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Almonds are also sold as a snack with added salt. In Israel almonds are used as a topping for tahini cookies or eaten as a snack. In Spain Marcona almonds are usually toasted in oil and lightly salted. They are used by Spanish confectioners to prepare a sweet called turrón. In Arabian cuisine, almonds are commonly used as garnishing for Mansaf.Certain natural food stores sell "bitter almonds" or "apricot kernels" labeled as such, requiring significant caution by consumers for how to prepare and eat these products. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almonds can be processed into a milk substitute called almond milk; the nut's soft texture, mild flavor, and light coloring (when skinned) make for an efficient analog to dairy, and a soy-free choice for lactose intolerant people and vegans. Raw, blanched, and lightly toasted almonds work well for different production techniques, some of which are similar to that of soymilk and some of which use no heat, resulting in raw milk. Almond milk, along with almond butter and almond oil, are a versatile products used in both sweet and savoury dishes. In Moroccan cuisine, sharbat billooz is one of the best known beverages, served for weddings, it is made by blending blanched almonds with milk, sugar and other flavorings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almond flour or ground almond meal combined with sugar or honey as marzipan is often used as a gluten-free alternative to wheat flour in cooking and baking.Almonds contain polyphenols in their skins consisting of flavonols, flavan-3-ols, hydroxybenzoic acids and flavanones analogous to those of certain fruits and vegetables. These phenolic compounds and almond skin prebiotic dietary fiber have commercial interest as food additives or dietary supplements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Historically, almond syrup was an emulsion of sweet and bitter almonds, usually made with barley syrup (orgeat syrup) or in a syrup of orange flower water and sugar, often flavored with a synthetic aroma of almonds. Orgeat syrup is an important ingredient in the Mai Tai and many other Tiki drinks.Due to the cyanide found in bitter almonds, modern syrups generally are produced only from sweet almonds. Such syrup products do not contain significant levels of hydrocyanic acid, so are generally considered safe for human consumption. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
Almonds are a rich source of oil, with 50% of kernel dry mass as fat (whole almond nutrition table). In relation to total dry mass of the kernel, almond oil contains 32% monounsaturated oleic acid (an omega-9 fatty acid), 13% linoleic acid (a polyunsaturated omega-6 essential fatty acid), and 10% saturated fatty acid (mainly as palmitic acid). Linolenic acid, a polyunsaturated omega-3 fat, is not present (table). Almond oil is a rich source of vitamin E, providing 261% of the Daily Value per 100 millilitres. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
When almond oil is analyzed separately and expressed per 100 grams as a reference mass, the oil provides 3,700 kJ (884 kcal) of food energy, 8 grams of saturated fat (81% of which is palmitic acid), 70 grams of oleic acid, and 17 grams of linoleic acid (oil table). Oleum amygdalae, the fixed oil, is prepared from either sweet or bitter almonds, and is a glyceryl oleate with a slight odour and a nutty taste. It is almost insoluble in alcohol but readily soluble in chloroform or ether. Almond oil is obtained from the dried kernel of almonds. Sweet almond oil is used as a carrier oil in aromatherapy and cosmetics while bitter almond oil, containing benzaldehyde, is used as a food flavouring and in perfume. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
The almond is highly revered in some cultures. The tree originated in the Middle East. In the Bible, the almond is mentioned ten times, beginning with Genesis 43:11, where it is described as "among the best of fruits". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
In Numbers 17, Levi is chosen from the other tribes of Israel by Aaron's rod, which brought forth almond flowers. The almond blossom supplied a model for the menorah which stood in the Holy Temple, "Three cups, shaped like almond blossoms, were on one branch, with a knob and a flower; and three cups, shaped like almond blossoms, were on the other … on the candlestick itself were four cups, shaped like almond blossoms, with its knobs and flowers" (Exodus 25:33–34; 37:19–20). Many Sephardic Jews give five almonds to each guest before special occasions like weddings.Similarly, Christian symbolism often uses almond branches as a symbol of the virgin birth of Jesus; paintings and icons often include almond-shaped haloes encircling the Christ Child and as a symbol of Mary. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
The word "luz", which appears in Genesis 30:37, sometimes translated as "hazel", may actually be derived from the Aramaic name for almond (Luz), and is translated as such in the New International Version and other versions of the Bible. The Arabic name for almond is لوز "lauz" or "lūz". In some parts of the Levant and North Africa, it is pronounced "loz", which is very close to its Aramaic origin. The Entrance of the flower (La entrada de la flor) is an event celebrated on 1 February in Torrent, Spain, in which the clavarios and members of the Confrerie of the Mother of God deliver a branch of the first-blooming almond-tree to the Virgin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond |
The Romeo and Juliet effect describes the intensification of romantic feelings in relationship when met by parental opposition, as coined by British actor and director Richard Driscoll referencing the protagonists of the William Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet, whose families were opposed to their union. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_effect |
An early review of romantic love in the Western world emphasized the persistent association of obstacles or grave difficulties with the intensity of love, as in William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.In 1972, Richard Driscoll, along with Keith Davis and Milton Lipetz, published results from a longitudinal study on relationships suggesting an underlying truth to such an idea. The results suggest that parental interference in a loving relationship may intensify the feelings of romantic love between members of the couple, at least for a brief span of time. The study interviewed 140 couples, both married and unmarried, via questionnaires and surveys. The researchers measured feelings about the spouse, about their perceived love, spousal trustworthiness, neediness, and parental interference. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_effect |
The couples completed these procedures at a first session and then, around six months to a year later, completed identical surveying sessions to see how their relationships have endured the past months. About 80% of the original participants completed the second session. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_effect |
Only a small portion of the original sample had ended their relationships or gotten divorced. In the results of the overall study, there was found to be an increase in love ratings for one's partner and parental interference. Interference did seem to have other frustrating effects, as it also was associated with decreased trust, increased criticalness, and increased frequency of negative, bothersome behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_effect |
While Driscoll's study has not been replicated, researchers have continued to discuss parental influence on relationship stability. In 1983, Malcolm Parks conducted a study to determine influences of peers and families on relationship involvement, which showed little to no support of Driscoll's previous research. Opposition from the partner's family was not associated with greater emotional attachment. These findings set the path for many other studies on romantic involvement and support systems involvement and approval. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_effect |
In recent years, much focus has been placed around the topic of a "Romeo and Juliet Effect." In 2001, Diane Felmlee found similar findings to Malcolm Parks's study. For instance, perceptions of approval from an individual's friends and approval from a partner's family members reduce the possibility that a relationship will end.Susan Sprecher's study further delved into the subject of the influence of social networks on relationships. It found that individuals from a social network believed that their personal opinions, whether of support or opposition, affected the romantic relationships they had earlier acknowledged as being in their social networks.H. Colleen Sinclair found that friends' approval or disapproval had a great effect on the participants' perception of a potential dating partner. Similarly to the previously discussed studies, Sinclair and colleagues found no significant support for the "Romeo and Juliet Effect." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_effect |
Pre-harvest crop desiccation refers to the application of an agent to a crop just before harvest to kill the leaves and/or plants so that the crop dries out from environmental conditions, or "dry-down", more quickly and evenly. In agriculture, the term desiccant is applied to an agent that promotes dry down, thus the agents used are not chemical desiccants, rather they are herbicides and/or defoliants used to artificially accelerate the drying of plant tissues. Desiccation of crops through the use of herbicides is practiced worldwide on a variety of food and non-food crops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Crop desiccation can improve the efficiency and economics of mechanical harvesting. In grain crops such as wheat, barley and oats, uniformly dried crops do not have to be windrowed (swathed and dried) prior to harvest, but can easily be straight-cut and harvested. This saves the farmer time and money, which is important in northern regions where the growing season is short. In a non-food crop such as cotton, reliance on natural frost may be too late to be effective in some regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Thus leaves that remain on the cotton plant will interfere with mechanical harvesters and stain the white cotton resulting in a lower quality grade; herbicides which cause both defoliation and desiccation reduce these problems.Desiccation can improve the uniformity of a crop. It may correct for uneven crop growth which is a problem in northern climates, during wet summers, or when weed control is poor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Plants that have naturally reached the end of their maturation may be mingled with plants in earlier stages of growth; controlled desiccation evens that out. This also increases uniformity of moisture content in grain, which has positive economic benefits in the storage of the grain and the price of the grain.Desiccation can enhance the ripening of a crop. With sugarcane, for example, glyphosate application increases sucrose concentration before harvest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
With grains, for example, as a consequence of crop plant uniformity as noted above, grain ripeness can be made more uniform through the same process. Several additional advantages of desiccation have been cited: harvest can be conducted earlier; weed control is initiated for a future crop; earlier ripening allows for earlier replanting; desiccation reduces green material in the harvest putting less strain on harvesting machinery. Examples of crops that may be subjected to pre-harvest desiccation include: Cereals/Grains such as barley, oats, rice, sorghum (millet), and wheat Flax Cotton Legumes including beans (common, fava, garbanzos, etc.), lentils, peas, and soybeans Maize (corn) Mustard Oilseed such as canola, linseed, rapeseed, safflower, sunflower, and soy Potato Sugarcane Sunflower | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
In agricultural parlance, desiccation is divided into two distinct groups: "true desiccants" and pre-harvest systemic herbicides. True desiccants are not chemical desiccants, rather they are contact herbicides which kill only the parts of the plant they touch. They induce plant death/defoliation rapidly and dry down occurs within a few days. True desiccants do not often provide good weed control because killing only the top growth may allow plants to begin re-growing again. In contrast, systemic herbicides are absorbed by foliage or roots and translocated to other parts of the plant. They poison metabolism throughout the plant thus the process is slower, with die off and dry down taking up to a couple weeks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Most of these kinds of contact herbicides are cell membrane disruptors that are either "PPO inhibitors" or "Photosystem I inhibitors." Plant cells have chloroplasts, which contain the protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) enzyme complex. PPO inhibitors poison that enzyme, causing a build up of Protoporphyrin IX (Proto). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Normally Proto is present in very low amounts, but when there is too much Proto it interacts with light to form singlet oxygen radicals (1O2). These interact with the fatty acids of membranes, causing disruption of membrane integrity and leakage of cell contents. The plants soon begin to wilt and quickly dry out in the sun. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Plants can burn within hours of exposure to these herbicides. In contrast, Photosystem I inhibitors such as Diquat and paraquat work by entering plant cells and immediately diverting electrons away from photosynthetic chain, poisoning photosynthesis. In addition, hydroxyl radicals (•OH) are formed which interact with the fatty acids of membranes, causing disruption of membranes, leakage, plant wilting, and drying out in the sun.Contact herbicides used for desiccation include: carfentrazone-ethyl, cyclanilide, diquat, endothall, glufosinate, paraquat, pelargonic acid / ammonium nonanoate, pyraflufen-ethyl, saflufenacil, sodium chlorate, thidiazuron, and tribufos. The most common and widely used contact desiccant is diquat (Reglone®). For potatoes, sulfuric acid is sometimes used as a non-herbicide chemical desiccating agent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Glyphosate (Roundup®) is the principal pre-harvest systemic herbicide used for desiccation of a wide variety of crops. As a systemic herbicide it is not a true desiccant as it can take weeks rather than days for the crop to die back and dry out after application.Glyphosate works by poisoning the shikimate pathway which is found in plants and microorganisms but not in animals. Specifically, it inhibits the EPSP synthase enzyme which is required for plants to make certain amino acids. Without these, metabolism in the plant collapses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
In addition, shikimate accumulates in plant tissues and diverts energy and resources away from other processes, eventually killing the plant over a period of days to weeks. In the UK, glyphosate began to be applied to wheat crops in the 1980s to control perennial weeds such as common couch which was very effective and meant that sowing of the next crop could occur sooner. Use as a harvest aid in the UK increased after the introduction of strobilurin fungicides which prolong the longevity of the leaves, and by 2002, 12% of UK wheat crops were treated in this way.The timing of application is crucial as the moisture content of the grain must be below 30% for the yield of the crop to be unaffected and to minimize uptake of glyphosate by the grain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Yield may be affected and residues increased if applications are made to uneven fields in which some areas have a moisture content over 30%. Although used in weed-free and evenly maturing crops with the aim of reducing the grain moisture content more rapidly to hasten the harvest, there is little or no advantage in doing so.The application of glyphosate differs between regions and countries significantly. In North America, for example, its use on wheat crops is uncommon in the United States but more common in Canada which has a colder climate and shorter growing season. In the UK where summers are wet and crops may ripen unevenly 78% of oilseed rape is desiccated before harvest, but only 4% in Germany. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Herbicide residue in food has been raised as a concern. Residue quantities are regulated by Codex Alimentarius of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.In July 2013 Austria banned the use of pre-harvest glyphosate citing the precautionary principle. In April 2015 an oat buyer in Western Canada announced that it was refusing oats in which pre-harvest glyphosate had been used.Glyphosate was found in 5–15% of cereal crop samples tested in the UK between 2000 and 2004, although never exceeding the Maximum Residue Level of 20 mg/kg. A survey of British wheat in 2006-2008 found average levels of 0.05–0.22 mg/kg with maximum levels of 1.2 mg/kg.Evidence that traces of glyphosate used on crops could make its way into a final, processed food product was raised in 2016 by a German environmental group, Munich Environmental Institute (note that this example does not distinguish between specific crop desiccation use and general use). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
The group issued a report that stated glyphosate was detected in Germany's 14 most popular beers, ranging from 0.46 to 29.74 micrograms per liter, noting that the German government limit for glyphosate in drinking water is 0.1 microgram per liter. However, the German government's Federal Institute for Risk Assessment made an official comment that those levels did not pose a risk to consumer's health, emphasizing that “An adult would have to drink around 1,000 liters (264 U.S. gallons) of beer a day to ingest enough quantities to be harmful for health.” An industry group, Brauer-Bund Beer Association, asserted that the results weren't credible because of insufficient sampling and that its own monitoring system for malt never detected glyphosate levels above maximum permitted levels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
Separately, in 2020 scientists from the Max Rubner-Institut published a study about correlations between trace levels of glyphosate in human urine with consumption of various food types. They found no relationship between traces of glyphosate and the consumption of beer. Neither did they find an association with bread, honey, mushroom, and soy products but there was a correlation with pulses (legumes). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_desiccation |
The lateral line, also called the lateral line organ (LLO), is a system of sensory organs found in fish, used to detect movement, vibration, and pressure gradients in the surrounding water. The sensory ability is achieved via modified epithelial cells, known as hair cells, which respond to displacement caused by motion and transduce these signals into electrical impulses via excitatory synapses. Lateral lines play an important role in schooling behavior, predation, and orientation. Early in the evolution of fish, some of the sensory organs of the lateral line were modified to function as the electroreceptors called ampullae of Lorenzini. The lateral line system is ancient and basal to the vertebrate clade, as it is found in fishes that diverged over 400 million years ago. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
The lateral line system allows the detection of movement, vibration, and pressure gradients in the water surrounding an animal. It plays an essential role in orientation, predation, and fish schooling by providing spatial awareness and the ability to navigate in the environment. Analysis has shown that the lateral line system should be an effective passive sensing system able to discriminate between submerged obstacles by their shape. The lateral line allows fish to navigate and hunt in water with poor visibility.The lateral line system enables predatory fishes to detect vibrations made by their prey, and to orient towards the source to begin predatory action. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
Blinded predatory fishes remain able to hunt, but not when lateral line function is inhibited by cobalt ions.The lateral line plays a role in fish schooling. Blinded Pollachius virens were able to integrate into a school, whereas fish with severed lateral lines could not. It may have evolved further to allow fish to forage in dark caves. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
In Mexican blind cave fish, Astyanax mexicanus, neuromasts in and around the orbit of the eye are bigger and around twice as sensitive as those of surface-living fish.One function of schooling may be to confuse the lateral line of predatory fishes. A single prey fish creates a simple particle velocity pattern, whereas the pressure gradients of many closely swimming (schooling) prey fish overlap, creating a complex pattern. This makes it difficult for predatory fishes to identify individual prey through lateral line perception. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
Lateral lines are usually visible as faint lines of pores running along each side of a fish's body. The functional units of the lateral line are the neuromasts, discrete mechanoreceptive organs that sense movement in water. There are two main varieties: canal neuromasts and superficial neuromasts. Superficial neuromasts are on the surface of the body, while canal neuromasts are along the lateral lines in subdermal, fluid-filled canals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
Each neuromast consists of receptive hair cells whose tips are covered by a flexible jellylike cupula. Hair cells typically possess both glutamatergic afferent connections and cholinergic efferent connections. The receptive hair cells are modified epithelial cells; they typically possess bundles of 40-50 microvilli "hairs" which function as the mechanoreceptors. Within each bundle, the hairs are organized in a rough "staircase" from shortest to longest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
The hair cells are stimulated by the deflection of their hair bundles in the direction of the tallest "hairs" or stereocilia. The deflection allows cations to enter through a mechanically gated channel, causing depolarization or hyperpolarization of the hair cell. Depolarization opens Cav1.3 calcium channels in the basolateral membrane.Hair cells use a system of transduction with rate coding to transmit the directionality of a stimulus. The hair cells produce a constant, tonic rate of firing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
As mechanical motion is transmitted through water to the neuromast, the cupula bends and is displaced according to the strength of the stimulus. This results in a shift in the cell's ionic permeability. Deflection towards the longest hair results in depolarization of the hair cell, increased neurotransmitter release at the excitatory afferent synapse, and a higher rate of signal transduction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
Deflection towards the shorter hair has the opposite effect, hyperpolarizing the hair cell and producing a decreased rate of neurotransmitter release. These electrical impulses are then transmitted along afferent lateral neurons to the brain.While both varieties of neuromasts utilize this method of transduction, their specialized organization gives them different mechanoreceptive capacities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
Superficial organs are exposed more directly to the external environment. The organization of the bundles within their organs is seemingly haphazard, incorporating various shapes and sizes of microvilli within bundles. This suggests coarse but wide-ranging detection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
In contrast, the structure of canal organs allow canal neuromasts more sophisticated mechanoreception, such as of pressure differentials. As current moves across the pores, a pressure differential is created, inducing a flow in the canal fluid. This moves the cupulae of the neuromasts in the canal, resulting in a deflection of the hairs in the direction of the flow. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
The mechanoreceptive hair cells of the lateral line structure are integrated into more complex circuits through their afferent and efferent connections. The synapses that directly participate in the transduction of mechanical information are excitatory afferent connections that utilize glutamate. Species vary in their neuromast and afferent connections, providing differing mechanoreceptive properties. For instance, the superficial neuromasts of the midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus, are sensitive to specific stimulation frequencies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
One variety is attuned to collect information about acceleration, at stimulation frequencies between 30 and 200 Hz. The other type obtains information about velocity, and is most receptive to stimulation below 30 Hz. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
The efferent synapses to hair cells are inhibitory and use acetylcholine as a transmitter. They are crucial participants in a corollary discharge system designed to limit self-generated interference. When a fish moves, it creates disturbances in the water that could be detected by the lateral line system, potentially interfering with the detection of other biologically relevant signals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
To prevent this, an efferent signal is sent to the hair cell upon motor action, resulting in inhibition which counteracts the excitation resulting from reception of the self-generated stimulation. This allows the fish to detect external stimuli without interference from its own movements.Signals from the hair cells are transmitted along lateral neurons to the brain. The area where these signals most often terminate is the medial octavolateralis nucleus (MON), which probably processes and integrates mechanoreceptive information. The deep MON contains distinct layers of basilar and non-basilar crest cells, suggesting computational pathways analogous to the electrosensory lateral line lobe of electric fish. The MON is likely involved in the integration of excitatory and inhibitory parallel circuits to interpret mechanoreceptive information. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
The use of mechanosensitive hairs is homologous to the functioning of hair cells in the auditory and vestibular systems, indicating a close link between these systems. Due to many overlapping functions and their great similarity in ultrastructure and development, the lateral line system and the inner ear of fish are often grouped together as the octavolateralis system (OLS). Here, the lateral line system detects particle velocities and accelerations with frequencies below 100 Hz. These low frequencies create large wavelengths, which induce strong particle accelerations in the near field of swimming fish that do not radiate into the far field as acoustic waves due to an acoustic short circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
The auditory system detects pressure fluctuations with frequencies above 100 Hz that propagate to the far field as waves.The lateral line system is ancient and basal to the vertebrate clade; it is found in groups of fishes that diverged over 400 million years ago, including the lampreys, cartilaginous fishes, and bony fishes. Most amphibian larvae and some fully aquatic adult amphibians possess mechanosensitive systems comparable to the lateral line. The terrestrial tetrapods have secondarily lost their lateral line organs, which are ineffective when not submerged.The electroreceptive organs, called ampullae of Lorenzini, appearing as pits in the skin of sharks and some other fishes, evolved from the lateral line organ. Passive electroreception using ampullae is an ancestral trait in the vertebrates, meaning that it was present in their last common ancestor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line |
The Metre Convention (French: Convention du Mètre), also known as the Treaty of the Metre, is an international treaty that was signed in Paris on 20 May 1875 by representatives of 17 nations: Argentina, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Peru, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, Ottoman Empire, United States of America, and Venezuela. The treaty created the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), an intergovernmental organization, under the authority of the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) and the supervision of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM). These organizations coordinate international metrology and the development of internationally recognized systems of measurement. The Metre Convention established a permanent organizational structure for member governments to act in common accord on all matters relating to units of measurement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The governing organs of the BIPM are: The General Conference on Weights and Measures (Conférence générale des poids et mesures or CGPM)—the plenary organ of the BIPM which consists of the delegates of all the contracting governments, and The International Committee for Weights and Measures (Comité international des poids et mesures or CIPM)—the direction and supervision organ composed of 18 prominent metrologists from 18 different member statesThe headquarters or secretariat of the BIPM is at Saint-Cloud, France. It employs around 70 people and hosts BIPM's formal meetings. Initially the scope of the Metre Convention covered only units of mass and length. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
In 1921, at the sixth meeting of the CGPM, convention was amended to its scope to other fields in physics. In 1960, at the eleventh meeting of the CGPM, its system of units was named the International System of Units (Système international d'unités, abreviateed SI).The Metre Convention provides that only nations can be members of the BIPM. In 1999, the CGPM created in the status of associate, to enable non-member states and economic entities can participate in some activities of the BIPM through their national metrology institutes (NMIs). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
As of 13 January 2020, the CGPM had 62 members and 40 associates. Membership in the CGPM requires payment of substantial fees. Failure to pay these over a span of years has led to expulsion of some former members. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
Before the French Revolution, which started in 1789, French units of measurement were based on the Carolingian system, introduced by the first Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne (800–814 AD) which in turn were based on ancient Roman measures. Charlemagne brought a consistent system of measures across the entire empire. However, after his death, the empire fragmented and many rulers introduced their own variants of the units of measure. Some of Charlemagne's units of measure, such as the pied du Roi (the king's foot) remained virtually unchanged for about a thousand years, while others, such as the aune (ell – used to measure cloth) and the livre (pound) varied dramatically from locality to locality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
By the time of the revolution, the number of units of measure had grown to the extent that it was almost impossible to keep track of them. In England in 1215, clause 25 of Magna Carta required that the same standards of measurement be applied throughout the realm. The wording of the clause emphasized that "There is to be a single measure ... throughout our realm". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
Five centuries later, when in 1707 England and Scotland were united into a single kingdom, the Scots agreed to use the same units of measure that were already established in England. During the eighteenth century, in order to facilitate trade, Peter the Great, Czar of Russia adopted the English system of measure.From 1668 to 1776 the French standard of length was the Toise of Châtelet which was fixed outside the Grand Châtelet in Paris. In 1735 two geodetic standards were calibrated against the Toise of Châtelet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
One of them, the Toise of Peru was used for the French Geodesic Mission to the Equator. In 1766 the Toise of Peru became the official standard of length in France and was renamed Toise of the Academy (French: Toise de l'Académie). Profusion of units of measures was a practical problem of importance before the French Revolution and its reform was one of the items on the agenda of National Assembly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
In 1799, after the remeasurement of the Paris meridian arc (French: Méridienne de France) between Dunkirk and Barcelona by Delambre and Mechain, the metre was defined as a quarter of a 10-millionth of the Earth circumference or 3 pieds (French feet) and 11.296 lignes (lines) of the Toise of the Academy. Talleyrand, an influential leader of the Assembly invited British and American participation in the establishment of a new system, but in the event, the Assembly went it alone and introduced the metre and the kilogram which were to form the basis of the metric system, manufacturing prototypes which, in 1799, were lodged with Archives.The Helvetic Republic adopted the metric system in 1803. In 1805, a Swiss immigrant Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler brought copies of the French metre and kilogram in the United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
In 1830 the Congress decided to create uniform standards for length and weight in the United States. Hassler was mandated to work out the new standards and proposed to adopt the metric system. The United States Congress opted for the British Parliamentary Standard Yard of 1758 and the British Troy Pound of 1824 as length and weight standards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
Nevertheless, the primary baseline of the U.S Coast Survey was measured in 1834 at Fire Island using four two-metre iron bars constructed after Hassler's specification in Great Britain and brought back in the United States in 1815. All distances measured in the U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
National Geodetic Survey were referred to the metre. Between 1840 and 1870, a number of countries definitively adopted the metric system as their system of measure including France, Spain, many South American republics and many of the Italian and German states (the Netherlands had adopted the system in 1817). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
In 1863, the International Postal Union used grams to express permitted weights of letters. In 1852 the Spanish Government was urged by the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences to approve the creation of a large-scale map of Spain. The following year Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero was appointed to undertake this task. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
All the scientific and technical material had to be created. Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero and Frutos Saavedra Meneses went to Paris to supervise the production by Brunner of a four metres long measuring instrument which they had devised and which they later compared with Borda's double-toise N°1 which was the main reference for measuring all geodetic bases in France and whose length was 3.8980732 metres. In 1867 at the second General Conference of the International Association of Geodesy (German: Europäische Gradmessung) held in Berlin, the question of international standard of length was discussed in order to combine the measurements made in different countries to determine the size and shape of the earth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The conference recommended the adoption of the metric system (replacing Bessel's toise, a copy of the Toise of Peru made in 1823) and the creation of an International Metre Commission.In the 1860s, inspections of the prototype metre revealed wear and tear at the measuring faces of the bar and also that the bar was wont to flex slightly when in use. In view of the doubts being cast on the reproducibility of the metre and the kilogram and the threat that a rival standard might be set up, Napoleon III invited scientists from all the world's nations to attend a conference in Paris. In July 1870, two weeks before the conference was due to start, the Franco-Prussian War broke out. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
Although the delegates did meet (without a German delegation), it was agreed that the conference should be recalled once all the delegates (including the German delegation) were present. The International Metre Commission was established in Paris.Following the war, which resulted in Napoleon III's exile, Germany and Italy, now unified nations, adopted the metric system as their national system of units, but with the prototype copy of the kilogram and metre under the control of the Third French Republic. In 1872 the new republican government reissued the invitations and in 1875 scientists from thirty European and American countries met in Paris. This same year, the International Association of Geodesy held its General Conference in Paris and decided the creation of an international geodetic standard for baselines' measurement, calibrated against the metre. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The principal tasks facing the delegates at the 1875 conference was the replacement of the existing metre and kilogram artefacts that were held by the French Government and the setting up of an organization to administer the maintenance of standards around the globe. The conference did not concern itself with other units of measure. The conference had undertones of Franco-German political manoeuvring, particularly since the French had been humiliated by the Prussians during the war a few years previously. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
Although France lost control of the metric system, they ensured that it passed to international rather than German control and that the international headquarters were in Paris. Spain notably supported France for this outcome and the first president of the International Committee for Weights and Measures, the Spanish geodesist, Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero received the Grand Officer medal of the Légion d'Honneur for his diplomatic role on this issue and was awarded the Poncelet Prize for his scientific contribution to metrology. Indeed, as Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero was collaborating with the French on the Paris meridian arc (West Europe-Africa Meridian-arc) remeasurement since 1853, and was president of both the Permanent Committee of the International Metre Commission since 1872 and the Permanent Commission of the International Association of Geodesy since 1874, he was to play a pivotal role in reconciling French and German interests. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The conference was called to discuss the maintenance of international standards based on the existing French standards rather than using French standards which, at that time, were 70 years old and which, through wear and tear, might not be exactly the same as when they adopted in 1799. Prior to the 1870 conference, French politicians had feared that the world community might reject the existing metre as it was 0.03% (300 µm) shorter than its design length, ordering a new meridional measurement. They were eventually reassured when the German-born Swiss delegate Adolphe Hirsch said "no serious scientist would in our day and age contemplate a metre deduced from the size of the earth". When the conference was reconvened in 1875, it was proposed that new prototype metre and kilogram standards be manufactured to reproduce the values of the existing artifacts as closely as possible.Although the new standard metre had the same value as the old metre, it had an "X" cross-section rather than a rectangular cross-section as this reduced the flexing when taking measurements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
Moreover, the new bar, rather than being exactly one metre in length was a little longer than one metre and had lines engraved on them that were exactly one metre apart. The London firm Johnson Matthey delivered 30 prototype metres and 40 prototype kilograms. At the first meeting of the CGPM in 1889 bar No. 6 and cylinder No. X were chosen by lot as the international prototypes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The remainder were either kept as BIPM working copies or distributed by lot to member states as national prototypes.The prototype metre was retained as the international standard until 1960 when the metre was redefined in terms of the wavelength of the orange-red line of krypton-86. The current definition of the metre is "the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299792458 of a second". On 16 November 2018, the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) voted unanimously in favour of revised definitions of some SI base units, in particular the kilogram. The new definitions came into force on 20 May 2019, but do not change the metre. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The Convention created an international organization with two governing organs to facilitate the standardization of weights and measures around the world. The first, the CGPM provides a forum for representative of member states, the second, the CIPM is an advisory committee of metrologists of high standing. The Secretariat or Headquarters provides appropriate meeting and laboratory facilities in support of the CGPM and CIPM.The structure may be compared to a corporation. The CIPM is the board of directors, and the CGPM is the shareholders' meeting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The General Conference on Weights and Measures (Conférence générale des poids et mesures or CGPM) is the principal decision-making body put on place by the convention. It is made up of delegates from member states and observers from associate states and economies. The conference usually meets every four years to receive and discuss a report from the CIPM and to endorse new developments in the SI on the advice of the CIPM though at the 2011 meeting, it agreed to meet again in 2014 rather than 2015 to discuss the maturity of the new SI proposals. It is also responsible for new appointments to the CIPM and decides on major issues concerning the development and financing of the BIPM. According to the Metre Convention (Art. 4) the President of the French Academy of Sciences is also the President of the General Conference on Weights and Measures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The International Committee for Weights and Measures (Comité international des poids et mesures or CIPM) is made up of eighteen (originally fourteen) individuals from a member state of high scientific standing, nominated by the CGPM to advise the CGPM on administrative and technical matters. It is responsible for the running of ten consultative committees (CCs), each of which investigates different aspects of metrology – one CC discusses the measurement of temperature, another the measurement of mass and so on. The CIPM meets annually at Saint-Cloud to discuss annual reports from the various CCs, to submit an annual report to the governments of member states in respect of the administration and finances of the BIPM and to advise the CGPM on technical matters as and when necessary. Each member of the CIPM is from a different member state – with France, in recognition of its work in setting up the convention, always having one seat on the CIPM. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The Secretariat of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Bureau international des poids et mesures or BIPM) is based at Saint-Cloud, France. It has custody of the now historical international prototype of the kilogram and provides metrology services for the CGPM and CIPM, and hosts their formal meetings. It also has custody of the former international prototype of the metre which was retired in 1960. Over the years the various prototypes of the metre and of the kilogram were returned to BIPM headquarters for recalibration services. Initially it had a staff of 9, falling to 4 once the initial batch of prototypes had been distributed; in 2012 it had a staff of over 70 people and an annual budget of over €10 million. The director of the BIPM is ex-officio a member of the CIPM and a member of all consultative committees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The original treaty was written in French and the authoritative language of all official documents is French. Communication between the BIPM and member states is, in the case of France, via the French Foreign Minister and in the case of all other members, via the members' ambassador to France.The French government offered the treaty members the Pavillon de Breteuil in Saint-Cloud to house the BIPM. The Pavillon was originally built in 1675 on the estate of the Château de Saint-Cloud which was home to, amongst others, Emperor Napoleon III. The château was all but destroyed during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1) and the Pavillon badly damaged. The Pavillon has been fully restored and, as headquarters of an intergovernmental organization enjoys privileges and immunities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The science of metrology has progressed vastly since 1875. In particular the treaty was amended in 1921 with the result that many other international organizations have a forum within the CIPM to ensure harmonization of measurement standards across many disciplines. In addition, what were originally conceived as standards for the purposes of trade have now been extended to cover a large number of aspects of human activity including medicine, science, engineering and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The metre convention was originally drawn up with the main purpose of providing standards of length and mass only. Standards relating to other quantities were under the control of other bodies – time was measured by astronomers, electrical units by a series of ad-hoc international conferences, and other physical standards and concepts were maintained or defined by international bodies such as International Congress of Applied Chemistry or the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. In 1901 Giorgi published a proposal for building a coherent set of units based on four base units – the metre, kilogram, second and one electrical unit (ampere, volt or ohm). In 1921 the convention was extended to permit the promotion of standards relating to any physical quantity which greatly increased the scope of the CIPM's remit and implicitly giving it freedom to exploit Giorgi's proposals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The 8th CGPM (1933) resolved to work with other international bodies to agree to standards for electrical units that could be related back to the international prototypes. This was agreed in principle by the International Electrotechnical Commission at its congress in Brussels in 1935 subject to the choice of the fourth unit being agreed with, amongst others, the appropriate consultative committee of the CIPM.In 1948, three years after the end of the Second World War and fifteen years after the 8th CGPM, the 9th CGPM was convened. In response to formal requests made by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics and by the French Government to establish a practical system of units of measure, the CGPM requested the CIPM to prepare recommendations for a single practical system of units of measurement, suitable for adoption by all countries adhering to the Metre Convention. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
At the same time the CGPM formally adopted a recommendation for the writing and printing of unit symbols and of numbers. The recommendation also catalogued the recommended symbols for the most important MKS and CGS units of measure and for the first time the CGPM made recommendations concerning derived units. The CIPM's draft proposal, which was an extensive revision and simplification of the metric unit definitions, symbols and terminology based on the MKS system of units, was put to the 10th CGPM in 1954. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
In the proposal the CIPM recommended that the ampere be the base unit from which electromechanical standards would be derived. After negotiations with the CIS and IUPAP, two further base units, the degree kelvin and the candela were also proposed as base units. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The full system and name "Système international d'unités" were adopted at the 11th CGPM. During the years that followed the definitions of the base units and particularly the mise en pratique to realize these definitions have been refined. The formal definition of International System of Units (SI) along with the associated resolutions passed by the CGPM and the CIPM are published by the BIPM on the Internet and in brochure form at regular intervals. The eighth edition of the brochure Le Système international d'unités – The International System of Units was published in 2006. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
During the 1940s, the United States government recognized the benefits of its suppliers keeping quality control records in respect of manufactured goods that would provide traceability of the process. This process was formalized by the British Government and in 1979 as the quality control standard BS 5750. In 1987 BS 5750 was adopted by ISO as the basis for ISO 9000. ISO 9000 is a general purpose quality control standard which works in conjunction industry-specific standards: for example ISO 15195:2003 which gives the specific requirements for reference measurement laboratories in laboratory medicine.International trade is hampered by one country not recognising the quality controls in place in other countries – often due to standards being different or being incompatible with each other. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
At the 20th CGPM (1995), it was recognized that although ad-hoc recognition of instrument calibration between cooperating countries had been taking place for a hundred years, a need had arisen for a more comprehensive agreement. Consequently, the CIPM was mandated to investigate the setting up of a Mutual Recognition Agreement in respect of instrument calibration. Any such agreement would require the keeping of records that could demonstrate the traceability of calibrations back to the base standards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
Such records would be recorded within an ISO 9000 framework. Four years later, in 1999 the text of the CIPM-MRA was agreed at the 21st CGPM.The CIPM-MRA scheme is to catalogue the capabilities of National Measurement Institutes (NMIs) such as NIST in the United States or the National Physical Laboratory in Britain whose calibration procedures have been peer-assessed. The essential points of CIPM-MRA are: The agreement is only open to countries that have signed the Metre Convention, either as full or as associate members. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
A country may have more than one NMI, though only one NMI is chosen as the signatory organization. The measurement capabilities of NMI's will be peer-reviewed at regular intervals and each NMI will recognize the measurement capabilities of other NMIs. The BIPM maintains a publicly available database of the measurement capabilities of each NMI. NMI'sSubsequent to launch of the CIPM MRA and in response to a European Community directive on in vitro medical devices, the Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM) was created in 2002 through a Declaration of Cooperation between the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM), the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC), and the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC). The joint committee provides a forum for the harmonization of standards of the various participants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
With the advent of the atomic clock it has been possible to define and measure International Atomic Time with sufficient precision that variations in the Earth's rotation can be detected. The International Earth Rotation Service monitors these changes relative to the stars at regular intervals and proposes leap seconds as and when these are needed. Currently there are over 200 atomic clocks in over 50 national laboratories around the world and the BIPM, in terms of the mandate given to it under the Metre Convention, coordinates the various atomic clocks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
After 1960, when the definition of the metre was linked to a particular wavelength of light rather than the international prototype of the metre, the only unit of measure that remained dependent on a particular artefact was the kilogram. Over the years, small drifts which could be as high as 20×10−9 kilograms per annum in the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram were detected. At the 21st meeting of the CGPM (1999), national laboratories were urged to investigate ways of breaking the link between the kilogram and a specific artefact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
Independently of this drift having been identified, the Avogadro project and development of the Kibble (or watt) balance promised methods of indirectly measuring mass with a very high precision. These projects provided tools that enabled alternative means of redefining the kilogram.A report published in 2007 by the Consultative Committee for Thermometry to the CIPM noted that their definition of temperature had proved to be unsatisfactory for temperatures below 20 K and for temperatures above 1300 K. The committee was of the view that the Boltzmann constant provided a better basis for temperature measurement than did the triple point of water, as it overcame these difficulties.Over the next few years the support for natural constants grew and details were clarified, until in November 2018, the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures voted unanimously in favour of revised definitions of the SI base units. The 2019 redefinition of the SI base units came into force on the 144th anniversary of the convention, 20 May 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The CGPM recognizes two classes of membership – full membership for those states that wish to participate in the activities of the BIPM and associate membership for those countries or economies that only wish to participate in the MRA programme. Associate members have observer status at the CGPM. Since all formal liaison between the convention organizations and national governments is handled by the member state's ambassador to France, it is implicit that member states must have diplomatic relations with France, though during both world wars, nations that were at war with France retained their membership of the CGPM. The opening session of each CGPM is chaired by the French foreign minister and subsequent sessions by the president of the French Academy of Sciences.On 20 May 1875 representatives from seventeen of countries that attended the Conference of the Metre in 1875, signed the Convention of the Metre. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
In April 1884 HJ Chaney, Warden of Standards in London unofficially contacted the BIPM inquiring whether the BIPM would calibrate some metre standards that had been manufactured in Britain. Broch, director of the BIPM replied that he was not authorized to perform any such calibrations for non-member states. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
On 17 September 1884, the British Government signed the convention. This number grew to 21 in 1900, 32 in 1950, and 49 in 2001. As of 13 January 2020, the General Conference membership was made up of 62 member states, 40 associate states and economies and four international organizations as follows (with year of partnership between brackets): | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
At its 21st meeting (October 1999), the CGPM created the category of "associate" for those states not yet members of the BIPM and for economic unions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The following international organizations have signed the CIPM MRA: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria (1999) Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Geel, Belgium (1999) World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland (2010) European Space Agency (ESA), Paris, France (2012) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
The following former members were excluded from the organization following failure to pay their arrears over a span of years and upon failing to provide any form of payment plan: Cameroon was a member state from 1970 until 22 October 2012. North Korea was a member state from 1982 until 2012 Dominican Republic was a member state from 1954 until 31 December 2014. Venezuela was a member state from 1879 until 14 November 2018. Yemen was an associate from 21 July 2014 until 1 January 2018. Zimbabwe was an associate from 14 September 2010 until 1 January 2021. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_Convention |
Revisionist state is a term from power transition theory within the wider field of international relations. It describes states whose objective is to change or put an end to the current system.The term assumes a direct correlation between a state's hegemony, both political and economic, and its standing as either a status quo state or a revisionist state. Powerful and influential nations in international relations such as the United Kingdom, France and other nations like Japan that are better placed in the world order, are likely to fall under the category of status quo states while Russia, North Korea, Iran and other nations dissatisfied with their place in the international system are termed revisionist states. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionist_state |
Green River Park (Arabic: حديقة النهر الأخضر) also referred to as Capital Park (Arabic: كابيتال بارك) is set to be a river-like series of large-scale urban parks located in the New Administrative Capital of Egypt. When fully finished, it will span over 35 kilometres (22 mi), and cover a total area of 2,509 hectares (6,200 acres), making it six times the size of Central Park in New York City.The Prime Minister of Egypt, Mostafa Madbouly, stated that all 20 neighborhoods in the new capital will be linked to the Green River, which is meant to mimic the Nile River's passage through the middle of Cairo.The Green River focuses on attracting investments, as planned, the park should generate 300,000 new employment opportunities, as well as boost Egypt's economic growth, as the park will be accepting a capacity of 370,000 visitors/day. It is planned to be the longest green hub in the world. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Park_(Egypt) |
In 2016, !melk and EDSA presented their first idea to both Minister of Housing and Urban Development, Madbouly, and Egypt's President, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. In 2018 the final Concept Design was produced by Dar Al Handasah Landscape Architects. The idea was approved and later unveiled by the Urban Development Consortium and the government to the public.In January 2019, Egyptian Prime Minister Mostafa Madbouly said that Egypt officially launched the first phase of construction of the Green River project designed by Dar. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Park_(Egypt) |
The Green River's construction is divided into three phases. To complement and sync with the overall capital building plan, the first phase is divided into three central/capital parks. Each phase and park has its own distinct characteristics. The second and third phases' characteristics are undisclosed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Park_(Egypt) |
The first phase of the Green River (Capital Park) project is divided from east to west into three planning sectors, each of which contains a park with a different focus. All three parks are about 35 kilometres (22 mi) in total and 1,038 acres (420 ha), out of 6,200 acres (2,500 ha). It will extend from the central ring road in Cairo to the regional ring road passing through the Central Business Park with an estimated investment of £E 9 billion (US$ 600 million). The construction will be conducted by the Egyptian Ministry of Housing in partnership with Dar al Handasah. It is estimated that the first phase of the park would accept more than 2 million visitors annually, and its construction is expected to take approximately 18 months to be fully finished by June 30, 2021. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Park_(Egypt) |
The initial phase (CP1 | History) is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long with a total area of 386 acres (156 ha). It is considered the sector that simulates the environment, and the one that's in harmony with the factors of nature. CP1 includes more than 250 acres (100 ha) of open areas for picnicking and outdoor activity and will house a mosque, botanical gardens, a bedouin camp, and an iconic monument plaza. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Park_(Egypt) |
The second phase (CP2 | Sustainability) is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long with a total area of 315 acres (127 ha). This sector is a considered the center for cultural and entertainment activities. CP2 includes more than 240 acres (97 ha) of open areas that will make it a major hub for community and recreational activities. It will also feature jogging trails, multi-sports fields, a wetlands park, a community garden and a group of distinct projects that reflect the characteristics of this part of the Green River. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Park_(Egypt) |
The third phase (CP3 | Civic) is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long with a total area of 318 acres (129 ha). It is the sector that embodies the nature and privacy of public parks, and their close connection with the surroundings. It will include riverfront restaurants, retail shops, a sculpture garden, a ferris wheel, an open library with reading gardens, and a recreational sports club. CP3 includes about 250 acres (100 ha) of open areas for picnicking and is located right outside the Central Business District (CBD). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Park_(Egypt) |
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