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A librarian is a person who works professionally in a library providing access to information, and sometimes social or technical programming, or instruction on information literacy to users. The role of the librarian has changed much over time, with the past century in particular bringing many new media and technologie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
The Sumerians were the first to train clerks to keep records of accounts. "Masters of the books" or "keepers of the tablets" were scribes or priests who were trained to handle the vast amount and complexity of these records. The extent of their specific duties is unknown.Sometime in the 8th century BC, Ashurbanipal, Ki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
We know of at least one "keeper of the books" who was employed to oversee the thousands of tablets on Sumerian and Babylonian materials, including literary texts; history; omens; astronomical calculations; mathematical tables; grammatical and linguistic tables; dictionaries; and commercial records and laws. All of thes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
These scholars contributed significantly to the collection and cataloging of the wide variety of scrolls in the library's collection. Most notably, Callimachus created what is considered to be the first subject catalog of the library holdings, called the pinakes. The pinakes contained 120 scrolls arranged into ten subj... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
The librarians at Alexandria were considered the "custodians of learning".Near the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire, it was common for Roman aristocrats to hold private libraries in their home. Many of these aristocrats, such as Cicero, kept the contents of their private libraries to them... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Many Roman emperors included public libraries into their political propaganda to win favor from citizens. While scholars were employed in librarian roles in the various emperors' libraries, there was no specific office or role that qualified an individual to be a librarian. For example, Pompeius Macer, the first librar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Christian monasteries in Europe are credited with keeping the institution of libraries alive after the fall of the Roman Empire. It is during this time that the first codex (book as opposed to scroll) enters popularity: the parchment codex. Within the monasteries, the role of librarian was often filled by an overseer o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
During this period, the lectern system, in which books were chained to desks for security, was also introduced. Classification and organization of books during this period was generally done by subject and alphabetically, with materials inventoried using basic check lists. Later in the period, individuals known as libr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
At the same time royalty, nobles and jurists began to establish libraries of their own as status symbols. King Charles V of France began his own library, and he kept his collection as a bibliophile, an attribute that is closely connected to librarians of this time.The Renaissance is considered to be a time of aristocra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
These libraries were sponsored by popes, royals, and nobility who sent agents throughout Western Europe to locate manuscripts in deteriorating monastic libraries. As a result, Renaissance libraries were filled with a wealth of texts. While materials in these libraries were mostly restricted, the libraries were open to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
During the 16th century, the idea of creating a Bibliotheca Universalis, a universal listing of all printed books, emerged from well-established academics and librarians: Conrad Gessner, Gabriel Naudé, John Dury, and Gottfried Leibniz. The four librarians responsible for establishing the Bibliotheca Universalis are imp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
He also contributed to the idea of organization and administration of libraries which led to the development of library collections. It was also in part thanks to Naudé that some libraries began to lend books outside of the precincts of the library.John Dury is considered to be the first English library theorist. He wr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
He held that librarians should not only care for the books, but should also be well educated and accomplished to raise the standards of librarianship. Furthermore, he advocated that librarians deserve a living wage in order to use their energy to perform their duties to the fullest extent. Gottfried Leibniz upheld that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
He is credited as including science texts in addition to conventional literature within library collections.Another key figure of this time was Sir Thomas Bodley, who gave up his career as a diplomat and established Oxford's Bodleian library. He is credited as creating the first functional library of modern times. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Subsequent librarians following Bodley were called Protobibliothecarius Bodleianus, Bodley's Librarian. They would earn £40 a year. The ideas formed with these librarians continued to develop into the 17th century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
With the approach of Bibliotheca Universalis, libraries changed; the content of libraries became less selective, to include literature of entertainment as well as academic value. At this time, libraries also became fully open to the public, with access no longer restricted to a small circle of readers. In 18th-century ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
While there were full-time librarians in the 18th century, the professionalization of the library role was a 19th-century development, as shown by its first training school, its first university school, and its first professional associations and licensing procedures. In England in the 1870s, a new employment role open... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States in 2020, many librarians were temporarily displaced as libraries across the country were affected by a nationwide shutdown in efforts to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 disease. During this time, library services were in high demand as patrons were stuck inside during ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
It was a global network of volunteer librarians, specializing in academic libraries and medical libraries, serving as "information first responders" in the fight against the Infodemic as a direct result of COVID-19 pandemic. The Librarian Reserve Corps Literature Enhancement and Metadata Enrichment (LIME) volunteers, l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Traditionally, a librarian is associated with collections of books, as demonstrated by the etymology of the word "librarian" (from the Latin liber, "book"). A 1713 definition of the word was "custodian of a library" 1713, while in the 17th century, the role was referred to as a "library-keeper", and a librarian was a "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Specific duties vary depending on the size and type of library. Olivia Crosby described librarians as "Information experts in the information age." Most librarians spend their time working in one of the following areas of a library: Archivists can be specialized librarians who deal with archival materials, such as manu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Large libraries often use approval plans, which involve the librarian for a specific subject creating a profile that allows publishers to send relevant books to the library without any additional vetting. Librarians can then see those books when they arrive and decide if they will become part of the collection or not. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Electronic resources librarians manage the databases that libraries license from third-party vendors. School librarians work in school libraries and perform duties as teachers, information technology specialists, and advocates for literacy. Instruction librarians teach information literacy skills in face-to-face classe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
They instruct library users on how to find, evaluate, and use information effectively. They are most common in academic libraries. Media specialists teach students to find and analyze information, purchase books and other resources for the school library, supervise library assistants, and are responsible for all aspect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Both library media teachers (LMTs) and young adult public librarians order books and other materials that will interest their young adult patrons. They also must help YAs find relevant and authoritative Internet resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Helping this age group to become lifelong learners and readers is a main objective of professionals in this library specialty. Outreach librarians are charged with providing library and information services for underrepresented groups, such as people with disabilities, low-income neighborhoods, home bound adults and se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
In academic libraries, outreach librarians might focus on high school students, transfer students, first-generation college students, and minorities. Public service librarians work with the public, frequently at the reference desk of lending libraries. Some specialize in serving adults or children. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Children's librarians provide appropriate material for children at all age levels, include pre-readers, conduct specialized programs and work with the children (and often their parents) to help foster interest and competence in the young reader. (In larger libraries, some specialize in teen services, periodicals, or ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
The help may take the form of research on a specific question, providing direction on the use of databases and other electronic information resources; obtaining specialized materials from other sources; or providing access to and care of delicate or expensive materials. These services are sometimes provided by other li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
A Youth Services librarian, or children's librarian, is in charge of serving young patrons from infancy all the way to young adulthood. Their duties vary, from planning summer reading programs to weekly story hour programs. They are multitaskers, as the children's section of a library may act as its own separate librar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Children's librarians must be knowledgeable of popular books for school-aged children and other library items, such as e-books and audiobooks. They are charged with the task of creating a safe and fun learning environment outside of school and the home. A young adult or YA librarian specifically serves patrons who are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Young adults are those patrons that look to library services to give them direction and guidance toward recreation, education, and emancipation. A young adult librarian could work in several different institutions; one might be a school library/media teacher, a member of a public library team, or a librarian in a penal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Experienced librarians may take administrative positions such as library or information center director or learning resource officer. Similar to the management of any other organization, they are concerned with the long-term planning of the library, and its relationship with its parent organization (the city or county ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Referring patrons to other community organizations and government offices. Suggesting appropriate books ("readers' advisory") for children of different reading levels and recommending novels for recreational reading. Reviewing books and journal databases Working with other education organisations to establish continual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Developing programs for library users of all ages and backgrounds. Managing access to electronic information resources. Assessing library services and collections in order to best meet library users' needs. Building and maintaining collections to respond to changing community needs or demands Creating pathfinders Writi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
As user and community needs change over time, the role of the librarian continues to reflect these changes. Librarians assist and interact with vulnerable or at-risk populations regularly. It is proposed that librarians experience a moderate degree of work-related stress, and is reported that many experience harassment... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
There are a number of contributing factors to the librarians’ roles changing. Development in information technologyChanging economyChanging educational and learning environmentChanges in scholarly communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Basic categories of workplace settings for librarians are routinely classified around the world as: public, academic, school, and special. Some librarians will start and operate their own business. They often call themselves information brokers, research specialists, knowledge management, competitive intelligence, or i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Public libraries are created through legislation within the jurisdiction they serve. Accordingly, they are given certain benefits, such as taxpayer funding, but must adhere to service standards and meet a wide group of client needs. They are usually overseen by a board of directors or library commission from the commun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Occasionally, private lending libraries serve the public in the manner of public libraries. In the United States, public librarians and public libraries are represented by the Public Library Association. Public library staffing is structured in response to community needs. Libraries bridge traditional divisions between... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
An academic library is a library that is an integral part of a college, university, or other institution of postsecondary education, administered to meet the information and research needs of its students, faculty, and staff. In the United States, the professional association for academic libraries and librarians is th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
A university librarian, or chief librarian, is responsible for the library within the college structure, and may also be called the Dean of Libraries or Director of Libraries. Some post-secondary institutions treat librarians as faculty, and they may be called professor or other academic ranks, which may or may not inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
A school library exclusively serves the needs of a public or private school. The primary purpose is to support the students, teachers, and curriculum of the school or school district. In addition to library administration, certificated teacher-librarians instruct individual students, groups and classes, and faculty in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Special libraries are libraries designed to perform some specific function for a particular set of people or an organization, i.e. news, law, medical, theological, prison, corporate, or museum. They can be highly specialized, serving a discrete user group with a restricted collection area. In an increasingly global and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Funding for special libraries varies widely. Librarians in some types of special libraries may be required to have additional training, such as a law degree for a librarian in an academic law library or appropriate subject degrees for subject specialties such as chemistry, engineering, etc. Many belong to the Special L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Librarians generally hold a university degree in library science. It is also possible to earn a doctorate in library science. The first doctoral degree in library science was offered by the Graduate Library School, University of Chicago, 1928-1989. Graduates with PhDs usually become teaching faculty in schools of libra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Those undertaking research at the doctoral level can pursue a very wide range of interests including information technology, government information policy, social research into information use among particular segments of society, information in organizations and corporate settings, and the history of books and printin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Despite the existence of doctoral programs existing to supplement a master's degree, the American Library Association considers a master's degree from an ALA accredited or approved program to be the terminal degree in the field.Library technicians, library assistants, and library associates (not to be confused with aca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
In the United Kingdom, a librarian can have a three- or four-year bachelor's degree in library science; separate master's degrees in librarianship, archive management, and records management are also available. These degrees are accredited by the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals and the Soci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
In the United States and Canada, a librarian generally has a one or two-year (more common) master's degree in library science from an accredited university. This master's degree is obtained following graduation from a bachelor's degree program in any discipline. The Library Science master's degree is accredited by the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Many, if not most, academic librarians also have a second, subject-based master's degree. This is especially true of librarians working at four-year colleges. Beta Phi Mu, the international honor society for library & information science and information technology, honors faculty for distinguished service to education ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
In Australia, a professional librarian must meet the requirements set out by the Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA). There are three ways in which these requirements can be met: the individual must obtain an ALIA-recognized bachelor's degree in library and information studies, complete a first degree... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
The increasing role of technology in libraries has a significant impact on the changing roles of librarians. New technologies are dramatically increasing the accessibility of information, and librarians are adapting to the evolving needs of users that emerge from the adoption of these new technologies. Digital libraria... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
The term is also sometimes used for freelance information consultants.One of the most significant examples of how technology has changed the role of librarians in the last 50 years has been the move from traditional card catalogs to online public access catalogs (OPACs). Librarians had to develop software and the MARC ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
They had to teach the public how to use the new technologies and move to more virtual working environments. The same could be said of other technology developments, from electronic databases (including the Internet), to logistical functions such as bar codes (or in the near future RFID). Many librarians provide virtual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
These examples illustrate some of the ways in which librarians are using technology to fulfill and expand upon their historical roles. Librarians must continually adapt to new formats for information, such as electronic journals and e-books, which present both challenges and opportunities in providing access and promot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
This robot is able to navigate the library, look for the specified book, and upon its discovery, carefully take it from the shelf and deliver it to the user. Because of the robot's extremely limited function, its introduction into libraries poses little risk of the employment of librarians, whose duties are not defined... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
The two largest library associations in the United States are the American Library Association (ALA) and the Special Libraries Association. YALSA, The Young Adult Library Services Association, serves Young Adult librarians, and is part of the American Library Association. Many U.S. states have their own library associa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Librarians may also join such organizations as the Association of College and Research Libraries and the Public Library Association and the Art Libraries Society of North America. The Canadian Library Association serves Canada and there are provincial associations as well, such as the Ontario Library Association. In th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) represents the interests of libraries and librarians internationally. (See also the List of Library Associations.) IFLA hosts the annual IFLA World Library and Information Congress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Recent issues of concern for U.S. libraries include implementation of the Patriot Act and the Children's Internet Protection Act. Many librarians around the world share American librarians' concern over ethical issues surrounding censorship and privacy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Some librarians join activist organizations like the UK-based Information for Social Change and the North American-based Progressive Librarians Guild. The Progressive Librarians Guild covers the actions of union library workers in its journal and blog, Union Library Workers.Within the American Library Association (ALA)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Another important activist organization is the Social Responsibilities Special Interest Section of the American Association of Law Libraries (AALL). These activist organizations are viewed as controversial by some librarians, while others view them as a natural extension and outgrowth of their own deeply held library e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Librarianship manifests a dual career structure for men and women in the United States. In 2015, 83 percent of librarians were women. In 2018, that number dropped to 79 percent of all librarians working in the United States before jumping back up to 81 percent in 2019.In spite of women making up most of the workforce, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
African American women earned just 69.9 cents and Hispanic and Latina women earned 63.8 cents on every dollar earned by a man of any race. Asian women were the only female racial group to earn more than men of all races, but they still only earned 76.7 cents to the dollar reported by Asian men.Top positions in librarie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Since women had greater difficulty finding work than men, they were more likely to work for lower wages, thus making them more appealing to employers. Women, however, have made continuous progress toward equality, a reform called for following advancements of the American Library Association to amplify female represent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Due to the majority ownership of male figures in greater positions of power within the library field, women have also been largely left out of standard histories of U.S. librarianship, but Suzanne Hildenbrand's scholarly assessment of the work done by women has expanded the historical record. Writers, academics, and jo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
She was ALA president from May 24, 1911, until July 2, 1912.On July 13, 2016, Carla Hayden became the first female, and the first African American, to become Librarian of Congress. Dr. Hayden was nominated by President Barack Obama in February 2016 as the 14th Librarian of Congress.The American Library Association's So... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
The bibliographic history of women in U.S. librarianship and women librarians developing services for women has been well-documented in the series of publications initially issued by the Social Responsibilities Round Table Task Force on Women and later continued by COSWL.The Reference and Adult Services Division of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Adopted 1993, amended 2000, 2004, 2008, 2010." It also states under B.2.12 Threats to Library Materials Related to Sex, Gender Identity, or Sexual Orientation(Old Number 53.12), "The American Library Association supports the inclusion in library collections of materials that reflect the diversity of our society, includ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Stereotypes of librarians in popular culture are frequently negative: librarians are portrayed as puritanical, punitive, unattractive, and timid if female, or timid, unattractive, and effeminate if male. These stereotypes have harmed librarians in the public eye. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Deaf people at the library have the same needs as every other person visiting the library and often have more difficulty accessing materials and services. Australian librarian Karen McQuigg states that “even ten years ago, when I was involved in a project looking at what public libraries could offer the deaf, it seemed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
The ALA has admitted that disabled people belong to a minority that is often overlooked and under-represented by people in the library, and the Deaf community belongs in this minority group. However, in the last few decades, libraries across the United States have made great strides in the mission of making libraries m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
While she was studying there, she realized that there was not very much information about the Deaf community at her library or at the libraries of any of her classmates. She soon became an activist for Deaf awareness at her library, and she became the first “Librarian for the Deaf Community” from any public library in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Hagemeyer was one of the first library activists to make strides for the Deaf community.New guidelines from library organizations such as International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) and the ALA were written in order to help libraries make their information more accessible to people with dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Other guidelines include training library staff to provide services for the Deaf community, availability of text telephones or TTYs not only to assist patrons with reference questions but also for making outside calls, using the most recent technology in order to communicate more effectively with Deaf patrons, includin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
The library at Gallaudet University, the only Deaf liberal arts university in the United States, was founded in 1876. The library's collection has grown from a small number of reference books to the world's largest collection of deaf-related materials with over 234,000 books and thousands of other materials in differen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian |
Green River Park (Arabic: حديقة النهر الأخضر) also referred to as Capital Park (Arabic: كابيتال بارك) is set to be a river-like series of large-scale urban parks located in the New Administrative Capital of Egypt. When fully finished, it will span over 35 kilometres (22 mi), and cover a total area of 2,509 hectares (6,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_Park |
In 2016, !melk and EDSA presented their first idea to both Minister of Housing and Urban Development, Madbouly, and Egypt's President, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. In 2018 the final Concept Design was produced by Dar Al Handasah Landscape Architects. The idea was approved and later unveiled by the Urban Development Consortium... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_Park |
The Green River's construction is divided into three phases. To complement and sync with the overall capital building plan, the first phase is divided into three central/capital parks. Each phase and park has its own distinct characteristics. The second and third phases' characteristics are undisclosed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_Park |
The first phase of the Green River (Capital Park) project is divided from east to west into three planning sectors, each of which contains a park with a different focus. All three parks are about 35 kilometres (22 mi) in total and 1,038 acres (420 ha), out of 6,200 acres (2,500 ha). It will extend from the central ring... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_Park |
The initial phase (CP1 | History) is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long with a total area of 386 acres (156 ha). It is considered the sector that simulates the environment, and the one that's in harmony with the factors of nature. CP1 includes more than 250 acres (100 ha) of open areas for picnicking and outdoor activity and w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_Park |
The second phase (CP2 | Sustainability) is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long with a total area of 315 acres (127 ha). This sector is a considered the center for cultural and entertainment activities. CP2 includes more than 240 acres (97 ha) of open areas that will make it a major hub for community and recreational activities.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_Park |
The third phase (CP3 | Civic) is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long with a total area of 318 acres (129 ha). It is the sector that embodies the nature and privacy of public parks, and their close connection with the surroundings. It will include riverfront restaurants, retail shops, a sculpture garden, a ferris wheel, an open ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_Park |
The Green River park's infrastructure and transportation systems are both done in a way where all amenities are accessible through a network of pedestrian links, cycle routes, and green bridges. The infrastructure also serves rapid transportation via the inter-city monorail, light rail links and the inner-city tram as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_Park |
The Green River will be open for visits free of charge for the New Administrative Capital, New Cairo and Cairo residents. All universities and cities in the new capital are somehow connected to the Green River. All districts in the new capital contain green gardens through which residents can reach the main park on foo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_Park |
The Green River consists of 7 gardens. International Park Sports Park Plants Garden Historic Park Science Park Health and Population Park Business and Finance Park == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_Park |
Jane Pilcher SFHEA is a sociologist specialising in names and naming, gender, and ageing. She is an associate lecturer at Nottingham Trent University, having previously held posts at Cardiff University and the University of Leicester. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Pilcher |
Pilcher has a PhD (1992) from Cardiff University; her thesis title was "Social change and feminism: three generations of women, feminist issues and the women's movement". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Pilcher |
After research at Cardiff, Pilcher worked at the University of Leicester as a lecturer and later an associate professor. In 2019 she moved to Nottingham Trent University as associate professor of sociology.Her 2004 book Fifty key concepts in gender studies, co-authored with Imelda Whelehan (Sage: ISBN 9781412932073) wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Pilcher |
Pilcher, Jane; Wagg, Stephen, eds. (1996). Thatcher's children? : politics, childhood and society in the 1980s and 1990s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Pilcher |
London: Falmer Press. ISBN 9780750704625. Pilcher, Jane (1998). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Pilcher |
Women of their time: generation, gender issues, and feminism. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 9781840141979. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Pilcher |
Pilcher, Jane; Whelehan, Imelda (2016). Key concepts in gender studies (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Pilcher |
ISBN 9781446260289. Pole, Christopher; Pilcher, Jane; Williams, John, eds. (2005). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Pilcher |
Young people in transition: becoming citizens?. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-3368-3. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Pilcher |
A windmill is a structure that converts wind power into rotational energy using vanes called sails or blades, by tradition specifically to mill grain (gristmills), but in some parts of the English-speaking world the term has also been extended to encompass windpumps, wind turbines, and other applications. The term wind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill |
Wind-powered machines may have been known earlier, but there is no clear evidence of windmills before the 9th century. Hero of Alexandria (Heron) in first-century Roman Egypt described what appears to be a wind-driven wheel to power a machine. His description of a wind-powered organ is not a practical windmill but was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill |
400, the 7th century, or after the 9th century.One of the earliest recorded working windmill designs found was invented sometime around 700–900 AD in Persia. This design was the panemone, with vertical lightweight wooden sails attached by horizontal struts to a central vertical shaft. It was first built to pump water, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill |
The first practical windmills were panemone windmills, using sails that rotated in a horizontal plane, around a vertical axis. Made of six to 12 sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were used to grind grain or draw up water. A medieval account reports that windmill technology was used in Per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill |
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