text
stringlengths 9
3.55k
| source
stringlengths 31
280
|
|---|---|
Salomon believed that teaching was an art in itself, and that woodworking skills were of secondary importance in the teaching of sloyd. Of various educational theorists, sloyd is most closely associated with Fröbel. Hand & Eye, an educational journal published in England from about 1890–1902, was dedicated to joint discussion of the principles of "Froebelian education" and educational sloyd.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloyd
|
As Salomon was a great believer in physical education, training teachers in games as part of the basic curriculum. In fact, the school at Nääs was the point of introduction of basketball to Europe, with the game being brought to the school by students from the US. Salomon also believed that woodworking was a means for physical development. He drew a distinction between the posture of the carpenter and the proper posture for use in sloyd.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloyd
|
Salomon kept up a regular correspondence with former students all over the world, spoke in several languages, and delivered his lectures on alternate days in Swedish, English, and German. He was not as good in English – but he practiced in his lessons and conversations during the summer courses. "My English is always better in the autumn", he said as a joke. Thousands of teachers from all over the world attended classes at Nääs. Some of the countries in which sloyd was successfully introduced were the UK, the US, Japan, Brazil, Argentina, Cuba, the Scandinavian countries, and many more.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloyd
|
Currently, sloyd is still part of the compulsory school curriculum in Finland, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway. In Sweden, students take part in both wood and metal, and textile sloyd (but only given one grade that covers both areas), in Denmark all three materials are compulsory as individual subjects, and in Norway, they are united into one subject called forming. In Iceland, sloyd pedagogy is the basis for the Icelandic Design and Craft school curriculum.While sloyd disappeared from the American educational landscape in the early 1900s, articles have been published by Doug Stowe in Woodwork Magazine, August 2004 and again in August 2005, and by Joe Barry in the Journal of the American Period Furniture Makers, September 2004, Volume IV.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloyd
|
Roy Underhill gives a 30-minute presentation from The Book of Sloyd on The Woodwright's Shop on PBS. In 2019, a non-profit organization called Sloyd Experience was established in Boulder County, Colorado. The mission is "to strengthen children's character through woodworking, where our sole aim is to foster self-reliance, nurture concentration, coach perseverance, encourage neatness, and instill an appreciation for labor – all of which will prepare them for their future." Sloyd Experience is reviving sloyd education and philosophy in the United States and working to provide this authentic, hands on education in communities across the country in an equitable and accessible way.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloyd
|
Eskimology or Inuitology is a complex of humanities and sciences studying the languages, history, literature, folklore, culture, and ethnology of the speakers of Eskimo–Aleut languages and Inuit, Yupik and Aleut (or Unangam), sometimes collectively known as Eskimos, in historical and comparative context. This includes ethnic groups from the Chukchi Peninsula on the far eastern tip of Siberia in Russia, through Alaska of the United States, Canada's Inuit Nunangat, including the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, Nunavut Nunavik and Nunatsiavut, through NunatuKavut (but not the Gulf of St. Lawrence area), to Greenland of Denmark. Originally, an Eskimologist or Inuitologist was primarily a linguist or philologist who researches Eskimo or Inuit languages.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimology
|
Eskimology traces its beginning to the pioneering work of Hans Egede (1745) and David Crantz (1767) in Greenland. Eskimology has traditionally had a particular focus on Greenland studies owing to the long-standing relationship between Denmark and Greenland established in the early 18th century, and the academic discipline of Eskimology is today centered at the University of Copenhagen. The term "Eskimology" was not common until 1967, when a genuine department was established and officially named the Department of Eskimology. From the late 1960s, Eskimology changed its focus toward increasingly contemporary and global political issues.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimology
|
In 2019, the department changed its name to Greenlandic and Arctic Studies Section (a section within the Department of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies). The Greenlandic and Arctic Studies Section offers full BA and MA programmes. In these programmes, the study of the Greenlandic language and the socio-cultural issues of Greenland / Arctic are central.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimology
|
Knut Bergsland Ann Fienup-Riordan Michael Fortescue Sven Haakanson Erik Holtved Steven A. Jocobson Lawrence D. Kaplan Michael E. Krauss Margaret Lantis Jeff Leer Edna Ahgeak MacLean Georgy Menovshchikov Osihito Miyaoka Wendell H. Oswalt Knud Rasmussen "father of Eskimology" Jørgen Rischel Jerrold Sadock Wolf Seiler William Thalbitzer James W. VanStone
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimology
|
A pest-exclusion fence is a barrier that is built to exclude certain types of animal pests from an enclosure. This may be to protect plants in horticulture, preserve grassland for grazing animals, separate species carrying diseases (vector species) from livestock, prevent troublesome species entering roadways, or to protect endemic species in nature reserves. These fences are not necessarily traditional wire barriers, but may also include barriers of sound, or smell.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest-exclusion_fence
|
Animals can be excluded by a fence's height, depth under the ground and mesh size. It is also important to choose a construction material that cannot be climbed; furthermore, sometimes it is necessary to create a subsurface fencing element to prevent burrowing under the fence. Fences are usually designed with the target pest species (the species to be excluded) in mind, and the fences are made to effectively exclude those species. This results in a wide variety of designs for pest exclusion fences (see examples below). Often the fence is encircled in electric wire to ensure that animals can not climb over the fence.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest-exclusion_fence
|
The 1.9m-high fence at the Orokonui Ecosanctuary in Waitati, New Zealand is designed to keep out all introduced mammals such as possums, rats, stoats, ferrets and even mice. It uses stainless steel mesh that continues down to form a skirt at ground level that prevents animals from burrowing under it. On the top is a curved steel hood that prevents climbers like cats and possums from climbing over the top. Agricultural exclusion fences in central-western Queensland vary between 1.6m and 2m in height.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest-exclusion_fence
|
The fences have a single top barbed wire and ring-lock or hinge-joint wire underneath and steel fence posts. The ring-lock or hinge joint wire has smaller holes at the bottom, gradually increasing in size to be marginally larger at the top. A section of this mesh lays flat against the ground at the bottom of the posts to form a skirt (or radial-apron) on the outside of the fence.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest-exclusion_fence
|
In Africa and Asia, crop-raiding elephants are excluded using a variety of techniques. These include electric fencing, fences of cacti, chilli-greased rope, and bee-hives or sounds of disturbed bees. Exclusion fences are also used in Australia at sanctuaries run by the Australian Wildlife Conservancy. Inside the fenced off zone captive breeding programs for endangered animals take place.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest-exclusion_fence
|
Australia has utilised exclusion fencing since the 1860s. The most well known exclusion fences in Australia are the barrier fences. Barrier fences are long (usually linear) barriers erected for the purpose of excluding particular species from large portions of Australia. The most well known barrier fences are the Dingo Fence and the Rabbit-proof fence, but there are many others.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest-exclusion_fence
|
In more recent years, pest-exclusion fences have been built around singular properties, or groups of properties. This practice is known as cluster fencing. Cluster fencing allows farmers to monitor and mitigate predation pressure on livestock, and monitor Total Grazing Pressure (TGP) through accurate abundance data of native, pest, and domestic herbivores.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest-exclusion_fence
|
Australia uses pest-exclusion fencing to separate several high-value or threatened species from introduced predators. One such example is Arid Recovery in South Australia, where feral cat, red fox and rabbit have been removed for the conservation of 5 threatened species.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest-exclusion_fence
|
Prior to human settlement New Zealand had no land-based mammals apart from three bat species. The introduced mammal species, such as rabbits, deer, and possum, have since caused huge ecological changes to the biota of New Zealand. Pest-exclusion fences are increasingly used for conservation of indigenous species by excluding all mammals. Locations of predator-proof fences include: Cape Brett Cape Farewell Deans Bush, Christchurch Zealandia, Wellington Bushy Park Maungatautari Restoration Project Orokonui Ecosanctuary Shakespear Regional Park Styx Mill Reserve, Christchurch (under construction) Stewart Island Tawharanui Peninsula
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest-exclusion_fence
|
Deer-proof fencing was used in Nagano Prefecture, Japan in a conservation effort to maintain plant diversity. The methods were effective for increasing species richness, but not as effective for conserving rare plants.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest-exclusion_fence
|
The Licence Raj or Permit Raj (rāj, meaning "rule" in Hindi) is a pejorative for the system of strict government control and regulation of the Indian economy that was in place from the 1950s to the early 1990s. Under this system, businesses in India were required to obtain licenses from the government in order to operate, and these licenses were often difficult to obtain.The License Raj was intended to protect Indian industry, promote self-reliance and ensure regional equality. Up to 80 government agencies had to be satisfied before private companies could produce something and, if granted, the government would regulate production.The term "Licence Raj" is a play on the "British Raj" which refers to the period of British rule in India.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Raj
|
It was coined by Indian independence activist and statesman Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, who was strongly opposed to the system of strict government control and regulation of the economy that it represented. Rajagopalachari believed that the Licence Raj had the potential for political corruption and economic stagnation, and founded the Swatantra Party to oppose these practices.Reforms started in 1991 have significantly reduced regulation, However, Indian labor laws continue to protect workers in the formal sector from being laid off by employers and place significant restrictions on the ability of businesses to reduce their workforce without incurring significant costs and burdens.This is viewed by some as a barrier to economic growth and development as it may create a disincentive for businesses to hire workers and can make it difficult for them to respond to changing market conditions or economic challenges. It is also to be noted that majority of Indian workers are employed in the informal sector where much of the labour protections do not apply.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Raj
|
Following the Russian Revolution, socialist thinkers in India began drawing parallels between the pre-revolution Russian proletariat and the Indian masses under colonial rule, seeing socialism as a way to empower poor Indian farmers. Following Indian independence these socialist factions, most importantly Jawaharlal Nehru's conception of democratic socialism, influenced the policies of the License Raj.Nehru studied at Trinity College, Cambridge and was exposed to socialist ideas during his time there. He also visited the Soviet Union in 1927, and this experience may have further influenced his views on socialism. However, Nehru's own political views and the policies he implemented as Prime Minister were often more pragmatic and centrist than strictly socialist.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Raj
|
He believed in the need for a strong, centralized government and a planned economy, but he also recognized the importance of private enterprise and the market in driving economic growth and development. Nehru also believed that protecting domestic industries would help to promote industrialization and economic development in India, and he implemented a number of protectionist policies during his time in office.He saw such government intervention as a way to modernize the Indian economy which had been left impoverished by decades of colonial rule. However, Nehru did not seek to eliminate the private sector entirely, as was the case in the Soviet Union.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Raj
|
Rather, he pursued a policy of creating a mixed economy in India, with strategic industries under state control and public sector corporations guiding investment, while also allowing for a significant role for the private sector and market forces.The economic centralization and controls required for the war effort during World War II helped create the bureaucratic and manufacturing infrastructure necessary to institute Nehru's plans, and so following independence and his election as prime minister, he had the opportunity to put his ideas into action. In his speech to the Constituent Assembly of India, he declared, "The service of India means the service of the millions who suffer. It means the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and inequality of opportunity.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Raj
|
"By the late 1950s, the Swatantra Party, the country's first market-friendly political party, had formed in opposition to Nehru's policies. This party, which was made up of ex-landlords, businessmen, and rich peasants, argued that Nehru's centralized economic policies were incompatible with democracy. In a memorandum to party officials, they claimed that "the best guarantee of speed in progress is a maximum of individual freedom and a minimum of governmental interference." They argued that Nehru's policies were stifling individual initiative and freedom and slowing economic progress.Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, a founder of the Swatantra Party, coined the term “Permit-License Raj” to encapsulate the party's frustrations with Nehru's policies, writing in his right-wing magazine Swarajya: I want the corruptions of the Permit/Licence Raj to go... I want real, equal opportunities for all and no private monopolies created by the Permit/Licence Raj.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Raj
|
A key characteristic of the Licence Raj was a Planning Commission that centrally administered the economy of the country. Like a command economy, India had Five-Year Plans on the lines of the five-year plans in the Soviet Union. However, unlike Soviet Union, private sector also played a significant role. The Planning Commission was set up in 1950 to survey the available resources in the country and formulate plans to raise the standard of living.Planning Commission enacted the First Five Year Plan in 1951, aimed at developing the agricultural sector amid severe food shortages and an influx of refugees from the Partition, and that plan led to a 4% increase in GDP, higher than the projected 2%.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Raj
|
Nehru's government hoped to build on the success of the First Five Year Plan with their more ambitious Second Five Year Plan aimed at continuing agricultural and infrastructure investment while developing heavy industry and increasing employment. But this plan failed to reach its goal of 5% growth and the heavy spending in the plan depleted the country's foreign currency reserves as the country did not have sufficient domestic resources to fund these projects and therefore had to rely on imported capital and technology.Another main characteristic of the License Raj was heavy regulation on industry. Legislation to regulate industry started with the Industrial Development Regulation Act of 1951, which laid out licensing restrictions on industries it designated as Schedule I which included industrial machinery, telecommunications, and chemical manufacturing.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Raj
|
Next, the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 extended these restrictions by designating certain industries known as Schedule A to be exclusively under state control, and certain other industries under Schedule B to be majority state-owned. Industries in Schedule A included defense production, metallurgy, mining, and transportation.During the 1960s, the Indian banking sector came under criticism for being controlled by a few big industrialists in large cities, and thus failing to meet the needs of rural Indians and small-scale industry. In response, the government of Indira Gandhi began pursuing "social control" of banking institutions, with Deputy Prime Minister Morarji Desai spearheading the Banking Laws (Amendment) Bill in 1968 to regulate the commercial banks' leadership.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Raj
|
The bill stipulated that at least 51% of the directors should not be directly connected monopolies and big business, that industrialist chairmen had to be replaced by professional bankers, and that banks could not form relationships with companies tied to their own directors. Additionally, Desai forged the National Credit Council (NCC) to regulate credit allocations in order to bring more credit to rural areas and small industry.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Raj
|
However, many of these changes were rendered moot when Indira Gandhi decided to fully nationalize 14 major banks in 1969, with 6 additional banks coming under state control in 1980.Indian capital controls started as wartime restrictions imposed by the British on cross-border transactions during World War II, eventually growing into a complex framework of restrictions on the current account and capital account. After independence the Indian government introduced restrictions on the flow of foreign exchange reserves, and following a balance of payments crisis from 1956 to 1957, the government became more concerned with carefully allocating foreign exchange between different sectors of the economy. After a failed attempt at liberalization in 1966, the Foreign Investments Board was established in 1968 to scrutinize companies investing in India with more than 40% foreign equity participation.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Raj
|
Foreign investment that did not involve technology transfers was severely restricted, and foreign collaboration with local companies was conditioned on export quotas. This tight control over foreign investment became a core part of a broader policy of import substitution industrialisation, the belief that countries like India needed to rely on internal markets for development, not international trade. To achieve this goal, the Indian government erected strict import restrictions and a complex system of tariffs that featured high rates which varied by industry.One consequence of the License Raj was that it benefited large corporations at the expense of smaller businesses. Because large corporations were often better able to navigate the complex bureaucracy of the License Raj and secure the necessary licenses, they were able to dominate many sectors of the economy. This made it difficult for small businesses to compete, and contributed to a concentration of economic power in the hands of a few large corporations.Another criticism of the licensing system in India was that it was prone to corruption, as businesses and individuals had to navigate a complex bureaucracy in order to obtain licenses and permissions, and may have had to pay bribes or engage in other forms of corruption in order to obtain the necessary approvals.This corruption was fueled by a broader environment of corruption in India, which was characterized by a lack of transparency and accountability in the government, a weak legal system, and a culture of corruption that had been allowed to persist for many years.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Raj
|
The Licence Raj system was in place for four decades. Many members of the Congress, including Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Manmohan Singh, were strong supporters of liberalisation and played key roles in implementing these changes. In 1991, Prime Minister Narasimha Rao, who was also the Minister of Industries, initiated a policy of liberalisation in India.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Raj
|
This policy aimed to reduce government intervention in the economy and promote market-based solutions to economic problems.The Licence Raj was believed by some to be hindering economic growth and preventing the Indian economy from reaching its full potential. This belief was based on the idea that the government's heavy intervention in the market was stifling economic activity and hampering the ability of the economy to grow and develop.Liberalisation resulted in substantial growth in the Indian economy, which continues today. The Licence Raj is considered to have been significantly reduced in 1991 when India had only two weeks of foreign reserves left.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Raj
|
In return for an IMF bailout, India transferred gold bullion to London as collateral, devalued the rupee and accepted economic reforms. The federal government, with Manmohan Singh as finance minister, reduced licensing regulations; lowered tariffs, duties and taxes and opened up to international trade and investment.The reform policies introduced after 1991 removed many economic restrictions. Industrial licensing was abolished for almost all product categories, except for alcohol, tobacco, hazardous chemicals, industrial explosives, electronics, aerospace and pharmaceuticals. Arguing that the Planning Commission had outlived its utility, the Modi government disbanded it in 2014. On 6 August 2014, the Indian Parliament raised the limit on foreign direct investment in the defence sector to 49% and removed the limit for certain classes of infrastructure projects: high speed railways, including construction, operation and maintenance of high-speed train projects; suburban corridor projects through PPP; dedicated freight lines; rolling stock including train sets; locomotives manufacturing and maintenance facilities; railway electrification and signalling systems; freight and passenger terminals; infrastructure in industrial parks pertaining to railway lines and mass rapid transport systems.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Raj
|
The fall of the License Raj and the implementation of economic liberalization policies have contributed to increased regional inequality in India. Some experts argue that these policies benefited certain regions of the country, such as the major cities and industrial centers, at the expense of others, leading to a widening gap between rural and urban areas.It has contributed to mass migration from rural areas to cities, as people sought to take advantage of new economic opportunities and improved living standards in urban areas. This mass migration can place a burden on cities, as they may struggle to accommodate the influx of new residents and provide them with adequate housing, education, and other basic services. Slums in India are a common sight in many cities and are often found in areas that are vulnerable to flooding or other natural disasters. They are often home to marginalized communities, including migrant workers, informal sector workers, and other groups that may be excluded from mainstream society.The scaling back of public sector enterprises may also have led to a reduction in the ability of the government to direct investment and resources towards priority areas and to protect the interests of workers, minorities and other stakeholders.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Raj
|
Frank Robert Palmer (9 April 1922 – 1 November 2019) was a British linguist who was instrumental in the development of the Department of Linguistic Science at the University of Reading.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
As a child, Palmer lived with his parents in Kendleshire (South Gloucestershire). Palmer took his first school lessons at the Hambrook School (Hambrook), enrolling there on 30 August 1926, as recorded in the Admission Register 1922–1946. On 2 September 1932, he went to Bristol Grammar School.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
Later, Palmer was educated at New College, Oxford. In the 1940s, Palmer was a member of the British Army, where he attained the military rank of Lieutenant. After the end of World War II, Palmer became a member of the teaching staff at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, with a post of Lecturer from 1950 to 1960.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
John Rupert Firth was the Head of Department at the time and encouraged there a number of his disciples and colleagues, many who later became well known linguists, to carry out research on a number of African and Oriental languages. Under his leadership, Palmer worked on Ethiopean languages, T.F. Mitchell on Arabic and Berber languages, Michael Halliday on Chinese, and Richard Keith Sprigg on the phonology of Asian languages.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
In 1952, Palmer travelled in Ethiopia for one year carrying out fieldwork in the local languages. His scientific interests had been the Ethiopian languages for instance Tigre, Bilin, Amharic languages, and the language of the Agaw people from the group of the Cushitic languages. Palmer became Professor of Linguistics at University College, Bangor, in 1960.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
In 1965, he and a number of Bangor colleagues moved to the University of Reading to establish the Department of Linguistic Science. Palmer was appointed Professor of Linguistic Science and under his headship the department quickly developed an international reputation.In 1955, he was inducted into the Linguistic Society of America. In 1971, Palmer was appointed one of the Professorship Holders of the Linguistic Society of America.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
In 1975, he was made a Fellow of the British Academy, and later of the Academia Europaea. He retired in 1987 with the title of Emeritus Professor of Linguistic Science. Palmer was the editor of the Journal of Linguistics from 1969 until 1979.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
He enjoyed a worldwide reputation and consequently travelled widely in North and South America, Asia, North Africa, and Europe. In 1981, he was a visiting lecturer at the Beijing Foreign Studies University. He was one of the contributors to The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
Palmer treated modality in language or languages generally. In his book Mood and Modality, first published in 1986, Palmer developed a typological study of modality or mood. Another publication Modality and the English Modals had already appeared in 1979. Palmer pointed out the current interest in mood and modality, as well as in grammatical typology in general.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
Modality can be classified as Propositional Modality and Event Modality. Propositional Modality can be further subdivided into Epistemic Modality and Evidential Modality.Event Modality in turn can be of two types: Deontic Modality and Dynamic Modality.In Deontic Modality, the conditioning factors are external to the relevant individual or speaker, whereas with Dynamic Modality they are internal.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
Mood and Modality. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1986), ISBN 0-521-31930-7. Palmer, F. R (1977). "Modals and actuality".
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
Journal of Linguistics. 13 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1017/S002222670000517X.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
JSTOR 4175373. S2CID 144028494. Semantics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1981, ISBN 0-521-28376-0 Literature and Moral Understanding: Philosophical Essay on Ethics, Aesthetics, Education and Culture.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
Oxford University Press, (1992), ISBN 0-19-824232-8. Grammatical Roles and Relations. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics, Cambridge University Press, (2008), ISBN 978-0-521-45836-8.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
The English Verb. Longman Linguistics Library, (1988), ISBN 0-582-29714-1. The Verb Classes of Agaw (Awiya).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
In: Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung. Berlin (1959) 7,2, p. 270–297.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
Bilin “to be” and “to have”. In: African Language Studies. (1965) 6, p.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
101–111. Word classes in Bilin. In: Lingua.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
(1966) 17(1–2), p. 200–209. An outline of Bilin phonology.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
In: Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi Etiopici (Roma 2–4 April 1959). Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rom, p. 109–116.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
The Morphology of the Tigre Noun. (= London oriental series. 13).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
Routledge Curzon, 1962, OCLC 4320882. The noun in Bilin. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (1958) 21:376–391.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
Studies in the history of linguistic science: a festschrift for Robert H. Robins. Frank R. Palmer together with Theodora Bynon (eds.) Cambridge University Press, (1986).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
Frank R. Palmer: Lexical aspect in English. Selected Papers from the 18th ISTAL, 2009, p. 1–15 The broken plurals of Tigrinya.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
(1955) The derived forms of the Tigrinya verb. (1960) Some remarks on the grammar and phonology of the 'compound verbs' in Cushitic and Ethiopian Semitic. Roma: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Problemi attuali di scienza e di cultura, quaderno n.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
191, . pp. 71–77 (1974) Affinity and genetic relationship in two Cushitic languages.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
In: To honour Roman Jakobson: essays on the occasion of his seventieth birthday. The Hague & Paris: Mouton & Co.., pp. 1489–1496., (1967) Palmer, F. R (1958).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
"Comparative Statement and Ethiopian Semitic". Transactions of the Philological Society. 57 (1): 119–43. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1958.tb01275.x.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer
|
Electoral autocracy is a hybrid regime, in which democratic institutions are imitative and adhere to authoritarian methods. In these regimes, regular elections are held, but they are accused of failing to reach democratic standards of freedom and fairness.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_autocracy
|
In September 2022 the European Parliament passed a resolution that due to "a breakdown in democracy, the rule of law and fundamental rights in Hungary" the country turned into "a hybrid regime of electoral autocracy".
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_autocracy
|
The Jungle, officially known as the East Duwamish Greenbelt, is a greenbelt on the western slope of Beacon Hill in Seattle, Washington that is known for its homeless encampments and crime. The Jungle consists of 150 acres (61 ha) underneath and along an elevated section of Interstate 5 between South Dearborn Street and South Lucile Street. An assessment counted 201 tents and estimate of more than 400 people in the area prior to a shooting on January 26, 2016, that increased scrutiny and a sweep of the greenspace. The area continues to be used by the homeless as of 2023.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_(Seattle)
|
The Jungle is situated on the steep western slope of Beacon Hill near the south-end of Downtown Seattle, called the East Duwamish Greenbelt., Bound by Interstate 5 to the west and Interstate 90 to the north, the city and state departments of transportation manage most of the land. The thin tract is about 150 acres (61 ha) and extends south to the Georgetown neighborhood. The wooded area can be entered through Rizal Park, highway maintenance roads, or residential areas on Beacon Hill. Thick blackberry brambles and vines grow among maple and other trees in an urban forest. Various rodents—including rats—and numerous species of birds are common.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_(Seattle)
|
Firsthand reports in 2016 described distinct areas within the encampment. The portions under the freeway were referred to as "The Caves" and were within easy walking distance to a nearby methadone clinic. Alcoholism was more prevalent in the southern stretch while residents tended to remain isolated in the brush in the eastern section. A survey conducted by the city of Seattle and the United Gospel Mission later in the year determined 111 people remained in The Jungle even after multiple attempts to close the encampment.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_(Seattle)
|
Approximately 80 percent were male. By race, 45 percent of residents were white and 45 percent were black. A large-scale sweep in January of 2020 counted 30 people among 75 partially abandoned tents and other makeshift structures.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_(Seattle)
|
Homeless people may have used the area as early as the 1930s. It gained notoriety in the 1990s when the city began razing the encampments. In 1994, about 50 campsites yielded 120 tons of trash. Periodic bulldozing in the 1990s by the city or state department of transportation led to complaints of the city providing little to no warning before enacting cleanups.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_(Seattle)
|
Seattle's organized tent cities for the homeless are offshoots of illegal communities that formed after squatters were forcibly removed from The Jungle.Along with numerous and ongoing lower profile deaths and murders, the bodies of three women murdered by a serial killer were found in the area between September 1997 and February 1998. Other deaths include transients struck by vehicles while attempting to cross the nearby freeways, and even a homeless man sleeping in a blackberry thicket as it was mowed by workers.The Jungle increasingly became a haven for criminals in the 2000s. Criminal activity has included assaults, rapes, prostitution, and murders.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_(Seattle)
|
Residences in the Beacon Hill neighborhood complained of being burglarized by those staying in The Jungle. Gang members basing drug trade in the woods also became a concern.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_(Seattle)
|
In the early 2000s, a gravel road was built for emergency services while brush was cleared for greater visibility. An extension of the Mountain to Sound bike corridor through the Jungle opened in the fall of 2011 in an attempt to revitalize the area. The trail features a paved path, lighting, and fences.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_(Seattle)
|
The city attempted to clear the encampment twice a year during the mayoral term of Greg Nickels (2002–2009), but such sweeps were less frequent during Michael McGinn's term (2010–2013) as homelessness increased.From 2011 to 2016, the area was the site of at least 750 incidents responded to by the Seattle Fire Department, of which 500 times were emergency medical situations. By 2016, The Jungle was considered by many as unsafe at any hour, though others argued the dangers was exaggerated by both officials and the media. Weapons, used drug paraphernalia, potentially stolen goods, and human feces were, and continue to be, seen often during the city and state sweeps.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_(Seattle)
|
In April 2015, police arrested 20 suspects during a series of raids, including Son Van Tran, who Federal prosecutors described as a "boss" in the local drug market. On January 26, 2016, two people were killed and three were injured during a shooting at the Jungle encampment. The shooting led to calls from Mayor Murray and other local officials to close the encampment per state trespassing laws, though homeless advocates said the city should stop closing unauthorized encampments until it has an alternative location or shelter for campers.In February, 2016, the Washington State Legislature proposed $1 million to install a 8,000-foot-long (2,400 m), 6-foot-high (1.8 m) razor wire and barbed-wire fence to encircle the 100-acre (40 ha) area.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_(Seattle)
|
On May 17, 2016, the city of Seattle and the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) announced plans to permanently clear out The Jungle, with the estimated 300 remaining people living there to be resettled by the Union Gospel Mission. WSDOT also cleared debris from the freeway's underside and improved road access, while the city cleared the hill above the site, at a total cost of $1 million.A new encampment formed under the Interstate 5 and Interstate 90 interchange to the northwest of the Jungle, dubbed "The New Jungle" or "The Triangle". While sweeps continued, ongoing reports of gunfire and drug abuse triggered a larger police intervention in January 2020. Authorities made seven arrests and identified a large tent in the middle of the encampment where crack, meth, and heroin were sold. == References ==
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_(Seattle)
|
Mintmaster marks (German: Münzmeisterzeichen, abbreviation Mmz.) are often the initials of the mintmaster of a mint or small symbols (cross, star, coat of arms, heraldic device, etc.) for example at the size of the letters on a coin inscription to denote the coins made under his direction. With his mark, the mintmaster assumed responsibility for ensuing the coins issued by his mint were in accordance with the regulations. Mintmaster marks were used as early as the time of bracteate coinage in the Holy Roman Empire, but these can only rarely be deciphered. All mintmaster marks since the beginning of the minting of Thalers have been identified. The picture on the right shows the mintmaster's mark, an acorn on a stem, of the Dresden mintmaster, Constantin Rothe, on a Reichstaler issued under Duke John George II of Saxony from the year 1662.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintmaster_mark
|
Sometimes there are pictographs and letters on a coin. In this case, the pictorial symbol is usually found in the circumscription of the coin and the letters are divided in the field on both sides of the coin's crest. Mintmasters often used their coats of arms as mintmaster symbols. For example in the Electorate of Saxony: Constantin Rothe, mintmaster from 1640 to 1678 in Dresden, put the letters C-R on his coins and also the acorn on a stem from his family coat of arms. Andreas Alnpeck, the last mintmaster of the Freiberg Mint, used a six-pointed star from 1546 to 1555 and from 1554 to 1555 also the eagle's head from his coat of arms as the mintmaster's mark. Ernst Peter Hecht, mintmaster 1693–1714 in Leipzig, used the letters E P H as the mintmaster's mark and also the pike from his coat of arms.In Brandenburg: Paul Mühlrad, mintmaster 1538-1542 in Berlin put a mill wheel on his coinage.In Mecklenburg: Johann Hund (1512–1526) used a dog as his canting arms and subsidiary image in the corners of the cross on the Rostock schillings.In Florence: Alongside the marks of issue, mintmasters also set their coats of arms on Florentine gold coins.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintmaster_mark
|
Mintmaster marks appear from the late Middle Ages. They were largely superseded in the second half of the 19th century by mint marks in the form of a letter to designate the mint. France (Paris Mint) first replaced mintmaster marks with mint marks to designate the mint as early as the 16th century. The Berlin Mint has used the A mint mark since the middle of the 18th century.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintmaster_mark
|
Occasionally, the signature of the coin engraver or just the artist's signature is also found on coins. For example, on the Speciesthaler of 1763 is the Mmz. I F ô F of the mintmaster, Johann Friedrich ô Feral of the Leipzig Mint, and on the arm section the Signum S of medallist Johann Friedrich Stieler. The mintmaster mark should therefore not be confused with the coin signature (Signum).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintmaster_mark
|
There is also a risk of confusion with mint marks used to designate the mint if the mintmaster mark consists of only one letter. It is also possible for the mintmaster's mark and artist's signature of the medallist or die cutter to be identical on a coin. For example, in the case of Palatinate coins with the mark "A S".
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintmaster_mark
|
This is the artist's signature and at the same time the mintmaster's mark of the Palatinate court medallist, coin die cutter and mint master, Anton Schäffer. As an example, see the illustration of the Flussgoldducat by Karl Theodor von der Pfalz from the year 1763. A special feature is the use of a banker's mark as a mintmaster mark on a Giulio of the Papal States of Pope Julius II On the reverse side between the two saints St.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintmaster_mark
|
Peter and St. Paul is the trident-shaped banker's mark of the Fugger family from Augsburg, who had financed Julius II's papal election with loans.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintmaster_mark
|
The trident on the Giulio testifies to the Fugger's lending for the papal election. It was not uncommon for coins to be minted without dates and without the minting authority or the even country being specified. Known mintmaster marks can allow identification of undated coins of unknown origin.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintmaster_mark
|
Heinz Fengler, Gerd Gierow, Willy Unger: transpress Lexikon Numismatik, Berlin 1976 Paul Arnold, Harald Küthmann, Dirk Steinhilber: Großer Deutscher Münzkatalog von 1800 bis heute, Augsburg 2010 Julius Erbstein, Albert Erbstein: Erörterungen auf dem Gebiete der sächsischen Münz- und Medaillen-Geschichte bei Verzeichnung der Hofrath Engelhardt’schen Sammlung, Dresden 1888 Walther Haupt: Sächsische Münzkunde. Berlin 1974 Lienhard Buck: Die Münzen des Kurfürstentums Sachsen 1763 bis 1806, Berlin 1981 Wolfgang Steguweit: Geschichte der Münzstätte Gotha, Weimar 1987 Gerhard Krug: Die meißnisch sächsischen Groschen 1338–1500, Berlin 1974 N. Douglas Nicol: Standard Catalog of German Coins 1601 to Present, 1995 L. Krause, Clifford Mishler: 1991 standard catalog of WORLD COINS 1801–1990 Friedrich von Schrötter, N. Bauer, K. Regling, A. Suhle, R. Vasmer, J. Wilcke: Wörterbuch der Münzkunde, Berlin 1970 (reprint of original 1930 edn.) Lotar Koppe: Die sächsisch-ernestinischen Münzen 1551 bis 1573, Regenstauf 2004
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintmaster_mark
|
Buurtzorg Nederland is a Dutch home-care organization which has attracted international attention for its innovative use of independent nurse teams in delivering relatively low-cost care. The word buurtzorg is Dutch for “neighborhood care”.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buurtzorg_Nederland
|
It was founded in 2006 in the small city of Almelo by Jos de Blok and a small team of professional nurses who were dissatisfied with the delivery of health care by traditional home care organizations in the Netherlands. According to Sharda S. Nandram, the company has created a new management approach: “integrating simplification,” characterized by a simple, flat organizational structure through which a wide range of services, facilitated by information technology, can be provided.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buurtzorg_Nederland
|
When they go into a patient's home, Buurtzorg's nurses provide not only medical services but also support services, such as dressing and bathing, that are usually delegated to lesser-trained and cheaper personnel. Self-governing teams of 10 to 12 highly trained nurses take responsibility for the home care of 50 to 60 patients in a given neighbourhood. This permits flexibility in work arrangements to meet both nurses’ and patients’ needs. The organization has the most satisfied workforce of any Dutch company, with more than 1,000 employees.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buurtzorg_Nederland
|
A study by KPMG published in January 2015 shows that the company is a low-cost provider of home-care services, and that this is not attributable to its patient mix. When the patients’ nursing home, physician, and hospital costs were added to the analysis, total per-patient costs were about average for the Netherlands.The organisation describes a package of six sequential components, which cannot be delivered separately: assess the client's needs; the assessment is holistic and includes medical needs, Long Term Condition needs and personal/social needs. On the basis of the resulting information, the individual care plan will be drafted.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buurtzorg_Nederland
|
map networks of informal care and involve them in care. to identify and include formal carers. care delivery. supporting the client in his/her social roles. promote self-care and independence.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buurtzorg_Nederland
|
The company employed 10,000 nurses and 4,500 home help workers in 2018, with teams in the Netherlands, Sweden, and Japan. It now provides home care to about 80,000 people; more than half of all district nurses in the Netherlands work for the organization. In the USA the organization faces the need to deal with multiple payers, each with its own payment rules and procedures which makes it difficult for nurses to do their own billing as they do in Holland. The company is concerned about a cutback in the Dutch home nursing budget of 400 million euros, 10% less than last year's community care budget.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buurtzorg_Nederland
|
The company is getting more applications from people who are entitled to home care. It expects a growth of 15,000 clients.A Welsh Buurtzorg pilot is to be established by NHS Wales from 2018 to 2020 with £2 million funding. The Royal College of Nursing said, “The RCN has long supported this model, which was founded in the Netherlands and has garnered international acclaim for its nurse-led, cost-effective principles, which rely upon nurse-innovation leading the way for care of patients in their own communities.”In France, the not for profit organisation Soignons Humain (www.soignonshumain.com) has started operating in 2016, as official licensed partner of Buurtzorg.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buurtzorg_Nederland
|
The Kayhausen Boy is a mummy, naturally preserved in a sphagnum bog in Lower Saxony, Germany. He is one of the few recorded bog children discovered.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayhausen_Boy
|
The body, of a boy believed to have been approximately seven to ten years of age at the time of his death, was found in 1922. The boy is estimated to have died between 400 and 300 BCE. His arms and feet were bound together with cloth torn from clothing and a fur cape.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayhausen_Boy
|
Examination concluded that he had been stabbed three to four centimeters deep, three times in the neck and once on his left arm. It is thought that the wound on the boy's arm had happened when the boy may have raised his arm in an act of self-defense towards his attacker. A recent examination of the body shows that the weapon used to kill the child was a dagger with a four centimeter blade.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayhausen_Boy
|
A possible reason for the boy's demise is that he had suffered from an infected socket at the top of his femur, and hence would not have been able to walk without assistance. Because of the high incidence of deformities among bog bodies, such as the Yde Girl, anthropologists have suggested that the disabled were sacrificed because they were considered to be unfavored by their gods. The boy's body is preserved in a formalin solution and is not displayed.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayhausen_Boy
|
Bundaberg War Nurses Memorial is a heritage-listed memorial at Bourbong Street, Bundaberg West, Bundaberg, Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1949 by Zero Ziegler. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundaberg_War_Nurses_Memorial
|
The Bundaberg War Nurses Memorial was officially opened on 15 October 1949 by the Mayor of Bundaberg, Alderman F H Buss. It is thought to have been designed by Bundaberg architect E H Boden. The memorial honours the 12 local women who served as nursing sisters in the First World War and the 4 who served in the Second World War, two of whom died, one (Sister Pearl Mittelheuser) in a Japanese prisoner of war camp and the other (Sister Joyce Whyllie) in the sinking of the Centaur.The town of Bundaberg profited from the growth of the sugar industry in the 1880s. The Millaquin refinery and private milling companies invested in the area and by 1920 the city had become directly and indirectly dependent on the sugar industry.The impetus for a war nurses memorial was initiated by the West Bundaberg Progress Association who approached the City Council and requested that the parcel of land be made available to them for beautification purposes.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundaberg_War_Nurses_Memorial
|
At the time of unveiling, it was the only tribute to war nurses in Australia. The unveiling ceremony was attended by a large crowd of civilians and fifty nurses in white uniforms formed a guard of honour. Many people were thanked at the unveiling, including architect E H Boden who also formally opened the steel entrance gate to the park.Many local companies and individuals contributed to the construction of the memorial.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundaberg_War_Nurses_Memorial
|
These included architect E H Boden, local monumental mason Zero Ziegler, who donated the marble honour roll and Mr Cunnington, the Bundaberg City Gardens Curator, who supervised the layout and planting of the park.Eric Hawksley Boden was born in Brisbane. He became an architectural cadet with the Queensland Government in 1909 before working for architects in private practice in Brisbane. In 1922 he travelled throughout Europe and Africa.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundaberg_War_Nurses_Memorial
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.