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(1999). Foreign direct investment as a catalyst for industrial development. European economic review, 43(2), 335–356. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Markusen, J. R., & Venables, A. J. (2000). The theory of endowment, intra-industry and multi-national trade. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Journal of international economics, 52(2), 209–234. Carr, D. L., Markusen, J. R., & Maskus, K. E. (2001). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Estimating the knowledge-capital model of the multinational enterprise. American Economic Review, 91(3), 693–708. Feenstra, R. C., Markusen, J. R., & Rose, A. K. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
(2001). Using the gravity equation to differentiate among alternative theories of trade. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, 34(2), 430–447. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Ekholm, K., Forslid, R., & Markusen, J. R. (2007), Export platform foreign direct investment. Journal of the European Economics Association, 5, 776–795. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Caron, J., Fally, T., Markusen, J. R. (2014), International trade puzzles: a solution linking production and preferences. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129, 1501–1552. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Within academia, the history of knowledge is the field covering the accumulated and known human knowledge created or discovered during human history and its historic forms, focus, accumulation, bearers, impacts, mediations, distribution, applications, societal contexts, conditions and methods of production. It is relat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
Academics within the field aim to research the forms, dissemination and production of knowledge with a focus on both ‘high’ and ‘low’ everyday knowledge. Research approaches are based on the theories of Michel Foucault with concepts like ‘orders of knowledge’ and are similar to other fields with the use of social, cult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
Concepts applied in this specialty such as ‘scientification’ explain the transformation of information to knowledge. ‘Scientification’ is related to the description of ‘raw’ information given by Peter Burke. Peter Burke is listed among some of the canon authors in the field alongside Martin Mulsow, Pierre Bourdieu and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
Foundations of the history of knowledge have been traced by academics such as historian Peter Burke in works including ‘What is the History of Knowledge?’. The book identifies the 15th century ‘Advancement of Learning’ in which Francis Bacon writes on the circulation of knowledge. The concept of ‘circulation’ has been ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
This is similar to the emergence of the history of natural sciences in the 19th century. The scientific philosopher Auguste Comte was one of the first to try to implement it in the university system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
The philosopher illustrates the growing academic interest towards historicising knowledge. Following Comte, the 1960s second movement of the sociology of knowledge introduced ideas from Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
Both authorities analogously impacted the history of knowledge evidenced by Foucault's work on knowledge production sites and Bourdieu's work on situated knowledge in Homo Academicus.The inception of the history of knowledge follows the history of science developments as an academic discipline. George Sarton, in the ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
The shift from the history of science to the German Wissenschaftsgeschichte (history of academic knowledge) involved the inclusion of the humanities and social sciences. The 2000s began the movement towards the German Wissensgeschichte, meaning the history of knowledge. Following the establishment of the history of kno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
It has also coincided with the study of the digital revolution which is seen as part of a series of knowledge revolutions. The age of the digital revolution has produced questions at how past knowledge has been circulated and generated. Peter Burke documents that the scholarship being increasingly globalized influenced... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
The history of knowledge is known for its amplitude of areas to study. Despite this academics are not in consensus on what research the discipline does include. Areas that have been researched include knowledge in non-western contexts, elite knowledge, knowledge in everyday practices, implicit knowledge and religious, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
Knowledge is a formative concept to the field, however, its definition from Wissensgechichte academics is, as Suzanne Marchand writes, “inconsistent”. Scholars concede a general idea that knowledge is defined as to what has been accepted in the past as knowledge. In opposition Lorraine Daston views this definition as d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
Daston also states in the ‘History of Science and the History of Knowledge’ that there is no single definition of knowledge.The definitions of knowledge that are used diverge and interdisciplinary measures from areas like epistemology are used in order to provide a clearer notion. This has been contended, as epistemolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
Moreover knowledge is conceptualized differently in languages (Latin; scientia ‘knowing that’ compared to ars ‘knowing how’), complicating scholars' work to define knowledge or the discipline. This is because the understanding of knowledge is affected by language. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
Relative to the topic, it has been pointed out that knowledge as a concept risks becoming progressively vague and unable for the use of analysis.The discipline and transdisciplinary movement overlaps with numerous academic fields. The Geschichte des Wissens incorporates researchers from various areas including philosop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
Lorraine Daston's definition includes religious knowledge, for confessional knowledge is systemised.In the history of knowledge, the idea that knowledge and history should be plural is based on Michel Foucault's pluralisation of savoir (to know). It is also founded in the anthropology field which pluralises culture in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
This contrasts with the 19th century belief that history is a singular narrative. This view is known as the Die Geschichte and was deconstructed in the 20th century. In addition, one scholar asks if the history of knowledge can remove the need for concepts such as “social” and “cultural history”. The same scholar goes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
Theories, approaches and concepts have been used to study the history of knowledge and allow researchers to uncover small-scale understandings that are then connected to a wider context. For example, concepts that are “political”, “social” and “cultural” which are relevant to the field. In the employment of relevant me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
The conception follows closely to Peter Burke's definition of knowledge as a ‘cooked’ form that is transformed from ‘raw’ information. Similarly the methods of objectivity, demonstration, error and belief are derived from traditional scientific methodologies and applied in the research of history. Reasoned however is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
It creates an anachronism when the concept is applied on knowledge practises prior to the century. Michel Foucault's ‘orders of knowledge’ is a concept which defines orders as determined by time or place. When a culture's values intersect with its knowledge practises, it forms a regime. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
The system, seen as centres of knowledge such as a university, is shaped by interactions along with values. This is the basis of Foucault's theory that a ‘regime of truth’ is inherent within society. Historians look at a time frame in history and ask how people interpreted their contextual world by looking at what know... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
Some practitioners of the field are seen working at the Geschichte Des Wissens through the University of Zurich. Publications from the institution's co-founders like Philip Sarasin mirror the work of Michel Foucault.The studying of knowledge is not just applied to the understanding of knowledge but also the practical, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
Part of the objective is to study dismissed everyday knowledge, for example the artisanal. The research not only deviates from the disciplines focal point on the scientific and intellectual forms of knowledge, it also acknowledges the social, political and economic realms wherein knowledge is exerted. Additionally, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
Both concepts employ a focus on external influences instead of knowledge by itself. The social and cultural aspects are related to the social method Wissensoziologie (sociology of knowledge) formed by Karl Mannheim in 1920s Germany. Mannheim also developed the concept ‘Sein-sgebundenheit’ that argues knowledge is linke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
The history of knowledge has long been criticized for being “eccentric” yet it has steadfastly grown since its conception as a historical profession. Scholars have contributed to the growth of knowledge within the field whilst also demonstrating its values and weaknesses as a branch of study.The history of knowledge's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
Simone Lassig also declares that the profession's expansive view is better equipped to study forgotten knowledge in the past whilst also reminding historians of the open-endedness of history.Fields such as the history of science risk being subsumed by the history of knowledge. History of science has amassed criticisms ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
Contestably, the history of knowledge is branded as a ‘simple reconceptualization’ of the history of science and intellectual history disciplines. This is because it has been noted to resemble what the history of science and intellectual history disciplines have already accomplished. For example, some topics that have ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
For example, people with beliefs interpret their believed notions as knowledge. Evidentially, those who contributed to innovations and the discovery of knowledge including their aims and beliefs are not investigated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
It is argued that when examined it poses a risk for only interpreting past knowledge. This removes what was not known and omits the human aspect. Although the study of “low” knowledge is researched in the field, knowledge of non-elites was not recognised as knowledge in the past. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
Moreover, the definition that scholars propose that defines knowledge as the study of what has been accepted as knowledge is seen as limiting to this approach.The history of knowledge looks at forms of knowledge outside of the Western context. However the Foucault concept ‘orders of knowledge’, a central basis in the h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knowledge |
Allah as a Lunar deity refers to a historical postulation, now debunked, that "Allah" (the name of God in Islam) originated as a moon god. The claim first arose in 1901 in the scholarship of archeologist Hugo Winckler, who identified the name Allah with a pre-Islamic Arabian deity known as Lah or Hubal, which he called... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity |
Morey argued, slightly differently, that "Allah" was the name of a moon goddess in pre-Islamic Arabic mythology. Islam's use of a lunar calendar and the prevalence of crescent moon imagery in Islam have also been used to support the notion.Both iterations of the theory have been dismissed by modern scholars as entirely... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity |
Before Islam, the Kaaba contained a statue representing the god Hubal. On the basis that the Kaaba was also Allah's house, Julius Wellhausen considered Hubal to be an ancient name for Allah. The 20th-century scholar Hugo Winckler in turn claimed that Hubal was a moon god, though others have suggested otherwise. David L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity |
Patricia Crone argues that "If Hubal and Allah had been one and the same deity, Hubal ought to have survived as an epithet of Allah, which he did not. And moreover there would not have been traditions in which people are asked to renounce the one for the other." Joseph Lumbard, a professor of classical Islam, has state... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity |
Robert Morey's book The Moon-god Allah in the Archeology of the Middle East claims that Al-‘Uzzá is identical in origin to Hubal, whom he asserts to be a lunar deity. This teaching is repeated in the Chick tracts "Allah Had No Son" and "The Little Bride". In 1996 Janet Parshall, in syndicated radio broadcasts, asserted... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity |
"However, recent research from various sources have proven that the "evidence" used by Morey was of the statue retrieved from an excavation site at Hazor, of which there is no connection to "Allah" at all. In fact, Bible scholar and mission strategist Rick Brown openly disagrees with this approach and said: Those who c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity |
The most prominent idol in Mecca was a god called Hubal, and there is no proof that he was a moon god. It is sometimes claimed that there is a temple to the moon god at Hazor in Palestine. This is based on a representation there of a supplicant wearing a crescent-like pendant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity |
It is not clear, however, that the pendant symbolizes a moon god, and in any case this is not an Arab religious site but an ancient Canaanite site, which was destroyed by Joshua in about 1250 BC. ... If the ancient Arabs worshipped hundreds of idols, then no doubt the moon god Sîn was included, for even the Hebrews wer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity |
In 8th-century Arab historian Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi's Book of Idols, the idol Hubal is described as a human figure with a gold hand (replacing the original hand that had broken off the statue). He had seven arrows that were used for divination.Whether or not Hubal was even associated with the moon, both Muhammad and his ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity |
Show your superiority, Hubal", i.e. vindicate your religion. The apostle told ‘Umar to get up and answer him and say, Allah is most high and most glorious. We are not equal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity |
Our dead are in paradise; your dead are in hell. The Quran itself forbids moon worship in verse 37 of Surah Fussilat: "Do not prostrate to the sun or to the moon, but prostrate to Allah, who created them." Islam teaches that Allah is the name of God (as iterated in the Quran), and is the same god worshipped by the memb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity |
Before Muhammad, Allah was not considered the sole divinity by Meccans; however, Allah was considered the creator of the world and the giver of rain. The notion of the term may have been vague in the Meccan religion. Allah was associated with companions, whom pre-Islamic Arabs considered as subordinate deities. Meccans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity |
Allah was thought to have had sons and daughters. The Meccans possibly associated angels with Allah. Allah was invoked in times of distress. Muhammad's father's name was ʿAbd-Allāh meaning "the slave of Allāh". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity |
The punk subculture includes a diverse and widely known array of ideologies, fashion, and other forms of expression, visual art, dance, literature, and film. Largely characterised by anti-establishment views, the promotion of individual freedom, and the DIY ethics, the culture originated from punk rock. The punk ethos ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Women in the hardcore scene typically wore clothing categorized as masculine.Punk aesthetics determine the type of art punks enjoy, which typically has underground, minimalist, iconoclastic, and satirical sensibilities. Punk has generated a considerable amount of poetry and prose, and has its own underground press in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
The punk subculture emerged in the mid-1970s; in New York in 1974 and in the United Kingdom in 1976. Some suggest the name "punk" was borrowed from prison slang.Early punk had an abundance of antecedents and influences, and Jon Savage describes the subculture as a "bricolage" of almost every previous youth culture in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
The punk subculture is centered on a loud, aggressive genre of rock music called punk rock, usually played by bands consisting of a vocalist, one or two electric guitarists, an electric bassist, and a drummer. In some bands, the musicians contribute backup vocals, which typically consist of shouted slogans, choruses, o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Different punk subcultures often distinguish themselves by having a unique style of punk rock, although not every style of punk rock has its own associated subculture. The earliest form of music to be called "punk rock" was 1960s garage rock, and the term was applied to the genre retroactively by influential rock criti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
The first distinct music scene to claim the punk label appeared in New York City between 1974 and 1976. Around the same time or soon afterward, a punk scene developed in London. Los Angeles subsequently became home to the third major punk scene. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
These three cities formed the backbone of the burgeoning movement, but there were also other punk scenes in cities such as Brisbane, Melbourne, and Sydney in Australia, Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal in Canada, and Boston and San Francisco in the United States. The punk subculture advocates a do-it-yourself (DIY) eth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Punks would publish their own music or sign with small independent labels, in hopes to combat what they saw as a money-hungry music industry. The DIY ethic is still popular with punks. The New York City punk rock scene arose from a subcultural underground promoted by artists, reporters, musicians, and a wide variety of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Punk political ideologies are mostly concerned with individual freedom and anti-establishment views. Common punk viewpoints include individual liberty, anti-authoritarianism, a DIY ethic, non-conformity, anti-corporatism, anti-government, direct action, and not "selling out". Some groups and individuals that try to sel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Two examples of this are an incident during the 2016 American Music Awards, where the band Green Day chanted anti-racist and anti-fascist messages, and an incident at a show by the Dropkick Murphys, when bassist and singer Ken Casey tackled an individual for giving a Nazi-style salute and later stated that Nazis are no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
The song "Nazi Punks Fuck Off" by hardcore punk band Dead Kennedys is a standout example.Early British punks expressed nihilistic and anarchist views with the slogan No Future, which came from the Sex Pistols song "God Save the Queen". In the United States, punks had a different approach to nihilism which was less anar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Early punk fashion adapted everyday objects for aesthetic effect: ripped clothing was held together by safety pins or wrapped with tape; ordinary clothing was customised by embellishing it with marker or adorning it with paint; a black bin liner became a dress, shirt or skirt; safety pins and razor blades were used as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Early punks occasionally wore clothes displaying a swastika for shock value; Vivienne Westwood's DESTROY shirt featured an upside-down crucified Jesus and a swastika, notably worn by members of the Sex Pistols. Most contemporary punks are staunchly anti-racist and are more likely to wear a crossed-out swastika symbol t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Some punks are anti-fashion, arguing that punk should be defined by music or ideology. Punk clothing choices challenge the way in which individuals in a nation dress, and the ideals of a traditionalist nation. This is most common in the post-1980s US hardcore punk scene, where members of the subculture often dressed in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Many groups adopt a look based on street clothes and working-class outfits. Hardcore punk fans adopted a dressed-down style of T-shirts, jeans, combat boots or trainers, and crewcuts. Women in the hardcore scene typically wore army trousers, band T-shirts, and hooded jumpers.The style of the 1980s hardcore scene contra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Circle Jerks frontman Keith Morris described early hardcore fashion as "the...punk scene was basically based on English fashion. But we had nothing to do with that. Black Flag and the Circle Jerks were so far from that. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
We looked like the kid who worked at the gas station or submarine shop." Henry Rollins echoes Morris' point, stating that for him getting dressed up meant putting on a black shirt and some dark pants; Rollins viewed an interest in fashion as being a distraction. Jimmy Gestapo from Murphy's Law describes his own transit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
In the United Kingdom, the advent of punk in the late 1970s with its "anyone can do it" ethos led to women making significant contributions. In contrast to the rock music and heavy metal scenes of the 1970s, which were dominated by men, the anarchic, counter-cultural mindset of the punk scene in mid- and late 1970s enc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
This participation played a role in the historical development of punk music, especially in the U.S. and U.K. at that time, and continues to influence and enable future generations.Rock historian Helen Reddington states that the popular image of young punk women musicians as focused on the fashion aspects of the scene ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
She states that many, if not most women punks were more interested in the ideology and socio-political implications, rather than the fashion. Music historian Caroline Coon contends that before punk, women in rock music were virtually invisible; in contrast, in punk, she argues "t would be possible to write the whole hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Women were involved in bands such as The Runaways, The Slits, The Raincoats, Mo-dettes, Dolly Mixture, and The Innocents. Others take issue with the notion of equal recognition, such as guitarist Viv Albertine, who stated that "the A&R men, the bouncers, the sound mixers, no one took us seriously. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
So, no, we got no respect anywhere we went. People just didn't want us around." The anti-establishment stance of punk opened the space for women who were treated like outsiders in a male-dominated industry. Sonic Youth's Kim Gordon states, "I think women are natural anarchists, because you're always operating in a male... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
For some punks, the body was a symbol of opposition, a political statement expressing disgust of all that was "normal" and socially accepted. The idea was to make others outside of the subculture question their own views, which made gender presentation and gender identity a popular factor to be played with. In some way... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Punk created a new cultural space for androgyny and all kinds of gender expression.In trying to reject societal norms, punk embraced one societal norm by deciding that strength and anger was best expressed through masculinity, defining masculine as the "default", where gender did not exist or had no meaning. However, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
This could mean anything from wearing bras and underwear on top of clothing to wearing nothing but a bra and underwear. Although that act can seem sexualised, to punks it was just a way of self-expression. Punk seemed to allow people to sexualize themselves and still be taken seriously. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
The nature of punk allowed many to create a non-gender-conforming style. Punks could be free to use femininity or masculinity to make what they were doing even more shocking to their audience. It became popular for some punks to accentuate societal norms. At one concert, Donita Sparks, lead singer of the band L7, pulle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Riot grrrl is an underground feminist hardcore punk movement that originated in the early 1990s in Washington, D.C., and the Pacific Northwest, especially Olympia, Washington. It is often associated with third-wave feminism, which is sometimes seen as its starting point. It has also been described as a musical genre th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Punk aesthetics determine the type of art punks enjoy, usually with underground, minimalistic, iconoclastic, and satirical sensibilities. Punk artwork graces album covers, flyers for concerts, and punk zines. Usually straightforward with clear messages, punk art is often concerned with political issues such as social i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Alternatively, punk artwork may contain images of selfishness, stupidity, or apathy to provoke contempt in the viewer. Much of the earlier artwork was black and white, because it was distributed in zines and reproduced by photocopying at work, school, or at copy shops. Punk art also uses the mass production aesthetic o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Punk played a hand in the revival of stencil art, spearheaded by Crass. The Situationists also influenced the look of punk art, particularly that of the Sex Pistols created by Jamie Reid. Punk art often uses collage, exemplified by the art of Jamie Reid, Crass, The Clash, Dead Kennedys, and Winston Smith. John Holmstro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Two dance styles associated with punk are pogo dancing and moshing. The pogo is a dance in which the dancers jump up and down, while either remaining on the spot or moving around; the dance takes its name from its resemblance to the use of a pogo stick, especially in a common version of the dance, where an individual k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
It is usually associated with "aggressive" music genres, such as hardcore punk and thrash metal. Stage diving and crowd surfing were originally associated with protopunk bands such as The Stooges, and have appeared at punk, metal, and rock concerts. Ska punk promoted an updated version of skanking. Hardcore dancing is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Punk has generated a considerable amount of poetry and prose. Punk has its own underground press in the form of punk zines, which feature news, gossip, cultural criticism, and interviews. Some zines take the form of perzines. Important punk zines include Maximum RocknRoll, Punk Planet, No Cure, Cometbus, Flipside, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Several novels, biographies, autobiographies, and comic books have been written about punk. Love and Rockets is a comic with a plot involving the Los Angeles punk scene. Just as zines played an important role in spreading information in the punk era (e.g. British fanzines like Mark Perry's Sniffin Glue and Shane MacGow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
In the pre-Internet era, zines enabled readers to learn about bands, shows, clubs, and record labels. Zines typically included reviews of shows and records, interviews with bands, letters to the editor, and advertisements for records and labels. Zines were DIY products, "proudly amateur, usually handmade, and always in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
They were the "blogs, comment sections, and social networks of their day. "In the American Midwest, the zine Touch and Go described the regional hardcore scene from 1979 to 1983. We Got Power described the LA scene from 1981 to 1984, and included show reviews of and interviews with such bands as Vancouver's D.O.A., the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
My Rules was a photo zine that included photos of hardcore shows from across the US. In Effect, which began in 1988, described the New York City scene. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Punk poets include: Richard Hell, Jim Carroll, Patti Smith, John Cooper Clarke, Seething Wells, Raegan Butcher, and Attila the Stockbroker. The Medway Poets performance group included punk musician Billy Childish and had an influence on Tracey Emin. Jim Carroll's autobiographical works are among the first known example... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Many punk-themed films have been made. The No Wave Cinema and Remodernist film movements owe much to punk aesthetics. Several famous punk bands have participated in movies, such as the Ramones in Rock 'n' Roll High School, the Sex Pistols in The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle, and Social Distortion in Another State of Min... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Penelope Spheeris' first instalment of the documentary trilogy "The Decline of Western Civilization" (1981) focuses on the early Los Angeles punk scene through interviews and early concert footage from bands including Black Flag, Circle Jerks, Germs, and Fear. The Decline of Western Civilization III" explores the gutte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
The filmmaker Sogo Ishii introduced this subculture to Japanese cinema with his punk films Panic High School (1978) and Crazy Thunder Road (1980), which portrayed the rebellion and anarchy associated with punk, and went on to become highly influential in underground film circles. Crazy Thunder Road in particular was an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
" sniffing was adopted by punks because public perceptions of sniffing fitted in with their self-image. Originally used experimentally and as a cheap high, adult disgust and hostility encouraged punks to use glue sniffing as a way of shocking society." Model airplane glue and contact cement were among the numerous solv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Glue was typically inhaled by placing a quantity in a plastic bag and "huffing" (inhaling) the vapour. Liquid solvents were typically inhaled by soaking a rag with the solvent and inhaling the vapour. While users inhale solvents for the intoxicating effects, the practice can be harmful or fatal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Straight edge is a philosophy of hardcore punk culture, adherents of which refrain from using alcohol, tobacco, and other recreational drugs, in reaction to the excesses of punk subculture. For some, this extends to refraining from engaging in promiscuous sex, following a vegetarian or vegan diet, and not drinking coff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Since then, a wide variety of beliefs and ideas have been associated with the movement, including vegetarianism and animal rights. Ross Haenfler writes that as of the late 1990s, approximately three out of four straight edge participants were vegetarian or vegan. While the commonly expressed aspects of the straight edg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Disagreements often arise as to the primary reasons for living straight edge. Straight edge politics are primarily left-wing and revolutionary but there have been conservative offshoots.In 1999, William Tsitsos wrote that straight edge had gone through three eras since its founding in the early 1980s. Bent edge began a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
hardcore scene who were frustrated by the rigidity and intolerance in the scene. During the youth crew era, which started in the mid-1980s, the influence of music on the straight edge scene was at an all-time high. By the early 1990s, militant straight edge was a well-known part of the wider punk scene. In the early to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Punks come from all culture and economic classes. Compared to some subcultures, punk ideology is much closer to gender equality. Although the punk subculture is mostly anti-racist, it is overwhelmingly white. However, members of other groups (such as African Americans, other black people, Latinos, and Asians) have cont... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Substance abuse has sometimes been a part of the punk scene, with the notable exception of the straight edge movement. Violence has also sometimes appeared in the punk subculture, but has been opposed by some subsets of the subculture, such as the pacifist strain anarcho-punk.Punks often form a local scene, which can h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
A typical punk scene is made up of punk and hardcore bands, fans who attend concerts, protests, and other events, zine publishers, reviewers, and other writers, visual artists illustrating zines, and creating posters and album covers, show promoters, and people who work at music venues or independent record labels.Squa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
In the punk and hardcore subcultures, members of the scene are often evaluated in terms of the authenticity of their commitment to the values or philosophies of the scene, which may range from political beliefs to lifestyle practices. In the punk subculture, the epithet poseur (or "poser") is used to describe "a person... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
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