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In the mid-1970s, Beer moved to mid-Wales where he lived in an almost austere style, developing strong interests in poetry and art. In the 1980s he established a second home on the west side of downtown Toronto and lived part of the year in both residences. He was a visiting professor at almost 30 universities and rece... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
In July 1994 Beer ran a residential course at the Falcondale Hotel in Lampeter. Nine sessions were recorded as a video learning resource, and are collectively known as the Falcondale collection. They are available online at the Data Repository of Liverpool John Moores University. The sessions covered art, science and p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
He was married twice, in 1947 to Cynthia Hannaway, and in 1968 to Sallie Steadman. His partner for the last twenty years of his life was Allenna Leonard, a fellow cybernetician. Beer had five sons and two daughters, one of whom is Vanilla Beer, an artist and essayist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
According to Jackson (2000) "Beer was the first to apply cybernetics to management, defining cybernetics as the science of effective organization". In the 1960s and early 1970s "Beer was a prolific writer and an influential practitioner" in management cybernetics. It was during that period that he developed the viable ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
During the administration of Salvador Allende in Chile, in the early 1970s, Beer was closely involved with a visionary project, Cybersyn, to apply his cybernetic theories in government. The project's ultimate goal was to create a network of computers and communications equipment that would support the management of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
The Viable System Model (VSM) is a model of the organisational structure of any viable or autonomous system. A viable system is any system organised in such a way as to meet the demands of surviving in the changing environment. One of the prime features of systems that survive is that they are adaptable. The VSM expres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
Syntegrity is a formal model presented by Beer in the 1990s and now is a registered trademark. It is a form of non-hierarchical problem solving that can be used in a small team of 10 to 42 people. It is a business consultation product that is licensed out to consulting firms. The term comes from the words "synergistic"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
Stafford Beer coined and frequently used the term POSIWID (the purpose of a system is what it does) to refer to the commonly observed phenomenon that the de facto purpose of a system is often at odds with its official purpose. In an address to the University of Valladolid, Spain in October 2001, he said "According to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
Beer received awards from the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in 1958, from the United Kingdom Systems Society, the Cybernetics Society, the American Society for Cybernetics, and the Operations Research Society of America. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
Stafford Beer wrote several books and articles: 1959, Cybernetics and Management, English Universities Press. 1966, Decision and Control, Wiley, London. 1968, Management Science: The business use of operations research, Aldus Books, London, Doubleday, New York. 1972, Brain Of The Firm, Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, Lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
1974, Designing Freedom, CBC Learning Systems, Toronto, 1974; and John Wiley, London and New York, 1975. Translated into Spanish and Japanese. 1975, Platform for Change, John Wiley, London and New York. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
Reprinted with corrections 1978. 1977, Transit; Poems, CWRW Press, Wales. Limited Edition, Private Circulation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
1979, The Heart of Enterprise, John Wiley, London and New York. Reprinted with corrections 1988. 1981, Brain of the Firm; Second Edition (much extended), John Wiley, London and New York. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
Reprinted 1986, 1988. Translated into Russian. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
1983, Transit; Poems, Second edition (much extended). With audio cassettes: Transit – Selected Readings, and one Person Metagame; Mitchell Communications, Publisher, 2693 Route 845, Carters Point, NB, Canada, E5S 1S2. 1985, Diagnosing the System for Organizations; John Wiley, London and New York. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
Translated into Italian and Japanese. Reprinted 1988, 1990, 1991. 1986, Pebbles to Computer: The Thread; (with Hans Blohm), Oxford University Press, Toronto. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
1994, Beyond Dispute: The Invention of Team Syntegrity; John Wiley, Chichester.Audio1973, Stafford Beer. "Designing Freedom" The 1973 Massey Lectures RADIO CANADA INTERNATIONAL TRANSCRIPTION: E1121 "The Real Threat to all We Most Dear",E1122 "The Disregarded Tools of Modern Man",E1123, "A Liberty Machine in Prototype" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
(Eds. ), How Many Grapes Went into the Wine: Stafford Beer on the Art and Science of Holisitic Management; John Wiley, Chichester. 2002, Rosemary Bechler and Rob Passmore, "Stafford Beer: the man who could have run the world", openDemocracy, 7 November 2002 2003, Whittaker, David, Stafford Beer: A Personal Memoir; (Inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
33 No. 3/4, pp. 828–842. https://doi.org/10.1108/03684920410523724 2006, Jonathan Rosenhead, "IFORS' Operational Research Hall of Fame Stafford Beer", in International Transactions in Operational Research Vol 13, nr.6, pp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
577–581. 2009, Whittaker, David, (Ed.) Think Before you Think: Social Complexity and Knowledge of Knowing; (Selected writings of Stafford Beer with life chronology), Foreword by Brian Eno, Wavestone Press, Charlbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer |
Medicare Part D, also called the Medicare prescription drug benefit, is an optional United States federal-government program to help Medicare beneficiaries pay for self-administered prescription drugs. Part D was enacted as part of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 and went into effect on January 1, 2006. Under th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
However, plans are later reimbursed for much of this cost through rebates paid by manufacturers and pharmacies.Part D enrollees cover a portion of their own drug expenses by paying cost-sharing. The amount of cost-sharing an enrollee pays depends on the retail cost of the filled drug, the rules of their plan, and wheth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
To enroll in Part D, Medicare beneficiaries must also be enrolled in either Part A or Part B. Beneficiaries can participate in Part D through a stand-alone prescription drug plan or through a Medicare Advantage plan that includes prescription drug benefits. Beneficiaries can enroll directly through the plan's sponsor o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Part D benefits are provided through private plans approved by the federal government. The number of offered plans varies geographically, but a typical enrollee will have dozens of options to choose from. Although plans are restricted by numerous program requirements, plans vary in many ways. Among other factors, enrol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Medicare offers an interactive online tool that allows for comparison of coverage and costs for all plans in a geographic area. The tool lets users input their own list of medications and then calculates personalized projections of the enrollee's annual costs under each plan option. Plans are required to submit biweekl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Part D includes a statutorily defined "standard benefit" that is updated on an annual basis. All Part D sponsors must offer a plan that follows the standard benefit. The standard benefit is defined in terms of the benefit structure and without mandating the drugs that must be covered. For example, under the 2020 standa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Second, beneficiaries pay a 25% coinsurance amount up to an Out-of-Pocket Threshold of $6,350. In the final benefit phase, beneficiaries pay the greater of a 5% coinsurance amount or a nominal co-payment amount. These three benefit phases are referred to as the Deductible, Initial Coverage Limit, and the Catastrophic p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
The "Out-of-Pocket Threshold" is not a cap on out-of-pocket spending, as beneficiaries continue to accrue cost-sharing expenses in the Catastrophic phase. In 2020, beneficiaries would typically reach this threshold as their retail drug spending approached $10,000. When patients enter the Catastrophic phase, the amount ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
This is because the standard benefit requires plans to include additional amounts, such as manufacturer discounts, when determining if the Out-of-Pocket Threshold has been met. Part D sponsors may also offer plans that differ from the standard benefit, provided that these alternative benefit structures do not result in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Enrollees must pay an additional premium amount to be enrolled in a plan with cost-sharing that is lower than the standard benefit, and this additional amount is not Federally-subsidized. Prior to 2010, the standard benefit included a Coverage Gap phase in which, after accruing significant spending, relatively-high cos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
In 2020, the average monthly Part D premium across all plans was $27. Premiums for stand-alone PDPs are 3 times higher than premiums for MA-PDs, as Medicare Advantage plans often use federal rebates to reduce premiums for drug coverage. Enrollees typically pay their premiums directly to plans, though they may opt to ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Premiums must cover the cost of both plan liability and the reinsurance subsidy. From 2017 to 2020, despite rising per capita drug spending, premiums decreased by 16%. Plans have been able to lower premiums by negotiating larger rebates from manufacturers and pharmacies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Between 2017 and 2020, the percentage of drug costs rebated back to plans increased from 22% to 28%. In addition, the standard benefit was changed in 2019 to increase mandatory manufacturer discounts in the Coverage Gap. Part D practices community rating, with all enrollees in a plan being assigned the same premium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Enrollees do pay more in premiums if they enroll in higher-than-average-cost plans or in plans that offer enhanced benefits. Like in Part B, higher-income enrollees are required to pay an additional premium amount. Low-income enrollees may have their premium reduced or eliminated if they qualify for the low-income prem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
For 2022, costs for stand-alone Part D plans in the 10 major U.S. markets ranged from a low of $6.90-per-month (Dallas and Houston) to as much as $160.20-per-month (San Francisco). A study by the American Association for Medicare Supplement Insurance reported the lowest and highest 2022 Medicare Plan D costs for the to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Beneficiaries with income below 150% of the poverty line are eligible for the low-income subsidy, which helps pay for premiums and cost-sharing. Depending on income-level and assets, some beneficiaries qualify for the full low-income subsidy, while others are eligible for a partial subsidy. All low-income subsidy enrol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Low-income subsidy enrollees represent about one-quarter of enrollment, but about half of the program's retail drug spending. Nearly 30% of Federal spending on Part D goes towards paying for the low-income subsidy.In addition to receiving premium and cost-sharing subsidies, certain program rules apply differently for l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
While CMS does not have an established formulary, Part D drug coverage excludes drugs not approved by the Food and Drug Administration, drugs not available by prescription for purchase in the United States, and drugs for which payments would be available under Part B.Part D coverage excludes drugs or classes of drugs t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Part D plans are not required to pay for all covered Part D drugs. They establish their own formularies, or list of covered drugs for which they will make payment, as long as the formulary and benefit structure are not found by CMS to discourage enrollment by certain Medicare beneficiaries. Part D plans that follow the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
The primary differences between the formularies of different Part D plans relate to the coverage of brand-name drugs. Typically, each Plan's formulary is organized into tiers, and each tier is associated with a set co-pay amount. Most formularies have between 3 and 5 tiers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
The lower the tier, the lower the co-pay. For example, Tier 1 might include all of the Plan's preferred generic drugs, and each drug within this tier might have a co-pay of $5 to $10 per prescription. Tier 2 might include the Plan's preferred brand drugs with a co-pay of $40 to $50, while Tier 3 may be reserved for non... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Tiers 4 and higher typically contain specialty drugs, which have the highest co-pays because they are generally more expensive. By 2011 in the United States a growing number of Medicare Part D health insurance plans had added the specialty tier. : 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Upon enactment in 1965, Medicare included coverage for physician-administered drugs, but not self-administered prescription drugs. While some earlier drafts of the Medicare legislation included an outpatient drug benefit, those provisions were dropped due to budgetary concerns. In response to criticism regarding this o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
In 1988, the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act temporarily expanded program benefits to include self-administered drugs. However, this legislation was repealed just one year later, partially due to concerns regarding premium increases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
The 1993 Clinton Health Reform Plan also included an outpatient drug benefit, but that reform effort ultimately failed due to a lack of public support.In the decades following Medicare's passage, prescription drug spending grew and became increasingly financed through third-party payment. Following an era of modest gro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
At the time of Medicare's passage, more than 90% of drug spending was paid out-of-pocket. Over the following 35-years, third-party payment for prescription drugs became increasingly common. By the end of the century, less than one-third of drug spending was paid out-of-pocket. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Despite the absence of a Medicare drug benefit, about 70% of Medicare enrollees obtained drug coverage through other means, often through an employer or Medicaid.Medicare began offering subsidized outpatient drug coverage in the mid-2000s. In the 2000 presidential election, both the Democratic and Republican candidates... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Rather than demand that the plan be budget neutral, President Bush supported up to $400 billion in new spending for the program. In 2003, President Bush signed the Medicare Modernization Act, which authorized the creation of the Medicare Part D program. The program was implemented in 2006. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
To keep the plan's cost projections below the $400 billion constraint set by leadership, policymakers devised the infamous “donut hole.” After exceeding a modest deductible, beneficiaries would pay 25% cost-sharing for covered drugs. However, once their spending reached an “initial coverage limit,” originally set at $2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
In 2019, total drug spending for Medicare Part D beneficiaries was about 180 billion dollars. One-third of this amount, about 120 billion dollars, was paid by prescription drug plans. This plan liability amount was partially offset by about 50 billion dollars in discounts, mostly in the form of manufacturer and pharmac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
To finance this cost, plans received roughly 50 billion in federal reinsurance subsidies, 10 billion in federal direct subsidies, and 10 billion in enrollee premiums.In addition to the 60 billion dollars paid in federal insurance subsidies, the federal government also paid about 30 billion dollars in cost-sharing subsi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Plan and Health Care Provider goal alignment: PDP's and MA's are rewarded for focusing on low-cost drugs to all beneficiaries, while providers are rewarded for quality of care – sometimes involving expensive technologies. Conflicting goals: Plans are required to have a tiered exemptions process for beneficiaries to get... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Co-pays may vary across plans. Some plans have no deductibles and the coinsurance for the most expensive drugs varies widely. Some plans may insist on step therapy, which means that the patient must use generics first before the company will pay for higher-priced drugs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Patients can appeal and insurers are required to respond within a short timeframe, so as to not further the burden on the patient. Standards for electronic prescribing for Medicare Part D conflict with regulations in many U.S. states. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
A 2008 study found that the percentage of Medicare beneficiaries who reported forgoing medications due to cost dropped with Part D, from 15.2% in 2004 and 14.1% in 2005 to 11.5% in 2006. The percentage who reported skipping other basic necessities to pay for drugs also dropped, from 10.6% in 2004 and 11.1% in 2005 to 7... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Further studies by the same group of researchers found that the net impact among beneficiaries was a decrease in the use of generic drugs.A further study concludes that although a substantial reduction in out-of-pocket costs and a moderate increase in utilization among Medicare beneficiaries during the first year after... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
The federal government is not permitted to negotiate Part D drug prices with drug companies, as federal agencies do in other programs. The Department of Veterans Affairs, which is allowed to negotiate drug prices and establish a formulary, has been estimated to pay between 40% and 58% less for drugs, on average, than P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Although generic versions of drugs are now available, plans offered by three of the five insurers currently exclude some or all of these drugs from their formularies. ... Further, prices for the generic versions are not substantially lower than their brand-name equivalents. The lowest price for simvastatin (generic Z... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
The lowest price for sertraline HCl (generic Zoloft) is 47 percent more expensive than the VA price for brand-name Zoloft." Estimating how much money could be saved if Medicare had been allowed to negotiate drug prices, economist Dean Baker gives a "most conservative high-cost scenario" of $332 billion between 2006 and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Economist Joseph Stiglitz in his book entitled The Price of Inequality estimated a "middle-cost scenario" of $563 billion in savings "for the same budget window". : 48 Former Congressman Billy Tauzin, R–La., who steered the bill through the House, retired soon after and took a $2 million a year job as president of Phar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
14 congressional aides quit their jobs to work for related lobbies immediately after the bill's passage.In response, free-market think tank Manhattan Institute issued a report by professor Frank Lichtenberg that said the VA National Formulary excludes many new drugs. Only 38% of drugs approved in the 1990s and 19% of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Part_D |
Seed-based d mapping (formerly Signed differential mapping) or SDM is a statistical technique created by Joaquim Radua for meta-analyzing studies on differences in brain activity or structure which used neuroimaging techniques such as fMRI, VBM, DTI or PET. It may also refer to a specific piece of software created by t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed-based_d_mapping |
SDM adopted and combined various positive features from previous methods, such as ALE or MKDA, and introduced a series of improvements and novel features. One of the new features, introduced to avoid positive and negative findings in the same voxel as seen in previous methods, was the representation of both positive di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed-based_d_mapping |
First, coordinates of cluster peaks (e.g. the voxels where the differences between patients and healthy controls were highest), and statistical maps if available, are selected according to SDM inclusion criteria. Second, coordinates are used to recreate statistical maps, and effect-sizes maps and their variances are de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed-based_d_mapping |
It is not uncommon in neuroimaging studies that some regions (e.g. a priori regions of interest) are more liberally thresholded than the rest of the brain. However, a meta-analysis of studies with such intra-study regional differences in thresholds would be biased towards these regions, as they are more likely to be re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed-based_d_mapping |
After conversion of statistical parametric maps and peak coordinates to Talairach space, an SDM map is created for each study within a specific gray or white matter template. Pre-processing of statistical parametric maps is straightforward, while pre-processing of reported peak coordinates requires recreating the clust... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed-based_d_mapping |
SDM provides several different statistical analyses in order to complement the main outcome with sensitivity and heterogeneity analyses. The main statistical analysis is the mean analysis, which consists in calculating the mean of the voxel values in the different studies. This mean is weighted by the inverse of the va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed-based_d_mapping |
Linear model analyses (e.g. meta-regression) are a generalization of the mean analysis to allow comparisons between groups and the study of possible confounds. A low variability of the regressor is critical in meta-regressions, so they are recommended to be understood as exploratory and to be more conservatively thresh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed-based_d_mapping |
The idea is that if a significant brain region remains significant in all or most of the combinations of studies it can be concluded that this finding is highly replicable.The statistical significance of the analyses is checked by standard randomization tests. It is recommended to use uncorrected p-values = 0.005, as t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed-based_d_mapping |
SDM is software written by the SDM project to aid the meta-analysis of voxel-based neuroimaging data. It is distributed as freeware including a graphical interface and a menu/command-line console. It can also be integrated as an SPM extension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed-based_d_mapping |
Multi-age classrooms or composite classes are classrooms with students from more than one grade level. They are created because of a pedagogical choice of a school or school district. They are different from split classes which are formed when there are too many students for one class – but not enough to form two class... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-age_classroom |
Multi-age schooling originated in one-room schoolhouses during the 19th century. It became less common in the 20th century with the rise of mainstream schooling. However, multi-age schooling had a resurgence in the 1960s. Approximately one third of all classes across the world are multigrade classes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-age_classroom |
“In Canada, more than 20 percent of students are registered in split classes, and that number is growing. Around the world, split classes are also a growing phenomenon in countries as diverse as Australia, France, Switzerland and the Netherlands.” (Kelly, 2015) The reasoning behind multi-age classrooms is distinct from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-age_classroom |
This is an important distinction, as the reason for creating a split class or multi-age class will dictate what kinds of teaching strategies and pedagogy is applied in the classroom, which will in turn impact student outcomes. For a given number of students, composite classes allow greater administrative flexibility in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-age_classroom |
This allows gender balancing, matching of student needs to teaching expertise, and balancing class sizes. By allocating children to classes according to specific learning needs, it is possible to arrange classes with narrower ranges of abilities. Schools composed exclusively of composite classes are increasingly common... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-age_classroom |
Social benefits often cited are: Older children in a composite class get more leadership opportunities and frequently build self-esteem as a sort or role model to the younger class mates. Younger children aspire to do work like the older children in the class. The ability for a child to be educated by the one teacher f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-age_classroom |
Learning by teaching occurs when students at different stages of learning can help each other with their work; children resolve differences in understanding of material.Composite classes provide a range of levels of work, so the needs of both talented children and slower learners can be catered for, while providing a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-age_classroom |
Education expectations are set at curriculum levels which span across two years; for example, see the Victorian Essential Learning Standards. Contemporary teaching and learning materials are developed for multi-age classes. By using them, teachers can introduce core concepts to the whole classroom, and then differentia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-age_classroom |
The students will be of a greater range of size, age and maturity which can have both positive and negative implications particularly in class sporting activities and playground interaction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-age_classroom |
Opponents of multi-age classrooms argue that most parents would rather have their children in a single grade-level classroom instead of a multi-grade level classroom. They also argue that students in the upper grade level of a composite class learn the same material that they were taught in the lower grade level. In co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-age_classroom |
James R. Markusen is an American economist, academic, and author. He is Distinguished Professor (emeritus) at the University of Colorado, Boulder.Markusen is known for his works using analytical theory, numerical simulation, and empirical estimation. Among his authored works are publications in the American Economic Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Markusen completed his B.A. in Economics in 1970 from Boston College. Later in 1973, he obtained a PHD in Economics under the supervision of James E. Anderson and John G. Riley from the same institution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Markusen began his academic career in 1972 by joining the University of Western Ontario as a professor of economics and served until 1990. In 1990, he joined the University of Colorado, where he held multiple appointments including serving as a university Distinguished Professor, Stanford Calderwood Professor of Econom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Concurrently, he served as an Economic Policy Panelist at the Centre for Economic Policy Research London in 2000 and 2001. Since 1996, he has been a Research Fellow at the Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, and also held the position of research associate at the Institute for International Integration Studies... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Markusen's research has focused on analytical theory, empirical estimation, and numerical simulation. He has authored publications spanning the areas of multinationals, international trade, modeling and simulation, and microeconomics including books, book chapters, and articles in peer-reviewed journals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Markusen's international trade and economics research has contributed to the identification of factors that influence trade patterns. His early research investigated how multinational firms can strategically manage their valuable knowledge capital when expanding abroad, considering options like exporting, licensing, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
His 2007 synthetic analysis with Anthony J. Venables explored how countries' participation in the global economy, considering factors like trade costs and trade fragmentation, impacts their production specialization, trade volume, and welfare levels, revealing that while fragmentation generally increases trade and welf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Markusen in his research has extensively explored the role of multinationals in the international economy. Beginning with a 1984 article, Markusen changed the focus of multinational-firm research from a macroeconomic capital market orientation to one emphasizing location and production, thereby integrating multinationa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
While examining the different theories of multinational firms, he developed his hybrid Knowledge Capital Model, which combined elements of both vertical and horizontal models, and provided a representation of the determinants of foreign direct investment. In his assessment of a firm's mode of operation, his work conclu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Concentrating his research efforts on investment liberalization and its impact on the location of firms, his study bridged the gap between the industrial organization approach and general-equilibrium trade theory, providing an understanding of international trade. Furthermore, his work highlighted the limitations of ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Markusen's modeling and simulation research has resulted in the development of new theories and models of international trade. In his early research, he developed a theoretical model for multinational enterprises based on shared input efficiencies, and analyzed the trade-offs between technical efficiency gains and incr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
His 2001 study with Mattias Ganslandt introduced modeling approaches for representing international trade standards and technical regulations and advocated for their incorporation into an applied general-equilibrium framework using authentic data. Focusing his research efforts on modeling the offshoring of white-collar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Markusen's regional economics research has investigated how factors such as infrastructure and education, impact economic development across different regions. In collaboration with Nancy Olewiler and others, he presented a two-region economic model in which a polluting firm's market presence and environmental policies... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Markusen's microeconomics research has identified microeconomic factors driving external economies, analyzed their impact on production and welfare using a general-equilibrium model, and explored how resulting industry production functions relate to established trade and growth theories. Moreover, he developed a unifie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
1997 – Boulder Faculty Assembly Research Excellence Award, University of Colorado 2001 – Jagdish Bhagwati Award, Journal of International Economics 2003 – Stanford Calderwood Teaching Excellence Award, Calderwood Charitable Foundation 2019 – Doctor of Philosophy, Tuebingen University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Speculation and Monopoly in Urban Development (1997) ISBN 9780802033482 Multinational Firms and the Theory of International Trade (2002) ISBN 9780262134163 Broadening Trade Theory: incorporating market realities into traditional models (2021) ISBN 9789811222955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Markusen, J. R. (1984). Multinationals, multi-plant economies, and the gains from trade. Journal of international economics, 16(3–4), 205–226. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Markusen, J. R. (1995). The boundaries of multinational enterprises and the theory of international trade. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Journal of Economic perspectives, 9(2), 169–189. Markusen, J. R., & Venables, A. J. (1998). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
Multinational firms and the new trade theory. Journal of international economics, 46(2), 183–203. Markusen, J. R., & Venables, A. J. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Markusen |
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