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First, because the utility itself is a function of network effects, the more users, the more valuable the service, higher the utility associated with joining the network. Second because utility increases as user costs drop, which happens when fixed costs can be spread over more users (another network effect). Third technological advances, which occur over time and as the number of users increases, drive down relative cost. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_choice |
These assumptions don’t fit very well with what is known about behavior. Furthermore, the aggregation of utility across the population is impossible since there is no universal utility scale. Suppose an option has a net utility ujk (option k, person j). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_choice |
We can imagine that having a systematic part vjk that is a function of the characteristics of an object and person j, plus a random part ejk, which represents tastes, observational errors and a bunch of other things (it gets murky here). (An object such as a vehicle does not have utility, it is characteristics of a vehicle that have utility.) The introduction of e lets us do some aggregation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_choice |
As noted above, we think of observable utility as being a function: v A = β 0 + β 1 ( c A − c T ) + β 2 ( t A − t T ) + β 3 I + β 4 N {\displaystyle v_{A}=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}\left(c_{A}-c_{T}\right)+\beta _{2}\left(t_{A}-t_{T}\right)+\beta _{3}I+\beta _{4}N} where each variable represents a characteristic of the auto trip. The value β0 is termed an alternative specific constant. Most modelers say it represents characteristics left out of the equation (e.g., the political correctness of a mode, if I take transit I feel morally righteous, so β0 may be negative for the automobile), but it includes whatever is needed to make error terms NID. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_choice |
Turning now to some technical matters, how do we estimate v(x)? Utility (v(x)) isn’t observable. All we can observe are choices (say, measured as 0 or 1), and we want to talk about probabilities of choices that range from 0 to 1. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_choice |
(If we do a regression on 0s and 1s we might measure for j a probability of 1.4 or −0.2 of taking an auto.) Further, the distribution of the error terms wouldn’t have appropriate statistical characteristics. The MNL approach is to make a maximum likelihood estimate of this functional form. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_choice |
The likelihood function is: L ∗ = ∏ n = 1 N f ( y n | x n , θ ) {\displaystyle L^{*}=\prod _{n=1}^{N}{f\left({y_{n}\left|{x_{n},\theta }\right. }\right)}} we solve for the estimated parameters θ ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\theta }}\,} that max L*. This happens when: ∂ L ∂ θ ^ N = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\hat {\theta }}_{N}}}=0} The log-likelihood is easier to work with, as the products turn to sums: ln L ∗ = ∑ n = 1 N ln f ( y n | x n , θ ) {\displaystyle \ln L^{*}=\sum _{n=1}^{N}\ln f\left(y_{n}\left|x_{n},\theta \right.\right)} Consider an example adopted from John Bitzan’s Transportation Economics Notes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_choice |
Topics not touched on include the “red bus, blue bus” problem; the use of nested models (e.g., estimate choice between auto and transit, and then estimate choice between rail and bus transit); how consumers’ surplus measurements may be obtained; and model estimation, goodness of fit, etc. For these topics see a textbook such as Ortuzar and Willumsen (2001). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_choice |
The discussion above is based on the economist’s utility formulation. At the time MNL modeling was developed there was some attention to psychologist's choice work (e.g., Luce’s choice axioms discussed in his Individual Choice Behavior, 1959). It has an analytic side in computational process modeling. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_choice |
Emphasis is on how people think when they make choices or solve problems (see Newell and Simon 1972). Put another way, in contrast to utility theory, it stresses not the choice but the way the choice was made. It provides a conceptual framework for travel choices and agendas of activities involving considerations of long and short term memory, effectors, and other aspects of thought and decision processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_choice |
It takes the form of rules dealing with the way information is searched and acted on. Although there is a lot of attention to behavioral analysis in transportation work, the best of modern psychological ideas are only beginning to enter the field. (e.g. Golledge, Kwan and Garling 1984; Garling, Kwan, and Golledge 1994). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_choice |
Psychical inertia is a term introduced by Carl Jung to describe the psyche's resistance to development and change. He considered it one of the main reason for the neurotic opposing, or shrinking from, his or her age-appropriate tasks in life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychical_inertia |
Freud argued that such psychic inertia played a part in the lives of the normal, as well as of the neurotic, and saw its origins in fixation between early instincts and their first impressions of significant objects. As late as Civilization and its Discontents, he considered as a major obstacle to cultural development "the inertia of the libido, its disinclination to give up an old position for a new one".Later Jungians have seen psychic inertia as a force of nature reflecting both internal and outer determinants; while others have seen it as a product of social pressures, especially in relation to ageing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychical_inertia |
The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study is a Europe-wide prospective cohort study of the relationships between diet and cancer, as well as other chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease. With over half a million participants, it is the largest study of diet and disease to be undertaken.EPIC is coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), part of the World Health Organization, and funded by the "Europe Against Cancer" programme of the European Commission as well as multiple nation-specific grants and charities. 521,457 healthy adults, mostly aged 35–70 years, were enrolled in 23 centres in ten European countries: Denmark (11%), France (14%), Germany (10%), Greece (5%), Italy (9%), The Netherlands (8%), Norway (7%), Spain (8%), Sweden (10%) and the United Kingdom (17%). One UK centre (Oxford) recruited 27,000 vegetarians and vegans; this subgroup forms the largest study of this dietary group. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Prospective_Investigation_into_Cancer_and_Nutrition |
Recruitment to the study took place between 1993 and 1999, and follow-up is planned for at least ten years, with repeat interview/questionnaires every three to five years. The main prospective data collected are standardised dietary questionnaires (self-administered or interview-based), seven-day food diaries, blood samples and anthropometric measurements, such as body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio. Additionally, the GenAir case-control study is studying the relationship of passive smoking and air pollution with cancers and respiratory diseases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Prospective_Investigation_into_Cancer_and_Nutrition |
Up to 2004, there were over 26,000 new cases of cancer recorded among participants, with the most common being cancers of the breast, colorectum, prostate and lung. Current analyses are focusing particularly on stomach, colorectal, breast, prostate and lung cancers. The different dietary patterns in the different countries should enable reliable associations to be made between particular diets and cancers. The analysis of stored blood samples should also allow dissection of genetic factors involved in cancers, as well as the effects of hormones and hormone-like factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Prospective_Investigation_into_Cancer_and_Nutrition |
The study and its analysis is ongoing, but key results of the study retrieved in 2008 are: Lowered sodium from salt intake, high potassium from fruit and vegetable consumption promote healthy blood pressure levels High physical activity, involving some high impact activities is a good indicator of longevity and low risk of bone fractures High dietary fibre protects against bowel cancer Obesity increases a number of cancer risks High levels of sex hormones increase risk of breast cancer Increased fat intake increases the risk of breast cancer Increases in eating fruit and vegetables reduces the risk from all causes of an early death High blood glucose levels are associated with increased risk of heart disease The combined impact of four behaviours – not smoking, being physically active, moderate alcohol intake and the consumption of at least five fruit and vegetable servings a day – was estimated to amount to 14 additional years of life (Khaw et al. 2008)Subsequent findings from 2012 and 2013 are: Dietary flavonoid intake is associated with reduced gastric carcinoma risk in women but not men Regular consumption of processed meat increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and death from cancerSubsequent findings from 2021 are: Dietary factors associated with reduced cancer mortality included raw vegetable intake; dietary fiber intake; the Mediterranean diet; other diet patterns included low meat eaters, vegetarians/vegans, or fish eaters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Prospective_Investigation_into_Cancer_and_Nutrition |
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EUROGEO is a European scientific society, which networks geographers. It is an international non-governmental organisation. Since 1987 EUROGEO has been a participative member of the Conference of International NGOs of the Council of Europe. The association is involved in national and international activities and projects in geography including those related to education and training. It is a not profit organisation, which aims to develop, support and promote policies designed to advance the status of geography; establish and promote cross-border cooperation; promote education and training in geography from a European perspective and represent nationally and internationally the views of its members. EUROGEO activities include organising events, producing publications, supporting geographers in their jobs and careers, the teaching of geographical sciences, identifying and promoting good practise, co-operating with the European Union, Council of Europe, European Commission and other relevant organisations; lobbying at global, European and where relevant national level, providing a forum for the discussion of matters of common interest to geographers, giving advice on geography and making recommendations to policy makers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
EUROGEO was first established in 1979 under the name of European Standing Conference of Geography Teachers Association (ESCGTA). In the beginning it was an association of associations. In 1994, when other European countries became members, the association took the name of its bulletin, EUROGEO: European Network of Geography Teachers´ Associations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
The principal aims of that organisation were to advise and promote the European dimension in geographical education and teaching about the countries of Europe as a contribution towards the development of a European dimension in education. Members were geography teacher associations and geographical associations from around Europe. Presidents of these associations or their representatives attended the bi-annual meetings that were originally organised and funded by the European Commission in Brussels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
EUROGEO was led by a small committee of volunteers headed by Henk Meier representing the Dutch Geographical Association (KNAG). In between each of these conferences a EUROGEO bulletin was published. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
In 1987 EUROGEO applied for and was accepted as an international NGO with representation at the Council of Europe. Since this time representatives from the association have participated in NGO meetings in Strasbourg, being the voice of geography and geographers there. In 2003 the status of EUROGEO, along with other NGOs, was reviewed and the association became a fully participating NGO at the Council of Europe.In 1999 a successful application was made by EUROGEO for a European Minerva Project (Euro.Geo) to produce materials that promote European citizenship through the use of ICT in teaching geography in school education. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
The project was coordinated by Karl Donert at Liverpool Hope University. At the Liverpool meeting of EUROGEO in 2001, members of the association decided to apply for a project to share news and information about the state and status of Geography in Europe. The project produced a Web site, interactive maps of Europe as well as teaching and training resources in different languages. Henk Meijer decided to stand down and in 2002 and during the EUROGEO Annual meeting held in Madeira, Portugal at elections for new Presidium Karl Donert was elected President of the association. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
In 2002, the proposal to establish a Socrates-Erasmus Thematic Network project on university Geography and the Bologna Process funded by the European Commission was successful. This was the HERODOT Network for Geography in Higher Education. This thematic network was coordinated by Liverpool Hope University and led by Karl Donert. HERODOT sought to improve the quality of learning and teaching in higher education and teacher training and address issues raised by the Bologna Process like quality assurance, the use of new technologies and research in geographical education. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
There were two phases of the project that ran from 2002 to 2005 and 2006–2009. A large number of publications were produced and many events were held around Europe dealing with issues relating to Geography in higher education and teacher training. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
Members of EUROGEO participated in the funded network. Under HERODOT, Geography became a subject assessed under the project Tuning Educational Structures in Europe.By 2009 HERODOT had connected more than 300 organizations throughout all European countries and 60 partners from other countries around the world. These partners joined HERODOT meetings and workshops to share their ideas, innovations and best practice online and face-to-face. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
The broad partnership of the network included universities and research centres, companies and NGOs as well as teacher training and other education bodies like Ministries of Education. Many of those who participated in the work of HERODOT are still actively collaborating in follow up activities, project and meetings. The idea to establish a European Geography association that supported not only teachers and educators, but also geographers working in other professions came as a result of the discussions that took place at several Herodot meetings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
At the annual meeting of EUROGEO in Liverpool in September 2008, member associations unanimously agreed to change the legal status and remit of the association. This was presented to HERODOT partners, after which members of the EUROGEO Presidium and the HERODOT Core Group held a joint meeting to form a working group to restructure the association as a membership organisation. After lengthy discussions both organisations held a joint meeting in Ayvalık, Turkey in June 2009, where the new EUROGEO association held its first elections and passed its revised statutes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
Karl Donert was then elected president of EUROGEO. This was the final meeting of the HERODOT network. The new, restructured organisation now deals with educational, scientific, research and applied parts of Geography with a European perspective. EUROGEO cooperates with many other international institutions and associations including the AAG, SEAGA and the International Geographical Union (IGU) and is a stakeholder organisation in the UNEP, EyeonEarth and "Geo for All" initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
EUROGEO members are geographers and related professionals who work in the public, private, and academic sectors. They work in a wide range of careers, as teachers and trainers, state and local government employees, planners, cartographers, scientists, non-profit workers, entrepreneurs, business people, graduate students, retirees, and university administrators. There are three categories of membership: Individual members Organisational members Young members including EGEA (European Association of Young Geographers) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
EUROGEO regularly applies for new projects, currently under the Erasmus +, Jean Monnet, Citizenship and Horizon 2020 Programmes. Since 2009, the number of innovative geographical projects EUROGEO has been involved in has increased. Four types of projects have been developed and supported i) networks, ii) multilateral projects iii) awareness raising and iv) support for associations. EUROGEO has been responsible for the creation of networks of academics and educators on specific priority themes, such as the digitalearth.eu: geomedia in schools network (Lifelong Learning Programme), where a number of Digital Earth Centres of Excellence were accredited, and since 2013, the School on the Cloud network: connecting education to the Cloud for digital citizenship.EUROGEO has participated in a large number of multi-lateral education development projects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
These have established training of teachers and educators in important geographical areas, such as GIS (the iGuess and iGuess 2 Projects), data and statistics in schools (the I-Use Project) and more recently powerful disciplinary knowledge (the GeoCapabilities project). GeoCapabilities is a 3-year project with a key objective to create teacher training materials to develop teachers as curriculum leaders through a capabilities approach. The project embraces diversity in culture and language and in how geography is understood and expressed in national school standards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
The project believes that a capabilities approach helps geography educators in all jurisdictions articulate the relevance and power of learning how to think geographically. The key output is "to develop and pilot an online professional development communications platform for teacher preparation in geography." This includes resources (teaching materials and communications tools), international collaboration and online teacher exchanges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
EUROGEO participates in the SeaChange Horizon 2020 Project, raising awareness of the importance of Ocean Literacy. The project aims to establish a fundamental "Sea Change" in the way European citizens view their relationship with the sea, by empowering them, as Ocean Literate citizens, to take direct and sustainable action towards a healthy ocean and seas, healthy communities and ultimately a healthy planet. EUROGEO has been coordinating since 2016 the YouthMetre Forward Looking Project that addresses EU Youth Priority 7 "Using e-participation as an instrument to foster young people's empowerment and active participation in democratic life". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
The aim is to empower young people to become engaged and affect EU youth policy. An e-tool will be produced to close the gap between youth and institutions by collecting the perceived needs of youth in key policy areas and providing guidelines to public institutions that help address them. Through training YouthMetre will provide youngsters with necessary skills and knowledge to foster effective implementation by policy makers of the guidelines provided by the "Youthmetre". In 2013 EUROGEO was awarded a Jean Monnet grant for pan-European associations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
The Association organizes events and activities for members, the most relevant of these is the annual conference and the Annual Meeting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
EUROGEO is managed by its Presidium, which consists of a President, Secretary General, and Treasurer and up to five Vice Presidents. The Presidium is responsible for the finances and administration of the association and in maintaining the web site of the association and other information sources. Co-opted members may be invited to join the Presidium for specific activities. The current Presidium: Rafael de Miguel González (President), Karl Donert (Past President and Vice-President), Luc Zwartjes (Treasurer and Vice-President), Maria Luisa de Lázaro Torres (Secretary General and Vice-President), Daniela Schmeinck, Aikaterini Klonari, Caroline Leininger-Frézal, Tijana Ilic, Gerry O’Reilly and Gert Rupert (Vice-Presidents) and Co-opted members: Kostis Koutsopoulos (European Journal of Geography), Harry Rogge, and Michaela Lindner-Fally. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
De Miguel Gonzalez, R. (2019). Europe in a global context: EUROGEO and the role of geography and European geographers. European Journal of Geography, 10(4), 160-176. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
(No. ART-2019-123089). http://eurogeojournal.eu/articles/11_GONZALEZ.pdf De Miguel González, R. (2011) "I Congreso Europeo de Didáctica de la Geografía", Didáctica Geográfica 13: 151-154. https://archive.today/20150118223025/http://www.didacticageografica.es/index.php/didacticageografica/article/view/104/103 Donert, K. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
(2003, April). HERODOT: a thematic network for geography departments in higher education. In Geography and Citizenship Education: Research Perspectives: Proceedings of the London Conference. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
Donert K (2005) Changing horizons in geography education. Herodot Network. Donert, K. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
(Ed.) (2005), Higher Education GIS in Geography: A European Perspective (Liverpool: Liverpool Hope University; HERODOT Network. Donert, K., Charzyński, P., & Podgórski, Z. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
(Eds.). (2007). Teaching geography in and about Europe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
Herodot Network. Donert, K., Charzyński, P., & Podgórski, Z. (Eds.). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
(2008). Bilingual geography: aims, methods and challenges. Herodot Network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
Donert, K. (2009). Thematic network projects in European higher education: An analysis of agents of change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
Higher Education in Europe, 34(1), 105-111. Donert K (2013), digital-earth.eu – a European network for Digital Earth education, SPIE Journal. Donert K (2014), Building Capacity for Digital Earth education in Europe, p11-38, In De Miguel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
R., & Donert, K. (Eds. ), (2014). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
Learning Geography in Europe: new challenges for the 21st Century. Newcastle: Cambridge HERODOT Network (2009). The benchmarking statements for GIS in geography education. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
Learning with Geoinformation IV. Heidelberg, Wichmann, 235-240. Higgitt, D., Donert, K., Healey, M., Klein, P., Solem, M., & Vajoczki, S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
(2008). Developing and enhancing international collaborative learning. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 32(1), 121-133. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
Jekel T and Koller A (2008) Learning with Geoinformation III: result of the Conference' Learning with Geoinformation', held within the framework of AGIT and organised in co-operation with the HERODOT network and the GI-Forum on July 2–4, 2008 in Salzburg. Berlin, WichmannVerlag. Schulze, U., Kanwischer, D., & Reudenbach, C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
(2011). Competence dimensions in a Bologna-oriented GIS education. Learning with GI, 108-117. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
Solem, M., Chalmers, L., Dibiase, D., Donert, K., & Hardwick, S. (2006). Internationalizing professional development in geography through distance education. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 30(1), 147-160. Wall G (2004), HERODOT Thematic Network and the Tuning of Geography, Planet, 12, http://www.gees.ac.uk/planet/p12/gw.pdf | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROGEO-European_Association_of_Geographers |
The University of Montenegro Faculty of Political Science (Montenegrin: Факултет политичких наука Универзитета Црне Горе/Fakultet političkih nauka Univerziteta Crne Gore) is one of the educational institutions of the University of Montenegro. The building is located in Podgorica and is shared with the university's faculty of law. The faculty is Montenegro's leading educational institution in political science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montenegro_Faculty_of_Political_Sciences |
The Department for Political Science was opened in 2003, as a part of the faculty of law. The department had 4 sectors: Diplomacy and International Relations, Social work, Journalism and the Politological-Administrative sector. On May 3, 2006, the department was officially transformed into the Faculty of Political Science, comprising the following courses of studies: International Relations Journalism Social Policy and Social Work Politicology European StudiesIn September 2006, a new course of studies was added – European Studies. Since 2007, the whole studying process at the faculty is fully compatible with the Bologna declaration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montenegro_Faculty_of_Political_Sciences |
The Faculty of Political Sciences administrative chain of command consists of the dean, the vice-dean and the Faculty Council. The current dean of the faculty is Sonja Tomović-Šundić, while Nataša Ružić, assistant professor, is a vice-dean for teaching process, Olivera Komar, assistant professor, is a vice-dean for international cooperation and Boris Vukićević, assistant professor, is a vice-dean for development. The Faculty Council's members are the professors, the assistants' representatives and the representative of the students. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montenegro_Faculty_of_Political_Sciences |
The Faculty of Political Sciences has among its academic staff some of the most eminent experts in the field of political sciences, as well as in a range of others (economy, sociology, philosophy, law, history, etc.) Amongst them, there are many widely recognized within the domestic and international academic community, as well as former or current high government officials. Some of the current members of the academic staff are: prof. Šerbo Rastoder, PhD – a prominent Montenegrin historian prof. Srđan Darmanović, PhD – current Ambassador of Montenegro to the United States of America prof. Gordana Đurović, PhD – former Minister of European Integrations of Montenegro prof. Ilija Vujačić, PhD – current dean of the University of Belgrade Faculty of Political Sciences prof. Čedomir Čupić, PhD – former chairman of the board of The Anti-Corruption Agency of the Republic of Serbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montenegro_Faculty_of_Political_Sciences |
Skin pack, or skin packaging, is a type of carded packaging where a product (or products) is placed on a piece of paperboard or in trays, and a thin sheet of transparent plastic is placed over the product and paperboard or trays. The printed paperboard/tray usually has a heat-seal coating. The plastic film (LDPE, ionomer, etc.) is softened by heat and draped over the product on the card/tray. Vacuum is used to assist a firm fit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_pack |
The film bonds to the heat-seal coating on the paperboard. The substrate can be either made specifically for skin packaging, or converted from other paper stock such as corrugated board. The specially made sheets Solid Bleached Sulfate (SBS) are porous, and allow the vacuum to flow directly through the paper. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_pack |
Most other stocks need to have the sheet perforated with pinholes to allow airflow. The skin-packed piece then may need to be cut into individual units. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_pack |
Cuts such as keyslots, round corners and internal die cuts may be added during the cutting process once the skin pack is secured tightly. Self-adhesive film with uncoated card is also sometimes used.Skin packaging somewhat resembles a blister pack, with the major difference being that the plastic surrounding the product is formed over the product, instead of being pre-formed. Types of plastic film: Polyethylene Ionomer PET | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_pack |
Fresh meat can be vacuum-packed and skin-packed. Specialized packaging operations are needed to maintain product appearance and safety. Temperature control during the cold chain is needed for proper shelf life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_pack |
Nushaba Asad Mammadli (az. Nüşabə Əsəd Məmmədli) is an Azerbaijani writer, journalist, playwright and social worker. Her characters are commonly strong women who struggle in their lives. Some works have historical settings (“Javan khan”, “Solomon's reign”). Her novels and short stories are translated into Russian, English, Polish, Georgian, Ukrainian, Persian and Turkish. Mammadli is the founder of “Impressionizm” in Azeri literature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nushaba_Asad_Mammadli |
Nushaba Asad Mammadli was born in Ganja, Azerbaijan, 8 December 1946. From 1966 to 1972, she studied and graduated from Azerbaijan State University in journalism faculty. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nushaba_Asad_Mammadli |
In 1972, she worked for the newspaper, Kirovabad Worker, as a correspondent, department head, and deputy editor. In the period from 1990 to 1995, she worked as an editor of that newspaper. In February 1987, at the 7th congress of the Union of Journalists of Azerbaijan (UJA), Mammadli raised the question of returning the old name of Ganja to the city of Kirovabad, which at that time was criticized by the Soviet regime. In 1991, she published the first in the Ganja public-literature magazine Motherland. In February 1992, immediately after the Khojaly tragedy, one of the few women's organizations in Ganja “Tomris” was founded by Mammadli, From 2003 to 2013, Mammadli served as editor of the independent and weekly newspaper Ganjabasar. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nushaba_Asad_Mammadli |
“Leaf fall” (1984) - a storybook. Publishing House "Gənclik” “I want to forget” (1983) - a play. It was staged at the Ganja State Theater. (and also was included to the golden fund of national azeri television) “Mirage” (1987) a collection of novel and short stories. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nushaba_Asad_Mammadli |
Gənclik Publishing House “The last song” (1991) a collection of novels, short stories and plays. Publishing House "Azərnəşr" “Javad Khan” - a play (1991) and a novel (1982–1992). (The play “Javad Khan” is included in the golden fund of Azerbaijani television) (The novel “Javad Khan” was first published in the Motherland magazine in 1996) “Scream” (1993) – a play. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nushaba_Asad_Mammadli |
A film was shot based on the work. “Poppy field” (2004) - a collection of short stories and short stories. Publishing house "Adiloğlu". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nushaba_Asad_Mammadli |
“The dance of white flowers” – a play. In 2007, based on this play, an art-television film was shot. “Farewell song” on January 20, 2012, the story dedicated to the events of January 20 was translated into Polish. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nushaba_Asad_Mammadli |
The presentation was held at Warsaw State University. “Sunset” (2014) - a novel. Publishing House Əskəroğlu “Autumn tango” (2015) - a novel published in London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nushaba_Asad_Mammadli |
“The Golden Feather” (1983) “The Publicist of the Year” (1989) “The Best Foreign Work” according to the Keihani Hawayi magazine (Iran) “Honored Journalist” (1991) Prize named after “Dilara Aliyeva” (1997) “Airport” Award (1997) for the best script on patriotism. “Zardabi” Award (2004) == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nushaba_Asad_Mammadli |
Anthony Stafford Beer (25 September 1926 – 23 August 2002) was a British theorist, consultant and professor at the Manchester Business School. He is best known for his work in the fields of operational research and management cybernetics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
Beer was born in Putney, London in 1927. His father was William John Beer, chief statistician at Lloyd's Register of Shipping. His mother was Doris Ethel Beer, who was born on the same day as his father. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
At age 17 he was expelled from Whitgift School and enrolled for a degree in philosophy at University College London. But in 1944 he left to join the army, first as Gunner in the Royal Artillery, but he soon received a commission first in the Royal Fusiliers, and then as a company commander in the 9th Gurkha Rifles. He saw service in India and stayed there until 1947. Upon returning to England he was assigned to the Human factors Branch of Operations research at the War Office. In 1949, he was demobilised, having reached the rank of captain.He dropped the use of his first name "Anthony" when he was about twenty-one and persuaded his brother, Ian Beer, to sign a statement that he would not use the name Stafford which he also was given. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
In 1956 he joined United Steel and persuaded the management to fund an operational research group, the Department of Operations Research and Cybernetics, which he headed. This was based in Cybor House, and they installed a Ferranti Pegasus computer, the first in the world dedicated to management cybernetics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
In 1961 he left United Steel to start an operational research consultancy in partnership with Roger Eddison called SIGMA (Science in General Management). Beer left SIGMA in 1966 to work for a SIGMA client, the International Publishing Corporation (IPC). He left IPC in 1970 to work as an independent consultant, focusing on his growing interest in social systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
In mid-1971, Beer was approached by Fernando Flores, then a high-ranking member of the Chilean Production Development Corporation (CORFO) in the newly elected socialist government of Salvador Allende, for advice on applying his cybernetic theories to the management of the state-run sector of the Chilean economy.This led to Beer's involvement in the never-completed Cybersyn project, which aimed to use computers and a telex-based communication network to allow the government to maximise production while preserving the autonomy of workers and lower management. Although Cybersyn was abandoned after Allende's death during the Pinochet coup in 1973, Beer continued to work in the Americas, consulting for the governments of Mexico, Uruguay and Venezuela. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
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