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The Court Theatre is expected to move into the Performing Arts Precinct in 2023. The northern half of the designated land was acquired by the Carter Group and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Christchurch in 2019 for church and education purposes. The land in the southern block occupied by the Forsyth Barr Building was also taken out of the designation upon the decision to convert the office building to a hotel; it is now occupied by the Crowne Plaza Christchurch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Central_Recovery_Plan |
The project lead for the central library, named Te Whare Pukapuka Matua in the Blueprint, was Christchurch City Council. Located at the north side of Cathedral Square, it opened in October 2018. Named Tūranga, the building is regarded as iconic and has won a number of awards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Central_Recovery_Plan |
The Residential Demonstration Project (Māori: Whakaaturanga Kāinga) is a private development, enabled through the Crown providing 8,000 square metres (86,000 sq ft) of land north of Latimer Square. The developer was chosen through a design competition in 2013 but in November 2015, CCDU confirmed that the project would not go ahead; it was the first anchor project that had failed to proceed. In an analysis published in the Lincoln Planning Review, the author described the Crown's approach to the project as displaying a "level of naïve neoliberal faith that the markets could deliver urban regeneration to a badly damaged city was not seen even in Margaret Thatcher’s Britain". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Central_Recovery_Plan |
The Metro Sports Facility (Māori: Taiwhanga Rēhia) is proposed to be a large venue for aquatic sports, an indoor stadium, a high performance centre, recreation and performance space on a 70,000 square metres (750,000 sq ft) site. The project was to be delivered by Christchurch City Council, the private sector and non-governmental organisations. The delivery of this project has since been taken over by Ōtākaro Limited (an organisation owned by the Crown) and jointly funded by the city council and the Crown. After years of delays caused by cost overruns, construction started in August 2019. As of 2020, the facility is predicted to open in 2022. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Central_Recovery_Plan |
The stadium (Māori: Taiwhanga Hākinakina) is proposed as a large multi-purpose indoor facility, covering most of three city blocks (the bordering roads are Madras Street, Hereford Street, Barbadoes Street, and Tuam Street). The stadium would thus occupy Cashel and Lichfield streets. The stadium is a joint initiative by Christchurch City Council and the Crown, with several other partners including the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE). After many years of discussion, the city council confirmed a stadium investment case in December 2019 and cabinet approved its funding contribution in March 2020. Completion of the construction project is hoped for 2024. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Central_Recovery_Plan |
The cricket oval in Hagley Park (Māori: Papa Kirikiti) was to be enhanced so that it could host domestic and international tests. It was a joint project between CERA, the city council, and New Zealand Cricket. As any development within Hagley Park is controversial, the consent application was directly sent to the Environment Court, as any normal consent decision was expected to be appealed to the court anyway. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Central_Recovery_Plan |
The Environment Court approved the application in August 2013 and the new Hadlee Pavilion opened on 15 September 2014, in time for the 2015 Cricket World Cup; three games were played at the Hagley Oval. The redevelopment cost three times as much as the NZ$1.5m that had initially been approved by the city council. It was the first anchor project to be completed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Central_Recovery_Plan |
The Bus Interchange (Māori: Whakawhitinga Pahi) was proposed as an effective system for public transport, and as a replacement for the damaged Bus Exchange. The proposed Bus Interchange was to be located opposite the Bus Exchange, on the south side of Lichfield Street. The project was to be led by Environment Canterbury (the Canterbury Regional Council), Christchurch City Council, CERA, and the NZ Transport Agency. In the end, the Crown built the Bus Interchange and it opened on 25 May 2015. The cost to the Crown was NZ$53m and as part of the global settlement between the Crown and the city council, the building was transferred to the city council for $23m in October 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Central_Recovery_Plan |
The aim of the Innovation Precinct (Māori: Te Puna Rerekētanga) was to encourage collaboration between innovative businesses and research organisations, thus improving productivity for Christchurch and New Zealand. The general location of the Innovation Precinct was the area around High Street, where the South Frame and the East Frame meet. At the time of the Blueprint's release, the EPIC (Enterprise Precinct and Innovation Campus) project was already underway and proximity to the Christchurch Polytech (now known as Ara Institute of Canterbury) was seen as a benefit. The largest tech business that has moved into the area is Vodafone, which established its South Island headquarters in the InnoV8 building in 2016. Another building that houses a tech company is Orbica on Lichfield Street. As of 2020, about half of the land between Lichfield Street, Poplar Street, Tuam Street, and Manchester Street remains as gravel car parks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Central_Recovery_Plan |
The timeline graphic is based on the indicative project delivery schedule contained in the Blueprint published in July 2012, a pamphlet published in November 2014 plus the status as of July 2020. None of the projects were delivered as per the originally published indicative project delivery schedule. The first project to be completed was Hagley Oval (September 2014). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Central_Recovery_Plan |
The original schedule saw all projects where a delivery date had been specified completed by March 2017; at that point in time just three of the seventeen projects had been completed (the Bus Interchange was the second project (May 2015) to be finished, and the Earthquake Memorial the third project in February 2017). Ngāi Tahu abandoned its anchor project—Te Puna Ahurea Cultural Centre—in April 2014. As of July 2020, neither the Square, the Residential Demonstration Project, nor the stadium have been started, and only the stadium has a confirmed project status. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Central_Recovery_Plan |
Psychological Abstracts was an abstract and index periodical and the print counterpart of the PsycINFO database. It was published by the American Psychological Association and was produced for 80 years, ceasing publication at the end of 2006. It was produced monthly and contained summaries (abstracts, bibliographic information, and indexing) of English-language journal articles, technical reports, book chapters, and books in the field of psychology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Abstracts |
In its latter years it contained much less content than PsycINFO, although it did contain some records for technical reports that are not in PsycINFO. It was organized by subject area according to the PsycINFO Classification Codes. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Abstracts |
The Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) is a statistical survey conducted by the Central Statistics Office (CSO) on behalf of the Central Bank of Ireland as part of the European Central Bank (ECB) Household Finance and Consumption Network (HFCN).The HFCS is designed to collect household-level data on households’ finances and consumption, and is required by all Eurozone countries to facilitate comparable data analysis for the Euro area as a whole. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Finance_and_Consumption_Survey_(Ireland) |
The 2013 HFCS study was the first conducted in Ireland, carried out between March and September 2013 with 5,419 respondent households.Results of the 2013 study were released in January 2015 by the Central Statistics Office.Survey data is available on the CSO website in PDF format. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Finance_and_Consumption_Survey_(Ireland) |
The 2013 study sample size consisted of 5,419 respondent households. The survey collected a range of household information from the adults taking the survey, including the following household characteristics at micro level: demographics real and financial assets liabilities consumption and saving income and employment future pension entitlements, intergenerational transfers and gifts attitudes to risk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Finance_and_Consumption_Survey_(Ireland) |
The HFCS is designed to find out more about household finance and consumption in Ireland.HFCS aims to collect information to help policy-makers respond to a variety of questions concerning: Debt and financial pressures Portfolio choice and demand for assets Saving, liquidity constraints and the smoothing of consumption Computational finance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Finance_and_Consumption_Survey_(Ireland) |
The International Society for Applied Ethology is the leading non-profit professional organization for academics and scientists interested in the behaviour and welfare of confined or domesticated animals, including companion, farm, laboratory and zoo animal species. The Society was created in Edinburgh in 1966, as the Society for Veterinary Ethology (SVE). It rapidly expanded to cover all applied aspects of Ethology and other Behavioural Sciences, which are relevant to many human-animal interactions, such as farming, wildlife management, the keeping of companion and laboratory animals, and the control of pests. The Society also quickly became increasingly international: it now has a federal, international structure as well as regional representatives around the world. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Applied_Ethology |
In 1991, on the 25th anniversary of the SVE, the society was renamed the International Society for Applied Ethology (ISAE). At the International Congress that year a paper was presented by Carol Petherick and Ian Duncan entitled "The Society for Veterinary Ethology 1966-1991 the 25th Anniversary Review".Administration of the Society is the responsibility of a Council. The council also provides technical evidence on topics relating to animal behaviour and animal welfare during the committee stages of government legislation, for example, by discussion with groups such as the UK's Farm Animal Welfare Council. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Applied_Ethology |
The European Parliament and the Council of Europe also consult council on such matters. The membership is drawn from all areas of the world and is divided into 11 regions based on geography. ISAE encourages academic activity within the regions, including support of regional meetings, and also holds an annual Congress based, in alternate years, in Europe and elsewhere in the world. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Applied_Ethology |
The 50th Anniversary Congress was held back in Edinburgh in July 2016 and commemorated with the publication of the book "Animals and Us: 50 Years and More of Applied Ethology. "ISAE's official scientific journal is Applied Animal Behaviour Science (AABS), a monthly publication, originally established as Applied Animal Ethology in 1974. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Applied_Ethology |
AABS continues to be published by Elsevier. Honorary Fellows of the society include Ruth Harrison, Donald Broom and Michael C. Appleby. Another notable member is Temple Grandin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Applied_Ethology |
Lyndsey Stonebridge FBA FEA (born February 1965) is an English scholar and professor of humanities and human rights at the University of Birmingham. Her work relates to refugee studies, human rights, and the effects of violence on the mind in the 20th and 21st centuries. She is also a regular radio and media commentator, writing for publications such as The New Statesman, Prospect Magazine, and New Humanist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndsey_Stonebridge |
Lyndsey Stonebridge was born in Bromley, Kent. She earned her BA at the Polytechnic of North London, an MA in critical theory from the University of Sussex, and her PhD at the University of London.She was a professor of modern literature and history at the University of East Anglia, where she founded the Arts and Humanities Graduate School. Currently, she is a professor of humanities and human rights at the University of Birmingham, where she also teaches in the Law School.She is also co-editor of Oxford University Press's Mid-Century Series, and has held visiting positions at Cornell University and the University of Sydney.She was elected a fellow of the English Association in 2017, and a member of the Academia Europaea in 2019. Her books, The Judicial Imagination: Writing after Nuremberg (2011) and Placeless People: Writing, Rights, and Refugees (2018) have won the British Academy's Rose Mary Crawshay Prize, and Modernist Studies Association Best Book Prize, respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndsey_Stonebridge |
Stonebridge believes that novels and poetry "embody and express" our conceptions of human rights and humanity as time moves on. Literary writing, she says, can be a political act that "gives form and meaning" to human rights. Accordingly, much of her work is rooted in the field of literary criticism, whereby she surveys different sources of literature, such as those by Franz Kafka, George Orwell, and Simone Weil, to explore modern statelessness and the connection between citizenship and human rights. Her analysis is usually done through the framework of Hannah Arendt's critical theory, as her work is central to Stonebridge's thought. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndsey_Stonebridge |
In her book, Placeless People: Writing, Rights, and Refugees, Stonebridge describes a history of modern statelessness, which she calls an evil that, unlike genocide, which also emerged as a term in the twentieth century, has "yet to take root in our cultural memory of modern trauma". She elaborates on Arendt's argument that human rights can never truly be "human" as long as they are tied to nation states, citizenship, and sovereignty. This is most obvious in the world's treatment of refugees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndsey_Stonebridge |
As people who "opened up a space…for thinking and being between nation states", refugees are the ones for whom the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) should most clearly apply. However, their effective (albeit, often unofficial) statelessness leaves them in a state of limbo, without what Arendt describes as a "right to have rights". Stonebridge therefore explicitly rejects apolitical, humanitarian solutions to human rights and refugees, arguing that these approaches mask the nature of refugees as a politically constructed concept. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndsey_Stonebridge |
The modern category of refugees, she argues, is a direct result of the fact that the UDHR does not exactly enshrine "human" rights, but rather "citizen’s" rights. For example, Stonebridge cites the enforcement (or lack thereof) of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194 as a failure of the UN's commitment to self determination and universal Human Rights after the creation of Israel, which Arendt criticized as unable to solve the problem of refugees, as like any nation-state, it is bound to simply create new refugees to replace the old. According to Stonebridge, Arendt taught Franz Kafka's The Castle at some of her lectures to explain this idea. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndsey_Stonebridge |
The protagonist, K, can be viewed as a refugee, migrant, or "Jew stranger" lured by false promises (such as universal human rights) that are actually irreconcilable with the functioning of the castle's ( or nation's) bureaucracy. By endorsing this idea, Stonebridge advocates for a kind of internationalism, where rights are divorced from national sovereignty. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndsey_Stonebridge |
However, she is critical of "blindly humanistic" romanticized narratives of internationalism or exile, framed as an intellectual choice and path to freedom. For example, she criticizes Virginia Woolf's famous proclamation that "As a woman I have no country. As a woman I want no country. As a woman, my country is the whole world." For Stonebridge, this announcement would seem "whimsical" to those for whom the "brutal politics" of exile and displacement was a means of survival from persecution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndsey_Stonebridge |
The Destructive Element: British Psychoanalysis and Modernism. Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1998. The Writing of Anxiety: Imagining Wartime in 1940s British Culture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndsey_Stonebridge |
Palgrave, Basingstoke, 2007.The Judicial Imagination: Writing After Nuremberg. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2011.Placeless People: Writing, Rights and Refugees. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018. isbn 978-0 -19-879700-5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndsey_Stonebridge |
Reading Melanie Klein. Routledge, London and New York, 1998. (edited with John Phillips) British Fiction after Modernism: The Novel at Mid-Century. Palgrave, Basingstoke, 2007. (edited with Marina Mackay) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndsey_Stonebridge |
Robert Hodge is an Australian academic, author, theorist and critic. While best known as a semiotician and critical linguist, his work encompasses a wide, interdisciplinary range of fields including cultural theory, media studies, chaos theory, Marxism, psychoanalysis, post-colonialism, post-modernism and many other topics both within the humanities as well as science. He is currently a professor at the University of Western Sydney. Born in Perth, Western Australia in 1940, Hodge studied English at the University of Western Australia, and graduated with first class honours in 1961. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hodge_(linguist) |
He went to Cambridge University in 1965 on a scholarship and completed a BA in 1967 and a PhD in 1972 on Intellectual History. Thereafter his working career as a lecturer and later professor took him to the University of East Anglia, Norwich 1972–1977, Murdoch University, Perth from 1977 to 1993, and the University of Western Sydney 1993-. His line of research has taken him from studies in ancient Greek and literature, through to linguistics, to semiotics, and towards a range of topics around cultural, media, social and political criticism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hodge_(linguist) |
Hodge's increasingly interdisciplinary approach has grown to include history, chaos theory, critical management studies, Aboriginal issues and others. Of his twenty five published books, the most well known include 'Social Semiotics', 'Language as Ideology', and 'Myths of Oz'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hodge_(linguist) |
Other output includes numerous articles published in journals and speeches at international conferences. As well as his work as a researcher and author, Hodge has had a long teaching career, which includes the designing and co-ordinating of courses. In 1993 he set up the course structure for UWS Hawkesbury's humanities department. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hodge_(linguist) |
As a PhD supervisor Hodge has overseen some 40 doctorates. He currently lives in Winmalee, in the Blue Mountains west of Sydney with his wife Gabriela, and spends part of each year in Mexico City. He has three children and seven grandchildren. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hodge_(linguist) |
Hodge, B. and O'Carroll, J. (2006) Borderwork in Multicultural Australia, St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. Hodge, B. and Coronado, G. (2004) El Hipertexto Multicultural en México Posmoderno, Mexico: Porrua-CIESAS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hodge_(linguist) |
Hodge, B. and Dimitrov, V. (2002) Social Fuzziology: Study of Fuzziness of Social Complexity, Germany: Springer Verlag. Hodge, B. and Louie, K. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hodge_(linguist) |
(1998) The Politics of Chinese Language and Culture: The Art of Reading Dragons, London & New York: Routledge. Hodge, B. and Kress, G. (1993) Language as Ideology, Rev. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hodge_(linguist) |
ed., London & New York: Routledge. Hodge, B. and Mishra, V. (1991) Dark Side of the Dream: Australian Literature and the Postcolonial Mind, St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hodge_(linguist) |
Hodge, B. and Kress, G. (1988) Social Semiotics, London: Polity Press. Hodge, B., Fiske, J. and Turner, G. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hodge_(linguist) |
(1987) Myths of Oz: Reading Australian Popular Culture, St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. Hodge, B. and Tripp, D. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hodge_(linguist) |
(1986) Children and Television, London: Polity Press, London. Spanish Trans. by Valverde, G. (1988) Barcelona: Editorial Planeta.. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hodge_(linguist) |
The National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence (NSCAI) was an independent commission of the United States of America established in 2018 to make recommendations to the President and Congress to "advance the development of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and associated technologies to comprehensively address the national security and defense needs of the United States". It issued its final report in March 2021, saying that the U.S. is not sufficiently prepared to defend or compete against China in the AI era. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Commission_on_Artificial_Intelligence |
Here is a list of members from the National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence: Eric Schmidt (Chair), former CEO of Google Robert Work (Vice Chair), former Deputy Secretary of Defense Mignon Clyburn, former Commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission Chris Darby, CEO of In-Q-Tel Jose-Marie Griffiths, President of Dakota State University William Hurd, former U.S. Representative from Texas Katharina McFarland, former Assistant Secretary of Defense for Acquisition Jason Matheny, Director of the Center for Security and Emerging Technology at Georgetown University Ash Carter, former Secretary of Defense Gilman Louie, partner at Alsop Louie Partners Andy Jassy, CEO of Amazon Web Services (AWS) Safra Catz, CEO of Oracle Steve Chien, technical fellow at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Adam Grant, organizational psychologist and professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania Fei-Fei Li, professor of computer science at Stanford University Terah Lyons, founding executive director of the Partnership on AI Andrew Moore, dean of the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University William J. Perry, former Secretary of Defense Eric Rosenbach, co-director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University Danny Toler, former CIO of the CIA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Commission_on_Artificial_Intelligence |
The report's recommendations include: dramatically increasing non-defense federal spending on AI research and development, doubling every year from $2 billion in 2022, to $32 billion in 2026. That would bring it up to a level similar to spending on biomedical research creation of a Digital Corps to bring skilled tech workers into government founding of a Digital Service Academy: an accredited university providing subsidized education in exchange for a commitment to work for a time in government include civil rights and civil liberty reports for new AI systems or major updates to existing systems expanding allocations of employment-based green cards, and giving them to every AI PhD graduate from an accredited U.S. university reforming the acquisition management system Department of Defense to make it faster and easier to introduce new technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Commission_on_Artificial_Intelligence |
The almond (Prunus amygdalus, syn. Prunus dulcis) is a species of small tree from the genus Prunus, cultivated worldwide for its seed, a culinary nut. Along with the peach, it is classified in the subgenus Amygdalus, distinguished from the other subgenera by corrugations on the shell (endocarp) surrounding the seed.The fruit of the almond is a drupe, consisting of an outer hull and a hard shell with the seed, which is not a true nut. Shelling almonds refers to removing the shell to reveal the seed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almonds are sold shelled or unshelled. Blanched almonds are shelled almonds that have been treated with hot water to soften the seedcoat, which is then removed to reveal the white embryo. Once almonds are cleaned and processed, they can be stored over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almonds are used in many cuisines, often featuring prominently in desserts, such as marzipan. The almond tree prospers in a moderate Mediterranean climate with cool winter weather. Native to Iran and surrounding countries including the Levant, today it is rarely found wild in its original setting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almonds were one of the earliest domesticated fruit trees, due to the ability to produce quality offspring entirely from seed, without using suckers and cuttings. Evidence of domesticated almonds in the Early Bronze Age has been found in the archeological sites of the Middle East, and subsequently across the Mediterranean region and similar arid climates with cool winters. Today, California produces over half of the world's almond supply. Due to high acreage and water demand for almond cultivation, and need for pesticides, California almond production may be unsustainable, especially during the persistent drought and heat from climate change in the 21st century. Droughts in California have caused some producers to leave the industry, leading to lower supply and increased prices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
The almond is a deciduous tree growing to 4–12.2 metres (13–40 feet) in height, with a trunk of up to 30 centimetres (12 inches) in diameter. The young twigs are green at first, becoming purplish where exposed to sunlight, then gray in their second year. The leaves are 8–13 cm (3–5 in) long, with a serrated margin and a 2.5 cm (1 in) petiole. The flowers are white to pale pink, 3–5 cm (1–2 in) diameter with five petals, produced singly or in pairs and appearing before the leaves in early spring. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almond grows best in Mediterranean climates with warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The optimal temperature for their growth is between 15 and 30 °C (59 and 86 °F) and the tree buds have a chilling requirement of 200 to 700 hours below 7.2 °C (45.0 °F) to break dormancy.Almonds begin bearing an economic crop in the third year after planting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Trees reach full bearing five to six years after planting. The fruit matures in the autumn, 7–8 months after flowering.The almond fruit is 3.5–6 cm (1+3⁄8–2+3⁄8 in) long. It is not a nut but a drupe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
The outer covering, consisting of an outer exocarp, or skin, and mesocarp, or flesh, fleshy in other members of Prunus such as the plum and cherry, is instead a thick, leathery, gray-green coat (with a downy exterior), called the hull. Inside the hull is a woody endocarp which forms a reticulated, hard shell (like the outside of a peach pit) called the pyrena. Inside the shell is the edible seed, commonly called a nut. Generally, one seed is present, but occasionally two occur. After the fruit matures, the hull splits and separates from the shell, and an abscission layer forms between the stem and the fruit so that the fruit can fall from the tree. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
The seeds of Prunus dulcis var. dulcis are predominantly sweet but some individual trees produce seeds that are somewhat more bitter. The genetic basis for bitterness involves a single gene, the bitter flavor furthermore being recessive, both aspects making this trait easier to domesticate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
The fruits from Prunus dulcis var. amara are always bitter, as are the kernels from other species of genus Prunus, such as apricot, peach and cherry (although to a lesser extent). The bitter almond is slightly broader and shorter than the sweet almond and contains about 50% of the fixed oil that occurs in sweet almonds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
It also contains the enzyme emulsin which, in the presence of water, acts on the two soluble glucosides amygdalin and prunasin yielding glucose, cyanide and the essential oil of bitter almonds, which is nearly pure benzaldehyde, the chemical causing the bitter flavor. Bitter almonds may yield 4–9 milligrams of hydrogen cyanide per almond and contain 42 times higher amounts of cyanide than the trace levels found in sweet almonds. The origin of cyanide content in bitter almonds is via the enzymatic hydrolysis of amygdalin. P450 monooxygenases are involved in the amygdalin biosynthetic pathway. A point mutation in a bHLH transcription factor prevents transcription of the two cytochrome P450 genes, resulting in the sweet kernel trait. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
The word almond comes from Old French almande or alemande, Late Latin amandula, amindula, derived from amygdala from the Ancient Greek amygdálē (ἀμυγδάλη) (cf. amygdala, an almond-shaped portion of the brain). Late Old English had amygdales, "almonds".The adjective amygdaloid (literally 'like an almond') is used to describe objects which are roughly almond-shaped, particularly a shape which is part way between a triangle and an ellipse. For example, the amygdala of the brain uses a direct borrowing of the Greek term amygdalē. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almond is native to Southwestern Asia and ancient remains of almonds were discovered in the Levant area. It was spread by humans in ancient times along the shores of the Mediterranean into northern Africa and southern Europe, and more recently transported to other parts of the world, notably California, United States. The wild form of domesticated almond grows in parts of the Levant.Selection of the sweet type from the many bitter types in the wild marked the beginning of almond domestication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
It is unclear as to which wild ancestor of the almond created the domesticated species. The species Prunus fenzliana may be the most likely wild ancestor of the almond, in part because it is native to Armenia and western Azerbaijan, where it was apparently domesticated. Wild almond species were grown by early farmers, "at first unintentionally in the garbage heaps, and later intentionally in their orchards". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almonds were one of the earliest domesticated fruit trees, due to "the ability of the grower to raise attractive almonds from seed. Thus, in spite of the fact that this plant does not lend itself to propagation from suckers or from cuttings, it could have been domesticated even before the introduction of grafting". Domesticated almonds appear in the Early Bronze Age (3000–2000 BC), such as the archaeological sites of Numeira (Jordan), or possibly earlier. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Another well-known archaeological example of the almond is the fruit found in Tutankhamun's tomb in Egypt (c. 1325 BC), probably imported from the Levant. An article on almond tree cultivation in Spain is brought down in Ibn al-'Awwam's 12th-century agricultural work, Book on Agriculture.Of the European countries that the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh reported as cultivating almonds, Germany is the northernmost, though the domesticated form can be found as far north as Iceland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almond trees are small to medium sized but commercial cultivars can be grafted onto a different root-stock to produce smaller trees. Varieties include: Nonpareil – originates in the 1800s. A large tree that produces large, smooth, thin-shelled almonds with 60–65% edible kernel per nut. Requires pollination from other almond varieties for good nut production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Tuono – originates in Italy. Has thicker, hairier shells with only 32% of edible kernel per nut. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
The thicker shell gives some protection from pests such as the navel orangeworm. Does not require pollination by other almond varieties. Mariana – used as a rootstock to result in smaller trees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Breeding programmes have found the high shell-seal trait. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
The most widely planted varieties of almond are self-incompatible; hence these trees require pollen from a tree with different genetic characters to produce seeds. Almond orchards therefore must grow mixtures of almond varieties. In addition, the pollen is transferred from flower to flower by insects; therefore commercial growers must ensure there are enough insects to perform this task. The large scale of almond production in the U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
creates a significant problem of providing enough pollinating insects. Additional pollinating insects are therefore brought to the trees. The pollination of California's almonds is the largest annual managed pollination event in the world, with 1.4 million hives (nearly half of all beehives in the US) being brought to the almond orchards each February.Much of the supply of bees is managed by pollination brokers, who contract with migratory beekeepers from at least 49 states for the event. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
This business was heavily affected by colony collapse disorder at the turn of the 21st century, causing a nationwide shortage of honey bees and increasing the price of insect pollination. To partially protect almond growers from these costs, researchers at the Agricultural Research Service, part of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), developed self-pollinating almond trees that combine this character with quality characters such as a flavor and yield. Self-pollinating almond varieties exist, but they lack some commercial characters. However, through natural hybridisation between different almond varieties, a new variety that was self-pollinating with a high yield of commercial quality nuts was produced. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almond trees can be attacked by an array of damaging microbes, fungal pathogens, plant viruses, and bacteria. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Pavement ants (Tetramorium caespitum), southern fire ants (Solenopsis xyloni), and thief ants (Solenopsis molesta) are seed predators. Bryobia rubrioculus mites are most known for their damage to this crop. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almond production in California is concentrated mainly in the Central Valley, where the mild climate, rich soil, abundant sunshine and water supply make for ideal growing conditions. Due to the persistent droughts in California in the early 21st century, it became more difficult to raise almonds in a sustainable manner. The issue is complex because of the high amount of water needed to produce almonds: a single almond requires roughly 1.1 US gallons (0.92 imperial gallons; 4.2 litres) of water to grow properly. Regulations related to water supplies are changing so some growers have destroyed their current almond orchards to replace with either younger trees or a different crop such as pistachio that needs less water. Sustainability strategies implemented by the Almond Board of California and almond farmers include: tree and soil health, and other farming practices minimizing dust production during the harvest bee health irrigation guidelines for farmers food safety use of waste biomass as coproducts with a goal to achieve zero waste use of solar energy during processing job development support of scientific research to investigate potential health benefits of consuming almonds international education about sustainability practices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
In 2020, world production of almonds was 4.1 million tonnes, led by the United States providing 57% of the world total (table). Other leading producers were Spain, Australia, and Iran. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
In the United States, production is concentrated in California where 1,000,000 acres (400,000 ha) and six different almond varieties were under cultivation in 2017, with a yield of 2.25 billion pounds (1.02 billion kilograms) of shelled almonds. California production is marked by a period of intense pollination during late winter by rented commercial bees transported by truck across the U.S. to almond groves, requiring more than half of the total U.S. commercial honeybee population. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
The value of total U.S. exports of shelled almonds in 2016 was $3.2 billion.All commercially grown almonds sold as food in the U.S. are sweet cultivars. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration reported in 2010 that some fractions of imported sweet almonds were contaminated with bitter almonds, which contain cyanide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Spain has diverse commercial cultivars of almonds grown in Catalonia, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia, and Aragón regions, and the Balearic Islands. Production in 2016 declined 2% nationally compared to 2015 production data.The 'Marcona' almond cultivar is recognizably different from other almonds and is marketed by name. The kernel is short, round, relatively sweet, and delicate in texture. Its origin is unknown and has been grown in Spain for a long time; the tree is very productive, and the shell of the nut is very hard. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Australia is the largest almond production region in the Southern Hemisphere. Most of the almond orchards are located along the Murray River corridor in New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Bitter almonds contain 42 times higher amounts of cyanide than the trace levels found in sweet almonds. Extract of bitter almond was once used medicinally but even in small doses, effects are severe or lethal, especially in children; the cyanide must be removed before consumption. The acute oral lethal dose of cyanide for adult humans is reported to be 0.5–3.5 mg/kg (0.2–1.6 mg/lb) of body weight (approximately 50 bitter almonds), so that for children consuming 5–10 bitter almonds may be fatal. Symptoms of eating such almonds include vertigo and other typical cyanide poisoning effects.Almonds may cause allergy or intolerance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Cross-reactivity is common with peach allergens (lipid transfer proteins) and tree nut allergens. Symptoms range from local signs and symptoms (e.g., oral allergy syndrome, contact urticaria) to systemic signs and symptoms including anaphylaxis (e.g., urticaria, angioedema, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms).Almonds are susceptible to aflatoxin-producing molds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic chemicals produced by molds such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The mold contamination may occur from soil, previously infested almonds, and almond pests such as navel-orange worm. High levels of mold growth typically appear as gray to black filament-like growth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
It is unsafe to eat mold-infected tree nuts. Some countries have strict limits on allowable levels of aflatoxin contamination of almonds and require adequate testing before the nuts can be marketed to their citizens. The European Union, for example, introduced a requirement since 2007 that all almond shipments to the EU be tested for aflatoxin. If aflatoxin does not meet the strict safety regulations, the entire consignment may be reprocessed to eliminate the aflatoxin or it must be destroyed.Breeding programs have found the high shell-seal trait. High shell-seal provides resistance against these Aspergillus species and so against the development of their toxins. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
After tracing cases of salmonellosis to almonds, the USDA approved a proposal by the Almond Board of California to pasteurize almonds sold to the public. After publishing the rule in March 2007, the almond pasteurization program became mandatory for California companies effective 1 September 2007. Raw, untreated California almonds have not been available in the U.S. since then. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
California almonds labeled "raw" must be steam-pasteurized or chemically treated with propylene oxide (PPO). This does not apply to imported almonds or almonds sold from the grower directly to the consumer in small quantities. The treatment also is not required for raw almonds sold for export outside of North America. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
The Almond Board of California states: "PPO residue dissipates after treatment". The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has reported: "Propylene oxide has been detected in fumigated food products; consumption of contaminated food is another possible route of exposure". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
PPO is classified as Group 2B ("possibly carcinogenic to humans").The USDA-approved marketing order was challenged in court by organic farmers organized by the Cornucopia Institute, a Wisconsin-based farm policy research group which filed a lawsuit in September 2008. According to the institute, this almond marketing order has imposed significant financial burdens on small-scale and organic growers and damaged domestic almond markets. A federal judge dismissed the lawsuit in early 2009 on procedural grounds. In August 2010, a federal appeals court ruled that the farmers have a right to appeal the USDA regulation. In March 2013, the court vacated the suit on the basis that the objections should have been raised in 2007 when the regulation was first proposed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almonds are 4% water, 22% carbohydrates, 21% protein, and 50% fat (table). In a 100-gram (3+1⁄2-ounce) reference amount, almonds supply 2,420 kilojoules (579 kilocalories) of food energy. The almond is a nutritionally dense food (table), providing a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of the B vitamins riboflavin and niacin, vitamin E, and the essential minerals calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, and zinc. Almonds are a moderate source (10–19% DV) of the B vitamins thiamine, vitamin B6, and folate, choline, and the essential mineral potassium. They also contain substantial dietary fiber, the monounsaturated fat, oleic acid, and the polyunsaturated fat, linoleic acid. Typical of nuts and seeds, almonds are a source of phytosterols such as beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, sitostanol, and campestanol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almonds are included as a good source of protein among recommended healthy foods by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). A 2016 review of clinical research indicated that regular consumption of almonds may reduce the risk of heart disease by lowering blood levels of LDL cholesterol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
While the almond is often eaten on its own, raw or toasted, it is also a component of various dishes. Almonds are available in many forms, such as whole, slivered, and ground into flour. Almond pieces around 2–3 millimetres (1⁄16–1⁄8 in) in size, called "nibs", are used for special purposes such as decoration.Almonds are a common addition to breakfast muesli or oatmeal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
A wide range of classic sweets feature almonds as a central ingredient. Marzipan was developed in the Middle Ages. Since the 19th century almonds have been used to make bread, almond butter, cakes and puddings, candied confections, almond cream-filled pastries, nougat, cookies (macaroons, biscotti and qurabiya), and cakes (financiers, Esterházy torte), and other sweets and desserts.The young, developing fruit of the almond tree can be eaten whole (green almonds) when they are still green and fleshy on the outside and the inner shell has not yet hardened. The fruit is somewhat sour, but is a popular snack in parts of the Middle East, eaten dipped in salt to balance the sour taste. Also in the Middle East they are often eaten with dates. They are available only from mid-April to mid-June in the Northern Hemisphere; pickling or brining extends the fruit's shelf life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Marzipan, a smooth, sweetened almond paste, is used in a number of elegant cakes and desserts. Princess cake is covered by marzipan (similar to fondant), as is Battenberg cake. In Sicily, sponge cake is covered with marzipan to make cassatella di sant'Agata and cassata siciliana, and marzipan is dyed and crafted into realistic fruit shaped to make frutta martorana. The Andalusian Christmas pastry pan de Cádiz is filled with marzipan and candied fruit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
In French cuisine, alternating layers of almond and hazelnut meringue are used to make the dessert dacquoise. Pithivier is one of many almond cream-filled pastries. In Germany, Easter bread called Deutsches Osterbrot is baked with raisins and almonds. In Greece almond flour is used to make amygdalopita, a glyka tapsiou dessert cake baking in a tray. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almonds are used for kourabiedes, a Greek version of the traditional quarabiya almond biscuits. A soft drink known as soumada is made from almonds in various regions. In Saudi Arabia, almonds are a typical embellishment for the rice dish kabsa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
In Iran, green almonds are dipped in sea salt and eaten as snacks on street markets; they are called chaqale bâdam. Candied almonds called noghl are served alongside tea and coffee. Also, sweet almonds are used to prepare special food for babies, named harire badam. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almonds are added to some foods, cookies, and desserts, or are used to decorate foods. People in Iran consume roasted nuts for special events, for example, during New Year (Nowruz) parties. In Italy, colomba di Pasqua is a traditional Easter cake made with almonds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Bitter almonds are the base for amaretti cookies, a common dessert. Almonds are also a common choice as the nuts to include in torrone. In Morocco, almonds in the form of sweet almond paste are the main ingredient in pastry fillings, and several other desserts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Fried blanched whole almonds are also used to decorate sweet tajines such as lamb with prunes. Southwestern Berber regions of Essaouira and Souss are also known for amlou, a spread made of almond paste, argan oil, and honey. Almond paste is also mixed with toasted flour and among others, honey, olive oil or butter, anise, fennel, sesame seeds, and cinnamon to make sellou (also called zamita in Meknes or slilou in Marrakech), a sweet snack known for its long shelf life and high nutritive value. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
In Indian cuisine, almonds are the base ingredients of pasanda-style and Mughlai curries. Badam halva is a sweet made from almonds with added coloring. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almond flakes are added to many sweets (such as sohan barfi), and are usually visible sticking to the outer surface. Almonds form the base of various drinks which are supposed to have cooling properties. Almond sherbet or sherbet-e-badaam, is a popular summer drink. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
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