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Gifted students are pulled out of a heterogeneous classroom to spend a portion of their time in a gifted class. These programs vary widely, from carefully designed half-day academic programs to a single hour each week of educational challenges. Generally, these programs are ineffective at promoting academic advancement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Self-pacing methods, such as the Montessori Method, use flexible grouping practices to allow children to advance at their own pace. Self-pacing can be beneficial for all children and is not targeted specifically at those identified as gifted or talented, but it can allow children to learn at a highly accelerated rate. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
These offer a variety of courses that mainly take place in the summer. Summer schools are popular in the United States. Entrance fees are required for such programs, and programs typically focus on one subject, or class, for the duration of the camp. Several examples of this type of program are: Center for Talented You... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Sometimes this means that an individual county will form its own TAG program; sometimes several counties will come together if not enough gifted students are present in a single county. Generally, a TAG program focuses on a specific age group, particularly the local TAG programs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
This could mean elementary age, high school age, or by years such as ages 9 through 14. These classes are generally organized so that students have the opportunity to choose several courses they wish to participate in. Courses offered often vary between subjects, but are not typically strictly academically related to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
The term "Gifted Assessment" is typically applied to a process of using norm-referenced psychometric tests administered by a qualified psychologist or psychometrist with the goal of identifying children whose intellectual functioning is significantly advanced as compared to the appropriate reference group (i.e., indivi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
This can lead to a situation where a gifted child is bored, underachieves and misbehaves in class.Individual IQ testing is usually the optimal method to identify giftedness among children. However it does not distinguish well among those found to be gifted. Therefore, examiners prefer using a variety of tests to first ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
This is often done by using individual IQ tests and then group or individual achievement tests. There is no standard consensus on which tests to use, as each test is better suited for a certain role.The two most popular tests for identifying giftedness in the school-age population are the WISC-IV and the SB5. The WIAT-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
It has been translated into several languages including Spanish, Portuguese, Norwegian, Swedish, French, German, Dutch, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Italian. The WISC-IV assesses a child's cognitive abilities, with respect to age group. Coupled with results from other tests, the WISC accurately depicts a child's deve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
It assesses a series of intelligence indicators including fluid reasoning, general knowledge, quantitative reasoning, spatial processing, and working memory. The SB5 makes use of both verbal and nonverbal testing.The WIAT-III cannot assess all components of learned knowledge, but does give an understanding of a child's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
This test measures aspects of the learning process that take place in a traditional school setting in reading, writing, math, and oral language. Although the WIAT-III tests a wide range of material, it is designed primarily to assess children's learning before adolescence.Versions of these tests exist for each age grou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Testing allows identification of specific needs of students and help to plan an education early.Out-of-group achievement testing (such as taking the SAT or ACT early) can also help to identify these students early on (see SMPY) and is implemented by various talent search programs in use by education programs. Out-of-gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
The development of early intelligence tests by Alfred Binet led to the Stanford-Binet IQ test developed by Lewis Terman. Terman began long-term studies of gifted children with a view to checking if the popular view "early ripe, early rot" was true. The Terman Genetic Studies of Genius longitudinal study has been descri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Educational authorities differ on the definition of giftedness: even when using the same IQ test to define giftedness, they may disagree on what gifted means—one may take up the top two percent of the population, another might take up the top five percent of a population, which may be within a state, district, or schoo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
His work challenged the difficult childhood hypothesis, concluding that gifted children, by and large, do not have any more difficult childhoods than mainstream children and, in fact, that where they do, their giftedness probably helps them cope better than mainstream children and provided the material for his subseque... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
The development of ability or talent is a lifelong process. It can be evident in young children as exceptional performance on tests and/or other measures of ability or as a rapid rate of learning, compared to other students of the same age, or in actual achievement in a domain. As individuals mature through childhood t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Various factors can either enhance or inhibit the development and expression of abilities. This definition has been adopted in part or completely by the majority of the states in the United States. Most have some definition similar to that used in the State of Texas, whose definition states: 'gifted and talented stude... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
In her book, Identifying Gifted Children: A Practical Guide, Susan K. Johnsen (2004) writes that schools should use a variety of measures of students' capability and potential when identifying gifted children. These measures may include portfolios of student work, classroom observations, achievement measures, and intel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Gifted and talented education dates back thousands of years. Plato (c. 427–c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
347 BCE) advocated providing specialized education for intellectually gifted young men and women. In China's Tang dynasty (580–618 CE), child prodigies were summoned to the imperial court for specialized education. Throughout the Renaissance, those who exhibited creative talent in art, architecture, and literature were... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Francis Galton conducted one of the earliest Western studies of human intellectual abilities. Between 1888 and 1894, Galton tested more than 7,500 individuals to measure their natural intellectual abilities. He found that if a parent deviates from the norm, so will the child, but to a lesser extent than the parent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
This was one of the earliest observed examples of regression toward the mean. Galton believed that individuals could be improved through interventions in heredity, a movement he named eugenics. He categorized individuals as gifted, capable, average, or degenerate, and he recommended breeding between the first two categ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
At Stanford University in 1918, Lewis Terman adapted Alfred Binet's Binet-Simon intelligence test into the Stanford-Binet test, and introduced intelligence quotient (IQ) scoring for the test. According to Terman, the IQ was one's mental age compared to one's chronological age, based on the mental age norms he compiled ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
For the first time, intelligence testing was given to a wide population of drafted soldiers. After the war, Terman undertook an extensive longitudinal study of 643 children in California who scored at IQ 140 or above, the Genetic Studies of Genius, continuing to evaluate them throughout their lives. Subjects of these c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
A professional colleague of Terman's, Leta Hollingworth was the first in the United States to study how best to serve students who showed evidence of high performance on tests. Although recognizing Terman's and Galton's beliefs that heredity played a vital role in intelligence, Hollingworth gave similar credit to home ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
One unforeseen result of the launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union was the immediate emphasis on education for bright students in the United States, and this settled the question whether the federal government should get involved in public education at all. The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) was passed by Congre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
The impact of the NDEA was evident in schools for years after, but a study on how effective education was meeting the needs of gifted students was initiated by the United States Department of Education in 1969. The Marland Report, completed in 1972, for the first time presented a general definition of giftedness, and u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
In 1983, the result of an 18-month-long study of secondary students was published as A Nation at Risk, and claimed that students in the United States were no longer receiving superior education, and in fact, could not compete with students from other developed countries in many academic exercises. One of the recommenda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
The Jacob Javits Gifted and Talented Students Education Act was passed in 1988 as part of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). Instead of funding district-level gifted education programs, the Javits Act instead has three primary components: the research of effective methods of testing, identification, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
The most recent US federal education initiative was signed into law in 2002. The goal of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) is to bring the proficiency of all students to grade level but critics note it does not address the needs of gifted students who perform above grade level. The act imposes punishments on schools, adminis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
In 2004, the John Templeton Foundation sponsored a report titled A Nation Deceived: How Schools Hold Back America's Brightest Students, highlighting the disparity between the research on acceleration (which generally supports it, both from an academic and a psychological point of view), and the educational practices in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Public gifted education in Australia varies significantly from state to state. New South Wales has 95 primary schools with opportunity classes catering to students in year 5 and 6. New South Wales also has 17 fully selective secondary schools and 25 partially selective secondary schools. Western Australia has selective... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Queensland has three Queensland Academies catering to students in years 10, 11 and 12. South Australia has programs in three public high schools catering to students in years 8, 9 and 10, including Glenunga International High School. The Victorian Government commissioned a parliamentary inquiry into the education of gi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
The Centre for Talent and Potential Development (CEDET) is a special education center created by Zenita Guenther in Lavras, MG, Brazil, in 1993. CEDET is run by the Lavras School System with technical and civil responsibility delegated to the Association of Parents and Friends for Supporting Talent (ASPAT). Its main go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
In Alberta, the Calgary Board of Education (CBE) has various elementary, middle and high schools offering the GATE Program, standing for Gifted and Talented Education, for grades 4–12, or divisions 2–4. The program for students, who, through an IQ test, ranked in the Very Superior Range; falling into Gifted or Genius. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
For Division 3, or grades 7–9, it is available at Queen Elizabeth High School for the north and John Ware Junior High School for the south. For Division 3, or grades 10–12, Queen Elizabeth High School, a joint junior high–senior high, offers it for the north and Henry Wise Wood Senior High School offers it for the sout... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Students benefit from being around other students like them. These students attend the school alongside regular students and those in other programs (e.g. International Baccalaureate and Advanced Placement.) In the 2014–2015 school year, students from grades 4–7 in the south will be attending Louis Riel Junior High Sch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Students at John Ware will be phased out: eighth grade GATE will end in June 2015, and ninth grade GATE will end in 2016, while GATE will be expanding to grade 9 at Louis Riel by September 2016. Prior to John Ware, the GATE program was housed at Elboya. A large number of teachers from Nellie McClung and John Ware will ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Notable alumni of the CBE GATE Program include the 36th mayor of Calgary, Naheed Nenshi, from Queen Elizabeth High School. Westmount Charter School in Calgary is a K–12 charter school specifically dedicated to gifted education.In British Columbia, the Vancouver Board of Education's gifted program is called Multi-Age Cl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Through project-based learning, students are challenged to use higher order thinking skills. Another focus of the program is autonomous learning; students are encouraged to self-monitor, self-reflect and seek out enrichment opportunities. Entrance to the program is initiated through referral followed by a review by a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
IQ tests are used but not exclusively. Students are also assessed by performance, cognitive ability tests, and motivation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
There are four MACCs in Vancouver: grade 4/5 and grade 6/7 at Sir William Osler Elementary, grade 5/6/7 at Tecumseh Elementary, and a French-immersion grade 5/6/7 at Kerrisdale Elementary. At a lower scale, in Ontario, the Peel District School Board operates its Regional Enhanced Program at The Woodlands School, Lorne ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
The Education Commission Report No. 4 issued in 1990 recommended a policy on gifted education for schools in Hong Kong and suggested that a broad definition of giftedness using multiple criteria should be adopted. Gifted children generally have exceptional achievement or potential in one or more of the following domain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Nowadays an increasing number of researchers believe precisely the opposite; that there exists a multitude of intelligences, quite independent of each other; that each intelligence has its own strengths and constraints; that the mind is far from unencumbered at birth; and that it is unexpectedly difficult to teach thin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
The mission of gifted education is to systematically and strategically explore and develop the potential of gifted students. Gifted learners are to be provided with opportunities to receive education at appropriate levels in a flexible teaching and learning environment. The guiding principles for gifted education in Ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Based on these guiding principles, a three-tier gifted education framework was adopted in 2000. Levels 1 & 2 are recognised as being school-based whilst Level 3 is the responsibility of the HKAGE. The intention is that Level 1 serves the entire school population, irrespective of ability, that Level 2 deals with between... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
In India, Jnana Prabodhini Prashala started in 1968, is probably the first school for gifted education. The motto is "motivating intelligence for social change." The school, located in central Pune, admits 80 students each year after thorough testing, which includes two written papers and an interview. The psychology d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
National Organization for Development of Exceptional Talents (NODET), also known as SAMPAD (Persian: سمپاد, which stands for سازمان ملی پرورش استعدادهای درخشان in Persian), are national middle and high schools in Iran developed specifically for the development of exceptionally talented students in Iran. NODET was first... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Every year thousands of students apply to enter the schools, from which less than 5% are chosen for the 99 middle schools and 98 high schools within the country. All applicants must have a minimum GPA of 19 (out of 20) for attending the entrance exam. In 2006, 87,081 boys and 83,596 girls from 56 cities applied, and 6,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
The admission process is much more selective in big cities like Tehran, Isfahan, Mashhad and Karaj in which less than 150 students are accepted after two exams and interviews, out of over 50,000 applicants. The top NODET (and Iranian) schools are Allameh Helli High School and Shahid Madani High School (in Tabriz), Farz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
The best teachers from the ministry of education are chosen mainly by the school's principal and faculty to teach at NODET schools. Schools mainly have only two majors (normal schools have three majors), math/physics and experimental sciences (like math/physics but with biology as the primary course). Even though socia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Norway has no centre for gifted or talented children or youth. However, there is the privately run Barratt Due Institute of Music which offers musical kindergarten, evening school and college for highly talented young musicians. There is also the public secondary school for talents in ballet at Ruseløkka school in Oslo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
The Centre for the Talented Youth of Ireland has run in Dublin City University since 1992. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Following the Gifted Education Promotion Law (Korean: 영재교육진흥법) in the year 2000, the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (MEST) founded the National Research Center for Gifted and Talented Education (NRCGTE) in 2002 to ensure effective implementation of gifted education research, development, and policy. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Following three later additions (Korea Science Academy of KAIST, Seoul Science High School and Daegu Science High School), approximately 1,500, or 1 in 1,300 (0.08 percent) of high school students are currently enrolled among its four gifted academies. By 2008, about 50,000, or 1 in 140 (0.7 percent) of elementary and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Since then, more than 1,800 students have enrolled in the program. Gradually, the focus has expanded over time to cover informatics, arts, physical education, creative writing, humanities, and social sciences, leading to the 2008 creation of the government-funded Korean National Institute for the Gifted Arts. To plural... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
In Singapore, the Gifted Education Programme (GEP) was introduced in 1984 and is offered in the upper primary years (Primary 4–6, ages 10–12). Pupils undergo rigorous testing in Primary 3 (age 9) for admission into the GEP for Primary 4 to 6. About 1% of the year's cohort are admitted into the programme. The GEP is off... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
The School for Gifted Children in Bratislava was established in 1998. It offers education known as APROGEN—Alternative Program for Gifted Education. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
The UYEP Research and Practice Center offers enriched programs for gifted students at Anadolu University. The center was founded by Ugur Sak in 2007. ANABILIM Schools have special classrooms for gifted and talented students. These schools apply the differentiated curriculum in the sciences, mathematics, language arts, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
There are over 200 science and art centers operated by the Ministry of Education that offer special education for gifted and talented students throughout the country. The Ministry uses the Anadolu Sak Intelligence Scale (ASIS) and the Wechsler Scales to select students for these centers. Four universities offer graduat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
In England, schools are expected to identify 5–10% of students who are gifted and/or talented in relation to the rest of the cohort in that school—an approach that is pragmatic (concerned with ensuring schools put in place some provision for their most able learners) rather than principled (in terms of how to best unde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
In the United States, each state department of education determines if the needs of gifted students will be addressed as a mandatory function of public education. If so, the state determines the definition of which students will be identified and receive services, but may or may not determine how they shall receive ser... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
As such, funding for services is not consistent from state to state, and although students may be identified, the extent to which they receive services can vary widely depending upon a state or district's budget. Although schools with higher enrollment of minority or low-income students are just as likely to offer gift... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Source: National Association for Gifted Children—Frequently Used Terms in Gifted EducationAffective curriculum: A curriculum that is designed to teach gifted students about emotions, self-esteem, and social skills. This can be valuable for all students, especially those who have been grouped with much older students, o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Heterogeneous grouping: a strategy that groups students of varied ability, preparedness, or accomplishment in a single classroom environment. Usually this terminology is applied to groupings of students in a particular grade, especially in elementary school. For example, students in fifth grade would be heterogeneously... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Heterogeneous grouping is sometimes claimed to provide a more effective instructional environment for less prepared students. Homogeneous grouping: a strategy that groups students by specific ability, preparedness, or interest within a subject area. Usually this terminology is applied to groupings of students in a part... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
For example, students in fifth grade would be homogeneously grouped in math if they were assigned to classes based on demonstrated subject mastery rather than being randomly assigned. Homogeneous grouping can provide more effective instruction for the most prepared students. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Individualized Education Program (IEP): a written document that addresses a student's specific individual needs. It may specify accommodations, materials, or classroom instruction. IEPs are often created for students with disabilities, who are required by law to have an IEP when appropriate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Most states are not required to have IEPs for students who are only identified as gifted. Some students may be intellectually gifted in addition to having learning and/or attentional disabilities, and may have an IEP that includes, for instance, enrichment activities as a means of alleviating boredom or frustration, or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Researchers and practitioners in gifted education contend that, if education were to follow the medical maxim of "first, do no harm," then no further justification would be required for providing resources for gifted education as they believe gifted children to be at-risk. The notion that gifted children are "at-risk" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Controversies concerning gifted education are varied and often highly politicized. They are as basic as agreeing upon the appropriateness of the term gifted or the definition of giftedness. For example, does giftedness refer to performance or potential (such as inherent intelligence)? Many students do not exhibit both ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Measures of general intelligence also remain controversial. Early IQ tests were notorious for producing higher IQ scores for privileged races and classes and lower scores for disadvantaged subgroups. Although IQ tests have changed substantially over the past half century, and many objections to the early tests have bee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Regardless of the tests used to identify children for gifted programs, many school districts in the United States still have disproportionately more White and Asian American students enrolled in their gifted programs, while Hispanic and African American students are usually underrepresented. However, research shows tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
This is the most hotly debated aspect of gifted education. Some people believe that gifted education resources lack availability and flexibility. They feel that in the alternative methods of gifted education, the gifted students "miss out" on having a "normal" childhood, at least insofar as "normal childhood" is define... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Another facet of this controversy is the effectiveness of the programs dependent upon resources that are pushed more toward students who are struggling. Gifted education is not mandated in many states, making it elective for districts to earmark money for. Many lower-achieving districts and schools must make crisis dec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Gifted programs are often seen as being elitist in places where the majority of students receiving gifted services are from a privileged background. Identifying and serving gifted children from poverty presents unique challenges, ranging from emotional issues arising from a family's economic insecurity, to gaps in pre-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
While giftedness is seen as an academic advantage, psychologically it can pose other challenges for the gifted individual. A person who is intellectually advanced may or may not be advanced in other areas. Each individual student needs to be evaluated for physical, social, and emotional skills without the traditional p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
This pressure can cause gifted students to experience high levels of anxiety, to become perfectionists, and to develop a fear of failure. Gifted students come to define themselves and their identity through their giftedness, which can be problematic as their entire self-concept can be shaken when they do not live up to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Social pressures can cause children to "play down" their intelligence in an effort to blend in with other students. "Playing down" is a strategy often used by students with clinical depression and is seen somewhat more frequently in socially acute adolescents. This behavior is usually discouraged by educators when they... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Unfortunately, the very educators who want these children to challenge themselves and to embrace their gifts and talents are often the same people who are forced to discourage them in a mixed-ability classroom, through mechanisms like refusing to call on the talented student in class so that typical students have an op... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
National organizations such as Supporting Emotional Needs of the Gifted (SENG) as well as local organizations, have emerged in an effort to meet these needs. It can also happen that some unidentified gifted students will get bored in regular class, daydream and lose track of where the class is in a lecture, and the tea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Gifted and talented students also have a higher chance of co-occurring learning disability. Gifted students with learning disabilities are often called twice exceptional. These students can require special attention in school. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Another area of controversy has been the marginalization of gifted females. Studies have attributed this to self-efficacy, acculturation and biological differences in aptitude between boys and girls for advanced mathematics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
In the United States, particularly in New York City where qualifying children as young as four are enrolled in enriched kindergarten classes offered by the public schools, a test preparation industry has grown up which closely monitors the nature of tests given to prospective students of gifted and talented programs. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Reviewing actual test questions can confuse children and stifles their natural thinking process, however reviewing similar style questions is a possibility.Private gifted assessment is usually expensive and educators recommend that parents take advantage of online screening tests to give a preliminary indication of pot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
It can be done through school or a private educational center. Although this can determine if a child's performance in school potentially signifies giftedness, there are complications. For example, if a child changes school districts or country of residence, the different terminology of curriculum could hold that child... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Advance Academics Gifted Child Quarterly Gifted Education International Gifted and Talented International High Ability Studies Journal for the Education of the Gifted Roeper Review | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Diphallia, penile duplication (PD), diphallic terata, or diphallasparatus, is an extremely rare developmental abnormality in which a male is born with two penises. The first reported case was by Johannes Jacob Wecker in 1609. Its occurrence is 1 in 5.5 million boys in the United States.When diphallia is present, it is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphallia |
There is also a higher risk of spina bifida. Infants born with diphallia and its related conditions have a higher death rate from various infections associated with their more complex renal or colorectal systems.It is generally believed diphallia occurs in the fetus between the 23rd and 25th days of gestation when an i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphallia |
The two external genitalia may vary in size and shape, either lying beside each other in a sagittal plane or one above the other in a frontal plane.According to Schneider classification in 1928, double penis is classified into three groups: (a) glans diphallia, (b) bifid diphallia and (c) complete diphallia or double p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphallia |
Each of these two groups is further subdivided into partial or complete. True diphallia is where each phallus has two corpora cavernosa and a single corpus spongiosum containing a urethra. True diphallia can be either complete with both penises similar in size, or partial when one of the phallia is smaller in size or i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphallia |
In bifid phallus, each phallus has only one corpus cavernosum and one corpus spongiosum containing a urethra. Separation of penises down to the base of the penile shaft is complete bifid, whereas to glans is partial bifid. For complete bifid phallus associated with anomalies, the anterior urethra is absent from each pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphallia |
Diphallia is usually accompanied by systemic anomalies; their extent varies, ranging from no associated anomaly to multiple anomalies including urogenital, gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal systems. Penile duplication also varies from a single penis with double glans to complete double penises. The meatus may be nor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphallia |
A two-day-old male newborn, associated with complex genitourinary and ano-rectal malformation. He had imperforated anus, hypospadias, bifid scrotum, meatuses on both glandes, two bladders and two colons, and had normal testes, kidneys and ureters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphallia |
Partial true diphallia corresponds to pseudodiphallia. Pseudodiphallia is formed from erectile tissue only, undifferentiated and non-functional. It is independent of the normal penis and can be removed surgically without problem. This rare case was reported, based on the age of the 83-year-old man when diphallia was on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphallia |
A 12-year-old boy, associated with bifid scrotum, epispadia and pubic symphysis diastasis. He had two separate penises, similar in size and shape, each penis had an epispadia urethral meatus. He had bifid scrotum, one testicle on each side of the scrotum. A bowel loop-like structure was over the pubis region. This stru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphallia |
A 15-year-old boy, apart from having two penises, had normal external genitalia. His two testicles were within normal scrotum and normally positioned. He had two unequal sized glans at tip of a thick penile shaft, and only urinated through the larger glans. He had a patent anus, one bladder, one normal urethra, normal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphallia |
Cause of diphallia is unknown, and also because its associated anomalies vary largely, it is impossible to give a simple, single explanation of its cause. But it is thought to have started from duplication of cloacal membrane in early embryonic development stages in the fetus, between third and sixth week of gestation,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphallia |
The concept of caudal duplication syndrome is used to explain the symptoms of diphallia with associated complex anomalies in lower abdomen and urinary tract. Further, as mesenchyme migrate from more than one area, failure in migration and in the fusion of mesoderm results in formation of two genital tubercles and doubl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphallia |
Treatment is a case-by-case analysis taking into account considerations for medical and ethical reasons, and involves surgical excision of the non-functioning penis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphallia |
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