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Theories of the causes of SWB tend to emphasize either top-down or bottom-up influences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
In the top-down view, global features of personality influence the way a person perceives events. Individuals may therefore have a global tendency to perceive life in a consistently positive or negative manner, depending on their stable personality traits. Top-down theories of SWB suggest that people have a genetic pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Evidence for this genetic predisposition derives from behavior-genetic studies that have found that positive and negative affectivity each have high heritability (40% and 55% respectively in one study). Numerous twin studies confirm the notion of set point theory, however, they do not rule out the possibility that is i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Further evidence for a genetically influenced predisposition to SWB comes from findings that personality has a large influence on long-term SWB. This has led to the dynamic equilibrium model of SWB. This model proposes that personality provides a baseline for emotional responses. External events may move people away fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
From a bottom-up perspective, happiness is created from happy experiences. Bottom-up influences include external events, and broad situational and demographic factors, including health and marital status. Bottom-up approaches are based on the idea that there are universal basic human needs and that happiness results fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
In support of this view, there is evidence that daily pleasurable events are associated with increased positive affect, and daily unpleasant events or hassles are associated with increased negative affect. However, research suggests that external events account for a much smaller proportion of the variance in self-repo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Based originally on the concept of a "hedonic treadmill", this theory proposes that positive or negative external events temporarily increase or decrease feelings of SWB, but as time passes people tend to become habituated to their circumstances and have a tendency to return to a personal SWB "setpoint" or baseline lev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
A number of studies have found that SWB constructs are strongly associated with a range of personality traits, including those in the five factor model. Findings from numerous personality studies show that genetics account for 20–48% of the variance in the Five-Factor Model and the variance in subjective well-being is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Meta-analytic research shows that neuroticism is the strongest predictor of overall SWB and is the strongest predictor of negative affect.A large number of personality traits are related to SWB constructs, although intelligence has negligible relationships. Positive affect is most strongly predicted by extraversion, to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Life satisfaction was significantly predicted by neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Quality of life was very strongly predicted by neuroticism, and also strongly predicted by extraversion and conscientiousness, and to a modest extent by agreeableness and openness to experience. One study f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Firstly, SWB is closely tied to traits associated with emotional tendencies (emotional stability, positive affectivity, and tension). Secondly, relationship enhancing traits (e.g. trust, affiliation) are important for subjective well-being. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Happy people tend to have strong relationships and be good at fostering them. Thirdly, the way people think about and explain events is important for subjective well-being. Appraising events in an optimistic fashion, having a sense of control, and making active coping efforts facilitates subjective well-being. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Trust, a trait substantially related to SWB, as opposed to cynicism involves making positive rather than negative attributions about others. Making positive, optimistic attributions rather than negative pessimistic ones facilitates subjective well-being.The related trait of eudaimonia or psychological well-being, is al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
A person's level of subjective well-being is determined by many different factors and social influences prove to be a strong one. Results from the famous Framingham Heart Study indicate that friends three degrees of separation away (that is, friends of friends of friends) can affect a person's happiness. From abstract:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
"Quality of social connections has a much stronger affect on SWB than the quantity of those connections. Those with fewer but more intimate social contacts report higher levels of SWB than those who have many contacts but lower quality of connections. One's level of perceived support plays a role in predicting SWB. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Those who believe to have a strong support group tend to have higher levels of SWB than those who do not. High levels of negative affect has also been correlated with low perceived social support. Frequent, high quality social interactions coupled with perceived social support will contribute greatly to the SWB a perso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Social media often leads to comparison. When people compare their life experiences with those seen on social media (which are primarily good, happy, or exciting experiences), those people experience a decrease in their quality of life. Fan Xiaojun et al. point out that, because self-presentation on social media is very... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Research has not demonstrated that there are significant differences in subjective well-being between childless couples and couples with children. A research study by Pollmann-Schult (2014) found that when holding finances and time costs constant, parents are happier and show increased life satisfaction than non-parent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Research indicates that wealth is related to many positive outcomes in life. Such outcomes include: improved health and mental health, greater longevity, lower rates of infant mortality, experience fewer stressful life events, and less frequently the victims of violent crimes However, research suggests that wealth has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
In study 2, predicted happiness ranged between 15-80 and actual happiness ranged between 50 and 80. These findings show that people believe that money does more for happiness than it really does. However, some research indicates that while socioeconomic measures of status do not correspond to greater happiness, measure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Through time, the Easterlin has looked at the relationship between happiness and gross domestic product (GDP) across countries and within countries. There are three different phenomena to look at when examining the connection between money and Subjective well-being; rising GDP within a country, relative income within a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
There are substantial positive associations between health and SWB so that people who rate their general health as "good" or "excellent" tend to experience better SWB compared to those who rate their health as "fair" or "poor". A meta-analysis found that self-ratings of general health were more strongly related to SWB ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
A review of longitudinal studies found that measures of baseline subjective well-being constructs such as optimism and positive affect predicted longer-term health status and mortality. Conversely, a number of studies found that baseline depression predicted poorer longer-term health status and mortality. Baseline heal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
A number of studies found that positive emotions and optimism had a beneficial impact on cardiovascular health and on immune functioning. Changes in mood are also known to be associated with changes in immune and cardiovascular response. There is evidence that interventions that are successful in improving subjective w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
For example, meditation and relaxation training have been found to increase positive affect and to reduce blood pressure. The effect of specific types of subjective well-being is not entirely clear. For example, how durable the effects of mood and emotions on health are remains unclear. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Whether some types of subjective well-being predict health independently of others is also unclear. Meditation has the power to increase happiness because it can improve self-confidence and reduces anxiety, which increases your well-being. Cultivating personal strengths and resources, like humour, social/animal company... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
In health-conscious modern societies, most people overlook the emotions as a vital component of one's health, while over focusing on diet and exercise. According to Diener & Biswas-Diener, people who are happy become less sick than people who are unhappy. There are three types of health: morbidity, survival, and longev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Evidence suggests that all three can be improved through happiness: Morbidity, simply put, is whether or not someone develops a serious illness, such as the flu or cancer. In a 30-year longitudinal study, participants who were high in positive emotions were found to have lower rates of many health problems. Some of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Additionally, results showed that depressed participants were more likely to have heart attacks and recurrences of heart attacks when compared to happy people. Survival is the term used for what happens to a person after he/she has already developed or contracted a serious illness. Although happiness has been shown to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Survival may be the only area of health that evidence suggests happiness may actually be sometimes detrimental. It is unclear why exactly research results suggest this is the case, however Diener & Biswas-Diener offer an explanation. It is possible that happy people fail to report symptoms of the illness, which can ult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Another possible reason may be that happy people tend to be optimistic, leading them to take their symptoms too lightly, seek treatment too late, and/or follow the doctor's instructions half-heartedly. And lastly, Diener & Biswas-Diener suggest that people with serious illnesses may be more likely to choose to live out... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Head researcher Deborah Danner of the University of Kentucky researched links between an individual's happiness and that individual's longevity. Danner recruited 180 Catholic nuns from a nearby convent as the participants of her study. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
She chose nuns because they live very similar lives. This eliminates many confounding variables that might be present in other samples, which can lead to inaccurate results. Such confounding variables could include substance use, diet, and sexual risk-taking. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Since there are few differences among the nuns as far as the confounding variables, this sample offered the best option to match a controlled laboratory setting. Results showed that nuns who were considered happy or positive in their manner and language on average lived 10 years longer than the nuns who were considered... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
A positive relationship has been found between the volume of gray matter in the right precuneus area of the brain, and the subject's subjective happiness score. A six-week mindfulness based intervention was found to correlate with a significant gray matter increase within the precuneus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
There are a number of domains that are thought to contribute to subjective well-being. In a study by Hribernik and Mussap (2010), leisure satisfaction was found to predict unique variance in life satisfaction, supporting its inclusion as a distinct life domain contributing to subjective well-being. Additionally, relati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Although all cultures seem to value happiness, cultures vary in how they define happiness. There is also evidence that people in more individualistic cultures tend to rate themselves as higher in subjective well-being compared to people in more collectivistic cultures.In Western cultures, predictors of happiness includ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Pleasant emotional experiences have a stronger social component in East Asian cultures compared to Western ones. For example, people in Japan are more likely to associate happiness with interpersonally engaging emotions (such as friendly feelings), whereas people in the United States are more likely to associate happin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
For example, Asian Americans tend to experience greater happiness after achieving goals that are pleasing to or approved of by significant others compared to European Americans. There is also evidence that high self-esteem, a sense of personal control and a consistent sense of identity relate more strongly to SWB in We... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Research has found that even within Eastern cultures, people with high self-esteem and a more consistent sense of identity are somewhat happier than those who are low in these characteristics. There is no evidence that low self-esteem and so on are actually beneficial to SWB in any known culture.A large body of researc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Collectivistic cultures are based around the belief that the individual exists for the benefit of the larger social unit, whereas more individualistic cultures assume the opposite. Collectivistic cultures emphasize maintaining social order and harmony and therefore expect members to suppress their personal desires when... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Individualistic cultures by contrast emphasize the inalienable value of each person and expect individuals to become self-directive and self-sufficient. Although people in collectivistic cultures may gain happiness from the social approval they receive from suppressing self-interest, research seems to suggest that self... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
The differing beliefs on self-expression help explain what may at first seem paradoxical. Westerners tend to encourage individual expression, which leads to a greater focus on one's own emotions. This increased self-awareness combines with the normative belief that joy should be more common than sadness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
People living under these conditions can catastrophize their own negative emotions; feeling increased sadness over the fact that they are either not currently happy or frequently happy. Easterners tend to be more concerned about their collective's feelings over their own individual feelings. They do not typically catas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Positive psychology is particularly concerned with the study of SWB. Positive psychology was founded by Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi (2000) who identified that psychology is not just the study of pathology, weakness, and damage; but it is also the study of strength and virtue. Researchers in positive psychology have p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Understanding individual differences in SWB is of key interest in positive psychology, particularly the issue of why some people are happier than others. Some people continue to be happy in the face of adversity whereas others are chronically unhappy at the best of times.Positive psychology has investigated how people ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
SWB is often used in appraising the wellbeing of populations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
SWB in the workplace increases productivity and the meaning people make through their work. Many factors can affect SWB in the workplace. One of the bigger factors is negative gossip. A study from Xiamen University found that negative gossip is highly correlated with low levels of SWB. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
To combat this issue, Cheng et al. suggest offering support to employees who feel psychological distress and help the staff increase their emotional intelligence. When a person has high levels of SWB in the workplace, that person is often more productive. SWB helps employees to feel less burned out, leading to higher p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
Many people consider SWB, in the workplace specifically, as a necessary condition for happiness. In other words, these people are saying that, if they do not feel SWB in the workplace, they will not feel happiness in life. Employee's SWB has not only lead to higher profits, but also higher customer loyalty and lower tu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being |
The history of evolutionary psychology began with Charles Darwin, who said that humans have social instincts that evolved by natural selection. Darwin's work inspired later psychologists such as William James and Sigmund Freud but for most of the 20th century psychologists focused more on behaviorism and proximate expl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology |
After his seminal work in developing theories of natural selection, Charles Darwin devoted much of his final years to the study of animal emotions and psychology. He wrote two books;The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex in 1871 and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals in 1872 that dealt with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology |
Darwin pondered why humans and animals were often generous to their group members. Darwin felt that acts of generosity decreased the fitness of generous individuals. This fact contradicted natural selection which favored the fittest individual. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology |
Darwin concluded that while generosity decreased the fitness of individuals, generosity would increase the fitness of a group. In this case, altruism arose due to competition between groups. The following quote, from Darwin's Origin of Species, is often interpreted by evolutionary psychologists as indication of his for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology |
Darwin's theory inspired William James's functionalist approach to psychology. At the core of his theory was a system of "instincts." James wrote that humans had many instincts, even more than other animals. These instincts, he said, could be overridden by experience and by each other, as many of the instincts were act... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology |
This "instinct blindness" makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the "natural seem strange":It takes...a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctive human act. To the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology |
Why are we unable to talk to a crowd as we talk to a single friend? Why does a particular maiden turn our wits so upside-down? The common man can only say, Of course we smile, of course our heart palpitates at the sight of the crowd, of course we love the maiden, that beautiful soul clad in that perfect form, so palpab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology |
... To the lion it is the lioness which is made to be loved; to the bear, the she-bear. To the broody hen the notion would probably seem monstrous that there should be a creature in the world to whom a nestful of eggs was not the utterly fascinating and precious and never-to-be-too-much-sat-upon object which it is to h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology |
Making the natural seem strange is unnatural -- it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons. Yet it is a pivotal part of the enterprise. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology |
Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. "According to Noam Chomsky, perhaps Anarchist thinker Peter Kropotkin could be credited as having founded evolutionary psychology, when in his 1902 book Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution he argued that the h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology |
While Darwin's theories on natural selection gained acceptance in the early part of the 20th century, his theories on evolutionary psychology were largely ignored. Only after the second world war, in the 1950s, did interest increase in the systematic study of animal behavior. It was during this period that the modern f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology |
Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen were pioneers in developing the theoretical framework for ethology for which they would receive a Nobel prize in 1973. Desmond Morris's book The Naked Ape attempted to frame human behavior in the context of evolution, but his explanations failed to convince academics because they we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology |
In 1975, E. O. Wilson built upon the works of Lorenz and Tinbergen by combining studies of animal behavior, social behavior and evolutionary theory in his book Sociobiology:The New Synthesis. Wilson included a chapter on human behavior. Wilson's application of evolutionary analysis to human behavior caused bitter debat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology |
The term evolutionary psychology was used by American biologist Michael Ghiselin in a 1973 article published in the journal Science. Jerome Barkow, Leda Cosmides and John Tooby popularized the term "evolutionary psychology" in their 1992 book The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and The Generation of Culture. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology |
This distinction may explain some maladaptive behaviors that are the result of "fitness lags" between ancestral and modern environments. For example, our ancestrally developed desires for fat, sugar and salt often lead to health problems in modern environment where these are readily available in large quantities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology |
Also, in contrast to sociobiology and behavioral ecology (which mostly study non-human animal behavior), rather than focus primarily on overt behavior, EP attempts to identify underlying psychological adaptations (including emotional, motivational and cognitive mechanisms), and how these mechanisms interact with the de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology |
Signal enhancement by extravascular water protons, or SEEP, is a contrast mechanism for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which is an alternative to the more commonly employed BOLD (blood-oxygen-level dependent) contrast. This mechanism for image contrast changes corresponding to changes in neuronal activit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_enhancement_by_extravascular_water_protons |
A correspondence between BOLD and SEEP signal changes, and sites of activity, has been observed in the brain and appears to arise from the common dependence on changes in local blood flow to cause a change in blood oxygenation or to produce extracellular fluid. The advantage of SEEP contrast is that it can be detected ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_enhancement_by_extravascular_water_protons |
SEEP is controversial because it is not universally agreed to exist as a contrast mechanism for fMRI. However, more recent studies have demonstrated changes in MRI signal corresponding with changes in neuronal activity in rat cortical tissue slices, in the absence of blood flow or changes in oxygenation, and neuronal a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_enhancement_by_extravascular_water_protons |
The Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education was a short-lived government ministry of the Russian Empire, directing all educational and scientific institutions and the spiritual affairs of all faiths within Russia. It was formed by decree of Alexander I of Russia on 24 May (5 June) 1817 by merging the Ministr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_and_Public_Education_(Russia) |
1817 – 1824 Prince Alexander Golitsyn (previously ober-procurator of the Holy Synod) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_and_Public_Education_(Russia) |
IoT Forensics is a branch of Digital forensics that has the goal of identifying and extracting digital information from devices belonging to the Internet of things field, using a forensically sound and legally acceptable process. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IoT_Forensics |
Unlike traditional digital forensics approaches, IoT forensics is characterized by a wider range of potential source of evidence: with respect to the traditional analysis of servers, computers and smartphones, IoT forensics is extracting the information directly from smart environment data including monitoring systems,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IoT_Forensics |
Network forensics: Process of identifying and extracting evidence from network log, devices traffic traces and communication patterns. With respect to the traditional network investigations, IoT Network forensics branch includes additional network models such as for example Body area network or Personal area network (i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IoT_Forensics |
Cloud forensics: Process of extrapolating information in the cloud used by the devices. Since IoT devices are usually limited in memory, most of the information is stored in proprietary cloud applications that may contain a massive amount of potential evidences (i.e. devices activities). Given the amount of information... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IoT_Forensics |
An IoT forensics investigation process should be conducted using the standard guidelines so that the collected evidence can be admissible on the court. The process is analogous to digital forensics process, but faces challenges caused by the peculiarities of the IoT devices. The full process can be split temporally int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IoT_Forensics |
Evidence Identification and its subsequent collection are the first phases for investigators during forensic processes. Search and seizure is an important step in any forensic examination: in the particular case of the IoT forensics, detecting presence of IoT systems is not always immediate considering that these devic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IoT_Forensics |
Data center locations of cloud service providers are usually distributed in order to reduce costs and increase service efficiency. For this reason a forensic investigator often faces multi-jurisdiction issues during the data collection when the information is stored in the cloud.In the case of Network forensics some of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IoT_Forensics |
There are devices and procedures for storing network traffic as raw data but it is impractical to capture and save all network data due to its volume. The question of privacy and legal issues of data acquisition in network forensics is even larger than in the cloud forensics case, as the network data might include a lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IoT_Forensics |
Digital forensics traditional process guidelines suggest to turn off the evidentiary devices in order to prevent the alteration of data. Given the cloud services almost substituting the storage (ROM) of the IoT devices, most of the physical information is nevertheless located in volatile memory like RAM. The creation o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IoT_Forensics |
Moreover, unplugged IoT devices may become unaccessible and need proper reconfiguration before the use, hence modifying system logs information causing loss of potential evidences. For these reasons the approach to follow when dealing with IoT device level forensics is performing live forensics data acquisition.Recent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IoT_Forensics |
After the evidence identification and its subsequent collection, the forensic investigator should preserve the gathered data and guarantee its integrity during the full process from right after the collection to the final presentation.While the preservation of data using proper techniques (i.e. hashing) is feasible in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IoT_Forensics |
This phase involves all the analysis steps required by the investigators that should process and connect all the collected evidences in order to reach an outcome for the investigation. In the case of IoT evidence, the big volume of data that are usually collected in the acquisition phase make it almost impossible to pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IoT_Forensics |
In the particular case of IoT device physical memory analysis, several tools can be used by electronically connecting to the devices (see Memory forensics).The trends in the current research in the Network forensics field in the particular case of IoT forensics involves the application of Artificial Intelligence and Ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IoT_Forensics |
The last phase of any forensic investigation process is the final presentation of the collected and analysed evidences in front of the jury court. IoT forensics evidence presentation is not as simple as traditional forensic cases, in particular for finding a proper human readable representation of the evidence itself t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IoT_Forensics |
IoT forensics should not be confused with IoT security. IoT forensics takes care of finding evidences for forensics purposes: the evidences are not always related to IoT devices attacks or to their security, but can be used for proving/disproving a traditional forensic crime (i.e. a person detected in a room from IoT d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IoT_Forensics |
Noun ellipsis (N-ellipsis), also noun phrase ellipsis (NPE), is a mechanism that elides, or appears to elide, part of a noun phrase that can be recovered from context. The mechanism occurs in many languages like English, which uses it less than related languages. Theoretical analyses of N-ellipsis vary, with at least t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_ellipsis |
Standard instances of N-ellipsis in English are introduced by a limited set of determiner- and adjective-like elements (possessives, cardinal and ordinal numbers, other quantifiers). In the examples throughout this article, the ellipsis is indicated using a smaller font and subscripts, the element that introduces the e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_ellipsis |
- N-ellipsis introduced by cardinal number I caught the first train before you caught the second train. - N-ellipsis introduced by ordinal numberSome school kids like syntax, and some school kids don't. - N-ellipsis introduced by a quantifier Each student was helped so that each student would understand. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_ellipsis |
- N-ellipsis introduced by a quantifierThe set of elements that can introduce N-ellipsis in English is limited. Similar quantificational elements, for instance, cannot introduce N-ellipsis: *No school kid likes syntax, and no school kid likes semantics. - Failed attempt to introduce N-ellipsis with no *Every student wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_ellipsis |
- Failed attempt to introduce N-ellipsis with everyMost adjectives in English are also incapable of introducing N-ellipsis: *Fred watches stupid programs, but Jim watches intelligent programs. - Failed attempt to introduce N-ellipsis with a standard adjective *I value long walks although I only get to take short walks.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_ellipsis |
Note that English employs the indefinite pronoun one to make such sentences acceptable, e.g. Fred watches stupid programs, but Jim watches intelligent ones. The examples so far all have the ellipsis following its antecedent. The opposite arrangement is also possible: the N-ellipsis can precede its "antecedent": If he b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_ellipsis |
- N-ellipsis preceding its "antecedent" Because he did the first two problems, she is going to do that last three problems. - N-ellipsis preceding its "antecedent" Even though he skipped one task, he did do the rest of the tasks. - N-ellipsis preceding its "antecedent"N-ellipsis behaves like standard personal pronouns ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_ellipsis |
There is systematic variation in forms across some noun phrases that do and do not involve N-ellipsis. This variation is apparent in English with possessives. Possessive determiners cannot introduce N-ellipsis, whereas one can interpret possessive pronouns as doing so. The following table summarizes the competing forms... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_ellipsis |
*You like your dog, but you don't like my dog. - Possessive determiner my cannot introduce N-ellipsis b. You like your dog, but you don't like mine dog. - Possessive pronoun mine can introduce N-ellipsisa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_ellipsis |
*We helped your friends, before we helped our friends. - Possessive determiner our cannot introduce N-ellipsis b. We helped your friends, before we helped ours friends. - Possessive pronoun ours can introduce N-ellipsisThis same sort of data occurs in numerous other languages, where the variation is visible with many o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_ellipsis |
The obvious conclusion that one can reach based upon this variation is that the possessive pronouns are in fact in no way introducing N-ellipsis, but rather they are, as their name suggests, simply pronouns. In other words, there is no ellipsis in such cases. This observation is important for the theory N-ellipsis in g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_ellipsis |
An important aspect of N-ellipsis concerns the material that can (and cannot) be elided. Much more than just a noun can be included in the ellipsis, e.g. a. Susan likes her big red fish with a stripe and Tom likes his big red fish with a stripe too. b. Susan likes her big red fish with a stripe and Tom likes his big re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_ellipsis |
b. I will read your first long draft on gapping from last semester if you read mine first long draft on gapping from this semester. c. I will read your long draft on gapping from last semester if you read mine long draft on stripping.The preferred readings for these sentences are the ones indicated by the underlines an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_ellipsis |
Each time, N-ellipsis appears to be eliding more than just the noun. A more extensive examination of such data would demonstrate that N-ellipsis elides minimally a noun and maximally everything else in the noun phrase that follows the word that introduces the ellipsis. At times, the elided material can appear medially ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_ellipsis |
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