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The barrio is located south of Avenida Italia and north of Rivera Avenue and includes the districts Belgrano, Italiano, Villa Dolores and the park area. It borders the barrios Tres Cruces to the west and north, La Blanqueada and Unión to the north, Buceo to the east and Pocitos to the south. The park covers an area of 60 hectares (150 acres) and is considered the "lung" of Montevideo owing to the large variety of trees planted here. It is home to the Estadio Centenario national football stadium, as well as the national monument "La Carreta".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Batlle
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In 1907, Pablo Nereo Gabriel Antonio Pereira (1838–1906) donated eleven acres of his land, which was then named after him as "Campo Pereira," for a building a park, to the Economic Management Board, and the idea of a park was created by an Act of March 1907 which also projected wide boulevards and avenues. The project's landscape French architect, Carlos Thays, began the plantings in 1911 and completed it with all the attendant embellishments required for a park. In 1918, the park was named "Allied Park," following the allied Army winning the World War I thus honouring the heroes of the Allied Forces. The park was further expanded to the present status, which covers an area of 60 hectares (150 acres).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Batlle
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This extension was made possible owing to an estate that Antonio Pereira in his "Will" had bequeathed partly to the municipality in May 1930. The Board then further acquired more land and created the Great Park Pereira seen in its present status. On 5 May 1930, it was again renamed as Parque Batlle y Ordóñez, in memory of the President of Uruguay, who had died in 1929.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Batlle
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In the same year, the Estadio Centenario was opened. Between 1935 and 1938, the athletics track and the municipal velodrome were completed. It was designated a National Historic Monument Park in 1975.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Batlle
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Parque Batlle is counted as one of the seven coastal barrios, along with Punta Carretas, Pocitos, Buceo, Malvín, Punta Gorda and Carrasco. It is characterized as being of high population density and most of the households are of medium-high- or high-income. According to Administración Nacional de Educación Pública (ANEP) of Uruguay, the Parque Batlle school district, Villa Dolores, was ranked 55 of 60 for the period of 1990–1999.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Batlle
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Along with Parque Prado and Parque Rodó, Batlle is one of three large parks that dominate Montevideo. The park contains the 70,000 seat Estadio Centenario, built for the first soccer world cup in 1930, which is both the national football stadium and it contains a football museum. There is also the Tabaré Athletic Club which is occasionally made over as a carnival theatre using impermanent materials. The Municipal Velodrome, two smaller stadiums (the Parque Palermo and the Parque Luis Méndez Piana), and a target shooting facility are additional attractions. It is an ideal place for walking, hiking or exercise and enjoy the fresh air provided by the wooded area.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Batlle
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Villa Dolores is a district of Parque Batlle. It took its name from the original Villa of Don Alejo Rossell y Rius and of Doña Dolores Pereira de Rossel who started there a private collection of animals which became a zoological garden. It was passed to the city in 1919, and in 1955 the Planetarium of Montevideo was built within its premises.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Batlle
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In 1934, "La Carreta", a bronze monument on granite base by José Belloni was introduced. The monument, one of several statues in the park, is located on Avenida Lorenzo Merola near Estadio Centenario and depicts yoked oxen pulling a loaded wagon. It was designated a national monument in 1976. Another statue in the same side of the park is a bronze copy of the Discobolus of Myron.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Batlle
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On the West side of Parque Batlle, on Artigas Boulevard, there is the Obelisk of Montevideo, a monument dedicated to those who created the first Constitution and inaugurated in 1938. It is a monumental work of the sculptor José Luis Zorrilla de San Martín (1891–1975). It is a three-sided obelisk made of granite, 40 metres (130 ft) tall with 3 bronze statues on its sides, representing "Law", "Liberty" and "Force."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Batlle
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It has a hexagonal water fountain around it with six spheres on its outer circumference. It is located at the intersection of 18 de Julio and Artigas Boulevard avenues, in Montevideo, at the entrance of the Parque Batlle area. It is a National Heritage Site since 1976.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Batlle
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Apart from the stadium, the area around the park has many buildings notable for their architecture and style. Among them are several hospitals, the biggest of which is the Hospital de Clínicas of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of the Republic and a Site of Municipal Interest since 1995, the Italian Hospital and Pereira Rossell Hospital (next to the obelisk), the Hospital Británico, a National Heritage Site since 1975, the Sanatorio Americano, Médica Uruguaya to the west of the northwest point of the park and others. Two other National Heritage Sites, both opposite the Estadio Centenario, are Conedor Universitario No. 2 (the Canteen of the University) and the Instituto de Higiene.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Batlle
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Parish Church of St Ignatius of Loyola, Alejo Rossell y Rius 1613 (Roman Catholic, Jesuites)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Batlle
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Jesse Michael Bering (born May 6, 1975) is an American psychologist, writer, and academic. He is a professor in Science Communication at the University of Otago (where he serves as Director of the Centre for Science Communication), as well as a frequent contributor to Scientific American, Slate, and Das Magazin (Switzerland). His work has also appeared in New York Magazine, The Guardian, and The New Republic, and has been featured on NPR, the BBC, Playboy Radio and elsewhere.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Bering
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Bering was born in 1975 in New Jersey, the son of a secular Jewish mother and a non-religious Lutheran father. Having grown up in a highly conservative culture, he reports feeling anxiety about his sexual orientation during his childhood. This experience led to his interest in academic disciplines like human sexuality and the cognitive science of religion.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Bering
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He attended graduate school at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette where he earned his MA degree (1999) under Daniel J. Povinelli. He then transferred to Florida Atlantic University, where he obtained a PhD in developmental psychology (2002). His doctoral advisor was the David F. Bjorklund. Bering's formal academic research is in the area of the cognitive science of religion.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Bering
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Bering is the former director of the Institute of Cognition and Culture at Queen's University Belfast and began his career as a psychology professor at the University of Arkansas. After a period as a full-time writer and professor at Wells College, he took up a science communication post at the University of Otago in 2014. Bering is notable for his frank and humorous handling of controversial issues in psychological science, especially those dealing with human sexuality. His Scientific American blog, Bering in Mind, was named a 2010 Webby Award Honoree for the Blog-Cultural category by members of The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Bering
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He also received the 2010 "Scientist of the Year Award" from the National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals (NOGLSTP), an affiliate of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is also a Project Partner in the Oxford University-based 'Explaining Religion' project, a three-year, €2 million project funded by the European Commission. In his book Perv: The Sexual Deviant in All of Us he argues that paraphilias (so-called "sexual perversions" or "deviancies") should be viewed objectively and judged by the harm they cause, not by moral disgust. His account, in a somewhat light-hearted manner, includes anecdotes of his own experiences as a gay teenager.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Bering
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The Belief Instinct: The Psychology of Souls, Destiny, and the Meaning of Life (W. W. Norton, 2011) – named one of the top 25 books of 2011 by the American Library Association. Why is the Penis Shaped Like That? And Other Reflections on Being Human (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2012) Perv: The Sexual Deviant in All of Us (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2013) Suicidal: Why We Kill Ourselves (University of Chicago Press, 2018).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Bering
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Co-opetition or coopetition – simultaneous competition and cooperation – is an important philosophy or strategy that goes beyond the conventional rules of competition and cooperation to achieve advantages of both. Global co-opetition, an application of co-opetition in a global context, is first systematically addressed in Luo’s (2004) book “Coopetition in international business”. According to this book, global co-opetition refers to the simultaneous competition and cooperation between multinational enterprises (MNEs) and their geographically dispersed business stakeholders such as global rivals, global suppliers, global distributors, global alliance partners, and foreign governments as well as among foreign subsidiaries within an MNE.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Co-opetition
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MNEs seek to create value by sharing resources and committing to common task goals in some domains (e.g., product-market or value-chain activity) with their global rivals. At the same time, they compete by taking independent actions in other domains to improve their own performance. Co-opetition with global rivals can enhance an MNE's competitive position in the global marketplace where intertwined opportunities and challenges necessitate heightened competitive collaborations with various geographically dispersed rivals. The co-opetition perspective sees competition and cooperation as two distinct yet interrelated, inclusive, and simultaneous dimensions. Along these two dimensions in a pairwise setting, a global player can be identified as a contender (strong competition – weak cooperation), a monoplayer (weak competition – weak cooperation), a partner (weak competition – strong cooperation), and an adapter (strong competition – strong cooperation). Different types should be aligned with different strategic responses so as to optimize an MNE's position in both competition and cooperation with a major rival.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Co-opetition
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In today's interconnected economy and open competition, vertical co-opetition (as opposed to horizontal co-opetition with global rivals) with foreign suppliers and distributors can result in immense benefits. MNEs embrace these vertical co-opetiting players as potential collaborators because of intensified requirements for speed, integration and synchronization of entire value chain activities. Nevertheless, MNEs bargain and compete with their global suppliers and distributors toward self-profit maximization.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Co-opetition
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Partnering with suppliers ensures lower purchase price, better quality, timely delivery, access to complementary competencies, and greater supports in product development. Collaboration with distributors can lead to broader market research, quicker market response, and greater access to a larger customer base. In fact, research on vertical co-opetition with suppliers and distributors has recently begun to noticeably rise in the fields of both marketing and operations management.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Co-opetition
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Within the same MNE, co-opetition occurs between or among geographically dispersed subunits. An MNE is an internally differentiated yet globally coordinated network. With heightened interdependence in resource or knowledge sharing, value-chain rationalization, and common function integration, foreign subsidiaries increasingly cooperate between themselves, bilaterally or multilaterally, in pursuit of synergistically collective gains while synchronically competing for parent resources, corporate support, system position, and market expansion. Foreign subsidiaries within an MNE can be classified, along levels of simultaneous competition and cooperation, into four types: aggressive demander (strong competition – weak cooperation), silent implementer (weak competition – weak cooperation), ardent contributor (weak competition – strong cooperation), and network captain (strong competition – strong cooperation). Competition and cooperation are contingent upon several factors (e.g., strategic interdependence, subsidiary form, technological linkage, etc.) that determine the interrelatedness between different subunits.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Co-opetition
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Competition (control) and cooperation are two central concepts in all global strategic alliances. Control is the process by which one party influences the behavior and output of another party through the use of power, authority, and mechanisms. Cooperation involves collective efforts, through mutual forbearance, commitment, and trust building, to better allocate and exploit complementary resources such that all parties are better off than it would otherwise be. Luo and colleagues (2008) developed a typology of the competition (control) and cooperation dualism that identifies partnerships involving varying private control and cooperation (contender, competitor, and honeymooner) and varying collective control and cooperation (loosely connected, equity hostage, tightly integrated, and trusting). A global alliance partner's strategic responses vary under different typology identities and are influenced by relational characteristics such as goal congruity, resource complementarity, and bargaining asymmetry between foreign and local partners.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Co-opetition
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MNE-host government relations contain both cooperation and competition elements that function simultaneously. Cooperation emerges as a mutual response to the fact that both MNEs and governments are increasingly and strategically interdependent along four levels: country-level internationalization, industry-level competitiveness, firm-level capability, and individual-level productivity. Competition arises to fulfill the respective goals of MNEs and foreign governments through bargaining and competing for input-, process-, and outcome-based resources.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Co-opetition
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MNEs possessing varying degrees of cooperation and competition with foreign governments can be identifies as a contender (strong competition – weak cooperation), an estranger (weak competition – weak cooperation), a partner (weak competition – strong cooperation), and an integrator (strong competition – strong cooperation). It is important to properly configure – both initially and evolutionarily – cooperation and competition based on environmental dynamics such as economic development, political stability, regulatory deterrence, and industrial growth. == References ==
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Co-opetition
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Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA) is a rare congenital heart defect in which a coronary artery inappropriately arises from the aorta, usually from the incorrect sinus of Valsalva. This anomalous coronary artery often takes an interarterial (between the aorta and pulmonary artery), intraconal (within the myocardium), or intramural course (within the aortic wall), and is associated with an increased risk of sudden death in children.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_aortic_origin_of_a_coronary_artery
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The AAOCA is a rare birth defect in the heart that occurs when a coronary artery arises from the wrong location on the main blood vessel, the aorta.Children and young adults with these defects can die suddenly, especially during or just after exercise. In fact, AAOCA is the second leading cause of sudden cardiac death in children and adolescents in the United States behind hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The prevalence is estimated at 0.1% to 0.3% of the general population. Neither the true risk of sudden death nor the best way to treat these patients is known with certainty. Because of the risk of sudden death, doctors face the pressure to "do something" but in the absence of long-term follow-up data, the risks and benefits of different management options are unconfirmed.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_aortic_origin_of_a_coronary_artery
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Surgical intervention is indicated for coronary artery abnormalities in symptomatic patients with AAOCA (particularly with origin of the LCA from the right sinus), such as those with serious ventricular tachyarrhythmias or documented myocardial ischemia. There are no controlled studies which have evaluated the outcome of intervention in asymptomatic individuals.The indications for intervention in asymptomatic patients with AAOCA with an intramural course are debated, especially with AAOCA RCA from the left sinus of Valsalva. Generally refer asymptomatic patients with left coronary artery arising from the right coronary sinus for surgical repair.Asymptomatic patients with the right coronary artery arising from the left sinus are managed on a case-by-case basis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_aortic_origin_of_a_coronary_artery
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In 2009, The Congenital Heart Surgeons' Society (CHSS) established a North American Registry in order to study a large multi-institutional cohort of patients with AAOCA. This initiative is intended to generate new knowledge concerning the natural history of AAOCA, to describe the outcomes of surgical intervention versus observation in children and young adults with AAOCA, and to generate evidence to support risk stratification among patients with AAOCA and eventually suggest evidence-based guidelines for management.Patients who are diagnosed with AAOCA at or before age 30 years are eligible for this study. They should have otherwise normal heart or only minor defects such as Atrial septal defect, Ventricular septal defect, Patent ductus arteriosus, bicuspid aortic valve, mild pulmonary stenosis etc.Patients who have other major heart problems that require operations are currently not included in this Cohort study. Any other problems with coronary arteries are also not included.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_aortic_origin_of_a_coronary_artery
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The Registry has been enrolling new patients from participating institutions that are member of the Congenital Heart Surgeons' Society. Hospitals from across North America continue to join the study group and enroll patients. Over 140 patients with AAOCA have been enrolled by June 2011, making it the largest cohort ever assembled of this anomaly.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_aortic_origin_of_a_coronary_artery
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Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery originating from the pulmonary trunk (ARCAPA) is a rare but potentially fatal anomaly. The goal of surgical therapy is establishment of a physiologic bi-coronary circulation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_aortic_origin_of_a_coronary_artery
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Frostpunk is a city-building survival game developed and published by 11 bit studios. Players take on the role of a leader in an alternate history late 19th century, in which they must build and maintain a city during a worldwide volcanic winter, managing resources, making choices on how to survive, and exploring the area outside their city for survivors, resources, or other useful items. The game features several scenarios to undertake, each with their own stories and different challenges. The game was initially released for Microsoft Windows in April 2018 and was later made available for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in October 2019, and macOS in February 2021.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostpunk
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The game received generally positive reviews upon release and sold over 3 million copies within three years of its release. 11 Bit studios has partnered with NetEase Games to release a port for iOS and Android titled Frostpunk Mobile. A sequel, Frostpunk 2, is set to be released in 2024.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostpunk
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The player, known as "the Captain", starts out with a small group of survivors that consists of workers, engineers, and children, and several small caches of supplies with which to build a city. From there, the player harvests coal, wood, steel and food in order to keep their society warm and healthy in the midst of fluctuating cold temperatures. Weather conditions and political turmoil can cause citizens to not want to work.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostpunk
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In most scenarios, the city is centered around the generator, a coal-reliant steam engine that produces heat in a circular radius, which can be extended and intensified throughout the game, requiring greater coal input. The game emphasizes the need to prioritize buildings depending on the heat they require; houses and medical facilities will require close placement to the reactor, lest the player face outbreaks of frostbite and illness. Medical facilities and hothouses will need to be kept above -20°C, or face being inoperable.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostpunk
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Workplaces need to be insulated, which can be achieved through heaters or steam turbines, or completely circumvented with the introduction of machine labor, or "Automatons". The player has the option to use laws to regulate the productivity of their society at the cost of possibly raising discontent, e.g. allowing child labour or forcing temporary 24-hour shifts, but also laws to develop better healthcare like prosthetics or extra rations to the sick. In most scenarios, the player has the option to increase the citizens' support either by "Order" which includes buildings and laws to enforce security, or by "Faith", which includes buildings and laws that implement a religion.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostpunk
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These two paths can be continued to the point of fanaticism, with the "Order" path leading to a militaristic autocracy, while the "Faith" path leads to a total theocracy. With the final law on either path, the Captain is proclaimed absolute ruler, and the hope mechanic is discarded. In addition, a platform is constructed to execute "enemies" or "unbelievers" by scalding them to death with steam from the generator; the player may schedule an execution to lower discontent in their city.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostpunk
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Adopting any of the last three laws of both paths will lead to the "Crossed the line" ending should the city survive, where the game remarks how humanity forsook its values in the quest for survival. 11BitStudios have mentioned multiple times that the Law system was designed to force players to weigh the choice between survival or humanity, creating a moral dilemma the game is based around. Technology is another gameplay feature, with the ever colder environment forcing the city to adapt with better insulation, stronger reactors, better industrial output and more efficient machinery. Building a workshop structure allows the player to research technology and buildings that will make the city more efficient. The city can construct a beacon to scout the surrounding frozen wasteland for additional survivors and resources.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostpunk
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The game is set in an alternate 1886-87 where the eruptions of Krakatoa and Mount Tambora, the dimming of the Sun, and other unknown factors caused a worldwide volcanic winter. This in turn led to widespread crop failure and the death of millions. This event roughly lines up with the historical 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, a volcanic event that led to global cooling. In response to this, several installations called "generators" were built by the British Empire and the United States in the coal-rich North, designed to be city centers in the event that dropping temperatures force mass migration from the south.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostpunk
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In all scenarios, the player is the leader of a city or outpost, usually around a generator, and will have to manage resources to ensure the city's survival. The game launched with three scenarios, each with different backgrounds and storylines. The main story, "A New Home", involves refugees from London settling in their own city, which becomes known as "New London"; the settlers must face a "Great Storm", while also contending with the fall of the nearby city of Winterhome.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostpunk
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"The Arks" is centered around a largely automated city run by scientists from Oxford and Cambridge, seeking to preserve plant samples taken prior to the global cooling. "The Refugees" involves a group that has taken over a generator intended for use by wealthy nobles, and the social struggle that ensues. Three additional scenarios were added as downloadable content, one free to all players and two as part of the Season Pass.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostpunk
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"The Fall of Winterhome", the free scenario, is a prequel set immediately before "A New Home", with the residents of Winterhome forced to evacuate their city due to a failing generator. "The Last Autumn" is also a prequel, set in Atlantic Canada just before the global winter begins, involving the construction of a generator for the evacuation of Liverpool. "On the Edge" is a sequel to "A New Home", centered around an outpost established by New London after the "Great Storm". Endless Mode was also introduced in a later patch that eschews narrative elements to focus on surviving for as long as possible while weathering intermediate storms. The DLCs from the Season Pass added additional settings for Endless Mode, such as "The Builders", involving the construction of a generator (based on "The Last Autumn") during winter conditions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostpunk
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The game was announced in August 2016. The developers were initially targeting a release in late 2017, but it was delayed until 24 April 2018. The game was released for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in October 2019. The game was developed using 11Bit Studios internal game engine named Liquid Engine.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostpunk
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Ports to iOS and Android are being developed by NetEase Games. It is currently in the beta stage of game development. The game went through two rounds of regional testing, that were open to the public. The third round is live as of August 2023, accessible from Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostpunk
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Frostpunk received "generally favorable reviews", according to review aggregator Metacritic.IGN wrote, "Even though the bleakness is palpable, Frostpunk is a captivating experience. The gameplay is unique and varied, using the best aspects of city-building and survival games, with a little exploration mixed in." GameSpot said it was "among the best overall takes on the survival city builder." Eurogamer recommended the game, calling it "a thrilling but thin survival twist on the city builder genre, oozing dark charisma and political dilemmas."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostpunk
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PC Gamer lauded it for being "...a stressful, stylish, and addictive survival management game filled with incredibly difficult choices." Game Informer cited it as being one of the rare interactive experiences that forced the player to wrestle with big decisions. It was nominated for "Best Strategy Game" at the Game Critics Awards, for "Best Visual Design" and "PC Game of the Year" at the 2018 Golden Joystick Awards, and for "Best Strategy Game" at The Game Awards 2018.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostpunk
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It won the award for "Strategy Title of the Year" at the Australian Game Awards 2018, and was nominated for "Strategy/Simulation Game of the Year" at the 22nd Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, for "Game, Simulation" at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards, for "Music of the Year", "Best Original Soundtrack Album", and "Best Music for an Indie Game" at the 2019 G.A.N.G. Awards, and for "Narrative" at the 15th British Academy Games Awards.It sold over 250,000 copies within three days of its release, over 1.4 million within a year and 3 million within three years.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostpunk
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A Frostpunk board game designed by Jakub Wiśniewski and Glass Cannon Unplugged and loosely based on the video game was sold via Kickstarter in October 2020. The Kickstarter campaign achieved €2,496,308 in sales.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostpunk
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A sequel was announced on August 12, 2021. Frostpunk 2 is set in New London 30 years after the "Great Storm" of the original game, and the consequences of the advent of petroleum industry in New London. The game is set to be released in 2024.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostpunk
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In 2021, Germany was the third largest importer and exporter of consumer oriented agricultural products worldwide, and by far the most important European market for foreign producers. The retail market's key characteristics are consolidation, market saturation, strong competition and low prices. Germany is an attractive and cost-efficient location in the center of the EU.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany
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While many consumers are very price sensitive, the market also provides many wealthy consumers who follow value-for-money concepts. These consumers are looking for premium quality products and are willing to pay higher prices. Germany still has some of the lowest food prices in Europe, and German citizens spend only about 14 percent of their income on food and beverages. Low food prices are a result of high competition between discounters and the grocery retail sale segment.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany
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Germany's climate has historically favored production of hardy vegetables (like turnips, cabbage and onions), as well as barley which is reflected in German Cuisine Germany imported about a third of its food supplies in 1914. These imports were targeted from the start of 1st World War. 5 million pigs were slaughtered in 1915 and there were food riots in Berlin. By 1916 German food was all rationed and the winter of 1916-7 became known as Kohlrübenwinter as people were forced to eat the turnips which were normally fed to animals.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany
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Weather was poor and there were manpower shortages. There was widespread malnutrition.
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After the war there was much determination to achieve self-sufficiency in food, and this was a mainspring of Lebensraum policies.The number of farms had decreased steadily in West Germany, from 1.6 million in 1950 to 630,000 in 1990. In East Germany, where farms were collectivized under the socialist regime in the 1960s, there had been about 5,100 agricultural production collectives with an average of 4,100 hectares under cultivation. Since unification, about three-quarters of the collectives have remained as cooperatives, partnerships, or joint-stock companies.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany
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Other East German collectives were broken up, ownership reverting primarily the individual farmers who had been accorded post-war title to their lands; or were privately sold, becoming about 14,000 private farms. The terms of the 1990 Unification Treaty precluded former agricultural land owners - expropriated by the Soviet Occupation authorities - from reclaiming their vast pre-war agricultural estates. In western Germany and in the newly privatized farms in eastern Germany, family farms predominate.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany
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For the 630,000 farms, there are 750,000 full-time employees. There are also, however, many more part-time employees, and most farms do not represent their owners' full-time occupation. Although the number of farms has declined, production has actually increased through more efficient production methods. By the early 1990, a single farmer could produce enough food for seventy-five people, far more than was the case in the 1950s or 1960s.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany
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Agricultural products vary from region to region. In the flat terrain of northern Germany and especially in the eastern portions, cereals and sugar beets are grown. Elsewhere, with the terrain more hilly and even mountainous, farmers produce vegetables, milk, pork, or beef. Almost all large cities are surrounded by fruit orchards and vegetable farms.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany
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Most river valleys in southern and western Germany, especially along the Rhine and the Main, have vineyards. Beer is produced mainly, but not exclusively, in Bavaria. Wine is produced mainly, but not exclusively, in Rhineland-Palatinate. In 2018, Germany produced 26.1 million tons of sugar beet (4th largest producer in the world), which serves to produce sugar and ethanol; 20.2 million tons of wheat (10th largest producer in the world); 9.5 million tons of barley (3rd largest producer in the world, only behind Russia and France), 8.9 million tons of potato (7th largest producer in the world); 3.6 million tons of rapeseed (6th largest producer in the world); 2.2 million tons of rye (largest producer in the world); 1.9 million tons of triticale (2nd largest producer in the world); 1.4 million tons of grape (16th largest producer in the world); 1.2 million tons of apple (12th largest producer in the world). In addition, in 2018, the country also produced 3.3 million tons of maize and smaller yields of other agricultural products, such as cabbage (604 thousand tons), carrot (625 thousand tons), oats (577 thousand tons), onion (409 thousand tons), etc.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany
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Since the 1960s, German agricultural policy has not been made in Germany but in the EC. All agricultural laws and regulations are written in Brussels, often after difficult negotiations between food-producing and food-consuming states. The main objective of those negotiations is to obtain high incomes for the farmers while keeping market prices low enough to avoid consumer protests.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany
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To make up the difference, the EC adopted the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP—see Glossary) subsidy program and the export subsidy program, both of which benefit German farmers as well as other EU farmers. In return, the German farmers have complied with European directives on the quality and quantity of production. Germany embraces EU’s Farm to Fork spirit with nutrition strategy plans, With plans for a national nutrition strategy in the EU Farm to Form vein, German agriculture minister Cem Özdemir wants to make diets healthier and more plant-based, but some say the proposal is dictating what people can and cannot eat.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany
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The McGill University Institute of Islamic Studies and the Islamic Studies Library were established in 1952 by Wilfred Cantwell Smith, and since 1983 both have been housed in Morrice Hall on McGill's campus in downtown Montreal, Quebec. McGill's institute is the first institute of Islamic studies in North America and hosts 14 full-time professors, 5 visiting positions and 5 professors emeritus.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University_Institute_of_Islamic_Studies
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The Islamic Studies Library began with only 250 books but grew rapidly. Today, the library holds more than 110,000 volumes, half of them in Islamic languages, and is counted among the major North American collections in Islamic Studies.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University_Institute_of_Islamic_Studies
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The Institute of Islamic Studies has had numerous famous faculty members, including, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Toshihiko Izutsu, Niyazi Berkes, Muhammad Abd-al-Rahman Barker, Fazlur Rahman Malik, Issa J. Boullata, Sajida Alvi, and Wael Hallaq.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University_Institute_of_Islamic_Studies
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Urdu Language and Culture: established in April 1987 and funded by the Government of Pakistan, Department of Multiculturalism, Government of Canada, and McGill University.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University_Institute_of_Islamic_Studies
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Given the high number of influential scholars of the study of Islam, professors of the Institute have been honoured with numerous festschrifts. These include: Kamal Abdel-Malek and Wael B. Hallaq, eds. Tradition, modernity, and postmodernity in Arabic literature: Essays in honor of professor Issa J. Boullata. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University_Institute_of_Islamic_Studies
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Khaleel Mohammad and Andrew Rippin, eds. Coming to Terms with The Qur'an: a volume in honor of professor Issa Boullata, McGill University. North Haledon: Islamic Publications International, 2007.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University_Institute_of_Islamic_Studies
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Todd Lawson, ed. Reason and inspiration in Islam: theology, philosophy and mysticism in Muslim thought: essays in honour of Hermann Landolt. London: I.B.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University_Institute_of_Islamic_Studies
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Tauris, 2005. Wael B. Hallaq and Donald P. Little eds. Islamic studies presented to Charles J. Adams.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University_Institute_of_Islamic_Studies
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Leiden: Brill, 1991. Donald P. Little, ed. Essays on Islamic civilization: presented to Niyazi Berkes. Leiden: Brill, 1976. A special issue of Mamluk Studies Review was presented as a festschrift in honor of Donald P Little.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University_Institute_of_Islamic_Studies
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In Australia, the Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute (Australian AI Institute, AAII, or A2I2) was a government-funded research and development laboratory for investigating and commercializing Artificial Intelligence, specifically Intelligent Software Agents.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Artificial_Intelligence_Institute
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The AAII was started in 1988 as an initiative by the Hawke government and closed in 1999. It was backed by support from the Computer Power Group, SRI International and the Victorian State Government. The director of the group was Michael Georgeff who came from SRI, contributing his experience with the PRS and vision in the domain of Intelligent agents. It was located in the Melbourne suburb of Carlton before moving to more spacious premises in the city centre of Melbourne, Victoria.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Artificial_Intelligence_Institute
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At its peak it had more than 40 staff and took up two floors of an office building on the corner of Latrobe and Russell Streets. In the late 1990s, the AAII spun out Agentis International (Agentis Business Solutions) to address the commercialization of the developed technology. Another company, Agent Oriented Software (AOS) was formed by a number of ex-AAII staff to pursue agent technology developing JACK Intelligent Agents. After the AAII shutdown, those staff that remained and the intellectual property were transferred to Agentis International.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Artificial_Intelligence_Institute
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This section summarizes a selection of the software and commercial projects that came out of the AAII: Procedural Reasoning System (PRS) ongoing development and application of PRS in collaboration with SRI International Distributed Multi-Agent Reasoning System (dMARS) an agent-oriented development and implementation environment for building complex, distributed, time-critical systems. Developed as a C++ extension to PRS. Smart Whole AiR Mission Model (SWARMM) an agent-oriented simulation system developed by AAII in conjunction with and for the Air Operations Division (AOD) of the DSTO.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Artificial_Intelligence_Institute
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Optimal Aircraft Sequencing using Intelligent Scheduling (OASIS) an air traffic management system written in the PRS that accurately estimated aircraft arrival time, determined an optima sequence for landings and alerted operators as to the actions required to achieve the sequence. It was designed to reduce air traffic congestion and maximize the use of runways. A prototype was developed for Sydney Airport using dMARS called HORIZON. Single Point of Contact (SPOC) was a system developed for Optus to assist customer service representatives to meet the objective to meet 98% of customer enquirers with a single point of contact with the company. The system was built using dMARS and involved a multilayer architecture.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Artificial_Intelligence_Institute
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Over the course of its existence, the AAII released more than 75 of public technical notes . This section lists an available selection of these notes. Anand S. Rao; Michael P. Georgeff (1991). "Asymmetry Thesis and Side-Effect Problems in Linear-Time and Branching-Time Intention Logics".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Artificial_Intelligence_Institute
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AAII Tech Note. 13. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.56.8036.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Artificial_Intelligence_Institute
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Anand S. Rao; Michael P. Georgeff (1991). "Modeling Rational Agents within a BDI-Architecture". AAII Tech Note.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Artificial_Intelligence_Institute
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14. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.41.3036. Anand S. Rao; Michael P. Georgeff (1991).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Artificial_Intelligence_Institute
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"Intelligent real-time network management". AAII Tech Note. 15.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Artificial_Intelligence_Institute
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CiteSeerX 10.1.1.48.3297. Michael P. Georgeff (1991). "Situated Reasoning and Rational Behaviour".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Artificial_Intelligence_Institute
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AAII Tech Report. 21. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.50.789.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Artificial_Intelligence_Institute
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Anand S. Rao; Michael P. Georgeff (1995). "BDI Agents: From Theory to Practice" (PDF). AAII Tech Report.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Artificial_Intelligence_Institute
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56. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Artificial_Intelligence_Institute
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A research institute was newly named the Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute (AAII) in August 2020. Formerly the Centre for Artificial Intelligence (CAI) which launched in March 2017, the Centre expanded into an Institute as a result of its rapid growth. AAII operates at the University of Technology Sydney, Australia. It has 35 permanent research staff, 8 research labs and 200+ PhD students. Areas of research include computational intelligence, deep learning, transfer learning, large-scale graph processing, autonomous machine learning, and brain-computer interfaces.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Artificial_Intelligence_Institute
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Michael Maclagan (14 April 1914 – 13 August 2003) was a British historian, antiquary and herald. He was Fellow and Tutor in Modern History at Trinity College, Oxford, for more than forty years, a long-serving officer of arms, and Lord Mayor of Oxford 1970–71.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maclagan
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Maclagan was born in London and educated at Winchester College and Christ Church, Oxford. He graduated from Christ Church with a first class degree in 1935, and was awarded the Gladstone Memorial Exhibition. After two years as a lecturer at Christ Church, he was elected a Fellow of Trinity College in 1939 (the last Fellow to be so elected before the outbreak of World War II). At both Winchester and Oxford he was a member of the Officer Training Corps; and he served as president of the Oxford University Archaeological Society.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maclagan
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In February 1941, Maclagan was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 16th/5th Lancers, Royal Armoured Corps. He spent much of the war in staff and intelligence jobs: for a period he was in Cairo, but he was subsequently posted to Military Operations in the War Office in London, where his proficiency in Italian and Serbo-Croat stood him in good stead. He ultimately reached the rank of major.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maclagan
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In 1946, Maclagan returned to Trinity College, where he remained as Fellow and Tutor in Modern History until his retirement in 1981. For many years he shared teaching duties with the early modern scholar John Phillips Cooper (1920–1978). He held various college offices (including Dean, Librarian, Senior Tutor, Vice-President, and steward of the Senior Common Room); was Senior Proctor for the University in 1954–5; and he also served as Senior Librarian (1960–70) and Trustee (1970–99) of the Oxford Union. Outside the University, he served as a university-appointed alderman on Oxford City Council, and held the offices of Sheriff in 1964–5, and Lord Mayor in 1970–71.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maclagan
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He served as Chairman of the Oxford Diocesan Advisory Committee, 1961–85; and as Master of the Scriveners' Company, 1988–9. He had lifelong interests in heraldry and genealogy, and served both as a private officer of arms and at the College of Arms in London. He began his heraldic career in 1948 with an appointment as Slains Pursuivant of Arms, and held that office until 1970.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maclagan
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This appointment was made by the Chief of the Name and Arms of Hay after the resurgence of private armorial officers following World War II. In 1953 Maclagan was made an Officer Brother of the Venerable Order of Saint John, and served as a Gold Staff Officer at the Coronation and as a Green Staff Officer at the Investiture of the Prince of Wales in 1969. In 1970, he was appointed Portcullis Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary at the College of Arms. He held this post for 10 years until his promotion to the office of Richmond Herald on 14 July 1980. Maclagan held this last office until his retirement in 1989, at the age of 75.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maclagan
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Maclagan was characterised by his obituary-writer in The Times as an antiquary, rather than an historian. Patric Dickinson, in the Independent, called him "the quintessential Oxford don – a scholar of the old school, erudite, antiquarian and stylish", who "seemed to have strayed from an earlier age". He had an eclectic range of historical interests spanning all periods (particularly, but far from exclusively, in the fields of genealogy, heraldry and bibliography); he was more concerned with arcane detail, for which he had a remarkable memory, than with grand narrative; and he tended to pursue topics and projects which appealed to him, rather than those which might advance his career. All this meant that he published less than he might have done.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maclagan
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He was a proficient linguist, fluent in Greek, Latin, French, German, Italian and Serbo-Croat, and with some knowledge of Arabic. His first book, in 1949, was a translation of part of the Venerable Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation. Many of his core interests were genealogical.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maclagan
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He had a longstanding expertise in the history of the medieval Anglo-Norman family of de Clare, although little of this came to print. His principal foray into modern history was a well-received biography of a kinsman (through his mother), the first Earl Canning, who was Governor-General of India during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and first Viceroy of India. He is best known to students of royal and noble genealogies and royal families as co-author (with Jiří Louda, who compiled and drew the tables, while Maclagan wrote the text) of the best-selling Lines of Succession, first published in 1981, and subsequently reprinted and revised on several occasions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maclagan
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He was also interested in Byzantine history, and in 1968 published a history of Constantinople. For many years he spent part of his summer vacation as a popular lecturer on Swan Hellenic cruises in the eastern Mediterranean. He was a keen bibliophile, and built up an extensive collection of rare books. In 1960 he published an edition of Bishop Richard de Bury's Philobiblon, one of the earliest studies of librarianship. He was a meticulous indexer: his biography of Canning was awarded the Society of Indexers' Wheatley Medal in 1962; and in 1988 he compiled the index for Francis Jones's Catalogue of Welsh Manuscripts in the College of Arms.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maclagan
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Michael Maclagan was the son of Sir Eric Maclagan (1879–1951), for many years director of the Victoria and Albert Museum. His mother, Helen Elizabeth Lascelles (10 October 1879 – 19 October 1942), who married Eric Maclagan on 8 July 1913, was a granddaughter of the 4th Earl of Harewood: she was a sister of Sir Alan "Tommy" Lascelles, Private Secretary to King George VI and a second cousin once removed to the 7th Earl of Harewood who married Mary, Princess Royal, only daughter of King George V and sister to King George VI. Maclagan's paternal grandfather was the Most Reverend William Dalrymple Maclagan (1826–1910), Archbishop of York from 1891 to 1908, and the cleric who had crowned Queen Alexandra in 1902.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maclagan
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His paternal grandmother, second wife of the Archbishop, was the Honourable Augusta Anne Barrington (1836–1915), daughter of the 6th Viscount Barrington. (Augusta Maclagan had money settled upon her when she married Maclagan, then Bishop of Lichfield, in 1878: about half her money was settled on her son Eric when he married in 1913, giving him and his wife a considerable degree of financial independence.) Through both his mother and his paternal grandmother, Maclagan thus had connections to several British aristocratic families. The Honourable Augusta Maclagan was a great-granddaughter of the 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne; thus making her grandson Michael Maclagan a distant kinsman to the Queen.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maclagan
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Maclagan was twice married. His first marriage in 1939 to a cousin, Brenda Alexander, was dissolved by divorce in 1946. His second marriage in 1949 to Jean Elizabeth Brooksbank Garnett lasted almost 54 years; she died on 3 August 2003. He died ten days later on the day of her funeral. Maclagan had a son by his first marriage, and a son (who died, aged 26, in 1984) and two daughters by his second marriage.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maclagan
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On his retirement from Trinity in 1981, a portrait of Maclagan in his herald's tabard by Paul Brason was commissioned by the Trinity Society and presented to the college: it is now hung in the screens passage to the College dining hall.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maclagan
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Nuisance (from archaic nocence, through Fr. noisance, nuisance, from Lat. nocere, "to hurt") is a common law tort. It means something which causes offence, annoyance, trouble or injury.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance
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