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Chair: Francis Hughes. Scientific chair: Mariano Sanz. EuroPerio9: Amsterdam, Netherlands, 20-23 June.
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Chair: Michèle Reners. Scientific chair: Søren Jepsen EuroPerio10: Copenhagen, Denmark, 15-18 June. Chair: Phoebus Madianos. Scientific chair: David Herrera.EuroPerio10 is due to take place in Vienna, Austria, 14-17 May 2025. Chair: Anton Sculean.
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Perio Workshop (originally called the European Workshop on Periodontology) is a scientific meeting in which a group of international experts discuss the latest evidence on topics of relevance to periodontology and implant dentistry and draw up an evidence-based consensus. The findings of each workshop have been published, initially by Quintessence International and, since 2002 as special open-access monographic supplements of the Journal of Clinical Periodontology. Since the first European Workshop on Periodontology was held in 1993, a total of 18 workshops have taken place. The first six workshops were held in Ittingen Charterhouse, Thurgau, Switzerland and were chaired by Nikaus Lang.
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Since 2009, the workshops have taken place at La Granja de San Ildefonso, Segovia, Spain, chaired by Mariano Sanz (2009-2019). The 2017 workshop was held in Chicago, USA. Workshops from 2021 are chaired by David Herrera.
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The workshops of 2012 and 2017 were “world workshops”, jointly organised by the EFP and the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP). Several other workshops were held in collaboration with other dental and medical organisations. The 16 editions of Perio Workshop/European Workshop on Periodontology have covered a wide range of topics in periodontology and implant dentistry: 1993: Clinical practice of periodontology.
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1996: Chemicals in periodontics. 1999: Implant dentistry.
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2002: Periodontal practice. 2005: Aetiology and pathogenesis leading to preventive concepts. 2008: Contemporary periodontics.
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2009: EFP-ADEE (European Association of Dental Education). Periodontal education. 2010: The biology of periodontal and peri-implant diseases.
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2011: Quality of reporting of experimental research in implant dentistry. 2012: EFP-AAP (American Academy of Periodontology). Periodontitis and systemic diseases.
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2013: Periodontal plastic surgery and soft-tissue regeneration. 2014: Effective prevention of periodontal and peri-implant diseases. 2016: EFP-ORCA (European Organisation for Caries Research).
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Boundaries between caries and periodontal diseases. 2017: EFP-APP. World Workshop on the Classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions.
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2018: EFP-Osteology Foundation. Bone regeneration. 2019: Evidence-based guideline for management of stages I-III periodontitis. 2021: Evidence-based guideline for management of stage IV periodontitis. 2022: Evidence-based guideline for management of peri-implant diseases.
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Perio Master Clinic is an EFP-organised meeting focused on periodontal clinicians' training and expertise. It was created to “bridge the gap” between the triennial EuroPerio congresses and offers a more intimate environment, with hands-on training by leading clinical practitioners of periodontology and implant dentistry. Four editions of Perio Master Clinic have taken place: Perio Master Clinic 2014: Paris.
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Theme: Peri-implant plastic and reconstructive surgery (Chair: Jean-Louis Giovannoli, Scientific Chair: PierPaolo Cortellini ). Perio Master Clinic 2017: Valletta, Malta. Theme: Peri-implantitis: from aetiology to treatment (Chair: Korkud Demirel, Scientific Chair: Stefan Renvert).
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Perio Master Clinic 2019: Hong Kong. Theme: Peri-implantitis: prevention and treatment of soft- and hard-tissue defects (Chairs: Maurizio Tonetti and Stanley Lai, Scientific Chair: Stefan Renvert). Perio Master Clinic 2020: Dublin, Ireland.
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Theme: “Hard- and soft-tissue aesthetic reconstructions around teeth and implants – current and future challenges.” (Chair: Declan Corcoran, Scientific Chair: Anton Sculean). Perio Master Clinic 2023: Antwerp, Belgium. Theme: Perio-Ortho Surgery (Chair: Peter Garmyn, Scientific Chair: Virginie Monnet-Corti). International Perio Master Clinic 2023: León, Mexico. Theme: “Hard- and soft-tissue aesthetic reconstructions around teeth and implants – current and future challenges.” (Chair: Alejandro Garcia, Scientific Chair: Anton Sculean
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At the World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases and Conditions, held in Chicago in November 2017, the EFP and the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) drew up a new classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions after reviewing the scientific evidence and creating a consensus knowledge base. This new classification updated the previous classification of 1999. The World Workshop’s research papers and consensus reports were published simultaneously in June 2018 in the EFP’s Journal of Clinical Periodontology and the AAP’s Journal of Periodontology. The new classification was presented formally by the two organisations at the EuroPerio9 congress in Amsterdam on 22 June 2018.To assist clinicians in implementing the new classification, the EFP published a toolkit in April 2019, comprising a set of guidance notes, slide presentations, infographics, and videos.
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At Perio Workshop 2019, the process of drawing up a formal S3-level clinical practice guideline for the treatment of periodontitis stages I-III was started. This guideline was published in July 2020 in a special supplement of the Journal of Clinical Periodontology. This guideline approaches the treatment of periodontitis (stages I, II and III) using a pre-established stepwise approach to therapy that, depending on the disease stage, should be incremental, each including different interventions.
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Consensus was achieved on recommendations covering different interventions, aimed at: (a) behavioural changes, supragingival biofilm, gingival inflammation, and risk factor control. (b) supra- and sub-gingival instrumentation, with and without adjunctive therapies. (c) different types of periodontal surgical interventions. (d) the necessary supportive periodontal care to extend benefits over time. This S3 guideline informs clinical practice, health systems, policymakers and, indirectly, the public on the available and most effective modalities to treat periodontitis and to maintain a healthy dentition for a lifetime, according to the available evidence at the time of publication.
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The EFP organises, together with its affiliated national societies of periodontology, an annual periodontal-health awareness day held on May 12. Launched in 2014 as the European Day of Periodontology, this awareness day subsequently evolved into Gum Health Day, which aims to be a global event that raises the visibility of periodontology and gum health among the public. Each year a different topic and slogan is chosen, and outreach events and media activities are carried out in many countries. The following awareness days have been organised: European Day of Periodontology 2014.
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Slogan: “Association between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions.” European Periodontology Day 2015. Slogan: “Gum health links with oral and general health.” European Periodontology Day 2016. Slogan: “Healthy gums for a better life.” European Gum Heath Day 2017.
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Slogan: “Fighting periodontal disease together.” European Gum Health Day 2018. Slogan: “Health begins with healthy gums.” Gum Health Day 2019. Slogan: “Healthy gums, beautiful smile.” Gum Health Day 2020. Slogan: “Say no to bleeding gums.” Gum Health Day 2021. Slogan: “Gum diseases are preventable.”
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Education has been fundamental to the EFP’s mission since the federation’s inception. At a meeting in May 1990 in Maastricht, the Netherlands, where the constitution and rules of procedure of what would the following year become the EFP were proposed, among the aims of the new organisation were:“To promote equal and high standards in the countries of the member societies in the areas of Undergraduate periodontal education by deciding on the minimal requirements of a periodontal training programme for recognition by the EFP. Graduate periodontal education by deciding on the minimal requirements for a periodontal specialisation programme for recognition by the EFP and a periodontal training centre to be recognised by the EFP as a qualified training centre.”In 1998, the EFP gave its first accreditation to a postgraduate programme in periodontology, to the Academic Centre of Dentistry (ACTA) in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, followed later in that year by the University of Bern in Switzerland. In 2021, there were 16 universities in 12 countries teaching EFP-accredited programmes in periodontology:KU Leuven, Belgium.
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University of Liège, Belgium. Paris Diderot University, Paris, France. University of Strasbourg, France.
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University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel. Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel. University of Turin, Italy.
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Academic Centre of Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), the Netherlands. International University of Catalonia (UIC), Barcelona, Spain. Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
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Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. University of Bern, Switzerland. Yeditepe University, Turkey.
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UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom.The EFP organises a biennial Postgraduate Symposium involving second- and third-year students of the programmes, together with the programme directors and co-ordinators. The symposium provides opportunities for the postgraduate students to present their clinical or research work. It is also intended to encourage networking between students of the various EFP-accredited programmes.
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Each symposium is organised by a different programme. Eight symposia have been held in Switzerland (2005), the Netherlands (2007), Turkey (2009), the United Kingdom (2011), Belgium (2013), Spain (2015), Ireland (2017), and Sweden (2019). The symposium due to be held in September 2021 in Belgium was postponed until September 2022.In 2018, the EFP launched EFP Alumni, a community that represents periodontists who have received the EFP certificate after completing their accredited masters’ courses at one of the accredited programmes and members of the faculties that teach the courses.
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In terms of undergraduate education, the EFP issued the booklet “Curricular Guidelines in Undergraduate Education” in 1996, which was distributed to dental schools and periodontal departments in Europe, and to national societies of periodontology, the Association for Dental Education in Europe, and the American Academy of Periodontology. In 2016, the EFP conducted a survey of undergraduate education in periodontology to find out to what extent dental schools were meeting the objectives and learning outcomes as defined in Curricular Guidelines and to evaluate the preclinical and clinical work done by students during their undergraduate training. The survey found a huge diversity in the way periodontology was taught at the undergraduate level. Also in 2016, the Journal of Clinical Periodontology published the EFP Delphi study on trends in periodontology and periodontics in Europe for the year 2025, which predicted an increase in the need for education in periodontology, especially at university level.
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The EFP’s Journal of Clinical Periodontology, published monthly, is a leading scientific publication and has the highest impact factor of journals in dentistry, oral surgery, and medicine. Its impact factor for 2020 was 8.728.Since April 2020, the Journal of Clinical Periodontology (JCP) has been edited by Panos N. Papapanou, who succeeded Maurizio S. Tonetti (2005-2020) and Jan Lindhe (1976-2004). The JCP became the official journal of the EFP in 1993. It was first published in 1974 and its first editor (1974-1976) was Hans Rudolf Mühlemann.The aim of the Journal of Clinical Periodontology is to provide a platform for the exchange of scientific and clinical progress in the field of periodontology and allied disciplines, and to do so at the highest possible level.
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The JCP also aims to facilitate the application of new scientific knowledge to the daily practice of the concerned disciplines and addresses both practicing clinicians and members of the academic community. The Journal is the official publication of the European Federation of Periodontology but serves an international audience by publishing contributions of high scientific merit in the fields of periodontology and implant dentistry. The journal accepts a broad spectrum of original work characterised as clinical or preclinical, basic or translational, as well as authoritative reviews, and proceedings of important scientific workshops.
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The journal’s scope encompasses the physiology and pathology of the periodontal and peri-implant tissues, the biology and the modulation of periodontal and peri-implant tissue healing and regeneration, the diagnosis, aetiology, epidemiology, prevention and therapy of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions, the association of periodontal infection/inflammation and general health, and the clinical aspects of comprehensive rehabilitation of the periodontitis-affected patient. The EFP also publishes a monthly digest of research (JCP Digest) in seven languages. JCP Digest offers concise research in periodontology to enable clinicians to keep their knowledge up to date, summarising studies first published in the Journal of Clinical Periodontology.
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Edited by Phoebus Madianos and Andreas Stavropoulos (EFP scientific affairs committee), with the co-operation of the JCP editor-in-chief, each issue of the digest is prepared by a team of students at one of the EFP-accredited postgraduate periodontology courses. The publication is published first in English and then translated into Croatian, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish.In addition, the EFP publishes two issues per year of the magazines Perio Insight (launched 2016) which covers periodontal science and clinical practice with expert opinion and debate articles, and Perio Life (launched 2021), the magazine of EFP Alumni. The EFP also publishes Perio Review, an annual report on its activities and was launched in 2019 as a replacement for the twice-yearly bulletin EFP News.
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The editor of these EFP publications, from 2003, has been Joanna Kamma.Other, one-off, publications by the EFP include: Time to take gum disease seriously: the societal and economic impact of periodontitis (2021), a report commissioned by the EFP from the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) which analyses in depth the financial and human cost of gum disease in six European countries. Dossier on Periodontal Disease (2020) which explains the causes, consequences, impact, and treatment of gingivitis, periodontitis, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis. Perio Focus (2017) a “green paper” on the impact of the global burden of periodontal diseases on the health, nutrition, and wellbeing of humankind.
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The EFP’s work is supported by its partners, commercial companies involved in the periodontal and dental sector whether as consumer brands or as providers of equipment and materials to dental practitioners. Their support helps the EFP in performing its work of serving the development of periodontal science and clinical practice and the promotion of oral health. As of September 2021, the EFP’s partners were Dentaid, Oral-B, Curasept, Colgate, GSK, and the Straumann Group.The EFP also collaborates actively on specific projects with other sponsors and exhibitors, notably in the framework of the EuroPerio congresses. According to the EFP’s institutional brochure, “the transparent collaboration between businesses and an informative non-profit-making scientific entity is a great asset for strengthening the links between science and commercial development, which greatly benefits professionals in periodontology, dentistry, and oral hygiene, as well as the general interest of the public.”
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Since 2017, the EFP has organised workshops and outreach campaigns with its partners focusing on specific areas of concern within periodontology. The materials produced by these campaigns are written by experts and based on the latest scientific evidence. Materials include scientific reports, recommendations, graphics, and videos. In some cases, dedicated workshops on the campaign topic were held first to review the evidence.
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Oral Health and Pregnancy (2017), sponsored by Oral-B. Perio & Diabetes (2018), sponsored by Sunstar, based on the findings of Perio-Diabetes Workshop (2017) organised by the EFP with the International Diabetes Federation, also sponsored by Sunstar. Perio & Caries (2018), sponsored by Colgate.
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Based on the findings of Perio Workshop 2016. Perio & Cardio (2020), sponsored by Dentaid. Based on the findings the Perio & Cardio Workshop (2019) organised by the EFP with the World Heart Federation, also sponsored by Dentaid.
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In April 2020, the EFP launched its first series of interactive webinars, called Perio Sessions, as a way to provide continuing education online. Perio Sessions features expert presentations on important scientific and clinical issues in periodontology and implant dentistry. Topics covered have included the EFP’s S3-level clinical practice guideline, periodontal surgery, and innovative techniques in periodontal and peri-implant therapy. In July 2020, the federation launched Perio Talks on Instagram, conversations between clinicians who also respond to questions from the live audience. These two initiatives were later brought under the umbrella brand of EFP Virtual. In September 2021, within EFP Virtual, the EFP launched the EuroPerio Series of online educational sessions related to the scientific programme of the forthcoming EuroPerio10 congress (Copenhagen, June 2022).
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The EFP awards two prizes: the Jaccard/EFP Prize for Periodontal Research, awarded every three years at the EuroPerio congress, and the annual Postgraduate Research Prize in EFP-accredited Postgraduate Programmes in Periodontology. The EFP makes two annual awards: the EFP Distinguished Scientist Award and the EFP Distinguished Service award. Other awards, the EFP Eminence in Periodontology Award and the EFP International Eminence in Periodontology Award, are awarded on an occasional basis. The EFP Eminence in Periodontology award has been conferred on Ubele van der Velden (2014), Gianfranco Carnevale (2015), and Mariano Sanz (2021) and the International Eminence award to Bob Genco (2020).
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In 2005 the European Directive on the Recognition of Professional Qualifications was approved. It was noted that periodontology was recognized as a speciality in 11 European Union member states. Since then, the EFP has been actively seeking recognition of periodontology as a speciality at the European level, starting with the publication in 2006 of the paper “Periodontology as a Recognized Dental Speciality in Europe” and continuing with the lobbying of European policymakers.
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The EFP believes that official recognition as a speciality frees periodontists from bureaucratic problems by enabling greater professional mobility and would also boost the exchange of knowledge, increase graduate applications, aid training, and increase access for patients.At present, periodontology is recognised as a speciality in 11 of the 27 members of the EU: Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden, and Romania. It is also recognized as a speciality in the UK, which left the EU in 2020. In several countries, there has been strong resistance to speciality recognition from dental associations, which are worried that the recognition of more dental specialties may limit the scope of practice for general dental practitioners. In September 2019, the question of the EU-wide recognition of periodontology as a speciality was discussed at a meeting of the EU Group of Co-ordinators (GoCs) for professional qualifications and freedom of movement.
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The EFP actively communicates via social media on the platforms Facebook (@efp.org), Instagram (@perioeurope), LinkedIn (The European Federation of Periodontology), Twitter (@perioeurope), and YouTube (EFP European Federation of Periodontology).
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Articles about the EFP, its work, and its campaigns have appeared in both the specialist and the general media in various countries. Such articles include: "Why the health of your gums could save your life".The Times, February 16, 2021. "Time to take gum disease seriously: the societal and economic impact of periodontitis". The Economist, June 15, 2021.
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"Interview: 'Periodontics was never a static field'". Dental Tribune. May 4, 2021.
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"El israelí Lior Shapira, nuevo presidente de la Federación Europea de Periodoncia" (in Spanish). Gaceta Dental, April 5, 2021.On Covid-19: "Un estudio relaciona la salud de las encías con el riesgo de complicaciones por coronavirus" (in Spanish). El País, February 3, 2021.
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"EFP devises SARS-CoV-2 safety protocol for dental patients and practices". Dental Tribune. May 11, 2020.
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"New EFP president on Covid-19: “Remain positive and safe”. Dental Tribune.
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April 6, 2020. "Coronavirus, senza dentista raddoppia il rischio di problemi alle gengive" (in Italian). La Repubblica.
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May 5, 2020. "Los periodoncistas europeos sugieren un triaje telefónico antes de dar cita" (in Spanish). La Vanguardia.
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May 7, 2020.On Perio Workshop 2019: "Workshop yields new guideline for periodontitis treatment". Dentistry Today. December 12, 2019.
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"Neue evidenzbasierte Leitlinie für die Parodontaltherapie" (in German). Quintessenz, December 5, 2019.On Perio & Cardio campaign: "Campaign highlights links between periodontal and cardiovascular diseases". Dental Tribune.
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September 22, 2020. "Parodontitis und Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen" (in German). Dental Magazin.
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February 21, 2020. "Cardiologues et parodontistes: dialogue européen pour actualiser les connaissances" (in French). Information Dentaire.
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March 13, 2020.On Perio Master Clinic 2020: "Interview: Prof. Anton Sculean on the Perio Master Clinic 2020". Dental Tribune. February 27, 2020.
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Neueste Erkenntnisse zum „Heiligen Gral“ der Zahnmedizin" (in German). Quintessenz. March 16, 2020.On Gum Health Day: "Gum Health Day 2020 takes digital approach".
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Dental Tribune. May 12, 2020. "Gum Health Day 2021: promouvere la salute parodontale per una vita migliore" (in Italian).
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Odontoiatria33. May 11, 2021.
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"Cuidado de los dientes: los minutos que debe durar tu cepillado para que sea efectivo" (in Spanish). ABC. September 9, 2020.
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"Gengive infiammate, sanguinamenti? La nostra dentatura è a rischio" (in Italian). Il Corriere della Sera.
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April 12, 2021. "Von 1991 bis 2021: EFP feiert 30-jähriges Bestehen"(in German). ZWP. March, 2021.
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The EFP’s executive committee consists of the president, the president-elect, the two most recent past presidents, the secretary general, the treasurer, and two elected members. The president serves a one-year term, while the other committee members are elected for terms of three years. The executive committee discusses all actions that should be taken by the EFP and prepares them for discussion and approval at the annual general assembly, which consists of representatives of the EFP-affiliated national societies of periodontology. Seven committees have been formed to meet the needs of the objectives that EFP has set: the congress committee, European project committee, internal & external affairs committee, nominating committee, undergraduate education committee, postgraduate education committee, scientific affairs committee, workshop committee, and EFP Alumni. There are also committees for each edition of EuroPerio and Perio Master Clinic.
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Neuroarchaeology is a sub-discipline of archaeology that uses neuroscientific data to infer things about brain form and function in human cognitive evolution. The term was first suggested and thus coined by Colin Renfrew and Lambros Malafouris.
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As explained by archaeologist Dietrich Stout and evolutionary neuroscientist Erin E. Hecht,: 146 neuroarchaoelogy "has specific theoretical implications that extend beyond the general sense of the neologism. It is thus useful to distinguish between Neuroarchaeology (narrow sense) and neuroarchaeology (general sense). As outlined by Malafouris, Neuroarchaeology is an outgrowth of the cognitive-processual archaeology of Renfrew and is explicitly grounded in Material Engagement Theory. Material Engagement Theory focuses on the role of objects in mediating human behavior, cognition, and sociality and is closely aligned with approaches to cognition as extended, grounded, situated and distributed developed in psychology, philosophy, anthropology, and elsewhere.
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Neuroarchaeology explicitly aims to: (1) incorporate neuroscience findings into cognitive archaeology, (2) promote 'critical reflection on neuroscience’s claims on the basis of our current archaeological knowledge', and (3) facilitate cross-disciplinary dialog. "Neuroarchaeology combines the words "neuro-" as in "neuroscience," indicating its connection with the brain sciences, and "archaeology," meaning the study of human history and prehistory through excavation and other techniques designed to investigate the material record. The term has "archaeology" as its primary component, with "neuro-" used adjectivally; thus, it means an archaeology informed by neuroscience, or evolutionary cognitive archaeology. It denotes a relatively new research area investigating questions related to interactions between brain, body, and world over cultural and evolutionary spans of time.
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In the 21st century, significant gains in understanding the brain through the cognitive sciences opened up new areas of collaboration between archaeology and neuroscience. This has enabled archaeologists to base hypotheses about the biological and neural substrates of human cognitive abilities on archaeological data, especially change in material forms like stone tools across time. Neuroscientific insights can also be applied in critically reviewing and challenging theories and assumptions about the inception of modern human cognition and behavior, including whether there even are such things. Both neuroscience and neuroarchaeology seek to understand the human mind.
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However, the theories and methods of the two disciplines differ significantly. Neuroscience collects data on brain form and function in extant populations, while neuroarchaeolgy uses archaeological and neuroscientific data to examine change in brain form and function in extinct populations. To reconcile these theoretical and methodological differences, neuroarchaeology "aims at constructing an analytical bridge between brain and culture by putting material culture, embodiment, time and long term change at center stage in the study of mind.
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": 49 Over the past several decades, neuroscientific data have been an essential component of neuroarchaeological analyses. The converse is less certain, as neuroscience has yet to make much use of archaeology's ability to furnish critical data on the timing and context of developments in human cognitive evolution, provide unique insight into what materiality does in human cognition, and negotiate temporalities of cognitive change that are difficult to assimilate into neuroscientific theories and methods.Neuroarchaeology's interdisciplinary approach provides new opportunities for investigating the human mind and the role of material culture in human cognition and cognitive evolution. Specific focuses for neuroarchaeological research to date have included language, symbolic capacity, theory of mind, technical cognition, creativity, aesthetics, spatial cognition, numeracy, literacy, and casual understanding.
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In psychology and social research, unmatched count, or item count, is a technique to improve, through anonymity, the number of true answers to possibly embarrassing or self-incriminating questions. It is very simple to use but yields only the number of people bearing the property of interest and leads to a larger sampling error than direct questions. It was introduced by Raghavarao and Federer in 1979.
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The participants of the survey are divided into two groups at random. One group, the control group, is given a few harmless questions, while the other group gets an additional question regarding the property of interest. The respondents are to reveal only the number of "yes" answers they have given. Since the interviewer does not know how they arrived at that number, it is safe to answer the awkward question truthfully. Due to the unmatched count of items, the number of people who answered "yes" to the awkward question can be mathematically deduced.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmatched_count
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The control group is asked how many of the following statements apply: I have changed my place of residence. I own a pet. I like to go to the theatre. I have never been in a traffic accident.Let the total number of "yes" answers from this group be 410. The second group additionally gets a question concerning the point of interest: I have cheated on an examination.Let the total number of "yes" answers from this group be 460.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmatched_count
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The number of "yes" answers in the control group is called the baseline. It is assumed that the second group would have given the same number, were it not for the critical question. Thus, their additional "yes" answers (50 in the example) are due to the critical question.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmatched_count
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This is used to estimate the percentage of cheaters in the population. Let the number of participants in each group be 300. As expectation value, 50 of them answered "yes" to the critical question, meaning that approximately 17% of the population have cheated on examinations.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmatched_count
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Preferential looking is an experimental method in developmental psychology used to gain insight into the young mind/brain. The method as used today was developed by the developmental psychologist Robert L. Fantz in the 1960s.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential_looking
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According to the American Psychological Association, the preferential looking technique is "an experimental method for assessing the perceptual capabilities of nonverbal individuals (e.g., human infants, nonhuman animals)". If the average infant looks longer at a novel stimulus compared to a familiar stimulus, this suggests that the infant can discriminate between the stimuli. This method has been used extensively in cognitive science and developmental psychology to assess the character of infants' perceptual systems, and, by extension, innate cognitive faculties. An investigator or examiner observes an infant's eye movements to determine which stimulus the infant fixates on.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential_looking
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Robert L. Fantz (1925-1981) was a developmental psychologist who launched several studies on infant perception including the preferential looking paradigm. Fantz introduced this paradigm in 1961 while working at the Case Western Reserve University. The preferential looking paradigm is used in studies of infants regarding cognitive development and categorization.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential_looking
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Fantz's study showed that infants looked at patterned images longer than uniform images. He later built upon his study in 1964 to include habituation situations. These situations exhibited an infants preference for new or unusual stimuli.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential_looking
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Conclusions have been drawn from preferential looking experiments about the knowledge that infants possess. For example, if infants discriminate between rule-following and rule-violating stimuli—say, by looking longer, on average, at the latter than the former—then it has sometimes been concluded that infants know the rule. Here is an example: 100 infants are shown an object that appears to teleport, violating the rule that objects move in continuous paths.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential_looking
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Another 100 similar infants are shown an object that behaves in a nearly identical manner to the object from group 1, except that this object does not teleport. If the former stimulus induces longer looking times than the latter, then, so the argument goes, infants expect that objects obey the continuity rule, and are surprised when they violate this rule. Findings from preferential looking experiments have suggested that humans innately possess sets of beliefs about how objects interact ("folk physics" or "folk mechanics") and about how animate beings interact ("folk psychology").
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential_looking
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A 2018 study collected data using a preferential looking paradigm. The paradigm was analyzing eye movements and pupil dilation to assess children's recognition of different degrees of labels and objects with different degrees of mismatching qualities. The findings support a sensitivity to phonological mismatch in children.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential_looking
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The study also provided support for the hypothesis that early comprehension and knowledge of root words aid in converting subphonemic detail to unfamiliar words. Using the preferential looking paradigm, Fantz and Simon B. Miranda conducted a study in 1974 that assessed recognition memory in infants with Down’s syndrome compared to typically developed infants (Miranda & Fantz, 1974). Each group of infants were presented with three problems of multidimensional visual stimuli. The findings were that infants with Down’s syndrome were able to discriminate between novel and familiar visual stimuli but were around two months behind typical infant development. Preferential looking experiments have been cited in support of hypotheses regarding a wide range of inborn cognitive capacities such as depth perception, face perception, and basic arithmetic (numeracy).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential_looking
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UIUC CWRU (Fantz, later Fagan et al.)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential_looking
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Ball, W.A. (April 1973). "The perception of causality in the infant". Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development, Philadelphia. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential_looking
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The semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce describes three distinct categories of signs: icons, indexes and symbols.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_theory_of_semiotics
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Kotava (sometimes also spelled Kodava) is a proposed international auxiliary language (IAL) that focuses especially on the principle of cultural neutrality. The name means "the language of one and all", and the Kotava community has adopted the slogan "a project humanistic and universal, utopian and realistic". The language is mainly known in French-speaking countries and most learning materials for it are in French.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotava
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Kotava was invented by Staren Fetcey, a Canadian traveler and linguist, who began the project in the summer of 1975, on the basis of her study of previous IAL projects. The language was first made available to the public in 1978, and two major revisions were made in 1988 and 1993. Since then, the language has stabilized, with a lexicon of more than 17,000 basic roots. In 2005, a committee of seven members was established with the responsibility of guiding the future evolution of the language.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotava
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The overall goal was to create a potential IAL that was not based on a particular cultural substrate. To do this, a number of subgoals were established: A simple and limited phonetic system that can be pronounced easily by the majority of people. A simple and totally regular grammar that reflects the grammars of the majority of languages in the world.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotava
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A clear morphology, with each morpheme having a well-defined and exclusive function. An a priori lexicon that does not favor any language. (This appears to be of supreme importance to its creator.)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotava
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A collection of basic roots that are clearly defined and homonym-free. They are completely invented and absolutely independent of any existing language (Staren Fetcey consideres the Western origin of Esperanto as a disadvantage). Mechanisms for productive derivation and composition to allow for maximum expressiveness, from the most general to the most subtle and precise.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotava
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As an a priori constructed language, Kotava is not related to any other language, natural or constructed. The word order is very free, but current practice leans toward object–subject–verb. All objects and other complements must be introduced by prepositions. There are also innovations involving conjunctions and prepositions (its system of locative prepositions).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotava
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Kotava is written with the Latin alphabet but does not use the letters H or Q. The letter H, which was used only to palatalize a preceding L, M, or N, was eliminated and replaced by the letter Y in all cases. The only diacritic is an acute accent indicating stress on the final vowel in the first person of verbs. Like in French, a space is added between text and exclamation or question marks.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotava
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In Kotava, there are no irregular pronunciations; the sound is always predictable from the spelling and vice versa. Most consonants are pronounced as in the IPA, except for ⟨c⟩, pronounced ; ⟨j⟩, pronounced ; and ⟨y⟩, pronounced . The consonants (in IPA form) are: The vowels are pronounced as in Spanish, Swahili, or Tahitian, with no differences of length and no nasalization. There are five diphthongs: ay, ey, iy (very rare), oy, and uy (very rare). The stress rule in Kotava is regular for all polysyllabic words: on the last syllable (ultima) if the word has a final consonant; on the second-last syllable (penult) if the word has a final vowel except for the first person of conjugated verbs, which is stressed on the last syllable and marked with an acute accent.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotava
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Kotava has strict morphological rules, which are outlined in a table that prescribes order and interaction. All parts of speech are marked and so there is no ambiguity. Nouns and pronouns are invariable, and there is no system of declensions. There are no affixes of gender or plurality, both of which can be indicated with particles or other words if necessary. One unusual feature of Kotava is the "euphonic" principle, which matches endings of adjectives and other modifiers with their nouns.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotava
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The main personal pronouns are the following: The reflexive pronoun is int, and the reciprocal pronoun is sint. Possessives are created by adding -af to the personal pronoun. Other pronouns include coba (thing), tan (unknown person), tel (known person), and tol (one of two).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotava
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Verbs are conjugated into three tenses (present, past, and future) and four moods (realis, imperative, conditional, and relative). In addition, there are mechanisms for voices, aspects, modalities and other nuances, which permit a great deal of subtlety in expression. There are seven persons for verbs, including an inclusive and exclusive first-person plural. The first person singular is used as the verb's lemma. Suffixes to the root indicate person and tense. The following table exemplifies that with the verbs tí (to be) and estú (to eat): The following modifiers can be used before the verb: The past tense is indicated by a -y- interfix before the verb's final vowel: danká ("I sing") → dankayá ("I sang")Similarly, the future tense is indicated by a -t- interfix: estul ("you eat") → estutul ("you will eat")
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotava
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There is no grammatical gender. To indicate the sex or gender of a person or animal, -ya is used for females and -ye for males.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotava
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Kotava has five grammatical voices: active - doalié (I fight) passive - zo doalié (I am fought) reflexive - va int tcaté (I wash myself) reciprocal - va sint disuked (they look at each other) complementary - va mbi zilí (I am given a cake)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotava
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Numbers take the form of radical prefixes, which can be suffixed with certain attributes: Suffixes: -oy (cardinal numbers) -eaf (ordinal numbers) -da (years) -ka (days) jon- … -af (multiplied by) fuxe- … -af (divided by) vol- (negative numbers)Mathematical signs: = dum (equals) + do (plus) - bas (minus) × jon (times) / fuxe (divided by)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotava
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