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In 2009, members of the Bernstein Network founded a non-profit association, the Bernstein Association Computational Neuroscience, aiming at promoting science, research, and teaching in Computational Neuroscience and the communication of research contents and results to the public. The Bernstein Network Computational Ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein_Network |
Peter Dayan, Larry F. Abbott: "Theoretical neuroscience: computational and mathematical modeling of neural systems". MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass 2001, ISBN 0-262-04199-5. William Bialek, Fred Rieke, David Warland, Rob de Ruyter van Steveninck: "Spikes: exploring the neural code". MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass 1999, ISBN 0-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein_Network |
David Sterratt, Bruce Graham, Andrew Gillies, David Willshaw: "Principles of Computational Modelling in Neuroscience". Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0521877954 Sonja Grün, Stefan Rotter (eds. ): „Analysis of Parallel Spike Trains“, Springer Series in Computational Neuroscience, 2010. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein_Network |
ISBN 978-1441956743 Hanspeter A. Mallot: "Computational Neuroscience: A first course", Springer Series in Bio-/Neuroinformatics, 2013. ISBN 978-3319008608 James M. Bower (ed. ): "20 years of Computational Neuroscience", Springer Series in Computational Neuroscience, 2013. ISBN 978-1461414230 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein_Network |
Website of the Bernstein Network Computational Neuroscience Website of the Bernstein Conference German Neuroinformatics Node of the INCF (G-Node) International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility (INCF) == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein_Network |
Dead on arrival (DOA), also dead in the field and brought in dead (BID), are terms which indicate that a patient was found to be already clinically dead upon the arrival of professional medical assistance, often in the form of first responders such as emergency medical technicians, paramedics, firefighters, or police.I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_on_arrival |
When presented with a patient, medical professionals are required to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) unless specific conditions are met that allow them to pronounce the patient as deceased. In most places, these are examples of such criteria: Injuries not compatible with life. These include but are not nece... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_on_arrival |
Rigor mortis, indicating that the patient has been dead for at least a few hours. Rigor mortis can sometimes be difficult to determine, so it is often reported along with other determining factors. Obvious decomposition Livor mortis (lividity), indicating that the body has been pulseless and in the same position long e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_on_arrival |
If it can be determined without a doubt that an infant died prior to birth, as indicated by skin blisters, an unusually soft head, and an extremely offensive odor, resuscitation should not be attempted. If there is even the slightest hope that the infant is viable, CPR should be initiated; some jurisdictions maintain t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_on_arrival |
For example, it may not represent the standard of care for patients with terminal diseases such as advanced cancer. In addition, jurisdictions such as Texas permit withdrawal of medical care from patients who are deemed unlikely to recover. Regardless of the patient, a pronouncement of death must always be made with ab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_on_arrival |
When, as with computers, product complexity is high and diagnostics are involved, the medical metaphor is perhaps appropriate, as complex diagnostics might be required to determine if the product "is really dead". In another context, "dead on arrival" may be used to describe an idea or product that is considered to be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_on_arrival |
The United States' National Science Digital Library (NSDL) is an open-access online digital library and collaborative network of disciplinary and grade-level focused education providers operated by the Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education. NSDL's mission is to provide quality digital learning co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Digital_Library |
Their work is based on user data, disciplinary knowledge, and participation in the evolution of digital resources as major elements of effective STEM learning. Resource types available via NSDL include instructional materials, activities, lesson plans, audio/video materials, images, web sites, simulations, visualizatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Digital_Library |
Learning Registry: The NSDL is a partner in the national Learning Registry project to facilitate the exchange of resources, metadata about resources, and paradata about their use in learning environments. NSDL is contributing to this multi-agency federal project designed to make learning resources produced by federal f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Digital_Library |
The National Science Digital Library (NSDL) was established in 2000 by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to provide an organized point of access to STEM content aggregated from a variety of other digital libraries, NSF-funded projects, and other national STEM stakeholder providers. Key collaborations with disciplin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Digital_Library |
From 2000 – 2011, the National Science Foundation sponsored an NSDL grant-making program in the Division of Undergraduate Education (DUE) of the Education and Human Resources Directorate. The National STEM Distributed Learning (NSDL) program offered grants to support major collection-building efforts, services developm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Digital_Library |
The size of the brain is a frequent topic of study within the fields of anatomy, biological anthropology, animal science and evolution. Brain size is sometimes measured by weight and sometimes by volume (via MRI scans or by skull volume). Neuroimaging intelligence testing can be used to study the volumetric measurement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
Regarding "intelligence testing", a question that has been frequently investigated is the relation of brain size to intelligence. This question is controversial and will be addressed further in the section on intelligence. The measure of brain size and cranial capacity is not just important to humans, but to all mammal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
In humans, the right cerebral hemisphere is typically larger than the left, whereas the cerebellar hemispheres are typically closer in size. The adult human brain weighs on average about 1.5 kg (3.3 lb). In men the average weight is about 1370 g and in women about 1200 g. The volume is around 1260 cm3 in men and 1130 c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
There is a range of volume and weights, and not just one number that one can definitively rely on, as with body mass. It is also important to note that variation between individuals is not as important as variation within species, as overall the differences are much smaller. The mechanisms of interspecific and intraspe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
From early primates to hominids and finally to Homo sapiens, the brain is progressively larger, with exception of extinct Neanderthals whose brain size exceeded modern Homo sapiens. The volume of the human brain has increased as humans have evolved (see Homininae), starting from about 600 cm3 in Homo habilis up to 1680... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
Homo floresiensis is a hominin from the island of Flores in Indonesia with fossils dating from 60,000-100,000 years ago. Despite its relatively derived position in the hominin phylogeny, CT imaging of its skull reveals that its brain volume was only 417 cm3, less than that of even Homo habilis, which is believed to hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
Exceptional cases of hydrocephalus, such as what was reported by John Lorber in 1980 and by a study with rats, suggest that relatively high levels of intelligence and relatively normal functioning are possible even with very small brains. It is unclear what conclusions could be drawn from such reports – such as about b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
Efforts to find racial or ethnic variation in brain size are generally considered to be a pseudoscientific endeavor and have traditionally been tied to scientific racism and attempts to demonstrate a racial intellectual hierarchy.The majority of efforts to demonstrate this have relied on indirect data that assessed sku... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
A human baby's brain at birth averages 369 cm3 and increases, during the first year of life, to about 961 cm3, after which the growth rate declines. Brain volume peaks at the teenage years, and after the age of 40 it begins declining at 5% per decade, speeding up around 70. Average adult male brain weight is 1,345 gram... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
(This does not take into account neuron density nor brain-to-body mass ratio; men on average also have larger bodies than women.) Males have been found to have on average greater cerebral, cerebellar and cerebral cortical lobar volumes, except possibly left parietal. The gender differences in size vary by more specific... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
Studies have tended to indicate that men have a relatively larger amygdala and hypothalamus, while women have a relatively larger caudate and hippocampi. When covaried for intracranial volume, height, and weight, Kelly (2007) indicates women have a higher percentage of gray matter, whereas men have a higher percentage ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
The average male in their third decade (ages 20–29) had a significantly higher gray matter ratio than the average female of the same age group. In contrast, among subjects in their sixth decade, the average woman had a significantly larger gray matter ratio, though no meaningful difference was found among those in thei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
There is a general pattern in neural development of childhood peaks followed by adolescent declines (e.g. synaptic pruning). Consistent with adult findings, average cerebral volume is approximately 10% larger in boys than girls. However, such differences should not be interpreted as imparting any sort of functional adv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
Young girls have on average relative larger hippocampal volume, whereas the amygdalae are larger in boys. However, multiple studies have found a higher synaptic density in males: a 2008 study reported that men had a significantly higher average synaptic density of 12.9 × 108 per cubic millimeter, whereas in women it wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
Significant dynamic changes in brain structure take place through adulthood and aging, with substantial variation between individuals. In later decades, men show greater volume loss in whole brain volume and in the frontal lobes, and temporal lobes, whereas in women there is increased volume loss in the hippocampi and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
Adult twin studies have indicated high heritability estimates for overall brain size in adulthood (between 66% and 97%). The effect varies regionally within the brain, however, with high heritabilities of frontal lobe volumes (90-95%), moderate estimates in the hippocampi (40-69%), and environmental factors influencing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
Studies demonstrate a correlation between brain size and intelligence, larger brains predicting higher intelligence. It is however not clear if the correlation is causal. The majority of MRI studies report moderate correlations around 0.3 to 0.4 between brain volume and intelligence. The most consistent associations ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
In addition, brain volumes do not correlate strongly with other and more specific cognitive measures. In men, IQ correlates more with gray matter volume in the frontal lobe and parietal lobe, which is roughly involved in sensory integration and attention, whereas in women it correlates with gray matter volume in the fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
A recent review by Nesbitt, Flynn et al. (2012) points out that crude brain size is unlikely to be a accurate measure of IQ. Brain size is known to differ between men and women, for example (men on average have larger bodies than women), but without well documented differences in IQ.A discovery in recent years is that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
The largest brains are those of sperm whales, weighing about 8 kg (18 lb). An elephant's brain weighs just over 5 kg (11 lb), a bottlenose dolphin's 1.5 to 1.7 kg (3.3 to 3.7 lb), whereas a human brain is around 1.3 to 1.5 kg (2.9 to 3.3 lb). Brain size tends to vary according to body size. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
The relationship is not proportional, though: the brain-to-body mass ratio varies. The largest ratio found is in the shrew. Averaging brain weight across all orders of mammals, it follows a power law, with an exponent of about 0.75. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
There are good reasons to expect a power law: for example, the body-size to body-length relationship follows a power law with an exponent of 0.33, and the body-size to surface-area relationship follows a power law with an exponent of 0.67. The explanation for an exponent of 0.75 is not obvious; however, it is worth not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
Predators tend to have relatively larger brains than the animals they prey on; placental mammals (the great majority) have relatively larger brains than marsupials such as the opossum. A standard measure for assessing an animal's brain size compared to what would be expected from its body size is known as the encephali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
In particular, the larger the brain of a species, the greater the fraction taken up by the cortex. Thus, in the species with the largest brains, most of their volume is filled with cortex: this applies not only to humans, but also to animals such as dolphins, whales or elephants. The evolution of Homo sapiens over the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
There are, however, many departures from the trend that are difficult to explain in a systematic way: in particular, the appearance of modern man about 100,000 years ago was marked by a decrease in body size at the same time as an increase in brain size. Even so, it is noteworthy that Neanderthals, which became extinct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
Moreover, they point out that intelligence depends not just on the amount of brain tissue, but on the details of how it is structured. It is also well known that crows, ravens, and grey parrots are quite intelligent even though they have small brains. While humans have the largest encephalization quotient of extant ani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
Cranial capacity is a measure of the volume of the interior of the skull of those vertebrates who have a brain. The most commonly used unit of measure is the cubic centimetre (cm3). The volume of the cranium is used as a rough indicator of the size of the brain, and this in turn is used as a rough indicator of the pote... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
A more accurate way of measuring cranial capacity, is to make an endocranial cast and measure the amount of water the cast displaces. In the past there have been dozens of studies done to estimate cranial capacity on skulls. Most of these studies have been done on dry skull using linear dimensions, packing methods or o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
Other things can also affect cranial capacity such as nutrition. It is also used to study correlating between cranial capacity with other cranial measurements and in comparing skulls from different beings. It is commonly used to study abnormalities of cranial size and shape or aspects of growth and development of the v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
Cranial capacity is an indirect approach to test the size of the brain. A few studies on cranial capacity have been done on living beings through linear dimensions.However, larger cranial capacity is not always indicative of a more intelligent organism, since larger capacities are required for controlling a larger body... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
Neurological functions are determined more by the organization of the brain rather than the volume. Individual variability is also important when considering cranial capacity, for example the average Neanderthal cranial capacity for females was 1300 cm3 and 1600 cm3 for males. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
Neanderthals had larger eyes and bodies relative to their height, thus a disproportionately large area of their brain was dedicated to somatic and visual processing, functions not normally associated with intelligence. When these areas were adjusted to match anatomically modern human proportions it was found Neandertha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
This is greater than the average of modern humans.In an attempt to use cranial capacity as an objective indicator of brain size, the encephalization quotient (EQ) was developed in 1973 by Harry Jerison. It compares the size of the brain of the specimen to the expected brain size of animals with roughly the same weight.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size |
The Orient-Institut Beirut (OIB) (Arabic: المعهد الألماني للأبحاث الشرقية) is one of ten German Humanities Institutes Abroad which belong to the Max Weber Foundation. The OIB was established in 1961 by the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (German Oriental Society) and is part of the Max Weber Foundation since 2003... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient-Institut_Beirut |
The Orient-Institut Beirut was founded in 1961 by the German Oriental Society (Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft), an academic association founded in 1845 to promote the study of the languages and cultures of the “Orient”. It was financed by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology, the Fritz Thyssen ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient-Institut_Beirut |
Since 2003 the Orient-Institut Beirut belongs to the Max Weber Foundation – German Humanities Institutes Abroad. After the German staff had to be temporarily evacuated to Istanbul in 1987, the Orient-Institut Istanbul (OI Istanbul) – which had been a branch of the Beirut institute for 20 years – became an independent i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient-Institut_Beirut |
The OIB is an interdisciplinary research institute. The study of social, religious, and intellectual history, as well as the study of literature, language and politics figures among the various projects undertaken at the institute. It is part of the OIB's mission to support young academic researchers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient-Institut_Beirut |
The Orient-Institut Beirut employs research associates and supports PhD students, post-docs, research projects, affiliated researchers, and scholars working on the Middle East. The OIB cooperates with numerous academic institutions and organizes academic events (lectures, seminars, workshops, symposia, international co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient-Institut_Beirut |
The library of the OIB is open for public use and offers around 140.000 volumes and 1.700 periodicals. Its collection includes studies on religion, philosophy, and law as well as on literature, history and contemporary themes related to the Middle East. Material is gathered in Western languages, in Arabic and occasiona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient-Institut_Beirut |
The OIB publishes two series of publications and one online-publication. In the series Bibliotheca Islamica (Arabic: النشرات الإسلامية) manuscripts dating back from the 11th century onwards are edited as books. These critical editions include Arabic, Persian and Turkish texts - on topics ranging from history, prosopogr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient-Institut_Beirut |
In the series Beiruter Texte und Studien (Beirut Texts and Studies) academic studies, monographs, and conference proceedings are published in German, English, Arabic and French. In cooperation with the Orient-Institut Istanbul, the OIB publishes the online series Orient-Institut Studies on perspectivia.net. This series... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient-Institut_Beirut |
1961 – 1963 Hans Robert Roemer 1963 – 1968 Fritz Steppat 1968 – 1973 Stefan Wild 1974 – 1978 Peter Bachmann 1979 – 1980 Ulrich Haarmann 1981 – 1984 Gernot Rotter 1984 – 1989 Anton Heinen 1989 – 1994 Erika Glassen 1994 – 1999 Angelika Neuwirth 1999 – 2007 Manfred Kropp 2007 - 2017 Stefan Leder 2017 - 2022 Birgit Schäble... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient-Institut_Beirut |
In agricultural policy, the intervention price is the price at which national intervention agencies in the EU are obliged to purchase any amount of a commodity offered to them regardless of the level of market prices (assuming that these commodities meet designated specifications and quality standards). Thus, the inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervention_prices |
Spontaneous remission, also called spontaneous healing or spontaneous regression, is an unexpected improvement or cure from a disease that usually progresses. These terms are commonly used for unexpected transient or final improvements in cancer. Spontaneous remissions concern cancers of the haematopoietic system (bloo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_remission |
The spontaneous regression and remission from cancer was defined by Everson and Cole in their 1966 book as "the partial or complete disappearance of a malignant tumour in the absence of all treatment, or in the presence of therapy which is considered inadequate to exert significant influence on neoplastic disease." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_remission |
It has long been assumed that spontaneous regressions, let alone cures, from cancer are rare phenomena, and that some forms of cancer are more prone to unexpected courses (melanoma, neuroblastoma, lymphoma) than others (carcinoma). Frequency was estimated to be about 1 in 100,000 cancers; however, this proportion might... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_remission |
Everson and Cole offered as explanation for spontaneous regression from cancer:In many of the collected cases it must be acknowledged that the factors or mechanisms responsible for spontaneous regression are obscure or unknown in the light of present knowledge. However, in some of the cases, available knowledge permit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_remission |
Challis and Stam, even more at a loss, concluded in 1989, "In summary, we are left to conclude that, although a great number of interesting and unusual cases continue to be published annually, there is still little conclusive data that explains the occurrence of spontaneous regression. "Apoptosis (programmed cell death... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_remission |
Indeed, in many cancer cells apoptosis is defective, and angiogenesis is activated, both of these effects being caused by mutations in cancer cells; cancer exists because both mechanisms are malfunctioning.There are several case reports of spontaneous regressions from cancer occurring after a fever brought on by infect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_remission |
Rohdenburg (1918) summarized 185 spontaneous regressions Fauvet reported 202 cases between 1960 and 1964 Boyd reported 98 cases in 1966 Everson and Cole described 176 cases between 1900 and 1960 Challis summarized 489 cases between 1900 and 1987 O'Regan Brendan, Carlyle Hirschberg collected over 3,500 references from t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_remission |
A test drive is the driving of a motor vehicle to assess its drivability or roadworthiness, and general operating state. A person who tests vehicles for a living, either for an automobile company, automotive media for review purposes, or a motorsports team, is called a test driver. The first test drives of a new produc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_drive |
Once vehicles are for sale, test drives are also usually allowed by vehicle traders (dealerships) or manufacturers to enable prospective customers to determine the suitability of the vehicle to their driving style. Test drives can also be taken before vehicle repairs to assist in diagnosis or after repair works to ensu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_drive |
Some Marxists posit what they deem to be Karl Marx's theory of human nature, which they accord an important place in his critique of capitalism, his conception of communism, and his materialist conception of history. Marx does not refer to human nature as such, but to Gattungswesen, which is generally translated as "sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
The sixth of the Theses on Feuerbach, written in 1845, provided an early discussion by Marx of the concept of human nature. It states: Feuerbach resolves the essence of religion into the essence of man . But the essence of man is no abstraction inherent in each single individual. In reality, it is the ensemble of the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
Feuerbach, who does not enter upon a criticism of this real essence is hence obliged: 1. To abstract from the historical process and to define the religious sentiment regarded by itself, and to presuppose an abstract — isolated - human individual. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
2. The essence therefore can by him only be regarded as 'species', as an inner 'dumb' generality which unites many individuals only in a natural way. Thus, Marx appears to say that human nature is no more than what is made by the "social relations". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
Norman Geras's Marx and Human Nature (1983), however, offers an argument against this position. In outline, Geras shows that, while the social relations are held to "determine" the nature of people, they are not the only such determinant. However, Marx makes statements where he specifically refers to a human nature whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
In Capital, in a footnote critiquing utilitarianism, he says that utilitarians must reckon with "human nature in general, and then with human nature as modified in each historical epoch". Marx is arguing against an abstract conception of human nature, offering instead an account rooted in sensuous life. While he is qui... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
Hence what individuals are depends on the material conditions of their production", he also believes that human nature will condition (against the background of the productive forces and relations of production) the way in which individuals express their life. History involves "a continuous transformation of human natu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
For this reason, he would likely have wanted to criticise certain aspects of some accounts of human nature. Some people believe, for example, that humans are naturally selfish – Immanuel Kant and Thomas Hobbes, for example. (Both Hobbes and Kant thought that it was necessary to constrain our human nature in order to ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
Most Marxists will argue that this view is an ideological illusion and the effect of commodity fetishism: the fact that people act selfishly is held to be a product of scarcity and capitalism, not an immutable human characteristic. For confirmation of this view, we can see how, in The Holy Family Marx argues that capit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
In the 1844 Manuscripts the young Marx wrote: Man is directly a natural being. As a natural being and as a living natural being he is on the one hand endowed with natural powers, vital powers – he is an active natural being. These forces exist in him as tendencies and abilities – as instincts. On the other hand, as a n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
That is to say, the objects of his instincts exist outside him, as objects independent of him; yet these objects are objects that he needs – essential objects, indispensable to the manifestation and confirmation of his essential powers. In the Grundrisse Marx says his nature is a "totality of needs and drives". In The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
We can see then, that from Marx's early writing to his later work, he conceives of human nature as composed of "tendencies", "drives", "essential powers", and "instincts" to act in order to satisfy "needs" for external objectives. For Marx then, an explanation of human nature is an explanation of the needs of humans, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
The German Ideology, chapter 3). Norman Geras gives a schedule of some of the needs which Marx says are characteristic of humans: ...for other human beings, for sexual relations, for food, water, clothing, shelter, rest and, more generally, for circumstances that are conducive to health rather than disease. There is an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
In several passages throughout his work, Marx shows how he believes humans to be essentially different from other animals. "Men can be distinguished from animals by consciousness, by religion or anything else you like. They themselves begin to distinguish themselves from animals as soon as they begin to produce their m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
In this passage from The German Ideology, Marx alludes to one difference: that humans produce their physical environments. But do not a few other animals also produce aspects of their environment as well? The previous year, Marx had already acknowledged: It is true that animals also produce. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
They build nests and dwellings, like the bee, the beaver, the ant, etc. But they produce only their own immediate needs or those of their young; they produce only when immediate physical need compels them to do so, while man produces even when he is free from physical need and truly produces only in freedom from such n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
Man makes his life activity itself an object of his will and consciousness. He has conscious life activity. It is not a determination with which he directly merges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
Conscious life activity directly distinguishes man from animal life activity. Only because of that is he a species-being. Or, rather, he is a conscious being – i.e., his own life is an object for him, only because he is a species-being. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
Only because of that is his activity free activity. Estranged labour reverses the relationship so that man, just because he is a conscious being, makes his life activity, his essential being, a mere means for his existence.Also in the segment on estranged labour: Man is a species-being, not only because he practically ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
At the end of every labour-process, we get a result that already existed in the imagination of the labourer at its commencement. He not only effects a change of form in the material on which he works, but he also realises a purpose of his own that gives the law to his modus operandi, and to which he must subordinate hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
And this subordination is no mere momentary act.From these passages we can observe something of Marx's beliefs about humans. That they characteristically produce their environments, and that they would do so, even were they not under the burden of "physical need" – indeed, they will produce the "whole of nature", and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
Humans, then, make plans for their future activity, and attempt to exercise their production (even lives) according to them. Perhaps most importantly, and most cryptically, Marx says that humans make both their "life activity" and "species" the "object" of their will. They relate to their life activity, and are not sim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
To say that A is the object of some subject B, means that B (specified as an agent) acts upon A in some respect. Thus if "the proletariat smashes the state" then "the state" is the object of the proletariat (the subject), in respect of smashing. It is similar to saying that A is the objective of B, though A could be a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
It's worth noting that Marx's use of the word object can imply that these are things which humans produces, or makes, just as they might produce a material object. If this inference is correct, then those things that Marx says about human production above, also apply to the production of human life, by humans. And simu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
What they are, therefore, coincides with their production, both with what they produce and with how they produce. The nature of individuals thus depends on the material conditions determining their production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
"To make one's life one's object is therefore to treat one's life as something that is under one's control. To raise in imagination plans for one's future and present, and to have a stake in being able to fulfill those plans. To be able to live a life of this character is to achieve "self-activity" (actualisation), whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
"Only at this stage does self-activity coincide with material life, which corresponds to the development of individuals into complete individuals and the casting-off of all natural limitations. The transformation of labour into self-activity corresponds to the transformation of the earlier limited intercourse into the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
It is often said that Marx conceived of humans as homo faber, referring to Benjamin Franklin's definition of "man as the tool-making animal" – that is, as "man, the maker", though he never used the term himself. It is generally held that Marx's view was that productive activity is an essential human activity, and can b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
However, Marx was always clear that under capitalism, labour was something inhuman, and dehumanising. "labour is external to the worker – i.e., does not belong to his essential being; that he, therefore, does not confirm himself in his work, but denies himself, feels miserable and not happy, does not develop free menta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
There are multiple examples of racism in Marx works, with adverse references to people of colour including those of Black African heritage, Indians, Slavs and Jews. For example;: "The Jewish n(word) Lassalle who, I'm glad to say, is leaving at the end of this week, has happily lost another 5,000 talers in an ill-judged... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
Now, this blend of Jewishness and Germanness, on the one hand, and basic negroid stock, on the other, must inevitably give rise to a peculiar product. The fellow's importunity is also n(word)-like." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
Karl Marx, "Marx to Friedrich Engels in Manchester", 1862 Tremaux "proved that the common Negro type is the degenerate form of a much higher one ... a very significant advance over Darwin." Karl Marx, letter to Friedrich Engels, August 7, 1866 "Take Amsterdam, for instance, a city harboring many of the worst descendant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_human_nature |
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