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Important contribution in the humanities include anthropologist Franz Boas (1858–1942) and Native American Renaissance writer Louise Erdrich (born 1954).Germans still have an easygoing approach to using blackface or redface; there is a varied and continuing tradition of temporarily immersing oneself in different custom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
This sort of "second-hand folklore" is an alternative way of dealing with Americanization, "anti-Imperialism", and popular ethnology.The background in human zoos (Völkerschau in German) and the first Western movies is still vivid as well in "Cowboy and Indianer" children games. Americans have e.g. harshly criticized ph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Both Germans and Native Americans had to regain some of their customs, as a direct heritage tradition was no longer in place. It is however still somewhat disturbing for both sides when German hobby Indians meet Native German enthusiasts. There are allegations of plastic shamanism versus mockery about Native Americans ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
The Indian department of the Ethnological Museum of Berlin contains one of the largest collections of Native American artifacts in the world, the curators ask for a more active community dealing with the heritage.Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, sketches and paintings are part of Prince Maximilian's travel report book Reise... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture |
Euthenics () is the study of improvement of human functioning and well-being by improvement of living conditions. "Improvement" is conducted by altering external factors such as education and the controllable environments, including environmentalism, education regarding employment, home economics, sanitation, and housi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
The term was derived in the late 19th century from the Greek verb eutheneo, εὐθηνέω (eu, well; the, root of τίθημι tithemi, to cause). (To be in a flourishing state, to abound in, to prosper.—Demosthenes. To be strong or vigorous.—Herodotus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
To be vigorous in body.—Aristotle. )Also from the Greek Euthenia, Εὐθηνία. Good state of the body: prosperity, good fortune, abundance.—Herodotus.The opposite of Euthenia is Penia, Πενία ("deficiency" or "poverty") the personification of poverty and need. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
Ellen Swallow Richards (Born in 1842–died in 1911; Vassar Class of '70) was one of the first writers to use the term, in The Cost of Shelter (1905), with the meaning "the science of better living". It is unclear if (and probably unlikely that) any of the study programs of euthenics ever completely embraced Richards' mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
After Richards' death in 1911, Julia Lathrop (1858–1932; VC '80) continued to promote the development of an interdisciplinary program in euthenics at the college. Lathrop soon teamed with alumna Minnie Cumnock Blodgett (1862–1931; VC '84), who with her husband, John Wood Blodgett, offered financial support to create a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
Students in euthenics could take courses in horticulture, food chemistry, sociology and statistics, education, child study, economics, economic geography, physiology, hygiene, public health, psychology and domestic architecture and furniture. With the new division came the first major in child study at an American libe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
Created to supplement the controversial euthenics major which began February 21, 1925, it was also located in the new Minnie Cumnock Blodgett Hall of Euthenics (York & Sawyer, architects; ground broke October 25, 1925). Some Vassar faculty members (perhaps emotionally upset with being displaced on campus to make way, o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
"Having overcome a lukewarm reception, Vassar College officially opened its Minnie Cumnock Blodgett Hall of Euthenics in 1929. Dr. Ruth Wheeler (Physiology and Nutrition – VC '99) took over as director of euthenics studies in 1924. Wheeler remained director until Mary Shattuck Fisher Langmuir (VC '20) succeeded her in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
Intended to help students meet their college costs by working in their residences. For example, in Main, students earned $40 a year by doing relatively light work such as cleaning their rooms.In 1951, Katharine Blodgett Hadley (VC '20) donated $400,000, through the Rubicon Foundation, to Vassar to help fund operating d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
Elmira College is noted as the oldest college still in existence which (as a college for women) granted degrees to women which were the equivalent of those given to men (the first to do so was the now-defunct Mary Sharp College). Elmira College became coeducational in all of its programs in 1969. A special article was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
"Elmira College was one of the first of the liberal arts colleges to recognize the fact that women should have some special training, integrated with the so-called liberal studies, which would prepare them to carry on, with less effort and fewer mistakes, a successful family life. Courses in nutrition, household econom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
Many factors led to the movement never getting the funding it needed to remain relevant, including: vigorous debate about the exact meaning of euthenics, a strong antifeminism movement paralleling even stronger women's rights movements, confusion with the term eugenics, the economic impact of the Great Depression and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
Martin Heggestad of the Mann Library notes that "Starting around 1920, however, home economists tended to move into other fields, such as nutrition and textiles, that offered more career opportunities, while health issues were dealt with more in the hard sciences and in the professions of nursing and public health. Als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
According to Ellen Richards, in her book Euthenics: the science of controllable environment (1910): The betterment of living conditions, through conscious endeavor, for the purpose of securing efficient human beings, is what the author means by Euthenics. "Human vitality depends upon two primary conditions—heredity and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
Eugenics is hygiene for the future generations. Euthenics is hygiene for the present generation. Eugenics must await careful investigation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
Euthenics has immediate opportunity. Euthenics precedes eugenics, developing better men now, and thus inevitably creating a better race of men in the future. Euthenics is the term proposed for the preliminary science on which Eugenics must be based. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
Debate over misconceptions about the movement started almost from the beginning. In his comparison "Eugenics, Euthenics, And Eudemics", (American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 18, No. 6, May 1913), Lester F. Ward of Brown University opens the second section regarding euthenics lamenting: Is there, then, nothing to do? Are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
Are we to preach a gospel of inaction? I for one certainly am not content to do so, and I believe that nothing I have thus far said is inconsistent with the most vigorous action, and that in the direction of the betterment of the human race. The end and aim of the eugenists cannot be reproached. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
The race is far from perfect. Its condition is deplorable. Its improvement is entirely feasible, and in the highest degree desirable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
Nor do I refer merely to economic conditions, to the poverty and misery of the disinherited classes. The intellectual state of the world is deplorable, and its improvement is clearly within the reach of society itself. It is therefore a question of method rather than of principle that concerns us. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
Ward later noted about the organic environment that: Darwin has taught us that the chief barrier to the advance of any species of plants or animals is its competition with other plants and animals that contest the same ground. And therefore the fiercest opponents of any species are the members of the same species which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
Any species of animals or plants left free to propagate at its normal rate would overrun the earth in a short time and leave no room for any other species. Any species that is sufficiently vigorous to resist its organic environment will crowd out all others and monopolize the earth. If nature permitted this there could... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
Whatever we may think of the harsh method by which this is prevented, we cannot regret that it is prevented, and that we have a world of variety, interest, and aesthetic attractiveness. Vassar historians note that "critics faulted the new program as a weakening of science and a slide into vocationalism. The influential... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
""Well, what is euthenics? Euthenics is the 'science of efficient living;' and the 'science' is artificially pieced together of bits of mental hygiene, child guidance, nutrition, speech development and correction, family problems, wealth consumption, food preparation, household technology, and horticulture.... The inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
In the summer of 1926, Margaret Sanger created a stir when she gave a radio address, called "Racial Betterment", in the first Euthenics Institute, where she praised attempts to "close our gates to the so-called 'undesirables'" and proposed efforts to "discourage or cut down on the rapid multiplication of the unfit and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
Which of the two doctrines is true? The thoughtful mind must concede that, as is so often the case where doctrines are opposed, each view is partial, incomplete and really false. The truth does not exactly lie between the doctrines; it comprehends them both. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
What a child becomes is always the resultant of two sets of forces acting from the moment the fertilized egg begins its development—one is the set of internal tendencies and the other is the set of external influences. What the result of an external influence—a particular environmental condition—shall be depends only i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
This fact affords the basis for the hope that, when the method of securing strong offspring, even from partially defective stock—and where is the strain without any defect?—is widely known, the teachings of science in respect even to marriage matings will be widely regarded and that in the generations to come the teach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
"Not through chance, but through increase of scientific knowledge; not through compulsion, but through democratic idealism consciously working through common interests, will be brought about the creation of right conditions, the control of the environment." (Ellen H. Swallow Richards) "Right living conditions comprise ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
They crave a larger measure of goodness and happiness, and yet in their choice of dwelling places, in their building of houses to live in, in their selection of food and drink, in their clothing of their bodies, in their choice of occupations and amusements, in their methods and habits of work, they disregard natural l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenics |
In cultural anthropology and sociology, redistribution refers to a system of economic exchange involving the centralized collection of goods from members of a group followed by the redivision of those goods among those members. It is a form of reciprocity. Redistribution differs from simple reciprocity, which is a dyad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology) |
It is a within group relationship, whereas reciprocity is a between relationship. Pooling establishes a centre, whereas reciprocity inevitably establishes two distinct parties with their own interests. While the most basic form of pooling is that of food within the family, it is also the basis for sustained community e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology) |
Sahlins argues that generalized reciprocity within families by elders may be a "starting mechanism" for more general hierarchy, by placing many in the giver's debt. This leads to the question, "when does reciprocity give way to redistribution." Sahlins argues that chiefly redistribution is not different in principle an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology) |
Others, such as French Marxist anthropologist Claude Meillassoux, used the development of ranked kin redistribution from generalized reciprocity as the basis for a lineage mode of production found in western African chiefdoms and kingdoms. An elaborate example of this in a non-market society is the potlatch, where larg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology) |
Within theories of education, retroactive learning is a delay in understanding an experience, or review of learning experiences when resources become available. Often, it is not possible to learn while an event is occurring because the agent lacks the specific information or resources that it needs to learn. For exampl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroactive_learning |
However, when a resource like time becomes available, the agent can replay the events and learn from them. Episodic memory allows previous experiences to be relived or rehearsed once resources are available so it can be reanalyzed with new knowledge or additional experiences. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroactive_learning |
The conservation and restoration of human remains involves the long-term preservation and care of human remains in various forms which exist within museum collections. This category can include bones and soft tissues as well as ashes, hair, and teeth. Given the organic nature of the human body, special steps must be ta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
These types of museum artifacts have great merit as tools for education and scientific research, yet also have unique challenges from a cultural and ethical standpoint. Conservation of human remains within museum collections is most often undertaken by a conservator-restorer or archaeologist. Other specialists related ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
Museum collections contain human remains in many forms, including entire preserved bodies, discrete parts of the anatomy, and even art and artifacts created out of human body parts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
Museum collections, especially those of the natural history variety, often contain osteological specimens derived from humans. These can include individual bones, bone fragments, entire skeletons, and teeth from both ancient and contemporary sources. Reconstruction of bone fragments should be conducted with great care ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
There are innumerable types of artifacts present in museum collections that include or are composed of human remains, some with great scientific or medical merit and others with great cultural importance. Not only do the body parts vary greatly, but their methods of preservation do as well. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
Mummies, though most often thought of as an Egyptian phenomenon, exist in many cultures and have been found on nearly every continent. The word mummy can refer to both intentionally and naturally preserved bodies and is not limited to one geographic area or culture. Damage of mummified remains can be caused by several ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
There are a number of ways to mitigate the effects of improper conditions, however. Methods of stabilizing mummies and halting the deterioration process include inert gas control, where the mummy is placed in a chamber or bag into which fumigants are introduced; wet sterilization, where solutions are applied to the mum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
Bog bodies are human remains which have been found in peat bogs in various locations around the world. They have been preserved naturally in varying degrees due to the specific conditions of peat bogs. Despite their natural preservation, these remains are sensitive to deterioration after being removed from their origin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
Freeze-drying is an accepted method of preserving bog bodies in museum collections. Some notable bog body discoveries include the Tollund Man of Denmark, the Elling Woman of Denmark, the Cashel Man of Ireland, the Huldremose Woman of Denmark, the Girl of the Uchter Moor of Germany, the Lindow Man of England, and the Yd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
Soft tissues are usually in some sort of state of preservation prior to entering a museum collection, but still require periodic care. Plastination: One method of preserving tissues is plastination, invented by Gunther von Hagens and made famous by the exhibition Body Worlds. The process of plastination involves replac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
Wet specimens: A more classic form of soft tissue preservation is in a solution of formaldehyde, creating what is known as a wet specimen. The Mütter Museum in Philadelphia, PA has an extensive collection of wet specimens of human body parts, including both normal specimens and medical abnormalities. Care and hazards o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
Sections of human skin can be found in the collections of some museums. Some examples of this include books bound with human skin (anthropodermic bibliopegy) and preserved tattoos. The largest collection of the latter can be found in the Wellcome Collection at the Science Museum, London. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
American artist Andrew Krasnow has caused controversy in recent decades by creating pieces of contemporary art made of human skin. His works, which often make political statements, are composed of pieces of flesh from individuals who have donated their bodies to science. The skin itself has been preserved through the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
Hair is considered human remains by some definitions, but not all. It is not uncommon within museum collections due to the trend of creating "hairwork", most popular during the Victorian era. Locks of hair, hair wreaths, and jewelry made of hair are some of the most commonly found forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
Though there is great variety in human remains within museum collections as well as the ways in which they can be preserved, there are a number of best practices to be observed in the preventive care of these types of artifacts. Preventive conservation is the best method of preserving human remains in the long term, as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
One of the greatest threats to the long-term well being of human remains in museum collections is improper storage and packing. Proper storage of human remains is not only necessary for their physical preservation, but it also demonstrates the respect that sensitive materials such as these should be accorded. The ideal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
Generally speaking, human remains are best preserved in cool, dark, dry conditions while wrapped in acid-free (non-buffered) tissue and packing materials. Corporeal materials should not be stored in or near any wood or in any containers which previously housed wood due to potentially increased lignin levels, which prod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
Organic materials are porous by nature, which means that they are greatly affected by changes in the moisture levels of their surroundings. Overly moist conditions can lead to growth of fungi on protein materials like human remains, which is one of the most common risks they face. Alternately, low-humidity conditions c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
Embrittlement is a risk for many human remains, and as a result handling should be limited. When possible, artifacts should be lifted by their storage container or tray. To avoid transfer of oils to the remains, nitrile or latex gloves should be worn during their handling. If a body is to be lifted, it must be supporte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
Cleaning of human remains varies by type. If necessary, surface cleaning of bone can be done with a very mild detergent and water solution, but bones should never be soaked in order to prevent dirt from becoming embedded in pores. The possibility of cleaning human remains is highly dependent on the fragility of the spe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
There are many challenges surrounding human remains accessioned by museums, including legal complications involved in dealing with human remains, involvement of living relatives or tribes, and potential repatriation and issues such as the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA). NAGPRA r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
This has led to growing concerns that the display of human remains has become depersonalised, by continuing to keep them in collections. Most institutions and museum associations have their own policies on the acquisition of human remains. Some guidelines for the care of human remains including acceptable means of acqu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
Cultural considerations can sometimes interfere with the conservation of human remains, particularly when it comes to physical and chemical analyses, which play an important role in their care. Testing conducted on human remains, especially ancient ones, can include DNA testing, isotope analyses, and carbon-14 dating. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
The Kennewick Man is a notable example of human remains caught in a struggle between scientific merit and cultural traditions. Since his discovery in 1996, his fate has been the topic of great controversy. As one of the oldest well-preserved ancient skeletons found in America, scientists are eager to conduct various te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains |
IEEE Intelligent Systems is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the IEEE Computer Society and sponsored by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), British Computer Society (BCS), and European Association for Artificial Intelligence (EurAI). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Intelligent_Systems |
The journal was established in 1986 as the quarterly IEEE Expert, changed to bimonthly in 1990. Its name was changed to IEEE Intelligent Systems & Their Applications in 1997 (already in 1996, the journal's title had become IEEE Expert - Intelligent Systems & Their Applications with a marked emphasis put on the text Int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Intelligent_Systems |
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 6.744, ranked in the first quantile of the journals in the category of artificial intelligence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Intelligent_Systems |
For its 25th anniversary, the journal composed a "Hall of Fame", and the 10 recipients were announced in 2011. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Intelligent_Systems |
Riverview Psychiatric Center, also known as Riverview Psychiatric Recovery Center, is a psychiatric hospital in Augusta, Maine, operated by the Maine Department of Health and Human Services. The center recruits for volunteers from the United Way for certain services. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverview_Psychiatric_Center |
Modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from, and eventually replaced, the older lunatic asylums. The development of the modern psychiatric hospital is also the story of the rise of organised, institutional psychiatry. In the 19th century, institutionalisation was found to be the "correct solution" to the problem of "madn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverview_Psychiatric_Center |
From the late 1940s through the early 1960s, "the hospital experienced extensive over-crowding." In the 1960s, a new superintendent, Dr. John C. Patterson, mandated discharge of patients to support their rights (as opposed to leaves of absence), which raised admissions, yet, "the population began to drop because of use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverview_Psychiatric_Center |
Patient advocates were also hired, and an ongoing reevaluation of the removal of patients continued throughout the 1980s and 1990s. In 2004, a new "92-bed civil and forensic psychiatric treatment facility" was built to replace the now-old state hospital.In 2007, a state investigation revealed that many potential patien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverview_Psychiatric_Center |
The center also has recently put many forensic patients in nearby Augusta group homes, resulting in a petition with 150 signatures calling for their closure by neighbors with safety concerns. Augusta Mayor William Stokes also expressed concern over Augusta's bearing an unfair burden of mental health patients.The federa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverview_Psychiatric_Center |
These include contentions that the facility is overcrowded, inadequately staffed, and has used improper methods to control patients, including the use of Tasers. DHHS Commissioner Mary Mayhew stated that the State would appeal the decision, and that if it stood, the Center cannot make up for the loss of the federal fun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverview_Psychiatric_Center |
Mayhew stated that progress has still been made, as only one issue was found by CMS as opposed to the eight initially found, and that DHHS would again reapply. Despite the appeal by the Department, Governor Paul LePage has expressed criticism of attempts to regain accreditation, once stating that "With the federal mone... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverview_Psychiatric_Center |
Riverview Psychiatric Center provides a number of services to patients. The crisis stabilization unit is in effect an emergency room for psychiatry, frequently dealing with suicidal, violent, or otherwise critical individuals. Laws in many jurisdictions providing for long-term involuntary commitment require a commitmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverview_Psychiatric_Center |
Hetucakra or Wheel of Reasons is a Sanskrit text on logic written by Dignaga (c 480–540 CE). It concerns the application of his 'three modes’ (trairūpya), conditions or aspects of the middle term called hetu ("reason" for a conclusion) or linga ("mark", "sign" of a sound argument) in a valid inference within the Indian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetucakra |
Anacker (2005: p. 34), in introducing his English rendering of the "Method for Argumentation (Vāda-vidhi)" of Vasubandhu (fl. 4th century)—a text composed in Sanskrit which is now only extant in a reconstructed composite extracted from Tibetan works, collated by Frauwallner (1957)—holds that: Vasubandhu's criteria for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetucakra |
Dignaga formulated the 'three modes’ (trairūpya) which are three conditions required for a logical ‘sign’ or ‘mark’ (linga), which to fulfill in order to establish the 'valid cognition' (pramana) of an 'inference' (anumana): It should be present in the case or object under consideration, the ‘subject-locus’ (pakṣa) It ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetucakra |
Combining these, Dignaga constructed his ‘Wheel of Reasons’ (Hetucakra) with nine distinct possibilities, which may be tabulated as follows (adapted from Matilal, 1998: p. 9): | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetucakra |
Of the nine possibilities within the cakra or 'wheel', Dignaga asserted that only two are illustrative of sound inference, that is they meet all three conditions, namely Numbers 2 and 8: either "+ sapakṣa & − vipakṣa" or "± sapakṣa & − vipakṣa" would fulfill the required conditions. Dignaga is insistent that at least o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetucakra |
Dignaga required all three conditions to be met in order to establish valid cognition. The second row does not satisfy condition 2 and hence none of Numbers 4, 5, and 6 are logical signs; they are pseudo-signs. Numbers 4 and 6 are called “contradictory” pseudo-signs—an improvement upon the old Nyāya Sūtras definition o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetucakra |
In Dignaga’s system, this sign cannot be a sign for anything else, it can only point to itself reflexively or to its own locus. Numbers 1, 3, 7, and 9 are also pseudo-signs. They are called the “deviating” signs, for in each case the sign occurs in some vipaksa or other, although each fulfills the second condition. Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetucakra |
Discrimination in dance refers to unequal treatment of performance artists based on white dominant culturally desired symmetry and unified lines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_dance |
Widely known as the mentor of Misty Copeland, Raven Wilkinson was the first African-American woman to break the racial barrier in balled in 1955 and become a principal dancer. Wilkinson auditioned at Swoboda's School of Dance multiple times, but was never picked in auditions. One of her fellow dancers told her, “Raven,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_dance |
While travelling with the Ballet Russe in the 1950s, Wilkinson faced extreme discrimination in the southern states of the United States. She was refused the right to stay at the same hotel as her company and was sent home for her safety until the company moved north again. The Ku Klux Klan had interrupted her performan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_dance |
Wilkinson was told to put powder on her face to look paler and even told to tell people that she was Mexican and not Black, which were all racist attempts at concealing her skin color from the dance world. Wilkinson saw Misty Copeland dancing on television and knew she had to mentor her. Copeland commented on Wilkinson... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_dance |
Misty Copeland is highly regarded as one of the most influential and powerful dancers of the modern age. Copeland was the first black ballerina to be a principal dancer with the American Ballet Theatre. She joined the ABT Studio Company in September 2000, then joined as a soloist in August 2007. Eventually, she was pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_dance |
Copeland is more than a ballerina, as she has used her platform to speak out about racism in ballet. In collaboration with her manager Gilda Squire, she wrote, “She and I have a shared goal to bring ballet to more people and diversify it. That’s been my goal from day one, and it has never wavered.” Copeland's primary g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_dance |
As a modern-day black dancer, she still remembers being told to pancake her skin a lighter color to fit in with the rest of the company. She has relied on her mentor and longtime friend, Raven Wilkinson, to highlight the injustices of ballet and was moved by how Wilkinson overcame her struggles as one of very few, blac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_dance |
Ballet is an art form in which balance, unity and perfection are valued above creativity and uniqueness. This idea of a cohesive and unison line of dancers has led to discrimination within the ballet community. Similar heights and leg lengths have historically been important to dance companies, and this ideal is being ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_dance |
For example, in the 1950s, ballet companies wanted women with long arms and legs like Galina Ulanova; in the 1960s, under the influence of George Balanchine, they wanted women with long necks and small heads, like Suzanne Farrell; in the 1980s, they wanted women to be extremely thin. More recently, ballet companies hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_dance |
Within ballet, similar leotards, tights and shoes are worn to maintain the desired uniform image. Historically, tights and shoes have been light pink to match the desired light skin tone. Retail companies did not sell other colors for dancers with different colored legs or feet, so ballet companies encouraged ballerina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_dance |
The Dance Theater of Harlem has historically encouraged a variety of races and colors within their company as a diverse line is the image they are looking for. Dancer Llanchie Stevenon performed for the company and pushed for the idea of different skin colored tights as her legs were a completely different color than h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_dance |
Today, companies are still debating the idea of flesh-toned tights as some directors believe diversity in tights is okay when there is lots of diversity, but when there is only one or two dancers of color, companies believe they should continue to use the pink tights to not “break the line. "“Pancaking” ballet material... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_dance |
In June 2013, Danny's Cabaret, a strip club in the entertainment district of Jackson, Mississippi, was sued for discriminating against their Black dancers by limiting their hours and requiring them to compete for the “black shift”. White dancers were offered ample shifts while the black dancers had to compete for one w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_dance |
They once again were fined, given a supervisor and put up warnings of their business habits. Once again, in May 2019, Danny's Cabaret was discriminated against by race to black dancers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_dance |
As well as limiting their shifts, Danny attempted to get all the black dancers to work at another club called the Black Diamond. It was illegal for the dancers to work at the Diamond because they did not have the permits. The diamond also had less favorable conditions like less security, and worse pay. When the dancers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_dance |
Ballet Nègre founded, one of the first black ballet companies in the US | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_dance |
American Negro Ballet gives its debut performance. Ballet blended with Harlem dance techniques composed of 20 black dancers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_dance |
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