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"...evolution always followed the pathways of viability. As Lewis Carroll has pointed out, the theory explains quite satisfactorily why there are no bread-and-butter-flies today. "Bateson used the fictional Bread and Butter Fly (from Through the Looking Glass, and What Alice Found There) to illustrate the double bind ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bind |
The gnat points out that the insect would be doomed if he found his food (which would dissolve his own head, since this insect's head is made of sugar, and his only food is tea), and starve if he did not. Alice suggests that this must happen quite often, to which the gnat replies: "It always happens." The pressures tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bind |
And there is truly no escape: "It always happens." No species can escape natural selection, including our own. Bateson suggested that all evolution is driven by the double bind, whenever circumstances change: If any environment becomes toxic to any species, that species will die out unless it transforms into another sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bind |
Most significant here is Bateson's exploration of what he later came to call "the pattern that connects"—that problems of communication which span more than one level (e.g., the relationship between the individual and the family) should also be expected to be found spanning other pairs of levels in the hierarchy (e.g. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bind |
René Girard, in his literary theory of mimetic desire, proposes what he calls a "model-obstacle", a role model who demonstrates an object of desire and yet, in possessing that object, becomes a rival who obstructs fulfillment of the desire. According to Girard, the "internal mediation" of this mimetic dynamic "operates... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bind |
This is, he divides reality in such a way as to neutralize the double bind." While critical of Freud's doctrine of the unconscious mind, Girard sees the ancient Greek tragedy, Oedipus Rex, and key elements of Freud's Oedipus complex, patricidal and incestuous desire, to serve as prototypes for his own analysis of the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bind |
In fact, it is so common that it might be said to form the basis of all human relationships. Bateson is undoubtedly correct in believing that the effects of the double bind on the child are particularly devastating. All the grown-up voices around him, beginning with those of the father and mother (voices which, in our ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bind |
"Imitate me!" "I bear the secret of life, of true being!" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bind |
The more attentive the child is to these seductive words, and the more earnestly he responds to the suggestions emanating from all sides, the more devastating will be the eventual conflicts. The child possesses no perspective that will allow him to see things as they are. He has no basis for reasoned judgements, no mea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bind |
This model's opposition reverberates in his mind like a terrible condemnation; he can only regard it as an act of excommunication. The future orientation of his desires—that is, the choice of his future models—will be significantly affected by the dichotomies of his childhood. In fact, these models will determine the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bind |
If desire is allowed its own bent, its mimetic nature will almost always lead it into a double bind. The unchanneled mimetic impulse hurls itself blindly against the obstacle of a conflicting desire. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bind |
It invites its own rebuffs and these rebuffs will in turn strengthen the mimetic inclination. We have, then, a self-perpetuating process, constantly increasing in simplicity and fervor. Whenever the disciple borrows from his model what he believes to be the "true" object, he tries to possess that truth by desiring prec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bind |
Whenever he sees himself closest to the supreme goal, he comes into violent conflict with a rival. By a mental shortcut that is both eminently logical and self-defeating, he convinces himself that the violence itself is the most distinctive attribute of this supreme goal! Ever afterward, violence will invariably awaken... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bind |
Neuro-linguistic programming, a pseudoscientific approach to communication, also makes use of the expression "double bind". Grinder and Bandler (both of whom had personal contact with Bateson and Erickson) asserted that a message could be constructed with multiple messages, whereby the recipient of the message is given... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bind |
In a sales context, the speaker may give the respondent the illusion of choice between two possibilities. For example, a salesperson might ask: "Would you like to pay cash or by credit card? ", with both outcomes presupposing that the person will make the purchase; whereas the third option (that of not buying) is inten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bind |
Note that in the NLP context, the use of the phrase "double bind" does not carry the primary definition of two conflicting messages; it is about creating a false sense of choice which ultimately binds to the intended outcome. In the "cash or credit card?" example, this is not a "Bateson double bind" since there is no c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bind |
National Standards for United States History was the controversial 1994 publication by the National Center for History in the Schools unit of the University of Southern California, that resulted in a robust debate—sometimes referred to as the culture or history wars. The administration of then United States President G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Standards_for_United_States_History |
The 3-year $2M government-sponsored project was led by Gary Nash, then Director of the National Center for History in the Schools unit of the University of Southern California, and co-chaired by Charlotte Crabtree, "an expert on K-12 social studies". The National Center for History in the Schools was mandated to develo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Standards_for_United_States_History |
The 32-month long process included five draft publications produced as a result of the contributions of "several thousand teachers, educators, officials, and scholars". Funding included a 1992 $525,000 grant from National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) then chaired by Lynn Cheney, and $525,000 from the Department o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Standards_for_United_States_History |
These debates over state-school history curricula in the United States in the mid-1990s were influenced by the culture wars, in which education reform skeptics, including prominent public figures as Lynne Cheney, Rush Limbaugh, and American Enterprise Institute fellows responded to the "Standards" in numerous publicati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Standards_for_United_States_History |
Fonte had completed his PhD in world history at the University of Chicago—a department that had earned prominence for world history with William H. McNeill (1917–2016) as chair in the 1960s. McNeill's award-winning book, The Rise of the West, traced 5,000 years of civilizations' recorded history. Fonte was cited in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Standards_for_United_States_History |
": 191 In a 1995, AEI article, Cheney said that Fonte had worked with Robert Lerner and Althea Nagai—two social scientists—to review the Standards. Lerner and Nagai found that there were numerous "occurrences of the race, ethnicity and gender theme" and very few on "the theme of political freedom." One of the stated go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Standards_for_United_States_History |
The meridian 93° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 93rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 87th meridian west. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/93rd_meridian_east |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 93rd meridian east passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/93rd_meridian_east |
Sharjah Sustainable City is the first sustainably built city in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. It currently spans 7.2 million square feet in Sharjah's Al Rahmaniya Area. The city was developed by Sharjah Investment and Development Authority (Shurooq) in partnership with Diamond Developers. It is divided into blocks of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharjah_Sustainable_City |
The designs are made to have low operating costs. It reuses 100% of its wastewater for landscape irrigation and maximizes recycling to divert waste from landfills. The city also produces chemical-free leafy greens and vegetables. With an emphasis on food security, the city hosts indoor farming facilities and partially ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharjah_Sustainable_City |
The city was developed by Sharjah Investment and Development Authority (Shurooq) in partnership with Diamond Developers and is modelled after the ‘The Sustainable City’ in Dubai. It aims to become a fully sustainable and functioning city. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharjah_Sustainable_City |
Winner of the ‘ Sustainable Community’ award at the Smart Built Environment Awards 2022. Winner of the ‘Customer Happiness and Customer Experience Initiative’ award at the Gulf Real Estate Awards 2022. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharjah_Sustainable_City |
The term information need is often understood as an individual or group's desire to locate and obtain information to satisfy a conscious or unconscious need. Rarely mentioned in general literature about needs, it is a common term in information science. According to Hjørland (1997) it is closely related to the concept ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_needs |
The concept of information needs was coined by an American information journalist Robert S. Taylor in his 1962 article "The Process of Asking Questions" published in American Documentation (renamed Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology). In this paper, Taylor attempted to describe how a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_needs |
It is the actual, but unexpressed, need for information The conscious mental description of an ill-defined question. In this level, the inquirer has a conscious information need in the mind and might talk to someone else in the field to get an answer. A researcher forms a rational statement of his question. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_needs |
This statement is a rational and unambiguous description of the inquirer’s doubts. The question as presented to the information system.There are variables within a system that influence the question and its formation. Taylor divided them into five groups: general aspects (physical and geographical factors); system inpu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_needs |
); internal organization (classification, indexing, subject heading, and similar access schemes); question input (what part do human operators play in the total system? ); output (interim feedback). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_needs |
Herbert Menzel preferred demand studies to preference studies. Requests for information or documents that were actually made by scientists in the course of their activities form the data for demand studies. Data may be in the form of records of orders placed for bibliographics, calls for books from an interlibrary loan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_needs |
Menzel also investigated user study and defined information seeking behaviour from three angles: When approached from the point of view of the scientist or technologists, these are studies of scientists’ communication behaviour; When approached from the point of view of any communication medium, they are use studies; W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_needs |
The scientist within a political system. The scientist within a membership group. The scientist within a reference group. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_needs |
The scientist within an invisible college. The scientist within a formal organization. The scientist within a work team. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_needs |
The scientist within his own head. The scientist within a legal/economical system. The scientist within a formal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_needs |
"In 2012, the University of Southern California was funded by the Federal Communications Commission to examine a wide range of social sciences from multiple disciplines to propose a set of critical information needs," according to Friedland. He continued, "USC reached out to a team of scholars collectively identified a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_needs |
A planned economy is a type of economic system where the distribution of goods and services or the investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economic plans that are either economy-wide or limited to a category of goods and services. A planned economy may use centralized, decent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
Market abolitionist socialism replaces factor markets with direct calculation as the means to coordinate the activities of the various socially owned economic enterprises that make up the economy. More recent approaches to socialist planning and allocation have come from some economists and computer scientists proposin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
In the Hellenistic and post-Hellenistic world, "compulsory state planning was the most characteristic trade condition for the Egyptian countryside, for Hellenistic India, and to a lesser degree the more barbaric regions of the Seleucid, the Pergamenian, the southern Arabian, and the Parthian empires". Scholars have arg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
However, the period of the New Economic Policy (c. 1921 to c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
1928 intervened before the planned system of regular five-year plans started in 1928. After World War II (1939–1945) France and Great Britain practised dirigisme - government direction of the economy through non-coercive means. The Swedish government planned public-housing models in a similar fashion as urban planning ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
While socialism is not equivalent to economic planning or to the concept of a planned economy, an influential conception of socialism involves the replacement of capital markets with some form of economic planning in order to achieve ex-ante coordination of the economy. The goal of such an economic system would be to a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
In 1959 Anatoly Kitov proposed a distributed computing system (Project "Red Book", Russian: Красная книга) with a focus on the management of the Soviet economy. Opposition from the Defence Ministry killed Kitov's plan.In 1971 the socialist Allende administration of Chile launched Project Cybersyn to install a telex mac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
The use of computers to coordinate production in an optimal fashion has been variously proposed for socialist economies. The Polish economist Oskar Lange (1904–1965) argued that the computer is more efficient than the market process at solving the multitude of simultaneous equations required for allocating economic inp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
The 1888 novel Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy depicts a fictional planned economy in a United States around the year 2000 which has become a socialist utopia. The World State in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932) and Airstrip One in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) provide fictional depictions of com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
Other literary portrayals of planned economies include Yevgeny Zamyatin's We (1924), which influenced Orwell's work. Like Nineteen Eighty-Four, Ayn Rand's dystopian 1938 story Anthem offered an artistic portrayal of a command economy that was influenced by We. The difference is that it was a primitivist planned economy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
The government can harness land, labor, and capital to serve the economic objectives of the state. Consumer demand can be restrained in favor of greater capital investment for economic development in a desired pattern. In international comparisons, state-socialist nations compared favorably with capitalist nations in h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
However, the reality of this, at least regarding infant mortality, varied depending on whether official Soviet statistics or WHO definitions were used.The state can begin building massive heavy industries at once in an underdeveloped economy without waiting years for capital to accumulate through the expansion of light... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
Studies of command economies of the Eastern Bloc in the 1950s and 1960s by both American and Eastern European economists found that contrary to the expectations of both groups they showed greater fluctuations in output than market economies during the same period. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
Critics of planned economies argue that planners cannot detect consumer preferences, shortages and surpluses with sufficient accuracy and therefore cannot efficiently co-ordinate production (in a market economy, a free price system is intended to serve this purpose). This difficulty was notably written about by economi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
Economist Robin Hahnel, who supports participatory economics, a form of socialist decentralized planned economy, notes that even if central planning overcame its inherent inhibitions of incentives and innovation, it would nevertheless be unable to maximize economic democracy and self-management, which he believes are c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
Nor did impeding markets for final goods to the planning system enfranchise consumers in meaningful ways. But central planning would have been incompatible with economic democracy even if it had overcome its information and incentive liabilities. And the truth is that it survived as long as it did only because it was p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
Planned economies contrast with command economies in that a planned economy is "an economic system in which the government controls and regulates production, distribution, prices, etc." whereas a command economy necessarily has substantial public ownership of industry while also having this type of regulation. In comma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
Leon Trotsky believed that those at the top of the chain of command, regardless of their intellectual capacity, operated without the input and participation of the millions of people who participate in the economy and who understand/respond to local conditions and changes in the economy. Therefore, they would be unable... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
The further distinction of an administrative-command system emerged as a new designation in some academic circles for the economic system that existed in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc, highlighting the role of centralized hierarchical decision-making in the absence of popular control over the economy. The po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
Economic planning can be practiced in a decentralized manner through different government authorities. In some predominantly market-oriented and Western mixed economies, the state utilizes economic planning in strategic industries such as the aerospace industry. Mixed economies usually employ macroeconomic planning whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
A decentralized-planned economy, occasionally called horizontally planned economy due to its horizontalism, is a type of planned economy in which the investment and allocation of consumer and capital goods is explicated accordingly to an economy-wide plan built and operatively coordinated through a distributed network ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
Computer-based forms of democratic economic planning and coordination between economic enterprises have also been proposed by various computer scientists and radical economists. Proponents present decentralized and participatory economic planning as an alternative to market socialism for a post-capitalist society.Decen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
Economist Pat Devine has created a model of decentralized economic planning called "negotiated coordination" which is based upon social ownership of the means of production by those affected by the use of the assets involved, with the allocation of consumer and capital goods made through a participatory form of decisio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
The planning structure of a decentralized planned economy is generally based on a consumers council and producer council (or jointly, a distributive cooperative) which is sometimes called a consumers' cooperative. Producers and consumers, or their representatives, negotiate the quality and quantity of what is to be pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
Some decentralized participation in economic planning has been implemented in various regions and states in India, most notably in Kerala. Local level planning agencies assess the needs of people who are able to give their direct input through the Gram Sabhas (village-based institutions) and the planners subsequently s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
Some decentralized participation in economic planning has been implemented across Revolutionary Spain, most notably in Catalonia, during the Spanish Revolution of 1936. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
The United Nations has developed local projects that promote participatory planning on a community level. Members of communities take decisions regarding community development directly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy |
The International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organisations (ISIL), ISO 15511, assigns unique identifiers to libraries and related organisations, such as archives and museums.The Danish Agency for Culture and Palaces is the international authority for maintaining the standard and its registry.An ISIL ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations |
All two letter prefixes are reserved for the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code, followed by an identifier assigned by that country's national library authority. Global-level identifiers can also be assigned, which are not associated with a particular country, e.g. 'oclc-' for the OCLC. The suffix is generally a pre-exist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations |
A cordial is any invigorating and stimulating preparation that is intended for a medicinal purpose. The term derives from an obsolete usage. Various concoctions were formerly created that were believed to be beneficial to one's health, especially for the heart (cor in Latin).Some cordials, with their flecks of gold lea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordial_(medicine) |
Most cordials were of European origin, first produced in Italian apothecaries during the Renaissance, where the art of distilling was refined during the 15th and 16th centuries. It is from this origin that cordials are frequently referred to in French as Liqueurs d'ltalie, it is also from this that we have liqueurs. Fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordial_(medicine) |
These were strictly used as alcoholic medicines, prescribed in small doses to invigorate and revitalise the heart, body and spirit as well as cure diseases. By the 18th century cordials were being imbibed for their intoxicating effects and medicinal virtues, and were fast becoming recreational drinks, eventually evolvi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordial_(medicine) |
Cordials were used to renew the natural heat, recreate and revive the spirits, and free the whole body from the malignity of diseases. Many cordials were also considered aphrodisiacs, a view which encouraged their consumption in a social as opposed to a medical context. Other early varieties of alcoholic cordials were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordial_(medicine) |
Lucy Pevensie, a pivotal character in C. S. Lewis's Chronicles of Narnia, was, as Queen Lucy in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, gifted a bottle of magical cordial by Father Christmas along with her dagger, prior to the Battle of Berunia. The cordial was said to be made from the juice of Fire-Flowers that grew in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordial_(medicine) |
Rosa Solis or Rosolio, probably originating in Renaissance Turin was derived from the carnivorous sundew plant. It was believed to not only invigorate the heart, but to be an aphrodisiac as well; according to the 17th century medical writer William Salmon, sundew "stirs up lust". Royal Usquebaugh was a spicy concoction... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordial_(medicine) |
The name derives from the Irish uisce beatha, which is literally the Gaelic translation of Latin aqua vitae, 'the water of life'). The word whisky is also derived from the Irish uisce beatha, but this was not the same as the cordial consumed in 17th and 18th century England and France, and bore no resemblance to the sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordial_(medicine) |
An alcohol-free zone is a geographic area, location or establishment where the public consumption and sale of alcoholic beverages is prohibited. Alcohol-free zones have been established in some areas to address problems with drinking- and binge drinking-related crime, antisocial behavior, assaults and disorderly behavi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-free_zone |
In New South Wales, Australia, some streets are designated as alcohol-free zones, which is demarcated with signage stating such. Police may issue a warning to violators, and those who continue to drink can be fined and have their alcoholic beverages seized. Many parks in New South Wales are designated as alcohol-free z... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-free_zone |
Alcohol-free zone networks have been established in areas of Azerbaijan since at least 1996. These zones are located in areas such as cafes, tea shops and recreation centers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-free_zone |
The first alcohol-free zone established in the United Kingdom was in Coventry, England in 1988. Initially, the entire city center was declared to be an alcohol-free zone. The zone was later expanded to include the entire city.Boston, Lincolnshire established a street drinking ban in January 2015 to address concerns wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-free_zone |
Under rules of the ban, those caught drinking in these areas can be fined £100 for a first offense. A second offense within six months after having committed a first one can be fined up to £500. Additionally, those that are requested to stop drinking and continue to do so can receive a fine of up to £500. In January 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-free_zone |
The entire region of Attappadi, Kerala, India was established as an alcohol-free zone in 1996 by Chief Minister AK Antony. Despite the ban, alcohol has been illegally brought into the region by community residents who travel to Annaikatti to purchase liquor from TASMAC stores. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-free_zone |
Some parks and recreation areas in the United States are alcohol-free zones, such as in Johnson County, Iowa, where alcohol consumption is allowed in some park and recreation areas but not others. For example, alcoholic beverages may be consumed in some day use areas and campgrounds in parks, but not in beach areas wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-free_zone |
Surya Majapahit (Kawi: ꦯꦸꦂꦪꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀, Sanskrit: मजपहितस्य सूर्य) (Surya of the Majapahit) is the emblem commonly found in ruins dated from the Majapahit era. The emblem commonly took the form of an eight-pointed sun ray with the rounded part in the center depicting Hindu deities. The emblem might have taken the form of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya_Majapahit |
The most common depiction of Surya Majapahit consists of the images of nine deities and eight sun rays. The round center of the sun depicting nine Hindu Gods called Dewata Nawa Sanga. The major gods in the center is arranged in eight cardinal points around Shiva in the center. The arrangements are: Center: Shiva East: ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya_Majapahit |
The deities in the sun arranged as cosmological diagram in the form of a mandala. Another variation of Surya Majapahit is the eight pointed sun rays with the god of sun Surya in the center riding celestial horse or chariot. The carving of Surya Majapahit usually can be found on the center ceiling of the Garbhagriha (in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya_Majapahit |
Exhibit of "Kejayaan Kerajaan-kerajaan Kuno Indonesia" (The Glory of Ancient Indonesian Kingdoms) at Istana Anak-anak Indonesia, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, displayed Majapahit artifacts the collection of Trowulan Museum, East Java. April 2009. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya_Majapahit |
CRM197 is a non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin, currently used as a carrier protein for polysaccharides and haptens to make them immunogenic. There is some dispute about the toxicity of CRM197, with evidence that it is toxic to yeast cells and some mammalian cell lines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRM197 |
CRM197 is a genetically detoxified form of diphtheria toxin. A single mutation at position 52, substituting glutamic acid for glycine, causes the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of the native toxin to be lost. The structural basis for the lack of CRM197 toxicity has recently been elucidated. CRM197 is widely used as a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRM197 |
A potential advantage of CRM197 over toxoided proteins is that, because it is genetically detoxified, it retains its full complement of lysine amines for conjugation. There is also evidence suggesting that, compared with tetanus toxoid, there is less carrier-induced suppression of the immune response, especially when t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRM197 |
The gene for CRM197 has been cloned into Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the bacteria that produces the native toxin. Like the wild type toxin, CRM197 is expressed as a secreted protein at relatively low yields (typically <100 mg/L). Corynebacterium expressed CRM197 is available from several sources, including List Labora... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRM197 |
Three companies have succeeded at manufacturing CRM197 as a recombinant protein. Ligand's wholly-owned subsidiary, Pelican (previously Pfenex), a San Diego-based developer of the Pelican Expression Technology™ production platform, produces the protein ("PeliCRM™") in India at Serum Institute of India Pune using Pseudom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRM197 |
CRM197 is used as a carrier protein in a number of approved conjugate vaccines. HibtiterTM, a vaccine to protect against Haemophius influenzae type b, approved by the FDA in 1990, was the first conjugate vaccine to use CRM197 (the vaccine was discontinued in 2007). Pfizer's Prevnar, which in 2000 became the first pneum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRM197 |
A further example of a vaccine currently in use that is a CRM197 conjugate is the meningitis ACWY vaccine, Menveo, produced by GlaxoSmithKline. In addition, CRM197 made in the Pelican Expression Technology™ platform is used in Merck's VAXNEUVANCE and Serum Institute's Pneumosil. CRM197 possess a binding site for EGF re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRM197 |
As this receptor is overexpressed on cancer cells, there have been efforts to use CRM197 as an anti-cancer therapy. The cancer immunotherapy company Imugene reported dramatic improvements in antibody titers from its B cell peptide cancer immunotherapy targeting HER2 when it used CRM197 as a carrier protein. CRM197 is b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRM197 |
In 1971 Tsuyoshi Uchida, in the laboratory of Alwin Pappenheimer at Harvard, used nitroguanidine to create mutants of diphtheria toxin, which were called Cross Reacting Materials, or CRMs. One of these mutants, called CRM197, interested researchers because its lack of toxicity suggested a better starting material for d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRM197 |
Bolton Analysis is a tooth analysis developed by Wayne A. Bolton to determine the discrepancy between size of maxillary and mandibular teeth. This analysis helps to determine the optimum interarch relationship. This analysis measures the Mesio-distal width of each tooth and is divided into two analyses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_analysis |
Wayne A Bolton presented this analysis in the year 1958. In 1962, he published another paper which talked about clinical applications of using Bolton Analysis in Orthodontics. He graduated from Washington University in St. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_analysis |
Louis dental school in 1950. A boley gauge is usually the instrument of choice to measure the widths of each teeth. However, in 1995, Shellhart et al. showed during their study that Vernier caliper can also be used as an alternative for Bolton Analysis. Many other investigation models have been developed, such as measu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_analysis |
An Overall Analysis measures the sum of mesio-distal width of all 12 (first molar to first molar) mandibular teeth and compares them to the 12 maxillary teeth. The overall ratio known to be 91.3%. The anterior analysis measures the sum of Mesio-distal width of front 6 mandibular teeth and compares them to maxillary tee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_analysis |
An overall ratio of more than 91.3% means that the mandibular teeth are bigger when compared to normal. A ratio smaller than 91.3% would mean the mandibular teeth are smaller than normal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_analysis |
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