text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 31 280 |
|---|---|
Based on these profiles, the information professionals would then distribute selectively appropriate information to their clients. This labour-intensive operation, while initially costly, over time was made less so. A survey at the time (1970s) indicated that a large number of projects were affected by the SDI service. The software was developed by Edward Housman at the Signal Corps Laboratories Technical Information Division. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_dissemination_of_information |
Mayfield Park is a public park in Manchester city centre, England, covering an area of 6.5 acres (2.6 ha). The city centre's first new public park in more than 100 years, it was officially opened on 22 September 2022 by Bev Craig, the Leader of Manchester City Council. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfield_Park,_Manchester |
The park takes its name from Manchester Mayfield, a former railway station and industrial site on the south side of Fairfield Street next to Manchester Piccadilly station. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfield_Park,_Manchester |
The area had been mainly derelict since the 1980s, but is being redeveloped as part of a wider regeneration scheme that includes plans for 1,500 new homes, retail, leisure and office space.The park had been more than six years in the planning, design and delivery. In 2020, the Government pledged £23m of investment from its Getting Building Fund – one of the largest investments in any single project – to Mayfield Park. This investment, delivered through the Greater Manchester Combined Authority (GMCA), was part of the Government's strategy to support 'shovel ready' schemes that would help to drive economic recovery following the COVID-19 crisis.In January 2020, the remains of two large tiled pools of the former Mayfield Baths on a street now known as Baring Street were discovered by archaeologists from the University of Salford on the site of the park.The scheme was delivered by the Mayfield Partnership, a public-private venture comprising regeneration specialist U+I, Manchester City Council, Transport for Greater Manchester and UK Government placemaking expert LCR. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfield_Park,_Manchester |
The park is on the banks of the River Medlock, a section of which was revealed after more than 50 years when concrete culverts were removed during construction. Three of the original steel beams have been retained to create the base of a new bridge over the river, forming part of extensive walkways.There is a large children's playground with six slides and references to the industrial past of the site, as well as landscaped areas with thousands of plants and 142 trees spread across 58 species. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfield_Park,_Manchester |
A visible minority (French: minorité visible) is defined by the Government of Canada as "persons, other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour". The term is used primarily as a demographic category by Statistics Canada, in connection with that country's Employment Equity policies. The qualifier "visible" was chosen by the Canadian authorities as a way to single out newer immigrant minorities from both Aboriginal Canadians and other "older" minorities distinguishable by language (French vs. English) and religion (Catholics vs. Protestants), which are "invisible" traits. The term visible minority is sometimes used as a euphemism for "non-white". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_minority |
This is incorrect, in that the government definitions differ: Aboriginal people are not considered to be visible minorities, but are not necessarily white either. In some cases, members of "visible minorities" may be visually indistinguishable from the majority population and/or may form a majority-minority population locally (as is the case in Vancouver and Toronto). Since the reform of Canada's immigration laws in the 1960s, immigration has been primarily of peoples from areas other than Europe, many of whom are visible minorities within Canada. Legally, members of visible minorities are defined by the Canadian Employment Equity Act as "persons, other than Aboriginal people, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_minority |
9,639,200 Canadians identified as a member of a visible minority group in the 2021 Canadian Census, for 26.53% of the total population. This was an increase from the 2016 Census, when visible minorities accounted for 22.2% of the total population; from the 2011 Census, when visible minorities accounted for 19.1% of the total population; from the 2006 Census, when the proportion was 16.2%; from 2001, when the proportion was 13.4%; over 1996 (11.2%); over 1991 (9.4%) and 1981 (4.7%). In 1961, the visible minority population was less than 1%. The increase represents a significant shift in Canada's demographics related to record high immigration since the advent of its multiculturalism policies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_minority |
Statistics Canada projects that by 2041, visible minorities will make up 38.2–43.0% of the total Canadian population, compared with 26.5% in 2021. Statistics Canada further projects that among the working-age population (15 to 64 years), meanwhile, visible minorities are projected to make up 42.1–47.3% of Canada's total population, compared to 28.5% in 2021.As per the 2021 census, of the provinces, British Columbia had the highest proportion of visible minorities, representing 34.4% of its population, followed by Ontario at 34.3%, Alberta at 27.8% and Manitoba at 22.2%. Additionally, as of 2021, the largest visible minority group was South Asian Canadians with a population of approximately 2.6 million, representing roughly 7.1% of the country's population, followed by Chinese Canadians (4.7%) and Black Canadians (4.3%). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_minority |
National average: 26.5%Source: Canada 2021 Census Note: Subdivisions shown below have visible minority populations above the national average.Alberta British Columbia Manitoba Ontario Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_minority |
National average: 22.3%Source: Canada 2016 Census Note: Subdivisions shown below have visible minority populations above the national average.Alberta British Columbia Manitoba Ontario Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_minority |
National average: 19.1%Source: Canada 2011 Census Note: Subdivisions shown below have visible minority populations above the national average.Alberta British Columbia Manitoba Ontario Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_minority |
National average: 16.2%Source: Canada 2006 Census Note: Subdivisions shown below have visible minority populations above the national average.Alberta British Columbia Manitoba Ontario Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_minority |
National average: 13.4%Source: Canada 2001 Census Note: Subdivisions shown below have visible minority populations above the national average.Alberta British Columbia Manitoba Ontario Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_minority |
According to the Employment Equity Act of 1995, the definition of visible minority is: "persons, other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour".This definition can be traced back to the 1984 Report of the Abella Commission on Equality in Employment. The Commission described the term visible minority as an "ambiguous categorization", but for practical purposes interpreted it to mean "visibly non-white". The Canadian government uses an operational definition by which it identifies the following groups as visible minorities: "Chinese, South Asian, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Southeast Asian, Arab, West Asian, Korean, Japanese, Visible minority, n.i.e. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_minority |
(n.i.e. means "not included elsewhere"), and Multiple visible minority".If census respondents write-in multiple entries, like "Black and Malaysian", "Black and French" or "South Asian and European", they would be included in the Black or South Asian counts respectively. However, the 2006 Census states that respondents that add a European ethnic response in combination with certain visible minority groups are not counted as visible minorities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_minority |
They must add another non-European ethnic response to be counted as such: In contrast, in accordance with employment equity definitions, persons who reported 'Latin American' and 'White,' 'Arab' and 'White,' or 'West Asian' and 'White' have been excluded from the visible minority population. Likewise, persons who reported 'Latin American,' 'Arab' or 'West Asian' and who provided a European write-in response such as 'French' have been excluded from the visible minority population as well. These persons are included in the 'Not a visible minority' category. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_minority |
However, persons who reported 'Latin American,' 'Arab' or 'West Asian' and a non-European write-in response are included in the visible minority population. The term "non-white" is used in the wording of the Employment Equity Act and in employment equity questionnaires distributed to applicants and employees. This is intended as a shorthand phrase for those who are in the Aboriginal and/or visible minority groups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_minority |
The classification "visible minorities" has attracted controversy, both nationally and from abroad. The UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination has stated that they have doubts regarding the use of this term since this term may be considered objectionable by certain minorities and recommended an evaluation of this term. In response, the Canadian government made efforts to evaluate how this term is used in Canadian society through commissioning of scholars and open workshops.Since 2008, census data and media reports have suggested that the "visible minorities" label no longer makes sense in some large Canadian cities, due to immigration trends in recent decades. For example, "visible minorities" comprise the majority of the population in many municipalities across the country, primarily in British Columbia, Ontario, and Alberta.Yet another criticism of the label concerns the composition of "visible minorities". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_minority |
Critics have noted that the groups comprising "visible minorities" have little in common with each other, as they include both disadvantaged groups and groups who are not economically disadvantaged. The concept of visible minority has been cited in demography research as an example of a statistext, meaning a census category that has been contrived for a particular public policy purpose. As the term "visible minorities" is seen as creating a racialized group, some advocate for "global majority" as a more appropriate alternative.Furthermore it is not clear why minority definition should center on the "visual", and the concept of "audible minority" (e.g. those who speak with what appears to the majority to be "accented" English or French) has also been proposed, as speech often forms the basis for prejudice, along with appearance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_minority |
A successor culture is a culture that succeeds another previous culture or civilization. It refers to a culture or civilization that arises after the decline or collapse of an earlier society and often builds upon or inherits aspects of the preceding culture. The successor culture may incorporate elements of the previous culture while also introducing new ideas, practices, or institutions. The concept of a successor culture is commonly employed in archaeology and anthropology to study cultural evolution and societal changes over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successor_culture |
Bicultural identity is the condition of being oneself regarding the combination of two cultures. The term can also be defined as biculturalism, which is the presence of two different cultures in the same country or region. As a general term, culture involves the behaviors and belief characteristics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group. Within culture, we have cultural effects, which are the shared behaviors and customs we learn from the institutions around us. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
An example of a cultural effect would be how an individual's personality is strongly influenced by the biological and social norms he is exposed to. Another cultural effect would be that in some societies it would be more acceptable to dress or act in a certain way. In regards to bicultural identity, an individual may face conflict assimilating into both cultures or finding a balance between both. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
An individual may face challenges assimilating into the whole, collective culture. Similarly, an individual may face difficulty balancing their identity within themselves due to the influence of both of their cultures. Being an individual with identity plurality can be hard mentally and emotionally. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
The different levels of biculturalism can be defined though the way people are able to simultaneously manage their two selves. The more they alternate between them, the more cognitive complexity they face, since they avoid cultural duality and do not practice handling both cultures at the same time. It is through identity integration that they will be able to solve the problem and alleviate the tolls that come with identity plurality. Bicultural identity also may have positive effects on the individual, in terms of the additional knowledge they acquire from belonging to more than one culture. Furthermore, with the growing number of racial minorities in American society, individuals that identify with more than one culture may have more linguistic ability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
Culture affects the personality of an individual because the individual may react in a way that is reflective of the knowledge one acquires from one or more culture(s). Problems may arise when ideals in one culture are not connected to another culture, which may cause generalizations about personality. Personality is shaped by both cultures and thus generalizations should not be made based on one single culture. One's culture also influences one's hormonal changes, one's interaction with violence and one's family values. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
For example, Hispanic culture often requires older children to take care and/or help raise younger siblings, while mainstream American culture interprets parents as the sole caregivers. Another example of this difference would be religious preference and or practice. Cultures other than the American culture may often identify more with certain religions and are often more in tune with their religious beliefs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
One construct to measure bicultural identity is the Bicultural Identity Integration (BII) construct. It is a relatively new construct and was proposed in 2002 by Benet-Martínez, Leu, Lee & Morris. The BII looks at how the bicultural individual perceives his bicultural identities and whether they are compatible or oppositional. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
It also seeks to identify the big five aspects of an individual's personality, including aspects such as sociability, activity and emotionality. The BII seeks to find whether an individual has a cultural distance or conflict within one's cultures, which in turn helps indicate how biculturally competent we are. Low BII bicultural individuals have difficulties in incorporating both cultures into a cohesive identity and tend to see both cultures as highly dissimilar. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
Bicultural individuals with high BII on the other hand, see their identities as complementary and themselves as part of a “third” culture, which integrates elements from both their cultures. According to Margaret Mead, a cultural anthropologist, individuals respond in a more stable fashion when their cultural contexts are understood. Researchers wanted to examine how these differences could relate to other factors and the results are insightful. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
BII is significantly associated with the psychological and social adjustments of the bicultural. Low BII bicultural individuals are found to have inferior bilingual proficiency, experience more anxiety, depression and are more neurotic and less open than bicultural individuals with high BII. More importantly, low BII bicultural individuals are not chameleon-like. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
They resist the frame switching and are more likely to respond in ways inconsistent with the cultural cues. In other words, when low BII Chinese-Americans are presented with American cues, unlike high BII bicultural individuals, they would not behave like Americans but instead, more like a Chinese. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
However, the identity struggle for bicultural individuals can be made less arduous. It is important to note that like other personality traits, BII is malleable to contextual factors. BII can be increased by asking bicultural individuals to recall positive cross-cultural exchanges or like in another study, make high-level construals. These findings can be useful in for example, helping immigrants to cope with their new environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
Language is an essential aspect of any culture. Individuals are able to maintain key aspects of their culture by maintaining their culture's language. Language is important because it is an oral form of how people interact with other people within a society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
Language reinforces the ties among the people who speak the same language, and thus encourages cultural bonding. Thus, by preserving the language within both of one's cultures, one can maintain one's integration within each culture. However, this can result in a difficulty in integrating one's cultures if each has a distinct, different language as it can prevent outsiders from understanding that particular culture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
The concept of cultural frame switching (CFS) or double consciousness made popular by W.E.B Du Bois addresses how an individual switches between cultural frames or systems in response to their environment. The presence of culture-specific peers can elicit culture-specific values. CFS can be used to describe the switching of different language use depending on the context. Thus, CFS can be connected to cultural accommodation, which is seen when bilinguals respond to situations with the language that applies best to the situation present. It is evident that language can have an effect on an individual's thinking process; this is because the language itself primes the individual's cultural values, attitudes and memory which in turn affects behavior. Thus, language has a powerful effect on the way in which an individual responds to change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
African American culture is also known as black culture in the United States and the identity of African American culture is rooted in the historical experience of the African American people. It is rooted in Africa, and is a blend of sub-Saharan African and Sahelean cultures. Due to aspects of African American culture that were accentuated by the slavery period, African American culture is dynamic. Within the African American culture, race or physical differences led to mass murder, and violence against racial groups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
These occurrences may affect an individual's perception of their African American culture. In America, Black and White differences are the most significant groupings largely because of American history. The US was founded on the principle of “all men are equal” and yet slavery existed. This is what resulted in the American Dilemma. Thus, due to historical reasons, and because they are often stereotyped, African Americans have difficulty assimilating with their culture and American culture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
Individuals having origins within the Far East, Southeast Asia or the Indian subcontinent are referred to as Asian under the U.S. Census Bureau. Asians complete 4.8% of the U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
population alone. Asians have had the highest educational attainment level and median household income of any racial demographic in the USA and attain the highest median personal income overall, as of 2008. Thus, Asian culture is often depicted as the most similar culture to American Culture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
Asians often communicate non-verbally and/or indirectly, and often are not as bold or upfront as other cultures in terms of their communication. The Asian way of life is much more group-oriented or holistic and thus the way in which they interpret the world is systematically different from American Culture in terms of thought process and lifestyle. This may make it difficult for Asian in the USA to assimilate easily into American culture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
Hispanics and Latinos have origins in the countries of Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula consisting of Spain and Portugal. Hispanics are very racially diverse. Hispanics often are very religiously oriented and focus on family values and the importance of intergenerational connections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
This may cause difficulty in integration with American culture, as the Hispanic community often emphasizes the importance of helping one's family and advancing as a family rather than simply individual success, which is more prominent within American Culture. Similarly, Hispanics may have difficulty associating with American Culture because of the language culture, as most Hispanics can speak Spanish. The ability to speak Spanish is valued greatly within Hispanic culture, as it is greatly used during social gatherings and amongst extended family. The Spanish language is a significant part of Hispanic culture, and because of the vast amount of racial differences within Hispanics, the way in which Spanish is spoken within the different racial groups is often different. This makes it not only difficult to assimilate into American culture but to often assimilate with the different races in Hispanic communities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
Europeans in the United States have a different culture from American culture. For example, Irish culture is different from American culture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
Immigrants particularly find it difficult to assimilate both their cultural contexts. Immigrants need to reconcile both their current host cultures and their culture of origin, which is where they grew up. Immigrants culturally evolve through a process of adaptation and assimilation. Immigrants are usually influenced by more dominant values that they have learned in their native cultures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
Immigrants encounter a major upheaval by moving far away from home and sometimes may never find themselves connected to either culture. Immigrants face many stresses, which can raise their risk for substance abuse and other psychological stressors. Developing a bicultural identity involves blending two cultures together and learning to be competent within their two cultures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
Immigrants and children of these individuals may be more at risk for victimization, poverty, and the need for assistance from the government. Immigrant parents for example may struggle to find a balance in their new lives and may be so busy keeping up with the demands that may be less involved in the community and in turn less involved with their child's education. With immigrants, language barriers may also bring hardship in terms of communication with natives of their less dominant culture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
Immigrants may not adapt fully because of the language barriers holding them back from even simple conversation. Acculturation is the process in which a bicultural individual or immigrant adopts the social norms of the mainstream society. The cultural gap between immigrant parents and their children may widen due to acculturation because younger generations find it easier to adapt to the new culture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
Family relations may be strained due to this issue. Children of immigrant parents may enjoy more mainstream culture, but may also want to stick to their families’ roots in order to please their caregivers. Immigrants and bicultural families do have more positive roles as well. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
They have strong commitments to family and have a dream for a better life. This in turns gives families a sense of purpose and connection and makes the family unit stronger. Native customs such as holidays and religious affiliations may also support the family unit and promote unity all around. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
Individuals with bicultural identity face issues around stereotype threat. Others may be perceived negatively, or their judgments may in turn alter the way that one behaves in certain situations. For example, with standardized testing, African American students in low-income areas often do worse on a given test due to the expectations for them to do worse. Stereotype threat is so powerful that it may extend on to different areas of life, such as the workplace. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
It is a multidimensional concept that may affect an individual on many levels. Stereotype threat makes it harder for individuals to integrate successfully with their peers if they feel judged or feel pressures to exceed in certain ways especially if their dual cultural roles may be in conflict with one another. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
These scenarios are contingent on an individual's success with acculturation strategies. A bicultural individual's integration into a workplace also depends on the cultural makeup of his or her team. A team can be categorized as culturally homogenous, culturally diverse, or possessing a cultural faultline. A bicultural is more likely to integrate with a team, possessing the skills to form a cultural attachment with homogenous or heterogenous teams by traversing cultural barriers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
Caregivers also face a dilemma with their children who have bicultural identities; they want to instill pride in their children, but also must prepare their children for prejudice without making them feel inferior to other cultural groups. For example, African-American parents must socialize their children in such a manner where they will be prepared to face discrimination in society, but they also must preserve their culture in such a way that makes them feel prideful. This dilemma that parents face makes it harder for individuals to feel comfortable within social groups and may minimize the different cultures that individuals surround themselves with. Some individuals can develop a more multicultural outlook and feel confident being around many kinds of people, whereas others may have an issue with this and may stick to their own cultural group. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
Academics within individuals with bicultural identity may also be aversely affected in terms of stereotype threat. An individual may lose motivation in a scholastic setting due to the negative expectations placed on them. Attitudes may change within academics if a student feels as though he cannot do well due to societal constraints on his particular culture. Although this may discourage some, specific tests have been made in order to integrate culture within standardized testing. A system created by Jane Mercer, assumes that test results cannot be distanced from the culture and it focuses on comparisons among people within particular culture groups rather than between culture groups. This system has been applied to intelligence and ability examinations in order to combat the concern of disadvantaged minorities doing poorly due to their incapacity to do as well as their counterparts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicultural_identity |
Garfield Park is a neighborhood park in Washington D.C. Named after President Garfield, it is located at the intersection of 2nd Street and G Street in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Southeast, Washington, D.C. It is bounded by 3rd street on the east and New Jersey Avenue on the west. South Carolina Avenue and F Street bound it on the north, and its southern border is Interstate 695. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Park_(Washington,_D.C.) |
A large playground is located near its center, and the park also hosts a number of sport amenities such as tennis courts, a volleyball court, bocce courts, and a baseball backstop along with picnic tables and benches. The park is maintained by the DC Department of Parks and Recreation. It is categorized as a neighborhood park, which means that it provides an informal park settings for recreational purposes for the immediate neighborhood. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Park_(Washington,_D.C.) |
This open space was originally included in the 1791 urban plan for Washington, L'Enfant Plan. The land was purchased by the U.S. government from Daniel Carroll of Duddington and designated as Reservation No. 17. The site may have been selected by L'Enfant because it contained several natural springs, and he indicated that it should be the site for a grand cascade. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Park_(Washington,_D.C.) |
Over the years, the lot was significantly reduced in size by railroads, freeways, and the Capitol Power Plant. One of the city's original landowners, Daniel Carroll of Duddington, built Duddington Manor, a grand mansion which faced the park from the north until it was razed in 1886 to be replaced by row houses. Indian remains were found during grading excavations, directly south of the estate, which suggests that the location may have been the site of a Nacotchtank settlement.Part of the park was transferred to the District of Columbia for the construction of Interstate 695 in 1969. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Park_(Washington,_D.C.) |
A basketball court, still accessible from the park, was built underneath the highway to mitigate the loss of park space. Basketball great, Elgin Baylor, who lived a block away on Duddington Place, shot hoops in the park growing up. At one point, the Park had a wading pool, which consistent with the times was segregated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Park_(Washington,_D.C.) |
In 1948, the park was part of a summer-long experiment on the racial integration of playgrounds in the District. Integration at Garfield Park was noted as being more difficult. At the time the neighborhood was approximately 25% white. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Park_(Washington,_D.C.) |
The integration of the wading pool and baseball field was deemed unsuccessful due to strong opposition by white neighbors and was discontinued. The Supreme Court's decision, Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Park_(Washington,_D.C.) |
497 (1952), the landmark Supreme Court that desegregated public schools in the District of Columbia, ended all segregation within the city. Ownership of the remaining 7.1-acre park was transferred to the District of Columbia in 1972. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Park_(Washington,_D.C.) |
Dealignment, in political science, is a trend or process whereby a large portion of the electorate abandons its previous partisan affiliation, without developing a new one to replace it. It is contrasted with political realignment. Many scholars argue that the trends in elections in the United States over the last several decades are best characterized as dealignment, evident in the portion of Americans identifying with a political party declining sharply between 1964 and 1976 from approximately 75 percent to 63 percent. It is also believed the United Kingdom has become dealigned from social class over the past three decades. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealignment |
Dealignment does not refer to an individual losing their party affiliation, but a widespread trend as many people formally abandon the party to which they had been previously tied. Essentially one ceases voting for the political candidates that are formally sponsored by that party. Dealignment can be seen in the rise of independent candidates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealignment |
In dealignment, unlike realignment, voters are not switching from one major party to another. They are abandoning all the dominant parties but not their democratic voice. Rather, they place their votes in independent candidates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealignment |
Partisan dealignment is a process in which individuals become less partisan in terms of their support for a particular political party. The last decades, since the 1970s, have seen an increase in the process of partisan dealignment in many countries as voters become less connected to their political party. This process can result in fewer votes for the major parties, such as in the UK, or an increase in voters that vote for the opposite party due to their loss of partisanship. This dealignment shows that short term factors might play a larger role than usual in whether a candidate receives a vote from someone of their party. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealignment |
Several factors can be attributed to partisan dealignment, such as a greater political awareness and socialisation, intensive mass media coverage and decline of deference; disillusionment both with parties and politicians, and most importantly, the poor performance of government. Voters have also become more inclined to vote based on specific issues such as Brexit, immigration or the economy rather than voting based on a partisan attachment. Prior to the 1970s there had been clear examples of partisan dealignment in the UK. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealignment |
For example, in the three elections which the Conservatives won in the 1950s, they received nearly 50% of the vote in those elections. However, in recent years loyalties towards the UK's main parties - the Labour Party and the Conservative Party - has reduced. This was seen in the 2019 general election when Labour lost votes to the Conservatives over the issue of Brexit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealignment |
Class dealignment is a process in which members of a social class no longer vote for the party that their class is aligned with. In the UK, traditionally, working class voters support Labour and middle class voters support the Conservatives; an example of class dealignment would be if the working class began to view themselves as lower middle class. Class dealignment took place in Britain post-1960s, when people were more likely to pursue tertiary education, have professional jobs and consequently more affluence. As a result, working-class voters who would traditionally have voted Labour may instead vote Conservative or Liberal Democrat. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealignment |
This happens as people lose their traditional class loyalties to a particular party. An example of this would be the Barking and Dagenham results in the 2006 local elections, in which a traditional Labour area voted for the extreme-right British National Party.A recent example of class dealignment was during the 2019 UK general election in which the "Red Wall", a term first used by James Kanagasooriam in relation to the traditional Labour seats in the North of England, no longer voted along class lines. The result was that traditional Labour seats, such as Great Grimsby, voted to elect a Conservative MP for the first time in decades. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealignment |
In addition, in 2019 the Conservative received the highest number of votes across every social class, including 41% of DE voters who traditionally voted Labour. This illustrates that people in the UK no longer vote in accordance to their class. The 2019 general election highlights that specific issues within politics can create a forced realignment to a different party for a short time as the current issues are viewed to be more important than voting based on traditional class lines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealignment |
Boris Johnson ran his campaign with the strong stance to "Get Brexit Done" while Labour were seen to be unclear on their stance towards Brexit and the EU. The majority of the "Red Wall" are anti-conservative but pro-Brexit and this creates the forced realignment as a high percentage of voter's belief in Brexit was more important than voting along their class line leading to results so shocking and so against traditional voting. This emphasises how a specific issue can cause class dealignment if the cause that a certain class believes in outweighs their feelings towards their traditional party. An example of there being class realignment is in the US where, in the 2020 Presidential Election, Donald Trump, a Republican, lost support amongst wealthy fiscally conservative and socially moderate voters in the suburbs, but made huge gains with Latino voters nationwide especially in Miami-Dade County, Florida, the Rio Grande Valley in South Texas, in Los Angeles and in the Imperial Valley in California, in the Latino-heavy areas of New York City, and the Latino-heavy areas of Chicago and Cook County. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealignment |
Epidemiologic Reviews is an annual peer-reviewed scientific journal covering epidemiology and published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. The Journal was established in 1979 by Neal Nathanson and Philip E. Sartwell. The longest running editor-in-chief was Haroutune Armenian. The current editor-in-chief is David Celentano of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologic_Reviews |
The Journal was established by Neal Nathanson, with Philip Sartwell and the help of the editorial staff at the American Journal of Epidemiology.During the initial period, primarily headed by Nathanson, the Journal established its credibility by soliciting pieces from well-respected epidemiologists and researchers that had also or were in the process of contributing to the American Journal of Epidemiology. The topics broke down equally under "three general topics: infectious diseases, other conditions, and general topics related to both," according to Sartwell in his introduction of the Journal in its first volume.In 1985, Moyses Szklo took over as editor-in-chief. After Szklo, the Journal was led by Haroutune K. Armenian, the longest serving editor-in-chief to date. Armenian regularly obtained advice from Leon Gordis and Jon Samet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologic_Reviews |
In 1999, the Journal separated from being a single 200+ page annual issue into two 100-page biannual issues, with the first one focusing on themes popular to public health and the second one focused on methodology. The following year, the Journal switched publishers from the Johns Hopkins University Press to the Oxford University Press. In 2003, the Journal reverted to publishing once per year. Though Armenian began working with Michel A. Ibrahim as co-editor-in-chief starting in 2003, Ibrahim's leadership did not fully commence until 2005 after Armenian had officially retired from his position. In 2018, Dr. Ibrahim brought aboard David Celentano as the co-editor, and in 2019, Dr. Celentano became the editor-in-chief. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologic_Reviews |
The Journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 6.222, ranking it 20th out of 203 journals in the category "Public, Environmental & Occupational Health". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologic_Reviews |
The following persons have been editor-in-chief of the journal: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologic_Reviews |
Attitudes are associated beliefs and behaviors towards some object. They are not stable, and because of the communication and behavior of other people, are subject to change by social influences, as well as by the individual's motivation to maintain cognitive consistency when cognitive dissonance occurs—when two attitudes or attitude and behavior conflict. Attitudes and attitude objects are functions of affective and cognitive components. It has been suggested that the inter-structural composition of an associative network can be altered by the activation of a single node. Thus, by activating an affective or emotional node, attitude change may be possible, though affective and cognitive components tend to be intertwined. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
There are three bases for attitude change: compliance, identification, and internalization. These three processes represent the different levels of attitude change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
Compliance refers to a change in behavior based on consequences, such as an individual's hopes to gain rewards or avoid punishment from another group or person. The individual does not necessarily experience changes in beliefs or evaluations of an attitude object, but rather is influenced by the social outcomes of adopting a change in behavior. The individual is also often aware that he or she is being urged to respond in a certain way. Compliance was demonstrated through a series of laboratory experiments known as the Asch experiments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
Experiments led by Solomon Asch of Swarthmore College asked groups of students to participate in a "vision test". In reality, all but one of the participants were confederates of the experimenter, and the study was really about how the remaining student would react to the confederates' behavior. Participants were asked to pick, out of three line options, the line that is the same length as a sample and were asked to give the answer out loud. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
Unbeknown to the participants, Asch had placed a number of confederates to deliberately give the wrong answer before the participant. The results showed that 75% of responses were in line with majority influence and were the same answers the confederates picked. Variations in the experiments showed that compliance rates increased as the number of confederates increased, and the plateau was reached with around 15 confederates. The likelihood of compliance dropped with minority opposition, even if only one confederate gave the correct answer. The basis for compliance is founded on the fundamental idea that people want to be accurate and right. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
Identification explains one's change of beliefs and affect in order to be similar to someone one admires or likes. In this case, the individual adopts the new attitude, not due to the specific content of the attitude object, but because it is associated with the desired relationship. Often, children's attitudes on race, or their political party affiliations are adopted from their parents' attitudes and beliefs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
Internalization refers to the change in beliefs and affect when one finds the content of the attitude to be intrinsically rewarding, and thus leads to actual change in beliefs or evaluations of an attitude object. The new attitude or behavior is consistent with the individual's value system, and tends to be merged with the individual's existing values and beliefs. Therefore, behaviors adopted through internalization are due to the content of the attitude object.The expectancy-value theory is based on internalization of attitude change. This model states that the behavior towards some object is a function of an individual's intent, which is a function of one's overall attitude towards the action. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
Emotion plays a major role in persuasion, social influence, and attitude change. Much of attitude research has emphasised the importance of affective or emotion components. Emotion works hand-in-hand with the cognitive process, or the way we think, about an issue or situation. Emotional appeals are commonly found in advertising, health campaigns and political messages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
Recent examples include no-smoking health campaigns (see tobacco advertising) and political campaigns emphasizing the fear of terrorism. Attitude change based on emotions can be seen vividly in serial killers who are faced with major stress. There is considerable empirical support for the idea that emotions in the form of fear arousal, empathy, or a positive mood can enhance attitude change under certain conditions.Important factors that influence the impact of emotional appeals include self-efficacy, attitude accessibility, issue involvement, and message/source features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
Attitudes that are central to one's being are highly resistant to change while others that are less fixed may change with new experiences or information. A new attitude (e.g. to time-keeping or absenteeism or quality) may challenge existing beliefs or norms so creating a feeling of psychological discomfort known as cognitive dissonance. It is difficult to measure attitude change since attitudes may only be inferred and there might be significant divergence between those publicly declared and privately held. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
Self-efficacy is a perception of one's own human agency; in other words, it is the perception of our own ability to deal with a situation. It is an important variable in emotional appeal messages because it dictates a person's ability to deal with both the emotion and the situation. For example, if a person is not self-efficacious about their ability to impact the global environment, they are not likely to change their attitude or behaviour about global warming. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
Affective forecasting, otherwise known as intuition or the prediction of emotion, also impacts attitude change. Research suggests that predicting emotions is an important component of decision making, in addition to the cognitive processes. How we feel about an outcome may override purely cognitive rationales. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
In terms of research methodology, the challenge for researchers is measuring emotion and subsequent impacts on attitude. Since we cannot see into the brain, various models and measurement tools have been constructed to obtain emotion and attitude information. Measures may include the use of physiological cues like facial expressions, vocal changes, and other body rate measures. For instance, fear is associated with raised eyebrows, increased heart rate and increased body tension. Other methods include concept or network mapping, and using primes or word cues. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
Many dual process models are used to explain the affective (emotional) and cognitive processing and interpretations of messages, as well as the different depths of attitude change. These include the heuristic-systematic model of information processing and the elaboration likelihood model. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
The heuristic-systematic model of information processing describes two depths in the processing of attitude change, systematic processing and heuristic processing. In this model information is either processed in a high-involvement and high-effort systematic way, or information is processed through shortcuts known as heuristics. For example, emotions are affect-based heuristics, in which feelings and gut-feeling reactions are often used as shortcuts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
Systematic processing occurs when individuals are motivated and have high cognition to process a message. Individuals using systematic processing are motivated to pay attention and have the cognitive ability to think deeply about a message; they are persuaded by the content of the message, such as the strength or logic of the argument. Motivation can be determined by many factors, such as how personally relevant the topic is, and cognitive ability can be determined by how knowledgeable an individual is on the message topic, or whether or not there is a distraction in the room. Individuals who receive a message through systematic processing usually internalize the message, resulting in a longer and more stable attitude change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
According to the heuristic-systematic model of information processing, people are motivated to use systematic processing when they want to achieve a "desired level of confidence" in their judgments. There are factors that have been found to increase the use of systematic processing; these factors are associated with either decreasing an individual's actual confidence or increasing an individual's perceived confidence. These factors may include framing persuasive messages in an unexpected manner; self-relevancy of the message. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
Systematic processing has been shown to be beneficial in social influence settings. Systematic reasoning has been shown to be successful in producing more valid solutions during group discussions and greater solution accuracy. Shestowsky's (1998) research in dyad discussions revealed that the individual in the dyad who had high motivation and high need in cognition had the greater impact on group decisions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
Heuristic processing occurs when individuals have low motivation and/or low cognitive ability to process a message. Instead of focusing on the argument of the message, recipients using heuristic processing focus on more readily accessible information and other unrelated cues, such as the authority or attractiveness of the speaker. Individuals who process a message through heuristic processing do not internalize the message, and thus any attitude change resulting from the persuasive message is temporary and unstable. For example, people are more likely to grant favors if reasons are provided. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
A study shows that when people said, "Excuse me, I have five pages to xerox. May I use the copier?" they received a positive response of 60%. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
The statement, "Excuse me, I have five pages to xerox. I am in a rush. May I use the copier?" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
produced a 95% success rate.Heuristic processing examples include social proof, reciprocity, authority, and liking. Social proof is the means by which we utilize other people's behaviors in order to form our own beliefs. Our attitudes toward following the majority change when a situation appears uncertain or ambiguous to us, when the source is an expert, or when the source is similar to us. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_change |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.