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Traditionally, dialectologists study the variety of language used within a particular speech community, a group of people who share a set of norms or conventions for language use.In order to sidestep the vexing problem of distinguishing dialect from language, some linguists have been using the term communalect – define... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics) |
Many languages have a standard variety, some lect that is selected and promoted prescriptively by either quasi-legal authorities or other social institutions, such as schools or media. Standard varieties are accorded more sociolinguistic prestige than other, nonstandard lects and are generally thought of as "correct" b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics) |
It is general social acceptance that gives us a workable arbitrary standard, not any inherent superiority of the characteristics it specifies. "Sociolinguists generally recognize the standard variety of a language as one of the dialects of that language.In some cases, an authoritative regulatory body, such as the Acadé... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics) |
A register (sometimes called a style) is a variety of language used in a particular social setting. Settings may be defined in terms of greater or lesser formality, or in terms of socially recognized events, such as baby talk, which is used in many western cultures to talk to small children or as a joking register used... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics) |
Dialect and register may thus be thought of as different dimensions of linguistic variation. For example, Trudgill suggests the following sentence as an example of a nonstandard dialect that is used with the technical register of physical geography: There was two eskers what we saw in them U-shaped valleys. Most speake... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics) |
The choice of register is affected by the setting and topic of speech, as well as the relationship that exists between the speakers.The appropriate form of language may also change during the course of a communicative event as the relationship between speakers changes, or different social facts become relevant. Speaker... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics) |
Caller: ¿Es la embajada de Cuba? (Is this the Cuban embassy?) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics) |
Receptionist: Sí. Dígame. (Yes, may I help you?) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics) |
Caller: Es Rosa. (It's Rosa.) Receptionist: ¡Ah Rosa! | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics) |
¿Cóma anda eso? (Oh, Rosa! How's it going?) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics) |
At first, the receptionist uses a relatively formal register, as befits her professional role. After the caller identifies herself, the receptionist recognizes that she is speaking to a friend, and she shifts to an informal register of colloquial Cuban Spanish. The shift is similar to metaphorical code-switching, but s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics) |
An idiolect is defined as "the language use typical of an individual person". An individual's idiolect may be affected by contact with various regional or social dialects, professional registers and, in the case of multilinguals, various languages.For scholars who view language from the perspective of linguistic compet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics) |
A History of Medicine is a book by Scottish surgeon Douglas Guthrie that was published in 1945 by Thomas Nelson and Sons. It came to wide attention after it was reviewed by the playwright George Bernard Shaw and marked the beginning for Guthrie of a new career in teaching the history of medicine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Medicine |
Guthrie's objective was to bring to a wide audience and in chronological order, the past achievements in the history of medicine, from Imhotep to William Osler. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Medicine |
The first edition of the book consisted of 20 chapters, 448 pages and 72 plates, beginning with "The Genesis of Medicine" and ending with a chapter focussed on medical journalism.In the preface, Guthrie paid tribute to his mentor, the Scottish physician John Comrie, who had introduced him to the subject of medical hist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Medicine |
After 10 years' research, the book was published in 1945, the same year that Guthrie retired from clinical work. It was published in Britain by Thomas Nelson and Sons, and later in an American edition. Translations followed in Spanish (1947), German (1952) and Italian (1966). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Medicine |
The book received at least 53 English-language reviews which Guthrie kept in a scrapbook which was passed to his friend Haldane Philp Tait and is now (2019) in the collections of the Lothian Health Service Archive.Nearly all of the reviews were positive and the book was favourably compared with the few contemporary gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Medicine |
Shaw wrote, "I am floored by the extraordinary discrepancy between his knowledge and my knowledge ... Dr Guthrie's job of packing it into 400 pages is learnedly and readably done". Shaw did criticise Guthrie for his omission of practitioners of alternative medicine including osteopaths, herbalists and homoeopaths, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Medicine |
Aware that Shaw's review had greatly increased the profile and popularity of the book he modestly wrote that "many who had no particular interest in the topic or the author, bought the book just because GBS had reviewed it; they had no special interest in the subject and none needless to say, in the author".Shaw's rev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Medicine |
A Public Wealth Fund (PWF) is a centralised government ownership vehicle structured as a holding company that owns, manages and develop operational and real estate assets, based mainly within its jurisdiction. A Public Wealth Fund at the national level is often called a National Wealth Fund. Example include Temasek in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Wealth_Fund |
Examples include Copenhagen By and Havn, Hamburg Hafen City, as well as Stockholms Stadshus AB in Sweden and MTRC in Hong Kong. Operational assets often include utilities such as water and electric utilities, transportation assets such as airports, ports, subways, railways and other transport operations. Exploration an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Wealth_Fund |
A Sovereign Wealth Fund and a Public Wealth Fund differs in scope, purpose and objective. A Sovereign Wealth Fund is a state-owned investment fund that invests in real and financial assets such as stocks, bonds, real estate, precious metals, or in alternative investments such as private equity funds or hedge funds. Mos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Wealth_Fund |
Sovereign wealth funds invest mainly globally outside of its own economy, in order to avoid the exchange rate difficulties often called the Dutch Disease. A Public Wealth Fund (PWF) is a holding company concerned with active management and the development of a portfolio of operational and real estate assets, mainly bas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Wealth_Fund |
Incremental heuristic search algorithms combine both incremental and heuristic search to speed up searches of sequences of similar search problems, which is important in domains that are only incompletely known or change dynamically. Incremental search has been studied at least since the late 1960s. Incremental search ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental_heuristic_search |
Heuristic search algorithms, often based on A*, use heuristic knowledge in the form of approximations of the goal distances to focus the search and solve search problems potentially much faster than uninformed search algorithms. The resulting search problems, sometimes called dynamic path planning problems, are graph s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental_heuristic_search |
Incremental heuristic search has been extensively used in robotics, where a larger number of path planning systems are based on either D* (typically earlier systems) or D* Lite (current systems), two different incremental heuristic search algorithms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental_heuristic_search |
Native Americans in German popular culture have, since the 18th century, been a topic of fascination, with imaginary Native Americans influencing German ideas and attitudes towards environmentalism, literature, art, historical reenactment, and German theatrical and film depictions of Indigenous Americans. Hartmut Lutz ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
In 1985, Lutz invented the term Deutsche Indianertümelei ("German Indian Enthusiasm") for the phenomenon. The phrase Indianertümelei is a reference to the German term Deutschtümelei ("German Enthusiasm") which mockingly describes the phenomenon of celebrating in an excessively nationalistic and romanticized manner Deut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
H. Glenn Penny states a striking sense, for over two centuries, of affinity among Germans for their ideas of what American Indians are like. According to him, those affinities stem from German polycentrism, notions of tribalism, longing for freedom, and a melancholy sense of "shared fate." In the 17th and 18th centurie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Such sentiments underwent ups and downs. Philhellenism, rather strong around 1830, faced a setback when the actual Greeks did not fulfill the classic ideals.Antisemitism and pro-Indian stances did not necessarily exclude each other in Germany. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
In the 1920s, Anton Kuh's mockery of a contrast between Asphalt und Scholle (asphalt and clod), urban literature referred to metropolitan Jews and rural-inspired Heimatschutz writings. Much of German nationalism glorified ideas of "tribalism", using heroes of Germanic mythology and folklore such as Sigurd and Arminius,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
The way May described Native Americans was seen as helpful to better integrate German Catholics, which were "a tribe on their own" and faced Kulturkampf controversies with the Protestant dominated authorities and elite. H. Glenn Penny's Kindred By Choice treats the image and changing role of masculinity connected to In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Seume is also among the first to use the words "Canada" and Kultur (culture) in today's meaning in German. Seume's Huron has stereotypical characteristics used as well for Germanic people of old – he drinks mead and wears a bear skin and uses a sort of blunt didactic on an unfriendly European settler. Seume had actuall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
The German Empire saw the rise of the German youth movement, especially the Wandervogel, as an antimodern culture criticism. The German image of Indians again projected German beliefs and dreams about a bucolic past onto them. Authenticity, living free and close to nature, was among those aims. It closely interacted wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Austrian Christian Feest attributes the popularity of the Indian in the German youth movement to the then all-European impact of late-19th-century human zoos. The first actual Indians came to Germany in the 19th century. Kah-ge-ga-ga-bow, an Ojibwa born in 1819, baptized as Reverend George Copway, took part in the 1850... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Paul's Church, Frankfurt am Main. The image of the warrior turned Christian went down well with the public and Copway became a media star in Germany. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow recommended him to the leftist poet Ferdinand Freiligrath. Other Native Americans arrived with human zoos and took part in shows in zoological gardens and circuses. In 1879 Carl Hagenbeck (1844–1913) engaged among others some Iroquois for a show in Dresden. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Painter and author Rudolf Cronau, a personal friend of Sitting Bull, invited members of the Hunkpapa Lakota, who came to Europe in 1886. Buffalo Bill's European shows in 1890 and between 1903 and 1907 involved several hundred Indians and were quite popular in Germany. Edward Two-Two, a Lakota-Sioux, worked at the Sarra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
A strong influence on the German imagination of Native Americans is the work of Karl May (1842–1912), who wrote various novels about the American Wild West which relied upon, and further developed, this romantic image. May (1842–1912) is among the most successful German writers. As of 2012, about 200 million copies of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
These specifically German fantasies and projections about Indianer have influenced generations of Germans. Indianer refers to Native Americans in the United States, and also to natives of the Pacific, Central and Latin America, and "Red Indians" in the stereotypical sense. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Karl May found admirers among such different personalities as Ernst Bloch, Peter Handke and Adolf Hitler, but has almost no presence in English-speaking countries. His most famous books, mainly about the Wild West with a fictional Apache, Winnetou, among the main characters, were at first deemed 19th-century pulp ficti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
However, Karl May never visited America, or had any direct contact with Native American people, before he wrote these influential works. May drew his inspiration among other sources from Balduin Möllhausen, who had traveled in the Rocky Mountains in 1850 with Duke Paul Wilhelm of Württemberg, and George Catlin's report... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
In 2006 the cultural authority of the Mescalero Apaches and the Karl-May-Haus in Hohenstein-Ernstthal made an agreement to cooperate. Films based on May's Winnetou novels were shot from 1962 to 1968, starring Pierre Brice. A parodistic adaptation of the genre, the comedy Der Schuh des Manitu, was among the biggest box ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
At the end of the 19th century, there was a widespread notion of a coming new humanity, building on then-current esoteric myths such as those of Helena Blavatsky and Rudolf Steiner as well as on popularly accepted philosophy such as Nietzsche's Übermensch. May was no esoteric, but a devout (Protestant) Christian, publi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
According to Mays' vision "in place of the Yankees, a new man will emerge whose soul is German-Indian". This approach is found both in his later novels, such as Winnetou IV, and in public speeches, such as his last speech, given in 1912 and titled "Empor ins Reich der Edelmenschen" (Ascend to the empire of noble men).A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Prior to European contact, the Native American population is estimated to have been in the millions. But 1880, the population had been severely impacted mainly by disease brought by the colonists as well as wars and violence. The destruction of communities and culture gave rise to the idea of the "Vanishing Indian". Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Friedrich Nietzsche's popular, The Gay Science praised endurance of pain as a prerequisite of true philosophy. Nietzsche drew parallels between his ideas of contemporary Indians and his preference for Pre-Socratic philosophy and "pre-civilized", "pre-rational" thinking. The romantic image of the noble savage or "season... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
The German approach was somewhat different from the Social Darwinism taking place in the majority of American society at the time, as the German stereotypes were more idealized than denigrating. However, according to Philip J. Deloria, Americans also perpetrated the same, problematic idealization in a parallel traditio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Stefan George, a charismatic networker and author, saw (and studied) Indians as role models of his own cosmogony, using ecstatic and unmediated experiences to provide a sacred space for himself and his disciples. The Munich Cosmic Circle, an enlarged (compare Fanny zu Reventlow) circle of followers beyond the all-male ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
In World War I, about 15,000 Native Americans served in the Allied Forces as members of the United States and Canadian armies. Both their own comrades and the enemy shared the stereotypical image of them as a "vanishing race" but with a strong warrior spirit. German soldiers feared Indian snipers, messengers and shock ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
World War I propaganda claimed to be quoting a Cherokee soldier, Jo Fixum, with stereotypical, improbable, and offensive language features. killum papoose und killum squaw, so Jo Fixum will find this Kaiser and stickum bayonet clear through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Ugh! By 1940, the Indigenous population in the USA had risen to about 350,000. Because the German government was aware of the Indian communications specialists' abilities, their agents tried to use anthropologists as spies on reservations to subvert the cultures of some Indian tribes and learn their languages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
The pro-Nazi German American Bund tried to persuade Indians not to register for the draft, for example using the swastika with some Native Americans as a symbol depicting good luck in order to gain sympathy. The attempts may have backfired. During World War II, more than 44,000 Native Americans joined the military serv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Indian participation in World War II was extensive, and became part of American folklore and popular culture.Johnny Cash's recording of The Ballad of Ira Hayes, which commemorates the Pima soldier of the title who was one of the six men who raised the American flag on Iwo Jima, also became popular in Germany. Like Cash... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
There was a widespread cultural passion for Native Americans in Germany throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. "Indianthusiasm" (German: Indianertümelei) contributed to the evolution of German national identity. Long before German unification in 1871, it had been widely assumed in German nationalist circles that a uni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
In the late 19th century, a recurring complaint in Germany was that the Reich had a relatively small colonial empire compared to other nations, especially the United Kingdom. As a result, "Indianthusiasm" served as a sort of Handlungsersatz-an untranslatable term meaning a surrogate for an action that substitutes for r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
A recurring theme of "Indianthusiasm" suggested that German immigrants would be act in a morally superior manner towards the indigenous population of North America than the "Anglo-Saxon" powers of Great Britain, Canada, and the United States; this theme also promoted the idea that Germans held a genuine interest in Nat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
The connection between anti-American sentiment and sympathetic feelings toward the underprivileged but authentic Indians is common in Germany, and it was to be found among both Nazi propagandists such as Goebbels and left-leaning writers such as Nikolaus Lenau as well. During the German Autumn in 1977, an anonymous tex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
The 19th century "Wild West" became for Germans in the 1950s-1960s a "distant, vaguely defined past" where it was the Americans who were perpetuating genocide while German immigrants to the United States like May's hero Old Shatterhand became the ones who were trying to stop the genocide. There was an implicit tu quoqu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
In East Germany, the frequency of films devoted to the subject of the Indians led to the term Indianerfilme being coined to describe the genre. In the East German Indianerfilme, the Americans were always the villains while the Indians were always the heroes. More recently, Indianthusiasm has been linked to the rise of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
In 1938 the first outdoor Karl May festivals took place at the Rathen Open Air Stage. The open-air theatre was laid out in 1936, inspired by the ideas of the Thingspiele movement, which was active in the early stages of the Nazi period. The Thingspiele movement failed in staging neopagan and Nordic mythical aspects of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
The Communist East German government had major problems with the mixed heritage of May's works: his strong Christian leanings and his broad support, including on the political right. His books were not available for a long time, and "indianistic" reenactors were closely monitored by the security forces. The Communist a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Some prominent communist philosophers, such as Karl Marx' friend and sponsor Friedrich Engels, had used Native American tribal structures as examples for theories on family, private property, and the state. Engels contributed to the controversy about whether the Native American tribes actually had a notion of private p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
In West Germany May's heritage was less problematic; both the books and the festivals were soon copied and reprinted. The Karl May Festival in Bad Segeberg overtook its predecessor in Rathen, as the GDR officials discontinued the tradition there. The Federal Republic experienced some aspects of an idealized Indian imag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Native American hobbyism in Germany, also called Indian Hobbyism, or Indianism, is the performance and attempt at historical reenactment of the American Indian culture of the early contact period, rather than the way contemporary Indigenous peoples of the Americas live. The cultures imitated are usually a romantic ster... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
According to the history laid out in H. Glenn Penny's Kindred By Choice, many Germans identify their roots as tribes that lived independently of one another that were colonized by Romans and forced to become Christians. Because of this distant tribal background and history of colonization, and in fact all ancient Europ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Penny covers this history in Kindred By Choice and other published writings, chronicling German artists such as Rudolf Cronau, Max Ernst, Georg Grosz, Otto Dix, and Rudolf Schlichter's portrayals of Native Americans. German academics such as Alexander von Humboldt, Karl von den Steinen, Paul Ehrenreich, and Carl Jung a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Their documentation of their journeys were regarded positively by the German public and assisted in fostering German fascination with Native Americans. Penny also details how Germans often denounced the violence inflicted upon Native peoples by the United States government.Another factor in the popularity of Hobbyism i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
German Hobbyism is generally believed to have been largely popularized by the dime-store novelist Karl May, whose fictional Apache warrior character, Winnetou, and his German blood-brother, Old Shatterhand, adventure throughout the Wild West. In one of the many novels, Winnetou is murdered and Old Shatterhand avenges h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
The first such hobbyist club was the Cowboy Club founded in Munich in 1913. As part of the phenomenon of Indianertümelei a number of Western and Indian theme parks operate in Germany, the most popular of which are the Pullman City theme park outside of Munich and El Dorado theme park outside of Berlin.Hobbyism was grea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
On the other hand, West Germans often avoided contact with real Native Americans, which Sieg surmises is because they feared being told they are not truly Native American. These patterns continue to be true today. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Dakota academic Philip Deloria theorizes in his book Playing Indian that there are two types of Hobbyism—people Hobbyism and item Hobbyism. West Germans would be considered, according to Deloria, as item hobbyists who focus on the objects, and the East Germans would be considered people hobbyists, who also include obje... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
It is believed that film adaptations of Karl May's characters in the 1960s may have saved the West German film industry. Each summer in Bad Segeberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, the Karl May Festival (Karl-May-Spiele) hosts stage productions weekly and particularly during the Karl May Festival. The Karl May Festival i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
German Hobbyism continues today in the form of festivals, museums, pow wows, theater, and clubs. The Karl May Festival in Bad Segeberg continues each year and is a popular attraction to families from all over Germany and Europe. Additionally, there are multiple Wild West Amusement Parks all throughout Germany. The Karl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Hobbyists that organize through the means of a club host pow wows and teach each other and communities about Native American culture. The topic of German Hobbyism has become more recently documented by mainstream news sources New York Times, the Huffington Post, and independent filmmakers such as Howie Summers, who cre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Interviewed in 2007, one member of an Indianer club stated: "Our camp is always in summer, in July for two weeks. During this time, we live in tipis, we wear only Indian clothes. We don't use technology and we try to follow Indian traditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
We have those Lakota, Oglala, Blackfeet, Blood, Siksika, Pawneee...and we go on the warpath against each other day and night, anytime at all. In two weeks, every tribe can fight each other. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
We don't know when somebody will attack or when they will come to steal our horses. And the battles are always exciting, too. I really enjoy them". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
The main criticism of German Hobbyism by Native American journalists and academics argues on the basis of cultural appropriation and misrepresentation of Native American cultures and identities. When it comes to the borrowing of American Indian culture, Philip J. Deloria dubs it "playing Indian," which he defines as th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Katrin Sieg applies the thoughts and ideas of Deloria to the performance studies field in Germany. Her book Ethnic Drag discusses the ways in which Germans have historically dressed up as "othered" peoples, which includes Jews, Native Americans, and Turks. While the portrayals of Jews and Turks were largely negative st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
The first Native American women's theater troupe known as Spiderwoman Theater traveled to Germany and Europe in order to perform a satire of the European and particularly German fascination with Native Americans. According to Spiderwoman Theater, it was an act of resistance meant to reclaim their identity as real Nativ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Angeconeb soon discovered that most Germans were interested in the traditional culture of the Plains Indian peoples and had no interest in the Eastern Woodslands peoples such as the Ojibewe or in the modern First Nations peoples. His attempts to argue that there was more to the Indians of North America than the lifesty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
We weren't Plains Indians, so therefore we weren't "real Indians"...And then, they seem to have this romantic view that they didn't want to have altered. I was too "real" an Indian for them. They wanted to keep their romantic view; they didn't want to hear about the modern way of living for Ojibewe people here. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
That we lived in wooden-structure homes, that we drove cars".Red Haircrow has written articles from Berlin, where he resides, regarding the controversial aspects of Hobbyism from the perspective of a real Native American. Haircrow has traveled to pow wows and reported to Indian Country Today Media Network about his exp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Haircrow also covered a controversy at the Karl May Museum, when the owners of the museum in Radebeul refused to return Native American scalps to the tribes from which they are claimed to have come. As an act of protest, Native American singer Jana Mashonee chose not to perform at the Karl May Fest in Radebeul, Saxony ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Comanche Laura Kerchee, who was stationed in Germany with the U.S. Air Force, told him that "she was impressed with how enthralled the Germans there were by Native Americans." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Haircrow adds that "some tribes in North America reaching out to their fans in Europe. They realize that this is an opportunity to promote understanding and education and a way to market Native culture to a highly sympathetic audience." Red Haircrow's 2018 documentary "Forget Winnetou! | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Loving in the Wrong Way" focuses more Native perspectives on Indian hobbyism, cultural appropriation and the connection to racism and continuing colonial practices in Germany, won the Audience Award at the Refugees Welcome Film Festival in Berlin, Germany in 2018.In the United States, there is a widespread criticism fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
That's why they didn't want us there, because they know we know what they are doing is wrong." In a New York Times short documentary titled Lost in Translation: Germany's Fascination with the American Old West, the actor portraying Winnetou, Jan Sosniok, is asked if he thinks that real Native Americans would take offen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
The video also portrays a German man who studied at the Institute of American Indian Arts in New Mexico. This person shares his discomfort with seeing a burial dance take place in the Bad Segeberg performance, and calls it grotesque and claims that it perpetuates a stereotypical image of the Native American.Journalist ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
A hobbyist profiled in the article defended the German tendency to focus on Indian culture before 1880, instead of engaging with issues that affect contemporary tribes, comparing it to studying "the Romans." Some Germans have been surprised and irritated when real Native Americans don't act the way they do in the Germ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Dick Littlebear, "a member of the Northern Cheyenne Nation and the president of Chief Dull Knife College in Lame Deer, MT," told Hagengruber "he doesn't worry about Germans fixating on his culture," as long as they do not copy sacred ceremonies, and pointed out that he had learned "lost Northern Cheyenne stitching meth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
The specific image of Indians originated earlier than May's writings. Already in the 18th century a specific German view on the fate of Native Americans can be found in various travel reports and scientific excursions.Philipp Georg Friedrich von Reck (1710–1798) traveled to Massachusetts and Georgia in 1733/34 and saw ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Christian Gottlieb Prieber, a lawyer and political utopian from Zittau, emigrated to North America in 1735 and lived with the Cherokee in Tennessee. He tried to build a society based on his ideals but was imprisoned in 1743 and died in prison in 1745. Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, a nobleman and scientist, traveled from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Bodmer's portraits of North Dakota, Ohio River and Missouri River Indians includes among others Blackfoot, Choctaw, Cherokee, and Chickasaw. Karl Postl (1793–1864) wrote various novels about his experiences in the US between 1823 and 1831, using the pseudonym Charles Sealsfield. Similarly to Friedrich Gerstäcker, he wr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Fritz Steuben's Tecumseh novels were bestsellers in the 1930s. After some Nazi allegations had been erased, the novels were reprinted – and sold well again – in the 1950s.Painter and ice skater Julius Seyler (1873–1955) lived in Montana and depicted Blackfeet (Three Bear, Eagle Calf, Bear Pipe Man, etc.) and sacred loc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
In a 1999 speech delivered in the United States in English, Lutz declared: "For over two hundred years Germans have found Indianer so fascinating that even today an Indian iconography is used in advertising. The most popular image of the Indianer is provided by Karl May's fictional Apache chief Winnetou...Indian lore i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
", synonymous with "Scout's honour!". "Ein Indianer kennt keinen Schmerz! | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
", literal translation "An Indian knows no pain! ", synonymous with "Big boys don't cry!". “I had thought,” resumed Cora, “that an Indian warrior was patient, and that his spirit felt not and knew not the pain his body suffered.” - The Last of the Mohicans (1826), chapter 11. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
The descendants of the founders of New Braunfels and Fredericksburg in Texas claim that their peace treaty with the local natives, the Meusebach–Comanche Treaty of 1847, has never been broken. However, German immigrants underwent less of a close synthesis and interaction than, for example, Scottish Americans, with some... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
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