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Consequently, "Western scientific practice" establishes the researcher "as a judge of credibility and a gatekeeper for its authority", which she identifies as "a discursive enactment of colonial relations". Such an approach is based on the assumption Western academics are disciplined to perceive "interpretation and pac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge |
According to Hoagland, the knowing subject must be examined with the same degree of care as the subjects of knowledge that the knowing subjects scrutinize. A conversation of "us" with "us" about "them" is a conversation in which "them" is silenced. "Them" always stands on the other side of the hill, naked and speechles... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge |
The coloniality of knowledge "presumes commensurability with Western discourse", and is the practice of "translating and rewriting other cultures, other knowledges, and other ways of being" into Western system of thought. Hoagland said reframing indigenous claims to make them understandable inside Western institutions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge |
Because such a subject of knowing of research is not "approached as a knowing subject on her own terms" as "she falls short as a knowing subject on Western terms", she is not "rational" and does not function with and embrace individuality.According to Nick Shepherd, the coloniality of knowledge has three dimensions; st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge |
Scholars in metropolitan institutions were eventually given precedence in the discipline's rank and hierarchy, while those in the global south were considered as "local enablers or collaborators on the ground". They were frequently referred to as "informants", "diggers", or simply "boys". Although this has been defined... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge |
It entails comprehending how the conjoined settings of colonialism and modernity manifest themselves in the ways knowledge is conceptualized and formed in various disciplines. In its ethical and moral dimensions, coloniality of knowledge refers to the rights and entitlements that disciplinary practitioners acquire as p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge |
On the level of knowledge orders, we see it in epistemology (Whose experience and knowledge counts as valid, scientific knowledge? How is a theory of universally valid knowledge linked to the depreciation and destruction of other knowledge?) as well as in ontology (Which elements constitute our world and form the basis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge |
Has this been influenced by the legitimation of domination? Do we perceive our units of analysis as individual and discrete or as always historically interwoven and entangled?). On the level of research methodology, we see it in the relations of power existing between subjects and objects of research (Who is seen as ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge |
Who determines the purpose of research? Who provides the data for the research and who engages in theory building and career making on this basis?). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge |
On the level of the academia, we see it in the curricula (Which type of knowledge and which authors are being taught in the universities?) as well as in the recruitment of scholars (Which mechanisms of exclusion persist in the education system determining who will become a producer of knowledge in institutions of highe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge |
According to William Mpofu, the coloniality of knowledge transforms colonial subjects into "victims of the coloniality of being", "a condition of inferiorisation, peripheralization, and dehumanization", which makes "primary reference to the lived experience of colonization and its impact on language". The coloniality o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge |
In a 2020 article, Paul Anthony Chambers said the theory of the coloniality of knowledge, which proposes a link between the legacy of colonialism and the production, validation, and transfer of knowledge, is "problematic" in some respects, particularly in its critique of Cartesian epistemology. An example of the latter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge |
(Chambers and Hoagland both cite Quijano but do not cite each other.) While Chambers agreed with much of what the theory of the coloniality of knowledge asserts, he critiqued it for "fail to adequately demonstrate" how Cartesian/Western epistemology is tied to inequitable patterns of global knowledge production as well... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge |
Karius and Bactus (Norwegian: Karius og Baktus) is a Norwegian children's novel written and illustrated by playwright Thorbjørn Egner. The book was first published in 1949 and produced as a 15-minute puppet animation film by film director Ivo Caprino in 1955. An English translation by Mike Sevig and Turi Olderheim was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karius_and_Bactus |
They have a very good life, especially when Jens eats white bread with syrup and fails to brush his teeth afterwards. Eventually their homes are destroyed by the work of a dentist and they are rinsed out of Jens' mouth through proper dental care.The story of Karius and Bactus, with its humorous illustrations and import... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karius_and_Bactus |
Thorbjørn Egner (1971) Karius og Baktus (Oslo: Cappelen) ISBN 978-8202031671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karius_and_Bactus |
In moral philosophy, instrumental and intrinsic value are the distinction between what is a means to an end and what is as an end in itself. Things are deemed to have instrumental value if they help one achieve a particular end; intrinsic values, by contrast, are understood to be desirable in and of themselves. A tool ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
The classic names instrumental and intrinsic were coined by sociologist Max Weber, who spent years studying good meanings people assigned to their actions and beliefs. The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory provides three modern definitions of intrinsic and instrumental value: They are "the distinction between what is goo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
By contrast, extrinsic value has been characterized mainly as what is valuable as a means, or for something else's sake. ": 29 "Among nonfinal values, instrumental value—intuitively, the value attaching a means to what is finally valuable—stands out as a bona fide example of what is not valuable for its own sake. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
": 34 When people judge efficient means and legitimate ends at the same time, both can be considered as good. However, when ends are judged separately from means, it may result in a conflict: what works may not be right; what is right may not work. Separating the criteria contaminates reasoning about the good. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
Philosopher John Dewey argued that separating criteria for good ends from those for good means necessarily contaminates recognition of efficient and legitimate patterns of behavior. Economist J. Fagg Foster explained why only instrumental value is capable of correlating good ends with good means. Philosopher Jacques El... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
Philosopher Anjan Chakravartty argued that instrumental value is only legitimate when it produces good scientific theories compatible with the intrinsic truth of mind-independent reality. The word value is ambiguous in that it is both a verb and a noun, as well as denoting both a criterion of judgment itself and the re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
The classic names instrumental and intrinsic were coined by sociologist Max Weber, who spent years studying good meanings people assigned to their actions and beliefs. According to Weber, "ocial action, like all action, may be" judged as:: 24–5 Instrumental rational (zweckrational): action "determined by expectations a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
John Dewey thought that belief in intrinsic value was a mistake. Although the application of instrumental value is easily contaminated, it is the only means humans have to coordinate group behaviour efficiently and legitimately. Every social transaction has good or bad consequences depending on prevailing conditions, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
Changing conditions demand changing judgments to maintain efficient and legitimate correlation of behavior.For Dewey, "restoring integration and cooperation between man's beliefs about the world in which he lives and his beliefs about the values and purposes that should direct his conduct is the deepest problem of mod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
He also agreed with Weber's observation that intrinsic value is problematic in that it ignores the relationship between context and consequences of beliefs and behaviors. Both men questioned how anything valued intrinsically "for its own sake" can have operationally efficient consequences. However, Dewey rejects the co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
He argues that both efficient and legitimate qualities must be discovered in daily life:Man who lives in a world of hazards…has sought to attain in two ways. One of them began with an attempt to propitiate the powers which environ him and determine his destiny. It expressed itself in supplication, sacrifice, ceremoni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
Scientific inquiry seems to tell one thing, and traditional beliefs about ends and ideals that have authority over conduct tell us something quite different.… As long as the notion persists that knowledge is a disclosure of reality…prior to and independent of knowing, and that knowing is independent of a purpose to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
Natural kinds are intrinsic valuations presumed to be "mind-independent" and "theory-independent. "Dewey grants the existence of "reality" apart from human experience, but denied that it is structured as intrinsically real natural kinds. : 122, 196 Instead, he sees reality as functional continuity of ways-of-acting, ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
Humans may intuit static kinds and qualities, but such private experience cannot warrant inferences or valuations about mind-independent reality. Reports or maps of perceptions or intuitions are never equivalent to territories mapped. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
People reason daily about what they ought to do and how they ought to do it. Inductively, they discover sequences of efficient means that achieve consequences. Once an end is reached—a problem solved—reasoning turns to new conditions of means-end relations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
Valuations that ignore consequence-determining conditions cannot coordinate behavior to solve real problems; they contaminate rationality.Value judgments have the form: if one acted in a particular way (or valued this object), then certain consequences would ensue, which would be valued. The difference between an appar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
Each valuation is conditional but, cumulatively, all are developmental—and therefore socially-legitimate solutions of problems. Competent instrumental valuations treat the "function of consequences as necessary tests of the validity of propositions, provided these consequences are operationally instituted and are such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
John Fagg Foster made John Dewey's rejection of intrinsic value more operational by showing that its competent use rejects the legitimacy of utilitarian ends—satisfaction of whatever ends individuals adopt. It requires recognizing developmental sequences of means and ends. : 40–8 Utilitarians hold that individual wants... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
This fact-value distinction creates what philosophers label the is-ought problem: wants are intrinsically fact-free, good in themselves; whereas efficient tools are valuation-free, usable for good or bad ends. : 60 In modern North-American culture, this utilitarian belief supports the libertarian assertion that every i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
he things people want are a function of their social experience, and that is carried on through structural institutions that specify their activities and attitudes. Thus the pattern of people's wants takes visible form partly as a result of the pattern of the institutional structure through which they participate in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
In so saying, we are necessarily in the position of asserting that the instrumental efficiency of the economic process is the criterion of judgment in terms of which, and only in terms of which, we may resolve economic problems. Since 'wants' are shaped by social conditions, they must be judged instrumentally; they ari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
Foster uses with homely examples to support his thesis that problematic situations ("what is") contain the means for judging legitimate ends ("what ought to be"). Rational efficient means achieve rational developmental ends. Consider the problem all infants face learning to walk. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
They spontaneously recognize that walking is more efficient differently to crawling—an instrumental valuation of a desirable end. They learn to walk by repeatedly moving and balancing, judging the efficiency with which these means achieve their instrumental goal. When they master this new way-of-acting, they experience... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
To guard against contamination of instrumental value by judging means and ends independently, Foster revised his definition to embrace both. Instrumental value is the criterion of judgment which seeks instrumentally-efficient means that "work" to achieve developmentally-continuous ends. This definition stresses the con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
The same point is made by the currently popular concern for sustainability—a synonym for instrumental value.Dewey's and Foster's argument that there is no intrinsic alternative to instrumental value continues to be ignored rather than refuted. Scholars continue to accept the possibility and necessity of knowing "what o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
Jacques Ellul made scholarly contributions to many fields, but his American reputation grew out of his criticism of the autonomous authority of instrumental value, the criterion that John Dewey and J. Fagg Foster found to be the core of human rationality. He specifically criticized the valuations central to Dewey's and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
However, while Dewey argues that contaminated instrumental valuations can be self-correcting, Ellul concludes that technology has become intrinsically destructive. The only escape from this evil is to restore authority to unconditional sacred valuations:: 143 Nothing belongs any longer to the realm of the gods or the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
But man cannot live without the sacred. He therefore transfers his sense of the sacred to the very thing which has destroyed its former object: to technique itself. The English edition of La technique was published in 1964, titled The Technological Society, and quickly entered ongoing disputes in the United States ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
The translator of Technological Society summarizes Ellul's thesis: Technological Society is a description of the way in which an autonomous technology is in process of taking over the traditional values of every society without exception, subverting and suppressing those values to produce at last a monolithic world c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
In our technological society, technique is the totality of methods rationally arrived at and having absolute efficiency (for a given stage of development) in every field of human activity. He blames instrumental valuations for destroying intrinsic meanings of human life: "Think of our dehumanized factories, our unsatis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
": 4–5 While Weber had labeled the discrediting of intrinsic valuations as disenchantment, Ellul came to label it as "terrorism. ": 384, 19 He dates its domination to the 1800s, when centuries-old handicraft techniques were massively eliminated by inhuman industry.When, in the 19th century, society began to elaborate a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
Philosophers Tiles and Oberdiek (1995) find Ellul's characterization of instrumental value inaccurate. : 22–31 They criticize him for anthropomorphizing and demonizing instrumental value. They counter this by examining the moral reasoning of scientists whose work led to nuclear weapons: those scientists demonstrated th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
Tiles and Oberdiek's conclusion coincides with that of Dewey and Foster: instrumental value, when competently applied, is self-correcting and provides humans with a developmental moral compass.For although we have defended general principles of the moral responsibilities of professional people, it would be foolish and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
The questions that technology cannot solve, although it will always frame and condition the answers, are "What should we be trying to do? What kind of lives should we, as human beings, be seeking to live? And can this kind of life be pursued without exploiting others? But until we can at least propose answers to those... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
Anjan Chakravartty came indirectly to question the autonomous authority of instrumental value. He viewed it as a foil for the currently dominant philosophical school labeled "scientific realism," with which he identifies. In 2007, he published a work defending the ultimate authority of intrinsic valuations to which rea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
Chakravartty began his study with rough characterizations of realist and anti-realist valuations of theories. Anti-realists believe "that theories are merely instruments for predicting observable phenomena or systematizing observation reports;" they assert that theories can never report or prescribe truth or reality "i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
": xi, 10 Well-confirmed theories—"what ought to be" as the end of reasoning—are more than tools; they are maps of intrinsic properties of an unobservable and unconditional territory—"what is" as natural-but-metaphysical real kinds. : xiii, 33, 149 Chakravartty treats criteria of judgment as ungrounded opinion, but adm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
": 25 He restricts such criterion's scope, claiming that every instrumental judgment is inductive, heuristic, accidental. Later experience might confirm a singular judgment only if it proves to have universal validity, meaning it possesses "detection properties" of natural kinds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
: 231 This inference is his fundamental ground for believing in intrinsic value. He commits modern realists to three metaphysical valuations or intrinsic kinds of knowledge of truth. Competent realists affirm that natural kinds exist in a mind-independent territory possessing 1) meaningful and 2) mappable intrinsic pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
A realist semantics implies that the theoretical claims about this reality have truth values, and should be construed literally.… Finally, the epistemological commitment is to the idea that these theoretical claims give us knowledge of the world. That is, predictively successful (mature, non-ad hoc) theories, taken li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
He finds these carefully qualified statements necessary to replace earlier realist claims of intrinsic reality discredited by advancing instrumental valuations. Science has destroyed for many people the supernatural intrinsic value embraced by Weber and Ellul. But Chakravartty defended intrinsic valuations as necessary... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
He advances the thesis of semi-realism, according to which well-tested theories are good maps of natural kinds, as confirmed by their instrumental success; their predictive success means they conform to mind-independent, unconditional reality.Causal properties are the fulcrum of semirealism. Their relations compose th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
: 119 Scientific theories describe causal properties, concrete structures, and particulars such as objects, events, and processes. Semirealism maintains that under certain conditions it is reasonable for realists to believe that the best of these descriptions tell us not merely about things that can be experienced wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
The fact that theoretical kinds are frequently replaced does not mean that mind-independent reality is changing, but simply that theoretical maps are approximating intrinsic reality.The primary motivation for thinking that there are such things as natural kinds is the idea that carving nature according to its own divis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
That is the bedrock of realism. Property instances lend themselves to different forms of packaging , but as a feature of scientific description, this does not compromise realism with respect to the relevant packages. : 81 In sum, Chakravartty argues that contingent instrumental valuations are warranted only as they ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
Scholars continue to perfect their explanations of intrinsic value, as they deny the developmental continuity of applications of instrumental value.Abstraction is a process in which only some of the potentially many relevant factors present in reality are represented in a model or description with some aspect of the w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value |
Figure and ground is a concept drawn from Gestalt psychology by media theorist Marshall McLuhan in the early 1970s. This concept underpins the meaning of his famous phrase, "The medium is the message". The concept was an approach to what was called "perceptual organization." He began to use the terms figure and ground ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_and_ground_(media) |
To McLuhan, "'figure' refers to something that jumps out at us, something that grabs our attention, ‘ground’ refers to something that supports or contextualizes a situation and is usually an area of unattention." When we first experience a new image or sensation, there are certain aspects of the object that grab our a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_and_ground_(media) |
"McLuhan used different words to describe the figure/ground relationship, sometimes using content for figure and environment or, more often, medium for ground. "McLuhan looked at media through a figure/ground relationship." To him, people tended to focus on only specific parts of the media, and disregard other parts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_and_ground_(media) |
"To examine the total effect of any medium, McLuhan pointed out that we need to look at both figure AND ground, and their relationship to one another." He believed that "only focusing on the ‘content’ of the media was like looking at figures without examining their ground." "The ground, or environment, is not a passive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_and_ground_(media) |
Neither piece is definitive without the other. His Understanding Media explores different grounds as they are structured by different media including print, radio, and television. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_and_ground_(media) |
Al Held, a well-known artist, exemplifies this idea in one of his paintings. The work is called The Big N and it "provides us with an introduction to the concepts of figure and ground." Looking at a glance, you might draw your attention to the black triangles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_and_ground_(media) |
"Once you were given the name of the painting, however, the frame became linked to the figures, and an 'N' suddenly appeared." In understanding the work, it is important to look at the bigger picture. Al Held's painting is well known for its display of framing, or context, and its importance to the meaning of the overa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_and_ground_(media) |
If either the frame or the painting itself were to change, the interpretation of the work might shift. Pertaining to media, we must look at both the figure and the ground to "understand effects." The ground which media creates gives a context for human communication, and thus "directs human action in unique and import... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_and_ground_(media) |
"McLuhan argued that we must study media in their historical context, particularly in relation to those technologies that preceded them. The present environment, itself made up of the effects of previous technologies, gives rise to new technologies, which, in turn, further shapes societies and individuals.Furthermore, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_and_ground_(media) |
The meridian 38° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 38th meridian east forms a great circle with the 142nd meridian west. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_meridian_east |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 38th meridian east passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_meridian_east |
Bucket of Blood Street is located off U.S. Route 66 in the Old Downtown district of Holbrook, Arizona. Bucket of Blood Street is one block south of the historical Santa Fe Railroad station on Navajo Road that was built in 1882.Holbrook was founded in the 1880s as a railroad stop. At the time, the desert town was mainly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_of_Blood_Street |
Terrell's Cottage Saloon had existed on the street for years before coming to be known as Bucket of Blood Saloon, after a violent fight took place resulting in the death of two men. The saloon was popular with cowboys and ruffians; fistfights and gunfights often broke out there.The year 1886 was a particularly violent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_of_Blood_Street |
A newspaper account describes another event on January 19, 1896, when the proprietor of the saloon shot and killed two men playing cards: "Suddenly a dispute arose and angry words passed between them." The manager of the saloon, Harry Donnelly, used a revolver to force another man, George C. Hiatt, a barber, into the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_of_Blood_Street |
The newspaper report claims that when the widow Hiatt heard the news she fell "lifeless to the floor". The saloon was owned at the time by F. J. Wattron, however Donnelly managed it.Albert F. Potter's memoir, written around 1888, describes the events leading to the name Bucket of Blood somewhat differently. He wrote of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_of_Blood_Street |
At sunrise two horsemen were seen riding towards his party from the direction of Holbrook. One man shouted, "Here we come! | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_of_Blood_Street |
All shot to pieces." The head of the other man was wrapped in bloody bandages covering a serious wound. Potter went on to write: "We recognized them as Joe Crawford, a cowboy who had worked for the Aztec Land and Cattle Company known as the Hashknife Outfit, and George Bell, a gambler. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_of_Blood_Street |
Crawford was so weak that he had to be lifted from the horse he was riding. We laid him on the horse wrangler's bed and with a handful of flour from the cook's bread pan I plastered the wound on his head and stopped the bleeding. Examination showed that a bullet had also passed through the cuff of his shirt and coat s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_of_Blood_Street |
Scars of other old wounds showed that this was not Crawford's first fight. "Potter then describes Bell's involvement in an incident during a card game with a man named Ramon Lopez, during which Lopez struck Crawford in the head with his six-shooter gun. Crawford retaliated by drawing his gun and killing Lopez. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_of_Blood_Street |
Shooting then broke out in the saloon, and Crawford killed another man, after which "Crawford and Bell then made their getaway". Potter went on to write that he believed Joe Crawford "was in fact Grat Dalton, a member of the notorious Dalton Gang of outlaws who was later killed during an attempted bank robbery at Coffe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_of_Blood_Street |
The Bucket of Blood Saloon building is located on Bucket of Blood Street in the eastern parcel of the Henning Block of the South Central Avenue Commercial Historic District, which is on the National Register of Historic Places.The building is 60 feet (18 m) long; the façade features a central entryway. Beneath wooden p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_of_Blood_Street |
The parapet wall was stuccoed, and the other original walls were adobe. Only a short section of the adobe walls remains intact. The roof is constructed of corrugated tin. The interior floor and the ceiling are constructed of tongue-and-groove wood strips.For a time the Bucket of Blood Saloon served as the town hall, ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_of_Blood_Street |
TERMCAT is a public Catalan institution created in 1985 in order to ensure the development and integration of Catalan terminology for the preparation of terminological resources, standardization of terminology neologisms and advice on a regular and ongoing dialogue with users specialists. Since 1998, its terminology no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TERMCAT |
Cercaterm is an automated service for online multilingual consultations of TERMCAT with over 230,000 terminology entries available to the public. Anyone can consult the terms standardized by the TERMCAT Supervising Council, terminology products published since 1985, information from the centre's research projects, term... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TERMCAT |
Neoloteca is an on-line dictionary of all neologisms that are created in Catalan and is approved by the Supervisory Council of TERMCAT in cooperation with the Institut d'Estudis Catalans. The aim of Neoloteca is to specify and define new terms in Catalan and to give their equivalences in other languages. The terms can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TERMCAT |
The update in January 2014 offered, among other things, a series of terms relating to manga culture and to the different hand movements made when operating mobile devices. New terms are always published in the Official Gazette of the Catalan Government. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TERMCAT |
The Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Center (simplified Chinese: 上海城市规划展示馆; traditional Chinese: 上海城市規劃展示館; pinyin: Shànghǎi Chéngshì Guīhuà Zhǎnshì Guǎn) is located on People's Square, Shanghai, adjacent to the municipal government building. The Exhibition Center is a six-story building, with two basement levels, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Urban_Planning_Exhibition_Center |
The Exhibition Center was built as part of the re-development of parkland at the edge of People's Park and around People's Square in the 1990s and 2000s. The Park and Square together occupy what was once the Shanghai racecourse, and today still make up one of the largest open spaces in central Shanghai. The building wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Urban_Planning_Exhibition_Center |
The centerpiece of the exhibition is a huge scale model of the city of Shanghai, showing all existing and approved buildings. Visitors can view the model from alongside or ascend to a gallery running around it for views from above. The model is intended to represent the entire city, including all planned developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Urban_Planning_Exhibition_Center |
However, a few support pillars penetrate the scale model. This means certain areas are missing from the model, and some views of the model are obscured by the columns. Alongside the model is a small theatre room housing a 360° screen. The room plays a video giving the impression the viewer is flying through the Shangha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Urban_Planning_Exhibition_Center |
The Broadcast Audience Research Council (BARC) India is a joint industry body founded by organisations that represent Indian broadcasters (IBDF), advertisers (ISA), and advertising and media agencies (AAAI). It is the world's largest television measurement science industry body. It uses audio watermark technology to me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Audience_Research_Council |
The company was incorporated in 2010. It is based in Mumbai, India.It analyses the viewership habits of over 210 million TV households (891 million TV viewers), which makes it the world's largest television audience measurement service. Its measurement system is based on a sample of 50,000+ "panel homes", which will in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Audience_Research_Council |
It launched its TV viewership measurement service in April 2015 covering the landscape of Urban India. In October 2015, it started measuring all India TV homes (TV viewers in urban and rural India)BARC India was planned and implemented as an alternative to TAM Media Research, the audience measurement system put in plac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Audience_Research_Council |
Shashi succeeds Punit Goenka who completed his tenure as chairman. In August 2021, Nakul Chopra, the former chairman of the joint-industry body, returned as the CEO. He took over from Sunil Lulla who had joined the organisation in 2019 following the exit of the founding CEO Partho Dasgupta. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Audience_Research_Council |
BARC (Broadcast Audience Research Council) India is an industry body set up to design, commission, supervise and own an accurate, reliable and timely television audience measurement system for India. It currently measures TV Viewing habits of 210 million TV households in the country, using 50,000+ sample panel homes. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Audience_Research_Council |
Nielsen (the owner of TAM Media along with Kantar Media) was sued by Indian TV channel NDTV for $810 million for fraud and $580 million for negligence in a New York court. NDTV's weighty lawsuit—194 pages; targeted at over 30 companies and individuals; and $1.4 billion in damages—against TAM and its investors accused t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Audience_Research_Council |
After nearly two years of being in the making (2013-2015), BARC's new ratings system formally rolled out in April 2015. Since most broadcasters had decided not to continue their subscription to TAM India, the industry underwent a ratings darkness period since April 1 where the old TAM software had been given up, and th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Audience_Research_Council |
The initial rollout of the new ratings included a sample size of 11,000 Bar-o-meters, and covered the towns and cities with a population of 1,00,000 or more. Although this was less than what BARC India had assured to launch with, by October 2015, the sample reporting was scaled up to 20,000 Bar-o-meters, covering all 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Audience_Research_Council |
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