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Following this process, milling can commence and may take several forms: The roller mill may be a single roller mill, double roller mill or pneumatic roller mill. In a complete maize milling plant, there are several roller mills that work together, they have different functions, the first mill mainly peeling the maize ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize_milling |
After the maize is processed, it will come out in different final products like flour and grits. They are different from their granular size. For the packing, a Full-auto Flour Packing Machine is adopted, and the flour is packed into 5 kg, 10 kg, 25 kg or 50 kg bags. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize_milling |
The best quality maize meal is therefore obtained by: De-germinating the maize prior to milling Milling with rollers rather than hammer mills or plate mills/disc mills. Alternatively, if the budget is small, the whole maize, after cleaning and conditioning, may be milled by means of the plate mill only and then sifted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize_milling |
Milling and sifting, form the very essence of grain processing. The sifters in every system should be one or more of the following: Turbo sifters - two separation horizontally shafted with steel screens - high capacity but not sifting very fine - used in small capacity plate mill systems and as graders for samp and oth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize_milling |
Mini plan sifters - relatively high capacity and very fine screening used as primary sifters for all mills of 1 ton per hour to 2.5 tons per hour. Plan sifters in various sizes and numbers of passages: Very high capacity and fine screening - used in all mills with capacity of 2.5 ton per hour and more.Industrial type m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize_milling |
In the philosophy of perception and philosophy of mind, direct or naïve realism, as opposed to indirect or representational realism, are differing models that describe the nature of conscious experiences; out of the metaphysical question of whether the world we see around us is the real world itself or merely an intern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
Aristotle was the first to provide a description of direct realism. In On the Soul he describes how a see-er is informed of the object itself by way of the hylomorphic form carried over the intervening material continuum with which the eye is impressed.In medieval philosophy, direct realism was defended by Thomas Aquin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
Secondary qualities are qualities that one's experience does not directly resemble; for example, when one sees an object as red, the sensation of seeing redness is not produced by some quality of redness in the object, but by the arrangement of atoms on the surface of the object which reflects and absorbs light in a pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
Direct realism was also defended by John Cook Wilson in his Oxford lectures (1889–1915). On the other hand, Gottlob Frege (in his 1892 paper "Über Sinn und Bedeutung") subscribed to indirect realism.In contemporary philosophy, indirect realism has been defended by Edmund Husserl and Bertrand Russell. Direct realism has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
Indirect realism is argued to be problematical because of Ryle's regress and the homunculus argument. Recently, reliance on the private language argument and the "homunculus objection" has itself come under attack. It can be argued that those who argue for "inner presence", to use Antti Revonsuo's term, are not proposi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
This argument was "first offered in a more or less fully explicit form in Berkeley (1713)." It is also referred to as the problem of conflicting appearances (e.g. Myles Burnyeat's article Conflicting Appearances). It has been argued that "informed commonsense" indicates that perceptions often depend on organs of percep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
For example, humans would receive visual information very differently if they, like flies, had compound eyes, and may not even be able to imagine how things would appear with entirely different sense organs such as infra-red detectors or echo-location devices. Furthermore, perception systems can misrepresent objects ev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
The argument from illusion allegedly shows the need to posit sense-data as the immediate objects of perception. In cases of illusion or hallucination, the object has qualities that no public physical object in that situation has and so must be distinct from any such object. Naïve realism may accommodate these facts as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
A more developed direct realist might respond by showing that various cases of misperception, failed perception, and perceptual relativity do not make it necessary to suppose that sense-data exist. When a stick submerged in water looks bent a direct realist is not compelled to say the stick actually is bent but can say... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
Pressing on your eyeball with a finger creates double vision but assuming the existence of two sense-data is unnecessary: the direct realist can say that they have two eyes, each giving them a different view of the world. Usually the eyes are focused in the same direction; but sometimes they are not. However, this resp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
If one were to be able to observe nothing other than the stick in the water, with no previous information, it would appear that the stick was bent. Visual depth in particular is a set of inferences, not an actual experience of the space between things in a radial direction outward from the observation point. If all emp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
Since objects with different qualities are experienced from each of the different perspectives there is no apparent experiential basis for regarding one out of any such set of related perceptual experiences as the one in which the relevant physical object is itself immediately experienced. The most reasonable conclusio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
A direct realist response would differentiate hallucination from genuine perception: no perception of elephants is going on, only the different and related mental process of hallucination. However, if there are visual images when we hallucinate it seems reasonable that there are visual images when we see. Similarly if ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
This argument has been challenged in a number of different ways. First it has been questioned whether there must be some object present that actually has the experienced qualities, which would then seemingly have to be something like a sense-datum. Why couldn't it be that the perceiver is simply in a state of seeming t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
Second, in cases of illusion and perceptual relativity there is an object present which is simply misperceived, usually in readily explainable ways, and no need to suppose that an additional object is also involved. Third, the last part of the perceptual relativity version of the argument has been challenged by questio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
Can they exist when not being perceived? Are they public or private? Can they be themselves misperceived? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
Do they exist in minds or are they extra-mental, even if not physical? On the basis of the intractability of these questions, it has been argued that the conclusion of the argument from illusion is unacceptable or even unintelligible, even in the absence of a clear diagnosis of exactly where and how it goes wrong.Direc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
One view, similar to Reid's, is that we do have images of various sorts in our minds when we perceive, dream, hallucinate and imagine but when we actually perceive things, our sensations cannot be considered objects of perception or attention. The only objects of perception are external objects. Even if perception is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
One concern with indirect realism is that if simple data flow and information processing is assumed then something in the brain must be interpreting incoming data. This something is often described as a homunculus, although the term homunculus is also used to imply an entity that creates a continual regress, and this n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
Descartes held that there is a "homunculus" in the form of the soul, belonging to a form of natural substance known as res cogitans that obeyed different laws from those obeyed by solid matter (res extensa). Although Descartes' duality of natural substances may have echoes in modern physics (Bose and Fermi statistics) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
Aristotle realized this and simply proposed that ideas themselves (representations) must be aware—in other words that there is no further transfer of sense impressions beyond ideas. A potential difficulty with representational realism is that, if we only have knowledge of representations of the world, how can we know t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
This difficulty would seem reasonably to be covered by the learning by exploration of the world that goes on throughout life. However, there may still be a concern that if the external world is only to be inferred, its 'true likeness' might be quite different from our idea of it. The representational realist would answ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
A semantic difficulty may arise when considering reference in representationalism. If a person says "I see the Eiffel Tower" at a time when they are indeed looking at the Eiffel Tower, to what does the term "Eiffel Tower" refer? The direct realist might say that in the representational account people do not really see ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
However, this is a distortion of the meaning of the word "see" which the representationalist does not imply. For the representationalist the statement refers to the Eiffel Tower, which implicitly is experienced in the form of a representation. The representationalist does not imply that when a person refers to the Eiff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
Furthermore, representative realism claims that we perceive our perceptual intermediaries—we can attend to them—just as we observe our image in a mirror. However, as we can scientifically verify, this is clearly not true of the physiological components of the perceptual process. This also brings up the problem of duali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
The new objection to the Homunculus Argument claims that it relies on a naive view of sensation. Because the eyes respond to light rays is no reason for supposing that the visual field requires eyes to see it. Visual sensation (the argument can be extrapolated to the other senses) bears no direct resemblance to the lig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
The reason given is that they only bear the similarities of co-variation with what arrives at the retinas. Just as the currents in a wire going to a loudspeaker vary proportionately with the sounds that emanate from it but have no other likeness, so too does sensation vary proportionately (and not necessarily directly)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
The proportional variations with which cortical colour changes are there in the external world, but not colour as we experience it. Contrary to what Gilbert Ryle believed, those who argue for sensations being brain processes do not have to hold that there is a "picture" in the brain since this is impossible according t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
So there is no "screen" in front of cortical "eyes", no mental objects before one. As Thomas Hobbes put it: "How do we take notice of sense?—by sense itself". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
Moreland Perkins has characterized it thus: that sensing is not like kicking a ball, but rather "kicking a kick". Today there are still philosophers arguing for colour being a property of external surfaces, light sources, etc.A more fundamental criticism is implied in theories of this type. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
The differences at the sensory and perceptual levels between agents require that some means of ensuring at least a partial correlation can be achieved that allows the updatings involved in communication to take place. The process in an informative statement begins with the parties hypothetically assuming that they are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
If the statement goes through, the hearer will now have a different percept and concept of the "referent"—perhaps even seeing it now as two things and not one. The radical conclusion is that we are premature in conceiving of the external as already sorted into singular "objects" in the first place, since we only need t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
The proponents of this view thus argue that there is no need actually to believe in the singularity of an object since we can manage perfectly well by mutually imagining that 'it' is singular. A proponent of this theory can thus ask the direct realist why he or she thinks it is necessary to move to taking the imagining... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
Virtual constructs or no, they remain, however, selections that are causally linked to the real and can surprise us at any time—which removes any danger of solipsism in this theory. This approach dovetails with the philosophy known as social constructivism.The character of experience of a physical object can be altered... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
Furthermore, the causal process that intervenes between the external object and the perceptual experience takes time, so that the character of the experience reflects, at the most, an earlier stage of that object than the one existing at the moment of perception. As in observations of astronomical objects the external ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
The above argument invites the conclusion of a perceptual dualism that raises the issue of how and whether the object can be known by experience. The adverbial theory proposes "that this dualism is a dualism of objects, with perceptual experience being a more direct experience of objects of a different sort, sense-data... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
Instead, it is suggested, merely the occurrence of a mental act or mental state with its own intrinsic character is enough to account for the character of immediate experience.According to the adverbial theory, when, for example, I experience a silver elliptical shape (as when viewing a coin from an angle) I am in a ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism |
Forensic radiology is the discipline which comprises the performance, interpretation and reportage of the radiological examinations and procedures which are needed in court procedures or law enforcement. Radiological methods are widely used in identification, age estimation and establishing cause of death. Comparison o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_radiology |
The scanning of baggage, vehicles and individuals have many applications. Tools like multislice helical computed tomography can be used for detailed documentation of injuries, tissue damage and complications like air embolism and pulmonary aspiration of blood. These types of digital autopsies offer certain advantages w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_radiology |
In the Land of Invented Languages: Esperanto Rock Stars, Klingon Poets, Loglan Lovers, and the Mad Dreamers who Tried to Build a Perfect Language is a 2009 non-fiction book by linguist Arika Okrent about the history and culture of constructed languages, or conlangs, languages created by individuals. Okrent explores the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
In the Land of Invented Languages was published by Spiegel & Grau, at the time an imprint of Random House, on 19 May 2009. The book received a generally positive reception from both literary critics and enthusiasts of constructed languages. It was praised for its humorous, intelligent, and informative style, as well as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
Constructed languages, or conlangs, are intentionally created languages. Unlike natural languages, which naturally emerge from human communities, conlangs are developed by individuals or, rarely, small groups. Conlangs vary in their intent; artistic languages such as Quenya are designed for aesthetic purposes such as w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
She has a master's degree in linguistics from Gallaudet University, a university with a mostly-Deaf student body, and a Ph.D. in psycholinguistics from the University of Chicago. In the Land of Invented Languages was her first book. Okrent is fluent in American Sign Language and speaks or understands some level of Hung... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
In the Land of Invented Languages is a historiography of constructed languages that pays particular attention to six major examples: John Wilkins' unnamed 'philosophical language', Esperanto by L. L. Zamenhof, Blissymbols by Charles K. Bliss, Loglan by James Cooke Brown and its descendant Lojban, and the Klingon langua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
The first full section revolves around An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language, Wilkins' explication of his "ideal language". John Wilkins was a clergyman and scholar who abetted many of the academics of his era but sought relatively little recognition himself. His greatest focus was his constru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
The title referred to wherefrom he salvaged the pages—beneath the dead bodies of soldiers who had captured him in battle, who commandeered them for what he called "posterior uses".Wilkins endeavoured to catalogue subjects by their traits and build words accordingly; Okrent gives the example of zitα ("dog"), which is bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
The second section of the book deals with Esperanto. Of all conlangs, Esperanto has by far the most users, including multi-generational native speakers. Okrent describes her experience attending an Esperantist convention, which she thought would be poorly attended and mostly conducted in English. She was surprised to f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
Esperanto and other auxiliary languages ("auxlangs") arose in a different landscape to previous philosophical languages. Though French had become the common language of international discourse by the 19th century, it was progressively displaced as industrialization brought wealth and international travel to broader sec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
The latter, as Okrent chronicles, was particularly important to the origin and popularity of Esperanto; it was the first widely popular auxlang and an inspiration for its successors, but Esperanto overtook it in the late 19th century due to ideological schisms in the Volapük movement. Okrent focuses on how Esperanto's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
Okrent is particularly interested in what she considers Esperanto's paradoxical success and failure. The purpose of Esperanto was to serve as a universal auxiliary language, a goal at which it has not yet succeeded; nonetheless, Esperanto speakers form a thriving community estimated to number hundreds of thousands of p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
The third section of individual was In the Land of Invented Languages is about Blissymbols, invented by Charles K. Bliss, a chemical engineer who fled Europe after surviving the Buchenwald concentration camp. Bliss moved to Shanghai and developed an interest in Chinese characters. He attempted to learn them, thinking t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
Bliss designed his Blissymbols writing system to minimize ambiguity, which he hoped would end falsehoods, propaganda, and other matters he considered flaws of language. When Bliss emigrated to Australia in the 1940s, he evangelized Blissymbols to linguists and academic publishers to little avail, and came to think his ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
They found the system revealed unexpected communicative capacities in children assumed to have profound intellectual impairments, and sought out Bliss to assist them with basing a formal education program around Blissymbols. While he was first overjoyed by the recognition, the relationship grew increasingly strained as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
In the fourth section, Okrent discusses James Cooke Brown's invention of Loglan and its descendant Lojban. Loglan was an attempt at creating a "logical language" to test the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, the conjecture that language shapes thought; if the hypothesis was correct, "speaking in logic" would facilitate logical t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
Despite these auspicious beginnings, Loglan was mired in controversy due to Brown's defensiveness of his language and alienation of its supporters. Lojban, a relexification, was created in a schism after Brown refused to permit use of Loglan dictionaries to people who disagreed with him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
Lojban is an exceptionally specific language that Okrent compares to speech "filtered through the sensibilities of a bratty, literal-minded eight-year-old". When attempting to translate to it, as she did for Wilkins' language, she finds the task practically impossible. Not only is the vocabulary extremely precise (Okre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
The book's final section returns to Klingon. Okrent overviews the language's creation by Marc Okrand, a linguist of Native American languages, and its features. She remarks on how its unusual features such as its extensive use of the agglutinative coexist with its similarity to natural languages, calling it "completely... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
In the Land of Invented Languages was published 19 May 2009 by Spiegel & Grau, at the time an imprint of Random House. It is 342 pages long. In the Land of Invented Languages was Okrent's first book; her second book Highly Irregular, about the history of English spelling, was published through Oxford University Press i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
Publishers Weekly gave it a starred review, conferred to books of "truly outstanding quality", and described it as a "delightful tour of linguistic hubris". Writing for the New York Times, the author Roy Blount Jr. described In the Land of Invented Languages as "a pleasure to read" while simultaneously providing a deep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
The linguist Daniel Everett praised the book in a review for SFGATE. Everett depicted the concept of language creation as "misguided", but referred to the book as "humorous, intelligent, entertaining and highly informative"; he described Okrent as "subtly and humorously" explaining what he considered the shortcomings o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
The review took note of Okrent's depth of research, including analyses of languages difficult or obscure enough to have very few speakers, such as Lojban. Edwin Turner of Biblioklept recommended the book, stating it "confidently traverses the thin line between pop nonfiction and academic linguistics".Graham M. Jones, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
Jones posited that Okrent's "wry" tone might be divisive, and referred to the book as "a cabinet of curiosity rather than a decorous museum". Another academic review by the writer Harley J. Sims in Mythlore first described In the Land of Invented Languages as "a long overdue gift to conlang enthusiasts and their burgeo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
Sims found the book's discussion of such languages wanting, feeling it addressed artistic language as "a mere postscript" compared to conlangs intended for real-world use; he described this as "inexcusable" in an era where speculative fiction works are increasingly likely to include conlangs.In the Land of Invented Lan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages |
In the animal kingdom, a maternity den is a lair where a mother gives birth and nurtures her young when they are in a vulnerable life stage. While dens are typically subterranean, they may also be snow caves or simply beneath rock ledges. Characteristically there is an entrance, and optionally an exit corridor, in addi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_den |
The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) creates a maternity den either in an earthen subterranean or in a snow cave. On the Hudson Bay Plain in Manitoba, Canada, many of these subterranean dens are situated in the Wapusk National Park, from which bears migrate to the Hudson Bay when the ice pack forms. The maternity den is th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_den |
This maternity den is usually in a snow bank, or along an ice patch of ocean shore. It is here that the female polar bear will go into a hibernation type state. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_den |
Female polar bears dig their own maternity den. It is important the the female polar bears have fed enough in the spring and summer before fall, because of the scarcity of food on land when winter comes. While in the maternity den, the mother polar bear will not eat, drink or defecate. The female polar bear will stay ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_den |
Pack members may guard the maternity den used by the alpha female; such is the case with the African wild dog, Lycaon pictus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_den |
The brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) makes use of maternity dens as a means of nurturing and protecting their cubs. These dens are located in coastal or inland regions, most of them being caverns with narrow entrances. The brown hyena also collects bones and stores them within or around the entrance of these dens. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_den |
The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) also creates maternity dens. After mating, foxes make a maternity den for raising their offspring. Most often, the mother and father will find and enlarge an old woodchuck burrow. Sometimes, a hollow log, streambank, rock pile, cave, or dense shrub will play the role as a den. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_den |
The den is usually chosen at a place where there is raised ground so the red foxes can see all around. The main entrance will be approximately three feet wide, and the den will have one or two escape holes. The den is lined with grass and dry leaves. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_den |
Institute of Political Science of the Slovak Academy of Science (In Slovak: Ústav politických vied Slovenskej akadémie vied, ÚPV SAV) is a research institute of the Slovak Academy of Science. sk:Ústav politických vied Slovenskej akadémie vied | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Political_Science_of_SAS |
The institute was established in 2002 as a result of transformation of the Institute of Politology of the Slovak Academy of Science. Its Director since 1998 has been PhDr. Miroslav Pekník CSc. (born 1950). The actual address of the Institute is: Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Political_Science_of_SAS |
The mission of the Institute is a basic research of domestic politics, international relations and recent Slovak political history. It edited about 50 book publications. The best contactact on an international level it has with partners from Poland and Czech Republic. The staff of the Institute represents several promi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Political_Science_of_SAS |
The Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations (Polish: Zaręczenie Wzajemne Obojga Narodów), also Reciprocal Warranty of Two Nations, Mutual Pledge of the Two Nations and Mutual Assurance of the Two Nations, was an addendum, adopted on 20 October 1791 by the Great Sejm, to the Polish-Lithuanian Constitution of 3 May 1791. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_Guarantee_of_Two_Nations |
The document was to be an integral part of the pacta conventa and thus binding on King Stanisław August Poniatowski and all subsequent monarchs of the Polish-Lithuanian state. The document defined the federal character of the state and asserted the equal representation within the bodies of state governance of its two c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_Guarantee_of_Two_Nations |
The membership of the Police Commission was to be two-thirds Polish-Crown and one-third Lithuanian. Poland and Lithuania were to have the same numbers of principal officials. In the view of historians Stanisław Kutrzeba, Oskar Halecki and Bogusław Leśnodorski, the legislation adopted by the Four-Year Sejm, including th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_Guarantee_of_Two_Nations |
The International Council on Social Welfare (ICSW) is a non-governmental organization whose activity is focused on undertaking research and organizing consultations for technical assistance and policy development aimed at improving social welfare, social justice and social development at the country and international l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_on_Social_Welfare |
The ICSW has its origins in 1928 when the International Conference on Social Work, its immediate predecessor, was born in Paris, with the aim of strengthening cooperation between various countries in promoting human welfare. The first Conference had a high proportion of women participating in its preparation and discus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_on_Social_Welfare |
The International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW) and the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) also have their origins in the International Conference on Social Work. Moreover, the three participate in the publication of the journal International Social Work with SAGE Publications. Since its ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_on_Social_Welfare |
The main organs of the organization are the General Assembly, the Supervisory and Advisory Board, and the Management Committee. The General Assembly is responsible for adopting the four-year global program and the biennial budgetary framework, as well as electing the President, Vice President, Treasurer and two other m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_on_Social_Welfare |
In a physical examination, medical examination, or clinical examination, a medical practitioner examines a patient for any possible medical signs or symptoms of a medical condition. It generally consists of a series of questions about the patient's medical history followed by an examination based on the reported sympto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination |
The routine physical, also known as general medical examination, periodic health evaluation, annual physical, comprehensive medical exam, general health check, preventive health examination, medical check-up, or simply medical, is a physical examination performed on an asymptomatic patient for medical screening purpose... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination |
These are reported to the primary care provider. If necessary, the patient may be sent to a medical specialist for further, more detailed examinations. The term is generally not meant to include visits for the purpose of newborn checks, Pap smears for cervical cancer, or regular visits for people with certain chronic m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination |
The general medical examination generally involves a medical history, a (brief or complete) physical examination and sometimes laboratory tests. Some more advanced tests include ultrasound and mammography. If done for a group of people the routine physical is a form of screening, as the aim of the examination is to det... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination |
Although annual medical examinations are a routine practice in several countries, examinations performed on an asymptomatic patient are poorly supported by scientific evidence in the majority of the population. A Cochrane Collaboration meta-study found that routine annual physicals did not measurably reduce the risk of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination |
The effects of annual check-ups on overall costs, patient disability and mortality, disease detection, and intermediate end points such a blood pressure or cholesterol, are inconclusive. A recent study found that the examination is associated with increased participation in cancer screening.Some employers require a man... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination |
Disadvantages cited include the time and money that could be saved by targeted screening (health economics argument), increased anxiety over health risks (medicalisation), overdiagnosis, wrong diagnosis (for example athletic heart syndrome misdiagnosed as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) and harm, or even death, resulting ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination |
A fee-for-service healthcare system has been suggested to promote this practice. An alternative would be to tailor the screening interval to the age, sex, medical conditions and risk factors of each patient. This means choosing between a wide variety of tests. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination |
The routine physical is commonly performed in the United States and Japan, whereas the practice varies among South East Asia and mainland European countries. In Japan it is required by law for regular working employees to check once a year, with a much more thorough battery of tests than other countries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination |
The roots of the periodic medical examination are not entirely clear. They seem to have been advocated since the 1920s. Some authors point to pleads from the 19th and early 20th century for the early detection of diseases like tuberculosis, and periodic school health examinations. The advent of medical insurance and re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination |
Comprehensive physical exams, also known as executive physicals, typically include laboratory tests, chest x-rays, pulmonary function testing, audiograms, full body CAT scanning, EKGs, heart stress tests, vascular age tests, urinalysis, and mammograms or prostate exams depending on gender. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination |
Pre-employment examinations are screening tests which judge the suitability of a worker for hire based on the results of their physical examination. This is also called pre-employment medical clearance. Some employers believe that by only hiring workers whose physical examination results pass certain exclusionary crite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination |
A small amount of low-quality evidence in medical research supports this idea. Furthermore, the cost of staff health insurance will be lower. However, certain exams or tests that are requested by employers, such as a baseline low back x-ray, should not be performed, according to the American College of Occupational and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination |
A physical examination may be provided under health insurance cover, required of new insurance customers. This is a part of insurance medicine. In the United States, physicals are also marketed to patients as a one-stop health review, avoiding the inconvenience of attending multiple appointments with different healthca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination |
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