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A neigh () is the sound made by horses, horse hybrids such as the hinny, and other equines, such as the zebra. It consists of a succession of jerky sounds, initially high-pitched and gradually lower. Produced on exhalation by the larynx and modulated, it enables the animal to express its emotions (such as fear or satis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
The main function of neighing is to alert other equines to its presence in the absence of visual communication. However, horses rarely neigh. Buffon established a classification of neighs into five categories, according to the emotion expressed by the horse, which has been widely used in subsequent works. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
Today, we only speak of neighing when the horse is vocalizing, and of squeaking or whinnying in other cases. In literary works, the horse neigh is often the means by which it makes itself known to its rider and communicates with them. In divination practices, examination of the sound produced and the horse's attitude h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
In English and Germanic languages, the Middle High German nēgen gave rise to the Old English hnǣgan and Middle English neyen, then the modern English verb ‘to neigh’. As in French, its use is attested before the 11th century. In the Tibetan language, gsaṅs refers to voice in a general sense, and skad-gsaṅs to neigh, i.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
Tibetan dictionaries distinguish between two types of neighing, the one that resounds and the other one that becomes faint. In English, a similar distinction exists between nickering, whinnying and neighing, which designate three types of neighing. This terminological distinction does not exist in French. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
In French language, 'hennissement' is a masculine noun that, according to the Trésor de la langue Française informatisé, was attested in the 13th century and it is in the Histoire de l'empereur Henri de Constantinopled by Henry of Valenciennes (a text dated around 1220). 'Hennissement' is derived from the verb 'hennir'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
Other Romance verbs, such as the Italian 'nitrire', derive from it. An influence from Frankish 'kinni', meaning jaw, is also possible. The hinny neighs like a horse, while the mule bray like a donkey. In French, 'hennissement' and 'hennir' are also used for the zebra. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
From the earliest times, mankind has been aware of the sounds made by horses, which have been domesticated since antiquity, and has attributed all kinds of meanings to them. In Western Europe, Buffon's study of horses, in which he follows Cardan, describes five types of neighs. This study has been an authority for cent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
The five types of neighs are as follows: the neigh of joy, in which the voice is heard for quite a long time, rising and ending on higher notes. The horse kicks at the same time, but lightly, and does not try to strike; the neigh of desire, love and affection, in which the horse doesn't kick. It is heard for a long tim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
The voice is low, hoarse and seems to come entirely from the nostrils. This neigh is quite similar to the lion's roar; and the neigh of pain, less a neigh than a whinny, which is low-pitched and follows breathing.This classification, very popular and widely used, is no longer valid today. According to some 19th-century... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
The neigh is a succession of jerky sounds, first high-pitched, then gradually lower, producing a sort of long "Hiiiihiiiihiii". Intensity and pitch can vary considerably. It can be so loud that it can be heard by the human ear from a distance of several kilometers, which means that horses, whose hearing is better devel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
Neighing is more frequent in the entire horse than in the mare and gelding, and the timbre of their voices is not as strong. From birth, the male has a louder voice than the female. By the age of two or two-and-a-half, when puberty sets in, the voice of all horses becomes louder. The horse's vocalizations have complex ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
The horse neighs by inhaling to fill its lungs and then expelling the air that passes through its larynx. Neighing occurs in the larynx during exhalation, which is why horses with an open trachea are unable to neigh, as the air no longer passes through it. The other parts of the respiratory system contribute to neighin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
The pharynx and nasal cavities add power to the vocalization and modify it. The air expelled from the lungs pushes the lips away from the glottis, until the vocal cords return on themselves and momentarily close the respiratory tract, only to spread apart again, producing vibratory movements fast enough to give rise to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
The Haflinger breed, originally from the Tyrol in the Alps, is said by its breeders to have a wider range of neighs than other horses. This may be due to the fact that, in mountainous environments, horses have difficulty seeing each other and rely more on auditory communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
Neighing is one of the horse's means of communication, but far from the most widely used. Not resorting to neighing is a precaution against possible predators of this large herbivore, who might spot potential prey by the sound. Horses mainly use body language. They only resort to neighing in very specific cases, notabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
The primary function of neighing is to allow the animal to call other horses it can't see.Horses use neighing a lot when they're young. When Przewalski's foals wake up, they neigh and receive a response from their mother, more rarely from another horse. They may try to locate the source of adult horses' neighing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
The mare calls its foal by neighing if it wanders too far away, and the foal who is looking for its mother calls it in the same way: each probably recognizes the other's neigh very clearly. Horse neighs are also a way for them to express their intentions, concerns and satisfactions, generally when these give rise to st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
This neigh is rather low-pitched and soft. It's a sign of friendship, emitted mainly at mealtimes, and also by the mare to reassure its foal. According to English-speaking authors, this type of neighing is divided into two quite distinct types. Whinnying refers to the neigh of satisfaction, a form of recognition that e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
This neigh is much louder and higher-pitched, and can be heard from a great distance. It can be heard by a worried animal preparing to flee, or by a horse separated from its companions, looking for signs of other horses in the vicinity. The animal is waiting for a response that will provide the information it is seekin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
This cry is easily recognizable, deafening a person standing next to the horse at the same time. What's more, the animal emitting it generally adopts a very specific position, raising its head to clear its throat, which increases the power of the sound produced. Brood mares often neigh to call their foals close to them... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
Other sounds produced by the horse are not neighs, but squeaks of mirth or pain, or whinnies of suffering. The loudest squeak is also a threat: it indicates that the horse is about to express its anger physically, for example during a group feeding or when a mare pushes a stallion away. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
As with all animals in human contact, the horse neigh can take on a variety of symbolic meanings. It plays a role in hippomancy, myths, tales, legends and popular texts. According to dream interpretations, neighing heralds news of a friend or a happy event to be celebrated among friends. In the visual arts, the renderi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
A frequent theme in modern Greek folk songs is that of the woman who hears a horse neigh and recognizes the cry of her husband's mount, but not the man she has just spent the night with, whom she believes to be her lover. The neighing acts as a catalyst, preceding the punishment of the adulterous wife. In other songs, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
In the Roman d'Alexandre, the fifteen-year-old future king passes the place where the terrible Bucephalus is confined one day and hears a loud neigh. When he asks which animal it belongs to, one of his father's men replies that Bucephalus is locked up there because it feeds on human flesh, making it very dangerous. Whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
Neighing can be an indicator in hippomancy, divination using horses. As with coat characteristics and white markings, various popular beliefs attribute qualities to the horse's neighing. According to French belief in the mid-nineteenth century, horses that neigh most often, especially with joy and desire, are the best ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
The horse neigh is a symbol of the wrathful Buddhist deity Hayagriva, whose head is surmounted by one to three green-necked neighing horses. This frightens Māra, Gautama Buddha's tempting demon (as well as his avatars), and restores his faith in attaining enlightenment. Ash-Vagosha, whose name means "horse neigh", was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
Various beliefs relating to neighs are particularly well documented in Tibet. According to the Tibetan hippologists who wrote the Touen-houang manuscripts (800-1035), a horse neigh sound comes from the wind, the force of life, from the base of its navel to its mouth. Depending on the sound and position of the horse whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
Similarly, a horse that neighs a lot when accompanying others, or makes others neigh, is a good sign. Conversely, if a horse neighs a lot while looking around, or if its cry resembles a donkey's bray, then it's a bad omen. A bad horse is one that imitates the cry of a camel, vulture, cat, jackal, dog, crow, monkey or o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
A horse that neighs when looking to the right or when touched, and is ridden by a king, promises its rider to rule the whole Earth. A sick horse, on the other hand, will soon die if it neighs while looking and breathing sideways. Finally, Tibetan hippologists recommend not to draw omens from very young, very old, sick,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
Divination by means of neighing is also practiced in the West, but is less well documented. In his Dictionnaire Infernal, Collin de Plancy speaks of Celtic hippomancy, thanks to the neighing and movement of white horses fed and kept in consecrated forests, considered to be the guardians of divine secrets. In his Morale... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
According to a legend recounted by Herodotus, the neighing of a horse plays a major role in the choice of government in ancient Persia. As seven conspirators were unable to agree on the preferable form of government, it was decided that they would all ride to the same place the next morning before sunrise, and that who... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neigh_(sound) |
Fear of negative evaluation (FNE) or fear of failure, also known as atychiphobia, is a psychological construct reflecting "apprehension about others' evaluations, distress over negative evaluations by others, and the expectation that others would evaluate one negatively". The construct and a psychological test to measu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_negative_evaluation |
People who score high on the FNE scale are highly concerned with seeking social approval or avoiding disapproval by others and may tend to avoid situations where they have to undergo evaluations. High FNE subjects are also more responsive to situational factors. This has been associated with conformity, pro-social beha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_negative_evaluation |
The original Fear of Negative Evaluation test consists of thirty items with a sentence that was response format and takes approximately ten minutes to complete. Scale scores range from 0 (low FNE) to 30 (high FNE). In 1983, Mark Leary presented a brief version of the FNE consisting of twelve original questions on a 5-p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_negative_evaluation |
Both the original thirty-item and the brief twelve-item FNE test have been demonstrated to have high internal consistency. The original and brief versions correlate very closely. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_negative_evaluation |
FNE does not correlate strongly with other measures of social apprehension, such as the SAD PERSONS scale and the Interaction Anxiousness Scale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_negative_evaluation |
Social anxiety is, in part, a response to perceived negative evaluation by others. Whereas FNE is related to the dread of being evaluated unfavorably when participating in a social situation, social anxiety is defined as a purely emotional reaction to this type of social situation. When patients with social phobia eval... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_negative_evaluation |
After being presented with negative faces, low FNE participants did not display any increased apprehension, whereas high FNE participants displayed more apprehension.FNE is a direct cause of eating disorders caused by social anxieties, I.e., the fear of being negatively evaluated upon appearance. It ranks higher than d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_negative_evaluation |
Additionally, both daytime learners and hostel residents serve as samples for the study. Furthermore, the findings revealed a substantial positive link between anxiety and the concern of receiving a bad review. Also, there was a strong positive correlation between state-trait anxiety and a feeling of negativism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_negative_evaluation |
FNE has been suggested to have some genetic component, as are other personality characteristics such as trait anxiousness, submissiveness, and social avoidance. BFNE scores have been found to have a genetic component in twin studies. In addition, BFNE scores and the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_negative_evaluation |
Winton, Clark and Edelmann (1995) found that individuals who score higher on the FNE are more accurate at identifying negative expressions. Individuals who score higher on the FNE were also found to overestimate negative social characteristics (e.g., awkwardness, long gaps in speech) and underestimate positive social c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_negative_evaluation |
Canteen Kopje is an archaeological site, formally protected as a grade 2 provincial heritage site, and approved in 2017 for re-grading to national status, situated outside Barkly West in the Northern Cape, South Africa. The place was previously known as Klipdrift, meaning stony drift, a translation from a still earlier... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
The importance of Canteen Kopje as a heritage site was recognized, and a 9 hectares (22 acres) area known as Erf 91 was proclaimed as a protected reserve in 1948. Gideon Retief, Mining Commissioner of Barkly West from 1942 to 1951, was instrumental in preserving the site and creating the first open air exhibit here. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
Subsequently, in 2000, information panels were erected by the McGregor Museum. These were refurbished in 2016. A walking trail was laid out for visitors to view the early diamond diggings and archaeological research sites. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
The Barkly West Museum contains further information and examples of artefacts from the site, while material excavated by archaeologists is housed principally by the McGregor Museum, the approved archaeological repository for the Northern Cape Province in nearby Kimberley. In 2016 the protected heritage site was directl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
One of the hills in the vicinity of Canteen Kopje was the site of the first alluvial diamond diggings (as opposed to surface prospecting) on the Diamond Fields of South Africa, which precipitated the rush to these parts in 1870. Digging continued here until the early 1940s. Batlhaping Kgosi (Chief) Jantjie Mothibi cont... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
For their part, as noted by Jerome Babe in his 1872 book, The South African Diamond Fields, "Natives would form themselves in long lines, joined hand in hand, and walk slowly over the ground and look for diamonds, especially after rain; and if they found one they would take it to a trader... horses, wagons, cows, sheep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
Klipdrift was renamed Parkerton (from 1873 it was called Barkly West), and a Diggers' Republic was proclaimed in July 1870. A popular early cradle sieve for recovery of diamonds was the so-called "Long Tom", which was reliant on large quantities of water. An improved version less dependent on water was developed by the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
His 'dry sifter', known as the "Yankee Baby", is still used in the twenty first century by some small-scale diggers. At the time, its inventor was said to be "the first Babe to rock his own cradle". The centrifugal or rotary washing machine – now standard on diggings in the area – is more sophisticated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
In a slurry, a concentrate of heavy diamond-bearing deposit is separated from lighter waste. Diggers staked their claims near the river, and dug the gravel where it was exposed at or near the surface. Where the gravel was buried deeper under silt and sand – such as at Canteen Kopje – large pits were dug. From these and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
The sequence of geological deposits in the vicinity of Canteen Kopje comprises: Resistant 2 800 million year old andesitic lavas of the Ventersdorp Supergroup, underlying the entire area. Thin patches of circa 280 million year old basal Karoo Sequence sediments made up of tillite and shale locally. Shallow remnants of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
Up to 4 metres (13 ft) thick reddish windblown Hutton Sands that accumulated during drier intervals since about 0.3-0.5 million years ago.Diamonds at or near Canteen Kopje are confined to the Older and Younger Gravels. Around 90-120 million years ago, a swarm of volcanic pipes, centred on Kimberley to the east, brought... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
Earlier Stone Age artefacts were noted in the area by Colonel James Henry Bowker and Mary Elizabeth Barber at the time of the earliest diamond diggings. Eminent prehistorians including C. van Riet Lowe, the French prehistorian, the Abbé Henri Breuil and J. Desmond Clark visited and described it. Breuil was here in 1929... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
On account both of the mining history as well as the finding of Acheulean artefacts at this spot, a 10 morgen portion of Canteen Kopje was declared a National Monument (since 2000 known as a provincial heritage site) in 1948. Mining recommenced in the vicinity in the 1990s and Canteen Kopje was nearly lost. Pressure wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
The new Barkly West Museum was created at the same time.Renewed threat was experienced in 2016. In 2014 the Department of Minerals (DMR) issued a permit for mining to take place on part of the declared site. The South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) was alerted and in response, because of the existing formal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
Pressure was exerted however and in March 2016 the Cease Works Order was lifted, following which, on 16 March 2016, a diamond mining operation commenced work by fencing off an area around that for which they have a DMR mining permit. Public access to the remainder of the heritage site was blocked. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
Section 27(18) of the National Heritage Resources Act (NHRA) (Act 25 of 1999) states that: "No person may destroy, damage, deface, excavate, alter, remove from its original position, subdivide or change the planning status of any heritage site without a permit issued by the heritage resources authority responsible for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
Excavations in the late 1990s were carried out by Peter Beaumont of the McGregor Museum. John McNabb from the University of Southampton worked with Beaumont in analysing the Acheulean stone artefact technology. Further excavations have been carried out by archaeologists from the University of the Witwatersrand (inter a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
Crucial to the interpretation of the archaeology of the site, is an understanding of site formation in relation to the adjacent hill and the Vaal River which at different periods cut down first to the north of the site and then the south west.In 2007-9 a 7-metre sequence through Hutton Sands and Gravels was excavated t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
The Canteen Kopje Skull was found in the vicinity in 1925 by diamond digger Kenneth Kemp, working 2.4 m down at an unrecorded locality at Canteen Kopje. A number of fitting skull fragments were presented by Kemp to the magistrate J.G. van Alphen, who in turn donated them to the McGregor Museum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
They were studied soon afterwards by Robert Broom, who described it in Nature in 1929.In Broom's reconstruction, the skull appeared to have features similar to an allegedly archaic skeleton found at Boskop near Johannesburg. In 2011-12 X-ray Computerised Tomography scans of the skull, carried out at the South African N... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen_Kopje |
Statistical parsing is a group of parsing methods within natural language processing. The methods have in common that they associate grammar rules with a probability. Grammar rules are traditionally viewed in computational linguistics as defining the valid sentences in a language. Within this mindset, the idea of assoc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_parsing |
(The probability associated with a grammar rule may be induced, but the application of that grammar rule within a parse tree and the computation of the probability of the parse tree based on its component rules is a form of deduction.) Using this concept, statistical parsers make use of a procedure to search over a spa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_parsing |
"Search" in this context is an application of search algorithms in artificial intelligence. As an example, think about the sentence "The can can hold water". A reader would instantly see that there is an object called "the can" and that this object is performing the action 'can' (i.e. is able to); and the thing the obj... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_parsing |
Using more linguistic terminology, "The can" is a noun phrase composed of a determiner followed by a noun, and "can hold water" is a verb phrase which is itself composed of a verb followed by a verb phrase. But is this the only interpretation of the sentence? Certainly "The can can" is a perfectly valid noun-phrase ref... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_parsing |
This lack of meaning is not seen as a problem by most linguists (for a discussion on this point, see Colorless green ideas sleep furiously) but from a pragmatic point of view it is desirable to obtain the first interpretation rather than the second and statistical parsers achieve this by ranking the interpretations bas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_parsing |
None of these assumptions affect the thesis of the argument and a comparable argument can be made using any other grammatical formalism.) There are a number of methods that statistical parsing algorithms frequently use. While few algorithms will use all of these they give a good overview of the general field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_parsing |
Most statistical parsing algorithms are based on a modified form of chart parsing. The modifications are necessary to support an extremely large number of grammatical rules and therefore search space, and essentially involve applying classical artificial intelligence algorithms to the traditionally exhaustive search. S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_parsing |
Eugene Charniak Author of Statistical techniques for natural language parsing amongst many other contributions Fred Jelinek Applied and developed numerous techniques from Information Theory to build the field David Magerman Major contributor to turning the field from theoretical to practical by managing data James Curr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_parsing |
"Envirome" is a concept that relates the core of environmental conditions with the successful biological performance of living beings. This concept was created in genetic epidemiology, in which an envirome is defined as the total set of environmental factors, both present, and past, that affect the state, and in partic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envirome |
Anthony in 1995. More recently, use of the term has been extended to the cellular domain, where cell functional enviromics studies both the genome and envirome from a systems biology perspective. In plants, enviromics is directly related to complex ecophysiology, in which the wide environment of the plants, into an omi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envirome |
In ecology, this concept can be related to the Shelford's law of tolerance. The enviromics (study of the enviromes) is conceived as a pillar of the Modern Plant Breeding, capable to connect the design and development of breeding goals concealing it with the agronomic targets for a climate-smart agriculture. It also has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envirome |
While there can be both positive and negative effects of the envirome on the organism, negative effects are often emphasized in discussing disease. A typology of envirome health hazards suggested by McDowall is natural physico-chemical, man-made physico-chemical, biological/organic, natural or man-made, macrosocial, mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envirome |
In plants, the enviromics term was probably first scientifically mentioned by Xu, in his iconic article on Envirotyping, and also comprehensively described by Resende et al., which is the field of applied data science that integrates databases of environmental factors into quantitative genetics. Then, it can leverage a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envirome |
The combination of those two factors has started the spring of enviromics-aided breeding in recent years. Recently, Costa-Neto et al. introduced the concept of enviromic-aided genomic prediction involving the use of adaptation typologies to process the raw environmental data into a reliable descriptor of the environmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envirome |
Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of an organism to express different traits in response to internal and external environmental factors, is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Similar to how genetics approaches have been used to identify and predict performance based on genetic markers, the contribut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envirome |
The effect of an envirome on an organism can be potentially modulated by its genetic makeup, i.e., its genome. The two main ways genes and environment may interact is through genotype-environment correlation and interaction. Genotype-environment correlation occurs because, for example, children both inherit genes from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envirome |
Some researchers see envirome as a renaming of the already well-established nurture component of the nature-nurture dichotomy in explaining psychological behavior. Steven Rose has argued that in psychiatry, it is time to abandon the genome-envirome dichotomy altogether in favor of an integrative view of a person's life... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envirome |
The European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) is a non-profit organisation dedicated to promoting awareness of periodontal science, the science and clinical practice of periodontics and implant dentistry, and the importance of gum health. Its guiding vision is “Periodontal health for a better life.” Founded in 1991, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
It has also run a series of public-health campaigns on the links between periodontal and general health. The EFP’s "Journal of Clinical Periodontology", published monthly, is a leading scientific publication and has amongst the highest impact factors of journals in dentistry, oral surgery, and medicine. The federation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
The EFP’s strategic vision is “periodontal health for a better life,” which emphasises the interaction between periodontal health and overall health and the positive role that periodontology can play in public health. The federation seeks to serve both the professional periodontal and dentistry sector as well as patien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
Education and training: Maintain, refine, harmonise, and further develop the highest standards of education and training in the art, science, and practice of periodontology and implant dentistry to increase knowledge/awareness on the importance of periodontal diseases and their consequences for other oral and non-oral ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
The recognition of periodontology as a dental speciality in the EU is fundamental prerequisite. 4. Science and research: Promote research and knowledge-basis in all aspects of periodontology and implant dentistry, with global dissemination and application of research findings to enhance patient and public awareness and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
As set out in the federation’s by-laws: The EFP is a non-profit making organization whose goal is the promotion, by all means at its disposal, of periodontology and, more generally, oral health both in Europe and worldwide. In particular: To promote the development and practice of periodontology and of oral health in E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
The origins of the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) date back to a conversation in 1985 between Dr Jean-Louis Giovannoli (France) and Professor Ubele van der Velden (the Netherlands). The concept of a united and cooperative body of European societies of periodontology emerged from this conversation. Subseque... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
The newly formed EFP comprised the national societies of periodontology of 11 European countries: the Belgian, British, Dutch, French, German, Irish, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Swiss societies.The EFP’s constitution and by-Laws were amended in 1996, 2010, and 2016.The EFP’s first scientific congress, ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
A further 15 such workshops have since been held, some in partnership with other organisations. In 1998, the EFP gave its first accreditation to a postgraduate programme in periodontology, to the Academic Centre of Dentistry (ACTA) in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, followed by the University of Bern in Switzerland. By 202... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
The EFP’s flagship publication is the Journal of Clinical Periodontology which has been published since 1974 and which became the official journal of the federation in December 1993. The publisher of the Journal since 2008 has been Wiley Online Library. The EFP organises, with its national-society members, an annual pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
Launched in 2014 as the European Day of Periodontology, this awareness day subsequently evolved into Gum Health Day, which aims to be a global event that raises the visibility of periodontology and gum health among the public.Since 2017, the EFP has run a series of workshops and awareness campaigns in conjunction with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
The EFP has three categories of membership: full members, associate members, and international associate members. New members are accepted at the federation’s annual general assembly, usually held in March or April. As of March 2021, the EFP had 37 member societies (26 full members, four associate members, seven intern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
The triennial EuroPerio congress is the most important event organised by the EFP and one of the world’s biggest meetings in the field of periodontology (dentistry). The most recent edition – EuroPerio10 in Copenhagen (2022) – attracted more than 7,000 attendees from more than 100 countries and featured hundreds of sci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
Each organising committee comprises a chair, a scientific chair, and a treasurer as well as other members including representatives of the EFP-affiliated society in the country that hosts the congress. Since EuroPerio7 in Vienna in 2012, the EFP has used the services of professional conference organiser Mondial Congres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
Chair: Jean-Louis Giovannoli. Scientific chair: Pierre Baehni. EuroPerio2: Florence, Italy, 15-17 May 1997. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
Chair: Massimo de Sanctis. Scientific chair: Mariano Sanz. EuroPerio3: Geneva, Switzerland, 8-11 June 2000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
Chair: Pierre Baehni. Scientific chair: Ubele van der Velden. EuroPerio4: Berlin, Germany, 19-21 June 2003. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
Chair: Jörg Meyle. Scientific chair: Maurizio Tonetti. EuroPerio5: Madrid, Spain, 29 June-1 July 2006. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
Chair: Mariano Sanz. Scientific chair: Stefan Renvert. EuroPerio 6: Stockholm, Sweden, 4-6 June 2009. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
Chair: Stefan Renvert. Scientific chair: Pierpaolo Cortellini. EuroPerio 7: Vienna, Austria, 6-9 June 2012. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
Chair: Gernot Wimmer. Scientific chair: Richard Palmer. EuroPerio8: London, UK, 3-8 June 2015. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Periodontology |
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