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Usually, white working-class boys are credited for pioneering the genre, however, there were many women (Patti Smith, Siouxsie Sioux) and people of color (the Specials member) who contributed to the original punk sound and aesthetic. Because the original subculture meant to challenge to the mainstream, and punk movemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
If punk is commercialized, it is far from street culture. This is the paradox of punk; as a subculture, it must always be evolving to stay out of the mainstream. Punk Girls written by Liz Ham is a photo-book featuring 100 portraits of Australian women in the punk subculture, and it was published in 2017 by Manuscript D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Some of the first hip hop MCs called themselves punk rockers, and some punk fashions have found their way into hip hop dress and vice versa. Malcolm McLaren played roles in introducing both punk and hip hop to the United Kingdom. Hip hop later influenced some punk and hardcore bands, such as the Beastie Boys, Hed PE, B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
punk subgenre. Conversely, ska and reggae, popular among traditionalist skinheads, has influenced several punk musicians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Punks and skinheads have had both antagonistic and friendly relationships, depending on the social circumstances, time period, and geographic location.The punk and heavy metal subcultures have shared some similarities since punk's inception. The early 1970s protopunk scene had an influence on the development of heavy m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Motörhead, since their first album release in 1977, have enjoyed continued popularity in the punk scene, and their now-deceased frontman Lemmy was a fan of punk rock. Genres such as metalcore, grindcore, and crossover thrash were greatly influenced by punk rock and heavy metal. The new wave of British heavy metal influ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
The early 1990s grunge subculture was a fusion of punk anti-fashion ideals and metal-influenced guitar sounds. However, hardcore punk and grunge developed in part as reactions against the heavy metal music that was popular during the 1980s.In punk's heyday, punks faced harassment and attacks from the general public and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
There was also considerable enmity between Positive punks (known today as goths) and the glamorously dressed New Romantics. In the late 1970s, punks were known to have had confrontations with hippies due to the contrasting ideologies and backlash of the hippie culture. Nevertheless, Penny Rimbaud of the English anarcho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Rimbaud also said that Crass were heavily involved with the hippie movement throughout the 1960s and 1970s, with Dial House being established in 1967. Many punks were often critical of Crass for their involvement in the hippie movement. Like Crass, Jello Biafra was influenced by the hippie movement and cited the yippie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Power pop music (as defined by groups such as Badfinger, Cheap Trick, The Knack, and The Romantics) emerged in mostly the same time frame and geographical area as punk rock, and they shared a great deal musically in terms of playing short songs loud and fast while trying to emphasize catchy feelings. More melodic and p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
The punk scene began to emerge in socialist East Germany in the late 1970s. It shared many similarities with that of the West and was considered by the ruling authorities to be a spread of an international youth sub-culture which had its roots in the U.S. and Western Europe. Indeed, this was an assessment many East Ger... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
According to one, Mario Schulz, "The start was that I liked the music. I did not quite understand the English texts, but this ostentatious experience as an outsider, this capacity to shock, that pleased me. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
I was already- someone else would probably express it differently- an awkward sod." By the authorities, punk was seen as representing a way of life which was contrary in nature to existing social conventions and values. Punks were, however, not the only youth sub-culture to be considered 'negative decadent' and a threa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Whilst it is hard to ascertain an exact figure, the punk scene in East Germany in the early 1980s was still relatively small. For example, 'In 1981, the Stasi (secret police) identified 1,000 punks and a broader group of 10,000 sympathisers.' Punks, whether considered as individuals or as groups, were persecuted by bot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
More overt methods of persecution by the regular police- such as enforced haircutting, arrest, and physical beatings- were combined unofficially with the more insidious and far-reaching decomposition methods (trans. Zersetzung) of the Stasi: these involved various forms of infiltration, false flag type acts, framing, p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Aside from being designed to harm people, the methods were also designed to discredit and isolate individuals and break up the various bands and groupings. They relied heavily on the hiring of collaborators who were of a similar disposition to those who were being targeted. According to Stasi officers, this was a task ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
The punk subculture has spread to many countries around the world. The fluidity of musical expression in particular makes it an ideal medium for this cross-cultural interpretation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
In Mexico, punk culture is primarily a phenomenon among the upper-middle class, many of whom were first exposed to punk music through travel to England, but rapidly shifted to the lower-class youth. Because of low fees at public universities in Mexico, a significant majority of Mexican punks are university students. It... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
These young people often form chavos banda—youth gangs—that organized subculture activity by creating formal meeting spaces and rituals and practices.Oral nicknames are a distinguishing feature of Mexican punk, where the tradition of oral culture has influenced the development of nicknames for almost all Mexican punks.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
The slam dance style common in the California punk scene of the early 1980s is thoroughly adopted as part of the movement and continues to be the most popular dancing style among punks.Performance and ideology practices often reflect the socioeconomic circumstances of Mexican punks. Live shows, called "Tocadas" are gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Punk arrived slowly in South Africa during the 1970s when waves of British tradesmen welcomed by the then-apartheid government brought cultural influences like the popular British music magazine NME, sold in South Africa six weeks after publication.South African punk developed separately in Johannesburg, Durban, and Ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Johannesburg-based band National Wake was routinely censored and even banned for songs like "International News", which challenged the South African government's refusal to acknowledge the racial and political conflict in the country. National Wake guitarist Ivan Kadey attributes the punk scene's ability to persevere d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Punk provides young white men the opportunity to explore and express their minority identity. Cape Town band Hog Hoggidy Hog sings of the strange status of white Africans: It's my home it's where I'll stay and where I belong, I didn't choose to be here I was born I might seem out of place but everything I hold dear is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
In Peru punk traces its roots to the band Los Saicos, a Lima group that played the unique blend of garage and break dance music that would later be labeled punk as early as the 1960s. The early activity of Los Saicos has led many to claim that punk originated in Lima instead of the UK, as is typically assumed. Though t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Throughout the 1970s, the band was completely forgotten. Years later, a plaque that declares "here the global punk-rock movement was born" was placed at the corner of Miguel Iglesias and Julio C. Tello Streets in Lima.By the 1980s the punk scene in Peru was highly active. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Peruvian punks call themselves subtes and appropriate the subversive implications of the English term "underground" through the Spanish term subterraneo (literally, subterranean). In the 1980s and 1990s subtes made almost exclusive use of cassette recording as a means of circulating music without participating in forma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
A punk subculture originated in Cuba in the 1980s, referred to as Los Frikis. As Cuban radio stations rarely played rock music, Frikis often listened to music by picking up radio frequencies from stations in nearby Florida. While many Frikas in the early-1990s entered AIDS clinics by knowingly injecting HIV-positive bl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
Some Frikis also participate in squatting as an act of political defiance.In its beginning, the subculture was seen as a threat to the collectivism of Cuban society, leading to Frikis becoming victims of discrimination and police brutality. According to the New Times Broward-Palm Beach some Frikis were "rejected by fam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture |
In philosophy, desire has been identified as a recurring philosophical problem. It has been variously interpreted as what compels someone towards the highest state of human nature or consciousness, as well as being posited as either something to be eliminated or a powerful source of potential. In Plato's The Republic, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
In Aristotle's De Anima the soul is seen to be involved in motion, because animals desire things and in their desire, they acquire locomotion. Aristotle argued that desire is implicated in animal interactions and the propensity of animals to motion. But Aristotle acknowledges that desire cannot account for all purposiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
In this way reason and desire work together to determine what is a good object of desire. This resonates with desire in the chariots of Plato's Phaedrus, for in the Phaedrus the soul is guided by two horses, a dark horse of passion and a white horse of reason. Here passion and reason, as in Aristotle, are also together... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
Socrates does not suggest the dark horse be done away with, since its passions make possible a movement towards the objects of desire, but he qualifies desire and places it in a relation to reason so that the object of desire can be discerned correctly, so that we may have the right desire. Aristotle distinguishes desi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
Aristotle makes the distinction as follows: Everything, too, is pleasant for which we have the desire within us, since desire is the craving for pleasure. Of the desires some are irrational, some associated with reason. By irrational I mean those which do not arise from any opinion held by the mind. Of this kind are th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
In Passions of the Soul, René Descartes writes of the passion of desire as an agitation of the soul that projects desire, for what it represents as agreeable, into the future. Desire in Immanuel Kant can represent things that are absent and not only objects at hand. Desire is also the preservation of objects already pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
See also, the pleasure principle in psychology. In his Ethics, Baruch Spinoza declares desire to be "the very essence of man," in the "Definitions of the Affects" at the end of Part III. An early example of desire as an ontological principle, it applies to all things or "modes" in the world, each of which has a particu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
Different striving beings have different levels of power, depending on their capacity to persevere in being. Affects, or emotions which are divided into the joyful and the sad, alter our level of power or striving: joy is a passage "from a lesser to a greater perfection" or degree of power (III Prop. 11 Schol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
), just as sadness is the opposite. Desire, qualified by the imagination and the intellect, is an attempt to maximize power, to "strive to imagine those things that increase or aid the body's power of acting." (III Prop. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
12). Spinoza ends the Ethics by a proposition that both moral virtue and spiritual blessedness are a direct result of essential power to exist, i.e. desire (Part V Prop. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
42). In A Treatise on Human Nature, David Hume suggests that reason is subject to passion. Motion is put into effect by desire, passions, and inclinations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
It is desire, along with belief, that motivates action. Immanuel Kant establishes a relation between the beautiful and pleasure in Critique of Judgment. He says "I can say of every representation that it is at least possible (as a cognition) it should be bound up with a pleasure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
Of representation that I call pleasant I say that it actually excites pleasure in me. But the beautiful we think as having a necessary reference to satisfaction." Desire is found in the representation of the object. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel begins his exposition of desire in Phenomenology of Spirit with the assertion that "self-consciousness is the state of desire (German: Begierde) in general." It is in the restless movement of the negative that desire removes the antithesis between itself and its object, "and the object of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
Stoicism in this view has a negative attitude towards "otherness, to desire, and work." Reading Maurice Blanchot in this regard, in his essay Sade's Reason, the libertine is one of a type that sometimes intersects with a Sadean man, who finds in stoicism, solitude, and apathy the proper conditions. Blanchot writes, "th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
Apathy in de Sade is opposition not to desire but to its spontaneity. Blanchot writes that in Sade, "for passion to become energy, it is necessary that it be constricted, that it be mediated by passing through a necessary moment of insensibility, then it will be the greatest passion possible." Here is stoicism, as a fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
Blanchot says, "Apathy is the spirit of negation, applied to the man who has chosen to be sovereign." Dispersed, uncontrolled passion does not augment one's creative force but diminishes it. In his Principia Ethica, British philosopher G. E. Moore argued that two theories of desire should be clearly distinguished. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
The hedonistic theory of John Stuart Mill states that pleasure is the sole object of all desire. Mill suggests that a desire for an object is caused by an idea of the possible pleasure that would result from the attainment of the object. The desire is fulfilled when this pleasure is achieved. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
On this view, the pleasure is the sole motivating factor of the desire. Moore proposes an alternative theory in which an actual pleasure is already present in the desire for the object and that the desire is then for that object and only indirectly for any pleasure that results from attaining it. "In the first place, p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
We may only be conscious of the thing which we desire, and may be impelled to make for it at once, without any calculation as to whether it will bring us pleasure or pain. In the second place, even when we do expect pleasure, it can certainly be very rarely pleasure only which we desire. On Moore's view, Mill's theory ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
Moore provides the following example: "For instance, granted that, when I desire my glass of port wine, I have also an idea of the pleasure I expect from it, plainly that pleasure cannot be the only object of my desire; the port wine must be included in my object, else I might be led by my desire to take wormwood inste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
. If the desire is to take a definite direction, it is absolutely necessary that the idea of the object, from which the pleasure is expected, should also be present and should control my activity." For Charles Fourier, following desires (like passions or in Fourier's own words 'attractions') is a means to attain harmon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
Within the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddhism), craving is thought to be the cause of all suffering that one experiences in human existence. The extinction of this craving leads one to ultimate happiness, or Nirvana. Nirvana means "cessation", "extinction" (of suffering) or "extinguished", "quieted", "calmed"; i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
They state that suffering is an inevitable part of life as we know it. The cause of this suffering is attachment to, or craving for worldly pleasures of all kinds and clinging to this very existence, our "self" and the things or people we—due to our delusions—deem the cause of our respective happiness or unhappiness. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
Jacques Lacan's désir follows Freud's concept of Wunsch and it is central to Lacanian theories. For the aim of the talking cure—psychoanalysis—is precisely to lead the analysis and or patient to uncover the truth about their desire, but this is only possible if that desire is articulated, or spoken. Lacan said that "it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
But it is not a question of recognizing something which would be entirely given. In naming it, the subject creates, brings forth, a new presence in the world." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
"hat is important is to teach the subject to name, to articulate, to bring desire into existence." Now, although the truth about desire is somehow present in discourse, discourse can never articulate the whole truth about desire: whenever discourse attempts to articulate desire, there is always a leftover, a surplus.In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
So, even after the need articulated in demand is satisfied, the demand for love remains unsatisfied and this leftover is desire. For Lacan "desire is neither the appetite for satisfaction nor the demand for love, but the difference that results from the subtraction of the first from the second" (article cited). Desire ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
Lacan adds that "desire begins to take shape in the margin in which demand becomes separated from need." Hence desire can never be satisfied, or as Slavoj Žižek puts it "desire's raison d'être is not to realize its goal, to find full satisfaction, but to reproduce itself as desire." It is also important to distinguish ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
Even though they both belong to the field of the Other (as opposed to love), desire is one, whereas the drives are many. The drives are the partial manifestations of a single force called desire (see "The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis"). If one can surmise that objet petit a is the object of desire, it is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
French philosophers and critical theorists Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's 1972 book Anti-Oedipus has been widely credited as a landmark work tackling philosophical and psychoanalytical conceptions of desire, and proposing a new theory of desire in the form of schizoanalysis. Deleuze and Guattari regard desire as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire |
The Social Seminar is a series of educational films for adults produced by the Extension Media Center of the University of California at Los Angeles in 1971. The original full name of the series was "The Social Seminar: Education, Drugs, and Society." The series was executive produced by Gary Schlosser, an Oscar-nomina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Seminar |
The series was produced for the National Institute of Mental Health as a "multi-media training series." Fifteen films were produced for The Social Seminar series: "Changing" (30 min., color), "The Family" (30 min., B&W), "News Story" (30 min., color), "Youth Culture Series" (1 hr., color), "Drugs and Beyond" (30 min., ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Seminar |
(30 min., color), "Mr. Edler's Class: Drug Education at the Elementary Level" (30 min., color), "Drug Talk: Some Current Drug Programs (30 min., color), "Understanding: A New Institution" (6 min., B&W), "Community in Quest" (30 min., color), and "Meeting" (30 min., B&W). The longest film, the hour-long "Youth Culture S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Seminar |
For example, the film "Changing" shows how one man's reevaluation of his life and social standing led to his becoming a "hippie" in the eyes of his family and coworkers; though his home life was enhanced, he found himself increasingly socially isolated. The remaining six films focus on various ways that educators, fami... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Seminar |
Electronic music duo Boards of Canada sampled dialogue from the "Tom" episode of The Social Seminar in their song "Chromakey Dreamcoat", from the album The Campfire Headphase. British rock band Bastille sampled dialogue from the "Changing" episode of The Social Seminar in their songs "Fake It" and "Four Walls (The Ball... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Seminar |
The National Curriculum was first introduced in Wales as part of the Education Reform Act 1988, alongside the equivalent curriculum for England. Following devolution in 1999, education became a matter for the Welsh Government. Consequently, some elements of the system began to differ from England. This article covers t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_Wales_(2008–2026) |
The Education Reform Act 1988 introduced a standardised National Curriculum in England and Wales. The curriculum specified what subjects should be taught and what standard children were expected to reach by different ages. It grouped school years between the ages of five and sixteen into four "key stages". According to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_Wales_(2008–2026) |
Schools in Welsh-speaking areas of Wales would also teach Welsh. In Wales, Welsh language lessons became a universal part of the curriculum for children up to the age of fourteen in 1990. In 1993, the Developing a Curriculum Cymreig, Advisory Paper was published with the intention of adding more of an emphasis on the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_Wales_(2008–2026) |
In 1995 the Curriculum Cymreig was given statutory status in every subject. However, a report produced by Estyn in 2001 suggested that the success of this endeavour had been quite limited and varied significantly between subjects, schools and regions.Devolution created the potential for further divergence between Engla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_Wales_(2008–2026) |
Though in general, the basic structure of the education system remained the same. The Foundation Phase, a new play-based curriculum was introduced for children aged three to seven from 2008 onwards. Curriculum materials more broadly were also updated that year. The 2008 curriculum is still being used by some learners i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_Wales_(2008–2026) |
The curriculum divided schooling into four phases , each relating to pupils of different ages. Key Stages 2 to 4 mirrored those used in England, with pupils in Key Stage 2 being aged 7–11, in Key Stage 3 aged 11–14 and Key Stage 4 representing the GCSE years of 14- to 16-year-olds. For children aged between 3 and 7, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_Wales_(2008–2026) |
Within the foundation phase, the curriculum was set out in seven areas of learning: Personal and Social Development, Well-being and Cultural Diversity Language, Literacy and Communication Skills Mathematical Development Welsh Language Development Knowledge and Understanding of the World Physical Development Creative De... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_Wales_(2008–2026) |
The following subjects were statutory in each of the later key stages: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_Wales_(2008–2026) |
In 2014, the Welsh Government commissioned Graham Donaldson a professor at the University of Glasgow who had worked on reforms to Education in Scotland to conduct a report into reforming the curriculum in Wales. He recommended the following year a variety of changes including a greater emphasis on computer skills, givi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_Wales_(2008–2026) |
National Curriculum for England - England Northern Ireland Curriculum - Northern Ireland Curriculum for excellence - Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_Wales_(2008–2026) |
In agriculture, postharvest handling is the stage of crop production immediately following harvest, including cooling, cleaning, sorting and packing. The instant a crop is removed from the ground, or separated from its parent plant, it begins to deteriorate. Postharvest treatment largely determines final quality, wheth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postharvest |
The most important goals of post-harvest handling are keeping the product cool, to avoid moisture loss and slow down undesirable chemical changes, and avoiding physical damage such as bruising, to delay spoilage. Sanitation is also an important factor, to reduce the possibility of pathogens that could be carried by fre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postharvest |
In mechanised harvesting, processing may also begin as part of the actual harvest process, with initial cleaning and sorting performed by the harvesting machinery. Initial post-harvest storage conditions are critical to maintaining quality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postharvest |
Each crop has an optimum range of storage temperature and humidity. Also, certain crops cannot be effectively stored together, as unwanted chemical interactions can result. Various methods of high-speed cooling, and sophisticated refrigerated and atmosphere-controlled environments, are employed to prolong freshness, pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postharvest |
Once harvested, vegetables and fruits are subject to the active process of degradation. Numerous biochemical processes continuously change the original composition of the crop until it becomes unmarketable. The period during which consumption is considered acceptable is defined as the time of "postharvest shelf life".P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postharvest |
Postharvest physiology is the scientific study of the plant physiology of living plant tissues after picking. It has direct applications to postharvest handling in establishing the storage and transport conditions that best prolong shelf life. An example of the importance of the field to post-harvest handling is the di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postharvest |
Gifted education (also known as gifted and talented education (GATE), talented and gifted programs (TAG), or G&T education) is a sort of education used for children who have been identified as gifted and talented. The main approaches to gifted education are enrichment and acceleration. An enrichment program teaches add... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
An acceleration program advances the student through the standard curriculum faster than normal. This is normally done by having the students skip one to two grades. Being gifted and talented usually means being able to score in the top percentile on IQ exams. The percentage of students selected varies, generally with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Attempts to provide gifted education can be classified in several ways. Most gifted students benefit from a combination of approaches at different times. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
People are advanced to a higher-level class covering material more suited to their abilities and preparedness. This may take the form of skipping grades or completing the normal curriculum in a shorter-than-normal period of time ("telescoping"). Subject acceleration (also called partial acceleration) is a flexible appr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
This type of acceleration is usually based upon achievement testing, rather than IQ. Some colleges offer early entrance programs that give gifted younger students the opportunity to attend college early. In the U.S., many community colleges allow advanced students to enroll with the consent of school officials and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Acceleration presents gifted children with academic material from established curricula that is commensurate with their ability and preparedness, and for this reason is a low-cost option from the perspective of the school. This may result in a small number of children taking classes targeted at older children. For the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Whole grade skipping is considered rapid acceleration. Some advocates have argued that the disadvantages of being retained in a standard mixed-ability classroom are substantially worse than any shortcomings of acceleration. For example, psychologist Miraca Gross reports: "the majority of these children are socially re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Children of IQ 180+ who are retained in the regular classroom are even more seriously at risk and experience severe emotional distress." These accelerated children should be placed together in one class if possible. Research suggests that acceleration might have an impact long after students graduate from high school. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Cluster grouping is the gathering of four to six gifted and talented and/or high achieving students in a single classroom for the entire school day. Cluster teachers are specially trained in differentiating for gifted learners. Clusters are typically used in upper elementary grades. Within a cluster group, instruction ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Like acceleration, colloquium provides advanced material for high school students. In colloquium, students take Advanced Placement (AP) courses. However, colloquium is different from AP classes because students are usually given more projects than students in AP classes. Students in colloquium also generally study topi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Colloquium is a form that takes place in a traditional public school. In colloquium, subjects are grouped together. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Subjects are taught at different times of the day; however, usually what is being taught in one subject will connect with another subject. For example, if the students are learning about colonial America in History, then they might also be analyzing text from The Scarlet Letter in English. Some schools may only have co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
In compacting, the regular school material is compacted by pretesting the student to establish which skills and content have already been mastered. Pretests can be presented on a daily basis (pupils doing the most difficult items on a worksheet first and skipping the rest if they are performed correctly), or before a w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
On the primary school level, students spend all class time with their peers, but receive extra material to challenge them. Enrichment may be as simple as a modified assignment provided by the regular classroom teacher, or it might include formal programs such as Odyssey of the Mind, Destination Imagination or academic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Critics of this approach argue that it requires gifted students to do more work instead of the same amount at an advanced level. On the secondary school level sometimes an option is to take more courses such as English, Spanish, Latin, philosophy, or science or to engage in extracurricular activities. Some perceive the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Some gifted students are educated in either a separate class or a separate school. These classes and schools are sometimes called "congregated gifted programs" or "dedicated gifted programs." Some independent schools have a primary mission to serve the needs of the academically gifted. Such schools are relatively scarc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
One resource for locating gifted schools in the United States can be found on the National Association for Gifted Children's resource directory accessible through their home page. Such schools often need to work to guard their mission from occasional charges of elitism, support the professional growth and training of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
These separate classes or schools tend to be more expensive than regular classes, due to smaller class sizes and lower student-to-teacher rations. Not-for-profit (non-profit) schools often can offer lower costs than for-profit schools. Either way, they are in high demand and parents often have to pay part of the costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
Activities such as reading, creative writing, sport, computer games, chess, music, dance, foreign languages, and art give an extra intellectual challenge outside of school hours. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
An umbrella term encompassing a variety of educational activities conducted at home, including those for gifted children: part-time schooling; school at home; classes, groups, mentors and tutors; and unschooling. In many US states, the population of gifted students who are being homeschooled is rising quite rapidly, as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education |
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