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Almonds are also sold as a snack with added salt. In Israel almonds are used as a topping for tahini cookies or eaten as a snack. In Spain Marcona almonds are usually toasted in oil and lightly salted. They are used by Spanish confectioners to prepare a sweet called turrón. In Arabian cuisine, almonds are commonly used... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almonds can be processed into a milk substitute called almond milk; the nut's soft texture, mild flavor, and light coloring (when skinned) make for an efficient analog to dairy, and a soy-free choice for lactose intolerant people and vegans. Raw, blanched, and lightly toasted almonds work well for different production ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almond flour or ground almond meal combined with sugar or honey as marzipan is often used as a gluten-free alternative to wheat flour in cooking and baking.Almonds contain polyphenols in their skins consisting of flavonols, flavan-3-ols, hydroxybenzoic acids and flavanones analogous to those of certain fruits and veget... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Historically, almond syrup was an emulsion of sweet and bitter almonds, usually made with barley syrup (orgeat syrup) or in a syrup of orange flower water and sugar, often flavored with a synthetic aroma of almonds. Orgeat syrup is an important ingredient in the Mai Tai and many other Tiki drinks.Due to the cyanide fou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almonds are a rich source of oil, with 50% of kernel dry mass as fat (whole almond nutrition table). In relation to total dry mass of the kernel, almond oil contains 32% monounsaturated oleic acid (an omega-9 fatty acid), 13% linoleic acid (a polyunsaturated omega-6 essential fatty acid), and 10% saturated fatty acid (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
When almond oil is analyzed separately and expressed per 100 grams as a reference mass, the oil provides 3,700 kJ (884 kcal) of food energy, 8 grams of saturated fat (81% of which is palmitic acid), 70 grams of oleic acid, and 17 grams of linoleic acid (oil table). Oleum amygdalae, the fixed oil, is prepared from eithe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
The almond is highly revered in some cultures. The tree originated in the Middle East. In the Bible, the almond is mentioned ten times, beginning with Genesis 43:11, where it is described as "among the best of fruits". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
In Numbers 17, Levi is chosen from the other tribes of Israel by Aaron's rod, which brought forth almond flowers. The almond blossom supplied a model for the menorah which stood in the Holy Temple, "Three cups, shaped like almond blossoms, were on one branch, with a knob and a flower; and three cups, shaped like almond... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
The word "luz", which appears in Genesis 30:37, sometimes translated as "hazel", may actually be derived from the Aramaic name for almond (Luz), and is translated as such in the New International Version and other versions of the Bible. The Arabic name for almond is لوز "lauz" or "lūz". In some parts of the Levant and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
The Romeo and Juliet effect describes the intensification of romantic feelings in relationship when met by parental opposition, as coined by British actor and director Richard Driscoll referencing the protagonists of the William Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet, whose families were opposed to their union. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_effect |
An early review of romantic love in the Western world emphasized the persistent association of obstacles or grave difficulties with the intensity of love, as in William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.In 1972, Richard Driscoll, along with Keith Davis and Milton Lipetz, published results from a longitudinal study on rela... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_effect |
The couples completed these procedures at a first session and then, around six months to a year later, completed identical surveying sessions to see how their relationships have endured the past months. About 80% of the original participants completed the second session. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_effect |
Only a small portion of the original sample had ended their relationships or gotten divorced. In the results of the overall study, there was found to be an increase in love ratings for one's partner and parental interference. Interference did seem to have other frustrating effects, as it also was associated with decrea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_effect |
While Driscoll's study has not been replicated, researchers have continued to discuss parental influence on relationship stability. In 1983, Malcolm Parks conducted a study to determine influences of peers and families on relationship involvement, which showed little to no support of Driscoll's previous research. Oppos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_effect |
In recent years, much focus has been placed around the topic of a "Romeo and Juliet Effect." In 2001, Diane Felmlee found similar findings to Malcolm Parks's study. For instance, perceptions of approval from an individual's friends and approval from a partner's family members reduce the possibility that a relationship ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_effect |
Pre-harvest crop desiccation refers to the application of an agent to a crop just before harvest to kill the leaves and/or plants so that the crop dries out from environmental conditions, or "dry-down", more quickly and evenly. In agriculture, the term desiccant is applied to an agent that promotes dry down, thus the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Crop desiccation can improve the efficiency and economics of mechanical harvesting. In grain crops such as wheat, barley and oats, uniformly dried crops do not have to be windrowed (swathed and dried) prior to harvest, but can easily be straight-cut and harvested. This saves the farmer time and money, which is importan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Thus leaves that remain on the cotton plant will interfere with mechanical harvesters and stain the white cotton resulting in a lower quality grade; herbicides which cause both defoliation and desiccation reduce these problems.Desiccation can improve the uniformity of a crop. It may correct for uneven crop growth which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Plants that have naturally reached the end of their maturation may be mingled with plants in earlier stages of growth; controlled desiccation evens that out. This also increases uniformity of moisture content in grain, which has positive economic benefits in the storage of the grain and the price of the grain.Desiccati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
With grains, for example, as a consequence of crop plant uniformity as noted above, grain ripeness can be made more uniform through the same process. Several additional advantages of desiccation have been cited: harvest can be conducted earlier; weed control is initiated for a future crop; earlier ripening allows for e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
In agricultural parlance, desiccation is divided into two distinct groups: "true desiccants" and pre-harvest systemic herbicides. True desiccants are not chemical desiccants, rather they are contact herbicides which kill only the parts of the plant they touch. They induce plant death/defoliation rapidly and dry down oc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Most of these kinds of contact herbicides are cell membrane disruptors that are either "PPO inhibitors" or "Photosystem I inhibitors." Plant cells have chloroplasts, which contain the protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) enzyme complex. PPO inhibitors poison that enzyme, causing a build up of Protoporphyrin IX (Proto). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Normally Proto is present in very low amounts, but when there is too much Proto it interacts with light to form singlet oxygen radicals (1O2). These interact with the fatty acids of membranes, causing disruption of membrane integrity and leakage of cell contents. The plants soon begin to wilt and quickly dry out in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Plants can burn within hours of exposure to these herbicides. In contrast, Photosystem I inhibitors such as Diquat and paraquat work by entering plant cells and immediately diverting electrons away from photosynthetic chain, poisoning photosynthesis. In addition, hydroxyl radicals (•OH) are formed which interact with t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Glyphosate (Roundup®) is the principal pre-harvest systemic herbicide used for desiccation of a wide variety of crops. As a systemic herbicide it is not a true desiccant as it can take weeks rather than days for the crop to die back and dry out after application.Glyphosate works by poisoning the shikimate pathway which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
In addition, shikimate accumulates in plant tissues and diverts energy and resources away from other processes, eventually killing the plant over a period of days to weeks. In the UK, glyphosate began to be applied to wheat crops in the 1980s to control perennial weeds such as common couch which was very effective and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Yield may be affected and residues increased if applications are made to uneven fields in which some areas have a moisture content over 30%. Although used in weed-free and evenly maturing crops with the aim of reducing the grain moisture content more rapidly to hasten the harvest, there is little or no advantage in doi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Herbicide residue in food has been raised as a concern. Residue quantities are regulated by Codex Alimentarius of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.In July 2013 Austria banned the use of pre-harvest glyphosate citing the precautionary principle. In April 2015 an oat buyer in Western Canada ann... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
The group issued a report that stated glyphosate was detected in Germany's 14 most popular beers, ranging from 0.46 to 29.74 micrograms per liter, noting that the German government limit for glyphosate in drinking water is 0.1 microgram per liter. However, the German government's Federal Institute for Risk Assessment m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Separately, in 2020 scientists from the Max Rubner-Institut published a study about correlations between trace levels of glyphosate in human urine with consumption of various food types. They found no relationship between traces of glyphosate and the consumption of beer. Neither did they find an association with bread,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
The lateral line, also called the lateral line organ (LLO), is a system of sensory organs found in fish, used to detect movement, vibration, and pressure gradients in the surrounding water. The sensory ability is achieved via modified epithelial cells, known as hair cells, which respond to displacement caused by motion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
The lateral line system allows the detection of movement, vibration, and pressure gradients in the water surrounding an animal. It plays an essential role in orientation, predation, and fish schooling by providing spatial awareness and the ability to navigate in the environment. Analysis has shown that the lateral line... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
Blinded predatory fishes remain able to hunt, but not when lateral line function is inhibited by cobalt ions.The lateral line plays a role in fish schooling. Blinded Pollachius virens were able to integrate into a school, whereas fish with severed lateral lines could not. It may have evolved further to allow fish to fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
In Mexican blind cave fish, Astyanax mexicanus, neuromasts in and around the orbit of the eye are bigger and around twice as sensitive as those of surface-living fish.One function of schooling may be to confuse the lateral line of predatory fishes. A single prey fish creates a simple particle velocity pattern, whereas ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
Lateral lines are usually visible as faint lines of pores running along each side of a fish's body. The functional units of the lateral line are the neuromasts, discrete mechanoreceptive organs that sense movement in water. There are two main varieties: canal neuromasts and superficial neuromasts. Superficial neuromast... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
Each neuromast consists of receptive hair cells whose tips are covered by a flexible jellylike cupula. Hair cells typically possess both glutamatergic afferent connections and cholinergic efferent connections. The receptive hair cells are modified epithelial cells; they typically possess bundles of 40-50 microvilli "ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
The hair cells are stimulated by the deflection of their hair bundles in the direction of the tallest "hairs" or stereocilia. The deflection allows cations to enter through a mechanically gated channel, causing depolarization or hyperpolarization of the hair cell. Depolarization opens Cav1.3 calcium channels in the bas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
As mechanical motion is transmitted through water to the neuromast, the cupula bends and is displaced according to the strength of the stimulus. This results in a shift in the cell's ionic permeability. Deflection towards the longest hair results in depolarization of the hair cell, increased neurotransmitter release at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
Deflection towards the shorter hair has the opposite effect, hyperpolarizing the hair cell and producing a decreased rate of neurotransmitter release. These electrical impulses are then transmitted along afferent lateral neurons to the brain.While both varieties of neuromasts utilize this method of transduction, their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
Superficial organs are exposed more directly to the external environment. The organization of the bundles within their organs is seemingly haphazard, incorporating various shapes and sizes of microvilli within bundles. This suggests coarse but wide-ranging detection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
In contrast, the structure of canal organs allow canal neuromasts more sophisticated mechanoreception, such as of pressure differentials. As current moves across the pores, a pressure differential is created, inducing a flow in the canal fluid. This moves the cupulae of the neuromasts in the canal, resulting in a defle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
The mechanoreceptive hair cells of the lateral line structure are integrated into more complex circuits through their afferent and efferent connections. The synapses that directly participate in the transduction of mechanical information are excitatory afferent connections that utilize glutamate. Species vary in their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
One variety is attuned to collect information about acceleration, at stimulation frequencies between 30 and 200 Hz. The other type obtains information about velocity, and is most receptive to stimulation below 30 Hz. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
The efferent synapses to hair cells are inhibitory and use acetylcholine as a transmitter. They are crucial participants in a corollary discharge system designed to limit self-generated interference. When a fish moves, it creates disturbances in the water that could be detected by the lateral line system, potentially i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
To prevent this, an efferent signal is sent to the hair cell upon motor action, resulting in inhibition which counteracts the excitation resulting from reception of the self-generated stimulation. This allows the fish to detect external stimuli without interference from its own movements.Signals from the hair cells are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
The use of mechanosensitive hairs is homologous to the functioning of hair cells in the auditory and vestibular systems, indicating a close link between these systems. Due to many overlapping functions and their great similarity in ultrastructure and development, the lateral line system and the inner ear of fish are of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
The auditory system detects pressure fluctuations with frequencies above 100 Hz that propagate to the far field as waves.The lateral line system is ancient and basal to the vertebrate clade; it is found in groups of fishes that diverged over 400 million years ago, including the lampreys, cartilaginous fishes, and bony ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
The Metre Convention (French: Convention du Mètre), also known as the Treaty of the Metre, is an international treaty that was signed in Paris on 20 May 1875 by representatives of 17 nations: Argentina, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Peru, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden and Norway, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The governing organs of the BIPM are: The General Conference on Weights and Measures (Conférence générale des poids et mesures or CGPM)—the plenary organ of the BIPM which consists of the delegates of all the contracting governments, and The International Committee for Weights and Measures (Comité international des poi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
In 1921, at the sixth meeting of the CGPM, convention was amended to its scope to other fields in physics. In 1960, at the eleventh meeting of the CGPM, its system of units was named the International System of Units (Système international d'unités, abreviateed SI).The Metre Convention provides that only nations can be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
As of 13 January 2020, the CGPM had 62 members and 40 associates. Membership in the CGPM requires payment of substantial fees. Failure to pay these over a span of years has led to expulsion of some former members. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
Before the French Revolution, which started in 1789, French units of measurement were based on the Carolingian system, introduced by the first Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne (800–814 AD) which in turn were based on ancient Roman measures. Charlemagne brought a consistent system of measures across the entire empire. How... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
By the time of the revolution, the number of units of measure had grown to the extent that it was almost impossible to keep track of them. In England in 1215, clause 25 of Magna Carta required that the same standards of measurement be applied throughout the realm. The wording of the clause emphasized that "There is to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
Five centuries later, when in 1707 England and Scotland were united into a single kingdom, the Scots agreed to use the same units of measure that were already established in England. During the eighteenth century, in order to facilitate trade, Peter the Great, Czar of Russia adopted the English system of measure.From 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
One of them, the Toise of Peru was used for the French Geodesic Mission to the Equator. In 1766 the Toise of Peru became the official standard of length in France and was renamed Toise of the Academy (French: Toise de l'Académie). Profusion of units of measures was a practical problem of importance before the French Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
In 1799, after the remeasurement of the Paris meridian arc (French: Méridienne de France) between Dunkirk and Barcelona by Delambre and Mechain, the metre was defined as a quarter of a 10-millionth of the Earth circumference or 3 pieds (French feet) and 11.296 lignes (lines) of the Toise of the Academy. Talleyrand, an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
In 1830 the Congress decided to create uniform standards for length and weight in the United States. Hassler was mandated to work out the new standards and proposed to adopt the metric system. The United States Congress opted for the British Parliamentary Standard Yard of 1758 and the British Troy Pound of 1824 as leng... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
Nevertheless, the primary baseline of the U.S Coast Survey was measured in 1834 at Fire Island using four two-metre iron bars constructed after Hassler's specification in Great Britain and brought back in the United States in 1815. All distances measured in the U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
National Geodetic Survey were referred to the metre. Between 1840 and 1870, a number of countries definitively adopted the metric system as their system of measure including France, Spain, many South American republics and many of the Italian and German states (the Netherlands had adopted the system in 1817). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
In 1863, the International Postal Union used grams to express permitted weights of letters. In 1852 the Spanish Government was urged by the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences to approve the creation of a large-scale map of Spain. The following year Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero was appointed to undertake this task. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
All the scientific and technical material had to be created. Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero and Frutos Saavedra Meneses went to Paris to supervise the production by Brunner of a four metres long measuring instrument which they had devised and which they later compared with Borda's double-toise N°1 which was the main r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The conference recommended the adoption of the metric system (replacing Bessel's toise, a copy of the Toise of Peru made in 1823) and the creation of an International Metre Commission.In the 1860s, inspections of the prototype metre revealed wear and tear at the measuring faces of the bar and also that the bar was wont... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
Although the delegates did meet (without a German delegation), it was agreed that the conference should be recalled once all the delegates (including the German delegation) were present. The International Metre Commission was established in Paris.Following the war, which resulted in Napoleon III's exile, Germany and It... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The principal tasks facing the delegates at the 1875 conference was the replacement of the existing metre and kilogram artefacts that were held by the French Government and the setting up of an organization to administer the maintenance of standards around the globe. The conference did not concern itself with other uni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
Although France lost control of the metric system, they ensured that it passed to international rather than German control and that the international headquarters were in Paris. Spain notably supported France for this outcome and the first president of the International Committee for Weights and Measures, the Spanish g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The conference was called to discuss the maintenance of international standards based on the existing French standards rather than using French standards which, at that time, were 70 years old and which, through wear and tear, might not be exactly the same as when they adopted in 1799. Prior to the 1870 conference, Fre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
Moreover, the new bar, rather than being exactly one metre in length was a little longer than one metre and had lines engraved on them that were exactly one metre apart. The London firm Johnson Matthey delivered 30 prototype metres and 40 prototype kilograms. At the first meeting of the CGPM in 1889 bar No. 6 and cylin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The remainder were either kept as BIPM working copies or distributed by lot to member states as national prototypes.The prototype metre was retained as the international standard until 1960 when the metre was redefined in terms of the wavelength of the orange-red line of krypton-86. The current definition of the metre ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The Convention created an international organization with two governing organs to facilitate the standardization of weights and measures around the world. The first, the CGPM provides a forum for representative of member states, the second, the CIPM is an advisory committee of metrologists of high standing. The Secreta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The General Conference on Weights and Measures (Conférence générale des poids et mesures or CGPM) is the principal decision-making body put on place by the convention. It is made up of delegates from member states and observers from associate states and economies. The conference usually meets every four years to recei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The International Committee for Weights and Measures (Comité international des poids et mesures or CIPM) is made up of eighteen (originally fourteen) individuals from a member state of high scientific standing, nominated by the CGPM to advise the CGPM on administrative and technical matters. It is responsible for the r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The Secretariat of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Bureau international des poids et mesures or BIPM) is based at Saint-Cloud, France. It has custody of the now historical international prototype of the kilogram and provides metrology services for the CGPM and CIPM, and hosts their formal meetings. It... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The original treaty was written in French and the authoritative language of all official documents is French. Communication between the BIPM and member states is, in the case of France, via the French Foreign Minister and in the case of all other members, via the members' ambassador to France.The French government offe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The science of metrology has progressed vastly since 1875. In particular the treaty was amended in 1921 with the result that many other international organizations have a forum within the CIPM to ensure harmonization of measurement standards across many disciplines. In addition, what were originally conceived as standa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The metre convention was originally drawn up with the main purpose of providing standards of length and mass only. Standards relating to other quantities were under the control of other bodies – time was measured by astronomers, electrical units by a series of ad-hoc international conferences, and other physical standa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The 8th CGPM (1933) resolved to work with other international bodies to agree to standards for electrical units that could be related back to the international prototypes. This was agreed in principle by the International Electrotechnical Commission at its congress in Brussels in 1935 subject to the choice of the fourt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
At the same time the CGPM formally adopted a recommendation for the writing and printing of unit symbols and of numbers. The recommendation also catalogued the recommended symbols for the most important MKS and CGS units of measure and for the first time the CGPM made recommendations concerning derived units. The CIPM'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
In the proposal the CIPM recommended that the ampere be the base unit from which electromechanical standards would be derived. After negotiations with the CIS and IUPAP, two further base units, the degree kelvin and the candela were also proposed as base units. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The full system and name "Système international d'unités" were adopted at the 11th CGPM. During the years that followed the definitions of the base units and particularly the mise en pratique to realize these definitions have been refined. The formal definition of International System of Units (SI) along with the assoc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
During the 1940s, the United States government recognized the benefits of its suppliers keeping quality control records in respect of manufactured goods that would provide traceability of the process. This process was formalized by the British Government and in 1979 as the quality control standard BS 5750. In 1987 BS 5... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
At the 20th CGPM (1995), it was recognized that although ad-hoc recognition of instrument calibration between cooperating countries had been taking place for a hundred years, a need had arisen for a more comprehensive agreement. Consequently, the CIPM was mandated to investigate the setting up of a Mutual Recognition A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
Such records would be recorded within an ISO 9000 framework. Four years later, in 1999 the text of the CIPM-MRA was agreed at the 21st CGPM.The CIPM-MRA scheme is to catalogue the capabilities of National Measurement Institutes (NMIs) such as NIST in the United States or the National Physical Laboratory in Britain whos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
A country may have more than one NMI, though only one NMI is chosen as the signatory organization. The measurement capabilities of NMI's will be peer-reviewed at regular intervals and each NMI will recognize the measurement capabilities of other NMIs. The BIPM maintains a publicly available database of the measurement ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
With the advent of the atomic clock it has been possible to define and measure International Atomic Time with sufficient precision that variations in the Earth's rotation can be detected. The International Earth Rotation Service monitors these changes relative to the stars at regular intervals and proposes leap seconds... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
After 1960, when the definition of the metre was linked to a particular wavelength of light rather than the international prototype of the metre, the only unit of measure that remained dependent on a particular artefact was the kilogram. Over the years, small drifts which could be as high as 20×10−9 kilograms per annum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
Independently of this drift having been identified, the Avogadro project and development of the Kibble (or watt) balance promised methods of indirectly measuring mass with a very high precision. These projects provided tools that enabled alternative means of redefining the kilogram.A report published in 2007 by the Con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The CGPM recognizes two classes of membership – full membership for those states that wish to participate in the activities of the BIPM and associate membership for those countries or economies that only wish to participate in the MRA programme. Associate members have observer status at the CGPM. Since all formal liais... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
In April 1884 HJ Chaney, Warden of Standards in London unofficially contacted the BIPM inquiring whether the BIPM would calibrate some metre standards that had been manufactured in Britain. Broch, director of the BIPM replied that he was not authorized to perform any such calibrations for non-member states. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
On 17 September 1884, the British Government signed the convention. This number grew to 21 in 1900, 32 in 1950, and 49 in 2001. As of 13 January 2020, the General Conference membership was made up of 62 member states, 40 associate states and economies and four international organizations as follows (with year of partne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
At its 21st meeting (October 1999), the CGPM created the category of "associate" for those states not yet members of the BIPM and for economic unions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The following international organizations have signed the CIPM MRA: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria (1999) Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Geel, Belgium (1999) World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland (2010) European Space Agency (ESA), Paris, Fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The following former members were excluded from the organization following failure to pay their arrears over a span of years and upon failing to provide any form of payment plan: Cameroon was a member state from 1970 until 22 October 2012. North Korea was a member state from 1982 until 2012 Dominican Republic was a mem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
Revisionist state is a term from power transition theory within the wider field of international relations. It describes states whose objective is to change or put an end to the current system.The term assumes a direct correlation between a state's hegemony, both political and economic, and its standing as either a sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionist_state |
Green River Park (Arabic: حديقة النهر الأخضر) also referred to as Capital Park (Arabic: كابيتال بارك) is set to be a river-like series of large-scale urban parks located in the New Administrative Capital of Egypt. When fully finished, it will span over 35 kilometres (22 mi), and cover a total area of 2,509 hectares (6,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Park_(Egypt) |
In 2016, !melk and EDSA presented their first idea to both Minister of Housing and Urban Development, Madbouly, and Egypt's President, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. In 2018 the final Concept Design was produced by Dar Al Handasah Landscape Architects. The idea was approved and later unveiled by the Urban Development Consortium... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Park_(Egypt) |
The Green River's construction is divided into three phases. To complement and sync with the overall capital building plan, the first phase is divided into three central/capital parks. Each phase and park has its own distinct characteristics. The second and third phases' characteristics are undisclosed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Park_(Egypt) |
The first phase of the Green River (Capital Park) project is divided from east to west into three planning sectors, each of which contains a park with a different focus. All three parks are about 35 kilometres (22 mi) in total and 1,038 acres (420 ha), out of 6,200 acres (2,500 ha). It will extend from the central ring... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Park_(Egypt) |
The initial phase (CP1 | History) is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long with a total area of 386 acres (156 ha). It is considered the sector that simulates the environment, and the one that's in harmony with the factors of nature. CP1 includes more than 250 acres (100 ha) of open areas for picnicking and outdoor activity and w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Park_(Egypt) |
The second phase (CP2 | Sustainability) is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long with a total area of 315 acres (127 ha). This sector is a considered the center for cultural and entertainment activities. CP2 includes more than 240 acres (97 ha) of open areas that will make it a major hub for community and recreational activities.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Park_(Egypt) |
The third phase (CP3 | Civic) is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long with a total area of 318 acres (129 ha). It is the sector that embodies the nature and privacy of public parks, and their close connection with the surroundings. It will include riverfront restaurants, retail shops, a sculpture garden, a ferris wheel, an open ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Park_(Egypt) |
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