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In our tour we have seen much of the mockery of religion... Not so is Christ. His doctrine is sure, simple, cordial, spiritual. I believe His words, I do His will, I wait for, look for His coming. This is the Alpha and the Omega of the truth of Christ In his treatise On the diseases and derangements of the nervous sys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Hall_(physiologist) |
Hall was also an abolitionist. When he travelled to the United States, in his later years, he was shocked by what he saw, and was shocked at how slavery was sanctioned in the States. An admirer of William Wilberforce, he wrote The two-fold slavery of the United States; with a project of self-emancipation (1854), where ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Hall_(physiologist) |
I am compelled to regard them as a necessity. It remains, therefore, to devise such a plan of emancipation and abolition as shall be wise, just, and practicable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Hall_(physiologist) |
In his book, he proposed as project of emancipation that African-American people continue to produce cotton, sugar and rice, but to freely help and prosper themselves. On the same religious grounds, he questioned the permission of polygamy in the US and insisted that imposing the slavery system and denying marriage to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Hall_(physiologist) |
Let us free, and raise, and guide the poor negro, and God will bless us in our good work ; and let us remember that in emancipating him from his yoke, we really emancipate our country, and ourselves and our children from a yoke still more galling and fearful. As slavery is assuredly the dark spot on the United States, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Hall_(physiologist) |
It is a sin in all that are in any wise partakers in it – in the master more even than in the slave. It is not possible during such a state of things to avoid the dreadful denunciations of Holy Scripture against it. He therefore who deliberately, from whatever motive, sanctions slavery in the United States as it is, as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Hall_(physiologist) |
OER Commons (OER for open educational resources) is a freely accessible online library that allows teachers and others to search and discover open educational resources (OER) and other freely available instructional materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OER_Commons |
OER Commons, created by the Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education, was developed to serve curriculum experts and educators in discovering open educational resources (OER) and collaborating around the use, evaluation, and improvement of those materials. Resources on the site can be searched and fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OER_Commons |
In 2007, with a grant from the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, OER Commons opened as a digital library and intermediary for openly licensed and freely available content. By aggregating resources and standardizing metadata from OER content providers, the site supports knowledge sharing and access to teaching and l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OER_Commons |
ISKME's OER research revealed how teachers’ exposure to OER, tools and professional development cultivates collaboration among teachers, as well as new conversations and reflection about teaching practices and roles. Petrides et al., 2011Furthermore, research conducted on the impact of teachers’ participation in ISKME'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OER_Commons |
ISKME's evaluation of the Community College Open Textbook Project revealed that study habits improved when learners were able to interact with open course material, and that students’ use of open textbooks cultivated new, self-directed learning behaviors (Petrides et al., 2011). Finally, ISKME's research revealed the r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OER_Commons |
ISKME's technology platform, tools, and metadata enhancement in its work with OER Commons are designed to support an open platform that serves as a knowledge base for content providers and platform developers, particularly related to accessibility and inclusive design. Metadata, data that describes a resource, and in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OER_Commons |
OER Commons provide targets to other providers to harvest content in these formats. Partnered with the Inclusive Design Research Centre since 2010 to incorporate FLOE components into the OER Commons platform, ISKME's efforts combine OER discovery and enhancement tools and processes with FLOE's personalized network-deli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OER_Commons |
The authoring environment produces OER that is accessible using a broad range of assistive technology devices such as screen readers. To support user contributions, in 2010 ISKME released the OER-Connector browser plug-in on GitHub that enables users to add resources to OER Commons.To support interoperability, OER Comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OER_Commons |
In 2011, ISKME announced the Green Micro-site with Greek partner Agro-Know. It is an aggregation of sustainability-related learning resources and features interdisciplinary lesson plans such as STEAM (Science Technology Engineering Art and Math) resources. The OER Commons infrastructure facilitates evaluation of conten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OER_Commons |
ISKME was named an Education Laureate by the San Jose Tech Museum of Innovation in 2007 for OER Commons.In December 2010, ISKME was named a finalist in the Qatar Foundation World Innovation Summit for Education (WISE) Awards for its OER Commons teacher professional development programs.In 2011, ISKME won the Award for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OER_Commons |
EF Education First (abbreviated as EF) is an international education company that specializes in language training, educational travel, academic degree programs, and cultural exchange. The company was founded in 1965 by Bertil Hult in the Swedish university town of Lund. The company is privately held by the Hult family... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education_First |
Bertil Hult dropped out of college to launch EF in 1969. He had earlier dropped out of junior high and gone to work for a ship broker in London, where he learned English by immersion; he had been unable to learn it in school due to dyslexia. The company started selling a French language course to Swedish students seeki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education_First |
The company expanded to the US in 1983, first establishing headquarters in California and then in Boston in 1988.Hult never took outside investment and instead grew the company through revenue. By 2014, EF had approximately 37,000 employees in 55 countries. By that time, Hult had stopped running the company and had pas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education_First |
The company also offers an e-learning program for adults called "EF English Live," which was formerly known as "EF Englishtown." EF English Live program has been certified for pedagogical quality by the Education Alliance Finland. Through a division called EF Tours, the company offers educational tours, service learnin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education_First |
In 2019, seven of its English teachers in Xuzhou allegedly tested positive for drugs. The case ignited discussions about EF's hiring practices, leading to its suspension from China Association for Non-Government Education.In 2020, a former teacher of EF was charged for exploiting a previous pupil in China. The defendan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education_First |
The company's spokesperson declined to explain the specifics of the violation. He has pled guilty in a Missouri court to sexual exploitation of a minor and to receiving and distributing child pornography.EF has been highly criticized for the maladministration of students taking its courses. On 17 February 2022 Claudio ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education_First |
The school has always denied the circumstance that the young man was in a state of confinement, the room "was not locked" and "could have social interaction", was the reply of the Academy of Thornwood to the accusations of Claudio's family members. However, according to the family and friends Claudio was told by school... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education_First |
In 2018, they became the owner and title sponsor of the Slipstream Sports cycling team, which then became known as EF Education First–Drapac p/b Cannondale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education_First |
Clarke's Gardens is a public park in the Allerton district of south Liverpool, England. It is close to Springwood Cemetery and situated between Woolton Road and Springwood Avenue. The park is the site of Allerton Hall, a Grade II* listed building, which was donated by the Clarke family to Liverpool City Council in 1927... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke's_Gardens |
The Musaeum Tradescantianum was the first museum open to the public to be established in England. Located in South Lambeth, London, it comprised a collection of curiosities assembled by John Tradescant the elder and his son in a building called The Ark, and a botanical collection in the grounds of the building. Turret ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musaeum_Tradescantianum |
The first account of the collection, by Peter Mundy, is from 1634. After the death of the younger Tradescant and his wife, the collection passed into the hands of the wealthy collector Elias Ashmole, who in 1691 gave it to Oxford University as the nucleus of the newly founded Ashmolean Museum.The Tradescant collection ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musaeum_Tradescantianum |
The Market Gate of Miletus (German: das Markttor von Milet) is a large marble monument in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, Germany. It was built in Miletus in the 2nd century AD and destroyed in an earthquake in the 10th or 11th century. In the early 1900s, it was excavated by a German archeological team, rebuilt, and pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Gate_of_Miletus |
Only fragments had survived and reconstruction involved significant new material, a practice which generated criticism of the museum. The gate was damaged in World War II and underwent restoration in the 1950s. Further restoration work took place in the first decade of the 21st century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Gate_of_Miletus |
The gate is a large marble monument, about 30 meters wide, 16 meters tall, and 5 meters deep. The two-story structure has three doorways and a number of projections and niches. At roof level and in between the floors are ornate friezes with bull and flower reliefs. The structure's protruding pediments are supported by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Gate_of_Miletus |
The gate was built in the 2nd century AD, most likely during the reign of Emperor Hadrian about 120 to 130 AD. It replaced an existing Doric propylon and served as the northern entrance to the southern market, or agora, in Miletus, an ancient Greek city in what is now Turkey. The gate underwent restoration in the 3rd c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Gate_of_Miletus |
When Justinian strengthened the defenses of Miletus in 538, the gate was incorporated into the city walls. In the 10th or 11th century, an earthquake caused the gate to collapse. Fragments of the structure were scavenged and used in surrounding buildings, but the majority subsided into the ground. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Gate_of_Miletus |
German archaeologist Theodor Wiegand conducted a series of excavations in Miletus from 1899 through 1911. In 1903, the Market Gate of Miletus was excavated and from 1907 to 1908, fragments of the gate were transported to Berlin. Wiegand wrote in his diaries that he gave a presentation using models to Kaiser Wilhelm II,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Gate_of_Miletus |
Reconstruction began by assembling the middle-floor entablature and placing the second storey columns on top, followed by reconstructing the pediments. A base and ground floor were then inserted below. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Gate_of_Miletus |
Brick and cement reinforced with steel supplemented the few remains of the lower structure. Original column fragments were bored out, leaving a thickness of 3 to 4 centimetres (1.2 to 1.6 in), and filled with steel and mortar. In the 1920s and 1930s, the museum was criticized for portraying its monuments as originals w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Gate_of_Miletus |
The gate suffered significant damage from aerial bombardment in World War II. The roof and skylight above the gate were destroyed along with a protective brick wall. The right wing collapsed and the structure was damaged by fire and shrapnel; the loss of the brick wall also exposed the gate to weathering for two years.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Gate_of_Miletus |
From 1952 to 1954, the structure was extensively restored under the supervision of archaeologist H. H. Völker. However, little documentation exists detailing what specific work took place.The next major restoration work took place in the decade of the 2000s. The gate had deteriorated from a combination of indoor atmosp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Gate_of_Miletus |
Fragments of the gate have spontaneously loosened and fallen, necessitating the addition of a fence in front of the structure to protect visitors. The state of the structure was documented prior to restoration, from about 2003 through 2004, including the production of three-dimensional photogrammetric models due to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Gate_of_Miletus |
ArtAbilitation is an international conference platform for people with disabilities and a movement that started in 2006 as coined/originated by Anthony (aka Tony) Brooks. The concept was realized as an international conference, workshop series, and symposium, and was inaugurated in Esbjerg, Denmark, in September 2006 w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArtAbilitation |
ICAT is the oldest international conference on Virtual Reality and the hosting in Esbjerg, Denmark. This was the first time the event was held outside the Asia Pacific region. ICAT is organised by the Virtual Reality Society of Japan (VRSJ). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArtAbilitation |
ICAT 2006 was held at Zhejiang University of Technology in China. Archives of ICAT2007 are online at IEEE site. The first international symposium ‘Ludic Engagement Designs for All’ supported.The 3rd ArtAbilitation Conference was held alongside ICDVRAT 2008 in Maia, Portugal, on September 8 through 10th. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArtAbilitation |
A special session on music was hosted at Casa da Musica, Porto, Portugal, on 11 September. This was followed by the 2nd International Congress on Art, Brain and Languages, hosted in Casa da Musica in Porto on 11 and 12 September. The conference combines various areas of knowledge such as Neuropsychology, Musical Scienc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArtAbilitation |
It aims for a holistic, interdisciplinary approach to education, disability, and rehabilitation. It intends to question how the inter-related practice and processing of different types of language (musical, psychomotor, verbal, technological, and aesthetic) can intervene in education and disability (motor, verbal or me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArtAbilitation |
David Risling Jr. (April 10, 1921 in Morek, Humboldt County, California – March 13, 2005 in Davis, California) was a Native American (Hoopa) educator and rights activist who was often referred to as "The Father of Indian Education". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Risling |
After serving in the Navy during World War II, he attended Cal Poly in San Luis Obispo where he earned a degree in vocational agriculture. From 1950 to 1970, he taught agriculture at Modesto Junior College. His increasing involvement in activist causes prompted him to move to UC Davis in 1970, where he helped to develo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Risling |
He remained there until his retirement in 1993, when the program became a full-fledged department and is currently one of only three such departments offering doctoral degrees. He was a co-founder of California Indian Legal Services and the Native American Rights Fund and was involved in securing passage of the federal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Risling |
The achievement he was reportedly most proud of was his role in creating D-Q University, one of the first six tribal colleges and the only one in California. Jack D. Forbes (a co-founder of the University) has said, "It was a dream that the late Carl Gorman and I had worked on from 1961-1962, but it was Dave's organizi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Risling |
to make a film about the controversy surrounding D-Q University and its turbulent relationship with the U.S. government. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Risling |
The media had labelled this school as being "controversial" for years and as one of the American Indian Movement's "centers". Crull had been drawn to the D-Q U story from the time that he was a professional Hill staffer responsible for the shaping of a U.S. House hearing on legislation that D-Q U was seeking in 1981. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Risling |
He and the Rislings had developed a rapport over the years since which ultimately led to the A Free People, Free To Choose film project. Well over a hundred hours of footage had been shot when a schism between some of the film's subjects erupted into becoming litigation. Morrison & Foerster was the first sponsor to wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Risling |
The history of tuberculosis encompasses the origins of the disease, tuberculosis (TB) through to the vaccines and treatments methods developed to contain and mitigate its impact. Throughout history, the disease tuberculosis has been variously known as consumption, phthisis, and the White Plague. It is generally accepte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
In 2014, results of a new DNA study of a tuberculosis genome reconstructed from remains in southern Peru suggest that human tuberculosis is less than 6,000 years old. Even if researchers theorise that humans first acquired it in Africa about 5,000 years ago, there is evidence that the first tuberculosis infection happe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
Scientific work investigating the evolutionary origins of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex has concluded that the most recent common ancestor of the complex was a human-specific pathogen, which underwent a population bottleneck. Analysis of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units has allowed dating of the bot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
Scientists were able to recreate the genome of the bacteria from remains of 1,000-year-old skeletons in southern Peru. In dating the DNA, they found it was less than 6,000 years old. They also found it related most closely to a tuberculosis strain in seals, and have theorized that these animals were the mode of transmi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
The team from University of Tübingen believe that humans acquired the disease in Africa about 5,000 years ago. Their domesticated animals, such as goats and cows, contracted it from them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
Seals acquired it when coming up on African beaches for breeding, and carried it across the Atlantic. In addition, TB spread via humans on the trade routes of the Old World. Other researchers have argued there is other evidence that suggests the tuberculosis bacteria is older than 6,000 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
This TB strain found in Peru is different from that prevalent today in the Americas, which is more closely related to a later Eurasian strain likely brought by European colonists. However, this result is criticised by other experts from the field, for instance because there is evidence of the presence of Mycobacterium ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
In 2008, evidence for tuberculosis infection was discovered in human remains from the Neolithic era dating from 9,000 years ago, in Atlit Yam, a settlement in the eastern Mediterranean. This finding was confirmed by morphological and molecular methods; to date it is the oldest evidence of tuberculosis infection in huma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
Signs of the disease have also been found in Egyptian mummies dated between 3000 and 2400 BC. The most convincing case was found in the mummy of priest Nesperehen, discovered by Grebart in 1881, which featured evidence of spinal tuberculosis with the characteristic psoas abscesses. Similar features were discovered on o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
It appears likely that Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti both died from tuberculosis, and evidence indicates that hospitals for tuberculosis existed in Egypt as early as 1500 BC.The Ebers papyrus, an important Egyptian medical treatise from around 1550 BC, describes a pulmonary consumption associated with the cervical l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
The first references to tuberculosis in non-European civilization is found in the Vedas. The oldest of them (Rigveda, 1500 BC) calls the disease yaksma. The Atharvaveda calls it balasa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
It is in the Atharvaveda that the first description of scrofula is given. The Sushruta Samhita, written around 600 BC, recommends that the disease be treated with breast milk, various meats, alcohol and rest. The Yajurveda advises affected individuals to move to higher altitudes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
The Classical Chinese word lào 癆 "consumption; tuberculosis" was the common name in traditional Chinese medicine and fèijiéhé 肺結核 (lit. "lung knot kernel") "pulmonary tuberculosis" is the modern medical term. Lao is compounded in names like xulao 虛癆 with "empty; void", láobìng 癆病 with "sickness", láozhài 癆瘵 with " sick... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
They retrospectively identify feilao 肺癆 "lung exhaustion" and infectious feilao chuanshi 肺癆傳尸 "lung exhaustion by corpse transmission as "consumption/tuberculosis". Describing foreign loanwords in early medical terminology, Zhang and Unschuld note the phonetic similarity between Chinese feixiao 肺消 (from Old Chinese **... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
"As for a string which is cut, its sound is hoarse. As for wood which has become old, its leaves are shed. As for a disease which is in the depth , the sound it is hiccup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
When a man has these three , this is called 'destroyed palace'. Toxic drugs do not bring a cure; short needles cannot seize . Wang Bing's commentary explains that fu 府 "palace" stands for xiong 胸 "chest", and huai "destroy" implies "injure the palace and seize the disease". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
The Huangdi Neijing compiler Yang Shangshan notes, "The proposed here very much resembles tuberculosis ... Hence states: poisonous drugs bring no cure; it cannot be seized with short needles. "The Shennong Bencaojing pharmacopeia (c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
200–250 CE), attributed to the legendary inventor of agriculture Shennong "Divine Farmer", also refers to tuberculosis The Zhouhou beiji fang 肘后备急方 "Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies", attributed to the Daoist scholar Ge Hong (263–420), uses the name of shizhu 尸疰 "corpse disease; tuberculosis" and describes the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
Gradually, after months and years of suffering, this lingering disease brings about death to the sufferer. Afterwards it is transferred to others until the whole family is wiped out." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
Song dynasty (920–1279) Daoist priest-doctors first recorded that tuberculosis, called shīzhài 尸瘵 (lit. "corpse disease") "disease which changes a living being into a corpse", was caused by a specific parasite or pathogen, centuries earlier than their contemporaries in other countries. The Duanchu shizhai pin 斷除尸瘵品 "On... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
The text has a preface dated 1126, written by the Song dynasty Zhengyi Dao master Lu Shizhong 路時中, who founded the Yutang dafa 玉堂大法 tradition, but internal evidence reveals that the text could not have been written before 1158. The disaster of the contagious disease, which changes a living being into a corpse, is cause... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
When the original vitality is being exhausted, the evil aura begins to be transmitted through the affected vital ch'i . ... The aspects of the illness vary, and the causes of contamination are different. Rooms and food are capable of gradual contamination, and the clothes worn by the indisposed are twined easily with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
... The symptoms of the disease: When it begins, the sufferer coughs and pants; he spits blood ; he is emaciated and skinny; cold and fever affect him intermittently, and his dreams are morbid. This is the evidence that this person is suffering from the disease which is also known as wu-ch'uan 屋傳 . ... The disease may ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
After the death of the sufferer, the clothes, curtains, bed or couch, vessels and utensils used by him are known to have been contaminated by and saturated with the polluted ch'i in which the noxious ku 蠱 take their abode. Stingy people wish to keep them for further use, and the poorer families cannot afford to get ri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
This passage refers to the cause of TB in ancient medical terminology of jiuchong 九蟲 "Nine Worms" and gu 蠱 "supernatural agents causing disease", and qi. The Nine Worms generically meant "bodily parasites; intestinal worms" and were associated with the sanshi 三尸 "Three Corpses" or sanchong 三蟲 "Three Worms", which were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
The Boji fang 博濟方 "Prescriptions for Universal Dispensation", collected by Wang Gun王袞 (fl. 1041), calls the supposed TB pathogen laochong 癆蟲 "tuberculosis worms".This Duanchu shizhai pin chapter (23/7b-8b) explains that the present Nine Worms does not refer to the intestinal weichong 胃蟲 "stomach worms", huichong 蛔蟲 "co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
Burning magic talismans would cause the TB patient to cough, which was considered an effective treatment. To cure the disease, it is necessary to produce a spout of smoke by burning off thirty-six charms, and instruct the patient to inhale and to swallow up its fumes, whether he likes it or not. By the time all charms ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
It may be difficult for the patient to bear the odour of the smoke at first, but once he gets used to such a smell, it does not really matter. Whenever the patient feels that there is phlegm in his throat, he is advised to cough and spit it out. If the patient is greatly affected by the symptoms, it will be good if his... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
When the patient is less affected by the wicked ch'i, he does not have much phlegm to eject, but if he is deeply affected, he tends to vomit and to expectorate heavily until everything is cleared up, and then his illness is cured. When the wicked element is rooted out, it does not need to be fumigated any more . In add... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
Hippocrates, in Book 1 of his Of the Epidemics, describes the characteristics of the disease: fever, colourless urine, cough resulting in a thick sputa, and loss of thirst and appetite. He notes that most of those affected became delirious before they died from the disease. Hippocrates and many other at the time believ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
Aristotle disagreed, believing the disease was contagious. Pliny the Younger wrote a letter to Priscus in which he details the symptoms of phthisis as he saw them in Fannia: The attacks of fever stick to her, her cough grows upon her, she is in the highest degree emaciated and enfeebled. Galen proposed a series of ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
In South America, reports of a study in August 2014 revealed that TB had likely been spread via seals that contracted it on beaches of Africa, from humans via domesticated animals, and carried it across the Atlantic. A team at the University of Tübingen analyzed tuberculosis DNA in 1,000-year-old skeletons of the Chiri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
This TB is a different strain from that prevalent today in the Americas, which is more closely related to a later Eurasian strain.Prior to this study, the first evidence of the disease in South America was found in remains of the Arawak culture around 1050 BC. The most significant finding belongs to the mummy of an 8 t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
During the Middle Ages, no significant advances were made regarding tuberculosis. Avicenna and Rhazes continued to consider the disease both contagious and difficult to treat. Arnaldus de Villa Nova described etiopathogenic theory directly related to that of Hippocrates, in which a cold humor dripped from the head into... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
A document from the 12th century recorded an explanation of the cause of illness. The pagans said that tuberculosis was produced when a dog-shaped demon occupied the person's body and started to eat his lungs. When the possessed person coughed, then the demon was barking, and getting close to his objective, which was t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
Monarchs were seen as religious figures with magical or curative powers. It was believed that royal touch, the touch of the sovereign of England or France, could cure diseases due to the divine right of sovereigns. King Henry IV of France usually performed the rite once a week, after taking communion. So common was thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
Initially, the touching ceremony was an informal process. Sickly individuals could petition the court for a royal touch and the touch would be performed at the King's earliest convenience. At times, the King of France would touch affected subjects during his royal walkabout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
The rapid spread of tuberculosis across France and England, however, necessitated a more formal and efficient touching process. By the time of Louis XIV of France, placards indicating the days and times the King would be available for royal touches were posted regularly; sums of money were doled out as charitable suppo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
As late as 1633, the Book of Common Prayer of the Anglican Church contained a Royal Touch ceremony. The monarch (king or queen), sitting upon a canopied throne, touched the affected individual, and presented that individual with a coin – usually an Angel, a gold coin the value of which varied from about 6 shillings to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
Girolamo Fracastoro became the first person to propose, in his work De contagione in 1546, that phthisis was transmitted by an invisible virus. Among his assertions were that the virus could survive between two or three years on the clothes of those with the disease and that it was usually transmitted through direct co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
Paracelsus advanced the belief that tuberculosis was caused by a failure of an internal organ to accomplish its alchemical duties. When this occurred in the lungs, stony precipitates would develop causing tuberculosis in what he called the tartaric process. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
Franciscus Sylvius began differentiating between the various forms of tuberculosis (pulmonary, ganglion). He was the first person to recognize that the skin ulcers caused by scrofula resembled tubercles seen in phthisis, noting that "phthisis is the scrofula of the lung" in his book Opera Medica, published posthumously... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
Richard Morton published Phthisiologia, seu exercitationes de Phthisi tribus libris comprehensae in 1689, in which he emphasized the tubercle as the true cause of the disease. So common was the disease at the time that Morton is quoted as saying "I cannot sufficiently admire that anyone, at least after he comes to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
The theory was roundly rejected and it took another 162 years before Robert Koch demonstrated it to be true. In 1768, Robert Whytt gave the first clinical description of tuberculosis meningitis and, in 1779, Percivall Pott, an English surgeon, described the vertebral lesions that carry his name. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
In 1761, Leopold Auenbrugger, an Austrian physician, developed the percussion method of diagnosing tuberculosis, a method rediscovered some years later in 1797 by Jean-Nicolas Corvisart of France. After finding it useful, Corvisart made it readily available to the academic community by translating it into French.Willia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
In his Systematik de speziellen Pathologie und Therapie, J. L. Schönlein, Professor of Medicine in Zurich, proposed that the word "tuberculosis" be used to describe the condition of tubercles.The incidence of tuberculosis grew progressively during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, displacing leprosy, peaking between the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
Remote towns, initially isolated from the disease, slowly succumbed. The consumption deaths in the village of Holycross in Shropshire between 1750 and 1759 were one in six (1:6); ten years later, 1:3. In the metropolis of London, 1:7 died from consumption at the dawn of the 18th century, by 1750 that proportion grew to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
In the 18th and 19th century, tuberculosis (TB) had become epidemic in Europe, showing a seasonal pattern. In the 18th century, TB had a mortality rate as high as 900 deaths (800–1000) per 100,000 population per year in Western Europe, including in places like London, Stockholm and Hamburg. Similar death rate occurred ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
In the United Kingdom, epidemic TB may have peaked around 1750, as suggested by mortality data.In the 19th century, TB killed about a quarter of the adult population of Europe. In western continental Europe, epidemic TB may have peaked in the first half of the 19th century. In addition, between 1851 and 1910, around fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
By the late 19th century, 70–90% of the urban populations of Europe and North America were infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and about 80% of those individuals who developed active TB died of it. However, mortality rates began declining in the late 19th century throughout Europe and the United States.At the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis |
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