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Because this elite status is associated with social reproduction, Sciences Po launched an "Equal Opportunity Programme" in 2001, to increase the representation of working class families, which as of 2013, make up 9% of students.Sciences Po has been described as a school prioritising professional networks over expertise... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
One of the courses related to the Law have been nicknamed "Legal Bullshit" by students due to the lack of content.The school has therefore been criticized by outside observers and students for not having them acquire an actual expertise. The sociologist Nicolas Jounin, alumnus of Sciences Po, talked about an "intellect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
According "Le Monde", students in the school would be sometimes "disillusioned" after having "fantasized" about the school.The institute has been described as having low expectations from its students. According to Le Monde, "when students educated in a faculty of social science join a master at Sciences Po, their acad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
In 2012, lecturers at Sciences Po criticized instructions they received from the school telling them not to take into account grammar mistakes in their marking. The trend would furthermore be a decline of the level; according to Le Monde, the cause would be the 2001 "Equal Opportunity Programme", but a lecturer in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
Peter Gumbel called Sciences Po and other "Grandes Écoles" "elite colleges have become a machine for perpetuating a brilliant but blinkered, often arrogant and frequently incompetent ruling freemasonry". The academic Gilles Devers criticized the institution for being the "base of the conservatism, and the mold of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
"Sciences-Po is under-criticized," analyzes a professor for Mediapart, "Those who teach there have no interest, and not necessarily the urge, to do so. Those who are not there can hope to be there one day." The journalist Ariane Chemin stated in 2013 that, because so many journalists come from Sciences Po, the school h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
It is partly state-funded, and some, including institutes of political studies in the provinces, have indeed accused it of receiving a disproportionate share of public money. In 2012, for example, Sciences Po Lille student representatives called Sciences Po (Paris) the "coronation of State inequity". Nicolas Jounin sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
Sciences Po is funded in large part by public money and is a semi-public institute but is governed as a private institution. It has been described by Alain Garigou as governed from 1872 to 2013 in compliance the "discreet rules of the bourgeoisie". The founder Emile Boutmy stayed the director until his death in 1906 an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
Louis Vogel, professor of law, former president of the Society of Presidents of university, of Paris 2 University and of Sorbonne University and Sciences Po alumnus, had announced its candidacy based on bringing the school closer to the universités in a new international environment. He was presented as the front-runne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
He stated that the pre-selection also chose candidates who did not fit with the job profile, showed that the real desired profile was else, and that he did not want to endorse with his candidacy a process that is in opposition with his convictions. He further stated that Sciences Po "is sending a bad signal" and that t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
Two other candidates publicly criticized the process. In the end, Frédéric Mion made a last minute candidacy with a light application of 9 pages and was chosen with the sponsorship of Olivier Duhamel.In 2021, after the Duhamel scandal, and the resignations of Olivier Duhamel and Frédéric Mion, the process for the desig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
After several votes which have been criticized for their lack of due process, Laurence Bertrand has been pre-selected to become the new head of the Foundation. Another candidate judged the legitimity of the process "hardly credible". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
A third candidate published an op-ed in Le Monde exposing the details of what he called a "tragicomedy". In the end, Mathias Vicherat, former CEO of Danone, was chosen. This appointment has been criticized, because Vicherat does not have an academic background. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
He would have been chosen as a friend and former classmate of Emmanuel Macron. A lecturer at the Institute said: "The whole procedure was shamelessly rigged so that in the end, only the candidacy of Mathias Vicherat, the President's friend, with no academic experience, remained. They methodically discarded all serious ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
Camille Kouchner, daughter of Bernard Kouchner, published a book in which she wrote that her step-father Olivier Duhamel, at that time president of the Foundation of Sciences Po which was the "heart of power" for 30 years, sexually abused his step-son for two years during his childhood. She denounced the "microcosm of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
The scandal was compared to a "bomb" launched on Sciences Po (Le Figaro), to an "unpinned grenade throwned on Sciences Po" (Le Temps and Courrier International) and to a "shockwave" on Sciences Po (The Times, La Croix etc.). Frederic Mion had been alerted, in particular by Aurélie Filippetti in 2019, former Ministry of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
Mion declared he thought it was a "rumour" and that he should have taken the issue more seriously. He told Le Monde: "I let myself be fooled". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
According to Le Temps, a group of lecturers knew these allegations, some of them since 2008. They didn't break the silence, justifying themselves by the possible prescriptive period or that these facts were part of the "familial saga" in a hedonist context and "complex parents-children relations" in the 1970s.The scand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
Mion, who Duhamel hand-picked in controversial circumstances as director of Sciences Po with a salary of 200,000 euros, first acknowledged "errors in judgment in handling of the allegations", and after a continuous pressure to do so, resigned in the end. It later became apparent that he had lied to the inspectors to p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
Their role in protecting this intellectual environment has been questioned. Duhamel's power has extented to Emmanuel Macron and Édouard Philippe (former prime minister), both Sciences Po alumni, and both are trying to distance themselves from the "Dumahel case". Elisabeth Guigou, former minister of Justice, resigned fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
After Richard Descoing, head of the school from 1997 to 2012, died under suspicious circumstances, it was revealed that he had sex with students, and made no case of Dominique Strauss-Kahn's habit of "seducing" young students. Descoing also has been accused of sending burning messages to students, but no further inquir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
After the New York v. Strauss-Kahn case, DSK had to stop giving lectures at Sciences Po. He admitted orgies with young women but had denied any violence.In February 2021, hundreds of students and former students shared on Twitter allegations of rape or sexual abuse at several Instituts d'études politiques, and claimed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
Students have created the associations "Alwanat" and "Being Black at Sciences Po" to denounce open anti-Arab, anti-Muslim, anti-Black and anti-Asian hate by staff and students in the Reims and Menton campuses. Students anonymously asked the institute to recognise the existence of racism in Sciences Po.Many students and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
Alain Lancelot, director of Sciences Po from 1987 to 1996, was investigated for financial mismanagement by the French Court of Audit.Since 1997, the institution has been hit by a number of scandals, notably concerning the leadership of Richard Descoings, its director from 1997 to 2012.Descoings, director from 1997 to 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
It also criticized the French government for increasing state funding for the school without insisting on additional public oversight. Sciences Po has also been accused to prevail results over morals.In November 2012, the government dismissed Hervé Crès, Sciences Po's interim director, but he sought the school's perman... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
Originally, only the "maîtrise en droit" delivered after 4 years of study by universités (as opposed to Grandes écoles like Sciences Po) was giving access to the legal profession. As soon as 2004, fearing for the access to the bar and legal professions to be open to institutions that are not faculties of law in univers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
The move was co-led by Guillaume Drago, professor at Paris II Panthéon-Assas, and François Gaudu, professor at Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne.In 2007, however, a governmental decree authorized Sciences Po students to pass the Bar exam, providing they take a master's degree with the mention "law". Academics in law labeled su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
445 academics publicly signed the petition, which is 15% of all French academics in law. The unity of the French academic body was noted: left- and right-wing professors, professors from Paris and outside Paris, in public law or private law... were in favor of the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
Students’ unions supported it. The union of (French) law school's deans "totally" associated itself to the move too. These critics said that it would not be a problem if Sciences Po was offering 8 semesters of law, as required as a general rule, to access to the bar. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
However, Sciences Po would be offering only general courses in social sciences with only a "sprinkling of law" in the masters programs. That would not be enough to become a barrister (avocat) and would put into question the utility of the law to become one. It would be creating barristers with a cheap education in law ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
To them, with this decree, the law was becoming a marketing product in a service of a school of political science that has many connections with politicians. They would have preferred Sciences Po to keep with political sciences.In 2009, Sciences Po created the "École de droit de Sciences Po" ("law school", as opposed i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
Sciences Po has been criticized for the abuse of the title of "professor" from their adjunct lecturers. Only 7% of the teaching body have permanent employment. People lecturing only a few hours call themselves "professor at Sciences Po". This creates artificial advertisement, both for Sciences Po advertising a prestigi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
It has been customary to graduate in Sciences Po in addition to a law school or a grande école in Paris, therefore many of these graduates are also graduates of the latter. Most the alumni network is composed of students who received lectures in Sciences in addition to another studies. In 2016, the Sciences Po Alumni A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
Five of the eight presidents of the French Fifth Republic have attended Sciences Po, including Georges Pompidou (in addition to the École normale supérieure), François Mitterrand (in addition to the Paris Law Faculty), Jacques Chirac, Nicolas Sarkozy (who did not graduate; in addition to the law school of Paris Nanterr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
The French Castex government included a number of Sciences Po graduates, including Florence Parly, Bruno Le Maire, and Jean-Michel Blanquer.Some politicians having a role in international organisations were also students at Sciences Po, including Simone Veil, former President of the European Parliament; Boutros Boutros... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
Senior French diplomats including Jean-Marcel Jeanneney (France's first Ambassador to Algieria) François Delattre (currently Permanent Representative of France to the UN), Gérard Araud (former ambassador to the USA), Sylvie Bermann (currently ambassador to Russia), Bernard Émié (currently Director of the DGSE), Jean-Ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
The writer Marcel Proust for one year, the founder of the modern Olympics Pierre de Coubertin for one year, fashion designer Christian Dior, author Leïla Slimani, author Emmanuel Carrère, Harvard University Professor of political science Stanley Hoffmann, Chinese linguist Ma Jianzhong, Director of Paris Peace Forum Jus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
Jurist and 1907 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Louis Renault taught international law at Sciences Po from its foundation in 1875 until his death in 1918. Economist Jean-Paul Fitoussi has taught at Sciences Po since 1982. Élie Halévy taught history of English political ideas and socialism at Sciences Po from 1896 until his ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
...-2021: Olivier Duhamel 2021-...: Louis Schweitzer (interim) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
1872-1906: Emile Boutmy 1906-1936: Eugène d'Eichtal 1945–47: Roger Seydoux 1947–79: Jacques Chapsal 1979–87: Michel Gentot 1987–96: Alain Lancelot 1997–2012: Richard Descoings 2012: Hervé Crès (interim) 2012–13: Jean Gaeremynck (interim) 2013–2021: Frédéric Mion 2021–2021 Bénédicte Durand (interim) 2021–present Mathias... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po |
A mythomoteur (compound of the French words for myth and engine) is the constitutive myth that gives an ethnic group its sense of purpose. The term was first used in this context by Ramon d’Abadal i de Vinyals, and was later taken up by John Armstrong in his book Nations before Nationalism. It has subsequently become a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythomoteur |
Serbs: Kosovo Myth Romanians: Protochronism Gikûyû: Ngai | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythomoteur |
Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome. Cohesiveness, or the desire for cohesiveness, in a group may produce a tendency among its members to agree at all co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Groupthink is sometimes stated to occur (more broadly) within natural groups within the community, for example to explain the lifelong different mindsets of those with differing political views (such as "conservatism" and "liberalism" in the U.S. political context or the purported benefits of team work vs. work conduct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Janis published an influential book in 1972, which was revised in 1982. Janis used the Bay of Pigs disaster (the failed invasion of Castro's Cuba in 1961) and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 as his two prime case studies. Later studies have evaluated and reformulated his groupthink model.Groupthink requires... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
The dysfunctional group dynamics of the "ingroup" produces an "illusion of invulnerability" (an inflated certainty that the right decision has been made). Thus the "ingroup" significantly overrates its own abilities in decision-making and significantly underrates the abilities of its opponents (the "outgroup"). Further... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Members of a group can often feel under peer pressure to "go along with the crowd" for fear of "rocking the boat" or of how their speaking out will be perceived by the rest of the group. Group interactions tend to favor clear and harmonious agreements and it can be a cause for concern when little to no new innovations ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Groupthink can often be referred to as a group of “yes men” because group activities and group projects in general make it extremely easy to pass on not offering constructive opinions. Some methods that have been used to counteract group think in the past is selecting teams from more diverse backgrounds, and even mixin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Most positions that are senior level need individuals to be independent in their thinking. There is a positive correlation found between outstanding executives and decisiveness (Kelman). Groupthink also prohibits an organization from moving forward and innovating if no one ever speaks up and says something could be don... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
William H. Whyte Jr. derived the term from George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, and popularized it in 1952 in Fortune magazine: Groupthink being a coinage – and, admittedly, a loaded one – a working definition is in order. We are not talking about mere instinctive conformity – it is, after all, a perennial failing of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
What we are talking about is a rationalized conformity – an open, articulate philosophy which holds that group values are not only expedient but right and good as well. Groupthink was Whyte's diagnosis of the malaise affecting both the study and practice of management (and, by association, America) in the 1950s. Whyte ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
He does not cite Whyte, but coined the term again by analogy with "doublethink" and similar terms that were part of the newspeak vocabulary in the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell. He initially defined groupthink as follows: I use the term groupthink as a quick and easy way to refer to the mode of thinking t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
In that context, groupthink takes on an invidious connotation. Exactly such a connotation is intended, since the term refers to a deterioration in mental efficiency, reality testing and moral judgments as a result of group pressures. : 43 He went on to write: The main principle of groupthink, which I offer in the spiri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
: 44 Janis set the foundation for the study of groupthink starting with his research in the American Soldier Project where he studied the effect of extreme stress on group cohesiveness. After this study he remained interested in the ways in which people make decisions under external threats. This interest led Janis to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
He concluded that in each of these cases, the decisions occurred largely because of groupthink, which prevented contradictory views from being expressed and subsequently evaluated. After the publication of Janis' book Victims of Groupthink in 1972, and a revised edition with the title Groupthink: Psychological Studies ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Despite the popularity of the concept of groupthink, fewer than two dozen studies addressed the phenomenon itself following the publication of Victims of Groupthink, between the years 1972 and 1998.: 107 This was surprising considering how many fields of interests it spans, which include political science, communicatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
The predilection of many cult leaders for abstract, ambiguous, and therefore unchallengeable ideas can further reduce the likelihood of reality testing, while the intense milieu control exerted by cults over their members means that most of the reality available for testing is supplied by the group environment. This is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
""Groupthink by Compulsion roupthink at least implies voluntarism. When this fails, the organization is not above outright intimidation. In , refusal by the new hires to cheer on command incurred consequences not unlike the indoctrination and brainwashing techniques associated with a Soviet-era gulag." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
To make groupthink testable, Irving Janis devised eight symptoms indicative of groupthink:Type I: Overestimations of the group — its power and morality Illusions of invulnerability creating excessive optimism and encouraging risk taking. Unquestioned belief in the morality of the group, causing members to ignore the co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Irving Janis identified three antecedent conditions to groupthink:: 9 High group cohesiveness: Cohesiveness is the main factor that leads to groupthink. Groups that lack cohesiveness can of course make bad decisions, but they do not experience groupthink. In a cohesive group, members avoid speaking out against decision... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Deindividuation: Group cohesiveness becomes more important than individual freedom of expression. Illusions of unanimity: Members perceive falsely that everyone agrees with the group's decision; silence is seen as consent. Janis noted that the unity of group members was mere illusion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Members may disagree with the organizations' decision, but go along with the group for many reasons, such as maintaining their group status and avoiding conflict with managers or workmates. Such members think that suggesting opinions contrary to others may lead to isolation from the group. Structural faults: The group ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Insulation of the group: This can promote the development of unique, inaccurate perspectives on issues the group is dealing with, which can then lead to faulty solutions to the problem. Lack of impartial leadership: Leaders control the group discussion, by planning what will be discussed, allowing only certain question... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Open-style leadership is when leaders withhold their opinion until a later time in the discussion. Groups with a closed-style leader are more biased in their judgments, especially when members had a high degree of certainty. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Lack of norms requiring methodological procedures. Homogeneity of members' social backgrounds and ideology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Situational context: Highly stressful external threats: High-stake decisions can create tension and anxiety; group members may cope with this stress in irrational ways. Group members may rationalize their decision by exaggerating the positive consequences and minimizing the possible negative consequences. In attempt to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Groups under high stress are more likely to make errors, lose focus of the ultimate goal, and use procedures that members know have not been effective in the past. Recent failures: These can lead to low self-esteem, resulting in agreement with the group for fear of being seen as wrong. Excessive difficulties in decisio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Time pressures: Group members are more concerned with efficiency and quick results than with quality and accuracy. Time pressures can also lead group members to overlook important information. Moral dilemmas.Although it is possible for a situation to contain all three of these factors, all three are not always present ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Janis considered a high degree of cohesiveness to be the most important antecedent to producing groupthink, and always present when groupthink was occurring; however, he believed high cohesiveness would not always produce groupthink. A very cohesive group abides with all group norms; but whether or not groupthink arise... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
As observed by Aldag and Fuller (1993), the groupthink phenomenon seems to rest on a set of unstated and generally restrictive assumptions: The purpose of group problem solving is mainly to improve decision quality Group problem solving is considered a rational process. Benefits of group problem solving: variety of per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
There was a recognized downside to group problem solving in that it takes groups more time to come to a decision and requires that people make compromises with each other. However, it was not until the research of Janis appeared that anyone really considered that a highly cohesive group could impair the group's ability... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
It is, therefore, considered by many to be important to combat the effects of groupthink.According to Janis, decision-making groups are not necessarily destined to groupthink. He devised ways of preventing groupthink:: 209–215 Leaders should assign each member the role of "critical evaluator". This allows each member t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Leaders should not express an opinion when assigning a task to a group. Leaders should absent themselves from many of the group meetings to avoid excessively influencing the outcome. The organization should set up several independent groups, working on the same problem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
All effective alternatives should be examined. Each member should discuss the group's ideas with trusted people outside of the group. The group should invite outside experts into meetings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Group members should be allowed to discuss with and question the outside experts. At least one group member should be assigned the role of devil's advocate. This should be a different person for each meeting.The devil's advocate in a group may provide questions and insight which contradict the majority group in order t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
A study by Ryan Hartwig confirms that the devil's advocacy technique is very useful for group problem-solving. It allows for conflict to be used in a way that is most-effective for finding the best solution so that members will not have to go back and find a different solution if the first one fails. Hartwig also sugge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
The main idea of the devil's advocacy technique is that somewhat structured conflict can be facilitated to not only reduce groupthink, but to also solve problems. A similar term to groupthink is the Abilene paradox, another phenomenon that is detrimental when working in groups. When organizations fall into the Abilene ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Failure to communicate desires or beliefs can cause the Abilene paradox. The Watergate scandal is an example of this. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Before the scandal had occurred, a meeting took place where they discussed the issue. One of Nixon's campaign aides was unsure if he should speak up and give his input. If he had voiced his disagreement with the group's decision, it is possible that the scandal could have been avoided.Other examples of how groupthink c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
: 148–153 During meetings, he invited outside experts to share their viewpoints, and allowed group members to question them carefully. He also encouraged group members to discuss possible solutions with trusted members within their separate departments, and he even divided the group up into various sub-groups, to parti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Cass Sunstein reports that introverts can sometimes be silent in meetings with extroverts; he recommends explicitly asking for each person's opinion, either during the meeting or afterwards in one-on-one sessions. Sunstein points to studies showing groups with a high level of internal socialization and happy talk are m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Testing groupthink in a laboratory is difficult because synthetic settings remove groups from real social situations, which ultimately changes the variables conducive or inhibitive to groupthink. Because of its subjective nature, researchers have struggled to measure groupthink as a complete phenomenon, instead frequen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
": 230 Park also concludes that research on the interaction between group cohesiveness and leadership style does not support Janis' claim that cohesion and leadership style interact to produce groupthink symptoms. Park presents a summary of the results of the studies analyzed. According to Park, a study by Huseman and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
This results partly from group isolation within the business. Manz and Sims (1982) conducted a study showing that autonomous work groups are susceptible to groupthink symptoms in the same manner as decisions making groups within businesses. Fodor and Smith (1982) produced a study revealing that group leaders with high ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Leaders with high power motivation possess characteristics similar to leaders with a "closed" leadership style—an unwillingness to respect dissenting opinion. The same study indicates that level of group cohesiveness is insignificant in predicting groupthink occurrence. Park summarizes a study performed by Callaway, Ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
: 232 Overall, groups with highly dominant members expressed characteristics inhibitory to groupthink. If highly dominant members are considered equivalent to leaders with high power motivation, the results of Callaway, Marriott, and Esser contradict the results of Fodor and Smith. A study by Leana (1985) indicates the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
This finding refutes Janis' claim that the factors of cohesion and leadership style interact to produce groupthink. Park summarizes a study by McCauley (1989) in which structural conditions of the group were found to predict groupthink while situational conditions did not. The structural conditions included group insul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
The situational conditions included group cohesion. These findings refute Janis' claim about group cohesiveness predicting groupthink. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Overall, studies on groupthink have largely focused on the factors (antecedents) that predict groupthink. Groupthink occurrence is often measured by number of ideas/solutions generated within a group, but there is no uniform, concrete standard by which researchers can objectively conclude groupthink occurs. The studies... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Groupthink can have a strong hold on political decisions and military operations, which may result in enormous wastage of human and material resources. Highly qualified and experienced politicians and military commanders sometimes make very poor decisions when in a suboptimal group setting. Scholars such as Janis and R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
administration's view on Saddam Hussein that eventually led to the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States. After the September 11 attacks, "stress, promotional leadership, and intergroup conflict" were all factors that gave rise to the occurrence of groupthink. : 283 Political case studies of groupthink serve to il... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
The United States Bay of Pigs Invasion of April 1961 was the primary case study that Janis used to formulate his theory of groupthink. The invasion plan was initiated by the Eisenhower administration, but when the Kennedy administration took over, it "uncritically accepted" the plan of the Central Intelligence Agency (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
: 46 Eventually Schlesinger minimized his own doubts, performing self-censorship. : 74 The Kennedy team stereotyped Fidel Castro and the Cubans by failing to question the CIA about its many false assumptions, including the ineffectiveness of Castro's air force, the weakness of Castro's army, and the inability of Castro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
: 46 Janis argued the fiasco that ensued could have been prevented if the Kennedy administration had followed the methods to preventing groupthink adopted during the Cuban Missile Crisis, which took place just one year later in October 1962. In the latter crisis, essentially the same political leaders were involved in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, is a prime example of groupthink. A number of factors such as shared illusions and rationalizations contributed to the lack of precaution taken by U.S. Navy officers based in Hawaii. The United States had intercepted Japanese messages and they discovered that Japan was ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Washington took action by warning officers stationed at Pearl Harbor, but their warning was not taken seriously. They assumed that the Empire of Japan was taking measures in the event that their embassies and consulates in enemy territories were usurped. The U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
Navy and Army in Pearl Harbor also shared rationalizations about why an attack was unlikely. Some of them included:: 83, 85 "The Japanese would never dare attempt a full-scale surprise assault against Hawaii because they would realize that it would precipitate an all-out war, which the United States would surely win." ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
On January 28, 1986, the US launched the space shuttle Challenger. This was to be monumental for NASA, as a high school teacher was among the crew and was to be the first American civilian in space. NASA's engineering and launch teams rely on group work, and in order to launch the shuttle the team members must affirm e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
The launch resulted in disaster and grounded space shuttle flights for nearly three years. The Challenger case was subject to a more quantitatively oriented test of Janis's groupthink model performed by Esser and Lindoerfer, who found clear signs of positive antecedents to groupthink in the critical decisions concernin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
NASA wanted to captivate and hold the attention of America. Having civilian teacher Christa McAuliffe on board to broadcast a live lesson, and the possible mention by president Ronald Reagan in the State of the Union address, were opportunities NASA deemed critical to increasing interest in its potential civilian space... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink |
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