish. But Gebor hath some lucid intervals. I remember darkly one beautiful simile veiled in uncouth phrases about the youngest daughter of the Ark.” | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Gebir (July or August 1798; anonymously published) Gebir; A Poem: In Seven Parts (January or February 1803) Gebirus: Poema (November 1803; in Latin) Gebir, Count Julian, and Other Poems (1831) The Poetical Works of Walter Savage Landor, vol. 1. Ed. Stephen Wheeler. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1937. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Bainbridge, Simon. Napoleon and English Romanticism. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995. Pp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
30-49. Bradley, William. The Early Poems of Walter Savage Landor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
London: Bradbury, Agnew, & Co, Ltd, 1913. Bush, Douglas. Mythology And The Romantic Tradition In English Poetry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1937. Pp. 236-240. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Elwin, Malcolm. Landor: A Replevin. London: Macdonald, 1958. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Garcia, Humberto. “The Hermetic Tradition of Arabic Islam and the Colonial Politics of Landor’s Gebir.” Studies in Romanticism, Vol. 46, No. 4 (Winter 2007), pp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
433-459. Islam, MD Monirul. “A Tale of Three Journeys: Orientalist Poetics/Politics of Landor’s Gebir.” Impressions, Vol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
11, No. 2 (2017). Pinsky, Robert. Landor’s Poetry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1968. Richardson, Alan. "Epic Ambivalence: Imperial Politics and Romantic Deflection in Williams's Peru and Landor's Gebir". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Romanticism, Race, and Imperial Culture, 1780-1834. Ed. Alan Richardson and Sonia Hofkosh. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996. Roberts, Adam. “Epic.” Landor’s Cleanness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Oxford: Oxford UP, 2014. Schlaak, Robert. Entstehungs- u. Textgeschichte von Landors “Gebir”. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Halle, 1909. Sharafuddin, Mohammed. “Landor’s Gebir and the Establishment of Romantic Orientalism.” Islam and Romantic Orientalism: Literary Encounters with the Orient. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 1994. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Pp. 1-42. Super, R.H. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
The Publication of Landor’s Works. London: Bibliographical Society, 1954. Super, R.H. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Walter Savage Landor: A Biography. New York: New York University Press, 1954. Tucker, Herbert F. Epic: Britain's Heroic Muse, 1790–1910. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Oxford: Oxford UP, 2008. Pp. 80-85. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Vitoux, Pierre. “Gebir as an Heroic Poem.” The Wordsworth Circle, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Winter 1976), pp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
51-57. Williams, Stanley T. “The Story of Gebir.” PMLA, Vol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
36, No. 4 (Dec. 1921), pp. 615-631. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebir_(poem) |
Roxane Cohen Silver (born August 1955) is a social, health psychologist known for her work on personal, national, and international traumas and how people cope with these traumas. She holds the position of Vice Provost for Academic Planning & Institutional Research and Distinguished Professor of Psychological Science, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxane_Cohen_Silver |
Silver received the American Psychological Association (APA) Award for Distinguished Service to Psychological Science in 2007. She was awarded the Public Advocacy Award from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies in 2010 for “outstanding and fundamental contributions to advancing social understanding of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxane_Cohen_Silver |
At age 17, Silver discovered a career path for herself in psychology. Her close friend's father was diagnosed with a brain tumor and died within three months of his diagnosis. Since her friend was only a teenager, it was hard to cope with the loss. This event triggered Silver's interest in how people cope with traumati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxane_Cohen_Silver |
degree in psychology with highest distinction and honors at Northwestern University in 1976. She continued her education at Northwestern, graduating in 1982 with a Ph.D. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxane_Cohen_Silver |
in social psychology. As an undergraduate and graduate student, Silver worked with Philip Brickman, whose suicide profoundly influenced her thinking about how people cope with traumatic events. Silver's dissertation, supervised by Camille Wortman, was titled Coping with an undesirable life event: A study of early react... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxane_Cohen_Silver |
Silver's research team studies how people cope with traumatic life events. She was the Principal Investigator of a multi-year national project that studied the emotional impact of the September 11 attacks on people in the United States. She found that the attack caused long-term mental and physical health effects, incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxane_Cohen_Silver |
In one of her well-publicized longitudinal studies, Silver and her colleagues examined resilience among people who had had to cope with negative events such as natural disasters, divorce, a recent death, or illness. They observed that people who were going through difficult personal events often learned ways to ease th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxane_Cohen_Silver |
The researchers concluded that the media's continuous coverage of COVID-19 increased stress and anxiety. After studying how people dealt with depression and anxiety due to COVID-19, Silver and her colleagues concluded that technology use during this time helped promote mental health. The authors emphasized that reachin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxane_Cohen_Silver |
Friedman, H. S., & Silver, R. C. (Eds.). (2007). Foundations of health psychology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxane_Cohen_Silver |
Oxford University Press. Silver, R. C., & Updegraff, J. A. (2013). Searching for and finding meaning following personal and collective traumas. American Psychological Association. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxane_Cohen_Silver |
The chain of survival refers to a series of actions that, properly executed, reduce the mortality associated with sudden cardiac arrest. Like any chain, the chain of survival is only as strong as its weakest link. The six interdependent links in the chain of survival are early recognition of sudden cardiac arrest and a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_survival |
The first three links in the chain can be performed by lay bystanders, while the second three links are designated to medical professionals. Currently, between 70 and 90% of cardiac arrest patients die before they reach the hospital. However, a cardiac arrest does not have to be lethal if bystanders can take the right ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_survival |
According to the American Heart Association, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest can affect more than 300,000 people in the United States each year. Three minutes after the onset of cardiac arrest, a lack of blood flow starts to damage the brain, and 10 minutes after, the chances of survival are low. Therefore, bystanders h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_survival |
Over the years, the American Heart Association has added two new links to the chain: post-resuscitation care in 2010, and physical and emotional recovery in 2020. Also in 2020, the American Heart Association issued a new pediatric chain of survival for infants, children, and adolescents. Mary M. Newman, co-founder and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_survival |
Ideally, someone must recognize an impending cardiac arrest or otherwise witness the cardiac arrest and activate the EMS system as early as possible with an immediate call to the emergency services. Unfortunately, many persons experiencing symptoms (for example, angina) that may lead to a cardiac arrest ignore these wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_survival |
To be most effective, bystanders should provide CPR immediately after a patient collapses. In their 2015 guidelines, the American Heart Association re-emphasized the importance of more bystanders performing hands-only CPR until EMS personnel arrive because, at present, fewer than 40% of people who have an out-of-hospit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_survival |
Most adults who can be saved from cardiac arrest are in ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia, which means their heart has fallen out of rhythm. Early defibrillation is the link in the chain most likely to improve survival since defibrillation can help shock the heart back into a regular beat. E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_survival |
And while only 40% of adults experiencing cardiac arrest receive CPR, fewer than 12% receive shocks from an AED before EMS arrival. What is more, the chances of the patient's survival decrease by as much as 10% with every minute that they do not receive rapid defibrillation.AEDs are becoming more common in businesses, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_survival |
Early advanced cardiac life support by paramedics is another critical link in the chain of survival. In communities with survival rates > 20%, a minimum of two of the rescuers are trained to the advanced level.Some ACLS ambulance providers will administer medications to manage pain, arrhythmias, shock, and pulmonary co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_survival |
In October 2020, the American Heart Association added the recovery phase as the sixth link in the chain of survival. Recovery consists of cardiac arrest survivors receiving treatment, surveillance, and rehabilitation at a hospital. It also includes an assessment for anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress, which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_survival |
Processing (simplified Chinese: 炮制; traditional Chinese: 炮製; pinyin: páozhì, or Chinese: 炮炙; pinyin: páozhì) in Chinese materia medica (Chinese herbology) is the technique of altering the properties, sterilizing and removing poisons of crude medicines by processing using heat and combination with various materials in a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processing_(Chinese_materia_medica) |
Pao Zhi processing may involve such means as washing, soaking, boiling, steaming, fermenting, drying, roasting, honey frying, wine frying, earth frying, vinegar frying, calcining, or other means. This is a kind of alchemical processing used in everyday preparation of herbal, mineral and animal medicinals. There are als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processing_(Chinese_materia_medica) |
For instance, frying with wine is believed to enhance the circulatory properties of herbs. Frying with salt is believed to draw the herbal actions to the kidneys. Otherwise cooling herbs may be warmed up by heated techniques. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processing_(Chinese_materia_medica) |
In psychology, empathic accuracy is a measure of how accurately one person can infer the thoughts and feelings of another person. The term was introduced in 1988, in conjunction with the term "empathic inference," by psychologists William Ickes and William Tooke. Since then research on empathic accuracy has explored it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathic_accuracy |
Neuroscience research has shown that brain activation associated with empathic accuracy overlaps with both the areas responsible for affect sharing and mentalizing.Empathic accuracy is an aspect of what William Ickes called "everyday mind reading". A person's understanding of the states of others is extremely important... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathic_accuracy |
In 1951, Carl Rogers published Client-Centered Therapy, the work he is most known for. In it, he created three guidelines for psychologists to follow in a therapeutic session with a client: to have unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness. Roger's goal was to have the client actualize his or her own inhe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathic_accuracy |
The therapist's empathy thereby helps to move the client towards self-actualization. Empathy in Rogers's client-centered therapy means to better understand the client and his or her issues. This relates to empathic accuracy because Rogers's intent was not to make the client feel pitied, but for the psychologist to be i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathic_accuracy |
Empathic accuracy was a topic of social psychological research in the 1990s. Social psychology explored how empathic accuracy relates to the concept of empathy in general. Social psychologists posit two main theories for how people empathize with others: simulation theory and theory theory. In simulation theory, we und... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathic_accuracy |
Neuroscience research solidified the shared roles of simulation theory and theory theory in empathic accuracy. Neuroscience work on empathy focused on two main neural networks: the mirror system and the mentalizing system. The mirror system involves the bilateral posterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and bilateral ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathic_accuracy |
The mentalizing system involves areas dependent upon task demands but converges in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex.These systems rely on separate neural regions and can be activated at the same time. Recent work on empathic accuracy shows this concurrent activation, providing further evidence that empathic accuracy i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathic_accuracy |
William Ickes and colleagues developed a method to measure the accuracy of a perceiver's inferences about the content of a target person's reported thoughts and feelings. In this method, the perceiver is asked to view a videotaped interaction that was previously recorded. The videotape is paused for the perceiver at ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathic_accuracy |
Social psychology research focuses on how empathic accuracy affects interpersonal relationships, and how people differ in empathic accuracy ability. Closeness improves empathic accuracy; in a study of friends, for example, men were better at reading their friends' emotional states than those of strangers. In romantic r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathic_accuracy |
In healthy relationships, empathic accuracy is linked to better instrumental social support: partners who are more accurate at inferring their partners' states are also better at providing tangible, concrete supports such as material goods or financial assistance.Work on empathic inaccuracy and aggression toward spouse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathic_accuracy |
Research with opposite-gender couples found significant differences between genders: women were better at reading their partner's emotions. These differences, however, were dramatically diminished when the couples were told that they would receive money for each emotion they correctly identified in their partner. Men a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathic_accuracy |
Social neuroscience has located regions of the brain correlated with empathic accuracy, which helped clarify the debate regarding simulation theory and theory-theory. Other research in social neuroscience has explored processes that may affect empathic accuracy both behaviorally and in the brain. One such study looked ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathic_accuracy |
Oxytocin, known for its role in regulating prosocial behavior, selectively improved the empathic accuracy of those individuals who scored higher on the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), meaning that increased levels of oxytocin helped people with poorer social skills but not those who were already socially skilled. Neuros... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathic_accuracy |
Certain conditions can impair empathic accuracy. Alexithymia, which involves difficulty with labeling one's own emotional states, is linked with empathic inaccuracy. When considering the importance of the mirror system in empathic accuracy this deficit makes sense, as people who have difficulty recognizing their own em... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathic_accuracy |
An incest taboo is any cultural rule or norm that prohibits sexual relations between certain members of the same family, mainly between individuals related by blood. All human cultures have norms that exclude certain close relatives from those considered suitable or permissible sexual or marriage partners, making such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
Some cultures proscribe sexual relations between clan-members, even when no traceable biological relationship exists, while members of other clans are permissible irrespective of the existence of a biological relationship. In many cultures, certain types of cousin relations are preferred as sexual and marital partners,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
Some cultures permit sexual and marital relations between aunts/uncles and nephews/nieces. In some instances, brother–sister marriages have been practised by the elites with some regularity. Parent–child and sibling–sibling unions are almost universally taboo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
Debate about the origin of the incest taboo has often been framed as a question of whether it is based in nature or nurture. One explanation sees the incest taboo as a cultural implementation of a biologically evolved preference for sexual partners with whom one is unlikely to share genes, since inbreeding may have det... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
The existence of the Westermarck effect has achieved some empirical support.Another school argues that the incest prohibition is a cultural construct which arises as a side effect of a general human preference for group exogamy, which arises because intermarriage between groups construct valuable alliances that improve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
While it is theoretically possible that natural selection may, under certain genetic circumstances, select for individuals that instinctively avoid mating with (close) relatives, incest will still exist in the gene pool because even genetically weakened, inbred individuals are better watchposts against predators than n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
Modern anthropology developed at a time when a great many human societies were illiterate, and much of the research on incest taboos has taken place in societies without legal codes, and, therefore, without written laws concerning marriage and incest. Nevertheless, anthropologists have found that the institution of mar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
The two prohibitions do not necessarily coincide. There is no uniformity as to which degrees are involved in the prohibitions. The rules regulating incest must be investigated in every society by means of the genealogical method. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
The prohibition may be so narrow as to include only one type of parent–child relationship (though this is very rare), or those within the elementary family; or so wide as to include all with whom genealogical or classificatory kinship can be traced. The more usual practice is that unions with certain relatives only are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
What penalties fall on (a) the individuals concerned; (b) the community as a whole? Are such penalties enforced by authority, or are they believed to ensure automatically by all action of supernatural force? Is there any correlation between the severity of the penalty and the nearness of the blood-tie of the partners i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
Should children be born as the result of incestuous unions, how are they treated? Are there any methods, ritual or legal, by which persons who fall within the prohibited degrees and wish to marry can break the relationship and become free to marry? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
As this excerpt suggests, anthropologists distinguish between social norms and actual social behavior; much social theory explores the difference and relationship between the two. For example, what is the purpose of prohibitions that are routinely violated (as for example when people claim that incest is taboo yet enga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
These theories are further complicated by the fact that in many societies people related to one another in different ways, and sometimes distantly, are classified together as siblings, and others who are just as closely related genetically are not considered family members. Moreover, the definition restricts itself to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
In short, anthropologists were not studying "incest" per se; they were asking informants what they meant by "incest", and what the consequences of "incest" were, in order to map out social relationships within the community. This excerpt also suggests that the relationship between sexual and marriage practices is compl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
For example, Trobriand Islanders prohibit both sexual relations between a woman and her brother, and between a woman and her father, but they describe these prohibitions in very different ways: relations between a woman and her brother fall within the category of forbidden relations among members of the same clan; rela... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
An explanation for the taboo is that it is due to an instinctual, inborn aversion that would lower the adverse genetic effects of inbreeding such as a higher incidence of congenital birth defects (see article Inbreeding depression). Since the rise of modern genetics, belief in this theory has grown. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
The increase in frequency of birth defects often attributed to inbreeding results directly from an increase in the frequency of homozygous alleles inherited by the offspring of inbred couples. This leads to an increase in homozygous allele frequency within a population, and results in diverging effects. Should a child ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
In small populations, as long as children born with inheritable birth defects die (or are killed) before they reproduce, the ultimate effect of inbreeding will be to decrease the frequency of defective genes in the population; over time, the gene pool will be healthier. However, in larger populations, it is more likely... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
The biological costs of incest also depend largely on the degree of genetic proximity between the two relatives engaging in incest. This fact may explain why the cultural taboo generally includes prohibitions against sex between close relatives but less often includes prohibitions against sex between more distal relati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
The Westermarck effect, first proposed by Edvard Westermarck in 1891, is the theory that children reared together, regardless of biological relationship, form a sentimental attachment that is by its nature non-erotic. Melford Spiro argued that his observations that unrelated children reared together on Israeli Kibbutzi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
This was not enforced but voluntary. Looking at the second generation adults in all kibbutzim, out of a total of 2769 marriages, none were between those of the same peer group.However, according to a book review by John Hartung of a book by Shepher, out of 2516 marriages documented in Israel, 200 were between couples r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
Another approach is looking at moral objections to third-party incest. This increases the longer a child has grown up together with another child of the opposite sex. This occurs even if the other child is genetically unrelated. Humans have been argued to have a special kin detection system that besides the incest tabo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
One objection against an instinctive and genetic basis for the incest taboo is that incest does occur. Anthropologists have also argued that the social construct "incest" (and the incest taboo) is not the same thing as the biological phenomenon of "inbreeding". For example, there is equal genetic relation between a man... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
Therefore, it is argued that the prohibition against incestuous relations in most societies is not based on or motivated by concerns over biological closeness. Other studies on cousin marriages have found support for a biological basis for the taboo. Also, current supporters of genetic influences on behavior do not arg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
Stewart-Williams argues that these marriages were largely political (their function being to keep power and wealth concentrated in the family) and there is no evidence the siblings were attracted to each other and there is in fact some evidence against it (for example, Cleopatra married two of her brothers but did not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
Psychoanalytic theory—in particular, the claimed existence of an Oedipus complex, which is not an instinctual aversion against incest but an instinctual desire—has influenced many theorists seeking to explain the incest taboo using sociological theories. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
The anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss developed a general argument for the universality of the incest taboo in human societies. His argument begins with the claim that the incest taboo is in effect a prohibition against endogamy, and the effect is to encourage exogamy. Through exogamy, otherwise unrelated households o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo |
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