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It crosses also Turku in Finland. Meridian 22° East misses Ukraine and Bulgaria and Meridian 23° East misses Russia (Kaliningrad) and Slovakia. Halfway both meridians, on 22.5° EL, those missing countries are on the line. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_meridian_east |
By late 2022, the price of red and white onions in the Philippines increased significantly, reaching an all-time high in December at ₱700 per kilogram and leading people to smuggle the commodity into the country. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022–2023_Philippine_onion_crisis |
Along with garlic, onion is a staple in Filipino cuisine, being used as a base in many dishes. It is a seasonal crop, growing between the rainy months of September and December. Meanwhile, its harvest season begins as early as December and ends in June. The Philippines consumes an average of 17,000 metric tons of onion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022–2023_Philippine_onion_crisis |
The Department of Agriculture's failure to adequately project supply and demand for onions resulted to a delay in imports, leading to a shortage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022–2023_Philippine_onion_crisis |
In January 2023, President Bongbong Marcos, who also serves concurrently as Secretary of Agriculture, approved the importation of 21,060 tons of onion. The first shipments began to arrive on January 23. The agriculture department said the importation, albeit a "temporary solution", would help decrease inflation in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022–2023_Philippine_onion_crisis |
Gerd Spittler (born 4 April 1939 in Donaueschingen) is a German ethnologist. Spittler became known through his participation in developing the Africa focus at the University of Bayreuth and through his research on Hausa peasants and Tuareg nomads. While in his early years as a sociologist he concentrated on the area of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
Gerd Spittler grew up in Donaueschingen and graduated from the Fürstenberg-Gymnasium in 1958. From 1959 to 1966 he studied sociology, ethnology, economics and history at the universities of Heidelberg, Hamburg, Bordeaux, Basel and Freiburg. In 1966 he received his doctorate from the University of Freiburg . His dissert... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
In 1975 and 1976 he stepped in as stand-in professor for sociology at the Heidelberg University. In 1977 he returned to the University of Freiburg as a university lecturer. Here he taught from 1980 to 1988 as a professor of sociology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
In 1976 he traveled to Niger for research purposes for the first time. His book ‘Les Touaregs face aux sécheresses et aux famines (1993) is based on research in the Tuareg area. In the course of a one-month guest professorship in 1984, he gave lectures at the University of Niamey in Niger. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
From 1988 until his retirement in 2004 he held the first chair of ethnology at the University of Bayreuth. From 1990 to 1999 Spittler was chairman of the graduate college “Intercultural Relations in Africa”. From 1994 to 1999 he was managing director of the "Institute for African Studies". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
In 1996/1997 he took on the position of dean of the cultural studies faculty, where he also worked from 2000 to 2004 as chairman of the Collaborative Research Centre “Local action in Africa in the context of global influences”. From 2002 he also chaired the Scientific Advisory Board of ‘Point Sud. Center de Recherche s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
After his retirement, Spittler taught at the universities of Basel (Switzerland), Vienna (Austria), Bayreuth, Niamey (Niger), and Sousse (Tunesia). From 2004 to 2007 he was speaker of the scientific advisory board of the Zentrum Moderner Orient in Berlin. From October 2006 to February 2007 he did research as visiting r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
Spittler began his research with issues relating to legal sociological and legal ethnology before he concentrated on peasant societies. Here, the focus was mainly on the relationship between peasants and the state in colonial and postcolonial French Westafrica. This was followed by research on West African nomads, incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
As a professor of ethnology in Bayreuth, he concentrated on four areas: the anthropology of work, material needs, local action in a global context, and methods of ethnology. In addition to general reflections on the anthropology of work, a topic that has been largely neglected in ethnology to date, Spittler primarily e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
Spittler's second focus was on material needs, consumption and material culture. This happened mainly in the project of the Collaborative Research Centre (SFB/FK 560) "Local action in Africa in the context of global influences" (from 2000). Its focus was a comparison of traditional food and goods and modern, imported c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
Overall, Spittler wrote ten monographs, edited seven readers and published over 100 essays. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
Norm und Sanktion. Untersuchungen zum Sanktionsmechanismus. Walter, Olten 1967 Verwaltung in einem afrikanischen Bauernstaat. Das koloniale Französisch-Westafrika 1919–1939. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
Steiner, Wiesbaden 1982 Founders of the Anthropology of Work. German Social Scientists of the 19th and Early 20th Centuries. Lit, Berlin 2008 Anthropologie der Arbeit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
Ein ethnographischer Vergleich. Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2016 Leben mit wenigen Dingen. Der Umgang der Kel Ewey Tuareg mit ihren Requisiten. Mohr Siebeck,.Tübingen 2023. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
with Mamadou Diawara und Farias Paulo: Heinrich Barth et l’Afrique. Köppe, Köln 2006 with Hélène d'Almeida-Topor und Monique Lakroum: Le Travail en Afrique Noire. Représentations et pratiques à l’époque contemporaine. Karthala, Paris 2003. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
With Michael Bourdillon: African Children at Work. Working and Learning in Growing Up for Life. Lit, Berlin 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
• Art.Work. In: Callan, Hilary (ed. ): The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Vol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
12. – Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell, 2018 . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
– S. 6490-6498K with Hans Peter Hahn and Markus Verne: How Many Things Does Man Need? Material Possessions and Consumption in Three West African Villages (Hausa, Kasena and Tuareg) Compared to German Students. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
In: Hans Peter Hahn (eds. ): Consumption in Africa. Anthropological Approaches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
Lit, Berlin 2008, pp. 173–200 Administrative Despotism in Peasant Societies. In: Bill Jenkins, Edward C. Page (eds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
): The Foundations of Bureaucracy in Economic and Social Thought. Elgar, Cheltenham 2004, vol. I, pp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
339–350 Work – Transformation of Objects or Interaction with Subjects? In: Brigitta Benzing, Bernd Herrmann (eds. ): Exploitation and Overexploitation in Societies Past and Present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
Münster / Hamburg 2003, pp. 327–338 (reprint 2016) "Teilnehmende Beobachtung als Dichte Teilnahme". In: Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
vol. 126 (2001) No.1, pp. 1–25. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
"Abstraktes Wissen als Herrschaftsbasis: Zur Entstehungsgeschichte bürokratischer Herrschaft im Bauernstaat Preußen". In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie. vol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
3 (1980) No.2, pp. 574–604 (Reprint 2019). "Streitregelung im Schatten des Leviathan: eine Darstellung und Kritik rechtsethnologischer Untersuchungen." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
In: Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie. vol. 1 (1980), No 1, pp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
4–32. (Judith Bayer and Felix Girke: "The State of Custom. Gerd Spittlers "Dispute settlement in the Shadow of Leviathan" (Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie, vol. 1, 2021, pp. 3–20) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler |
Mewa Singh (born 11 April 1951) is an Indian primatologist, ethologist, and conservation biologist. He was a professor of ecology and animal behavior at University of Mysore Biopsychology Department in Mysore, Karnataka. Currently he is a Life-Long Distinguished Professor in University of Mysore. It is interesting to n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewa_Singh |
Yet he is popular and revered for coordinating courses in Evolution, Genetics, Animal Behavior, Conservation Biology and Statistics not only in his department at the University of Mysore but at academic schools, conferences and faculty refresher courses throughout the country. A new night frog Nyctibatrachus mewasinghi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewa_Singh |
He has published more than 200 research articles on several animal species. Singh also studies the viability of primate populations and is frequently quoted in the media as an expert in this area.He is a fellow of all three Science Academies of India: Indian Academy of Sciences Bangalore; Indian National Science Academ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewa_Singh |
Western European Time (WET, UTC±00:00) is a time zone covering parts of western Europe and consists of countries using UTC±00:00 (also known as Greenwich Mean Time, abbreviated GMT). It is one of the three standard time zones in the European Union along with Central European Time and Eastern European Time.The following... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Time |
The nominal span of the UTC±00:00 time zone is 7.5°E to 7.5°W (0° ± 7.5°), but does not include the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Gibraltar or Spain (except Canary Islands) which use Central European Time (CET) even though these are mostly or completely west of 7.5°E. Conversely, Iceland and eastern Greenla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Time |
A slight variation of UTC±00:00, based until 1911 on the Paris Meridian, was used in: Andorra: 1901–1946 Belgium: 1892–1914 (without daylight saving time) and 1919–1940 (with daylight saving time) France: 1911–1940 and 1944–1945 Gibraltar: 1880–1957 Luxembourg: 1918–1940 Monaco: 1911–1945Until the Second World War, Fra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Time |
Located west of 22°30′ W ("physical" UTC−2) Western parts of Iceland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Time |
Most of Iceland Mykines, Faroe Islands Western Ireland Western Portugal Madeira islands Canary Islands North-eastern Greenland Western parts of Northern Ireland and Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Time |
These areas are actually located between 7°30′E and 7°30′W (nominally UTC+0) but use UTC+01:00 (Central European Time, nominally for longitudes between 7°30′E and 22°30′E): All of Andorra Belgium Luxembourg Monaco Netherlandsand most of France Spainand minor parts of other countries. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Time |
Rostrum (from Latin rostrum, meaning beak) is a term used in anatomy for a number of phylogenetically unrelated structures in different groups of animals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy) |
In crustaceans, the rostrum is the forward extension of the carapace in front of the eyes. It is generally a rigid structure, but can be connected by a hinged joint, as seen in Leptostraca. Among insects, the rostrum is the name for the piercing mouthparts of the order Hemiptera as well as those of the snow scorpionfli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy) |
The long snout of weevils is also called a rostrum. Gastropod molluscs have a rostrum or proboscis. Cephalopod molluscs have hard beak-like mouthparts referred to as the rostrum.Invertebrate rostrums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy) |
In mammals, the rostrum is that part of the cranium located in front of the zygomatic arches, where it holds the teeth, palate, and nasal cavity. Additionally, the corpus callosum of the human brain has a nerve tract known as the rostrum. The beak or snout of a vertebrate may also be referred to as the rostrum. Some ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy) |
The narwhal possesses a large rostrum (tusk) which evolved from a protruding canine tooth. Some fish have permanently protruding rostrums which evolved from their upper jawbones. Billfish (marlin, swordfish and sailfish) use rostrums (bills) to slash and stun prey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy) |
Paddlefish, goblin sharks and hammerhead sharks have rostrums packed with electroreceptors which signal the presence of prey by detecting weak electrical fields. Sawsharks and the critically endangered sawfish have rostrums (saws) which are both electro-sensitive and used for slashing. The rostrums extend ventrally in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy) |
Andalusian is a dialect of Spanish spoken in Andalusia, Spain. However, a recent fringe movement has aimed at the differentiation of Andalusian from Spanish and at its standardization. Several groups and organizations have emerged attempting to defend the notion of Andalusian as a separate language from Spanish, such a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement |
Andalusian is considered by linguistic publications such as Ethnologue a dialect of the Spanish language. However, in recent times, there have been fringe efforts to promote the dialect of Andalusia as a language of its own, with its own orthographic norms. The newspaper Libertad Digital ("Digital Freedom") has accused... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement |
Despite having informally started its activities four years earlier, in 2006, the Society for the Study of Andalusian (Sociedad para el Estudio del Andaluz, or Zoziedá' pal Ehtudio' el Andalú; ZEA) was established and drafted its "legal constitution". In a 2008 interview by 20 minutos ("20 minutes"), Guadalupe Vázquez ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement |
It was presented by the Andalusian Workers' Union (SAT) on 9 May of that year. Many users on Twitter mocked the book. As a result of the controversy this book provoked, a Facebook page named after it, Er Prinçipito Andalûh (El Principito Andaluz, "The Andalusian Prince"; EPA), was created, becoming an online gathering ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement |
Afterwards, this group worked on the creation of an orthographic system aimed at the standardization of Andalusian, Êttandâ pal andalûh (Estándar para el andaluz, "Standard for Andalusian"; also EPA). This later saw the development of a manual transcriber from Spanish to Andalusian, using the EPA system, in 2018. The E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement |
It also started being used by some artistic and musical groups, such as Califato ¾.In the summer of 2018, Ksar Feui, a physicist with interests in linguistics, started developing an automatic algorithm for transcribing Spanish to EPA Andalusian. He has praised the EPA as a "historic milestone", and has declared on a 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement |
Afterwards, AndaluGeeks started online courses for learning Andalusian and involved itself in the creation of an Andalusian keyboard for Android with autocorrection and predictive text, an Andalusian dictionary and Andalusian versions of Minecraft, Telegram and Wikipedia, with the latter transcribing all Spanish Wikipe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement |
We speak it without complexes." and that "we have, in addition, Andalusian linguists with proposals for an orthography". She later published the same statements on her Twitter account in EPA Andalusian. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement |
A crime laboratory, often shortened to crime lab, is a scientific laboratory, using primarily forensic science for the purpose of examining evidence from criminal cases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_lab |
A typical crime lab has two sets of personnel: Field analysts – investigators that go to crime scenes, collect evidence, and process the scene. Job titles include: Forensic evidence technician Crime scene investigator Scenes of crime officer (SOCO) Laboratory analysts – scientists or other personnel who run tests on th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_lab |
In the United States, crime labs may be publicly or privately operated, although private laboratories typically do not respond to crime scenes to collect evidence. Public crime labs are organized at the city, state, or national level. A law enforcement agency that operates its own crime lab usually has access to a high... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_lab |
Crime labs simply do not have the funding or personnel resources to keep up with the large influx of cases being brought into the laboratory, as well as the backlog of cases already in existence.The Los Angeles Police Department founded the first crime laboratory in the United States (1923), followed by the Bureau of I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_lab |
The term "crime lab" has become a part of popular culture, largely due to the TV dramas. Some of the more famous shows are: Bones (TV series) "Castle (TV series)" CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and spin-offs CSI: Miami and CSI: NY NCIS Quincy, M.E. – a 1970s television show featuring crime lab personnel and procedures.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_lab |
Due to the lack of funding and staff, delays in the ability to test cases has occurred creating a backlog in the analysis of evidence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_lab |
Arabic has had a great influence on other languages, especially in vocabulary. The influence of Arabic has been most profound in those countries visited by Islam or Islamic power. Arabic loanwords have made into many languages as diverse as Amharic, Albanian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Balochi, Bengali, Berber, Bosnian, Bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
Other languages such as Maltese and Nubi derive from Arabic, rather than merely borrowing vocabulary. Spanish has one of the largest Arabic-influenced vocabularies of any European language, around 8 percent, due to Arab rule mainly in the Southern Iberia from 711 until 1492 known as Al-Andalus, however Spain's re-Chris... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
Most Berber varieties (such as Kabyle), along with Swahili, borrow numbers from Arabic. Most religious terms used by Muslims around the world are direct borrowings from Arabic, such as ṣalāt, 'prayer' and imām, 'prayer leader'. In languages not directly in contact with the Arab world, Arabic loanwords are often mediate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
The Bengali language, spoken by the Muslim-majority Bengalis, has gained Arabic vocabulary both directly, as the language of Islam and its literature, but also indirectly as a consequence of Arabic-influenced Persian being an official language in Bengal for over 500 years. During the late medieval period, a number of B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
Most Berber languages have a high percentage of borrowing and influence from the Arabic language, as well as from other languages. For example, Arabic loanwords represent 35% to 46% of the total vocabulary of the Kabyle language, and represent 51.7% of the total vocabulary of Tarifit. Almost all Berber languages took f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
Arabic has notably influenced the Catalan language, and especially the southern dialects (including the Valencian ones). Due to almost eight centuries of Arabic presence in the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus), hundreds of words from many fields (including Arabic inventions) have been adapted into Catalan; among many are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
Many places of the Land of Valencia, and also a few from Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, have names of partial or total Arabic origin, such as Algemesí, Alzira, Almassora, etc. A large number of places have the Arabic roots Beni, Bena and Bene, which mean "son of" or "sons of": Benidorm, Benimuslem, Benilloba, Beni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
Like other European languages, English contains many words derived from Arabic, often through other European languages, especially Spanish. Among them is every-day vocabulary like "sugar" (sukkar), "cotton" (quṭn) or "magazine" (maḫāzin). More recognizable are words like "algebra" (al-jabr), "alcohol" (al-kuhūl), "alch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
A more indirect form of influence is the use of certain Latinate words in an unclassical sense, derived from their use in Latin translations of medieval Arabic philosophical works (e.g. those of Averroes), which entered the scholastic vocabulary and later came into normal use in modern languages. Examples are "informat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
French is widely spoken as a second language in France's former colonies in the Maghreb. Therefore, the list of words that are used or incorporated into the French spoken in this region (as a result of code-switching, convenience or lack of an equivalent term in standard French) is potentially endless. Such arabisms, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
As is the case for many other European languages, one principal source was Spanish. The other was directly from Maghrebi Arabic as a result of the occupation and colonisation of the Maghreb, particularly Algeria, in the 19th and 20th centuries. Examples of the latter include 'bled', a slang term for place of origin, fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
Dozens of Arabic words occur in Interlingua, frequently because their co-occurrence in such languages as English, French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese can be used to verify their internationality. Many of these words entered Interlingua's vocabulary through Spanish. Arabic words in Interlingua include "algebra", "a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
There are far fewer Arabic loanwords in Javanese than Sanskrit loanwords, and they are usually concerned with Islamic religion. Nevertheless, some words have entered the basic vocabulary, such as pikir ("to think", from the Arabic fikr), badan ("body"), mripat ("eye", thought to be derived from the Arabic ma'rifah, mea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
In Indonesian and Malaysian Malay, the loanwords from Arabic are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with Islam, but to a lesser extent Christianity. Words of Arabic origin include dunia (from Arabic: دنيا dunya = the present world), Sabtu (from Arabic: السبت as-sabt = Saturday), khabar or kabar (خبر ḵabar = ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
Ilah (Arabic: إله) is the word for God even in Christian Bible translations. Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual Hebrew words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations this practice is discontinued. They now turn to Greek names or use the original Hebrew Word. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
For example, the name Jesus was initially translated as 'Isa (Arabic: عيسى), but is now spelt as Yesus. Several ecclesiastical terms derived from Arabic still exist in Indonesian and Malaysian clerical use. The Malay word for bishop is uskup (from Arabic: اسقف usquf = bishop, ultimately from Ancient Greek episkopos). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
This in turn makes the derived term for "archbishop" uskup agung (literally great bishop), which is combining the Arabic word with an Old Javanese word. The term imam (from Arabic: امام imām = leader, prayer leader) is used to translate a Catholic priest, beside its more common association with an Islamic prayer leader... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
The Arab conquest of Iran lasted for two centuries, from the 7th to the 9th CE. Arabic gradually replaced Middle Persian as an official language and Arabic became the language of the Persian intellectuals during Golden Age of Islam. During this period, many Arabic words were imported into the Persian language. Persian ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
Arabic has had an extensive influence on the Persian lexicon, but it has not greatly affected the structure of the language. Although a considerable portion of the lexicon is derived from Arabic roots, including some of the Arabic plural patterns, the morphological process used to obtain these lexical elements has not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
So, for instance, the Arabic plural form for kitāb (كتاب) is kutub (كتب) obtained by the root derivation system. In Persian, the plural for the lexical word ketâb is obtained by simply adding the Persian plural morpheme hā: ketāb+hā → ketābhā (كتابها). Also, any new Persian words can only be pluralized by the additio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
In addition, since the plurals formed by the Arabic morphological system constitute only a small portion of the Persian vocabulary (about 5% in the Shiraz corpus), it is not necessary to include them in the morphology; they are instead listed in the dictionary as irregular forms. In fact, among Iranians there have been... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
In 1934, Reza Shah ordered to rebuild tomb of Ferdowsi, who is regarded as the savior of Persian language, and set up a ceremony in Mashhad, celebrating a thousand years of Persian literature since the time of Ferdowsi, titled Ferdowsi Millenary Celebration (Persian: جشن هزاره فردوسی). Academy of Persian language and l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
Between the 9th century and up to 1249 when the Arabs were expelled from the Algarve, Portuguese acquired words (between 400 and 600 estimate) from Arabic by influence of Moorish Iberia. Although the native population spoke the Lusitanian-Mozarabic, they kept some Mozarabic-derived words. These are often recognizable b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
In AD 535, Emperor Justinian I made Sicily a Byzantine province, and for the second time in Sicilian history, the Greek language became a familiar sound across the island (Hull, 1989). As the power of the Byzantine Empire waned, Sicily was progressively conquered by Arab Muslims, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
The Spanish language has been influenced by Arabic as a result of the long Islamic presence within the Iberian Peninsula, beginning with the Umayyad conquest in 711-718 AD; the last Islamic kingdom in the Peninsula was conquered by Christians in 1492 AD. Modern day Spanish, also called castellano ("Castilian"), gradual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
The presence of Mozarabic refugees can explain the presence of Arabic toponyms in areas of Northern Spain where Islamic rule was shorter. The only Iberian Muslim kingdom in which Arabic was the sole language at all levels of society was the Kingdom of Granada in the time of the Nasrid dynasty. In many cases, both Arabi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
For example, aceituna and oliva (olive), alacrán and escorpión (scorpion), jaqueca and migraña (headache) or alcancía and hucha (piggy bank). The influence of Arabic, whether directly or through Mozarabic, is more noticeable in the Spanish dialects of southern Spain, where the Arabic influence was heavier and of a much... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
The Arabic influence can be seen in hundreds of toponyms but with a few minor exceptions, its influence on Spanish is primarily lexical. It is estimated that there are over two thousand Arabic loanwords and three thousand derivatives in the Spanish dictionary. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
In the Middle Ages, Spanish was the main route by which Arabic words entered other West European languages. The majority of these words are nouns, with a more limited number of verbs, adjectives, adverbs and one preposition. Everyday Arabic loanwords include aceite (oil, from az-zayt), alcalde (mayor, from al-qādī), az... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
Following the adoption of Islam c. 950 by the Kara-Khanid Khanate and the Seljuq Turks, regarded as the cultural ancestors of the Ottomans, the administrative and literary languages of these states acquired a large collection of loanwords from Arabic (usually by way of Persian), as well as non-Arabic Persian words: a l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
After the foundation of the Republic of Turkey, and following the script reform, the Turkish Language Association (TDK) was established under the patronage of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1932, with the aim of conducting research on Turkish. One of the tasks of the newly established association was to initiate a language r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages |
Doxography (Greek: δόξα – "an opinion", "a point of view" + γράφειν – "to write", "to describe") is a term used especially for the works of classical historians, describing the points of view of past philosophers and scientists. The term was coined by the German classical scholar Hermann Alexander Diels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxography |
A great many philosophical works have been lost; our limited knowledge of such lost works comes chiefly through the doxographical works of later philosophers, commentators, and biographers. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy lists the following works as being representative doxographies: Cicero - Academica, De Fin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxography |
Successions of Philosophers were works whose purpose was to depict the philosophers of different schools in terms of a line of succession of which they were a part. From the 3rd to the 1st centuries BC there were Successions (Greek: Διαδοχαί) written by Antigonus of Carystus, Sotion, Heraclides Lembos (an epitome of So... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxography |
In addition to these, there were often histories of single schools. Such works were created by Phanias of Eresus (On the Socratics), Idomeneus of Lampsacus (On the Socratics), Sphaerus (On the Eretrian philosophers), and Straticles (On Stoics). Among the papyri found at the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum, there are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxography |
In a later period, Plutarch produced On the First Philosophers and their Successors and On the Cyrenaics, and Galen wrote On Plato's Sect and On the Hedonistic Sect (Epicureans). There were often biographies of individual philosophers with a brief description of his successors. Of such nature were Aristoxenus's Life of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxography |
The Persian Dabestan-e Mazaheb discusses numerous philosophies including several in Persia and India. Its author appears to belong to the a Persian Sipásíán tradition differs somewhat from orthodox Zoroastrianism. Its authorship is disputed. Some scholars have suggested that Kay-Khosrow Esfandiyar, the son of Azar Kayv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxography |
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