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Individualistic cultures are characterized by individualism, which is the prioritization or emphasis of the individual over the entire group. In individualistic cultures people are motivated by their own preference and viewpoints. Individualistic cultures focus on abstract thinking, privacy, self-dependence, uniqueness... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualistic_culture |
The term individualistic culture was first used in the 1980s by Dutch social psychologist Geert Hofstede to describe countries and cultures that are not collectivist, Hofstede created the term individualistic culture when he created a measurement for the five dimensions of cultural values.People in individualistic cult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualistic_culture |
The rise of Individualistic culture is a result of the integration of diverse cultures. The migration and meeting of cultures on a global level flourish in countries with political ideologies that allow freedom of self expression. A fertile atmosphere of freedom encourages the individual in self pursuit of personal gro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualistic_culture |
There has been much discussion about individualistic culture as opposed to a collectivism culture. One, the individualistic culture, promotes individualism or independent pursuits not associated with a group, while, in contrast, collectivism discourages the independence of the individual to develop a oneness of the mas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualistic_culture |
Many thoughts and observations on individualism have been shared by noted intellectuals in philosophy, psychology and economics. In each of these schools of thought are Friedrich Nietzsche, Ludwig Mises, and Geert Hofstede. Among the 3 of these scholars Geert Hofstede is most notable. It was Hofstede's study of culture... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualistic_culture |
Low-power distance includes power distance which is the degree to which unequal distribution of power is accepted and present in a culture. Individualistic cultures are referred to as low-power distance cultures that contains a hierarchy system, that strives for equality, and rejects inequality. Low-power distance coun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualistic_culture |
People in low-power distance cultures challenge social norms, are creative, and outspoken. Though low-power distance cultures challenge authority, their appreciation of diversity allows people to perform better in group work than collectivist cultures. People from low-power distance cultures appreciate abstract thinkin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualistic_culture |
Individualistic cultures tend to prioritize the individual person over the group, and this can be seen in how the display rules vary from a collectivist culture compared to an individualistic culture. Display rules are the rules that exist in different cultures that determine how emotion should be displayed publicly.In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualistic_culture |
In 1994 Ruth K. Chao, argued that "parenting styles developed on North American samples cannot be simply translated to other cultures, but instead must reflect their sociocultural contexts". Many cultures have different styles of parenting and the dynamics those families are also different. People from individualistic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualistic_culture |
Harald Wallbott and Klaus Scherer suggest that in cultures that are collectivist and high in power parents use real shame in their parenting styles. Whereas in individualistic cultures that are low in power, and are uncertainty-avoidance, shame more closely resembles guilt in their parent style. For example, in Asian c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualistic_culture |
One's cultural style can also interfere with work-family relationship dynamics between different cultures. In Shan Xu research he found that employees from more individualistic cultures are more sensitive to how their work interferes with their family life. These employees are more concerned about their own individual ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualistic_culture |
Conflict strategies are methods used to resolve different problems. There are different approaches to resolving a conflict and depending on the culture a person is brought up in, the more likely it is for them to use a certain approach. Since individualistic culture sets greater value to personal achievement, contrary ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualistic_culture |
Non-verbal leakage is a form of non-verbal behavior that occurs when a person verbalizes one thing, but their body language indicates another, common forms of which include facial movements and hand-to-face gestures. The term "non-verbal leakage" got its origin in literature in 1968, leading to many subsequent studies ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
In an early article on nonverbal leakage, Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen discuss many bodily and facial movements associated with non-verbal leakage, especially in the context of deception. Ekman and Wallace focus mostly on non-verbal leakage expressed through movements of the face, hands, and feet. They describe areas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
The high sending capacity and clear visibility of the face can make non-verbal leakage obvious when it is expressed in the face, and such emotions expressed in the face are more discernible because of the complex musculature and movements of the face compared with movements of the feet or hands. It is also much easier ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
People tend to be more aware of how obvious their facial expressions are, so individuals are therefore most likely to mask those expressions first. In other words, non-verbal leakage can be most obvious in the face, but because of one's awareness of his own facial expressions, the face can also produce confusing non-ve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
Some studies have found that females tend to be more responsive to non-verbal cues in comparison to verbal cues. Knowing a person's sex can also give insight into a person's non-verbal leakage, as males and females tend to display particular non-verbal leakage when telling the truth, which can also help to indicate whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
However, some other studies have found results supporting the idea that children are not as good at controlling their non-verbal expressions and leakage until they reach a certain age.Emotional intelligence has also been found to play a role in one's detection of emotional leakage. Females and people with higher emotio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
Because of their professions, dancers and actors are trained for using their body movements to convey information to the audience. They are more aware of their body language, have more control over the movements, and are better at disguising through the non-verbal channel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
The causes of negotiators and salesmen to be good non-verbal liars are more ambiguous. It might be the case that they develop skills in their careers, or they may have innate personalities that determine their career choices. It is also possible that under certain circumstances, they do not feel guilty when lying and h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
One study found that non-verbal leakage may be more easily detectable in face-to-face communications compared to when viewed in a video, although people can still detect non-verbal expressions when examining someone's communications in a video recording. In the context of face-to-face versus video-recorded communicatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
In summary, people tend to get the most information from communicating with someone using both non-verbal gestures and speech, indicating that non-verbal leakage is an important aspect of communication and can enhance speech communication.There may not necessarily be universal indicators of non-verbal leakage, especial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
These parts of the body are under less conscious control when communicating, so it is harder to hide non-verbal leakage in parts of the body like the hands or legs; people can more easily leak non-verbal expressions through these parts of the body. In summary, although the face is the most expressive in terms of non-ve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
Compared with faces, hands and legs are less obvious in sending deception cues, but are also under weaker control of the deceiver. Liars may consciously control facial expression to reveal confidence and comfort, but their hands and feet can speak out fear and discomfort. Leakage in hand movements includes tearing at f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
Leakage in feet and legs movements includes restless foot kicks, frequent leg shifts and squeezing, and repetitive or flirtatious leg and foot acts.Experiments conducted by Ekman and Friesen supported the idea that body cues are more revealing of deception compared with face and head cues. Psychiatric patients engaging... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
One group of observers could only see the patient's head and face, and the other group could only view the body movements below the neck. It was found that the group of observers who only saw the body cues were better at detecting patients' concealed anxiety and delusion, while the group that viewed the face cues was m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
Non-verbal leakage can be telling of deception even when one consciously attempts to control non-verbal behaviors. Multiple methods have been used in order to study behavioral differences in truthful versus deceptive language and communication, including deception detection accuracy and cue leakage. Such methods can em... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
Multiple studies have used such methods of detecting deception and non-verbal leakage, along with others involving outside raters and subjective questionnaires. One study found that there may be differences in non-verbal cues indicating deception based on the level of deception that the person is attempting, or the lev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
Liars tend to have to put more effort into their responses, especially when they were not prepared to answer a question. Liars tend to pause more and take more time in preparing a response in comparison to truth-tellers, giving insight into the cognitive processing and non-verbal leakage that liars are trying to contro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
For example, people who are less dominant in conversations (those who tend to hesitate or comment less frequently in conversation compared to conversation-dominant individuals) tend to hesitate less and appear more dominant when they are telling a rehearsed lie. In one study, liars tended to smile more, whether fake or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
However, potentially because of experience in detecting lies, prisoners have been found to be exceptionally successful in detecting verbal leakage and uncovering dishonesty compared to non-prisoners.In their studies, Wacewicz and Żywiczyński suggest that it is hard to detect deception from any single non-verbal behavio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
For example, liars usually lean back and avoid to face the interrogator directly when they are talking. Turning away from the interrogator at an angle of more than 45 degrees is typically regarded as a deception cue. Other deception demeanor includes gaze aversion and unnatural body movements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
Deceivers usually avoid eye contacts with the interrogator, blink more frequently and their pupils enlarge at a micro level. They also scratch, rub and pinch themselves more often to relieve fear and anxiety.In detecting emotion, non-verbal leakage through non-verbal behaviors has more of an effect than verbal cues in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
Being able to detect pain expressed through non-verbal expression and leakage could help provide information in the clinical setting that cannot always be expressed clearly verbally or in any other manner. In one study, participants were able to accurately discriminate another person's levels of pain in electric shock ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
Wacewicz and Żywiczyński tried to explain the existence of leakage cues. From an evolutionary perspective, behaviors that leak the liar's intention should be selected against and removed over time. Instead, "poker faces" should be favored by natural selection as they leak little information during deception. There are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
The first explanation is that lying imposes pressure on people's cognitive system and changes their physiological state, leading to an increasing number of cues including those that are hard to suppress. The second explanation is the signal cost associated with deception.Some scientists believe that people may express ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
Charles Darwin hypothesized that humans cannot consciously control strong emotions and therefore cannot inhibit the facial muscles associated with intense emotions, thus limiting our ability to voluntary control our non-verbal facial cues associated with intense emotion. The results of multiple studies of non-verbal le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
Emotional leakage has been found to be very difficult to prevent or conceal, and high-intensity emotions are much more likely to result in unintended emotional leakage compared to low-intensity emotions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
Non-verbal leakage has also been studied in some study participants with mental disorders, particularly those with anxiety or depression, and authors have found unique characteristics of some of the non-verbal leakage expressed in individuals with these disorders. When exposed to non-verbal cues only, study participant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
In participants with anxiety, non-verbal leakage tends to consist of increases in non-signaling gestures, such as tremors and twitching. Hand gestures have been found to be the most telling in non-verbal cues associated with anxiety, followed by eyes, mouth, and torso. Common observations of the hands include nervous t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
For depression, the most telling non-verbal leakage can be observed most clearly in the eyes, followed by mouth movements, head angle, and lastly hand movement. Although these movements may be similar to those seen in individuals with anxiety, the patterns of such movements seem to be unique with each disorder. == Refe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage |
Xenoglossy (), also written xenoglossia () and sometimes also known as xenolalia, is the supposedly paranormal phenomenon in which a person is allegedly able to speak, write or understand a foreign language that they could not have acquired by natural means. The term derives from the Ancient Greek xenos (ξένος), "forei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenoglossy |
This phenomenon is mentioned in Acts of the Apostles chapter 2 at Pentecost, when the first disciples of Jesus Christ, gathered together, numbering one hundred and twenty, and of the tongues of fire landed on each of them, formalizing the coming of the Spirit in an episode of inspired communication that allows the disc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenoglossy |
Claims of mediums speaking foreign languages were made by Spiritualists in the 19th century. More recent claims of xenoglossy have come from reincarnation researchers who have alleged that individuals were able to recall a language spoken in a past life. Some reports of xenoglossy have surfaced in the popular press, su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenoglossy |
Canadian parapsychologist and psychiatrist at the University of Virginia Ian Stevenson claimed there were a handful of cases that suggested evidence of xenoglossy. These included two where a subject under hypnosis could allegedly converse with people speaking the foreign language, instead of merely being able to recite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenoglossy |
However, Thomason's reanalysis concluded that "Jensen" could not convincingly be claimed to speak Swedish; writing that though "Jensen" had a total vocabulary of about 100 words, "this is not very impressive when compared with the thousands of words known by any native speaker of any natural language, even taking into ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenoglossy |
Linguist William Samarin drew the same conclusion as Thomason. Stevenson investigated another American woman named Dolores Jay who exhibited the personality of a German teenage girl named "Gretchen" while hypnotized. He claimed that the subject was able to converse in German. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenoglossy |
Thomason's reanalysis, while acknowledging that the evidence against fraud was convincing, concluded that "Gretchen" could not converse fluently in German and that her speech was largely the repetition of German questions with different intonation, or utterances of one or two words. Thomason found that the German vocab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenoglossy |
In another, the female subject could speak Bengali with poor pronunciation. Frawley noted that she was raised in the language of Marathi (related to Bengali), had studied Sanskrit from which both Marathi and Bengali derive, and was living in a town with thousands of Bengalis. He concluded: "Stevenson does not consider ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenoglossy |
In the early 20th century, Alfred Hulme, a self-proclaimed Egyptologist, investigated a young girl named Ivy Carter Beaumont (also known as "Rosemary") from Blackpool, England, who claimed to be under the influence of the personality of a Babylonian princess. Hulme was convinced she spoke in an ancient Egyptian dialect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenoglossy |
In 1791 Eberhardt Gmelin, a German physician often credited with discovering dissociative identity disorder, published a report entitled Materialien für die Anthropologie, in which he described a case of a 20-year-old German woman from the town of Stuttgart who would "exchange" her personality for that of a French aris... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenoglossy |
Most cases of recitative xenoglossy have been interpreted as instances of cryptomnesia, where memories of a language acquired earlier in life re-enter the consciousness in certain exceptional circumstances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenoglossy |
Hindu nationalism has been collectively referred to as the expression of social and political thought, based on the native spiritual and cultural traditions of the Indian subcontinent. "Hindu nationalism" is a simplistic translation of हिन्दू राष्ट्रवाद (IAST: Hindū rāṣṭravāda). It is better described as "Hindu polity"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
These also provided inspiration to Indian nationalists during the independence movement based on armed struggle, coercive politics, and non-violent protests. They also influenced social reform movements and economic thinking in India.Today, Hindutva (meaning "Hinduness") is a dominant form of Hindu nationalist politics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The Hindutva movement has been described as a variant of "right-wing extremism" and as "almost fascist in the classical sense", adhering to a concept of homogenised majority and cultural hegemony. Some analysts dispute the "fascist" label, and suggest Hindutva is an extreme form of "conservatism" or "ethnic absolutism"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
In the first half of the 20th century, factions of Indian National Congress continued to be identified with "Hindu politics" and ideas of a Hindu nation. The word "Hindu", throughout history, had been used as an inclusive description that lacked a definition and was used to refer to the native traditions and people of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Since Hinduism does not represent an identifiable religious group, the terms such as 'Hindu nationalism', 'Hindu', are considered problematic in the case of religious and nationalism discourse. As Hindus were identifiable as a homogeneous community, some individual Congress leaders were able to induce a symbolism with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The empire also administered on the basis of Hindu dharmasastras, and Vedas were the major sources of the prevailing law.Shivaji with his quests is noted to have founded a firm footing for Hindu nationalism in with the foundation of Maratha Empire. Shivaji was also an inspiration for Hindu nationalist activists such as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Maharajadhiraja Prithvi Narayan Shah proclaimed the newly unified Kingdom of Nepal as Asal Hindustan ("Real Land of Hindus") due to the fact that North India was ruled by the Islamic Mughal rulers. The proclamation was made to enforce the Hindu social code Dharmaśāstra over his reign and refer to his country as being i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
After the Gorkhali conquest of the Kathmandu valley, King Prithvi Narayan Shah expelled Christian Capuchin missionaries from Patan and renamed Nepal as Asali Hindustan (real land of Hindus). The Tagadharis enjoyed a privileged status in the Nepalese capital and they were also given greater access to the authorities aft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The policies of the old Bharadari governments of the Gorkha Kingdom were derived from ancient Hindu texts such as the Dharmashastra and the Manusmriti. The King was considered an incarnation of Lord Vishnu and was the chief authority over legislative, judiciary and executive functions. The judiciary functions were deci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The king had full rights to expel any person who offended the country and also to pardon the offenders and grant their return to the country. The government in practicality was not an absolute monarchy due to the dominance of Nepalese political clans such as the Pande family and the Thapa family, making the Shah monarc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The Nepali civil code, Muluki Ain, was commissioned by Jung Bahadur Rana after his European tour and enacted in 1854. It was rooted in traditional Hindu Law and codified social practices for several centuries in Nepal. The law also comprised Prāyaścitta (avoidance and removal of sin) and Ācāra (the customary law of dif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The Nepalese jati arrangement in terms of Hindu Varnashrama takes the Tagadhari to be the highest in the hierarchy. The ethnolinguistic group of people of Tamang, Sherpa and Tharu origin were tagged under the title Matwali ("Liquor Drinkers"), while those of Khas, Newari and Terai origin were termed Tagadhari ("Wearers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Many Hindu reform movements originated in the nineteenth century. These movements led to the fresh interpretations of the ancient scriptures of Upanishads and Vedanta and also emphasised on social reform. The marked feature of these movements was that they countered the notion of the superiority of Western culture duri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The Brahmo Samaj was started by a Bengali scholar, Ram Mohan Roy in 1828. Ram Mohan Roy endeavoured to create from the ancient Upanishadic texts, a vision of rationalist 'modern' India. Socially, he criticized the ongoing superstitions, and believed in a monotheistic Vedic religion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
His major emphasis was social reform. He fought against Caste discrimination and advocated equal rights for women. Although the Brahmos found favourable response from the British government and Westernized Indians, they were largely isolated from the larger Hindu society due to their intellectual Vedantic and Unitarian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Arya Samaj is considered one of the overarching Hindu renaissance movements of the late nineteenth century. Swami Dayananda, the founder of Arya Samaj, rejected idolatry, caste restriction and untouchability, child marriage and advocated equal status and opportunities for women. He opposed "Brahmanism" (which he believ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Another 19th-century Hindu reformer was Swami Vivekananda. Vivekananda as a student was educated in contemporary Western thought. He joined Brahmo Samaj briefly before meeting Ramakrishna, who was a priest in the temple of the goddess Kali in Calcutta and who was to become his guru. Under the influence of Orientalism, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
This project started with Ram Mohan Roy of Brahmo Samaj, who collaborated with the Unitarian Church, and propagated a strict monotheism. This reinterpretation produced neo-Vedanta, in which Advaita Vedanta was combined with disciplines such as yoga and the concept of social service to attain perfection from the ascetic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
His famous speech at the Parliament of the World's Religions at Chicago on 11 September 1893, followed huge reception of his thought in the West and made him a well-known figure in the West and subsequently in India too. His influence can still be recognised in popular western spirituality, such as nondualism, New Age ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
He saw his effort very much in terms of a revitalisation of the Hindu nation, which carried Hindu spirituality and which could counter Western materialism. The notions of the superiority of Western culture against the culture of India, were to be questioned based on Hindu spirituality. It also became a main inspiration... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Sri Aurobindo was a nationalist and one of the first to embrace the idea of complete political independence for India. He was inspired by the writings of Swami Vivekananda and the novels of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. He "based his claim for freedom for India on the inherent right to freedom, not on any charge of mis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
He was part of the Anushilan Samiti, a revolutionary group working towards the goal of Indian independence In his brief political career spanning only four years, he led a delegation from Bengal to the Indian National Congress session of 1907 and contributed to the revolutionary newspaper Bande Mataram. In his famous U... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
When the Sanatan Dharma declines, then the nation declines, and if the Sanatan Dharma were capable of perishing, with the Sanatan Dharma it would perish." In the same speech, he also gave a comprehensive perspective of Hinduism, which is at variance with the geocentric view developed by the later day Hindu nationalist ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
It is the Hindu religion only because the Hindu nation has kept it, because in this Peninsula it grew up in the seclusion of the sea and the Himalayas, because in this sacred and ancient land it was given as a charge to the Aryan race to preserve through the ages.But it is not circumscribed by the confines of a single ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
A narrow religion, a sectarian religion, an exclusive religion can live only for a limited time and a limited purpose. This is the one religion that can triumph over materialism by including and anticipating the discoveries of science and the speculations of philosophy." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
In 1910, he withdrew from political life and spent his remaining life doing spiritual exercises and writing. But his works kept inspiring revolutionaries and struggles for independence, including the famous Chittagong Uprising. Both Swami Vivekananda and Sri Aurobindo are credited with having founded the basis for a vi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The influence of the Hindu renaissance movements was such that by the turn of the 20th century, there was a confluence of ideas of the Hindu cultural nationalism with the ideas of Indian nationalism. Both could be spoken synonymous even by tendencies that were seemingly opposed to sectarian communalism and Hindu majori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Anushilan Samiti was one of the prominent revolutionary movements in India in the early part of the twentieth century. It was started as a cultural society in 1902, by Aurobindo and the followers of Bankim Chandra to propagate the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita. But soon the Samiti had its goal to overthrow British col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Aurobindo was also arrested on 2 May 1908 and sent to Alipore Jail. The report sent from Andrew Fraser, the then Lt Governor of Bengal to Lord Minto in England declared that although Sri Aurobindo came to Calcutta in 1906 as a Professor at the National College, "he has ever since been the principal advisor of the revol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
But charges against Aurobindo were never proved and he was acquitted. Many members of the group faced charges and were transported and imprisoned for life. Others went into hiding.In 1910, when, Aurobindo withdrew from political life and decided to live a life of renounciate, the Anushilan Samiti declined. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
One of the revolutionaries, Bagha Jatin, who managed to escape the trial started a group which would be called Jugantar. Jugantar continued with its armed struggle against the colonial government, but the arrests of its key members and subsequent trials weakened its influence. Many of its members were imprisoned for li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
A revolutionary movement was started by Shyamji Krishnavarma, a Sanskritist and an Arya Samajist, in London, under the name of India House in 1905. The brain behind this movement was said to be V D Savarkar. Krishnaverma also published a monthly "Indian Sociologist", where the idea of an armed struggle against the Brit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
When Gandhi visited London in 1909, he shared a platform with the revolutionaries where both the parties politely agreed to disagree, on the question of adopting a violent struggle and whether Ramayana justified such violence. Gandhi, while admiring the "patriotism" of the young revolutionaries, had "dissented vocifero... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Moreover, they considered his method of "passive resistance" effeminate and humiliating.The India House had soon to face closure following the assassination of William Hutt Curzon Wyllie by the revolutionary Madan Lal Dhingra, who was close to India House. Savarkar also faced charges and was transported. Shyamji Krishn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
India House gave formative support to ideas that were later formulated by Savarkar in his book named 'Hindutva'. Hindutva was to gain relevance in the run-up to the Indian Independence and form the core ideology of the political party Hindu Mahasabha, of which Savarkar became president in 1937. It also formed the key i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
"Lal-Bal-Pal" is the phrase that is used to refer to the three nationalist leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal who held the sway over the Indian Nationalist movement and the independence struggle in the early parts of twentieth century. Lala Lajpat Rai belonged to the northern province of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
He joined the Indian National Congress in 1888 and became a prominent figure in the Indian Independence Movement. He started numerous educational institutions. The National College at Lahore started by him became the centre for revolutionary ideas and was the college where revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh studied. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
While leading a procession against the Simon Commission, he was fatally injured in the lathi charge. His death led the revolutionaries like Chandrashekar Azad and Bhagat Singh to assassinate the British police officer J. P. Saunders, who they believed was responsible for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai.Bal Gangadhar Tilak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Tilak joined the Indian National Congress in 1890. Under the influence of such leaders, the political discourse of the Congress moved from polite accusation that colonial rule was "un-British" to the forthright claim of Tilak that "Swaraj is my birthright and I will have it".Bipin Chandra Pal of Bengal was another prom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Though Mahatma Gandhi never called himself a "Hindu nationalist"; he believed in and propagated concepts like Dharma and introduced the concept of "Rāma Rājya" (Rule of Lord Rāma) as part of his social and political philosophy. Gandhi said "By political independence I do not mean an imitation to the British House of co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
What that can be is more than I can tell. I have described it as Ramarajya i.e., sovereignty of the people based on pure moral authority. "Gandhi emphasised that "Rāma Rājya" to him meant peace and justice, adding that "the ancient ideal of Ramarajya is undoubtedly one of true democracy in which the meanest citizen cou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
He also emphasised that it meant respect for all religions: "My Hinduism teaches me to respect all religions. In this lies the secret of Ramarajya".While Gandhi had clarified that "by Ram Rajya I do not mean Hindu Raj. I mean by Ram Rajya, Divine Raj, the kingdom of God," his concept of "Rama Rajya" became a major conc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Madan Mohan Malviya, an educationist and a politician with the Indian National Congress was also a vociferous proponent of the philosophy of Bhagavad Gita (Bhagavad Gītā). He was the president of the Indian National Congress in the year 1909 and 1918. He was seen as a 'moderate' in the Congress and was also considered ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Another leader of prime importance in the ascent of Hindu nationalism was Keshav Baliram Hedgewar of Nagpur. Hedgewar as a medical student in Calcutta had been part of the revolutionary activities of the Hindu Mahasabha, Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar. He was charged with sedition in 1921 by the British Administration a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
In 1925, he left the Congress to form the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) with the help of Hindu Mahasabha Leader B. S. Moonje, Bapuji Soni, Gatate Ji etc., which would become the focal point of Hindu movements in Independent India. The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh started by him became one of the most prominent Hindu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The RSS portrayed itself as a social movement rather than a political party, and did not play central role in any of the Indian independence movement. However, the RSS emphatically rejected the Congress policy of cooperation with the Muslims. Subsequently, in 1934, the Congress banned its members from joining RSS, Hind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
RSS continued to avoid participation in anti-British activities, as Golwalkar did not want to give the British colonial administration any excuse to ban the RSS. : 60 After the Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution demanding a separate Pakistan, the RSS campaigned for a Hindu nation, but stayed away from the indep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement refers to the movement of the Bengali Hindu people for the Partition of Bengal in 1947 to create a homeland for themselves within India, in the wake of Muslim League's proposal and campaign to include the entire province of Bengal within Pakistan, which was to be a homeland for the M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
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