text
stringlengths 9
3.55k
| source
stringlengths 31
280
|
|---|---|
It crosses also Turku in Finland. Meridian 22° East misses Ukraine and Bulgaria and Meridian 23° East misses Russia (Kaliningrad) and Slovakia. Halfway both meridians, on 22.5° EL, those missing countries are on the line.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_meridian_east
|
By late 2022, the price of red and white onions in the Philippines increased significantly, reaching an all-time high in December at ₱700 per kilogram and leading people to smuggle the commodity into the country.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022–2023_Philippine_onion_crisis
|
Along with garlic, onion is a staple in Filipino cuisine, being used as a base in many dishes. It is a seasonal crop, growing between the rainy months of September and December. Meanwhile, its harvest season begins as early as December and ends in June. The Philippines consumes an average of 17,000 metric tons of onion per month. In August 2022, the country was predicted to experience a shortage of onion and garlic.The price of red onion in 2021 ranged between ₱90 and ₱120.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022–2023_Philippine_onion_crisis
|
The Department of Agriculture's failure to adequately project supply and demand for onions resulted to a delay in imports, leading to a shortage.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022–2023_Philippine_onion_crisis
|
In January 2023, President Bongbong Marcos, who also serves concurrently as Secretary of Agriculture, approved the importation of 21,060 tons of onion. The first shipments began to arrive on January 23. The agriculture department said the importation, albeit a "temporary solution", would help decrease inflation in the country and stabilize the price of the vegetable.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022–2023_Philippine_onion_crisis
|
Gerd Spittler (born 4 April 1939 in Donaueschingen) is a German ethnologist. Spittler became known through his participation in developing the Africa focus at the University of Bayreuth and through his research on Hausa peasants and Tuareg nomads. While in his early years as a sociologist he concentrated on the area of "power and domination", as part of his professorship in Bayreuth, as an ethnologist he later focused on other main topics: the ethnology of work, the ethnology of material needs, local action in a global context and research methodology. He has written and published many essays and books on these topics.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
Gerd Spittler grew up in Donaueschingen and graduated from the Fürstenberg-Gymnasium in 1958. From 1959 to 1966 he studied sociology, ethnology, economics and history at the universities of Heidelberg, Hamburg, Bordeaux, Basel and Freiburg. In 1966 he received his doctorate from the University of Freiburg . His dissertation "Norm and Sanction" included two research projects, based on participant observation, on the subject of norms and sanctions, one in a restaurant kitchen, the other in a psychosomatic clininc.From 1968 to 1975 he worked as a research assistant of the Institute for Sociology at the University of Freiburg.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
In 1975 and 1976 he stepped in as stand-in professor for sociology at the Heidelberg University. In 1977 he returned to the University of Freiburg as a university lecturer. Here he taught from 1980 to 1988 as a professor of sociology.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
In 1976 he traveled to Niger for research purposes for the first time. His book ‘Les Touaregs face aux sécheresses et aux famines (1993) is based on research in the Tuareg area. In the course of a one-month guest professorship in 1984, he gave lectures at the University of Niamey in Niger.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
From 1988 until his retirement in 2004 he held the first chair of ethnology at the University of Bayreuth. From 1990 to 1999 Spittler was chairman of the graduate college “Intercultural Relations in Africa”. From 1994 to 1999 he was managing director of the "Institute for African Studies".
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
In 1996/1997 he took on the position of dean of the cultural studies faculty, where he also worked from 2000 to 2004 as chairman of the Collaborative Research Centre “Local action in Africa in the context of global influences”. From 2002 he also chaired the Scientific Advisory Board of ‘Point Sud. Center de Recherche sur le Savoir Local’ in Bamako, Mali.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
After his retirement, Spittler taught at the universities of Basel (Switzerland), Vienna (Austria), Bayreuth, Niamey (Niger), and Sousse (Tunesia). From 2004 to 2007 he was speaker of the scientific advisory board of the Zentrum Moderner Orient in Berlin. From October 2006 to February 2007 he did research as visiting researcher at the WZB Berlin Social Science Center. In 2007 he was made an honorary member of the German Society for Social and Cultural Anthropology (DGV). In 2009/10 he was a fellow at re:work at Humboldt University in Berlin, and in 2017/18 at l’Institut d’Études Avancées in Nantes (France).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
Spittler began his research with issues relating to legal sociological and legal ethnology before he concentrated on peasant societies. Here, the focus was mainly on the relationship between peasants and the state in colonial and postcolonial French Westafrica. This was followed by research on West African nomads, including the topics of drought and hunger crises, pastoral work, caravans, material culture, needs and consumption. This field of study included six years of field research among the Tuareg in Niger, Nigeria and Algeria.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
As a professor of ethnology in Bayreuth, he concentrated on four areas: the anthropology of work, material needs, local action in a global context, and methods of ethnology. In addition to general reflections on the anthropology of work, a topic that has been largely neglected in ethnology to date, Spittler primarily examined the work of herdsmen and peasant in his own research. As part of the Collaborative Research Center "Identity in Africa" and the graduate college "Intercultural Relations in Africa", he dealt with the working conditions of peasants, nomads, slaves and craftsmen, among other things.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
Spittler's second focus was on material needs, consumption and material culture. This happened mainly in the project of the Collaborative Research Centre (SFB/FK 560) "Local action in Africa in the context of global influences" (from 2000). Its focus was a comparison of traditional food and goods and modern, imported consumer goods. Household inventories were collected in three West African villages (Hausa, Kasena, Tuareg) and compared with German households. During the preparation and realization of this project, questions of globalization, local action, local vitality and appropriation of goods were dealt with.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
Overall, Spittler wrote ten monographs, edited seven readers and published over 100 essays.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
Norm und Sanktion. Untersuchungen zum Sanktionsmechanismus. Walter, Olten 1967 Verwaltung in einem afrikanischen Bauernstaat. Das koloniale Französisch-Westafrika 1919–1939.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
Steiner, Wiesbaden 1982 Founders of the Anthropology of Work. German Social Scientists of the 19th and Early 20th Centuries. Lit, Berlin 2008 Anthropologie der Arbeit.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
Ein ethnographischer Vergleich. Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2016 Leben mit wenigen Dingen. Der Umgang der Kel Ewey Tuareg mit ihren Requisiten. Mohr Siebeck,.Tübingen 2023.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
with Mamadou Diawara und Farias Paulo: Heinrich Barth et l’Afrique. Köppe, Köln 2006 with Hélène d'Almeida-Topor und Monique Lakroum: Le Travail en Afrique Noire. Représentations et pratiques à l’époque contemporaine. Karthala, Paris 2003.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
With Michael Bourdillon: African Children at Work. Working and Learning in Growing Up for Life. Lit, Berlin 2012
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
• Art.Work. In: Callan, Hilary (ed. ): The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Vol.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
12. – Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell, 2018 .
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
– S. 6490-6498K with Hans Peter Hahn and Markus Verne: How Many Things Does Man Need? Material Possessions and Consumption in Three West African Villages (Hausa, Kasena and Tuareg) Compared to German Students.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
In: Hans Peter Hahn (eds. ): Consumption in Africa. Anthropological Approaches.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
Lit, Berlin 2008, pp. 173–200 Administrative Despotism in Peasant Societies. In: Bill Jenkins, Edward C. Page (eds.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
): The Foundations of Bureaucracy in Economic and Social Thought. Elgar, Cheltenham 2004, vol. I, pp.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
339–350 Work – Transformation of Objects or Interaction with Subjects? In: Brigitta Benzing, Bernd Herrmann (eds. ): Exploitation and Overexploitation in Societies Past and Present.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
Münster / Hamburg 2003, pp. 327–338 (reprint 2016) "Teilnehmende Beobachtung als Dichte Teilnahme". In: Zeitschrift für Ethnologie.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
vol. 126 (2001) No.1, pp. 1–25.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
"Abstraktes Wissen als Herrschaftsbasis: Zur Entstehungsgeschichte bürokratischer Herrschaft im Bauernstaat Preußen". In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie. vol.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
3 (1980) No.2, pp. 574–604 (Reprint 2019). "Streitregelung im Schatten des Leviathan: eine Darstellung und Kritik rechtsethnologischer Untersuchungen."
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
In: Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie. vol. 1 (1980), No 1, pp.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
4–32. (Judith Bayer and Felix Girke: "The State of Custom. Gerd Spittlers "Dispute settlement in the Shadow of Leviathan" (Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie, vol. 1, 2021, pp. 3–20)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Spittler
|
Mewa Singh (born 11 April 1951) is an Indian primatologist, ethologist, and conservation biologist. He was a professor of ecology and animal behavior at University of Mysore Biopsychology Department in Mysore, Karnataka. Currently he is a Life-Long Distinguished Professor in University of Mysore. It is interesting to note that Singh has a Bachelor's degree in English, a Master's and a PhD degree in Psychology but was never formally trained in Biological or Conservation Sciences.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewa_Singh
|
Yet he is popular and revered for coordinating courses in Evolution, Genetics, Animal Behavior, Conservation Biology and Statistics not only in his department at the University of Mysore but at academic schools, conferences and faculty refresher courses throughout the country. A new night frog Nyctibatrachus mewasinghi has been named after him which is endemic to the Western Ghats. It is generally referred to as Mewa Singh's Night frog.Singh's research centers on primate social behavior, including conflict resolution, cooperation, inequity aversion,food-sharing, primate bereavement, etc. He is the author of the book Primate Societies and co-author of Macaque Societies: A Model for the Study of Social Organization.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewa_Singh
|
He has published more than 200 research articles on several animal species. Singh also studies the viability of primate populations and is frequently quoted in the media as an expert in this area.He is a fellow of all three Science Academies of India: Indian Academy of Sciences Bangalore; Indian National Science Academy New Delhi; National Academy of Sciences Allahabad. He is also a Ramanna Fellow, DST, a Fellow of the National Academy of Psychology, India and a Distinguished SERB Fellow (2019).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewa_Singh
|
Western European Time (WET, UTC±00:00) is a time zone covering parts of western Europe and consists of countries using UTC±00:00 (also known as Greenwich Mean Time, abbreviated GMT). It is one of the three standard time zones in the European Union along with Central European Time and Eastern European Time.The following Western European countries and regions use UTC±00:00 in winter months: Portugal, since 1912 with pauses (except Azores, UTC−01:00) United Kingdom and Crown Dependencies, since 1847 in England, Scotland, Wales, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man, and since 1916 in Northern Ireland, with pauses Ireland, since 1916, except between 1968 and 1971 Canary Islands, since 1946 (rest of Spain is CET, UTC+01:00) Faroe Islands, since 1908 North Eastern Greenland (Danmarkshavn and surrounding area) Iceland, since 1968, without summer time changesAll the above countries except Iceland implement daylight saving time in summer (from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October each year), switching to Western European Summer Time (WEST, UTC+01:00), which is one hour ahead of WET. WEST is called British Summer Time in the UK and is legally defined as Irish Standard Time in Ireland.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Time
|
The nominal span of the UTC±00:00 time zone is 7.5°E to 7.5°W (0° ± 7.5°), but does not include the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Gibraltar or Spain (except Canary Islands) which use Central European Time (CET) even though these are mostly or completely west of 7.5°E. Conversely, Iceland and eastern Greenland use UTC±00:00 although both are west of 7.5°W. In September 2013, a Spanish parliamentary committee recommended switching to UTC±00:00.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Time
|
A slight variation of UTC±00:00, based until 1911 on the Paris Meridian, was used in: Andorra: 1901–1946 Belgium: 1892–1914 (without daylight saving time) and 1919–1940 (with daylight saving time) France: 1911–1940 and 1944–1945 Gibraltar: 1880–1957 Luxembourg: 1918–1940 Monaco: 1911–1945Until the Second World War, France used UTC±00:00. However, the German occupation switched France to German time, and it has remained in CET since then. Two other occupied territories, Belgium and the Netherlands, did the same, and Spain also switched to CET in solidarity with Germany under the orders of General Franco.In the United Kingdom, from 1940 to 1945 British Summer Time (BST=CET) was used in winters, and from 1941 to 1945 and again in 1947, British Double Summer Time (BDST=CEST) was used in summers. Between 18 February 1968 and 31 October 1971, BST was used all year round.In Ireland, from 1940 to 1946 Irish Summer Time (IST=CET) was used all year round, with no 'double' summer time akin to that in the United Kingdom. Between 18 February 1968 and 31 October 1971, Irish Standard Time was used all year round.In Portugal, CET was used in the mainland from 1966 to 1976 and from 1992 to 1996. The autonomous region of the Azores used WET from 1992 to 1993.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Time
|
Located west of 22°30′ W ("physical" UTC−2) Western parts of Iceland
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Time
|
Most of Iceland Mykines, Faroe Islands Western Ireland Western Portugal Madeira islands Canary Islands North-eastern Greenland Western parts of Northern Ireland and Scotland
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Time
|
These areas are actually located between 7°30′E and 7°30′W (nominally UTC+0) but use UTC+01:00 (Central European Time, nominally for longitudes between 7°30′E and 22°30′E): All of Andorra Belgium Luxembourg Monaco Netherlandsand most of France Spainand minor parts of other countries. == References ==
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Time
|
Rostrum (from Latin rostrum, meaning beak) is a term used in anatomy for a number of phylogenetically unrelated structures in different groups of animals.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)
|
In crustaceans, the rostrum is the forward extension of the carapace in front of the eyes. It is generally a rigid structure, but can be connected by a hinged joint, as seen in Leptostraca. Among insects, the rostrum is the name for the piercing mouthparts of the order Hemiptera as well as those of the snow scorpionflies, among many others.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)
|
The long snout of weevils is also called a rostrum. Gastropod molluscs have a rostrum or proboscis. Cephalopod molluscs have hard beak-like mouthparts referred to as the rostrum.Invertebrate rostrums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)
|
In mammals, the rostrum is that part of the cranium located in front of the zygomatic arches, where it holds the teeth, palate, and nasal cavity. Additionally, the corpus callosum of the human brain has a nerve tract known as the rostrum. The beak or snout of a vertebrate may also be referred to as the rostrum. Some cetaceans, including toothed whales such as dolphins and beaked whales, have rostrums (beaks) which evolved from their jawbones.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)
|
The narwhal possesses a large rostrum (tusk) which evolved from a protruding canine tooth. Some fish have permanently protruding rostrums which evolved from their upper jawbones. Billfish (marlin, swordfish and sailfish) use rostrums (bills) to slash and stun prey.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)
|
Paddlefish, goblin sharks and hammerhead sharks have rostrums packed with electroreceptors which signal the presence of prey by detecting weak electrical fields. Sawsharks and the critically endangered sawfish have rostrums (saws) which are both electro-sensitive and used for slashing. The rostrums extend ventrally in front of the fish. In the case of hammerheads the rostrum (hammer) extends both ventrally and laterally (sideways).The upper jawbones of some fish have evolved into rostrums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)
|
Andalusian is a dialect of Spanish spoken in Andalusia, Spain. However, a recent fringe movement has aimed at the differentiation of Andalusian from Spanish and at its standardization. Several groups and organizations have emerged attempting to defend the notion of Andalusian as a separate language from Spanish, such as the Society for the Study of Andalusian (ZEA), Er Prinçipito Andalûh (EPA) and AndaluGeeks. Êttandâ pal andalûh ("Standard for Andalusian"; EPA), a standardized orthographic norm for Andalusian, is one of the most impactful initiatives coming from the movement. The EPA has seen use by various users on the Internet, and a dictionary, a keyboard for Android, a Spanish–Andalusian transcriber and Andalusian versions of Minecraft, Telegram and Wikipedia have been created using this writing system. The EPA has also seen use from musical groups such as Califato ¾ and by politician and senator Pilar González.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement
|
Andalusian is considered by linguistic publications such as Ethnologue a dialect of the Spanish language. However, in recent times, there have been fringe efforts to promote the dialect of Andalusia as a language of its own, with its own orthographic norms. The newspaper Libertad Digital ("Digital Freedom") has accused the movement of only being promoted by the "Andalusian nationalist far-left" and its followers.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement
|
Despite having informally started its activities four years earlier, in 2006, the Society for the Study of Andalusian (Sociedad para el Estudio del Andaluz, or Zoziedá' pal Ehtudio' el Andalú; ZEA) was established and drafted its "legal constitution". In a 2008 interview by 20 minutos ("20 minutes"), Guadalupe Vázquez (Guadalupe Bahkeh), member of the ZEA, explained that the members of the organization had been striving for years for "conserving our cultural legacy, something which the statute of autonomy recognizes and which we have absolute certainty that exists with an identity of its own, the Andalusian language". She also explained that the ZEA was integrated by anthropologists, linguists and writers who were "people who are very Andalusist culturally" and who "believe that we are being Castilianized since many years and that if we do not avoid it, Andalusian will end up disappearing". Juan Porras (Huan Porrah), a writer member of the ZEA, was working at the time on a proposal of orthographic norms for Andalusian.In 2017, Porras published his translation of The Little Prince in Andalusian, being titled Er Prinzipito.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement
|
It was presented by the Andalusian Workers' Union (SAT) on 9 May of that year. Many users on Twitter mocked the book. As a result of the controversy this book provoked, a Facebook page named after it, Er Prinçipito Andalûh (El Principito Andaluz, "The Andalusian Prince"; EPA), was created, becoming an online gathering point for several linguists, translators and regular Andalusian speakers.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement
|
Afterwards, this group worked on the creation of an orthographic system aimed at the standardization of Andalusian, Êttandâ pal andalûh (Estándar para el andaluz, "Standard for Andalusian"; also EPA). This later saw the development of a manual transcriber from Spanish to Andalusian, using the EPA system, in 2018. The EPA gained some traction on the Internet, being used by some users in their social media profiles.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement
|
It also started being used by some artistic and musical groups, such as Califato ¾.In the summer of 2018, Ksar Feui, a physicist with interests in linguistics, started developing an automatic algorithm for transcribing Spanish to EPA Andalusian. He has praised the EPA as a "historic milestone", and has declared on a 2021 interview by La Voz del Sur that when he found out about the EPA, he transcribed all his earlier literary works to this writing system and then asked a friend to download all words of the dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) to transcribe them to the EPA for developing this algorithm. Feui was joined by several other friends and collaborators, together with whom he started the project AndaluGeeks in 2019, and in February 2019, their algorithm for transcribing Spanish text to EPA Andalusian was published.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement
|
Afterwards, AndaluGeeks started online courses for learning Andalusian and involved itself in the creation of an Andalusian keyboard for Android with autocorrection and predictive text, an Andalusian dictionary and Andalusian versions of Minecraft, Telegram and Wikipedia, with the latter transcribing all Spanish Wikipedia articles into Andalusian; all of these following the EPA.In 2021, senator and Adelante Andalucía ("Forward Andalusia") member Pilar González declared on the Senate of Spain that "Andalusian is our natural language. And it is not inferior to any other language of the State.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement
|
We speak it without complexes." and that "we have, in addition, Andalusian linguists with proposals for an orthography". She later published the same statements on her Twitter account in EPA Andalusian.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement
|
A crime laboratory, often shortened to crime lab, is a scientific laboratory, using primarily forensic science for the purpose of examining evidence from criminal cases.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_lab
|
A typical crime lab has two sets of personnel: Field analysts – investigators that go to crime scenes, collect evidence, and process the scene. Job titles include: Forensic evidence technician Crime scene investigator Scenes of crime officer (SOCO) Laboratory analysts – scientists or other personnel who run tests on the evidence once it is brought to the lab (i.e., DNA tests, or bullet striations). Job titles include: Forensic Technician (performs support functions such as making reagents) Forensic Scientist/Criminalist (performs scientific analyses on evidence) Fingerprint Analyst Forensic Photographer Forensic Document Examiner Forensic Entomologist
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_lab
|
In the United States, crime labs may be publicly or privately operated, although private laboratories typically do not respond to crime scenes to collect evidence. Public crime labs are organized at the city, state, or national level. A law enforcement agency that operates its own crime lab usually has access to a higher level laboratory for analysis of their evidence. Most states have their own crime labs, for instance Oklahoma has the OSBI, many other places have smaller yet sufficient crime labs.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_lab
|
Crime labs simply do not have the funding or personnel resources to keep up with the large influx of cases being brought into the laboratory, as well as the backlog of cases already in existence.The Los Angeles Police Department founded the first crime laboratory in the United States (1923), followed by the Bureau of Investigation (1926), forerunner to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. (Every Contact Leaves a Trace, Connie Fletcher, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2009, interview with crime lab director)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_lab
|
The term "crime lab" has become a part of popular culture, largely due to the TV dramas. Some of the more famous shows are: Bones (TV series) "Castle (TV series)" CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and spin-offs CSI: Miami and CSI: NY NCIS Quincy, M.E. – a 1970s television show featuring crime lab personnel and procedures.Several non-fiction television programs, document the resolution of criminal cases based on the scientific analysis of the evidence: Forensic Files
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_lab
|
Due to the lack of funding and staff, delays in the ability to test cases has occurred creating a backlog in the analysis of evidence.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_lab
|
Arabic has had a great influence on other languages, especially in vocabulary. The influence of Arabic has been most profound in those countries visited by Islam or Islamic power. Arabic loanwords have made into many languages as diverse as Amharic, Albanian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Balochi, Bengali, Berber, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chaldean, Chechen, Croatian, Dagestani, English, French, Georgian, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hausa, Hebrew, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Kazakh, Kurdish, Kutchi, Kyrgyz, Macedonian, Malaysian, Odia, Pashto, Persian, Portuguese, Punjabi, Romanian, Serbian, Sicilian, Spanish, Sindhi, Somali, Swahili, Tagalog, Tigrinya, Turkish, Turkmen, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Visayan and Wolof as well as other languages in countries where these languages are spoken.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
Other languages such as Maltese and Nubi derive from Arabic, rather than merely borrowing vocabulary. Spanish has one of the largest Arabic-influenced vocabularies of any European language, around 8 percent, due to Arab rule mainly in the Southern Iberia from 711 until 1492 known as Al-Andalus, however Spain's re-Christianization and resulting loss of contact with Arabic culture has led to a significant shift in both meaning and pronunciation of Spanish words of Arabic etymology. The terms borrowed range from religious terminology (like Berber taẓallit, "prayer" < salat), academic terms (like Persian manteq, "logic"), to everyday conjunctions (like Hindi/Urdu lekin, "but").
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
Most Berber varieties (such as Kabyle), along with Swahili, borrow numbers from Arabic. Most religious terms used by Muslims around the world are direct borrowings from Arabic, such as ṣalāt, 'prayer' and imām, 'prayer leader'. In languages not directly in contact with the Arab world, Arabic loanwords are often mediated by other languages rather than being transferred directly from Arabic; for example many older Arabic loanwords in Hausa were borrowed from Kanuri. Outside the Muslim world, there are more limited borrowings from Arabic, usually to denote vegetables and other articles in commerce, such as "aubergine", "alcohol" and also some other terms like "admiral". Among European languages, these mostly were transmitted through Spanish and Turkish.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
The Bengali language, spoken by the Muslim-majority Bengalis, has gained Arabic vocabulary both directly, as the language of Islam and its literature, but also indirectly as a consequence of Arabic-influenced Persian being an official language in Bengal for over 500 years. During the late medieval period, a number of Bengali Muslim writers also wrote Bengali using the Arabic script. In the coastal Chittagonian dialect, the Arabic influence is magnified with researchers considering half of the dialect's lexicon to be of Arabic origin.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
Most Berber languages have a high percentage of borrowing and influence from the Arabic language, as well as from other languages. For example, Arabic loanwords represent 35% to 46% of the total vocabulary of the Kabyle language, and represent 51.7% of the total vocabulary of Tarifit. Almost all Berber languages took from Arabic the pharyngeal fricatives /ʕ/ and /ħ/, the (nongeminated) uvular stop /q/, and the voiceless pharyngealized consonant /ṣ/.The influence of Arabic, the process of spirantization, and the absence of labialization have caused the consonant systems of Berber languages to differ significantly by region. Berber languages found north of, and in the northern half of, the Sahara have greater influence from Arabic, including that of loaned phonemes, than those in more southern regions, like Tuareg. Many Berber languages have lost use of their original numerals due to the influence of Arabic, such as Tarifit which lost all except one.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
Arabic has notably influenced the Catalan language, and especially the southern dialects (including the Valencian ones). Due to almost eight centuries of Arabic presence in the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus), hundreds of words from many fields (including Arabic inventions) have been adapted into Catalan; among many are séquia ("irrigation ditch"), nòria ("waterwheel, noria"), algorfa ("loft"), magatzem ("warehouse"), alfàbia ("earthenware jar"), barnús ("bathrobe"), aladroc ("anchovy"), dacsa ("corn"), safanòria ("carrot"), carxofa ("artichoke"), albergínia ("aubergine"), xirivia ("parsnip"), alfals ("alfalfa"), albercoc ("apricot"), tramús ("lupin"), corfa ("bark, peel"), xara ("thicket"), matalaf/matalàs ("mattress"), alacrà ("scorpion"), fardatxo ("lizard") alfàb(r)ega ("basil"), etc. and expressions such as a la babalà ("randomly, to God's will") and a betzef ("abundance, plenty").
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
Many places of the Land of Valencia, and also a few from Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, have names of partial or total Arabic origin, such as Algemesí, Alzira, Almassora, etc. A large number of places have the Arabic roots Beni, Bena and Bene, which mean "son of" or "sons of": Benidorm, Benimuslem, Benilloba, Benillup, Benimantell, Benimarfull, Benicàssim, Benissa, Benissoda, Benirredrà, Benaguasil, Benasau, Beneixama, Benaixeve, Beneixida, Benetússer, Beniflà, Beniardà, Beniarrés, Beniatjar, Benicarló, Benicolet, Benicull de Xúquer, Benidoleig, Benifaió, Benifairó de la Valldigna, Benifairó de les Valls, Benifato, Benigànim, Benigembla, Benimodo, Benimassot, Benimeli, Beniparrell, Benavites, Benafigos, Benitatxell, etc.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
Like other European languages, English contains many words derived from Arabic, often through other European languages, especially Spanish. Among them is every-day vocabulary like "sugar" (sukkar), "cotton" (quṭn) or "magazine" (maḫāzin). More recognizable are words like "algebra" (al-jabr), "alcohol" (al-kuhūl), "alchemy" ("al-kimiya"), "alkali", "cypher" and "zenith" (see list of English words of Arabic origin).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
A more indirect form of influence is the use of certain Latinate words in an unclassical sense, derived from their use in Latin translations of medieval Arabic philosophical works (e.g. those of Averroes), which entered the scholastic vocabulary and later came into normal use in modern languages. Examples are "information" to mean the imparting or acquisition of knowledge (Arabic taṣawwur, mental impression or representation, from a root meaning "form") and "intention" (Arabic macnā, meaning). These words may almost be regarded as calques.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
French is widely spoken as a second language in France's former colonies in the Maghreb. Therefore, the list of words that are used or incorporated into the French spoken in this region (as a result of code-switching, convenience or lack of an equivalent term in standard French) is potentially endless. Such arabisms, are accepted within the local context but would not normally be known by non-maghrebi French speakers. Arabic-derived words have entered standard or metropolitan French from two main sources.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
As is the case for many other European languages, one principal source was Spanish. The other was directly from Maghrebi Arabic as a result of the occupation and colonisation of the Maghreb, particularly Algeria, in the 19th and 20th centuries. Examples of the latter include 'bled', a slang term for place of origin, following this word's usage in the Maghreb, as opposed to the Standard Arabic balad, 'country', along with the Maghrebi term 'kif kif' and 'tabeeb', a slang term for 'doctor'. A small number of Arabic terms have entered mainstream French as a result of immigration from North Africa which began after the independence of Algeria. Other slang terms such as "niquer" (to have sex) were taken from Oriental Arabic during Napoleon's occupation of Egypt.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
Dozens of Arabic words occur in Interlingua, frequently because their co-occurrence in such languages as English, French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese can be used to verify their internationality. Many of these words entered Interlingua's vocabulary through Spanish. Arabic words in Interlingua include "algebra", "alcohol", "cifra" (cypher), "magazin", "sucro" (sugar), "zenit", and "zero".
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
There are far fewer Arabic loanwords in Javanese than Sanskrit loanwords, and they are usually concerned with Islamic religion. Nevertheless, some words have entered the basic vocabulary, such as pikir ("to think", from the Arabic fikr), badan ("body"), mripat ("eye", thought to be derived from the Arabic ma'rifah, meaning "knowledge" or "vision"). However, these Arabic words typically have native Austronesian or Sanskrit alternatives: pikir = galih, idhĕp (Austronesian) and manah, cipta, or cita (from Sanskrit); badan = awak (Austronesian) and slira, sarira, or angga (from Sanskrit); and mripat = mata (Austronesian and Tagalog ) and soca or netra (from Sanskrit).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
In Indonesian and Malaysian Malay, the loanwords from Arabic are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with Islam, but to a lesser extent Christianity. Words of Arabic origin include dunia (from Arabic: دنيا dunya = the present world), Sabtu (from Arabic: السبت as-sabt = Saturday), khabar or kabar (خبر ḵabar = news), selamat/salam (سلام salām = a greeting), Jumaat or Jumat (الجمعة al-jumʿa = Friday), ijazah (إجازة ijāza = vacation), kitab (كتاب kitāb = book), tertib (ترتيب tartīb = orderly) and kamus (قاموس qāmūs = dictionary).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
Ilah (Arabic: إله) is the word for God even in Christian Bible translations. Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual Hebrew words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations this practice is discontinued. They now turn to Greek names or use the original Hebrew Word.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
For example, the name Jesus was initially translated as 'Isa (Arabic: عيسى), but is now spelt as Yesus. Several ecclesiastical terms derived from Arabic still exist in Indonesian and Malaysian clerical use. The Malay word for bishop is uskup (from Arabic: اسقف usquf = bishop, ultimately from Ancient Greek episkopos).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
This in turn makes the derived term for "archbishop" uskup agung (literally great bishop), which is combining the Arabic word with an Old Javanese word. The term imam (from Arabic: امام imām = leader, prayer leader) is used to translate a Catholic priest, beside its more common association with an Islamic prayer leader. Some Protestant denominations refer to their congregation as jemaat (from Arabic: جماعة jamā'a = group, community). Even the name of the Bible in Indonesian translation is Alkitab (from Arabic: كتاب kitāb = book), which literally means "the Book".
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
The Arab conquest of Iran lasted for two centuries, from the 7th to the 9th CE. Arabic gradually replaced Middle Persian as an official language and Arabic became the language of the Persian intellectuals during Golden Age of Islam. During this period, many Arabic words were imported into the Persian language. Persian words of Arabic origin especially include Islamic terms.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
Arabic has had an extensive influence on the Persian lexicon, but it has not greatly affected the structure of the language. Although a considerable portion of the lexicon is derived from Arabic roots, including some of the Arabic plural patterns, the morphological process used to obtain these lexical elements has not been imported into Persian and is not productive in the language. These Arabic words have been imported and lexicalized in Persian.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
So, for instance, the Arabic plural form for kitāb (كتاب) is kutub (كتب) obtained by the root derivation system. In Persian, the plural for the lexical word ketâb is obtained by simply adding the Persian plural morpheme hā: ketāb+hā → ketābhā (كتابها). Also, any new Persian words can only be pluralized by the addition of this plural morpheme since the Arabic root system is not a productive process in Persian.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
In addition, since the plurals formed by the Arabic morphological system constitute only a small portion of the Persian vocabulary (about 5% in the Shiraz corpus), it is not necessary to include them in the morphology; they are instead listed in the dictionary as irregular forms. In fact, among Iranians there have been sporadic efforts as far back as the Safavid Empire to revive Persian and diminish the use of Arabic loanwords in their language. Both Pahlavi Shahs supported such efforts in the 20th century by creating the academy of Persian Language and Literature.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
In 1934, Reza Shah ordered to rebuild tomb of Ferdowsi, who is regarded as the savior of Persian language, and set up a ceremony in Mashhad, celebrating a thousand years of Persian literature since the time of Ferdowsi, titled Ferdowsi Millenary Celebration (Persian: جشن هزاره فردوسی). Academy of Persian language and literature after the Iranian revolution continued its striving to protect the integrity of the Persian language. However, the attention of the academy has been turned towards the persistent infiltration of Persian, like many other languages, with English words, as a result of the globalization process. Since the 1980s, the academy constantly campaigns for the use of the Persian equivalents of these new English loanwords. It also has the task of linguistically deriving such words from existing Persian roots if no such equivalents exist, and actively promoting the adoption of these new coinages instead of their English equivalents in the daily lives of the Persian-speaking people in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
Between the 9th century and up to 1249 when the Arabs were expelled from the Algarve, Portuguese acquired words (between 400 and 600 estimate) from Arabic by influence of Moorish Iberia. Although the native population spoke the Lusitanian-Mozarabic, they kept some Mozarabic-derived words. These are often recognizable by the initial Arabic article a(l)-, and include common words such as aldeia "village" from الضيعة aḍ-ḍīcah, alface "lettuce" from الخس al-khass, armazém "warehouse" from المخزن al-makhzan, and azeite "olive oil" from الزيت az-zayt. From Arabic came also the grammatically peculiar word oxalá "God willing", fallen into disuse. The frequency of Arabic toponyms increases as one travels south in the country.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
In AD 535, Emperor Justinian I made Sicily a Byzantine province, and for the second time in Sicilian history, the Greek language became a familiar sound across the island (Hull, 1989). As the power of the Byzantine Empire waned, Sicily was progressively conquered by Arab Muslims, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. The Arabic language influence is noticeable in around 800 Sicilian words, many of which relate to agriculture and related activities (Hull and Ruffino). Sicilian words of Arabic origin include azzizzari (to embellish, from cazīz; precious, beautiful), cafisu (measure for liquids, from qafiz), gebbia (artificial pond, from gabiya), giuggiulena (sesame seed, from giulgiulan, ràisi (leader, from ra'īs), saja (canal, from saqiya), and zibbibbu (a type of grape, from zabib). (Giarrizzo)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
The Spanish language has been influenced by Arabic as a result of the long Islamic presence within the Iberian Peninsula, beginning with the Umayyad conquest in 711-718 AD; the last Islamic kingdom in the Peninsula was conquered by Christians in 1492 AD. Modern day Spanish, also called castellano ("Castilian"), gradually evolved from Vulgar Latin and was influenced by Arabic from an early date. Arabic influence increased when the expanding Kingdom of Castile spread southward, conquering territory from Muslim kingdoms during the Christian Reconquista. The Mozarabs, that had lived under Muslim rulers and had spoken their own varieties of Arabic-influenced Romance (known today by scholars as the Mozarabic languages), probably had a formative influence on the language and indirectly contributed Arabic vocabulary.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
The presence of Mozarabic refugees can explain the presence of Arabic toponyms in areas of Northern Spain where Islamic rule was shorter. The only Iberian Muslim kingdom in which Arabic was the sole language at all levels of society was the Kingdom of Granada in the time of the Nasrid dynasty. In many cases, both Arabic and Latin derived words are used for the same meaning in Spanish.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
For example, aceituna and oliva (olive), alacrán and escorpión (scorpion), jaqueca and migraña (headache) or alcancía and hucha (piggy bank). The influence of Arabic, whether directly or through Mozarabic, is more noticeable in the Spanish dialects of southern Spain, where the Arabic influence was heavier and of a much longer duration. The same difference also exists between Catalan and Valencian; and in some cases, between Galician and Portuguese.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
The Arabic influence can be seen in hundreds of toponyms but with a few minor exceptions, its influence on Spanish is primarily lexical. It is estimated that there are over two thousand Arabic loanwords and three thousand derivatives in the Spanish dictionary.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
In the Middle Ages, Spanish was the main route by which Arabic words entered other West European languages. The majority of these words are nouns, with a more limited number of verbs, adjectives, adverbs and one preposition. Everyday Arabic loanwords include aceite (oil, from az-zayt), alcalde (mayor, from al-qādī), azafata (stewardess, from سَفَط safaṭ), ahorrar (to save, from hurr), tarea (task, from tariha), ojalá (if God wills; I wish, from لو شاء الله law šaʾ allāh), and hasta (until, from hatta).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
Following the adoption of Islam c. 950 by the Kara-Khanid Khanate and the Seljuq Turks, regarded as the cultural ancestors of the Ottomans, the administrative and literary languages of these states acquired a large collection of loanwords from Arabic (usually by way of Persian), as well as non-Arabic Persian words: a leading example of a Perso-Arabic influenced Turkic language was Chagatai, which remained the literary language of Central Asia until Soviet times. During the course of over six hundred years of the Ottoman Empire (c. 1299–1922), the literary and official language of the empire was a mixture of Turkish, Persian and Arabic, which differed considerably from the everyday spoken Turkish of the time, and is termed Ottoman Turkish.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
After the foundation of the Republic of Turkey, and following the script reform, the Turkish Language Association (TDK) was established under the patronage of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1932, with the aim of conducting research on Turkish. One of the tasks of the newly established association was to initiate a language reform to replace loanwords of Arabic and Persian origin with Turkish equivalents. By banning the usage of replaced loanwords in the press, the association succeeded in removing several hundred foreign words from the language, thus diminishing but by no means erasing the Arabic influence on Turkish.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages
|
Doxography (Greek: δόξα – "an opinion", "a point of view" + γράφειν – "to write", "to describe") is a term used especially for the works of classical historians, describing the points of view of past philosophers and scientists. The term was coined by the German classical scholar Hermann Alexander Diels.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxography
|
A great many philosophical works have been lost; our limited knowledge of such lost works comes chiefly through the doxographical works of later philosophers, commentators, and biographers. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy lists the following works as being representative doxographies: Cicero - Academica, De Finibus, De Natura Deorum, De Fato, De Officiis Aetius - Vetusta Placita Clement of Alexandria - Stromateis Diogenes Laertius - Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers Hippolytus of Rome - Refutation of All HeresiesPhilosophers such as Plato and Aristotle also act as doxographers, as their comments on the ideas of their predecessors indirectly tell us what their predecessors' beliefs were. Plato's Defense of Socrates, for example, tells us much of what we know about the natural philosophy of Anaxagoras.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxography
|
Successions of Philosophers were works whose purpose was to depict the philosophers of different schools in terms of a line of succession of which they were a part. From the 3rd to the 1st centuries BC there were Successions (Greek: Διαδοχαί) written by Antigonus of Carystus, Sotion, Heraclides Lembos (an epitome of Sotion), Sosicrates, Alexander Polyhistor, Jason of Nysa, Antisthenes of Rhodes, and Nicias of Nicaea. The surviving Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers by Diogenes Laërtius (3rd century AD) draws upon this tradition.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxography
|
In addition to these, there were often histories of single schools. Such works were created by Phanias of Eresus (On the Socratics), Idomeneus of Lampsacus (On the Socratics), Sphaerus (On the Eretrian philosophers), and Straticles (On Stoics). Among the papyri found at the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum, there are works devoted to the successions of the Stoics, Academics, and Epicureans.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxography
|
In a later period, Plutarch produced On the First Philosophers and their Successors and On the Cyrenaics, and Galen wrote On Plato's Sect and On the Hedonistic Sect (Epicureans). There were often biographies of individual philosophers with a brief description of his successors. Of such nature were Aristoxenus's Life of Pythagoras, Andronicus's Life of Aristotle, Ptolemy's Life of Aristotle, and Iamblichus's Life of Pythagoras.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxography
|
The Persian Dabestan-e Mazaheb discusses numerous philosophies including several in Persia and India. Its author appears to belong to the a Persian Sipásíán tradition differs somewhat from orthodox Zoroastrianism. Its authorship is disputed. Some scholars have suggested that Kay-Khosrow Esfandiyar, the son of Azar Kayvan may have written it.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxography
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.