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Finally, there were a series of economic ideas rooted in the conception of economics as a branch of biology, including the idea that energy relationships, rather than price relationships, determine economic structure. The use of fractal geometry to create economic models (see Energy Economics). In its infancy the appli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought |
The most visible work was in the area of applying fractals to market analysis, particularly arbitrage (see Complexity economics). Another infant branch of economics was neuroeconomics. The latter combines neuroscience, economics, and psychology to study how we make choices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought |
Bayesian optimization is a sequential design strategy for global optimization of black-box functions that does not assume any functional forms. It is usually employed to optimize expensive-to-evaluate functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_optimization |
The term is generally attributed to Jonas Mockus and is coined in his work from a series of publications on global optimization in the 1970s and 1980s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_optimization |
Bayesian optimization is typically used on problems of the form max x ∈ A f ( x ) {\textstyle \max _{x\in A}f(x)} , where A {\textstyle A} is a set of points, x {\textstyle x} , which rely upon less than 20 dimensions ( R d , d ≤ 20 {\textstyle \mathbb {R} ^{d},d\leq 20} ), and whose membership can easily be evaluated.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_optimization |
The prior captures beliefs about the behavior of the function. After gathering the function evaluations, which are treated as data, the prior is updated to form the posterior distribution over the objective function. The posterior distribution, in turn, is used to construct an acquisition function (often also referred ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_optimization |
There are several methods used to define the prior/posterior distribution over the objective function. The most common two methods use Gaussian processes in a method called kriging. Another less expensive method uses the Parzen-Tree Estimator to construct two distributions for 'high' and 'low' points, and then finds th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_optimization |
Examples of acquisition functions include probability of improvement expected improvement Bayesian expected losses upper confidence bounds (UCB) or lower confidence bounds Thompson samplingand hybrids of these. They all trade-off exploration and exploitation so as to minimize the number of function queries. As such, Ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_optimization |
The maximum of the acquisition function is typically found by resorting to discretization or by means of an auxiliary optimizer. Acquisition functions are typically well-behaved and are maximized using a numerical optimization technique, such as Newton's Method or quasi-Newton methods like the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_optimization |
The approach has been applied to solve a wide range of problems, including learning to rank, computer graphics and visual design, robotics, sensor networks, automatic algorithm configuration, automatic machine learning toolboxes, reinforcement learning, planning, visual attention, architecture configuration in deep lea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_optimization |
Iconography, as a branch of art history, studies the identification, description and interpretation of the content of images: the subjects depicted, the particular compositions and details used to do so, and other elements that are distinct from artistic style. The word iconography comes from the Greek εἰκών ("image") ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
In art history, "an iconography" may also mean a particular depiction of a subject in terms of the content of the image, such as the number of figures used, their placing and gestures. The term is also used in many academic fields other than art history, for example semiotics, media studies, and archaeology, and in gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
Early Western writers who took special note of the content of images include Giorgio Vasari, whose Ragionamenti interpreted the paintings in the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. Ragionamenti reassuringly demonstrates that such works were difficult to understand even for well-informed contemporaries. Lesser known, though it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
Lessing's study (1796) of the classical figure Amor with an inverted torch was an early attempt to use a study of a type of image to explain the culture it originated in, rather than the other way round. Iconography as an academic art historical discipline developed in the nineteenth-century in the works of scholars su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
In the early-twentieth century Germany, Aby Warburg (1866–1929) and his followers Fritz Saxl (1890–1948) and Erwin Panofsky (1892–1968) elaborated the practice of identification and classification of motifs in images to using iconography as a means to understanding meaning. Panofsky codified an influential approach to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
Whereas most iconographical scholarship remains highly dense and specialized, some analyses began to attract a much wider audience, for example Panofsky's theory (now generally out of favour with specialists) that the writing on the rear wall in the Arnolfini Portrait by Jan van Eyck turned the painting into the record... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
These are now being digitised and made available online, usually on a restricted basis. With the arrival of computing, the Iconclass system, a highly complex way of classifying the content of images, with 28,000 classification types, and 14,000 keywords, was developed in the Netherlands as a standard classification for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
A number of collections of different types have been classified using Iconclass, notably many types of old master print, the collections of the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin and the German Marburger Index. These are available, usually on-line or on DVD. The system can also be used outside pure art history, for example on site... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
Religious images are used to some extent by all major religions, including both Indian and Abrahamic faiths, and often contain highly complex iconography, which reflects centuries of accumulated tradition. Secular Western iconography later drew upon these themes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
Central to the iconography and hagiography of Indian religions are mudra or gestures with specific meanings. Other features include the aureola and halo, also found in Christian and Islamic art, and divine qualities and attributes represented by asana and ritual tools such as the dharmachakra, vajra, chhatra, sauwastik... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
The art of Indian Religions esp. Hindus in its numerous sectoral divisions is governed by sacred texts called the Aagama which describes the ratio and proportion of the icon, called taalmaana as well as mood of the central figure in a context. For example, Narasimha an incarnation of Vishnu though considered a wrathful... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
Christian art features Christian iconography, prominently developed in the medieval era and renaissance, and is a prominent aspect of Christian media. Aniconism was rejected within Christian theology from the outset, and the development of early Christian art and architecture occurred within the first two centuries aft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
In the Late Antique period iconography began to be standardized, and to relate more closely to Biblical texts, although many gaps in the canonical Gospel narratives were plugged with matter from the apocryphal gospels. Eventually, the Church would succeed in weeding most of these out, but some remain, like the ox and a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
After the period of Byzantine iconoclasm iconographical innovation was regarded as unhealthy, if not heretical, in the Eastern Church, though it still continued at a glacial pace. More than in the West, traditional depictions were often considered to have authentic or miraculous origins, and the job of the artist was t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
Most modern Eastern Orthodox icons are very close to their predecessors of a thousand years ago, though development, and some shifts in meaning, have occurred – for example, the old man wearing a fleece in conversation with Saint Joseph usually seen in Orthodox Nativities seems to have begun as one of the shepherds, or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
Especially in the West, a system of attributes developed for identifying individual figures of saints by a standard appearance and symbolic objects held by them; in the East they were more likely to identified by text labels. From the Romanesque period sculpture on churches became increasingly important in Western art,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
Most painters remained content to copy and slightly modify the works of others, and it is clear that the clergy, by whom or for whose churches most art was commissioned, often specified what they wanted shown in great detail. The theory of typology, by which the meaning of most events of the Old Testament was understoo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
The subtle layers of meaning uncovered by modern iconographical research in works of Robert Campin such as the Mérode Altarpiece, and of Jan van Eyck such as the Madonna of Chancellor Rolin and the Washington Annunciation lie in small details of what are on first viewing very conventional representations. When Italian ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
Secular painting became far more common in the West from the Renaissance, and developed its own traditions and conventions of iconography, in history painting, which includes mythologies, portraits, genre scenes, and even landscapes, not to mention modern media and genres like photography, cinema, political cartoons, c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
Iconography, often of aspects of popular culture, is a concern of other academic disciplines including Semiotics, Anthropology, Sociology, Media Studies, Communication Studies, and Cultural Studies. These analyses in turn have affected conventional art history, especially concepts such as signs in semiotics. Discussing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
In the age of Internet, the new global history of the visual production of Humanity (Histiconologia) includes History of Art and history of all kind of images or medias. Contemporary iconography research often draws on theories of visual framing to address such diverse issues as the iconography of climate change create... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
Castelseprio frescoes The Flagellation by Piero della Francesca The Wilton Diptych The Mérode Altarpiece by Robert Campin Madonna of Chancellor Rolin, Arnolfini Portrait, Annunciation, all by Jan van Eyck Virgin and Child Enthroned by Rogier van der Weyden The Magdalen Reading by Rogier van der Weyden St. Jerome in His... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography |
Mobile shelving, mobile aisle shelving, compactus, roller racking, or rolling stack, are terms applied to shelving or storage units fitted with wheeled traction systems. Units can be closely packed when access is not required, but can be readily moved to open up an aisle to allow access. By eliminating the need for a p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_shelving |
Each shelving unit is normally mounted on a level trackway (to eliminate gradients in the supporting floor), making it possible to move heavy units with minimal effort. Mobile shelving can be moved manually or by the use of electrical motors. The track/flooring can either sit on top of an existing floor or be integrate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_shelving |
Mobile storage systems are usually constructed with a rotary handle on the exterior accessible face. When rotated, the handle operates the mechanism which winds the single, connected, filing unit either left or right, depending on a clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation of the handle. In an office, for example, sever... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_shelving |
Drive mechanisms vary; traditionally systems were offered with chain drive but modern technology allows belt drive systems which provides smooth, quiet operation. Although the "bays of shelving" that sit on the mobile chassis come in many standard sizes, they can be mixed to create run lengths of shelving to maximise t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_shelving |
Powered shelving is electrically powered. Units normally have a small AC or DC motor hidden in the base that automatically moves the units when a single button is pressed. High-end versions connect into archiving databases, and using RFID allows the easy retrieval of archived items with auto-open and close functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_shelving |
Mobile aisle shelving is typically used for academic or commercial applications where a significant volume of physical archive material, filing or books is to be stored. These include medical or government records, file-intensive offices such as the legal or accountancy professions, and public and academic libraries an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_shelving |
A typical bank of mobile office shelving units offers close to a 50% reduction of floor space, or a 50% to 100% increase in storage space, compared to traditional filing cabinets. The ability to concertina individual units until touching means space is only required between units when they are being accessed by users. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_shelving |
An acceptability judgment task, also called acceptability rating task, is a common method in empirical linguistics to gather information about the internal grammar of speakers of a language. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptability_judgment_task |
The goal of acceptability rating studies is to gather insights into the mental grammars of participants. As the grammaticality of a linguistic construction is an abstract construct that cannot be accessed directly, this type of tasks is usually not called grammaticality, but acceptability judgment. This can be compared... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptability_judgment_task |
What can be measured are the outcomes of specific test items. The result of one item, however, is not very telling. Instead, IQ tests consist of several items building a score. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptability_judgment_task |
Similarly, in acceptability rating studies, grammatical constructions are measured through several items, i.e., sentences to be rated. This is also done to ensure that participants do not rate the meaning of a particular sentence. The difference between acceptability and grammaticality is linked to the distinction betw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptability_judgment_task |
Several different types of acceptability rating tasks are used in linguistics. The most common tasks use Likert scales. Forced choice and yes-no rating tasks are also common. Besides these classical test types, there are other, methods like thermometer judgments or magnitude estimation which have been argued to be more... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptability_judgment_task |
Ethnolinguistics (sometimes called cultural linguistics) is an area of anthropological linguistics that studies the relationship between a language and the nonlinguistic cultural behavior of the people who speak that language. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistics |
Ethnolinguists study the way perception and conceptualization influences language and show how that is linked to different cultures and societies. An example is how spatial orientation is expressed in various cultures. In many societies, words for the cardinal directions east and west are derived from terms for sunrise... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistics |
Cultural Linguistics is a related branch of linguistics that explores the relationship between language and cultural conceptualisations. Cultural Linguistics draws on and expands the theoretical and analytical advancements in cognitive science (including complexity science and distributed cognition) and anthropology. C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistics |
Ethnosemantics, also called ethnoscience and cognitive anthropology, is a method of ethnographic research and ethnolinguistics that focuses on semantics by examining how people categorize words in their language. Ethnosemantics studies the way people label and classify the cultural, social, and environmental phenomena ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistics |
In order to perform ethnosemantic analysis, all of the words in a language that are used for a particular subject are gathered by the researcher and are used to create a model of how those words relate to one another. Anthropologists who utilize ethnosemantics to create these models believe that they are a representati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistics |
Ethnosemantics can help anthropologists to discover whether a particular culture categorizes "dandelions" as a "lettuce" or a "weed", and using this information can discover something about how that culture thinks about plants.In one section of Oscar Lewis' La Vida, he includes the transcript of an interview with a Pue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistics |
Once the social categories have been mapped, the next steps are to attempt to define the precise meaning of each category, examine how the speaker describes the relationship of categories, and analyze how she evaluates the characteristics of the people who are grouped in those social categories. The speaker in this exa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistics |
The poor are further divided into those with disreputable positions and those with reputable positions. The speaker characterizes the disreputable poor generally as dishonest and corrupt, but presents herself as one of the few exceptions. This analysis of the speaker's description of her social circle thus allows for a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistics |
Another method that is used in ethnosemantic analysis is componential analysis. Componential analysis is used to describe the criteria people use to classify concepts by analyzing their semantic features. For example, the word "man" can be analyzed into the semantic features "male," "mature," and "human"; "woman" can b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistics |
A tamper-evident band or security ring serves as a tamper resistant or tamper evident function to a screw cap, lid, or closure. The term tamper-proof is sometimes used but is considered a misnomer given that pilfering is still technically possible.A security band can be integrated with the cap or can be a separate pack... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamper-evident_band |
The use of custom printing and security printing is available. Perforations or other areas of weakness are often used to initiate and control a tear. Sometimes engineered frangibility is used for break-away functions. While tamper-evident bands are not considered a challenge for recycling, it is important that the band... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamper-evident_band |
Security opening rings might have several possible purposes: Provide clear evidence of container being opened Deter tampering Deter package pilferage Deter product adulteration Improved closure strength during shipping Regulatory requirement (sometimes) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamper-evident_band |
When an aluminum or plastic bottle cap has an integral band, it is usually connected by thin bridges. They can be molded along with the cap or slit afterwards. When unscrewing the cap, the frangible ring breaks: the ring can separate from the cap, and two separate pieces remain, the sealing piece and the leftover ring;... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamper-evident_band |
Separate bands of shrink film can be placed over the closure and tightened in a shrink tunnel. Some have perforations or nicks to help initiate the tear. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamper-evident_band |
Most standard pressure sensitive tapes do not have a high degree of tamper evidence. Some special security tapes have additional tamper evident features which offer better tamper evidence. Some have intentional weakness which cause breakage or delamination; others have hidden messages which appear upon opening. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamper-evident_band |
The Ohio Automated Rx Reporting System (OARRS) is Ohio's state Prescription Monitoring Program (PMP) and is controlled by the Ohio State Board of Pharmacy. The law permitting the Board of Pharmacy to create the PMP was signed on March 18, 2005, and became effective January 1, 2006. The OARRS program began operation on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Automated_Rx_Reporting_System |
The law establishing a database for keeping records of prescriptions is Ohio Revised Code 4729.75 and states: The state board of pharmacy may establish and maintain a drug database. The board shall use the drug database to monitor the misuse and diversion of controlled substances, as defined in section 3719.01 of the R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Automated_Rx_Reporting_System |
OARRS was put into place, just like any other PMP, to be used as a tool for Ohio to address prescription drug abuse, addiction and diversion. It may serve several purposes such as: Support access to legitimate medical use of controlled substances Identify and deter or prevent drug abuse and diversion Facilitate and enc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Automated_Rx_Reporting_System |
In Ohio, registration for the OARRS program is limited to health care professionals and law enforcement. There are five different account types to choose from when registering. Prescriber Master: an individual who is authorized to write prescriptions without the presence and/or authorization of another prescriber. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Automated_Rx_Reporting_System |
Prescriber Master accounts can request OARRS reports as well as review ones requested by his/her delegates. Nurse Practitioners and Physician's Assistants with prescriptive authority are eligible for a Master Prescriber account. Residents and Interns who do not have a permanent medical license must register as a delega... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Automated_Rx_Reporting_System |
Prescriber Delegate: In order to qualify for a Prescriber Delegate account, a user must be a licensed health care professional. This includes, but is not limited to, physicians assistants, nurses and pharmacists. The job duties of the delegate must be within the scope of his/her license in order to qualify for a delega... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Automated_Rx_Reporting_System |
All Prescriber Delegate accounts must be linked with a Prescriber Master account. Pharmacist: Only practicing pharmacists can register for this account. This means that the pharmacist in question must be practicing pharmacy as defined by the Ohio Revised Code. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Automated_Rx_Reporting_System |
Law Enforcement Supervisor: For a Law Enforcement Supervisor account, you must be a sworn officer of the law, working for a Law Enforcement Agency responsible for enforcing drug laws. Law Enforcement accounts are unique because two accounts are required to make a request. A Law Enforcement Supervisor can only approve r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Automated_Rx_Reporting_System |
Law Enforcement Officer: For a Law Enforcement Officer account, you must be a sworn officer of the law, working for a Law Enforcement Agency responsible for enforcing drug laws. Law Enforcement accounts are unique in the aspect that two accounts are required to make a request. A Law Enforcement Officer can request both... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Automated_Rx_Reporting_System |
Every request made by a Law Enforcement Officer must be approved by a related Law Enforcement Supervisor. Therefore, there must be at least one Law Enforcement Supervisor related to a Law Enforcement Officer account. There may be more than one Supervisor for a single Officer and vice versa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Automated_Rx_Reporting_System |
The format in which data is submitted to The Board is highly regulated as well. All data submitted to the OARRS system must be submitted according to the 2005 American Society for Automation in Pharmacy standards (ASAP). The following information is required for all record submissions to the Board: Patient's name, addr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Automated_Rx_Reporting_System |
The following information shows the accepted mediums that the State Board of Pharmacy accepts for data submission as well as the requirements for each medium. SFTP: Secure File Transfer Protocol is the preferred method for data submission. The file format must be the pharmacy's DEA number, the file creation time in HHM... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Automated_Rx_Reporting_System |
HTTPS: Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTPS) is the method used to enter data on the OARRS website. ASAP formatted text files may also be uploaded via HTTPS. CD: Compact Discs can be submitted to the State Board as long as the files are in the ASCII format. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Automated_Rx_Reporting_System |
When submitting a CD, the pharmacy must: include the file name on the disc which must be the pharmacy's DEA number followed by .TXT label the front of the disc with the Pharmacy and/or Submitter's name, DEA number, and number of prescriptions on the disc include a Transmittal FormDiskette: Diskettes are still accepted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Automated_Rx_Reporting_System |
After a data submission is received and updated, a confirmation e-mail will be sent to the pharmacy contact which will confirm the date processed, the number of records received, the number of records with errors and the name of the submitted file. If there were errors in the data submission, a Microsoft Excel document... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Automated_Rx_Reporting_System |
Data may be rejected if it does not meet the requirements laid out by the ASAP 2005 standards. The entity submitting the data will be notified via e-mail. Only the records containing errors will be rejected, not the entire file. For example, if Johnson's Pharmacy submits a CD with 75 records on it and 12 do not follow ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Automated_Rx_Reporting_System |
If a pharmacy never dispenses any controlled substances, carisoprodol or tramadol prescriptions, that pharmacy can notify the State Board via a signed letter. The State Board will then remove that pharmacy from a list of pharmacies that are expected to report to the OARRS system. If no controlled substances, carisoprod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Automated_Rx_Reporting_System |
In retail economics and geography, comparison goods are products which are usually higher value and purchased infrequently, such as vehicles, household goods or clothing. Consumers tend to compare products before purchasing them to maximise value and quality. They are contrasted with convenience goods, which are purcha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_goods |
Nilanjana Dasgupta is a social psychologist whose work focuses on the effects of social contexts on implicit stereotypes - particularly on factors that insulate women in STEM fields from harmful stereotypes which suggest that females perform poorly in such areas. Dasgupta is a Professor of Psychology and is the Directo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilanjana_Dasgupta |
Prior to joining the Psychology faculty at the University of Massachusetts in 2003, Dasgupta (b. 1969) received an A.B. from Smith College in 1992 in Psychology with a minor in Neuroscience. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilanjana_Dasgupta |
In 1998, she received a PhD in Psychology from Yale University. Dasgupta then became a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Washington, Seattle and, afterward, an Assistant Professor at the New School for Social Research from 1999-2002.At the University of Massachusetts Amherst, Dasgupta has served in several leade... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilanjana_Dasgupta |
From 2014-2020 she served as the Director of Faculty Equity and Inclusion in the College of Natural Sciences at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Dasgupta is co-PI of an NSF Advance program that seeks to transforms the campus by cultivating faculty equity, inclusion and success at the University of Massachusett... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilanjana_Dasgupta |
She is serving on the National Science Foundation's Advisory Committee for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences (2015–17). She is an elected member of the executive committee of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology, and was elected to be President of the society in 2017. Dr. Dasgupta serves on the Trainin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilanjana_Dasgupta |
Dasgupta proposed the Stereotype Inoculation Model which explains how, for women in STEM fields, experts and peers from one's own group in a working or learning environment can help individuals become more successful despite the pervasiveness of stereotypes casting doubt upon their ability.Dasgupta has also conducted r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilanjana_Dasgupta |
In 2009 Dasgupta was elected to the fellowships of both the Association for Psychological Science. and the Society of Experimental Social Psychology. In 2011, Dasgupta and her collaborators received a Smashing Bias Research Prize awarded by the Mitchell Kapor Foundation and Level Playing Field Institute She also receiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilanjana_Dasgupta |
In 2017 Dasgupta received Chancellor’s Award for Outstanding Accomplishments in Research & Creative Activity; this is the highest recognition bestowed to faculty by the University of Massachusetts Amherst. As part of that award she delivered a Distinguished Faculty Lecture on “STEMing the Tide: How Female Professors an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilanjana_Dasgupta |
Subjective well-being (SWB) is a self-reported measure of well-being, typically obtained by questionnaire.Ed Diener developed a tripartite model of SWB in 1984, which describes how people experience the quality of their lives and includes both emotional reactions and cognitive judgments. It posits "three distinct but o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
"SWB therefore encompasses moods and emotions as well as evaluations of one's satisfaction with general and specific areas of one's life. SWB is one definition of happiness. Although SWB tends to be stable over the time and is strongly related to personality traits, the emotional component of SWB can be impacted by sit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Diener argued that the various components of SWB represent distinct constructs that need to be understood separately, even though they are closely related. Hence, SWB may be considered "a general area of scientific interest rather than a single specific construct". Due to the specific focus on the subjective aspects of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
There are three components of SWB: affect (hedonic measures), life satisfaction (cognitive measures), and eudaimonia (a sense of meaning and purpose). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Affect refers to the emotions, moods, and feelings a person has. These can be all positive, all negative, or a combination of both positive and negative. Some research shows also that feelings of reward are separate from positive and negative affect. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Life satisfaction (global judgments of one's life) and satisfaction with specific life domains (e.g. work satisfaction) are considered cognitive components of SWB. The term "happiness" is sometimes used in regards to SWB and has been defined variously as "satisfaction of desires and goals" (therefore related to life sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Life satisfaction and in some research happiness are typically considered over long durations, up to one's lifetime. "Quality of life" has also been studied as a conceptualization of SWB. Although its exact definition varies, it is usually measured as an aggregation of well-being across several life domains and may inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Eudaimonic measures seek to quantify traits like virtue and wisdom as well as concepts related to fulfilling our potential such as meaning, purpose, and flourishing. Eudaimonic measures are often regarded as a core component of SWB, particularly in the field of positive psychology. However, it is unclear whether measur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Life satisfaction and Affect balance are generally measured separately and independently. Life satisfaction is generally measured using a self-report method. A common measurement for life satisfaction is questionnaires. Affective balance is also generally measured using a self-report method. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
An example of a measurement of affective balance is the PANAS (Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule).Sometimes a single SWB question attempts to capture an overall picture. For example, the World Happiness Report uses a Cantril ladder survey, in which respondents are asked to think of a ladder, with the best possib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Participants may be lying or holding back from revealing certain things because they are either embarrassed or they may be filling in what they believe the researcher wants to see in the results. To gain more accurate results, other methods of measurement have been used to determine one's SWB. Another way to corroborat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Informant reports are given to the participant's closest friends and family and they are asked to fill out either a survey or a form asking about the participants mood, emotions, and overall lifestyle. The participant may write in the self-report that they are very happy, however that participant's friends and family r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Another method of gaining a better understanding of the true results is through ESM, or the Experience Sampling Method. In this measure, participants are given a beeper/pager that will randomly ring throughout the day. Whenever the beeper/pager sounds, the participant will stop what he/she is doing and record the activ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Tracking this over a period of a week or a month will give researchers a better understanding of the true emotions, moods, and feelings the participant is experiencing, and how these factors interact with other thoughts and behaviors. A third measurement to ensure validity is the Day Reconstruction Method. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
In this measure, participants fill out a diary of the previous days’ activities. The participant is then asked to describe each activity and provide a report of how they were feeling, what mood they were experiencing, and any emotions that surfaced. Thus to ensure valid results, a researcher may tend to use self-report... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
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