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Italian player's alleged bite unpunished
No action will be taken against Avellino forward Gianmario Comi for allegedly biting an opponent in a Coppa Italia match.
No action will be taken against Avellino forward Gianmario Comi for allegedly biting an opponent in a Coppa Italia match at the weekend since there is no footage of the incident, according to league rules.
Bari's Giuseppe De Luca was the victim of Comi's alleged Luis Suarez-esque intervention during the 2-1 defeat. In addition to his claim of being bitten, the 22-year-old received a red card for his reaction and remonstrations as he tried in vain to show the mark left by Comi's bite to the fourth official.
Bari's president Gianluca Paparesta, a former Italian football referee, posted a photograph of De Luca's arm on the Serie B club's website, but in the absence of any television replays, no action can be taken against the Avellino forward. De Luca, on the other hand, has shown remorse for his reaction which could earn him a lengthy ban.
"I made a mistake by reacting and I apologise to everybody for leaving the team with 10 men," he said. "But I would have never imagined being bitten by an opponent. The game can be violent at times, and that is part of this sport, but vile incidents like being bitten or spat at cannot be tolerated.
"I'm above all disappointed that we've been knocked out of the Coppa because we all wanted to go through."
According to Article 35 of league rules, a player can only be punished retrospectively if the referee has missed an incident during a match, and only if his club can provide evidence to back up their complaint. Due to the lack of that evidence, Comi therefore cannot be punished by the FIGC based only on a picture of De Luca's arm with what could be seen as a bite mark, but does not highlight when that bite may have been made, and by whom.
"We don't want to fuel controversy, but what we are asking for is attention for incidents like Comi's bite of De Luca," Paparesta told Italian media. "Bari warrant respect, like every other club, and I will do what I can to ensure our fans and our players are correct, but nobody can think they can come here and get away with doing whatever they want. Having said that, compliments to Avellino for reaching the next round." |
INTRODUCTION
============
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and usually lethal lung disease characterized by fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation ([@B1]). Its pathogenesis remains poorly understood but is associated with a predominance of Th2 cytokine and a paucity of Th1 cytokine ([@B2]-[@B4]). Studies on immunopathology ([@B2]) and m-RNA expression ([@B3], [@B4]) have revealed that the lung tissues of IPF patients show abnormally high levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5, and a low level of interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Flow cytometry analysis of intracellular cytokines showed a similar pattern in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells of IPF patients ([@B5]). The role of Th2 cytokines, especially IL-4 and IL-13, in pulmonary fibrosis has been clearly demonstrated by both in vivo and in vitro experiments ([@B6], [@B7]). These two cytokines function via complex receptor systems that include IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα), and IL-13 receptor alpha1 (IL-13Rα1) ([@B8]). IL-13Rα1 binds IL-13 in a complex with IL-4Rα1 ([@B9], [@B10]). IL-13 receptor α2 (IL-13Rα2) has a short cytoplasmic tail without intracellular signaling motifs; thus, it may function as a decoy receptor that inhibits the effects of IL-13 ([@B10], [@B11]). The down-regulatory effect of IL-13Rα2 has been demonstrated in animal models with IL-13-mediated tissue fibrosis ([@B12]) but has not been shown in humans.
IPF and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) are the two common types of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP). However, compared with IPF, NSIP leads to less fibrosis ([@B13], [@B14]) and shows a better response to anti-inflammatory agents such as steroids and anti-proliferative drugs ([@B15], [@B16]). Therefore, the two diseases may induce different patterns of fibrosis-related cytokines. It has already been demonstrated that NSIP and IPF lead to different levels of inflammatory cytokines and CXC chemokines, such as IL-6, IL-8, epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78, interferon gamma-inducible protein 10, RANTES, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 ([@B17]-[@B20]), but little is known about how Th2 and Th1 cytokines and their receptors differ between the two conditions.
We hypothesized that IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-13 may be regulated differently and that IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2 may be expressed differently in IPF and NISP patients.
To test this hypothesis, we measured IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-γ levels in the BAL fluid of IPF and NSIP patients and normal controls, and compared IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2 expression in diseased lung tissues using immunohistochemical staining.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
=====================
Study populations
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The study population consisted of 16 patients with IPF, ten with idiopathic NSIP, and eight normal controls. All subjects were given a chest radiograph, HRCT, pulmonary function test, and blood gas analysis ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). The diagnoses of IPF and NSIP were based on the international consensus statement ([@B21]). Two of the NSIP patients had inflammation and fibrotic type pneumonia (group II) and eight had interstitial fibrotic type pneumonia (group III). BAL and open -lung or video-guided thoracoscopic biopsies were performed on all IIP patients. BAL was performed at least 3 days before lung biopsy and without any immunosuppressive therapies. In normal subjects, BAL was performed on the right middle lobe. Exclusion criteria consisted of other known causes of interstitial lung disease, such as drug reactions, environmental exposures, and collagen vascular diseases. The normal controls were all healthy volunteers, free of symptoms, not taking any medications, and who had normal chest radiographs. For immunohistochemical staining, the healthy tissues of biopsies of solitary pulmonary nodules were used.
Measurements of IL-13, IL-4, and IFN-γ concentrations in Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids
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BAL was performed as previously described ([@B17]), using a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope (Olympus B2-10; Olympus Optical Co., Tokyo, Japan). Briefly, all study subjects were pretreated with atropine (0.5 mg) immediately before the BAL procedure. Bronchial trees were instilled four times with 50 mL of normal saline, and fluid was removed each time by gentle suction with negative pressure below 50 mmHg. The total volume of recovered fluids was measured, and the supernatant was separated from the cell pellets by centrifugation at 500×g for 5 min. The supernatants were frozen and stored at -80℃ for later use. A differential count of 500 cells was performed on slides prepared by cytocentrifugation and Diff-Quik staining (Scientific Products, Gibbstowne, NJ, U.S.A.). No complications were experienced during the BAL procedures.
The IL-13, IL-4, and IFN-γ levels were measured using quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassays with ELISA kits (BD Bioscience, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.), according to the manufacturer\'s recommendations. The detection limits were 2.0 pg/mL, 3.5 pg/mL, and 1.0 pg/mL for IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-γ, respectively, and values below these thresholds were assigned a value of 0 pg/mL. For validation of assay, we performed spiking experiment using 10 samples and the recovery rates of IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-γ were 86.2±0.1%, 93.5±0.6%, 89.3±0.8%, respectively. The inter-assay coefficient of variability for all assays was less than 10%, and the intraassay coefficient of variability was less than 10% across the range of concentrations.
Immunohistochemical staining
----------------------------
A VectaStatin goat ABC Elite kit (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, U.S.A.) was used for immunostaining. Tissue sections (5 µm) were deparaffinized, endogenous peroxidase was blocked with 1.4% H~2~O~2~ in MeOH for 30 min, and nonspecific binding was blocked with 1.5% normal rabbit serum for 30 min. The sections were incubated with goat polyclonal antihuman IL-13 antibody (1:100, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, U.S.A.) and goat polyclonal antihuman IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2 antibody (1:200, R&D, Minneapolis, MN, U.S.A.) at 4℃ for 16 hr. After washing with TBS, the sections were sequentially incubated with biotinylated rabbit anti-goat immunoglobulin G (H+L) (1:200, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, U.S.A.) and avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (1:50, ABC kit, Vector Laboratories) for 30 min. The color reaction was developed with 3,3\'-diaminobenzidine tetrachloride (Zymed Laboratories, South San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.), and Harris hematoxylin stain was applied as a counter stain. The intensity of immunostaining was graded from absent (-) to strongly positive (+++) for the following tissues: alveolar epithelium, bronchial epithelium, smooth muscle, alveolar macrophage, endothelial cells, and interstitium. Grading was as follows: (-), no staining; (±), very faintly brown; (+), faintly brown; (++), moderately brown; and (+++), dark brown. Histological sections were assessed independently by two observers who were blind to the clinical information of the study subjects.
Statistics
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The SPSS/PC+ program (Chicago, IL, U.S.A.) was used for statistical analyses. Differences between groups were compared with the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous data. Significant relationships between groups were further analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Spearman\'s rank correlation was used to analyze the relationships of IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-γ concentrations to the lung functions. Differences were considered significant at *P*\<0.05. The data are expressed as mean±SEM.
RESULTS
=======
Clinical profiles of study subjects and cellular proportions in BAL fluids
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The clinical and BAL profiles are summarized in [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}. Age, smoking status, and sex ratio were comparable among the three groups. The NSIP and IPF patients had a significant reduction in forced vital capacity (FVC), total lung capacity (TLC), and diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) compared with controls (*P*\<0.05). Both the cell number and percentage of neutrophils in 1 mL of BAL fluid were significantly higher in patients with NSIP and in those with IPF than in control subjects (*P*\<0.01 and *P*\<0.05, respectively). There were no difference in the percentages of lymphocytes and macrophages between NSIP and IPF patients, but IPF patients had a significantly higher percentage of eosinophils than controls (*P*\<0.01).
IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-γ concentrations in BAL fluids
---------------------------------------------------
IL-13 activity was detected in the BAL fluid of all patients and in seven of the eight control subjects. The IL-13 levels were higher in IPF patients than in NSIP patients (249.0±83.1 vs. 137.7±37.9 pg/mL, *P*=0.032) and controls (249.0±83.1 vs. 49.0±13.1 pg/mL, *P*=0.012). The IL-13 levels were also higher in NSIP patients than in controls (*P*=0.041; [Fig. 1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). IL-4 activity was detected in 12 of 16 IPF patients, eight of ten NSIP patients, and three of eight controls. The mean IL-4 level was significantly higher in the IPF and NSIP groups than in the control group (16.3±4.5 and 12.3±3.35 pg/mL vs. 4.67±2.28 pg/mL, *P*=0.008 and *P*=0.034, respectively). The IL-4 level was not significantly different between the IPF and NSIP groups (*P*\>0.05; [Fig. 1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). IFN-γ activity was detected in 14 of 16 IPF patients, nine of ten NSIP patients, and seven of eight controls. Both patient groups had low INF-γ levels compared with the control group (7.72±3.02 and 3.82±1.59 pg/mL vs. 11.32±3.64 pg/mL; [Fig. 1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), but only the difference between NSIP patients and controls was significant (*P*=0.047). The IL-13 level was inversely correlated with DLCO (% pred) (n=26, r=-0.58, *P*=0.014) and FVC (% pred) (n=26, r=-0.47, *P*=0.043) in NSIP and IPF patients ([Fig. 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Neither the IL-4 nor INF-γ level correlated with the physiological parameters (data not shown).
Expression of IL-13 and IL-13Rα1/α2 detected by immunohistochemical staining
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Immunohistochemical staining of IL-13, IL-13Rα1, and IL-13Rα2 was performed in the lung tissues of controls (n=4), IPF patients (n=6), and NSIP patients showing fibrosis (n=6). To avoid the smoking effect, never smokers were selected from the study subjects. Control subjects had undergone a lobectomy to remove localized solitary pulmonary nodules (two lung cancer and two tuberculoma). Both IL-13 and IL-13Rα1 were strongly expressed in the bronchial epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle of all patients ([Fig. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}), although semiquantitative evaluation showed that their intensities were much stronger in IPF patients than in NSIP patients ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). IL-13Rα2 showed the same pattern of expression as IL-13Rα1 but weaker staining in both patient groups ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}, [Fig. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Neither IL-13Rα1 nor IL-13Rα2 expression was detected in the four control lung tissues.
DISCUSSION
==========
We demonstrated that IL-4 and IL-13 levels were higher in the BAL fluids of NSIP and IPF patients than in that of healthy subjects and that INF-γ levels were lowest in the NSIP groups. These findings suggest that there is a predominance of Th2 over Th1 cytokines in the lungs of NSIP patients, as demonstrated in IPF patients of previous studies ([@B2]-[@B4]). In the present study, the mean IL-13 level was higher in patients than in controls, consistent with the reports of Jakubzick et al. ([@B4]), who demonstrated that IL-13 gene expression was higher in lung biopsies of IPF and NSIP patients. However, in our study, the mean IL-13 level was higher in IPF patients than in NSIP patients, whereas Jakubzick et al. ([@B24]) reported no significant differences in IL-13 gene expression between the two patient groups. In both studies, IL-4 levels were comparable between the two groups.
In addition, the IL-13 (and not IL-4) level was inversely correlated with physiological derangement, including decreases in DLCO and lung volume. This novel finding ([Fig. 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) suggests that IL-13, rather than IL-4, may be associated with functional derangement in the patients with IPF and NSIP.
Several studies on animal models have suggested a comprehensive role for IL-13, rather than IL-4, in pulmonary fibrosis. Neutralization of IL-13, but not IL-4 alone, attenuated pulmonary fibrosis in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model ([@B22]). In response to fluorescein isothiocyanate exposure, IL-4 (-/-) mice developed fibrosis, whereas IL-13 (-/-) mice were significantly resistant to fibrosis ([@B23]). These results, and the fact that IPF is associated with more fibrotic lung lesion than is NSIP, suggest that IL-13, rather than IL-4, may be responsible for the degree of fibrosis in IIP patients, as seen in our study. Indeed, administrating a chimeric protein, comprising human IL-13 and a truncated version of an exotoxin from *Pseudomonas* (IL13-PE), as a therapeutic agent significantly attenuated fibrosis ([@B24]). IL-13 may induce pulmonary fibrosis directly ([@B25]) or indirectly through TGF (beta)-1 ([@B26]) and several types of MMP ([@B27]).
Receptor binding chains for IL-13 include IL-13 Rα1 and IL-13Rα2 ([@B11]). IL-13 Rα1 binds IL-13 with low affinity, whereas the co-expression of IL-13Rα1 and IL-4Rα results in the formation of a high-affinity receptor signaling complex that renders a variety of cells (e.g., mast, eosinophil, endothelial, fibroblast, smooth muscle, and epithelial cells) responsive to IL-13 ([@B28]). In the present study, both IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2 were expressed in the bronchial epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, endothelial cells, and smooth muscles and interstitium of all IPF and NSIP patients, consistent with Jakubzick et al. ([@B4]), who found that both proteins were strongly expressed in the interstitium of the lung and that IL-13Rα2 was also strongly expressed in the lung epithelium and in mononuclear cells.
The effects of IL-13 are mediated by a complex receptor system, which includes IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1, via STAT6 activation ([@B10], [@B11]). IL-13Rα2 has a short cytoplasmic tail without intracellular signaling motifs that bind to STAT6 ([@B10], [@B11]) thus, this receptor was expected to compete with the IL-4Rα-/IL-13Rα1 complex and dampen the IL-13-mediated response ([@B29]). At present, however, it is not clear why the greatly increased expression of IL-13Rα2, particularly in IPF patients, fails to curtail the profibrotic actions of IL-13. It is possible that the natural antagonism of IL-13Rα2 is lost in patients with IIP as a result of post-translational modifications of this decoy receptor. Or perhaps, as a result of these modifications, the IL-13Rα2 subunit takes on an abnormal signaling role in IPF. Fichtner-Feigl et al. ([@B30]) recently demonstrated that IL-13 is involved in the activation of the TGFβ1 promoter via IL-13Rα2. Furthermore, blocking IL-13 Rα2 signaling with siRNA led to a down regulation of TGFβ1 production and collagen deposition in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis ([@B30]). This result indicates that IL-13Rα2 can augment fibrosis via TGFβ modulation, which contradicts other studies ([@B12], [@B29]).
The present study did not directly evaluate the role of IL-13Rα2 as a protector against or inducer of fibrosis in IIP. We demonstrated the increased expression of IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2 in the two types of IIP, and no expression in controls, indicating that both types of receptors are induced in the tissues of people with IIP. However, the intensity of these two receptors was significantly lower in NSIP patients than in IPF patients. Furthermore, IL-13Rα1 was strongly expressed in the epithelium, smooth muscle, and alveolar macrophages of both patient groups, whereas IL-13Rα2 was only weakly expressed ([Fig. 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}, [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}), suggesting that differences in the expression of IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2 may help explain the varying degrees of lung fibrosis between the two conditions. A possible limitation of our study is that the differences in IL-13 values for the BAL fluids of IIP patients and controls (as determined by ELISA) may have been affected by the presence of soluble isoforms of the IL-13 receptor subunits. There are many potential complications for measuring cytokine proteins in whole lung homogenates; for example, the presence of soluble decoy receptors and post-translational modifications of the cytokine proteins can render the proteins undetectable by ELISA. Small numbers of NSIP and IPF in this study also regarded another limitation.
In conclusion, IL-13 levels were significantly elevated and inversely correlated with DLCO and FVC in both IPF and NSIP patients. Moreover, IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2 were strongly expressed in the lung tissues of IPF and NSIP patients. However, IL-13 and the two receptors were more strongly expressed in patients with IPF than in those with NSIP. These results suggest that the elevation of IL-13 elevation and the concomitant expression of IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2 may be associated with the pathogenesis of both IPF and NSIP.
The authors are indebted to, Myong-ran Lee, and Eunyoung Kim for their excellent technical support throughout the study. The authors express thanks to at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English for their kind editing for grammar and topographic error <http://www.textcheck.com>.
The DNA samples were generously provided by the Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon Hospital Biobank, a member of the National Biobank of Korea, supported by the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Republic of Korea.
This study was supported by a grant from the Korean Health 21 R&D project, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (01-PJ10-PG6-01GN14-0003) and by the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund (\# 20030198).
{#F1}
{#F2}
{#F3}
######
Demographic characteristics, lung function and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) profiles of the study subjects
Data are presents as mean±SEM.
^\*^*P*\<0.05 compared with normal control; ^†^*P*\<0.01 compared with normal control.
IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; CS, current smoker; ES, ex-smoker; NS, never-smoker; TLC, total lung capaciy; FVC, forced vital capacity; DLCO, diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide; NSIP, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia.
######
Immunostaining for IL-13, IL-13Rα1, and IL-13Rα2 from IPF, NSIP and normal controls lung specimens
Data are presented as - (absent) to +++ (intense) staining.
IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; NSIP, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia.
|
Heparin decreases the rate of proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells by releasing transforming growth factor beta-like activity from serum.
Various heparins have been reported to inhibit the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The effects of eight chemically distinct heparins on the cell cycle and differentiation of primary and passaged cultures of rat aortic VSMCs have been characterised and the mechanism of heparin action investigated. VSMCs from adult rat aorta were prepared by enzyme dispersion and stimulated to enter the cell cycle with 10% serum in the presence or absence of heparin. Progressions through S phase and M phase were measured by [3H]-thymidine incorporation and cell counting respectively. Flow cytometry was used to confirm the effects of heparin on VSMC cell cycle progression. The effect of heparin on VSMC differentiation was investigated by analysing smooth muscle specific myosin heavy chain content of the cells after heparin treatment. Eight heparins at concentrations between 5 micrograms.ml-1 and 100 micrograms.ml-1 partially inhibited VSMC proliferation (27% to 76% 96 hours after addition of heparin), but did not affect the entry of the cells into S phase. Flow cytometry confirmed that VSMC populations in the presence of heparin contained significantly (p < 0.005) more cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle than control populations. Heparin also blocked the dedifferentiation of primary cultures of VSMCs stimulated by serum. These effects of heparin were completely reversed by the presence of a neutralising antiserum to transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) and heparin attached to agarose beads was as effective as free heparin as a growth inhibitor of VSMCs. Heparins of varying molecular weight and anticoagulant properties all partially inhibited VSMC proliferation predominantly by extending the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Heparin also inhibited dedifferentiation of primary cultures of VSMCs. Heparin (< 100 micrograms.ml-1) acted extracellularly to release TGF beta from serum, which accounted for the effects of heparin on proliferation and differentiation. |
On Baseball: Matinee win keeps Fisher Cats on a roll
Fisher Cats starter Casey Lawrence pitches in Wednesday's game against the New Britain Rock Cats in Manchester. (DAVID LANE/UNION LEADER)
MANCHESTER -- The New Hampshire Fisher Cats have turned their season around, making a second-half run at the playoffs possible when even a month ago that would have sounded far-fetched.
More efforts like Wednesday’s 7-1 day game win over New Britain in front of 5,986 fans at Northeast Delta Dental Stadium will help keep the Fisher Cats on track. New Hampshire (43-47) hosts New Britain Thursday night at 7:05 and will head to Portland for five games in four days before the all-star break.
New Hampshire recovered from a doubleheader sweep at the hands of New Britain (44-45) Tuesday to put together a strong effort Wednesday with the bats and from pitcher Casey Lawrence (6-4), who did not allow an earned run in picking up his fourth win in five games.
“That’s what these guys do. It’s how we’ve been all year,” said New Hampshire manager Bobby Meacham. “We surely were not good in April and May especially, but these guys have shown a lot of character all year long and there was no doubt they were going to come back and wash (Tuesday) off in the shower and get ready to play. And they did.”
Those rough first two months of the season have become a distant memory. The Fisher Cats have gone 25-12 over the past 37 games. According to Meacham, somewhere in the midst of an 11-game losing streak in the middle of May the team began to come together.
“In the middle of it, we could tell. (Guys were saying) it was the pitcher’s fault, no it was the hitters, no it was the defense. Pretty soon it was coaches and infielders and outfielders and pitchers,” Meacham said. “We had no one to blame anymore so they started pulling together and playing together. That’s the way it’s been the last month and a half. You hear it in the dugout, you hear it in the clubhouse. They just don’t care as much about themselves anymore as they do about the whole team winning.”
The top two teams in the Eastern Division make the playoffs. New Hampshire trails first-place Portland by 16½ games, but is only 9½ behind second-place Binghamton. Considering the turnaround and that the remaining 52 games represent a lot of baseball still to be played, a run at second place is not out of the question.
“There’s a lot of positivity here and guys really believe,” said center fielder Dalton Pompey. “We always talk about how it’s a couple games to .500 and knowing where we are in the standings and guys believe. It you believe, anything can happen.”
Getting to .500, which is now four wins away, is the goal right now and an example of how the team is seeking short-term goals that will bear long-term fruit.
“We just want to build on the small things and winning the small battles and the more you can do that the more chance you have to win the war,” said second baseman Jon Berti. “We have all the confidence in the world in each other and we stick together through thick and thin. I think it’s shown so far this year and it’s what has made this team so good. We knew we were too good a club to be playing the way we were early on in the year.”
According to Meacham, climbing back to .500 from the slow start to the season is something to be proud of and should only lead to more wins as momentum builds.
“From where we were to .500, you’ve got to be rolling pretty good,” he said. “If we can do that-which is a big if-then we can feel good about the last 40 games or so. Once you get rolling that good, it’s hard to stop the momentum.”
New Hampshire has some key series coming up after the break, including Portland and Binghamton as well as teams behind them in the standings such as Trenton and Reading .
“Baseball is an everyday thing so you never know what is going to happen,” Pompey said. “Teams that are really good or teams doing poorly, you never know who is going to show up that day so you have to keep the same mindset every game and give it our best and hope for the best.”
In Wednesday’s game, New Britain took a 1-0 lead in the top of the first when Eddie Rosario’s two-out hit to deep center appeared to confuse Pompey. After drifting toward the ball and then trying to hurry up and find its new trajectory, Pompey couldn’t get to it and the ball bounced off the wall. Rosario headed for third base and scored when shortstop Jorge Flores’ relay throw went wild for an error.
That was all New Britain would manage against Lawrence, however. Lawrence has gone 32.1 innings without allowing an earned run and has won four of his last five starts with a no decision in the mix.
New Hampshire took a 2-1 lead with a pair of runs in the bottom of the third. Michael Crouse and Jack Murphy walked to open the inning and Flores bunted them over. Pompey then drove a single into right field to score both runners.
The Fisher Cats extended to a 4-1 lead in the fourth when K.C. Hobson walked and Crouse crushed a pitch over the left field wall for his sixth home run of the season. Pompey added a solo home run to center in the fifth to push the lead to 5-1.Mike McDade doubled to open the sixth for New Hampshire and eventually scored on a two-out single to left from Murphy to make it 6-1. Flores followed with an RBI single to score Crouse (who had walked) and the Fisher Cats led 7-1. Randy Boone worked the final four outs on the mound for New Hampshire to close the win. |
Christmas In Suite 37A
Merry Christmas to all my Sinners! I couldn't write the books I write if I didn't have my readers. Since I can't send each and every one of you a Christmas card, I offer you this three-part story instead. I hope it brightens your day or keeps you warm on a cold winter's night. Happy reading and...
Glory to God in the Highest! And on Earth peace, good will toward men!
(And women!
And children!
And everyone else!)
***
Part One: Blue Christmas
This story takes place two years and three months after the end of THE ANGEL and seven months after THE SAINT and THE KING.
Sunday, December 22, 2013
New Orleans Garden district
This was going to be the worst fucking Christmas ever.
It would suck—hard—and not in the fun way.
Nora wasn’t making it any easier. She had, in fact, ordered him to go to church with her tonight—further proof she was as much of a sadist as Søren.
Griffin said to her request/demand, “I’m a Buddhist.” and Nora gave him the pursed lips to end all pursed lips. If she pursed her lips any harder, they’d turn into a Hermès bag.
“You’re wearing a Nirvana T-shirt. That no more makes you a Buddhist than me wearing a cat suit makes me a pussy,” she said, poking him in the center of his chest, right in Kurt Cobain’s eye. Hadn’t poor Kurt been through enough? “Don’t pull that ‘I’m a Buddhist’ stuff on me. It didn’t work on my mother when I said it, and it’s not going to work on me.”
“You’re seriously making me go to church with you? Serious?” Griffin asked.
“Søren only gets to say Mass once a week now that he’s not a parish priest anymore. This is a big fucking deal to him, which makes it a big fucking deal to me, and since you’re in my house living under my roof it oughta be a big fucking deal to you.”
“But—”
“No buts. You listen to me, Griffin Randolfe Fiske. You’ve been living in my house under my roof eating my food and sleeping in my guest bed for two months now. And this—coming to Mass with me three days before Christmas—is the one and only thing I’ve asked you to do in way of repayment. One hour of your life sitting in a beautiful historic New Orleans Catholic church listening to Louisiana angels sing sacred Christmas music while the man I have loved for twenty years of my life says Mass and offers communion to rich and poor, black and white, citizen and stranger in a two-thousand year old ritual of thanksgiving that reminds everyone involved that we are all God’s children? Is that really so much to ask?”
“Wow. Did you learn how to do a Catholic guilt trip from your mom or from Søren?”
“Neither,” she said with narrowed eyes. “I’m a natural.”
She was in Domme mode and clearly in the mood to out-alpha him. Griffin folded like a house of cards in a stiff breeze.
“Okay, okay. I’ll go. I’m going. You know, since you asked so nicely.”
“And…?”
“And because you let me crash here for the past two months and asked nothing of me and all that.”
“Oh, honey,” Nora said, patting his cheek. “You know it’s been my pleasure and you don’t owe me a thing.” She sauntered off down the hall toward her bedroom. As she left him alone in the kitchen Griffin shook his head. Did mind-fuckers ever stop mind-fucking? How did Nora talk him into this?
Nora pulled a Nora. That’s how.
No doubt she had left him to go change clothes before church. She was, after all, still wearing the vinyl cat suit she’d donned earlier that day for a client. His Blond Holiness probably wouldn’t appreciate Griffin showing up to church in jeans and his brother’s twenty-year-old Nirvana T-shirt either. Although the jeans were his “holy jeans” as Mick called them since they had tears in the knees so gaping you could stick an arm through them. And sometimes Mick did.
Sighing, Griffin trudged to his room to take a shower and change into whatever he owned that could pass for “church clothes.” Well, it wasn’t his room he went to. It was Nora’s room in Nora’s house, a three-story bright red Victorian in the Garden District. Don’t get him wrong, it was a nice room. Antique green patterned wallpaper, carved oak queen size bed, thick Persian rug, and a set of French doors that led to his own private veranda. As beautiful as it was, this room, this house, and no matter how comfortable he got here, it would never be Griffin’s room. Griffin’s room was in his apartment in Manhattan, the apartment he’d bought because he wanted a fresh start with Mick—new relationship, new home, new life. Together. Both of them. A new life together. It was all for them. No. That wasn’t true. It was all for Mick.
And now Mick was gone.
Not gone, Griffin chided himself as he stripped out of his clothes and stepped into the shower. Mick wasn’t dead. Griffin often had to remind himself not to be a drama queen about the whole thing. Mick was spending a semester abroad in Rome. That was all. Mick had gone overseas after saying the six ugliest words in the English language to Griffin:
I think I need a break.
How could his home in Manhattan feel like his home anymore after that?
Ninety-seven days after Mick said those six ugly words, Griffin could still picture Mick’s face during that fight, his silver eyes wide and red-rimmed. The expression he’d worn was sad and scared and apologetic. Griffin could understand the sad and scared. They’d been together—lovers, living together, Dom and sub—for two years. Mick was sad to have to say those six words and scared of how Griffin would react to them. But apologetic? That made no sense. What did Mick have to be sorry for? Yes, the break-up had been Mick’s idea. The fault, however, belonged squarely on Griffin’s shoulders.
And he knew it.
Griffin turned off the water and wrapped a towel around his waist and cinched it tight. When he flew down to New Orleans to hide out hang out at Nora’s, it had been to get away from his mother’s hovering. He certainly had come here to lose any weight. Bodybuilders like him usually wanted to bulk up, not slim down. And he was in New Orleans where all the good Cajun food and seafood lived. But Søren had practically ordered Griffin to join him for his almost daily four and five-mile runs. Griffin had left his eternally-worried-about-her-baby-boy mother only to be treated like a child by a priest and a dominatrix.
Still…he didn’t blame them. Their coddling/care-taking/near-constant monitoring had kept Griffin clean and sober even when everything in him wanted to drown his sorrows with a bottle of bourbon and a fistful of Oxy. A few weeks after the break-up, he’d come thisclose to begging Kingsley for a sleeping pill from his medicine cabinet. Instead he’d humbled himself to Nora and told her how tempted he was that night to take something, anything, legal or illegal, it didn’t matter. She’d kissed him, told him she loved him, and then stripped him naked. This wasn’t about kink or sex. She took his clothes and locked them up where he couldn’t get to them. She put a basic bondage strap around one wrist and locked him to the bedpost. If stealing his clothes and tying one hand to the bed was what it took to keep him off Bourbon Street, then so be it. All night long Nora had scratched his back and massaged his neck while telling him a bedtime story about when she and Sheridan were hired by a member of the Moroccan royal family to put on a private show for him and his best friend. He’d fallen asleep in her lap and woke up the next morning feeling human for the first time in weeks. He’d known then he would make it through this.
Even if he didn’t want to.
Griffin dried off and pulled on a pair of black jeans and a white button-down shirt. He put on a black tie but kept the knot loose and his collar open. A tie was his version of making an effort.
As he was shoving his feet into his black Chucks, Nora came in the room looking sexy as hell in a black skirt, red blouse, and black boots that went all the way up to her knees.
“Very handsome,” she said, looking him up and down. “Then again, you always look handsome.”
She ran her hand through his still-wet hair, slicking it into place.
“You’re doing the mom-thing again,” Griffin said.
“Only because I’m worried about you.”
“I’m fine.” He kissed her cheek. “Do I need to tuck my shirt or anything? What’s the dress code?”
“Very relaxed dress code in the Catholic Church. Keep your shirt untucked, but put on your jacket. It’ll be in the fifties by the time church lets out.”
“The fifties. Three days before Christmas and ‘the fifties’ means it’s cold out.”
“It got all the way up thirty in Manhattan today. Practically balmy. Aren’t you glad you’re here?”
“No,” Griffin said, knowing and loving Nora too well to lie to her.
“I know,” she said, kissing him on the lips—the kiss of a friend, not a lover. It seemed that part of their relationship was over now for whatever reason. “Come on. We don’t want to be late for church.”
“We don’t?”
Nora answered that question by grabbing his tie and leading him from the guest room like a dog on a leash.
They got in her car—Nora drove, of course—and Elvis’s “Blue Christmas” came on the radio. Nora started to switch the station but Griffin stopped her
“I can handle a depressing Christmas song, Nor.”
“I’m sorry. I don’t mean to coddle you.”
“You sure about that?” They drove through the narrow streets. Christmas lights were strung along tropical-colored houses and dripped from the leafy green tops of palm trees. Christmas in New Orleans.
“Break-ups are hard and horrible no matter who does the leaving,” Nora said. “I’ve been there. I can testify.”
“You think Mick’s out there feeling as shitty as I do?”
“I think there’s a very good chance he misses you as much as you miss him. But do you really want him to feel shitty right now?”
Griffin sighed. “No. I want him to be happy. But I also want him to miss me so much it hurts. Does that make any sense at all?”
“It makes all the sense.” Nora squeezed his knee.
“You want to know something funny?” Griffin asked.
“No, I want to know something horrible and sad.”
He glared at her.
“Tell me,” she said.
“I keep thinking about that night you and Søren and me and Mick all hung out together at our apartment. It was right after Christmas, that first December me and Mick were together. Remember?”
“That night was so much fun,” Nora said. “I can’t believe we talked Søren into playing Cards Against Humanity.”
“I’m still pissed he won. Beginner’s luck.”
“Blondie has a wicked sense of humor when he feels like showing it. Remember he won the game on the ‘How did I lose my virginity?’ card.
“I still want to write a book about someone who loses their virginity through the Make-A-Wish Foundation because of that game. It’s on my to-write list.”
“That night…It was the first time Mick and I had people over to our new place. And since it was you and Søren, Mick was really relaxed. When we were playing the game, you and Mick were both sitting on the floor between our knees like—”
“Good little submissives?”
“Exactly. It was the best, Mick sitting there at my feet like he was born for it. He wouldn’t do that around vanillas, but since it was you all, he just did it like nothing. I just want that again, you know? I want that to be my normal again.”
“I know. I want for you too. Michael was seventeen when you two got together. That’s awfully young.”
“You were fifteen when you fell in love with Søren.”
“Yes, and I broke up with him, remember? But you know what?”
“What?”
“I went back to him too.”
Griffin took those words and held them in his hand pressed to his heart. Hope hurt but it hurt more not to have it.
Nora parked her BMW a block from Søren’s new church—Immaculate Conception Jesuit Church. Immaculate Conception had become some sort of inside joke between Søren, Kingsley and Nora. At least Kingsley was always making some sort of joke about Søren and Immaculate Conception and Nora would laugh at it. And none of them would let Griffin in on the secret.
“So, this is how it works,” Nora said as they neared the church. “You stand when I stand. You sit when I sit. You sit when I kneel, because you’re not Catholic so you don’t have to kneel. You can come forward with me during Communion, but you can’t take Communion. Only Catholics can. But you can cross your arms over your chest and bow your head if you want Søren to bless you. He’ll do that by drawing a little cross on your forehead with his thumb. It’s very gentle. Don’t be scared. He might pinch your nose also so fair warning. Or you can stay in your seat.”
“I better take the blessing,” Griffin said as they passed the life-size Nativity scene set up on the church’s lawn. “I need all the blessings I can get.”
He stopped in his tracks and sighed.
“I’m doing it again,” he said. “I’m rich. I’m healthy. My family is healthy and happy. I have the best friends in the world. I am blessed.”
“Don’t forget you’re also gorgeous, and you have a big cock,” Nora said as three elderly women walked passed them. They whipped their heads around to look at him so fast it looked like a scene from The Exorcist.
He gave the three women a polite smile and a little wave.
Nora took his hand in hers.
“Even blessed people are allowed to want more blessings. Blessings are a good thing. Blessings are love in tangible form. And blessed people are allowed to have broken hearts. Jesus said ‘Blessed are the poor in spirit.’ You’re in a good place to receive blessings even if it doesn’t feel like it.”
Griffin looked up at the night sky. It was only half past seven in the evening but the sun had set hours ago. Yesterday was Søren’s birthday and the Winter Solstice. The longest night of the year and the shortest day. Now that winter had come it seemed like night all the time, which made Griffin miss Mick even more. Night was for kink and sex. Griffin had installed a restraint bar in their bedroom the perfect height for strapping Mick’s wrists to it for a beating. After he finished flogging, caning, and/or cropping Mick into a state of erotic bliss, he’d tie his beautiful sub spread-eagle to the bed—face down, of course. Griffin would spend the first half of the night inside Mick and the other half of the night holding him while they slept. Winter was a season for people who lived at night. He missed Mick so much it hurt. It was times like this Griffin wish he was a masochist.
“Five years,” Griffin said. “You and Søren were broken up for five years. I know why you left him, and I respect your decision. I probably would have run too. But what I don’t know is how he survived that. How? What the secret?”
“He would tell you it was prayer,” Nora said. “I know that’s not the answer you want, and I’m certainly not saying it would work for you like it worked for him. But not a day passed when he didn’t pray for me, pray that I would come back, or sometimes he would just pray for me, that I was happy and safe. Like C.S. Lewis said—”
“The Narnia guy?
“The one and only. He said prayer ‘doesn’t change God. It changes me.’ And it changed Søren too. By the time I went back to Søren he was a different man than the one I’d left. He was someone I could be with, someone who understood me or at least tried to. And if it makes you feel any better, even Søren fell apart a few times. So did I.”
It did make him feel better. That Søren had fallen apart? Hard to believe and yet…Griffin knew just how he must have felt.
“He has,” she said. “He and I both have. Together and apart. And often.”
“You have?”
“Of course we have. Søren and I don’t have kinky sex the entire time when we’re alone together. Sometimes we even talk.” She gave him a wink.
“I guess God’s saying no to me and Mick getting back together then. I mean if Søren prayed for me and it still hasn’t happened…”
“You don’t know that. God has three answers to prayers—yes, no, and not yet. Maybe this one’s just a ‘not yet.’”
“What do you think God’s waiting on?”
“You maybe?” She shrugged her shoulders. “Maybe He wants you to ask Him? Worth a shot anyway. Wouldn’t hurt to try.”
“I don’t believe in God, you know. I’m not Catholic. Or a Christian. Or Jewish. Or even a theist.”
“Surely you believe in something. You go to NA meetings. Isn’t the first step at NA and AA something about giving it up to a higher power?”
“Third step—We make a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understand Him.”
“So what higher power did you turn your life over to then?” she asked.
“David Bowie.”
“Of course you did.”
Nora led him into the church which was as grand and elegant as she promised it would be. Arches reached up to the ceiling fifty feet up and along the side walls were endless stained-glass windows. The whole sanctuary glowed a golden hue.
“God has a good decorator,” Griffin whispered to Nora, impressed.
“The Church has a good decorator,” she whispered back. She led them to a pew in front of the same three elderly women who now knew he had a big cock.
“God has a good PR person too,” Griffin said, giving her a pinch on the ass as she went to sit down in a pew.
“I’m not in PR,” she countered. “Just another satisfied customer.”
“You banged a priest last night, didn’t you?”
“Yup.”
One of the elderly women behind them gasped in shock. Griffin turned around and gave her an apologetic smile.
“She banged a Prius last night,” Griffin whispered to her. “Fender bender. She’s still a little shook up about it.”
The woman exchanged looks of concerned understanding.
Nora apparently hadn’t heard the lady’s gasp. She was too busy putting the padded kneeler thingie (Griffin had no idea what it was called) on the floor. Then she slid onto her knees, crossed herself, clasped her hands, and closed her eyes. Griffin had seen Nora beating people, fucking people. He’d seen her drunk. He’d seen her high. He’d seen her in handcuffs getting dragged off by cops who mistook her client’s screams of consensual pain for screams of the other kind of pain. But he’d never seen her pray before. It was a good look for her—peaceful and quiet and calm. He wished he could feel peaceful inside his heart for a few minutes. It would be nice to have a little vacation from missing Mick. He’d give anything to see him again, talk to him. Fuck, they hadn’t even talked in three months. That had been one of the rules. No phone calls. No texts. A real break. Now Griffin understood why they were called “breaks.” He’d never felt this broken.
Griffin glanced up at the ceiling. Three days until Christmas. All Griffin wanted was to see Mick on Christmas. Nothing else. Not a new car, not a new motorcycle, not a new house, not even world peace.
Seriously, fuck world peace.
Even if it wasn’t to get back together…even if all that happened was Griffin and Mick in the same room again talking. Actually, fuck talking. Just seeing his face would be enough. That face…Griffin had Mick’s face memorized so well he could recognize it blindfolded by simply touching his lips and nose and jaw. That was all. Mick for Christmas. Just so Griffin would know Mick was okay.
Please?
Nora sat back in the pew as the music changed.
“What did you pray for?” Griffin asked.
“Nothing,” she said.
“Nothing?”
“I tried,” she said. “But I kept having sex flashbacks from last night. Don’t worry. God’s used to this from me.”
“I prayed for something,” he said. The music was loud so he had to put his mouth to her ear so she could hear him.
“What?”
“To see Mick on Christmas.”
“Good prayer,” she said. “I think God appreciates prayers like that one. Prayers to see someone we love again. He loves us so much, I’m sure it does His heart good to see us loving each other.”
Griffin smiled and turned his attention to the front of the church. He watched as Søren bent his head to kiss the altar. It was strangely moving seeing Søren become Father Marcus Stearns before his eyes. Søren had to mean it, the whole priest thing, right? He had to believe it all, didn’t he? Why else would he still be a priest when he could be anything else at all? It made no sense otherwise. Of course Søren was also a sadist, dangerously intelligent, capable of twisting minds and hearts around his little finger like tinsel. Maybe it was for the best he was a priest. Better to have a man like him on the side of the angels.
“The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the communion of the Holy Spirit be with you all,” Søren/Father Stearns said, lifting his hands in greeting.
“And with your spirit,” Nora and the rest of the congregation answered in a sort of chant.
Mass progressed as Nora had told him it would. There was sitting and standing, readings from three different books of the Bible. Then Søren came to the pulpit and began to speak.
“Christmas is a dark and lonely time,” Søren said, and Griffin sat up a little straighter in the pew. Those weren’t the words he expected a priest to say three days before Christmas in a church packed to the rafters with believers.
The silence in the church was heavy as a shroud.
Søren continued. “I’m sure there are those of us here tonight in this church who are feeling that—the darkness and the loneliness that this seasons of lights brings upon the world. I assure you there’s nothing wrong with this feeling, nothing to be ashamed of. Light casts shadows. It’s only natural some of us will find ourselves in the dark.”
Dark and lonely…Griffin knew exactly what Søren meant.
“I have no doubt every adult in this church,” Søren continued, “could stand up now and tell us a story of a terrible Christmas he or she has survived. It was over ten years ago that someone I loved was suddenly gone from my life, and I had to face Christmas alone.”
Griffin glanced at Nora but she kept her eyes forward, trained on Søren’s face. She looked so lovely right now with tears in her eyes and the slightest knowing smile on her lips. How many times had Søren invoked his relationship with Nora in a sermon with her sitting there trying not to giggle or out herself?
“When Christmas is hard for us,” Søren said, “we often feel like we’re doing Christmas wrong. We are invited to Christmas parties we don’t want to attend, hear Christmas music that reminds us of happier times we’d rather forget. We’re exhorted to feel joy. Joy to the world even. There’s nothing wrong with this either, being happy during this season when we celebrate the birth of our Savior. And yet…” Søren paused and looked out on the congregation. Griffin felt Søren’s eyes on him for a moment. “And yet, I imagine Mary and Joseph would have found it odd that such a time in their lives would someday turn into a celebration. The first Christmas was hard. Mary was pregnant with a child that wasn’t her husband’s. Joseph’s wife was pregnant with a child that wasn’t his own. How terrifying that must have been for them. I can only imagine…”
Nora sniggered quietly and Griffin raised his eyebrow at her. She composed herself again. Whatever she found funny about that, she kept it to herself.
“The first Christmas was a terrible Christmas,” Søren continued. “Mary and Joseph had to journey miles on foot and donkey to make it to Bethlehem for the census when she was nine months pregnant. They had no family there to take them in. They stayed in a stable, possibly a cave. Mary gave birth surrounded by animals and dirty hay. Not quite the pristine hospitals we’re all used to. She had no midwife but her husband, and they had never been intimate as Mary was a virgin. She was also very likely no more than sixteen years old. How embarrassed she must have been...being assisted in the birth by her much older husband? One has to wonder… And the birth of a child is a fearful occasion under the best of circumstances. But for Mary and Joseph, alone but for each other, it must have been a nightmare. A time of great fear and loneliness. After such promise, after an angel had come to Mary and Joseph had been visited in his dreams by God…nothing. No angel came to carry Mary and Joseph to Bethlehem. No palace was waiting to welcome them when they arrived. No bed of gold and silk to hold her when she had her child. No midwife to assist her. No miracles to take away her pain. How alone they must have felt in that stable. How terribly scared.”
Scared? Yes. Griffin understood scared. Yes, he could remember every line of Mick’s face right now. But in a month? A year? When would he start to forget?
Søren glanced Griffin’s way again.
“That was the very first Christmas. A time of loneliness, darkness, and fear. If that’s what you’re feeling tonight, disconsolate, lonely, and afraid, then let this comfort you—you are having a truly authentic Christmas experience.”
A ripple of laughter trickled through the congregation. Even Griffin laughed. He leaned over to Nora. “Is this why you wanted me to come to church tonight? You knew Søren would be talking about being lonely at Christmas?”
“I never know his homilies in advance. He knows I’ll try to re-write them.”
“Then why does it seem like he’s talking to me?” Griffin asked.
“Because, my darling, the Lord works in mysterious ways.”
Griffin smiled and kissed the top of her head. “You are a mysterious way,” he whispered.
When Mass ended, Griffin remained in the pew sitting by Nora. She was waiting for Søren to finish giving all his Christmas hugs and handshakes to the parting congregation.
“I didn’t know Søren could sing.”
“I wouldn’t invite him to karaoke, but most priests sing the Mass parts.”
“Nice.” Griffin had to admit it, Søren could hold a tune in a bucket. “It’s really unfair he’s that pretty and that talented. Does he have to be both?”
“Well…in the animal kingdom there are two reasons animals have attractive plumage. It’s either to snare a mate. Or to snare dinner.”
“Which one are you?”
“Both. At the same time usually.” Nora rested her head on his shoulder. “You okay?”
“I will be,” he said. “One of these days. I just wish I knew what to do. I can’t face my family and all the pity. I can’t go back to the country house because Alfred kicked me out.”
“Again?”
“He said he’d rather be tied up and forced to watch Simon Cowell lance a boil off David Cameron’s ass than watch me moping around the house in mourning for my ‘teenaged boy toy’ like Blanche DuBois. He said I had to take my Streetcar Named Desire act somewhere else.”
“You know he does work for you, right?”
“Try telling him that. I can’t go home to our place in the city either. I slept on the couch for a week after Mick went to Rome because I couldn’t stand sleeping in our bed.”
“What do you want to do?”
“I want to make Mick spend Christmas with me, by force if necessary. And by ‘make him’ I mean I want him to want to spend Christmas with me, and I don’t want to have to force him.”
“You are the proverbial hot mess, my love.”
“Tell me something I don’t know.” Griffin leaned back in the pew and looked up at the ceiling. “I wish Mick would talk to me.”
“Have you forgotten who Mick is? Remember this is the kid who once told me ‘I don’t talk.’ Which was a little odd since he said it out loud. Talking has never been his strong suit.”
“It was with me,” Griffin said. “He always talked to me.”
Nora took his hand in both of hers and held it tight.
“I read something once that really stuck with me,” Nora said. “It’s God talking in this saying, but I think it applies to other people we love too. It goes something like…
‘If he approaches Me by a hand’s breadth, I draw near to him by an arm’s length; and if he draws near to Me by an arm’s length, I draw near to him by a fathom. If he comes to Me walking, I come to him running.”
“That’s beautiful,” Griffin said, sitting back up again. “What does it mean?”
“I think it means good things will happen if you have the courage to take the first step toward love.”
Griffin nodded. If he comes to Me walking, I come to him running… What Griffin wouldn’t give to have Mick run to him…
“Is that from the Bible?” Griffin asked.
“No, actually it’s a Muslim Hadith. Great and beautiful truths can be found everywhere.”
“So you think I should take the first step?”
Nora reached into the pocket of his black jacket and pulled out his phone.
“I think if you take the first step toward him, he’ll take two steps toward you. In other words…call him.”
“On the phone? Nobody uses their phone to make calls. If I call him, he’ll think somebody died.”
“Fine. Text him then.”
“Do I have to?”
“Yes,” she said. “Does God have to do everything for you? You’re the Dom. Act like it.”
If Nora had said those words once to him, she’d said them a thousand times. He was trying to be the Dom by letting Mick go and being strong and silent about the whole thing. Yes, he’d whined to Nora for weeks about how much he missed Mick, how much he wanted to see him, how much he wanted to drag him home to America by the ear, throw him on their bed, beat him senseless and then fuck him until the cows came home—which would be a long damn time as they did not, in fact, own any cows.
But he hadn’t said a word of that to Mick. If Mick wanted time apart, Griffin would give it to him. He’d promised himself when he collared Mick, he would always give his sub what he needed, even when what Mick needed was the opposite of what Griffin wanted.
Griffin typed his passcode and stared down at the keypad. If he was going to finally break his silence, he had to say something good. But what? It had to be right. It had to be perfect. It had to be poetry that would melt Mick’s heart while simultaneously giving him an erection.
Or…
Hey you.
Griffin hit SEND before he could talk himself out of it. His hands were clammy. His heart was racing. He couldn’t take a full breath to save his life. The phone buzzed in his hand. He wanted to flip it over and look at the reply. He could. He would. But first he took a moment, just a second, just enough time to remind himself that he was healthy, he had a great family, he had the best friends in the world…plus he was gorgeous and had a big cock. If Mick said no, Griffin would survive it. He’d be okay. Eventually he would be okay. He might even love someone else again. A long long time from now. But eventually…yes. He’d be fine.
Once that was established, he turned his phone over and looked at the answer.
Hey you back.
Griffin might have been disappointed by that message but it was followed by a :) which gave him hope.
Are you back from Rome? Griffin typed.
Got back a couple days ago, Mick replied. I’m with Mom and my grandparents.
Griffin pondered that a moment. Mick’s grandparents lived in Fall River, Massachusetts. They were the “good” grandparents, his mom’s parents. The ones who didn’t give Mick a hard time for dating a guy.
You want to hang out soon? We should probably talk. Griffin wasn’t sure about sending that message. Sounded too serious. But he did want to hang out, and they probably should talk. If the breakup was going to be a permanent deal, then they had a lot to talk about. At the very least, Mick would need to get his stuff out of Griffin’s place, a prospect so miserable Griffin felt light-headed and sick simply imagining it.
Griffin sent the invitation. The response came a few seconds later.
Tell me when and where, and I’ll be there. Mick included yet another :) at the end of that message. Griffin almost shouted a “Praise the Lord” to the rafters. The phrase “Tell me when and where, and I’ll be there” was one Mick had texted many times before. It was his usual reply to Griffin’s “I’m dying to beat you and fuck you” message he sent at least once a week.
Before the breakup, of course.
Waldorf-Astoria. Christmas Eve. Dinner at 7?
Griffin typed the reply instantly without even thinking. After hitting “send,” he stared at the text and wondered why he’d chosen that particular hotel. He knew why, actually. He’d just forgotten about it, about that night at the Waldorf and what happened there and why it mattered so much that Mick know about it. But whatever happened between them, between him and Mick, Griffin needed to tell him and he needed to tell him there. That is, if Mick agreed to it. It had to be the Waldorf and it had to be Suite 37A. If he could talk Mick into going up with him…
Mick replied
Sounds good. See you then.
Griffin showed the reply to Nora.
“Praise be to Bowie,” Griffin said. Nora laughed and kissed him. Outside the church he heard people singing. The church choir was caroling.
Griffin knew this song—“Hark The Herald Angels Sing.” For the first time in three months he felt something like joy. Or at least hope. Beautiful bright hope ringing in his heart like a golden bell. |
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title: Theme Tutorials
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Gatsby themes are a new way to encapsulate, re-use, and compose Gatsby functionality.
In this section, you'll find tutorials for:
1. Setting up a site using a single theme (the blog theme)
2. Setting up a site which composes multiple themes (the blog theme, and the notes theme)
To learn more about themes in general, you may be interested to check out the [themes section of the docs](/docs/themes), as well.
<GuideList slug={props.slug} />
|
05 Jun 2018
Choosing the right lighting for your home is an important decision. Whether you’re just starting out on the decoration ladder or looking to revamp your style, the lighting you chose can say a lot about your personality and style. We read somewhere that the ideal amount of lights for a room is 8. That includes table lamps, floor lamps, ceiling lights and spot lights. Of course, this depends on the size of the room, but we have the perfect small table and floor lamps to suit smaller rooms. Now, how to use lighting to make your home feel edgy?!
First up is our Corin Table Lamp. This statement lamp is the perfect fitting to upgrade your style. The mix of glass and concrete is striking and intriguing and perfectly exposes the filament bulb inside. We image this lamp sat on some metal or oak shelves next to a vase of eucalyptus - the concrete finish would complement the greens of the eucalyptus perfectly.
Our Kazan Table Lamp is perfect to make a feature out of one of our filament bulbs. We recommend the pear shape, but our giant globe bulb would look amazing as well. The copper finish of this lamp is bang on trend and even the flick switch is made a feature of. Imagine this lamp mixed in with a selection of kitchen utensils or mason jars filled with grains and pasta - the switch is perfectly accessible for this function and it’s the perfect way of illuminating your shelves.
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Saskatchewan's NDP has chosen Ryan Meili to be its new leader, who the party hopes will enable it to topple a weakened government that's held power for more than a decade.
Meili, a physician who represents Saskatoon Meewasin in the legislature, defeated Regina MLA Trent Wotherspoon at a leadership convention in Regina on Saturday.
"It's blowing pretty hard out there. I think those might be the winds of change," Meili said during his victory speech.
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Lorne Calvert, who was at Saturday's convention, was the last NDP premier, losing power to the Saskatchewan Party under the leadership of Brad Wall in 2007.
But the Saskatchewan Party has faced intense criticism for last year's austerity budget, and Wall has since stepped aside and replaced by Scott Moe.
The next provincial election is still more than two years away and the candidates, as well as other speakers, expressed optimism the government is on its last legs.
"We will win when we put forth a vision for Saskatchewan that excites and inspires people to look at us and say yes, that is the change we're looking for," Meili said in a speech earlier Saturday before the vote.
"This is our moment. This is our time – our time to show that New Democrats are ready to lead."
Meili tried twice before to become the party's leader, losing to Dwain Lingenfelter in 2009 and Cam Broten in 2012.
In this campaign, he pledged to refuse donations from corporations or unions, saying he would only fundraise through individual donors.
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Meili received 5,973 votes to Wotherspoon's 4,860. The party says 81 per cent of the 13,414 eligible members voted though online and mail-in ballots.
Broten led the party in the 2016 provincial election. Wotherspoon, who lost to Broten in the NDP leadership contest in 2013, was named interim leader, but he stepped down last June to run for the job permanently.
Bitter party divisions that can become focal points of some leadership contests appeared absent form this one.
Meili and Wotherpoon mentioned support for many of the same issues during their speeches to the convention, including pharmacare, restoring a provincial bus service that was cut by the Saskatchewan Party and protecting the province's Crown corporations.
Wotherspoon thanked Meili for his ideas, care and hard work. Meili, meanwhile, made Wotherspoon the first person he thanked when he took the stage as the party's new leader.
Meili said that during the campaign, people told him the NDP couldn't lose because they had two great choices.
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"I couldn't agree more," he said.
The NDP hold 12 of the legislature's 61 seats. Candidates representing the Saskatchewan Party swept three provincial byelections Thursday.
The convention was originally scheduled for May, but the party decided in September to move up the date following Wall's announcement in August he was stepping down.
On Twitter, the next opponent Meili will face congratulated him on his win.
"Look forward to working with you on areas where we agree, and to a vigorous debate on areas where we disagree," Moe wrote. |
-1truecm 2truecm
1truecm
****\
0.1truecm [Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University,\
Roslagstullsbacken 23, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden]{}\
[Email: yenchin.ong@nordita.org]{}\
1truecm
Classically, black holes admit maximal interior volumes that grow asymptotically linearly in time. We show that such volumes remain large when Hawking evaporation is taken into account. Even if a charged black hole approaches the extremal limit during this evolution, its volume continues to grow; although an exactly extremal black hole does not have a “large interior”. We clarify this point and discuss the implications of our results to the information loss and firewall paradoxes.
{#section .unnumbered}
The concept of “the volume” of a black hole is not a well-defined one in general relativity, because 3-volumes depend on the choice of spacelike hypersurfaces \[see [@NM] for some explicit examples\]. Nevertheless, recently Christodoulou and Rovelli [@1411.2854] have shown that one can still sensibly talk about the *largest* volume bounded by the event horizon of a black hole.
For a specific example, they showed that for an asymptotically flat Schwarzschild black hole with ADM mass $M$, the largest volume contained within it grows like $$\label{S}
V \sim 3\sqrt{3}\pi M^2 v$$ at late time, where $v$ is the advanced time defined by $$v:= t + \int \frac{dr}{f(r)} = t + r + 2M \ln \bigg|\frac{r}{2M}-1\bigg|; ~~f(r) := 1-\frac{2M}{r}.$$ This maximal volume corresponds to the $r=3M/2$ hypersurface, which is the maximal spacelike slice in the interior of Schwarzschild geometry [@reinhart; @2814]. More explicitly, it is the integral $$\label{volexp}
V \sim \int^v \int_{\Omega} \max_r \left[ r^2 \sin\theta \sqrt{\frac{2M}{r}-1} \right] ~dv d\theta d\phi.$$ The lower integration limit of $v$ is omitted since it gives a negligible contribution when we are only concerned with “large” volume. Here, as well as throughout this work, we restrict ourselves to 4-dimensional spacetimes unless otherwise specified. We use the units such that $G=c=k_B=1$, where $G$ and $k_B$ denote the Newton constant and the Boltzmann constant, respectively. We will keep $\hbar$ explicit to emphasize the roles of quantum effects.
The result in Eq.(\[S\]) means that even though classically the black hole remains static from the exterior point of view — and so has the same area $16\pi M^2$ forever — its maximal interior volume grows with time[^1] \[c.f. a different proposal for black hole’s volume in [@0508108]\]. The result was later generalized to the rotating case \[asymptotically flat Kerr black holes\] by Bengtsson and Jakobsson [@1502.01907]. Recently, it was further shown that such a measure of black hole volume does not necessarily behave in accordance to our flat space intuition. Specifically, it need *not* be a monotonically increasing function of the horizon area [@oyc]. For example, it was found that for asymptotically locally AdS black holes with toral topology and AdS length scale $L$, the maximal interior volumes grow like $$V \sim 4 \pi ML v,$$ *independent* of the size of their horizons, which depend on an additional parameter $K$ that determines the compactification of the torus[^2]. Furthermore, an asymptotically locally AdS black hole with lens space topology $S^3/\Bbb{Z}_p$ \[in 5-dimensional spacetime\] continues to have maximal interior volume[^3] $$V \sim \frac{8}{3} \pi ML v,$$ as we take the limit $p \to \infty$, which shrinks the horizon to zero area.
The idea that black holes have large interiors is certainly not new. For example, it is well known that the maximally extended Schwarzschild \[Kruskal-Szekeres\] geometry contains an entire universe on the “other side” of the event horizon. In addition, one can simply glue a closed FLRW universe to the “other side” of a Schwarzschild black hole via the Einstein-Rosen bridge, a construction known as the Wheeler’s “bag-of-gold” [@Wheeler]. One can even construct “monster” — a *non-black hole* configuration with finite area but arbitrarily large volume in general relativity, although it is unstable [@monsters; @oyc2].
However, what Christodoulou and Rovelli [@1411.2854] found is remarkable since their result showed that large volumes exist in any *generic* black hole, even one that was formed from gravitational collapse \[and thus lacks a second asymptotic region\]. This is especially important in the context of information loss paradox, which is best formulated by considering a pure quantum state that collapses into a black hole, which then Hawking evaporates away. If the Hawking radiation is purely thermal, and if the end state is complete evaporation, then a pure quantum state would have evolved into a mixed state of Hawking radiation, seemingly violating the unitarity of quantum mechanics [@hawking]. Indeed, large interiors of various kinds have long been proposed as possible resolutions to the paradox \[see [@1412.8366] for a recent review\]. The basic idea is that the large volume in a black hole should be able to contain all the information, even though the area has shrunk to a very small size. If black hole evaporation eventually stops, i.e. the black hole becomes some kind of “remnant” [@1412.8366; @A], then there is no information loss since the information safely remains inside the black hole, which has enough room to store said information if it has sufficiently large interior volume.
It is therefore of paramount importance to investigate the *time evolution* of the maximal volumes contained in black holes, as the holes undergo Hawking evaporation. The point is that, if the large volumes cease to be “large” near the end of the evaporation process, then they cannot be responsible for storing information, at least not in the naive way we discussed above. In the following section, we will show that the large interior volumes actually do continue to grow even though the black holes shrink in area. We then discuss the charged case — although the same result holds — it is important to clarify why this is in principle consistent with the observation that the “large” volumes vanish in the extremal limit[^4]. Finally we discuss the implications of this result to the information loss and firewall paradoxes [@amps1; @amps2; @BPZ].
{#section-1 .unnumbered}
Let us first consider an asymptotically flat Schwarzschild black hole, which gradually evaporates away. Note that the Hawking temperature is usually measured with respect to Schwarzschild time $t$. This is evident, for example, in the Wick rotation approach in which one starts from the standard Schwarzschild metric in $(t,r,\theta,\phi)$ coordinates and goes to Euclidean signature to obtain the Hawking temperature by ensuring regularity at the Euclidean horizon \[see, e.g., page 412 of [@johnson]\]. Since the expression of the maximal volume is in terms of the advanced time $v$, it is convenient to assume the Vaidya model [@vaidya1] of Hawking evaporation instead \[see Section (3.3) of [@modeling]\], that is $M=M(v)$ in the Eddington-Finkelstein metric: $$ds^2=-\left[1-\frac{2M(v)}{r}\right]dv^2 + 2dvdr +r^2(d\theta^2 + \sin^2\theta^2 d\phi^2).$$ This is an exact solution to the Einstein field equations with stress-energy tensor $T_{vv}=L(v)/(4\pi r^2)$, where $dM/dv=L(v)$ is the radial flux one uses to model Hawking radiation. \[Alternatively, we can work in terms of $t$ by fixing an asymptotic observer at some large $r$, so that $\Delta t =\Delta v$.\]
Since Hawking evaporation is thermal[^5], the rate of mass loss is given by the following differential equation[^6]: $$\label{ODE1}
\frac{dM}{dv} \approx -\alpha a\sigma T^4 = - \alpha a \left(27\pi M^2\right) \left(\frac{\hbar}{8\pi M}\right)^4 = -\frac{\mathcal{C} }{M^2}, ~~\mathcal{C} > 0,$$ where $a=\pi^2/(15 \hbar^3)$ is the radiation constant \[this is $4/c$ times the Stefan-Boltzmann constant\], and $\alpha$ is the greybody factor, which depends on the number of particle species emitted by the Hawking radiation. The precise value of $\alpha$ is not important for our purpose and we have simply denoted by $\mathcal{C}$ the \[dimensionful\] coefficient of $1/M^2$ in the differential equation. Note that, assuming that we start with a sufficiently large black hole, the Hawking radiation is dominated by massless particles since the Hawking temperature is too low to pair-produce massive ones. This will remain the case for much of the evolution until near the end of the black hole lifetime [@page3]. Here, $\sigma$ is the geometric optic cross section of the Schwarzschild geometry \[see, e.g., equation (6.3.34) of [@wald]\], not the area of the horizon \[see also, [@HW]\]. This fact is not too important in this particular case since it is proportional to the horizon area and one may simply absorb the numerical factor into the redefinition of $\mathcal{C}$. However this is not necessarily the case for other black holes, as we shall see below.
Solving Eq.(\[ODE1\]), we obtain the mass of the black hole as a function of time: $$\label{Mt}
M(v) \approx \left(M_0^3 - 3\mathcal{C}v\right)^{\frac{1}{3}},$$ where $M_0$ is the initial mass of the black hole at $v=0$. \[Strictly speaking, we should not take $v=0$ as the time when the black hole was formed, but some time after the volume expression Eq.(\[S\]) becomes dominant.\] Now, the maximal volume is, from Eq.(\[volexp\]), $$V(v) \sim 3\sqrt{3}\pi \int^v M^2 ~dv.$$ *Note that the volume is no longer asymptotically linear in $v$, as it would be classically.*
The derivative is then, by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, $$\frac{dV}{dv} \sim 3\sqrt{3} \pi M^2(v) \geqslant 0.$$ Thus the volume increases — although with ever decreasing rate — until it reaches its maximal value at time $$\label{Smax}
v_{\text{max}} = \frac{M_0^3}{3 \mathcal{C}},$$ which is the same as the evaporation time. This means that for an asymptotically flat Schwarzschild black hole, its maximal volume continues to increase even as the horizon area decreases in size. Furthermore, the volume is seemingly finite even when the black hole horizon goes to zero in the limit, at the end stage of Hawking evaporation.
For another concrete example, we now examine the case of an asymptotically locally AdS black hole whose horizon has the topology of a flat torus \[for the explicit metric tensor, see, e.g., [@oyc; @1403.4886; @danny]\]. Due to the boundary of the geometry, large black holes in asymptotically \[locally\] AdS spacetimes do not evaporate but instead settle down to thermal equilibrium with their Hawking radiation, which get reflected back from infinity in finite time. Nevertheless it is possible to modify the boundary conditions to allow black holes to evaporate. This can be achieved, for example, by coupling an auxiliary system to the boundary [@rocha; @mark]. The Hawking temperature of a neutral toral black hole is $$T=\frac{3\hbar r_h}{4\pi L^2}.$$ For a fixed $L$, there is an upper bound of $M$ such that the black hole is not too hot, and thus only emits massless particles in its Hawking radiation [@1403.4886].
The effective potential for massless particle in this geometry does not have a local maximum \[like in the case of an asymptotically flat Schwarzschild black hole at $r=3M$\], but instead tends to a constant $J^2/L^2$, for any fixed angular momentum $J$ of the emitted particle [@1403.4886]. Without a local maximum, the notion of “capture” is not interchangeable with “escape”. In fact, every ingoing massless particle reaches the black hole, but not all massless particles can escape. It turns out that the relevant cross section for Hawking emission is proportional to $L^2$, *not* the horizon area [@1403.4886; @9803061], and the thermal mass loss differential equation is $$\frac{dM}{dv} \approx -a\pi^2 K^2 L^2 T^4 = -a\pi^2 K^2 L^2 \left(\frac{3\hbar M}{2\pi^2 K^2 r_h^2}\right)^4 = -\mathcal{B}M^{\frac{4}{3}}, ~~\mathcal{B}>0,$$ where $$r_h = \left(\frac{2ML^2}{\pi K^2}\right)^{\frac{1}{3}}$$ is the horizon of the black hole. Again, we only care about the behavior of the mass $M$ and call all other factors $\mathcal{B}$.
The solution is $$\label{Mt2}
M(v) = \left(\frac{3}{\mathcal{B}v + 3 M_0^{-\frac{1}{3}}}\right)^3.$$ Note that unlike asymptotically flat Schwarzschild black holes, which evaporate in finite time, AdS toral black holes only tend to zero mass asymptotically, i.e., as $v \to \infty$. \[See also [@9803061].\] The maximal volume of such a black hole is [@oyc] $$V \sim 4\pi L \int^v M(v) ~dv.$$ \[The advanced time here of course differs from that of an asymptotically flat Schwarzschild black hole.\]
A straightforward calculation shows that its derivative is $$\frac{dV}{dv} \sim 4\pi L \left(\frac{3}{\mathcal{B}v + 3 M_0^{-\frac{1}{3}}}\right)^3 \geqslant 0$$ Again, we see that the volume is monotonically increasing, whereas the horizon size \[and the mass\] is decreasing asymptotically toward zero.
{#section-2 .unnumbered}
The examples above showed that the maximal volume inside a neutral black hole remains large even when Hawking evaporation is taken into account. This result generalizes to more complicated black holes. To see why, let us consider a generic static black hole. Its maximal volume expression is, up to some constant factors, $$V \sim \int^v \max_r[f(r, \left\{M_i(v)\right\})]~dv,$$ where $M_i(v)$’s are some parameters of the black holes such as the mass, while $f$ is a positive function. The derivative of $V$ will then always be positive, and so the volume always grows. This suggests that there is sufficient room for information storage if the black hole becomes a remnant at the end of the evaporation.
However, there remains a subtle point to clarify. It is observed in [@1502.01907] that in the case of an asymptotically flat Kerr black hole, the volume \[for fixed time\] becomes smaller as the ratio $a/M$ increases, and vanishes in the extremal limit, i.e. when $a \to M$. This is also true for the charged case. The evolution of a sufficiently large asymptotically flat Reissner-Nordström black hole under Hawking evaporation was investigated in the classic work of Hiscock and Weems [@HW], in which it was shown that even if one starts with a rather small value of $Q/M$, the black hole can first approach extremality, before turning around and eventually tends toward the Schwarzschild limit. A different result based on a very different assumption in [@wenyu], on the other hand, showed that these black holes always tend toward the extremal limit. The point is, in both models, it is possible for a charged black hole to come quite close to its extremal value. It therefore seems that the maximal volumes inside these black holes may actually *decrease*, at least for some time. How then, does one reconcile this with our previous result that the volume is always an increasing function?
The answer is this: the observation that the volume decreases as the black hole approaches extremality is obtained by first *fixing* the black hole parameters \[say, the mass $M$ and the rotation parameter $a$ in the asymptotically flat Kerr case [@1502.01907]\], then the volume would be \[asymptotically\] proportional to $v$. The prefactor in front of $v$ then decreases as extremality is approached. However, the point is that, in the dynamical situation, we should not fix the black hole parameters *a priori*, but instead let them evolve over time \[under a specific model\].
For completeness, let us perform the calculation for an asymptotically flat Reissner-Nordström black hole with metric $$ds^2 = -\left(1-\frac{2M}{r}+\frac{Q^2}{r^2}\right)dt^2 + \left(1-\frac{2M}{r}+\frac{Q^2}{r^2}\right)^{-1} dr^2 + r^2 (d\theta^2 + \sin^2 \theta d\phi^2),$$ where $Q>0$ for simplicity.
The maximal volume inside the black hole is
V &\~\^v \_ \_r dddv\
&= 4,
where $M$ and $Q$ are both functions of time. In order to get to the second line, we have maximized over $r$, which corresponds to choosing the hypersurfaces $$r^{\pm}=\frac{3M \pm \sqrt{9M^2-8Q^2}}{4}.$$ We choose the positive root since $r^{-} < r_-$, where $r_-$ denotes the inner horizon. \[As mentioned in [@1411.2854], one can still consider the region below the inner horizon, but $\partial_r$ is spacelike there, so the contribution to the volume is “small”.\]
That is, the derivative goes like
\~4.
This is *always non-negative*, and tends to zero only when $M \to Q$.
Although an *exactly* extremal black hole would have no “large volume”, as we have seen, non-extremal black holes continue to have large volumes that grow, no matter how close to extremality they may get. This is not unreasonable since the extremal black holes are very different from their non-extremal cousins[^7], and furthermore taking the extremal limit is a subtle process [@carroll; @ingemar; @stotyn].
On the other hand, if we *fix* $M$ and $Q$ to be constant, as in classical general relativity without Hawking evaporation, then the volume grows like $$V \sim 4\pi \left[\frac{\sqrt{2}(\sqrt{9M^2-8Q^2}+3M)^2(M\sqrt{9M^2-8Q^2}-3M^2+2Q^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}}{32 Q}\right] v,$$ \[one may check that in the limit $Q \to 0$, this reduces to Schwarzschild case $V \sim 3\sqrt{3} \pi M^2 v$\] and the prefactor of $v$ decreases monotonically as $M \to Q$.
{#section-3 .unnumbered}
In this work, we have shown with some explicit examples that the maximal volumes inside black holes, first proposed by Christodoulou and Rovelli [@1411.2854], survive the Hawking evaporation process. We also clarified the charged case, in which naively one might suspect that the large interior volume will tend to zero as the black hole evolves toward extremal limit. This is not the case if one properly takes time evolutions of the black hole parameters into account.
Therefore, we have shown that generically black holes have large interior volumes and that such volumes continue to grow even when the horizon areas shrink under Hawking radiation, confirming the estimate in [@1411.2854] that there is sufficient room inside a black hole to store information. This result suggests that black hole remnants may resolve the information loss paradox. Another possibility is that, the black hole completely evaporates and the large interior pinches off as a baby universe. These two possibilities are consistent with the results in [@9405007]. Of course, either way, as emphasized in [@1412.8366], in order to understand what happens to the information, we have to address what happens to the singularity, this is because any infalling object reaches the singularity in proper time $\tau \leqslant \pi M $ \[for an asymptotically Schwarzschild black hole\], not withstanding the large interior.
There are nevertheless various loopholes. Firstly, we should not trust the simple ODEs such as Eq.(\[ODE1\]) to continue to hold near the end stages of Hawking evaporation, as the temperature becomes extremely high [@bardeen; @hiscock; @0412265]. In other words we cannot be confident that something drastic would never happen to the large interior volume. In addition, near the singularity it is conjectured that spacetime is no longer perfectly described by the naive Schwarzschild-interior solution, but rather chaotic, i.e., a BKL singularity [@BKL]. \[For a recent review, see [@1304.6905]\]. In such a scenario our analysis would therefore break down. However, for most part of the evolution before these complications arise, our analysis holds — the maximal volumes inside black holes grow in time, even under Hawking evaporation. Note that, even *if* the volume does continue to grow and thus remains finite when the black hole area shrinks toward zero, such a “discontinuity” is not unprecedented — already in the case of AdS black hole with lens space horizon $S^3/\Bbb{Z}_p$ *at the classical level*, we see that [@oyc] the black hole volume is non-vanishing even though the area does, as we take $p \to \infty$. \[This, however, is not a dynamical evolution, but rather corresponds to changing the topology of the horizon.\]
Secondly, is the observation that, if information can indeed be stored in the interior volume of a black hole despite its ever shrinking area, we would have to subscribe to the “weak form” interpretation of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy \[that is, contrary to what holography would suggest, the area is *not* the total measure of the information content of the black hole [@1412.8366; @0901.3156; @0003056; @0501103], and so the various entropy bounds [@9310026; @suss; @bekenstein; @bousso; @9912055] may also be violated\].
If the volume is in fact the true measure of the information content, the Page time of a black hole would be proportional to its volume instead of its horizon area. Nevertheless, unless the volume is infinite \[or, if the volume is finite but Hawking radiation does not carry any information\], Page time would eventually set in and one has to deal with potential problems such as the firewall \[see sec.(3.3) of [@1412.8366]\]. Therefore, the suggestion that black hole remnants may have arbitrarily large interior volumes that help ameliorate both the information loss paradox and the firewall paradox is only feasible if Hawking radiation is — as the original Hawking’s calculation suggests — purely thermal and does not carry any information. For an opposite point of view, see, e.g., [@1503.01487].
Since other large volume scenarios, such as bubble universes, are most likely not generic \[that is, we should not expect these to be inside every black hole [@1412.8366]\], it certainly comes as a relief that general relativity and the simplest model of Hawking radiation with thermal spectrum already provide a generic black hole with large volume that may resolve the information loss paradox.
{#section-4 .unnumbered}
The author is grateful to Ingemar Bengtsson, Brett McInnes, Michael Good, Sabine Hossenfelder, and Carmen Li for useful comments and discussions. He also thanks Baocheng Zhang for pointing out a crucial mistake in the previous version of this work.
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Eugenio Bianchi, Matteo Smerlak, “Last Gasp of a Black Hole: Unitary Evaporation Implies Non-Monotonic Mass Loss”, Gen. Rel. Grav. **46** (2014) 1809, [\[arXiv:1405.5235 \[gr-qc\]\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/1405.5235).
Don N. Page, “Particle Emission Rates from a Black Hole: Massless Particles from an Uncharged, Nonrotating Hole”, Phys. Rev. D **13** (1976) 198.
Robert Wald, *General Relativity*, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1984.
William A. Hiscock, Lance D. Weems, “Evolution of Charged Evaporating Black Holes”, Phys. Rev. D **41** (1990) 1142.
Yen Chin Ong, Brett McInnes, Pisin Chen, “Cold Black Holes in the Harlow-Hayden Approach to Firewalls”, Nucl. Phys. B **891** (2015) 627, [\[arXiv:1403.4886 \[hep-th\]\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.4886).
Danny Birmingham, “Topological Black Holes in Anti-de Sitter Space”, Class. Quant. Grav. **16** (1999) 1197, [\[arXiv:hep-th/9808032\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9808032).
Jorge V. Rocha, “Evaporation of Large Black Holes in AdS: Coupling to the Evaporon”, JHEP **0808** (2008) 075, [\[arXiv:0804.0055 \[hep-th\]\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/0804.0055).
Mark Van Raamsdonk, “Evaporating Firewalls”, JHEP **1411** (2014) 038, [\[arXiv:1307.1796 \[hep-th\]\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/1307.1796).
Dietmar Klemm, Luciano Vanzo, “Quantum Properties of Topological Black Holes”, Phys. Rev. D **58** (1998) 104025, [\[arXiv:gr-qc/9803061\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9803061).
Kyung Kiu Kim, Wen-Yu Wen, “Charge-Mass Ratio Bound and Optimization in the Parikh-Wilczek Tunneling Model of Hawking Radiation”, Phys. Lett. B **731C** (2014) 307, [\[arXiv:1311.1656 \[gr-qc\]\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1656).
Stefanos Aretakis, “Horizon Instability of Extremal Black Holes”, [\[arXiv:1206.6598 \[gr-qc\]\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.6598).
Keiju Murata, Harvey S. Reall, Norihiro Tanahashi, “What Happens at the Horizon(s) of an Extreme Black Hole?”, Class. Quant. Grav. **30** (2013) 235007, [\[arXiv:1307.6800 \[gr-qc\]\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/1307.6800).
Piotr Bizoń, Helmut Friedrich, “A Remark about Wave Equations on the Extreme Reissner-Nordström Black Hole Exterior”, Class. Quantum Grav. **30** (2013) 065001, [\[arXiv:1212.0729 \[gr-qc\]\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/1212.0729).
Sean M. Carroll, Matthew C. Johnson, Lisa Randall, “Extremal Limits and Black Hole Entropy”, JHEP **0911** (2009) 109, [\[arXiv:0901.0931 \[hep-th\]\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/0901.0931).
Ingemar Bengtsson, Sören Holst, Emma Jakobsson, “Classics Illustrated: Limits of Spacetimes”, Class. Quantum Grav. **31** (2014) 205008, [\[arXiv:1406.4326 \[gr-qc\]\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.4326).
Sean Stotyn, “A Tale of Two Horizons”, [\[arXiv:1502.02737 \[gr-qc\]\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/1502.02737).
Renaud Parentani, Tsvi Piran, “The Internal Geometry of an Evaporating Black Hole”, Phys. Rev. Lett. **73** (1994) 2805, [\[arXiv:hep-th/9405007\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9405007v2).
James M. Bardeen, “Black Holes Do Evaporate Thermally”, Phys. Rev. Lett. **46** (1981) 382.
William A. Hiscock, “Models of Evaporating Black Holes. I”, Phys. Rev. D **23** (1981) 2813.
Sabine Hossenfelder, “What Black Holes Can Teach Us”, *Focus on Black Hole Research*, pp. 155-192, Nova Science Publishers, 2005, [\[arXiv:hep-ph/0412265\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0412265).
Vladimir A. Belinskii, Isaak M. Khalatnikov, Evgeny M. Lifshitz, “Oscillatory Approach to a Singular Point in the Relativistic Cosmology”, Adv. Phys. **19** (1970) 525.
Claes Uggla, “Recent Developments Concerning Generic Spacelike Singularities”, Gen. Rel. Grav. **45** (2013) 1669, [\[arXiv:1304.6905 \[gr-qc\]\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/1304.6905).
Sabine Hossenfelder, Lee Smolin, “Conservative Solutions to the Black Hole Information Problem”, Phys. Rev. D **81** (2010) 064009, [\[arXiv:0901.3156 \[gr-qc\]\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/0901.3156).
Lee Smolin, “The Strong and Weak Holographic Principles”, Nucl. Phys. B **601** (2001) 209, [\[arXiv:hep-th/0003056\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0003056).
Ted Jacobson, Donald Marolf, Carlo Rovelli, “Black Hole Entropy: Inside or Out?”, Int. J. Theor. Phys. **44** (2005) 1807, [\[arXiv:hep-th/0501103\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0501103).
Gerard ’t Hooft, “Dimensional Reduction in Quantum Gravity”, Salamfest 1993: 0284-296 [\[arXiv:gr-qc/9310026\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9310026).
Leonard Susskind, “The World as a Hologram”, J. Math. Phys. **36** (1995) 6377, [\[arXiv:hep-th/9409089\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9409089).
Jacob D. Bekenstein, “Universal Upper Bound to Entropy-to-Energy Ratio for Bounded Systems”, Phys. Rev. D **23** (1981) 287.
Raphael Bousso, “A Covariant Entropy Conjecture”, JHEP **9907** (1999) 004, [\[arXiv:hep-th/9905177\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9905177).
Ram Brustein, Gabriele Veneziano, “A Causal Entropy Bound”, Phys. Rev. Lett. **84** (2000) 5695, [\[arXiv:hep-th/9912055\]](http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/hep-th/9912055).
Anshul Saini, Dejan Stojkovic, “Radiation from a Collapsing Object Is Manifestly Unitary”, Phys. Rev. Lett. **114** (2015) 11, 111301, [\[arXiv:1503.01487 \[gr-qc\]\]](http://arxiv.org/abs/1503.01487).
[^1]: See also sec.(6.3.12) in [@0308048] in which it was pointed out that “there is no dearth of space inside \[a black hole\]”.
[^2]: In 4-dimensions, the black hole horizon is 2-dimensional and one can think of a flat square torus as the product of two circles, $T^2 = S^1 \times S^1$, each of which has period $2\pi K$.
[^3]: This volume expression is, curiously, also the same as that of 5-dimensional AdS toral black holes [@oyc].
[^4]: It is worth emphasizing that the lack of maximal “large volume” in the sense of Christodoulou and Rovelli, does not imply the absence of *any* volume behind the horizon. Taken at face value, the Penrose diagram for an extremal black hole clearly shows that there is still “normal” spacetime region inside \[see, however, [@1005.2999; @1105.2574]\].
[^5]: Excitations over the thermal spectrum are to be expected for many models of Hawking evaporation. However one should not expect a large deviation from a thermal spectrum, at least up to the Page time [@page1; @page2]. For a pedagogical introduction to the Page time and quantum information theory in the context of black hole information loss, see [@harlow].
[^6]: If black hole evaporation is indeed unitary, it has been argued that the mass loss is *not* monotonic, due to the flux of negative energy that reached asymptotic infinity [@1404.0602; @1405.5235]. However such influx of negative energy is strongly constrained by quantum energy inequalities [@1404.0602] and therefore should not affect the overall evolution of black holes too much.
[^7]: For example, extremal black holes suffer from instability even at the classical level, but non-extremal ones do not, however close to extremality they are [@1206.6598; @1307.6800; @1212.0729].
|
Q:
Construct object from vector using move
I have a code like this:
class MyClass {
public:
MyClass(std::vector &vec):
v(vec)
{}
MyClass(??);
private:
std::vector v;
};
I would like to construct my class like this MyClass(std::move(some_vector))
How can I achieve that?
I can change 4 line to v(std::move(vec)) but this is hidden move, due to dangerous.
EDIT:
Example
int main {
std::vector<int> v = {1, 2}
MyClass myobj(v); // this should be disallowed
//MyClass myobj(std::move(v)) //this should be the only way
//here v is empty
}
A:
I would just accept a std::vector by value then std::move it internally
class MyClass {
public:
MyClass(std::vector vec):
v(std::move(vec))
{}
private:
std::vector v;
};
A:
Enable only the move constructor
class MyClass {
public:
MyClass(std::vector &&vec):
v(std::move(vec))
{}
MyClass() = delete; //prevent default constructor if you wish
private:
std::vector v;
};
|
Political, cultural and economic foundations of primary care in Europe.
This article explores various contributing factors to explain differences in the strength of the primary care (PC) structure and services delivery across Europe. Data on the strength of primary care in 31 European countries in 2009/10 were used. The results showed that the national political agenda, economy, prevailing values, and type of healthcare system are all important factors that influence the development of strong PC. Wealthier countries are associated with a weaker PC structure and lower PC accessibility, while Eastern European countries seemed to have used their growth in national income to strengthen the accessibility and continuity of PC. Countries governed by left-wing governments are associated with a stronger PC structure, accessibility and coordination of PC. Countries with a social-security based system are associated with a lower accessibility and continuity of PC; the opposite is true for transitional systems. Cultural values seemed to affect all aspects of PC. It can be concluded that strengthening PC means mobilising multiple leverage points, policy options, and political will in line with prevailing values in a country. |
This month, the state opened its new health insurance marketplace, called Covered California. It’s a way for people who are uninsured to purchase health insurance plans that meet the requirements of the Affordable Care Act.
On opening day, Covered California was busy. The website saw almost a million hits, and close to 60,000 people tied up their phone lines. Waits of over 30 minutes were common.
And that made us wonder: why do we stay on the line so long? To bring us the answer, KALW’s Daniel Moore talked to Vijay Kershnan – a marketing professor who studies the science of hold music.
Take a listen to the hold music Covered California consumers heard and what Kershnan had to say about it:
And now hear the theory behind what makes good hold music -- and what it sounds like:
This interview was a part of KALW's regular sonic guessing game, Audiograph. To listen to the latest clue, recorded somewhere in the Bay Area, and try to guess what it is and where it was recorded, click here. |
William Copley (artist)
William N. Copley (January 24, 1919 – May 7, 1996) also known as CPLY, was an American painter, writer, gallerist, collector, patron, publisher and art entrepreneur. His works as an artist have been classified as late Surrealist and precursory to Pop Art.
Early life and introduction to art
Copley was born in New York City in 1919 and was adopted in 1921 by Ira C. Copley, the owner of sixteen newspaper companies in Chicago and San Diego. Ira C. Copley remarried after the death of his wife, Edith, several years after the adoption took place. The three lived in Aurora, Illinois, until Copley was ten years old whereby the family moved to Coronado Island, California.
Copley was sent to Phillips Andover and then Yale University by his adopted parents. He was drafted in the Second World War in the middle of his education at Yale, a decision negotiated by the school and the army. Copley experimented with politics upon returning home from the war, working as a reporter for his father's newspaper.
By 1946, Copley met and married Marjorie Doris Wead, the daughter of a test pilot for the Navy. Doris's sister was married to John Ployardt, a Canadian-born animator and narrator at Walt Disney Studios. Copley and Ployardt soon became friends and Ployardt began introducing Copley to painting and Surrealism. The two traveled to Mexico and New York, discovering art, meeting the artists behind the works, and grasping Surrealist ideas. It was during this time that Copley and Ployardt decided to open a gallery in Los Angeles to exhibit Surrealist works.
Galleries and foundation
Copley and Ployardt tracked down Man Ray while living in Los Angeles. Ray then introduced them to Marcel Duchamp in New York City. There, Duchamp opened many doors for them, introducing the two to New York dealers in Surrealism. In 1948, Copley and Ployardt opened The Copley Galleries in Beverley Hills, displaying works by artists including René Magritte, Max Ernst, Yves Tanguy, Roberto Matta, Joseph Cornell, and Man Ray. However, Los Angeles had not yet caught on to the Surrealist scene as other locations such as New York City had done, and the Copley Galleries faced hardships in gaining popularity and sales. Copley painted part-time during the gallery's running from the encouragement of friends Duchamp and Ernst and worked on painting full-time when the gallery closed after its first year.
Copley moved to Paris in 1949–50, leaving behind his wife and two children to continue to paint. During his time in Paris, he remained in Surrealist circles and continued to paint with a uniquely American style. Man Ray introduced him to Noma Rathner, whom he married in 1954. Man Ray took numerous portraits of the Copleys and served as best man at their wedding in Paris. Their home in Longpont in the outskirts of Paris became a central gathering place in the postwar era for a community of Surrealists to reunite after their dispersal during the war.
The Copleys developed the William and Noma Copley Foundation, later known as the Cassandra Collection, in 1953 with the funds from his father's inheritance. The board, in which Marcel Duchamp was also an adviser, gave small grants to artists and musicians. Upon Duchamp's death in 1968, the William and Noma Copley Foundation (later the Cassandra Foundation) gave Marcel Duchamp's last work, "Etant Donnés" to the Philadelphia Museum of Art, where it is still on view.
Collecting
From the time of the Copley Galleries until his death, Copley amassed a large collection of artworks with an emphasis on Surrealist works. The basis of his collection started when he began purchasing works that did not sell at the Copley Galleries. From there, he amassed monumental works including Man Ray's "A l'Heure de l'Observatoire – Les Amoureux." Copley's collection was sold at auction in 1979 for $6.7 million, at the time the highest total for the auction of a single owner's collection in the United States.
Artwork and exhibitions
Copley's first exhibition took place in Los Angeles in 1951 at Royer's Book Shop. From there Copley participated in numerous solo and group exhibitions worldwide. In 1961, Copley was given an exhibition in Amsterdam by the Stedelijk Museum. The museum became the first public institution to add a Copley to their collection.
Copley's paintings throughout the 1950s and 60s dealt with ironic and humorous images of stereotypical American symbols like the Western saloon, cowboys, and pin-up girls combined with flags. His works during this period were often considered a combination of American and Mexican folk art and melded in well with the new young POP movement occurring in America when he returned to New York in the 1960s. Artists like Andy Warhol, Christo, Roy Lichtenstein and many others were frequent visitors at Copley's studio on Lower Broadway. Copley believed that pop art had always interested him, claiming American pop art had much to do with "self-disgust" and "satire."
The Letter Edged in Black Press (SMS)
In 1967, after a divorce with his second wife, Noma, Copley and new friend Dmitri Petrov decided to publish portfolios of 20th-century artist collaborations with the abbreviation SMS (for "Shit Must Stop"). Copley's Upper West Side loft became a meeting place for performers, artists, curators, and composers to work together on the open-ended collective. The SMS portfolio contained six volumes, each of which were shipped out from the artists to subscribers. The works included came from artists both well-renowned and obscure, including Marcel Duchamp, Roy Lichtenstein, Man Ray, Christo, Richard Hamilton, Claes Oldenburg, John Cage, Terry Riley, La Monte Young, Dick Higgins, Ronnie Landfield, Bruce Nauman, Meret Oppenheim, Neil Jenney, Yoko Ono and others.
CPLY X-Rated
Copley's works in the 1970s focused on his own understating of differences and challenges between men and women in romantic and sexual relationships. His works were now erotic, even pornographic. In 1974 he exhibited these new works at what was then the New York Cultural Center in Columbus Circle, New York in a show titled "CPLY X-Rated." These pieces were a sudden change from his previous romantic whimsical periods. The American public had difficulty with the material, for which Copley expressed, "Americans... don't know the difference between eroticism and pornography. Because eroticism has always existed in art. And pornography has never necessarily been in art." Copley's experienced greater feedback in Europe, where the work was then well received. In conjunction with the New York Cultural Center Show there was a special "CPLY X-Rated Poster and Catalog.
Later years
Copley moved to Roxbury, Connecticut in 1980, where he built a studio and spent time among friends. In 1992 he moved full-time to Key West, Florida, due to health issues and lived with his sixth and final wife, Cynthia Gooch. He died on May 7, 1996, at age 77 from complications from a stroke he had suffered three weeks earlier.
Mr. Copley's first five marriages ended in divorce. In addition to his son, who is also a painter, he was survived by his wife, Cynthia Gooch; two daughters, Claire of Manhattan and Theodora of Ohio, and four grandchildren. His daughter, Claire S. Copley, founded the short-lived, but influential Claire Copley Gallery, which exhibited important works by Michael Asher and Bas Jan Ader.
Selected solo exhibitions
2016 "The World According to CPLY", The Menil Collection, Houston
2012 Museum Frieder Burda, Baden Baden
2011 "X-Rated," Sadie Coles HQ, London
2010 "CPLY: X-Rated," Paul Kasmin Gallery, New York
2004 Musée d'Art Moderne et Contemporain
1980–81 Badischer Kunstverein, Karlsruhe, Germany
Stedelijk Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (traveling retrospective)
Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris
Kunsthalle Bern
1979 "CPLY: Reflections on a Past Life," Institute of the Arts, Rice University, Houston
1974 "CPLY/X-RATED," New York Cultural Center, New York
Selected press
Sam, Sherman, "Critics' Pics: William N. Copley at Sadie Coles HQ," Artforum, August 2011.
Laster, Paul, "William N. Copley, 'X-Rated'," Time Out, 12/03/13.
Smith, Roberta,"Playing the Renegade With Eroticism or Rage," The New York Times, 11/11/10.
Notes
Category:1919 births
Category:1996 deaths
Category:American adoptees
Category:American artists
Category:Surrealist artists
Category:Copley family
Category:20th-century American businesspeople
Category:Yale University alumni
Category:Phillips Academy alumni
Category:American art collectors |
Cameras of all types are becoming more and more affordable to consumers as technologies for manufacturing cameras have become more efficient and cost effective. Consequently, many consumers are purchasing and using cameras to take photographic pictures, video recordings, and even digitized pictures. Many amateur photographers or videographers make mistakes when taking pictures or making video recordings which can only be avoided by taking photography or videography courses. One such area of common mistake is in the area of picture composition.
Because people have an affinity for symmetry, amateur photographers or videographers tend to align a subject in the center of a picture or video recording at all times, creating bland or sometimes disastrous picture composition. These amateurish mistakes are further reinforced by cameras currently in use. As shown in FIG. 1, viewfinders of most cameras only have a circle or a cross-hair in the center of a viewfinder with maybe brackets on the outer edges to delimit the size of pictures or screens on which the picture would be transferred. Almost instinctively, users align the subject of the picture to the circle or cross-hair in the center of the viewfinder. Even those users who are taking or have taken picture composition courses sometimes do not understand the concept of horizons, diagonals, and strong points, for example, or forget the lessons learned from lack of frequently practice. What is needed is a user-friendly guidance system that would aid a camera user in taking pictures with quality picture compositions. |
Q:
Evolution of dinosaurs
What did dinosaurs evolve from? Was it the reptiles that evolved from amphibians? I have been researching this but am very confused with who their direct predecessor was. Amphibians evolved from fish...reptiles from amphibians...dinosaurs from reptiles (?)...and birds from dinosaurs. That is my understanding, but it could be wrong. How are dinosaurs related to reptiles? And if they did evolve from reptiles, which kind of reptiles (such as lizards, crocodiles, or turtles for example)?
A:
Source of information
See the post The best free and most up to date phylogenetic tree on the internet? for info about how to find such information.
Generally speaking, you might be interested in an intro to phylogenetics such as the one provided in this answer for example.
Where are dinosaurs in the tree of life?
Dinosaurs fall within the Reptiliomorpha clade. Please note that Reptiliomorpha does not quite correspond to what we today call reptiles. Please see the post If dinosaurs could have feathers, would they still be reptiles?
Reptiliomorpha is the sister clade to Amphibia (from here) which contain all living amphibians.
If you look within the Amniota, you will find all of the following
Here, you see that turtles and mammals are an off-shoot of Diapsida. So dinosaurs are not mammals and there are not closely related to turtles. Now if you click on Diapsida you will find ...
the Archosauromorpha which contains all crocodiles, birds and dinosaurs. You can keep going to find Therapoda which contains many dinosaurs and birds. You can keep going like this for yourself and discover the entire tree of life!
Reacting to your sentences
What did dinosaurs evolve from?
When asking this question, please do not forget that no species evolved from an extant species. If this is unclear to you, you should have a look at this post.
Was it the reptiles that evolved from amphibians?
Well... the term reptile is a mess because it does not represent a monophyletic group (see this post). If you do not understand the term monophyletic, then you should have a look at this answer.
Amphibians evolved from fish...
Well... sure. However, fish is also not monophyletic so it is misleading. Also, I am afraid when you say "Amphibians evolved from fish" that you are thinking of modern extant fish which would be wrong.
reptiles from amphibians...
Nope, this is wrong. Reptiles and amphibians are sister(-ish) clades.
dinosaurs from reptiles (?)...
This is more or less true although again, do not think of modern reptiles and also, reptiles is a mess because it is not a monophyletic group. But Dinosaurs are Reptilia
and birds from dinosaurs.
Yes, this is pretty much true.
Note generally though that it is misleading to say "birds evolved from dinosaurs", "humans evolved from apes" and "mammals evolved from vertebrates". It is more correct to say "birds are dinosaurs", "humans are apes" and "mammals are vertebrates". I would be even better to use the latin names to avoid confusion with misuse of these words in the popular culture.
|
Rett syndrome: a complex disorder with simple roots.
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurological disorder caused by mutations in the X-linked gene MECP2 (methyl-CpG-binding protein 2). Two decades of research have fostered the view that MeCP2 is a multifunctional chromatin protein that integrates diverse aspects of neuronal biology. More recently, studies have focused on specific RTT-associated mutations within the protein. This work has yielded molecular insights into the critical functions of MeCP2 that promise to simplify our understanding of RTT pathology. |
package com.microsoft.graph.serializer;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import com.google.gson.JsonElement;
import com.google.gson.JsonParser;
import com.microsoft.graph.http.BaseCollectionPage;
import com.microsoft.graph.logger.MockLogger;
import com.microsoft.graph.models.extensions.Attachment;
import com.microsoft.graph.models.extensions.Attendee;
import com.microsoft.graph.models.extensions.Contact;
import com.microsoft.graph.models.extensions.DateTimeTimeZone;
import com.microsoft.graph.models.extensions.DirectoryObject;
import com.microsoft.graph.models.extensions.DriveItem;
import com.microsoft.graph.models.extensions.EmailAddress;
import com.microsoft.graph.models.extensions.Event;
import com.microsoft.graph.models.extensions.FileAttachment;
import com.microsoft.graph.models.extensions.Group;
import com.microsoft.graph.models.extensions.ItemAttachment;
import com.microsoft.graph.models.extensions.ServicePrincipal;
import com.microsoft.graph.models.extensions.User;
import com.microsoft.graph.requests.extensions.AttachmentCollectionPage;
import com.microsoft.graph.requests.extensions.EventCollectionResponse;
import com.microsoft.graph.requests.extensions.AttachmentCollectionResponse;
public class CollectionPageSerializerTests {
private MockLogger logger;
@Before
public void setUp() {
logger = new MockLogger();
}
@Test
public void testAttachmentCollectionPageSerialization() throws Exception {
String expectedString = "[{\"contentBytes\":\"ZGF0YQ==\",\"name\":\"document.pdf\",\"@odata.type\":\"#microsoft.graph.fileAttachment\",\"id\":\"54321\"},{\"item\":{\"end\":{\"dateTime\":\"2018-11-18T07:30:26.544Z\",\"timeZone\":\"UTC\"},\"start\":{\"dateTime\":\"2018-10-16T06:15:26.544Z\",\"timeZone\":\"UTC\"},\"subject\":\"Test Event Subject\",\"@odata.type\":\"microsoft.graph.event\",\"id\":\"1234\"},\"name\":\"Holiday event\",\"@odata.type\":\"#microsoft.graph.itemAttachment\"},{\"item\":{\"displayName\":\"displayname\",\"mobilePhone\":\"123456890\",\"@odata.type\":\"microsoft.graph.contact\"},\"name\":\"Attachment name\",\"@odata.type\":\"#microsoft.graph.itemAttachment\"}]";
AttachmentCollectionResponse response = new AttachmentCollectionResponse();
response.value = Arrays.asList(getFileAttachment(),getItemAttachmentWithEvent(),getItemAttachmentWithContact());
AttachmentCollectionPage attachmentCollectionPage = new AttachmentCollectionPage(response, null);
JsonElement serializedJson = CollectionPageSerializer.serialize(attachmentCollectionPage, logger);
logger.logDebug(serializedJson.toString());
assertEquals(expectedString,serializedJson.toString());
}
@Test
public void testAttachmentCollectionPageDeserialization() throws Exception {
String jsonString = "[{\"contentBytes\":\"ZGF0YQ==\",\"name\":\"document.pdf\",\"@odata.type\":\"#microsoft.graph.fileAttachment\",\"id\":\"54321\"},{\"@odata.type\":\"#microsoft.graph.itemAttachment\",\"name\":\"Holiday event\",\"id\":null,\"isInline\":null,\"size\":null,\"item\":{\"subject\":\"Test Event Subject\",\"start\":{\"dateTime\":\"2018-10-16T06:15:26.544Z\",\"timeZone\":\"UTC\"},\"end\":{\"dateTime\":\"2018-11-18T07:30:26.544Z\",\"timeZone\":\"UTC\"},\"@odata.type\":\"microsoft.graph.event\",\"id\":\"1234\"}},{\"@odata.type\":\"#microsoft.graph.itemAttachment\",\"name\":\"Attachment name\",\"id\":null,\"isInline\":null,\"size\":null,\"item\":{\"displayName\":\"displayname\",\"mobilePhone\":\"123456890\",\"@odata.type\":\"microsoft.graph.contact\"}}]";
JsonElement jsonElement = JsonParser.parseString(jsonString);
BaseCollectionPage<Attachment,?> attachmentCollectionPage = CollectionPageSerializer.deserialize(jsonElement, AttachmentCollectionPage.class, logger);
for(Attachment attachment: attachmentCollectionPage.getCurrentPage()) {
if(attachment instanceof FileAttachment) {
FileAttachment fileAttachment = (FileAttachment)attachment;
assertEquals(fileAttachment.name, getFileAttachment().name);
String actual = ByteArraySerializer.serialize(fileAttachment.contentBytes);
String expected = ByteArraySerializer.serialize(getFileAttachment().contentBytes);
assertEquals(expected,actual);
}
else if(attachment instanceof ItemAttachment) {
ItemAttachment itemAttachment = (ItemAttachment)attachment;
if(itemAttachment.item instanceof Event) {
Event event = (Event)itemAttachment.item;
assertEquals(getEvent().subject, event.subject);
}
else if(itemAttachment.item instanceof Contact) {
Contact actual = (Contact)itemAttachment.item;
Contact expected = (Contact) getItemAttachmentWithContact().item;
assertEquals(expected.mobilePhone, actual.mobilePhone);
}
}
}
}
@Test
public void testEntityWithCollectionOnDefaultDeserializer() throws Exception {
final String jsonString = "{\"createdBy\":{\"application\":{\"displayName\":\"UmtPlus\",\"id\":\"4458250c\"},\"user\":{\"id\":\"c1fba35378bf924c\"}},\"createdDateTime\":\"2020-09-16T14:53:53.61Z\",\"cTag\":\"aYzpDMUZCQTM1Mzc4QkY5MjRDITIzNDkyNS4yNTc\",\"eTag\":\"aQzFGQkEzNTM3OEJGOTI0QyEyMzQ5MjUuMTE\",\"id\":\"C1FBA35378BF924C!234925\",\"lastModifiedBy\":{\"application\":{\"displayName\":\"UmtPlus\",\"id\":\"4458250c\"},\"user\":{\"id\":\"c1fba35378bf924c\"}},\"lastModifiedDateTime\":\"2020-09-16T17:42:17.847Z\",\"name\":\"Change Flat Tire.sco\",\"parentReference\":{\"driveId\":\"c1fba35378bf924c\",\"driveType\":\"personal\",\"id\":\"C1FBA35378BF924C!234867\",\"name\":\"UmtPlus\",\"path\":\"/drive/root:/UmtPlus\"},\"size\":59228,\"webUrl\":\"https://1drv.ms/u/s!AEySv3hTo_vBjqst\",\"items\":[],\"file\":{\"hashes\":{\"quickXorHash\":\"RjqF6zG7yzMKxLlRmXkKr0tK7oQ=\",\"sha1Hash\":\"A7A1DB7C7355A372E6097C5BD7DF6CF702AFA897\",\"sha256Hash\":\"97EF73D523368EE939D084F87DE22E28BD9236CC55D6A67EE69183FFC456CA08\"},\"mimeType\":\"application/octet-stream\"},\"fileSystemInfo\":{\"createdDateTime\":\"2020-09-16T14:53:53.61Z\",\"lastModifiedDateTime\":\"2020-09-16T17:42:17.846Z\"},\"reactions\":{\"commentCount\":0},\"tags\":[],\"lenses\":[],\"thumbnails\":[{\"id\":\"0\",\"large\":{\"height\":800,\"url\":\"https://oxo45g.bl.files.1drv.com/y4pi3j1XhJr0-LmucbMAY7erAc5yeeX8yXaxUqk7p5O1mYVUMnRmzIeFC8LgpZLXCNFkFfVzt_PlChpIBL2VwTp9bdXVToVWsHRKC5MmEiO4Zv3eR9_JCc2ih4jstMbx6AusvkIpCW7FEpWWSeyFQEJR0jbaNNZSs_n6Ryrio2xYl9LhINf19-xYBxVCR4kV188?width=800&height=800&cropmode=none\",\"width\":800},\"medium\":{\"height\":176,\"url\":\"https://oxo45g.bl.files.1drv.com/y4pi3j1XhJr0-LmucbMAY7erAc5yeeX8yXaxUqk7p5O1mYVUMnRmzIeFC8LgpZLXCNFkFfVzt_PlChpIBL2VwTp9bdXVToVWsHRKC5MmEiO4Zv3eR9_JCc2ih4jstMbx6AusvkIpCW7FEpWWSeyFQEJR0jbaNNZSs_n6Ryrio2xYl9LhINf19-xYBxVCR4kV188?width=176&height=176&cropmode=none\",\"width\":176},\"small\":{\"height\":96,\"url\":\"https://oxo45g.bl.files.1drv.com/y4pi3j1XhJr0-LmucbMAY7erAc5yeeX8yXaxUqk7p5O1mYVUMnRmzIeFC8LgpZLXCNFkFfVzt_PlChpIBL2VwTp9bdXVToVWsHRKC5MmEiO4Zv3eR9_JCc2ih4jstMbx6AusvkIpCW7FEpWWSeyFQEJR0jbaNNZSs_n6Ryrio2xYl9LhINf19-xYBxVCR4kV188?width=96&height=96&cropmode=none\",\"width\":96}}]}";
final DefaultSerializer defaultSerializer = new DefaultSerializer(logger);
final DriveItem driveItem = defaultSerializer.deserializeObject(jsonString, DriveItem.class);
assertNotNull(driveItem);
assertNotNull(driveItem.thumbnails);
assertTrue(driveItem.thumbnails.getCurrentPage().size() > 0);
}
@Test
public void testEntityWithCollectionOfMultipleTypes() throws Exception {
final String jsonString = "{\"@odata.context\": \"https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/$metadata#groups/$entity\",\"id\": \"01b4b70e-2ea6-432f-a3d7-eefd826c2a8e\",\"deletedDateTime\": null,\"classification\": null,\"createdDateTime\": \"2019-11-23T15:48:33Z\",\"creationOptions\": [],\"description\": \"wovinewovinewvoinwev\",\"displayName\": \"Toronto Basketball Raptors\",\"expirationDateTime\": null,\"groupTypes\": [\"Unified\"],\"isAssignableToRole\": null,\"mail\": \"TBR@contoso.onmicrosoft.com\",\"mailEnabled\": true,\"mailNickname\": \"TBR\",\"membershipRule\": null,\"membershipRuleProcessingState\": null,\"onPremisesDomainName\": null,\"onPremisesLastSyncDateTime\": null,\"onPremisesNetBiosName\": null,\"onPremisesSamAccountName\": null,\"onPremisesSecurityIdentifier\": null,\"onPremisesSyncEnabled\": null,\"preferredDataLocation\": null,\"preferredLanguage\": null,\"proxyAddresses\": [\"SPO:SPO_c0b1d860-d3d3-444c-98ee-c34365caa414@SPO_bd4c6c31-c49c-4ab6-a0aa-742e07c20232\",\"SMTP:TBR@contoso.onmicrosoft.com\"],\"renewedDateTime\": \"2019-11-23T15:48:33Z\",\"resourceBehaviorOptions\": [],\"resourceProvisioningOptions\": [\"Team\"],\"securityEnabled\": false,\"securityIdentifier\": \"S-1-12-1-28620558-1127165606-4260288419-2385144962\",\"theme\": null,\"visibility\": \"Private\",\"onPremisesProvisioningErrors\": [],\"members\": [{\"@odata.type\": \"#microsoft.graph.user\",\"id\": \"c2e8df37-c6a7-4d88-89b1-feb4f1fda7c5\",\"businessPhones\": [\"4388888888\"],\"displayName\": \"Vincent Biret\",\"givenName\": \"Vincent\",\"jobTitle\": null,\"mail\": \"vincent@contoso.onmicrosoft.com\",\"mobilePhone\": \"+1 4388888888\",\"officeLocation\": \"Quebec\",\"preferredLanguage\": \"en-US\",\"surname\": \"Biret\",\"userPrincipalName\": \"vincent@contoso.onmicrosoft.com\"},{\"@odata.type\": \"#microsoft.graph.servicePrincipal\",\"id\": \"004ea702-a572-4f1b-8bb0-74598985e0c0\",\"deletedDateTime\": null,\"accountEnabled\": true,\"alternativeNames\": [],\"appDisplayName\": \"OCPS Checkin Service\",\"appDescription\": null,\"appId\": \"23c898c1-f7e8-41da-9501-f16571f8d097\",\"applicationTemplateId\": null,\"appOwnerOrganizationId\": \"f8cdef31-a31e-4b4a-93e4-5f571e91255a\",\"appRoleAssignmentRequired\": false,\"createdDateTime\": \"2018-11-13T02:28:32Z\",\"description\": null,\"displayName\": \"OCPS Checkin Service\",\"homepage\": null,\"loginUrl\": null,\"logoutUrl\": null,\"notes\": null,\"notificationEmailAddresses\": [],\"preferredSingleSignOnMode\": null,\"preferredTokenSigningKeyThumbprint\": null,\"replyUrls\": [\"https://ocps.manage.microsoft.com\"],\"resourceSpecificApplicationPermissions\": [],\"samlSingleSignOnSettings\": null,\"servicePrincipalNames\": [\"23c898c1-f7e8-41da-9501-f16571f8d097\",\"https://ocps.manage.microsoft.com\"],\"servicePrincipalType\": \"Application\",\"tags\": [],\"tokenEncryptionKeyId\": null,\"verifiedPublisher\": {\"displayName\": null,\"verifiedPublisherId\": null,\"addedDateTime\": null},\"addIns\": [],\"appRoles\": [],\"info\": {\"logoUrl\": null,\"marketingUrl\": null,\"privacyStatementUrl\": null,\"supportUrl\": null,\"termsOfServiceUrl\": null},\"keyCredentials\": [],\"oauth2PermissionScopes\": [],\"passwordCredentials\": []}]}";
final DefaultSerializer defaultSerializer = new DefaultSerializer(logger);
final Group group = defaultSerializer.deserializeObject(jsonString, Group.class);
assertNotNull(group);
assertNotNull(group.members);
final List<DirectoryObject> page = group.members.getCurrentPage();
assertTrue(page.size() == 2);
assertTrue(page.get(0) instanceof User);
assertTrue(page.get(1) instanceof ServicePrincipal);
}
@Test
public void testEntityCollectionWithSingleValueExtendedProperties() throws Exception {
final String jsonString = "{\"@odata.context\": \"https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/$metadata#users('c2e8df37-c6a7-4d88-89b1-feb4f1fda7c5')/events\",\"@odata.nextLink\": \"https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/me/events?$skip=10\",\"value\": [{\"@odata.context\": \"https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/$metadata#Me/messages/$entity\",\"@odata.id\": \"https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/users('ddfcd489-628b-40d7-b48b-57002df800e5@1717622f-1d94-4d0c-9d74-709fad664b77')/messages('AAMkAGE1M2_bs88AACHsLqWAAA=')\",\"@odata.etag\": \"W/\\\"CQAAABYAAACY4MQpaFz9SbqUDe4+bs88AACbyS4H\\\"\",\"id\": \"AAMkAGE1M2_bs88AACHsLqWAAA=\",\"subject\": \"RE: Talk about emergency prep\",\"sender\": {\"emailAddress\": {\"name\": \"Christine Irwin\",\"address\": \"christine@contoso.com\"}},\"from\": null,\"toRecipients\": [{\"emailAddress\": {\"name\": \"Christine Irwin\",\"address\": \"christine@contoso.com\"}}],\"singleValueExtendedProperties@odata.context\": \"https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/$metadata#Me/messages('AAMkAGE1M2_bs88AACHsLqWAAA%3D')/singleValueExtendedProperties\",\"singleValueExtendedProperties\": [{\"id\": \"String {66f5a359-4659-4830-9070-00047ec6ac6e} Name Color\",\"value\": \"Green\"}]}]}";
final DefaultSerializer defaultSerializer = new DefaultSerializer(logger);
final EventCollectionResponse events = defaultSerializer.deserializeObject(jsonString, EventCollectionResponse.class);
assertNotNull(events);
assertTrue(events.value.get(0).singleValueExtendedProperties.getCurrentPage().size() > 0);
}
private FileAttachment getFileAttachment() throws Exception{
FileAttachment fileAttachment = new FileAttachment();
fileAttachment.name = "document.pdf";
fileAttachment.contentBytes = "data".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
fileAttachment.oDataType = "#microsoft.graph.fileAttachment";
fileAttachment.id="54321";
return fileAttachment;
}
private ItemAttachment getItemAttachmentWithEvent() {
ItemAttachment itemAttachmentEvent = new ItemAttachment();
itemAttachmentEvent.oDataType = "#microsoft.graph.itemAttachment";
itemAttachmentEvent.name = "Holiday event";
itemAttachmentEvent.item = getEvent();
itemAttachmentEvent.item.oDataType = "microsoft.graph.event";
return itemAttachmentEvent;
}
private ItemAttachment getItemAttachmentWithContact() {
Contact contact = new Contact();
contact.displayName = "displayname";
contact.mobilePhone="123456890";
ItemAttachment itemAttachmentContact = new ItemAttachment();
itemAttachmentContact.oDataType = "#microsoft.graph.itemAttachment";
itemAttachmentContact.name = "Attachment name";
itemAttachmentContact.item = contact;
itemAttachmentContact.item.oDataType = "microsoft.graph.contact";
return itemAttachmentContact;
}
private Event getEvent() {
Event event = new Event();
java.util.List<String> emails = Arrays.asList("test_email@test_domain.com");
java.util.List<Attendee> attendees = new ArrayList<>();
for(String email : emails) {
EmailAddress emailAddress = new EmailAddress();
emailAddress.address = email;
Attendee attendee = new Attendee();
attendee.emailAddress = emailAddress;
attendees.add(attendee);
}
DateTimeTimeZone start = new DateTimeTimeZone();
start.timeZone = "UTC";
start.dateTime = "2018-10-16T06:15:26.544Z";
DateTimeTimeZone end = new DateTimeTimeZone();
end.timeZone = "UTC";
end.dateTime = "2018-11-18T07:30:26.544Z";
event.start = start;
event.end = end;
event.subject = "Test Event Subject";
event.id = "1234";
return event;
}
} |
Gal*Gun: Double Peace, the very tongue-in-cheek on-rails shooter from Inti Creates, has had its western release delayed by about 2 weeks. Western publisher PQube Games confirmed the news this morning with a tweet clarifying that the title is now releasing on July 29th in the UK and August 2nd in North America. Although the company hasn't confirmed the reasons for this slight delay, considering a similar delay occurred for NIS America's Grand Kingdom when that publisher faced manufacturing issues it seems likely that this is the case here as well. With all that being said, the specific reasons for this delay are relatively moot as the end result is the same either way. Gamers looking forward to Gal*Gun: Double Peace will have a little longer to wait before they can get their hands on the title's western release.
One notable thing about Gal*Gun: Double Peace's western release is that the title will feature no censorship despite the game's abundance of sexual themes that helped get the game an M rating from the ESRB.
On the flip side, anyone interested in the title should look forward to when our interview with PQube Games' own Geraint Evans goes up later this week! It won't change the fact that the game is delayed, but maybe it'll help ease the pain by at least a little bit.
We'll update you with more information on the title as more news comes in.
Quick Take
While there's not much anyone can do about this delay, I still find it a little disappointing. After sitting down and playing the title at AnimeExpo 2016 over the 4th of July weekend I was surprised at how much I enjoyed playing the game. This delay also affects the review copies of the title, which means our preview + review of the title will have to wait as well. If nothing else, today's news annoys me simply because I had to edit my already scheduled article regarding my Geraint Evans interview to reflect the title's new western release dates. |
# VimL
## Most-Starred Repos: VimL
| | Repo | Stars |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | [metakirby5/codi.vim](https://github.com/metakirby5/codi.vim) <br/>:notebook_with_decorative_cover: The interactive s... | 963 |
| 2. | [extr0py/oni](https://github.com/extr0py/oni) <br/>NeoVim front-end UI focused on IDE-like extensibil... | 710 |
| 3. | [w0rp/ale](https://github.com/w0rp/ale) <br/>Asynchronous Lint Engine | 411 |
| 4. | [liuchengxu/space-vim](https://github.com/liuchengxu/space-vim) <br/>:seedling: An elegant vim distribution for spacema... | 346 |
| 5. | [zperrault/vimrc.js](https://github.com/zperrault/vimrc.js) <br/>A vimrc that Just Works™ for modern JavaScript dev... | 288 |
| 6. | [skywind3000/asyncrun.vim](https://github.com/skywind3000/asyncrun.vim) <br/>Run Async Shell Commands in Vim 8.0 and Output to ... | 211 |
| 7. | [lifepillar/vim-mucomplete](https://github.com/lifepillar/vim-mucomplete) <br/>Chained completion that works the way you want! | 158 |
| 8. | [rhysd/8cc.vim](https://github.com/rhysd/8cc.vim) <br/>C Compiler written in Vim script | 154 |
| 9. | [vim-chat/vim-chat](https://github.com/vim-chat/vim-chat) <br/>Chatting plugin for neovim and vim8 | 128 |
| 10. | [cassidoo/vim-up](https://github.com/cassidoo/vim-up) <br/>A bunch of vim shortcuts, colors, and bundles to m... | 125 |
| 11. | [yuttie/comfortable-motion.vim](https://github.com/yuttie/comfortable-motion.vim) <br/>Brings physics-based smooth scrolling to the Vim w... | 124 |
| 12. | [brooth/far.vim](https://github.com/brooth/far.vim) <br/>Find And Replace Vim plugin | 121 |
| 13. | [rakr/vim-two-firewatch](https://github.com/rakr/vim-two-firewatch) <br/>A blend between duotone light and firewatch for at... | 115 |
## Most-Starred Users: VimL
| | User | Repos | Stars |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | [metakirby5](https://github.com/metakirby5) | [codi.vim](https://github.com/metakirby5/codi.vim) (963) <br/> | 963 |
| 2. | [extr0py](https://github.com/extr0py) | [oni](https://github.com/extr0py/oni) (710) <br/> | 710 |
| 3. | [w0rp](https://github.com/w0rp) | [ale](https://github.com/w0rp/ale) (411) <br/> | 411 |
| 4. | [liuchengxu](https://github.com/liuchengxu) | [space-vim](https://github.com/liuchengxu/space-vim) (346) <br/> | 346 |
| 5. | [zperrault](https://github.com/zperrault) | [vimrc.js](https://github.com/zperrault/vimrc.js) (288) <br/> | 288 |
| 6. | [skywind3000](https://github.com/skywind3000) | [asyncrun.vim](https://github.com/skywind3000/asyncrun.vim) (211) <br/> | 211 |
| 7. | [lifepillar](https://github.com/lifepillar) | [vim-mucomplete](https://github.com/lifepillar/vim-mucomplete) (158) <br/> | 158 |
| 8. | [rhysd](https://github.com/rhysd) | [8cc.vim](https://github.com/rhysd/8cc.vim) (154) <br/> | 154 |
| 9. | [cassidoo](https://github.com/cassidoo) | [vim-up](https://github.com/cassidoo/vim-up) (125) <br/> | 125 |
| 10. | [yuttie](https://github.com/yuttie) | [comfortable-motion.vim](https://github.com/yuttie/comfortable-motion.vim) (124) <br/> | 124 |
| 11. | [brooth](https://github.com/brooth) | [far.vim](https://github.com/brooth/far.vim) (121) <br/> | 121 |
| 12. | [rakr](https://github.com/rakr) | [vim-two-firewatch](https://github.com/rakr/vim-two-firewatch) (115) <br/> | 115 |
## Most-Starred Orgs: VimL
| | Org | Repos | Stars |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | [vim-chat](https://github.com/vim-chat) | [vim-chat](https://github.com/vim-chat/vim-chat) (128) <br/> | 128 |
## Language Stats Index
>Up to the **500 Most-Starred** Repos, Users, and Orgs, Organized by Language.
*Due to the large number of [languages tracked](#which-languages-are-tracked) and the lengthy lists for each language, stats for each language can be found in [gh-stats/language_stats/2016/](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/tree/master/language_stats/2016).
An index is provided below for convenience.*
| Language | 2016 |
|---|---|
| JavaScript | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/javascript.md#most-starred-repos-javascript) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/javascript.md#most-starred-users-javascript) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/javascript.md#most-starred-orgs-javascript) |
| Java | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/java.md#most-starred-repos-java) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/java.md#most-starred-users-java) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/java.md#most-starred-orgs-java) |
| Objective-C | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/objective-c.md#most-starred-repos-objective-c) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/objective-c.md#most-starred-users-objective-c) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/objective-c.md#most-starred-orgs-objective-c) |
| Python | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/python.md#most-starred-repos-python) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/python.md#most-starred-users-python) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/python.md#most-starred-orgs-python) |
| Swift | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/swift.md#most-starred-repos-swift) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/swift.md#most-starred-users-swift) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/swift.md#most-starred-orgs-swift) |
| Go | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/go.md#most-starred-repos-go) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/go.md#most-starred-users-go) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/go.md#most-starred-orgs-go) |
| PHP | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/php.md#most-starred-repos-php) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/php.md#most-starred-users-php) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/php.md#most-starred-orgs-php) |
| C++ | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/c++.md#most-starred-repos-c++) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/c++.md#most-starred-users-c++) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/c++.md#most-starred-orgs-c++) |
| C | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/c.md#most-starred-repos-c) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/c.md#most-starred-users-c) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/c.md#most-starred-orgs-c) |
| CSS | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/css.md#most-starred-repos-css) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/css.md#most-starred-users-css) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/css.md#most-starred-orgs-css) |
| HTML | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/html.md#most-starred-repos-html) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/html.md#most-starred-users-html) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/html.md#most-starred-orgs-html) |
| Ruby | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/ruby.md#most-starred-repos-ruby) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/ruby.md#most-starred-users-ruby) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/ruby.md#most-starred-orgs-ruby) |
| C# | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/c#.md#most-starred-repos-c#) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/c#.md#most-starred-users-c#) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/c#.md#most-starred-orgs-c#) |
| Shell | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/shell.md#most-starred-repos-shell) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/shell.md#most-starred-users-shell) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/shell.md#most-starred-orgs-shell) |
| Scala | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/scala.md#most-starred-repos-scala) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/scala.md#most-starred-users-scala) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/scala.md#most-starred-orgs-scala) |
| Clojure | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/clojure.md#most-starred-repos-clojure) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/clojure.md#most-starred-users-clojure) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/clojure.md#most-starred-orgs-clojure) |
| CoffeeScript | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/coffeescript.md#most-starred-repos-coffeescript) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/coffeescript.md#most-starred-users-coffeescript) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/coffeescript.md#most-starred-orgs-coffeescript) |
| Lua | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/lua.md#most-starred-repos-lua) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/lua.md#most-starred-users-lua) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/lua.md#most-starred-orgs-lua) |
| Haskell | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/haskell.md#most-starred-repos-haskell) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/haskell.md#most-starred-users-haskell) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/haskell.md#most-starred-orgs-haskell) |
| VimL | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/viml.md#most-starred-repos-viml) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/viml.md#most-starred-users-viml) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/viml.md#most-starred-orgs-viml) |
| R | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/r.md#most-starred-repos-r) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/r.md#most-starred-users-r) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/r.md#most-starred-orgs-r) |
| Perl | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/perl.md#most-starred-repos-perl) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/perl.md#most-starred-users-perl) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/perl.md#most-starred-orgs-perl) |
| Julia | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/julia.md#most-starred-repos-julia) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/julia.md#most-starred-users-julia) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/julia.md#most-starred-orgs-julia) |
| Unknown | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/unknown.md#most-starred-repos-unknown) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/unknown.md#most-starred-users-unknown) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/unknown.md#most-starred-orgs-unknown) |
| Overall | [Repos](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/overall.md#most-starred-repos-overall) - [Users](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/overall.md#most-starred-users-overall) - [Orgs](https://github.com/donnemartin/gh-stats/blob/master/language_stats/2016/overall.md#most-starred-orgs-overall) |
|
High-efficiency coupling structure for a single-line-defect photonic-crystal waveguide.
We present the design and fabrication of a planar structure for coupling light from a multimode feed waveguide into a single-line-defect photonic-crystal waveguide. Finite-difference time-domain calculations predict a coupling efficiency of greater than 90%, and preliminary experimental results indicate successful coupling through a single-line-defect photonic-crystal waveguide. Device design, fabrication, and characterization are presented. |
Q:
Adding a header to address label program in COBOL
Hello I am total beginner in cobol and needing some homework help. I am trying to write a program that prints address labels on the ouput. But in the output there has to be a header, page number, and date. I have successfully got the program to print the addresses in label format but cannot seem to get the heading line (with the page and date) to show up above it. With my program the way it is there is an error code stating that I have the wrong access mode for the data file. I am unsure what this means. Here is my program. I got rid of the date part just to try and get the heading line in above the addresses. *EDIT: I have added the open and close for "print header out" but now it gives me the error code "file locked" Can anyone shed some light on this.
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT LABEL-FILE-IN
ASSIGN TO 'C0603.DAT'
ORGANIZATION IS LINE SEQUENTIAL.
SELECT LABEL-FILE-OUT
ASSIGN TO 'C0603.RPT'
ORGANIZATION IS LINE SEQUENTIAL.
SELECT PRINT-HEADER-OUT
ASSIGN TO 'C0603.RPT'
ORGANIZATION IS LINE SEQUENTIAL.
DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.
FD LABEL-FILE-IN.
01 LABEL-RECORD-IN.
05 CUST-NAME-IN PIC X(20).
05 ADDRESS-IN PIC X(20).
05 CITY-STATE-ZIP-IN PIC X(20).
FD LABEL-FILE-OUT.
01 LABEL-RECORD-OUT.
05 PRINT-LABEL-OUT PIC X(20).
FD PRINT-HEADER-OUT.
01 REPORT-OUT PIC X(80).
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 ARE-THERE-MORE-RECORDS PIC X(3) VALUE 'YES'.
01 HEADING-LINE1.
05 PIC X(40) VALUE SPACES.
05 PIC X(12) VALUE
"MAILING LIST".
01 DATE-WS.
05 MONTH-WS PIC XX.
05 YEAR-WS PIC XX.
01 DATE-WS-OUT.
05 PIC X(45) VALUE SPACES.
05 MONTH-WS-OUT PIC XX.
05 VALUE "/".
05 YEAR-WS-OUT PIC XX.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
000-MAIN-MODULE.
PERFORM 100-INITIALIZATION-MODULE.
PERFORM 200-PROCESS-ONE-RECORD
UNTIL ARE-THERE-MORE-RECORDS = "NO ".
PERFORM 900-TERMINATION-MODULE.
STOP RUN.
100-INITIALIZATION-MODULE.
OPEN OUTPUT PRINT-HEADER-OUT
OPEN INPUT LABEL-FILE-IN
OPEN OUTPUT LABEL-FILE-OUT
ACCEPT DATE-WS FROM DATE.
MOVE MONTH-WS TO MONTH-WS-OUT.
MOVE YEAR-WS TO YEAR-WS-OUT.
PERFORM 600-READ-MODULE.
PERFORM 300-TOP-OF-PAGE-MODULE.
200-PROCESS-ONE-RECORD.
MOVE SPACES TO PRINT-LABEL-OUT
MOVE CUST-NAME-IN TO PRINT-LABEL-OUT
WRITE LABEL-RECORD-OUT
MOVE ADDRESS-IN TO PRINT-LABEL-OUT
WRITE LABEL-RECORD-OUT
MOVE CITY-STATE-ZIP-IN TO PRINT-LABEL-OUT
WRITE LABEL-RECORD-OUT
PERFORM 600-READ-MODULE.
300-TOP-OF-PAGE-MODULE.
MOVE HEADING-LINE1 TO REPORT-OUT.
WRITE REPORT-OUT AFTER ADVANCING 9 LINES.
MOVE DATE-WS-OUT TO REPORT-OUT.
WRITE REPORT-OUT AFTER ADVANCING 1 LINES.
600-READ-MODULE.
READ LABEL-FILE-IN
AT END MOVE "NO " TO ARE-THERE-MORE-RECORDS
END-READ.
900-TERMINATION-MODULE.
CLOSE PRINT-HEADER-OUT.
CLOSE LABEL-FILE-IN.
CLOSE LABEL-FILE-OUT.
A:
I think the problem you are having is that both LABEL-FILE and HEADER-FILE point to the
same physically file ('C0603.RPT'). You can do this, but only one of them may be open at a time. This is
the source of the "file locked" message when you try to open it a second time under a different
name.
The typical way of doing this is to open one file but have multiple record definitions for
writing to it.
Drop the:
SELECT PRINT-HEADER-OUT
ASSIGN TO 'C0603.RPT'
ORGANIZATION IS LINE SEQUENTIAL.
and change the FD's for LABEL-FILE-OUT to include the Header record...
FD LABEL-FILE-OUT.
01.
05 LABEL-BUFFER PIC X(80).
05 LABEL-RECORD-OUT REDEFINES LABEL-BUFFER.
10 PRINT-LABEL-OUT PIC X(20).
10 PIC X(60).
05 PRINT-HEADER-OUT REDEFINES LABEL-BUFFER.
10 REPORT-OUT PIC X(80).
There are other ways of doing this, but the basic idea is to have an output buffer that is the
at least as big as the largest ouput record andREDEFINE it for multiple usages (LABEL or HEADER).
When writing a label line or header line just use WRITE LABEL-BUFFER and then move SPACES to it
after each write to ensure it gets properly initialized before re-populating any of the subordiante
data items.
|
Q:
C# How to get/set data from asmx Web Service
I'm using VisualStudio2013. Its important to note for readers that the code which this asmx is derived from works perfectly but I do not know how to use the asmx WebService. I downloaded the whole nine yards from here https://sourceforge.net/projects/shorturl-dotnet/
I cannot figure out how to get/set properties of the following CreateUrl() WebMethod. I want to learn how to use the entire WebService but started here.
In the example that follows I send a URL to the CreateURL() method which will shorten the URL and perform other tasks; I do not know how to get properties from the returned ShortUrl.Container Class: I have not been successful accessing the data after the class(es) are returned to my calling method.
// WebMethod
public class API : System.Web.Services.WebService {
[WebMethod]
public ShortUrl.Container CreateUrl(string real_url)
{
ShortUrl.Container oShortUrl = new ShortUrl.Container();
oShortUrl.RealUrl = real_url;
oShortUrl.ShortenedUrl = ShortUrl.Utils.UniqueShortUrl();
oShortUrl.CreateDate = DateTime.Now;
oShortUrl.CreatedBy = HttpContext.Current.Request.UserHostAddress;
ShortUrl.Utils.AddUrlToDatabase(oShortUrl);
oShortUrl.ShortenedUrl = ShortUrl.Utils.PublicShortUrl(oShortUrl.ShortenedUrl);
return oShortUrl;
}
}
// ShortUrl.Container class returned as oShortUrl
namespace ShortUrl
{
/// <summary>
/// Container for the ShortURL object
/// </summary>
public class Container
{
private string _real_url;
private string _short_url;
private DateTime _create_date;
private string _created_by;
public Container()
{
this.CreateDate = DateTime.Now;
this.CreatedBy = "tap";
this.RealUrl = null;
this.ShortenedUrl = "Unknown";
}
public string RealUrl
{
get { return _real_url; }
set { _real_url = value; }
}
public string ShortenedUrl
{
get { return _short_url; }
set { _short_url = value; }
}
public DateTime CreateDate
{
get { return _create_date; }
set { _create_date = value; }
}
public string CreatedBy
{
get { return _created_by; }
set { _created_by = value; }
}
}
}
In VS2013 I add the Service Reference to point to http://tap.tools.api.asmx as the service endpoint and name the VS2013 reference as ShortenUrl. VS2013 generates the APISoapClient and Container classes.
// get/set properties of the ShortUrl.Container class
// by means of APISoapClient
ShortenUrl.APISoapClient u = new ShortenUrl.APISoapClient();
u.CreateUrl("http://clintongallagher.com/tag-target-url.html");
// get/set properties of the ShortUrl.Container class
// by means of Container class
ShortenUrl.Container c = new ShortenUrl.Container();
string url = c.RealUrl;
I'm not getting anywhere with either and I think my problem is the instance of the oShortUrl object instantiated within the public ShortUrl.Container CreateUrl(string real_url) method. I do not know how to get any of the properties from that instance of oShortUrl the Container class returns to my methods.
// oShortUrl
ShortUrl.Container oShortUrl = new ShortUrl.Container();
Odd as it may sound as old and outdated the use of asmx happens to be I never worked with -any- WebServices yet which explains why I am weak and throw myself to the mercy of the court.
// EDIT: 2016-07-19 ~2:41pm
VS2013 generated several classes from the WSDL two of which appear to be useful as seen in Intellisense...
// class APISoapClient and class Container
When I use a local variable with APISoapClient a shortened URL is generated as I can see using SQL Management Studio and note all of the data is properly generated but I am not able to get/set on any other WebMethods or properties with to get/set data...
// Exposes two WebMethods: CreateUrl and GetUrl
ShortenUrl.APISoapClient u = new ShortenUrl.APISoapClient();
// Does generate the shortened URL
u.CreateUrl("http://clintongallagher.com/tag-target-url.html");
// Should return the URL that was shortened but doesn't
u.GetUrl("i2Z5H");
And...
// Exposes the properties in Intellisense but does not return data
ShortenUrl.Container c = new ShortenUrl.Container();
// returns 1/1/0001 12:00:00 AM
lblCreateDate.Text = "CreateDate: " + c.CreateDate.ToString();
// returns nothing
lblCreatedBy.Text = "CreatedBy: " + c.CreatedBy;
// returns nothing
lblRealUrl.Text = "RealUrl: " + c.RealUrl;
// returns ShortenUrl.Container
lblShortenedUrl.Text = "ShortenedUrl: " + u.GetUrl("i2Z5H");
A:
If i understood what you're trying to get is the Container returned from the Web Method. If so then just create a variable type of Container and assign the method call to it. Like ShortUrl.Container c = u.CreateUrl(...) then from c you can get the values you're looking for.
|
The Taoiseach, Tánaiste and Justice Minister will continue being driven around in diesel-fuelled cars despite the Government's insistence that up to a million people should switch to electric or hybrid vehicles in the next decade.
Leo Varadkar, Simon Coveney and Charlie Flanagan all retain State cars and Garda drivers for security reasons as do the President, the Chief Justice and the Director of Public Prosecutions.
An Garda Síochána said it had no plans to switch the ministerial fleet to electric, although it is currently piloting a "small number of electric vehicles".
"For operational and security reasons, there are no plans at this time to introduce electric vehicles to the ministerial fleet.
"This would require further specific evaluation to take into account the particulars of this duty," a Garda spokesman said.
Mr Varadkar's two State cars are both BMW 740s, which run on diesel. Mr Coveney's main car and second vehicle are both Audi A6Q models and run on diesel, as does the Justice Minister's car, a BMW 530.
Other Cabinet ministers are refusing to say if or when they will switch to electric or hybrid cars to fight climate change. Only Transport Minister Shane Ross and Climate Change Minister Richard Bruton have switched to environmentally friendly cars.
Irish Independent |
Q:
Is the proof correct and rigorous enough? B. Demidovich, Problems in Mathematical Analysis, §1, ex. 10
I'm new to poof based math and I just wanted to make sure that the style I use is rigorous enough or whether it has to be more so. E.g. when rewriting inequalities below I don't mention that denominators are non-zero and therefore such manipulation is allowed. Is that considered rigorous enough? Furthermore, do we really have to show the base case calculation when using mathematical induction or it is sufficient to perform the calculation yourself and mention that the proof is obvious?
Prove the following (B. Demidovich, Problems in Mathematical Analysis, §1, ex. 10):
$$\prod_{k=1}^{n} \frac{2k-1}{2k} < \frac{1}{\sqrt {2n + 1}}, n\in N\ \ \ \ \ \ \
(1)$$
Proof will be done using mathematical induction for $$n \ge 1$$ The case of n = 1 is trivial and holds if we replace n with 1 in (1), since $$ \frac {1}{2} = 0.5 < \frac {1}{\sqrt{3}} \approx 0.57 \ \ \ \ \ (2)$$
Now, let's prove that if (1) holds for an arbitrary n then it will hold for n+1. Assuming that (1) holds for some n we then have to prove:
$$\prod_{k=1}^{n+1} \frac{2k-1}{2k} < \frac{1}{\sqrt {2n + 3}}\ \ \ \ \ \ \
(3)$$
Using right side of (1), we can conclude that it is sufficient to prove:
$$ \frac{2n+1}{2n + 2} \cdot\frac{1}{\sqrt {2n + 1}} < \frac{1}{\sqrt {2n + 3}} $$
The inequality can be rewritten as:
$$ \frac{\sqrt{2n+1}}{2n + 2} < \frac{1}{\sqrt {2n + 3}} $$
Or further like this:
$$ \frac{1}{2n + 2} < \frac{1}{\sqrt {2n + 3}\cdot\sqrt {2n + 1} } $$
It is left to show that:
$$ {2n + 2} > \sqrt {2n + 3}\cdot\sqrt {2n + 1} \ \ \ \ \ \ (a) $$
By squaring both sides we can clearly see that the inequality holds for any n.
$$4n^2 + 8n + 4 > 4n^2 +8n + 3\ \ \ \ \ \ (b) $$
Using (2) and (3) we prove that (1) holds for any $n \in N$.
A:
The proof is correct.
For $n=1$, the left-hand side is $1/2$ and the right-hand side is $1/\sqrt{3}$. Since $1/4<1/3$, you also have $1/2<1/\sqrt{3}$.
Suppose the inequality holds for $n$; then, by the induction hypothesis,
$$
\prod_{k=1}^{n+1}\frac{(2k-1)}{2k}<\frac{1}{\sqrt{2n+1}}\frac{2n+1}{2n+2}
$$
and we just need to check that
$$
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2n+1}}\frac{2n+1}{2n+2}\le\frac{1}{\sqrt{2n+3}}
$$
that is,
$$
\sqrt{(2n+1)(2n+3)}\le2n+2=\frac{(2n+1)+(2n+3)}{2}
$$
which is a case of AM-GM.
|
Miss Pacific Islands
Brief History & Notable Facts!
The Miss South Pacific pageant was established in 1987 by the Government of Samoa as a regional event to recognize and promote the attributes intelligence, and talents of Pacific Islands' women, their contributions to regional affairs and their ability to advance in diverse fields. The first Miss South Pacific Pageant, hosted in Western Samoa was held in 1987 & American Samoa representative, Juliette Spencer, was crowned as the first Miss South Pacific and the first Samoan to do so. Tahiti was the first nation to won a Back-To-Back victory in the Pageant's History, winning the first Miss South Pacific title for Tahiti in 1989 by Retire Chevaux & 1990 by Henari Arauva'a. Cook Islands is in record of holding the most Title Reign in the Pageant's History winning 8 titles altogether within 22 years, winning their first Miss South Pacific title by Kimiora Vogel in 1992 and Teuira Napa as their last Miss South Pacific winner in 2013 as of today. Samoa & American Samoa has each representatives from their overseas communities who won the title like Miss Samoa Hawaii, Theresa Purcell in 1988 & Miss Samoa NZ, Julia Toevai in 1992 and they're the only titleholders to won from their country's respective communities from abroad rather than their homeland. Samoa started competing in the Pageant as Western Samoa and changed its name to Samoa in 1997. The pageant started off with a close to 20+ contestants representing their homelands and their homeland communities overseas (such as Samoa Hawaii, Cook Islands NZ, Niue Australia and etc.) until the year 2000, the pageant allowed South Pacific Islanders contestants wishing to represent their homeland communities abroad has to compete in their homeland pageants first & win in order to enter the Miss South Pacific Pageant and the contestants number dropped in the following year in 2001.
The Pageant was held in different island nations in the Pacific as voted by the Pageant's Board Members and Samoa had host the most Miss South Pacific/ Pacific Islands Pageant for more than 10+ years. American Samoa, Cook Islands & Samoa are the only islands who'd competed in the Pageant for the longest time and also the Top 3 island nations who've won Title. Many Islands & Territories who've competed before has been absent from the Pageant in years such as Aotearoa(NZ), Hawaiian Islands, Kiribati, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Marianas, Rapa Nui, Tokelau & Vanuatu. Fiji won their first Miss South Pacific title in 2009 by Merewalesi Nailatikau and she became the first Melanesian woman to captured the title. In 2014, the pageant was renamed Miss Pacific Islands in order to represent the entire Pacific Region instead of just the South Pacific. Teuira Napa of the Cook Islands was the last to reign as Miss South Pacific & Latafale Auva'a of Samoa was the first to reign as Miss Pacific Islands. Latafale Auva'a was the only Miss Pacific Islands who've held multiple pageant titles during her reign as Miss Pacific Islands including Miss Samoa NZ, Miss Samoa & Miss World Samoa. In 2015, Latafale Auva'a sets out to compete for the 2015 Miss World Pageant just weeks before the 2015 Miss Pacific Islands Pageant held at Rarotonga, Cook Islands and the former Miss South Pacific 2013 Teuira Napa was given the honor to crown the 2015 Miss Pacific Islands which was won by Abigail Havora winning the first Miss Pacific Islands title for Papua New Guinea.
Title-Holders!
Country/Territory By Rank & Winning The Title!
References
Category:1987 establishments in Oceania
Category:1980s establishments in Samoa
Category:Beauty pageants in Oceania
Category:Beauty pageants for people of specific ethnic or national descents |
Q:
Associate an XML-Stylesheet with an XML Document with Nokogiri
Is it possible to associate a stylesheet with with Nokogiri, to create this structure?
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="http://www.my-site.com/sitemap.xsl"?>
<root>
...
</root>
A:
There is not.
The way I did it:
xml.gsub!("<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>") do |head|
result = head
result << "\n"
result << "<?xml-stylesheet type=\"text/xsl\" href=\"#{stylesheet}\"?>"
end
Cheers.
|
Q:
How to get 'milliseconds' as a part of time in perl?
I need to get the time in the format "20130808 12:12:12.123" i.e., "yyyymmdd hour:min:sec.msec".
I tried
my ($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday,$isdst) = localtime(time);
$year += 1900;
$mon++;
if ($mon<10){$mon="0$mon"}
if ($mday<10){$mday="0$mday"}
if ($hour<10){$hour="0$hour"}
if ($min<10){$min="0$min"}
if ($sec<10){$sec="0$sec"} but this doesn't provide the `msec` as a part of time.
How can i do that ?
A:
Here's a complete script. As proposed before, it is using Time::HiRes::time for microsecond support, and it's also using POSIX::strftime for easier formatting. Unfortunately strftime cannot deal with microseconds, so this has to be added manually.
use Time::HiRes qw(time);
use POSIX qw(strftime);
my $t = time;
my $date = strftime "%Y%m%d %H:%M:%S", localtime $t;
$date .= sprintf ".%03d", ($t-int($t))*1000; # without rounding
print $date, "\n";
A:
use Time::HiRes
Looking at this briefly, it can provide milliseconds since epoch fairly
easily but didn't seem to extend localtime(), so there's probably a bit of work
involved in using it in a full calendar context.
Here's a working example:
use strict;
use warnings;
use Time::Format qw/%time/;
use Time::HiRes qw/gettimeofday/;
my $time = gettimeofday; # Returns ssssssssss.uuuuuu in scalar context
print qq|$time{'yyyymmdd hh:mm:ss.mmm', $time}\n|;
|
Ekrem Imamoglu, the opposition, Republican People's Party's (CHP) mayoral candidate in Istanbul, gestures during a rally in Istanbul, late Monday, May 6, 2019. Turkey's state-run news agency says the country's highest electoral body has ruled for a rerun of the Istanbul mayoral election after President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's party challenged the legitimacy of the vote an opposition candidate narrowly won. (AP Photo/Lefteris Pitarakis)
Ekrem Imamoglu, the opposition, Republican People's Party's (CHP) mayoral candidate in Istanbul, gestures during a rally in Istanbul, late Monday, May 6, 2019. Turkey's state-run news agency says the country's highest electoral body has ruled for a rerun of the Istanbul mayoral election after President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's party challenged the legitimacy of the vote an opposition candidate narrowly won. (AP Photo/Lefteris Pitarakis)
ANKARA, Turkey (AP) — Turkey’s top election authority voided the Istanbul mayoral election won by an opposition candidate and ordered a do-over, ruling Monday in favor of a request by the president’s party to throw out the vote it narrowly lost.
Opposition leaders said the Supreme Electoral Board’s decision to invalidate the results from Istanbul’s election raises concerns about President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s grip on power and Turkish democracy in general.
A top aide for Erdogan told The Associated Press that the voiding of the mayoral election in Turkey’s biggest city amounts to “a victory for Turkish democracy” by ensuring the results reflect the voters’ choice.
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Ekrem Imamoglu of the opposition Republican People’s Party placed first by a slim margin in the March 31 mayoral election, defeating the ruling party candidate, former Prime Minister Binali Yildirim. Erdogan’s conservative and Islamic-based Justice and Development Party then charged that a series of election irregularities made the results illegitimate.
Turkey’s state-run Anadolu Agency said the Supreme Electoral Board revoked Imamoglu’s mandate and called a new election for June 23. As grounds to annul the March 31 results, the board said that some ballot station heads were not civil servants as required by law, the news agency said.
Yildirim, the loser in the election, said he hoped the decision would lead to “beneficial and beautiful results for Istanbul.”
In a statement to the AP, presidential communications director Fahrettin Altun said: “Having held free and fair elections for nearly seven decades, Turkey will complete this process in a transparent, lawful and orderly manner.”
Leaders of the Imamoglu’s main opposition party held an emergency meeting in the capital of Ankara late Monday.
Addressing thousands of his supporters in Istanbul, Imamoglu accused the electoral board of bowing to pressure and threats from Erdogan’s party. He vowed to use “democracy” to win back the “rights” that he said were taken away by force. The crowd called for the electoral board members to resign and accused Erdogan of stealing the vote.
Kati Piri, the European Parliament’s rapporteur on Turkey, said on Twitter: “This ends the credibility of democratic transition of power through elections in Turkey.”
Police set up barricades around the electoral board’s headquarters in Turkey’s capital, but there were no immediate signs of major demonstrations. Protesters banged pots and pans in several Istanbul neighborhoods, the opposition Birgun newspaper reported.
Howard Eissenstat, a Turkey expert at the nonprofit Project for Middle East Democracy and a Middle East history scholar at St. Lawrence University in New York, said Monday’s ruling “removes the last fig leaf of competitive elections” hiding the erosion of democracy in Turkey.
“Turkey wasn’t democratic yesterday and it’s not democratic today,” Eissenstat said.
He noted that Erdogan’s party previously invalidated election results in Turkey’s mostly Kurdish-populated regions after a pro-Kurdish party won and replaced elected mayors with government appointees.
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“Erdogan cannot afford to lose in the second round. It would a disastrous display of weakness,” Eissenstat said.
The local elections held across Turkey on March 31 produced setbacks for the president. His party lost city hall in the capital as well as in Istanbul, ending 25 years of the Justice and Development Party and its Islamist predecessor governing both cities.
The loss of Istanbul, the country’s commercial and cultural capital, was particularly hard for Erdogan. He began his political ascent as Istanbul’s mayor.
At pre-election rallies, the president had repeatedly told crowds, “Whoever wins Istanbul, wins Turkey” and “Whoever loses Istanbul, loses Turkey.”
Istanbul, with its 15 million residents and strategic location straddling Europe and Asia, accounted for 31% of Turkey’s GDP of $851 billion in 2017 and draws millions of tourists.
The city government had a budget of $8.8 billion last year. The municipality has awarded lucrative contracts to businesses close to the government over the years and offers huge financial resources and employment opportunities. |
Q:
How do I shelve my changes of one particular folder in Git repository?
Following is the exact scenario:
Master branch in git repository is having two folders:
Project A
Project B
I have done some major changes in Project B, whereas Project A is completely untouched.
Now, I dont want to commit and push the changes in Project B at this stage, because it is waiting for the review, and there may be some revisions which may take upto a few weeks. At the same time, I dont want to keep those changes on local just to make sure that I dont lose those changes on any catastrophic event.
As I have done the changes directly in Master branch, I want to shelve those changes and will commit them later on (may be after a month). No other developer is working on that project, so I am least bothered at the time of merging.
Could anyone please suggest how can I shelve those changes, or create a private branch of those changes to merge them with the master later on?
Any help on this will be much appreciated. Thank you.
P.S. - Sorry if this looked like a basic question, but I am a TFS guy, so finding it a bit difficult to get used to with Git. There I could simply do this in one or two steps :)
A:
Git is a project based version control system. This means that when you commit your work in Git, you generally commit every file in the repository. So there is no distinction between your two folders with regard to this. Note that this differs from a VCS tool like Perforce or CVS, where you could version just one of these two folders.
With regard to your problem, perhaps the easiest thing to do would be to just create a feature branch from your current work. You can try the following:
# git checkout yourBranch if not already there
git checkout -b my_project_b # create a new branch from this point
git add . # add your files changed
git commit -m 'Project B latest work' # commit your work
Now you can push your new branch with Project B changes to the remote via
git push origin my_project_b
When it comes time to use this work, simply merge my_project_b into the destination branch.
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Q:
Show that any quadric in $\mathbb{P}^3$ is isomorphic to $\mathbb{P}^1 \times \mathbb{P}^1$
Show that any non-singular irreducible quadric in $\mathbb{P}^3$ is isomorphic to $\mathbb{P}^1 \times \mathbb{P}^1$
I know that every non-singular and irreducible quadric in $\mathbb{P}^3$ can be written in the form $xy=zw$ after a suitable change of homogeneous coordinates.
So it is sufficient to prove that $Q=Z(xy-zw)$ is isomorphic to $\mathbb{P}^1 \times \mathbb{P}^1$.
$\mathbb{P}^1 \times \mathbb{P}^1 \cong \sigma(\mathbb{P}^1 \times \mathbb{P}^1)$ where $\sigma$ is the Segre embedding.
So we now want to prove that $Q=\sigma(\mathbb{P}^1 \times \mathbb{P}^1)$.
I have some difficulties to prove it. And I don't know if I'm on the right way. Some help would be appreciated.
Thanks.
A:
Observe, in the Segre embedding $\mathbb{P}\times\mathbb{P}\rightarrow\mathbb{P}^3$, we have
$$
(x_0:x_1)\times(y_0:y_1)\mapsto(x_0y_0,x_0y_1,x_1y_0,x_1y_1).
$$
If we choose the coordinates on $\mathbb{P}^3$ to be $(x,z,w,y)$, we see that $xy=zw$ on this surface.
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The present invention relates to a hurdle for malthouses and other material-handling spaces. More particularly, it relates to a hurdle of the above mentioned type which has a supporting frame and a bottom which is supported by the supporting frame and perforated for passage of the material treating medium.
Hurdles of this type are used for wetting, germination and kiln-drying or drying of grains, hops, and other particulate products. These hurdles often have considerable dimensions and accommodate many tons of heavy particulate material, for example in modern big malt houses. They are formed either as immovable hurdles or so-called plane hurdles, or as movable hurdles such as for example tilting hurdles or rotary hurdles. All hurdles have a basic construction including a supporting frame and a bottom, wherein the supporting frame is formed as shaped or latticework supports and the bottom supported by the supporting frame is formed merely of a narrow-mesh wire network for small and simple hurdles units, or in the mainly used construction is assembled of a plurality of frames provided with apertured sheet coating. The frames have a plurality of supporting parts provided for supporting the apertured sheet coating and connected with one another in a welded construction. These bars require cutting and welding of many individual parts. Mounting of the perforated sheet coating on the frames is carried out by a riveting or welding. The first option is expensive, whereas the second option is inexpensive, but as always requires a post-adjustment of the frame, since it is warped as a result of heat expansion. The subsequent harmonization makes possible a second post-adjustment. The post-adjustments are time-consuming, since in the sense of the required planeness and shape-accuracy of the frames they must be carried out exactly because the hurdle buttons must be plane, and no essential intermediate spaces or slots must remain between the frames, which proves a danger of nests of meltable or rottable materials. The hurdle of the known construction has, because of its material-consuming and labor-consuming frames of their bottom, a high weight per meter.sup.2 of hurdle surface and is expensive because of poor material use. Since the tolerances in the sense of height and maintenance of a right angle can be provided with difficulties and therefore many adjusting works and fitting works are needed in situ, the price of the square meter because of these works is negatively affected to a great extent. |
Russia ready to build another pipeline & provide Europe with as much gas as it needs
Gazprom, Russia’s leading natural gas producer, says it's ready to supply as much blue fuel as Europe wants. The company is ready to build the Nord Stream 3 pipeline, if necessary.
"We have proven reserves, we have transport, we are building new transport routes. If Europe is ready… I do not rule out new gas transportation projects – Nord Stream 3, for example," said Gazprom Deputy Chairman of the Management Committee Aleksandr Medvedev in an interview with the Rossiya 24 TV channel.
Groningen, the largest gas field in Europe, which is located in the Netherlands, has seen a significant output slowdown, which has resulted in declining European gas production. Gazprom has said it is ready to compensate for the decline with Russian gas.
Gazprom’s exports to Europe amounted to a record high 194.4 billion cubic meters in 2017, an increase of 8.4 percent. The share of Russian gas in the European Union last year increased to 34.7 percent from 33.1 percent in 2016.
Russia has been implementing the Nord Stream 2 project, which intends to double the existing capacity of the Nord Stream pipeline from Russia to Germany. Despite the opposition of the Baltic states, some Eastern European countries and the United States, Gazprom has received permission to build the pipeline.
"Of course, there are opportunities for Russia to supply gas and increase the volume of supplies to Europe," the head of the center for the study of global energy markets at the Russian Academy of Sciences Vyacheslav Kulagin told RT.
"The competitiveness of Russian gas is high, especially since 2014, as the ruble has strongly weakened against the dollar and the euro, and the costs of extraction and transportation are still in the Russian rubles," added Kulagin.
Brussels has repeatedly said it wants to cut its dependence on Russian gas by building liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals. However, cheaper Russian gas has shelved most LNG projects. |
Everything about Bacteriophage
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Lambda Phages
The lambda phage, also called Enterobacteria phageλ andcolphageλ, is a type of temperate bacteriophage or bacterial virus that infects the Escherichia coli (E. coli) species of bacteria. The virus may be housed in the genome of its host via lysogeny.
History of Lambda Phage
In 1950, Esther Lederberg, an American microbiologist, was performing experiments on E. coli mixtures. She happened to observe streaks of mixtures of two types of E. coli strains that seemed to have been nibbled on and had viral plaque. One E. coli strain had been treated with ultraviolet light, so the damage was more apparent. It was later determined that this was caused by bacterial viruses, which replicated and spread resulting in cell destruction. The discovery led to the employment of Lambda phage as a model organism in microbial genetics as well as in molecular genetics.
Structure
A lambda phage has a head measuring around 50-60 nanometers in diameter and a flexible tail that is around 150 nanometers long and may contain tail fibers.
The head consists of various proteins and over a thousand protein molecules including X1, X2, B, B*, E, D, and W. The head functions as a capsid that contains its genome, which contains 48,490 base pairs of double-stranded linear DNA. This number also includes 12-base single-stranded parts at its 5’ ends. The single-stranded parts are known as sticky sites and are also called the cos site, which encircles the DNA in the host cytoplasm. Hence, when in circular form, the phage genome is comprised of 48,502 pairs in length. The weight of the genome is estimated to be 32×106 Da, which is around half of the weight of the phage.
The tail has a 135 nanometer-tube that is hollow and contains a conical cap which is around 15 nanometers. The tail’s inner diameter is around 3 nanometers, while on the outside, it is around 9-18 nanometers depending on the knob-like structures that give the tail a rough appearance.
Life cycle
When E. coli is infected with a lambda phage, two cycles may happen: lytic or lysogenic.
The lytic cycle happens when progeny phage particles are produced. The lytic cycle is the more common life cycle that comes after most infections. The first step of this cycle is the attachment of the phage to the host cell, injecting its DNA into the cell. Nucleic acid from the phage is replicated, and the phage’s genes are expressed, allowing the production of phage proteins. The phage proteins are assembled into phage particles, which are released when the host cell undergoes lysis (it breaks down). The lysis is mediated by lysis genes S, R, Rz, and Rz1 which, upon expression, yield proteins that work together to break down the host bacterium’s cell wall. This mode of lambda replication typically yields many phage particles.
The lysogenic cycle, in contrast, does not produce a huge number of progeny phage or break down the host cell. Instead, the λ DNA recombines with its host’s genome to produce a prophage. This typically is the favoured pathway when unfavourable environmental conditions prevent intense replication of the bacterial cells. Like the lytic cycle, the first step of the lysogenic cycle is also the attachment of the phage and the injection of its DNA into the host cell. The phage DNA then integrates with the host chromosome, producing an integrated DNA combination called the prophage DNA. Host cells that carry this DNA are said to be in the lysogenic state. The prophage DNA is replicated along each time the host bacterial cell replicates itself, producing more cells, each with a copy of the prophage DNA. When these cells are exposed to certain chemicals or to ultraviolet light, phage induction happens; the prophage DNA is then cut out of the host genome and proceeds to the lytic cycle.
Applications
The lambda phage has different applications, most of which are related to DNA cloning. This is because lambda phage can be used as a vector for generating recombinant DNA, which are combined DNA sequences that result from using laboratory techniques like molecular cloning to assemble genetic material from several sources. The site-specific recombinase of lambda phage can be used for shuffling cloned DNAs via the gateway cloning system, a molecular biology technique that ensures the effective transfer of DNA fragments between plasmids.
The lambda phage’s ability to mediate genetic recombincation is due to its red operon, which is a functioning unit of genomic DNA that has a cluster of genes controlled by a promoter or a single regulatory signal. This red operon can be expressed to yield the proteins red alpha (or exo), beta, and gamma, which can be used in recombination-mediated genetic engineering, a method commonly employed in bacterial genetics, generation of target vectors, and DNA modification. |
Q:
How to access for-each loop variable in other class
I am a a newbie to java. I am learning to use for-each loop for iterating over arraylist.
for(String s:list){
my code
}
I want to access variable s in another class of same package. Event after making method static I am not able to do so.
I also tried by initializing variable as below:
static String s=null;
for(s:list){
my code
}
This code is also not working. Please help me to know correct way to access variable 's' in another class
A:
If you want to pass the variable to another class, pass the variable as an agrument to that class's method.
Eg:-
Class2 class2 = new Class2();
for(String s : list){
class2.method(s);
}
|
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Public Meetings Accommodations
WSLCB is an equal opportunity employer and does not discriminate against an individual on the basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the entity's goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations.
For questions about a reasonable accommodation for a WSLCB agency event, please contact our ADA Coordinator Claris Nnanabu, Human Resources, at 360-664-1642, or email: ccn@liq.wa.gov or Jessica Richards at 360-664-1785 or email: jbl@liq.wa.gov. You can also contact our state TTY service, by calling the Washington Relay Service at 7-1-1 or 1-800-833-6388. For all other accommodations, please contact us 2-3 weeks prior to the event to process in a timely manner. (Examples: sign language interpreter, seat in front, etc.) |
The Handmaid's Tale
The Republic of Gilead offers Offred only one function: to breed . If she deviates, she will, like dissenters, be hanged at the wall or sent out to die slowly of radiation sickness. But even a repressive state cannot obliterate desire - neither Offred's nor that of the two men on which her future hangs....
Sapiens
Earth is 4.5 billion years old. In just a fraction of that time, one species among countless others has conquered it. Us. We are the most advanced and most destructive animals ever to have lived. What makes us brilliant? What makes us deadly? What makes us sapiens? In this bold and provocative audiobook, Yuval Noah Harari explores who we are, how we got here, and where we're going.
Elon Musk
South African-born Elon Musk is the renowned entrepreneur and innovator behind PayPal, SpaceX, Tesla, and SolarCity. Musk wants to save our planet; he wants to send citizens into space, to form a colony on Mars; he wants to make money while doing these things; and he wants us all to know about it. He is the real-life inspiration for the Iron Man series of films starring Robert Downey, Jr. The personal tale of Musk's life comes with all the trappings one associates with a great, drama-filled story.
Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow
Yuval Noah Harari, author of the best-selling Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, envisions a not-too-distant world in which we face a new set of challenges. Now, in Homo Deus, he examines our future with his trademark blend of science, history, philosophy and every discipline in between. Homo Deus explores the projects, dreams and nightmares that will shape the 21st century - from overcoming death to creating artificial life.
The Girl on the Train
Rachel catches the same commuter train every morning. She knows it will wait at the same signal each time, overlooking a row of back gardens. She's even started to feel like she knows the people who live in one of the houses. Jess and Jason, she calls them. Their life - as she sees it - is perfect. If only Rachel could be that happy. And then she sees something shocking. It's only a minute until the train moves on, but it's enough. Now everything's changed.
The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do, and How to Change
In The Power of Habit, award-winning New York Times business reporter Charles Duhigg takes us to the thrilling edge of scientific discoveries that explain why habits exist and how they can be changed. With penetrating intelligence and an ability to distil vast amounts of information into engrossing narratives, Duhigg brings to life a whole new understanding of human nature and its potential for transformation.
Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance
Why do naturally talented people frequently fail to reach their potential while other far less gifted individuals go on to achieve amazing things? The secret to outstanding achievement is not talent but a passionate persistence. In other words, grit. MacArthur Genius Award-winning psychologist Angela Duckworth shares fascinating new revelations about who succeeds in life and why.
The Life-Changing Magic of Tidying: A Simple, Effective Way to Banish Clutter Forever
Transform your home into a permanently clear and clutter-free space with the incredible KonMari Method. Japan's expert declutterer and professional cleaner Marie Kondo will help you tidy your rooms once and for all with her inspirational step-by-step method. The key to successful tidying is to tackle your home in the correct order, to keep only the things you really love and to do it all at once - and quickly. After that for the rest of your life, you need only to choose what to keep and what to discard.
To Kill a Mockingbird
'Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit 'em, but remember it's a sin to kill a mockingbird.' A lawyer's advice to his children as he defends the real mockingbird of Harper Lee's classic novel - a black man charged with the rape of a white girl. Through the young eyes of Scout and Jem Finch, Harper Lee explores with exuberant humour the irrationality of adult attitudes to race and class in the Deep South of the '30s.
Killing Floor: Jack Reacher 1
Jack Reacher jumps off a bus and walks fourteen miles down a country road into Margrave, Georgia. An arbitrary decision he's about to regret. Reacher is the only stranger in town on the day they have had their first homicide in 30 years. The cops arrest Reacher and the police chief turns eyewitness to place him at the scene. As nasty secrets leak out, and the body count mounts, one thing is for sure: They picked the wrong guy to take the fall.
When Breath Becomes Air
The New York Times number-one best seller. At the age of 36, on the verge of completing a decade's training as a neurosurgeon, Paul Kalanithi was diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer. One day he was a doctor treating the dying, the next he was a patient struggling to live.
Armada
Zack Lightman is a dreamer. He fills his days with wishful thoughts of life on other planets and spends hours playing videogames, neither of which have helped him make friends or find a girlfriend. His refuge from the daily disappointments of life is Armada - an online space-fighter simulator based on defending Earth from an alien invasion. It’s when he’s playing that he feels closest to his father, a champion gamer who died when Zack was a baby.
Science in the Soul: Selected Writings of a Passionate Rationalist
Richard Dawkins - author of The Selfish Gene, The Blind Watchmaker, and The God Delusion - is one of science's greatest communicators. This anthology of more than 40 pieces is a kaleidoscopic argument for the power and the glory of science. Breathtaking, brilliant and passionate, these essays, journalism, lectures and letters make an unanswerable case for the wonder of scientific discovery and its power to stir the imagination.
Origin
The spellbinding new Robert Langdon novel from the author of The Da Vinci Code. Origin thrusts Harvard symbologist Robert Langdon into the dangerous intersection of humankind's two most enduring questions - and the earth-shaking discovery that will answer them.
No Middle Name: The Complete Collected Jack Reacher Stories
Jack 'No Middle Name' Reacher, lone wolf, knight errant, ex-military cop, lover of women, scourge of the wicked and righter of wrongs, is the most iconic hero for our age. This is the first time all Lee Child's shorter fiction featuring Jack Reacher has been collected into one volume. A brand-new novella, Too Much Time, is included, as are those previously published only in ebook form: Second Son, James Penney's New Identity, Guy Walks into a Bar, and Deep Down.
The Midnight Line: Jack Reacher, Book 22
Jack Reacher takes an aimless stroll past a pawn shop in a small Midwestern town. In the window he sees a West Point class ring from 2005. It's tiny. It's a woman cadet's graduation present to herself. Why would she give it up? Reacher's a West Pointer, too, and he knows what she went through to get it. Reacher tracks the ring back to its owner, step by step, down a criminal trail leading west. Like Big Foot come out of the forest, he arrives in the deserted wilds of Wyoming. All he wants is to find the woman.
Waking Up
For the millions of people who want spirituality without religion, Sam Harris’s new book is a guide to meditation as a rational spiritual practice informed by neuroscience and psychology. From bestselling author, neuroscientist, and “new atheist” Sam Harris, Waking Up is for the increasingly large numbers of people who follow no religion, but who suspect that Jesus, Buddha, Lao Tzu, Rumi, and the other saints and sages of history could not have all been epileptics, schizophrenics, or frauds.
Do you want to lose fat, double testosterone, get the perfect posterior or give your partner a fifteen-minute female orgasm? Whatever your physical goal, The 4-Hour Body eclipses every other health manual by sharing the best kept secrets in the latest science and research to provide new strategies for redesigning the human body. And you don't need to exhaust yourself. International bestselling author, Timothy Ferriss, helps you reach your true genetic potential in 3-6 months with a commitment of less than four hours per week. |
The benefits of electronic controls align closely with the preferences of operators and fleet managers, as well as the OEMs and system integrators who design and build small and large vehicles. Consequently, electronic controls are increasingly used across a range of on- and off-highway vehicle applications, especially where uptime is key.
Today, there is a shift from traditional electromechanical devices to electronic Controller Area Network (CAN) technology, the most common of which is the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J1939 CAN 2.0B standard for communications and diagnostics. The electronic CAN technology helps OEMs and system integrators reduce manufacturing and troubleshooting time, because of the simplification of the harness assembly, increased flexibility, and improved diagnostics capabilities. In addition, CAN technology can also improve operator feedback and overall equipment reliability, offering late-point definition capabilities, increased illumination options, and dramatic reductions in harness complexity.
Before: Total of 84 wires to controller
After: Total of 4 wires to controller
Electronic switch modules are engineered as an alternative to traditional electromechanical switches for use with a vehicle control network. Typically, the technology is used to accomplish one or more of the following:
Simplify system control architecture, reducing assembly time
Reduce weight and potential warranty issues
Simplify the wire harnesses
Improve operator feedback
Increase switch life-cycle performance
Shifting preferences
Electronic vehicle network technology has been around for more than a decade. So why are preferences changing now? In large part, it is because wiring (and wiring harnesses) are becoming more and more complex as control requirements continue to increase.
Yet there are space constraints behind the dash— there are only so many switches and wires that will fit. Wire harness troubleshooting is difficult at best, and accommodating proprietary messaging structures is time-intensive and costly, compared to using the J1939 standard. Further, there are only so many points of I/O on existing controllers, and all of those points can be exhausted. Adding more points of connection is costly in terms of increasing controller size.
However, there are times when the traditional technology makes more sense. Vehicles that have relatively simple control architecture, a low volume of interface products, or those that have no intention of multiplexing their platforms, may be better served using traditional electromechanical devices. Even customers who have adopted CAN technology may still employ electromechanical solutions for specific applications, such as for a “park brake,” where direct control is preferred, or for accessories that get added after shipment.
Fundamentally, RoHS restricts six substances: 4 heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium) and two flame-retardants (PBBs and PBDEs). The concentration limits for all these substances is .1% of any homogenous material – except for cadmium (.01%). Despite the fact that RoHS only applies to electrical and electronic equipment (EEE ) placed on the EU market, it has been highly influential in pushing similar (but NOT identical) requirements in many other geographies.
RoHS has also instigated a global change in the design and composition of off-the-shelf components that affects many industries, including the equipment industry. As a result, changes in RoHS are noteworthy even for manufacturers whose products are out of scope or are sold outside the EU. In that regard, allequipment manufacturers should be aware that the key business risks to be mitigated are enforced obsolescence and design changes, as well as the loss of market access due to non-compliance.
Like most legislation, RoHS is not a static animal. It was “recast” at the beginning of 2013 and is now commonly known as RoHS2 (directive 2011/65/EU). Below are key changes between RoHS1 and RoHS2.
Substance Scope
Although the substances and their allowable concentration limits did not change between RoHS1 and RoHS2, the addition of further substances is imminent. The EU Commission is proposing to restrict four plasticizers (DEHP, BBP, DBP, DiBP) and one flame retardant (HBCDD), which has been identified as a Persistent Organic Pollutant and will be banned globally, irrespective of RoHS. All of these proposed substances are already REACH SVHCs. No timetable has been published, but the earliest any ban could take effect is probably between mid-2017 and 2019.
Furthermore, RoHS’ expansion of substance scope does not end there. An additional round of restrictions is envisioned. The most likely candidates are TBBPA (another flame retardant), MCCP (a flame retardant and plasticizer) and even PVC. Several other substances are also possibilities.
In regard to future substances, ERA Technology is currently an invited member of a working group of representatives from industry, EU Member States and NGOs. The group was formed by the European Commission to consider improvements in the methodology for identifying future substance restrictions. ERA’s main focus is establishing an approach that considers potential alternatives to substances that are proposed for restriction. This approach is meant to be even-handed and evidence-based, while taking into account the entire product life cycle.
Product Scope
The original RoHS directive focused mainly on consumer and other high volume products in 8 categories. The recast brings several other categories within scope at different times:
July 22, 2014 – Medical devices, Monitoring and control instruments
July 22, 2016 – In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD)
July 22, 2017 – Industrial monitoring and control instruments
July 22, 2019 – Other equipment (subject to review)
The first of these dates has already passed. Changing product designs and processes to meet this deadline, as well as future ones, has been the focus of intense activity.
‘Like most legislation, RoHS2 is not a static animal’
In addition, the recast has brought in a broader understanding of what constitutes EEE. Previously, many (but not all) EU Member States considered EEE to be in scope only if the product’s main function depended on electricity (Under this definition, for example, a petrol lawn mower was out of scope, even though it has a spark plug.) But now, under RoHS2, EEE includes products with any electrical function. Any product within this broadened interpretation must comply by July 22, 2019.
Note that there are other important issues regarding the impact of the above deadlines and recast product categorizations (e.g. what is “industrial”), but they are beyond the scope of this summary article.
Please review the Table
Key EU RoHS2 Compliance Dates
DATE
DESCRIPTION
12/31/2014
Last date for EU Member States to implement changes to RoHS’ Exemptions List (Directives 2014/69/EU – 2014/76/EU )
Expiration of exemption 4g for mercury in hand-crafted luminous discharge tubes used in certain signs and lighting; exemption 41 for lead in solders and termination finishes of components and circuit boards in ignition modules and other engine control systems; and exemption 37 (Annex IV) for Category 8 and 9 exemptions for lead in platinized platinum electrodes for conductivity measurements
Exemption 27 (Annex IV) for lead in solders, coating and connections in certain medical devices expires
12/31/2020
Expiration of exemptions 33 (Annex IV) for lead in solder on populated printed circuit boards for class IIb mobile medical devices; for lead in other than C-press compliant pin connector systems for industrial monitoring and control instruments; and for lead in dielectric ceramic in capacitors for industrial monitoring and control instruments.
Expiration of exemption 31 for lead, cadmium and hexavalent chromium in reused spare parts recovered from medical devices in closed loop lead in micro-channel plates in medical devices and monitoring and control instruments; systems; exemption 39 (Annex IV) for and exemption 34 (Annex IV) lead as an activator in fluorescent powder of some discharge lamps
Expiration of exemption 39 (Annex IV) for lead in micro-channel plates in industrial monitoring and control instruments, as well as exemption 35 (Annex IV) for mercury in cold cathode fluorescent lamps in certain liquid crystal displays in industrial monitoring and control instruments
The IP Code, International Protection Marking, IEC standard 60529, sometimes interpreted as Ingress Protection Marking, classifies and rates the degree of protection provided against intrusion, dust, accidental contact, and water by mechanical casings and electrical enclosures.
The standard aims to provide users more detailed information than vague marketing terms such as waterproof. Two numbers indicate protection against solid bodies, first digit, and against liquids, second digit, in accordance with the charts below.
Ingress Protection Rating Guide
First Number | Effective Against
0
No protection (Sometimes X)
1
Protected against solid objects up to 50mm3
2
Protected against solid objects up to 12mm3
3
Protected against solid objects up to 2.5mm3
4
Protected against solid objects up to 1mm3
5
Protected against dust, limited ingress (no harmful deposit)
6
Totally protected against dust
Second Number | Effective Against
0
No protection (Sometimes X)
1
Protection against vertically falling drops of water (e.g. condensation)
2
Protection against direct sprays of water up to 15 degrees from vertical
3
Protection against direct sprays of water up to 60 degrees from vertical
4
Protection against water sprayed from all directions – limited ingress permitted
5
Protected against low pressure jets of water from all directions – limited ingress permitted
Waytek, Inc., a leading distributor of electrical wiring supplies, connectors, and relays for electrical systems in the mobile equipment markets, is pleased to announce the addition of GIGAVAC rugged environment products to its broad, in-stock, offering of OEM electrical components.
GIGAVAC manufactures advanced switching solutions including high voltage relays, contactors, manual disconnect switches and other power products. Waytek customers can now order GIGAVAC’s most popular parts directly through Waytek.
GIGAVAC products are hermetically sealed—airtight and waterproof—so there is no corrosion. Parts are designed and manufactured for extreme environments (humidity, submersion, dust, high temperature, heavy shock and vibration). GIGAVAC construction allows for very long life cycles, and low warranty and service costs.
Waytek carries GIGAVAC’s most popular parts including a series of chassis mount contactors up to 600A, and 300A and 500A Battery Disconnects. Each heavy-duty contactor is ceramic to metal brazed, gas filled hermetically in a sealed chamber to protect key components, exceeds IP69K standards, and is temperature tested to 200 degrees Celsius.
“We have many customers that specialize in heavy-duty commercial, military, mining, agricultural and construction equipment. Being able to provide them with airtight and waterproof equipment allows Waytek customers to source from fewer suppliers,” said Jim Keister, marketing manager at Waytek, Inc.
About Waytek: Since 1970, Waytek has been providing electrical wiring supplies to OEMs in the truck body and trailer, construction machinery and equipment, mining, agricultural equipment, and emergency vehicle markets. Waytek maintains a large inventory of more than 10,000 different electrical supplies. Waytek prides itself on having the “Right Parts, In Stock, to be delivered On Time.” To view GIGAVAC products, visit the Waytek website at www.waytekwire.com
About GIGAVAC: Based in Santa Barbara, California, GIGAVAC manufactures and distributes Advanced Switching Solutions. GIGAVAC’s sealed switching devices include high voltage relays, contactors, manual disconnect switches and other Power Products. Used in a wide variety of applications, typical customers are manufacturers of commercial and military vehicles, as well as boats, light rail, mining, factory automation power systems, battery charging and management systems, fuel cells, solar and wind power systems, test equipment, HV power supplies, wafer fabrication, RF communications equipment, MRI/medical equipment and others in need of Advanced Switching Solutions. www.GIGAVAC.com.
3) Isolating a faulted function—leaving the normally operating functions able to continue.
The safety issue is undoubtedly the most important of these three. The primary safety focus is to eliminate two types of hazards:
1) Electrical shock
2) Smoke and fire
The safety consideration manifests itself most often in the primary-input circuit protector. In this application, power enters the appliance and is immediately met by a protector that is ready to take the system off-line when required.
The matter of current reduction is really a traditional definition for circuit protection application. Anywhere there is a reduction in the size of a current-carrying medium; the potential exists for a fault to exceed the limits of that medium. For example, wire is designed to carry 20 amps, and is protected accordingly. If a branch circuit is taken from this 20-amp circuit utilizing wire (which, depending upon insulation, is rated to carry 3 amps), then a dangerous overload in the 3-amp circuit (say, 15 amps or a 500% overload) would not be noticed by the 20-amp circuit. (Figure 1)
Figure 1
The third issue involves the design of fault-tolerant equipment and relates to the case illustrated above involving distributed power through branch circuits (Figure 1). If the low-amp branch circuits are independent functions, a fault in one circuit should not take the whole system down. By inserting a circuit breaker in each of the branches, the fault is isolated to the least-affected circuit, leaving the others to function normally.
Types of Abnormal Conditions
In the discussion of circuit protection, it is convenient to separate fault conditions into two types. They are distinguished by virtue of their magnitude, but also by their cause-and effect relationship. The two are overload and short circuit.
An overload is a condition where, for various reasons, the current level within an electric circuit exceeds its specified limits but continues along its designed path. An excellent example is a stalled motor. This situation, at least initially, exceeds the normally specified steady-state condition. Overload will occur at start-up, or if the rotation of the motor is impeded in some way.
This overload will generally be in the area of 300–700% of the rated current level of the device. Start-up conditions are allowed for within most circuit designs. Other extended overload conditions must be protected.
Short circuits, on the other hand, are conditions that occur when the current path to the load is bypassed with a very low or negligible resistance path. Under this condition, excessively high current flows, which represent a significant hazard both to the appliance and attendant personnel.
In general, an overload is defined by a magnitude of 200–800% of normal rating, and a short circuit is anything greater than this. Because of its limited impedance/resistance path, however, a short circuit is usually considerably higher than 1000% of normal rating. A short circuit involves circuit damage. An overload may or may not involve circuit damage and many times is easily eliminated without repair, even though sustained overloads result in short circuits over time if not protected.
The automotive wiring you select for manufacturing and maintaining vehicles and equipment is an integral part to keeping electrical systems reliable. Not only is the type of wire you select important, like automotive gpt primary wire or automotive cross-link wire, but it’s also important to choose the best automotive wire gauge size based on your application current draw, potential electrical resistance and voltage drop.
Voltage Drop & Automotive Wire Gauge GuideVoltage drop is the amount of voltage lost over the length of the automotive wire or cable. Voltage drop changes as a function of the resistance of the wire and should be less than 2% if possible. If the drop is greater than 2%, efficiency of the equipment in the circuit is severely decreased and life of the equipment will be decreased. As automotive wire lengths get longer, electrical resistance builds up until it forces the voltage down below a usable level. At that point, up-sizing the wire gauge will restore the voltage to its intended level.
Voltage drop can be calculated using Ohm’s Law: Voltage Drop = current in amperes x resistance in ohms.
For a more convenient calculation, voltage drop calculators and automotive wire gauge guides, like the chart shown below, can be helpful reference tools. This wire gauge guide shows the maximum run of wire that is recommended for 22 through 4/0 automotive wire gauges based on different current draw ratings.
Disclaimer: Many factors can affect the performance of the application, such as voltage, temperature, load, etc. With so many variables, Waytek is providing this wire gauge guide as a general guideline only. Please refer to your design engineer for final decisions.
Multiplexing is a technique that can simplify your wiring. In traditional systems, the wires run from each switch to the device they power. In a multiplexed system, a module containing at least one microprocessor consolidates inputs and outputs for an area of the vehicle. With more and more devices in vehicles each year, multiplexing is necessary to keep the wiring from getting out of control. In a multiplexed system, a module containing at least one microprocessor consolidates inputs and outputs for an area of the vehicle.
For instance, vehicles that have lots of controls on the door may have a driver’s-door module. Some vehicles have power-windows, power-mirrors, power-locks and even power-seat controls on the door. It would be impractical to run the thick bundle of wires that would come from a system like this out of the door. Instead, the driver’s-door module monitors all of the switches.
Here’s how it works: If the driver presses his window switch, the door module closes a relay that provides power to the window motor. If the driver presses the switch to adjust the passenger-side mirror, the driver’s door module sends a packet of data onto the communication bus of the car. This packet tells a different module to energize one of the power-mirror motors. In this way, most of the signals that leave the driver’s door are consolidated onto the two wires that form the communication bus.
LONDON, Jan 12 (Reuters) – Copper prices slid to their lowest in more than five years on Monday as further weakness in oil kept commodity markets under pressure, investors worried about excess supplies and speculators kept up their selling.
Three-month copper on the London Metal Exchange (LME) dropped to a session low of $5,966 a tonne, its weakest since October 2009, as sell orders kicked in at preset price levels, traders said.
Copper – which shed 14 percent in 2014 and is down nearly 5 percent already this year – closed 1 percent weaker at $6,015.50.
With market data showing an increase in bearish bets against copper, the metal was caught in a commodities downdraft spurred by oil, which dropped below $48 a barrel as Goldman Sachs slashed its short-term forecasts and Gulf producers showed no signs of cutting production.
“The weakness we are seeing is part of the ongoing deleveraging out of commodities. We have seen that in oil and also in the likes of iron ore and coal. It seems there is greater supply compared to demand and that is also the case for copper,” said Robin Bhar, an analyst at Societe Generale.
Bhar said he sees $5,500 a tonne as a bottoming-out level for copper.
Analysts polled in October had expected the copper market surplus to rise to 350,000 tonnes this year from a forecast 94,300 tonnes in 2014.
Copper traders had been eyeing two big put-option trades at $6,000 and $5,500 per tonne, which they fear could accelerate the market’s longest rout in years as prices sink to their lowest since 2010.
New diesel engines will be cleaner than ever, the results of a decade long evolution in technology.
January 1, 2014, was a bellwether day for off-road diesel engines. On that date, the majority of diesel engines sold in the United States, Japan and most of Europe met the most strict exhaust emissions standards yet.
To meet those standards – called Tier 4 Final in the U.S. – manufacturers will outfit these engines with a variety of new exhaust aftertreatment components. The ramp up to this point has been gradual, with the Tier 3 standards phased in between 2006 and 2008, Tier 4 Interim from 2008 to 2012 and now Tier 4 Final.
You won’t have to deal with the full gamut of Tier 4 Final technology until you buy your next new piece of equipment or new engine. But eventually almost everybody will have some Tier 4 Final machines in their fleet. And many of you have at least some Tier 3 or Tier 4 Interim machines in your fleet now. There are even some engines out currently that meet Tier 4 Final requirements.
The reduction in emissions from diesel engines as a result of this technology has been nothing short of astounding. But it is mandated by the EPA, and it doesn’t come cheap. By some estimates, the new engines have boosted machine prices by as much as 10 percent.
Here’s a short review to help you sort out all the details:
EMISSIONS
The EPA regulations aimed to drastically reduce two primary exhaust pollutants. Particulate matter, or PM, is mostly unburned hydrocarbons like soot that previously shot out the exhaust stack unimpeded, and nitrates of oxygen or NOx, which is a primary ingredient of smog.
EGR
With the advent of Tier 3 regulations, most manufacturers added an exhaust gas recirculation – or EGR – circuit to their engines. EGR takes a portion of the exhaust gas and recirculates it with fresh intake air. The exhaust air reduces the amount of oxygen in the combustion chamber. When this oxygen-reduced air ignites on the compression stroke, the resulting exhaust contains less NOx. The EGR circuit is a simple fix. There is an EGR valve, controlled by the engine’s electronic control module, but otherwise it’s simple plumbing. Recirculating hot exhaust gas back into the engine increases temperatures. So most EGR engines run the recirculated exhaust gas through a cooler. Some manufacturers also increased their engines’ overall cooling system sizes as well.
DPF
To bring down PM to acceptable levels in high horsepower Tier 3 engines most manufacturers resorted to using a diesel particulate filter, or DPF. These large, honeycombed, ceramic filters are coated with precious metal catalysts that trap PM in the exhaust stream.
In normal operating conditions, the exhaust temps are hot enough to incinerate most of the trapped PM in a DOC. But idling, cold starts and light load factors can accelerate PM accumulation. When a DPF becomes full enough to affect backpressure, the engine’s ECM injects a stream of diesel fuel into the DPF, raising temperatures and burning off the accumulated PM. This is called regeneration.
On some systems regeneration happens automatically without the operator needing to do anything. On others, a warning light comes on to let the operator know that he needs to activate the regeneration system. Regeneration temporarily raises the exhaust temperatures, making it important not to engage in a regeneration cycle when you’re around combustible material.
Eventually ash, which won’t burn off, collects in the DPF, requiring it to be cleaned or exchanged. The EPA requires manufacturers to size DPFs on engines 175 horsepower and up to last at least 4,500 hours between cleanings. For engines below 175 horsepower, the required maintenance interval was set at 3,000 hours.
Most heavy equipment manufacturers today offer guaranteed intervals on DPF replacement or cleaning. To prevent excessive ash buildup and possibly voiding your warranty, use a low-ash oil. These are typically designated with an American Petroleum Institute’s CJ-4 label.
Be mindful that DPFs are so good at scrubbing soot from your exhaust that they can take away the visible smoke that used to tell you of impending engine problems. DPFs can also be compromised by over extended drain intervals, faulty fuel injectors or cooling system problems so it’s important to keep the entire engine well tuned and in top shape.
DOC
Another way manufacturers are reducing exhaust pollutants is the used of diesel oxidation catalysts. These are filters with a catalytic coating on the filter media. Much like the catalytic converter in a car, the catalyst on a DOC chemically changes carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, diesel particulates and other pollutants to carbon dioxide and water.
In some engines a DOC is used in conjunction with a DPF. In many lower horsepower engines a DOC is sufficient to meet Tier 4 Final regulations without the need for a DPF. These are often touted as “maintenance free” since most stand-alone DOCs do not need cleaning or replacement and are warranted for the life of an engine.
SCR
Tier 4 Final regulations called for a drastic cut in NOx levels. In most engines this was more than EGR alone could handle. The solution was to install a new exhaust after treatment system called selective catalytic reduction, or SCR.
In an SCR system, the exhaust passes through a DPF or DPF/DOC combination first and is then doused with a mist of water and urea (a common chemical used in commercial fertilizers) in a catalytic chamber. The urea/water solution is commonly referred to as diesel exhaust fluid, or DEF. The exhaust and DEF in the presence of the catalyst turns the NOx into mostly water and nitrogen.
Since 2010, on-road trucks have used SCR to reduce NOx, so the technology is well proven. It does add another layer of complexity, but there are several advantages. For one, the use of SCR means the engine can meet emissions standards with a less aggressive use of EGR – so these engines run cooler.
The disadvantages of SCR are that you have to keep DEF in stock and refuel the DEF tanks on your equipment. If you run out of DEF, the engines are programmed to derate, eventually to the point where you can no longer operate. Running out of DEF is just as disruptive to your operations as running out of diesel.
DEF consumption ranges from 3 to 6 percent of your diesel fuel consumption. But since DEF is priced at or lower than diesel fuel and since it actually helps improve fuel economy, most view the pricing issue as a wash.
ULSD
Ultra low sulfur diesel was introduced into the marketplace in 2009 and 2010. The sulfur levels were reduced because the catalysts used in DOCs and SCR could not handle the higher levels of sulfur.
As an equipment owner or manager, you don’t have to worry about mis-fueling your machines, at least in the United States and Canada. Today ULSD is the only type of diesel you can buy. But the fact that the newer engines can only burn this specific type of diesel may affect the resale value of these machines in the future.
Most auction companies say up to half of the machines they sell wind up going overseas, many to Latin America. In these countries, and most of the rest of the developing world, ULSD is not yet available. So some are predicting a glut of Tier 4 Interim and Final machines in the market in the future, which could depress prices for emissions-compliant used equipment.
Most manufacturers are working on a “de-tiering” solution, a modification that would allow these machines to operate using the higher sulfur fuel. But this process is still in the early stages and the details of how this will be accomplished differ between manufacturers.
If you’re a fleet manager with a big fleet and a regular turnover schedule, talk to your OEM or equipment dealer about their de-tiering solutions before determining the equipment’s residual value.
Additional
As the technology of diesel engines has progressed from Tier 3 to Tier 4 Final other aspects of the engines have been tweaked as well. To provide better fuel combustion and throttle response manufacturers have fine tuned the fuel-air mixtures with a variety of turbocharger designs such as twin turbochargers (a large and a small one) and variable geometry turbochargers. Fuel systems have largely gone to a high pressure, common rail design with pressures as high as 30,000 psi or more. And electronic engine control modules have allowed for ultra-high speed, ultra-precise fuel injection sequences.
The bottom line is that new diesel engines are cleaner than ever before, and in many cases more fuel efficient, too. But along with this comes the need to properly price these more expensive engines and any additional maintenance into your equipment owning and operating costs and to make sure any new maintenance protocols are in order to avoid surprises and maximize uptime.
Waytek, a leading distributor of electrical wiring supplies, connectors, and relays, for the mobile equipment industry is proud to announce the addition of Infinitybox, to its broad, in-stock offering of OEM manufacturing electrical components.
Staying ahead of the demand, Waytek added the premier manufacturer of CAN-BUS for power management and mobile equipment products, Infinitybox, to its product line. This progressive line of power distribution modules (PDMs) complements the Waytek line by offering exciting new technology that’s easier to program, install and use.
The Infinitybox J1939 POWERCELL PDM is designed for the commercial vehicle. It provides 10 outputs per each POWERCELL, solid-state MOSFET outputs, internal fuses for harness protection, standard automotive connectors for simple harnessing, and up to six POWERCELLs on one Infinity J1939 network. A variety of connection kits are also available.
They provide a customizable, modular power distribution platform that can be added to existing CAN-based wiring harnesses or they can replace traditional wired relay panels.
The Infinitybox inMOTION Motor Controller includes 5 H-bridge relay pairs for polarity reversing, internal current sensors for monitoring output load, integrated fuses for harness protection, standard automotive connectors for simple harnessing, and output configuration set by CAN messages sent from the Infinity J1939 input device.
Infinitybox J1939 PDMs are targeted toward the commercial vehicle manufacturer market. They provide a customizable, modular power distribution platform that can be added to existing CAN-based wiring harnesses or they can replace traditional wired relay panels.
The Infinitybox product line offers easy integration into existing Infinitybox J1939 networks, labor savings compared to building customer relay panels, and flexible solutions allow vehicle customization on production line. The Infinitybox J1939 PDM offers integrated output LEDs for status and diagnostics, and are field configurable and addressable.
The off-the-shelf system is completely customizable. Customers add the Infinitybox hardware necessary for the complexity of their vehicle. The behavior of the PDMs can be controlled by configuring the software on your J1939 input device. This flexibility allows changes to be made before, during and after installation; providing unprecedented control over your vehicles electrical system.
A wide range of Infinitybox products are kept in stock at Waytek. The Company offers customers a simple migration path from traditional switches and relays to Infinitybox J1939 switches and power distribution modules.
Infinitybox PDMs provide a complete electrical management solution for low-volume prototypes or high-volume, serial production. Its multiplexed architecture streamlines and has the capability to integrate functions of external electronics modules including timers, delays, dimmers, alarms and other control systems. It also features a built-in Infinitybox J1939 gateway that allows integration to other systems in the vehicle.
Originally designed for harsh-duty and off-highway equipment, Infinitybox products have crossed over to a broad range of commercial, emergency vehicle and motorsports applications. These power systems have been designed and tested to thrive in the harshest off-highway applications.
Infinitybox products are designed to provide vehicle manufacturers with the right tools to quickly engineer custom solutions for their power distribution systems.
About Waytek: Since 1970, Waytek has been providing electrical wiring supplies to OEMs in the truck body & trailer, construction machinery & equipment, agricultural equipment, and emergency vehicle markets. Waytek maintains a large inventory of more than 10,000 different electrical supplies. Waytek prides itself on having the “Right Parts, In Stock, and delivered On Time.” To view Infinitybox products in Waytek’s product line, go to www.waytekwire.com.
About Infinitybox LLC: The Infinitybox team brings decades of power distribution, circuit protection and electrical architecture design experience to our customers. In addition to providing off-the-shelf electrical distribution building blocks, our team can engineer custom solutions for your unique application. These modular systems allow vehicle manufacturers of any size to quickly engineer their power distribution system using these standard PDM building blocks. |
Q:
How to calculate possible permutations with varying constraints
I have created a random email generator. The email is put together with the following format:
(random first name) (random separator) (random last name) (random integer) @ (random domain)
150 possible first names;
3 possible separators;
150 possible last names;
Integer between 0 and 110;
15 possible domains
I created this for a side project and then out of curiosity wanted to calculate the possible permutations but soon found that this is more difficult that I first thought. Can anyone find the answer and explain how you came to that answer?
A:
It seems like all the choices can be made independently, so the number of possible ways to form an email is the product of the ways to choose each thing. So this is 150*3*150*10*15.
See this wiki article on the multiplicative principle or these notes (under principle of counting).
|
CGNP’S Summary Objections to PG&E’s Plan to Close DCPP in 2025
1. PG&E’s current plan to replace DCPP’s annual power production is to expand the four following approaches to maintain its carbon emissions at the current level.
A. Increase the use of solar power.
B. Increase the use of wind power.
C. Increase the use of electric power storage.
D. Increase the use of Demand Reduction.
2. All four of the above approaches require the PG&E expend substantial funds that will ultimately come from ratepayers. None of the above four approaches will allow PG&E to maintain its carbon emissions at the current level after 2025. Currently, PG&E generates about 18 TWh each year from DCPP, California’s largest power generator by far. DCPP generates about five times the annual output of Hoover Dam or about 13 times the annual output of the new Topaz Solar generating facility in eastern San Luis Obispo County.
Topaz covers 9.5 square miles and was built at a cost of about $2.4 billion dollars. Thus, a solar-powered replacement to DCPP would cost approximately $31 billion and cover 123.5 square miles of precious California land. Costs for wind energy to replace DCPP would likely be higher, requiring more land. Solar and wind power levels are subject to harmful random fluctuations. In addition, the solar power is generated in the five hours centered around solar noon. California’s peak power demand period is in the late afternoon.
Thus, solar (or wind) would require an unprecedented amount of energy storage, with storage power losses between 25-50%. The storage requirements are far in excess of the bulk power storage system that PG&E designed for use in conjunction with DCPP, namely Helms Pumped Storage located in the Sierra foothills to the east of Fresno. DCPP pumps water uphill at Helms during the night using DCPP’s surplus power. Then, in the late afternoon, Helms Pumped Storage releases the power equal to one of DCPP’s twin reactors. Thus, Californians in PG&E’s service territory use the equivalent of 3 DCPP reactors of emission-free power in the late afternoon, powering us through the period of peak demand with no brownouts or blackouts.
As a consequence of California’s large projected population growth of more than 14 million new Californians by 2060, relative to the 2010 baseline of 37 million, demand reduction schemes are doomed to failure.
The dirty reality is that PG&E (and the power generating entities that it purchases power from) will increase the combustion of natural gas within California to generate the huge amount of missing power. In addition, increased importation of out-of-state electric power from the burning of dirty coal beyond the ~18 TWh/year now used is likely. These actions will exacerbate global warming. Instead, for the sake of clean air for our children, and for the benefit of our planet, DCPP should encouraged to continue to operate well beyond 2025.
Gene Nelson, Ph.D., Government Liaison
Californians for Green Nuclear Power
San Luis Obispo, California
Website: http://CGNP.org |
The squadron, based at Royal Naval Air Station Yeovilton in Somerset, was presented with the award after achieving the best overall assessment during a naval flying standards inspection in recognition of professionalism and excellence in naval aviation marking them out as the best in the Fleet Air Arm.
The ‘Junglie’ unit, which celebrated 50 years in the commando role earlier this year, is no stranger to this award, having won it just two years earlier. Inspected last November the squadron was put through its paces with an intensive flying programme covering a broad range of exercises that make the aircrew and engineers operating the Commando Sea King Mark 4 unique.
With the squadron operating at such a high tempo with personnel and aircraft returning from Afghanistan, preparing to go to sea on board HMS Illustrious, or on exercise in the Highlands of Scotland, the inspection could not have come at a busier time. With the engineers working flat out to ensure there were serviceable aircraft to meet the flying programme it is truly an award that the entire squadron feels proud to receive.
The Commanding Officer of 845 NAS, Commander James Newton, said:
To win this honour against such fierce competition at a time when the squadron is as busy as ever is a huge testament to the men and women of this unit.
With the Sea King due to leave service in 2016 and being replaced by the Merlin, currently in service with the RAF, the pilots and aircrew have proved there is life in the old girl yet.
Commander Newton went on to say:
Having had both aircrew and engineers start training and operating on the new aircraft type at RAF Benson, we have had to ensure our standards remain at the very highest level. Whilst in this transition period we are still, and will be for the next few years, on call to operate anywhere in the world.
The trophy was presented by Rear Admiral Tom Cunningham, Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Aviation and Carriers) and Rear Admiral Fleet Air Arm, to Lieutenant Commander Ed Adams, the squadron’s training officer. The Admiral praised the squadron for its considerable endeavours both on operations in Afghanistan and on global exercises, adding their achievements were nothing short of remarkable. |
/**************************************************************************//**
* @file M480.h
* @version V1.00
* @brief M480 peripheral access layer header file.
* This file contains all the peripheral register's definitions,
* bits definitions and memory mapping for NuMicro M480 MCU.
*
* @copyright (C) 2017-2018 Nuvoton Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
* are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
* this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
* this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
* and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* 3. Neither the name of Nuvoton Technology Corp. nor the names of its contributors
* may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
* without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
* AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
* DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
* SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
* CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
* OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
* OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*****************************************************************************/
/**
\mainpage NuMicro M480 Driver Reference Guide
*
* <b>Introduction</b>
*
* This user manual describes the usage of M480 Series MCU device driver
*
* <b>Disclaimer</b>
*
* The Software is furnished "AS IS", without warranty as to performance or results, and
* the entire risk as to performance or results is assumed by YOU. Nuvoton disclaims all
* warranties, express, implied or otherwise, with regard to the Software, its use, or
* operation, including without limitation any and all warranties of merchantability, fitness
* for a particular purpose, and non-infringement of intellectual property rights.
*
* <b>Important Notice</b>
*
* Nuvoton Products are neither intended nor warranted for usage in systems or equipment,
* any malfunction or failure of which may cause loss of human life, bodily injury or severe
* property damage. Such applications are deemed, "Insecure Usage".
*
* Insecure usage includes, but is not limited to: equipment for surgical implementation,
* atomic energy control instruments, airplane or spaceship instruments, the control or
* operation of dynamic, brake or safety systems designed for vehicular use, traffic signal
* instruments, all types of safety devices, and other applications intended to support or
* sustain life.
*
* All Insecure Usage shall be made at customer's risk, and in the event that third parties
* lay claims to Nuvoton as a result of customer's Insecure Usage, customer shall indemnify
* the damages and liabilities thus incurred by Nuvoton.
*
* Please note that all data and specifications are subject to change without notice. All the
* trademarks of products and companies mentioned in this datasheet belong to their respective
* owners.
*
* <b>Copyright Notice</b>
*
* Copyright (C) 2017-2018 Nuvoton Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
*/
#ifndef __M480_H__
#define __M480_H__
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
/******************************************************************************/
/* Processor and Core Peripherals */
/******************************************************************************/
/** @addtogroup CMSIS_Device Device CMSIS Definitions
Configuration of the Cortex-M4 Processor and Core Peripherals
@{
*/
/**
* @details Interrupt Number Definition.
*/
typedef enum IRQn {
/****** Cortex-M4 Processor Exceptions Numbers ***************************************************/
NonMaskableInt_IRQn = -14, /*!< 2 Non Maskable Interrupt */
MemoryManagement_IRQn = -12, /*!< 4 Memory Management Interrupt */
BusFault_IRQn = -11, /*!< 5 Bus Fault Interrupt */
UsageFault_IRQn = -10, /*!< 6 Usage Fault Interrupt */
SVCall_IRQn = -5, /*!< 11 SV Call Interrupt */
DebugMonitor_IRQn = -4, /*!< 12 Debug Monitor Interrupt */
PendSV_IRQn = -2, /*!< 14 Pend SV Interrupt */
SysTick_IRQn = -1, /*!< 15 System Tick Interrupt */
/****** M480 Specific Interrupt Numbers ********************************************************/
BOD_IRQn = 0, /*!< Brown Out detection Interrupt */
IRC_IRQn = 1, /*!< Internal RC Interrupt */
PWRWU_IRQn = 2, /*!< Power Down Wake Up Interrupt */
RAMPE_IRQn = 3, /*!< SRAM parity check failed Interrupt */
CKFAIL_IRQn = 4, /*!< Clock failed Interrupt */
RTC_IRQn = 6, /*!< Real Time Clock Interrupt */
TAMPER_IRQn = 7, /*!< Tamper detection Interrupt */
WDT_IRQn = 8, /*!< Watchdog timer Interrupt */
WWDT_IRQn = 9, /*!< Window Watchdog timer Interrupt */
EINT0_IRQn = 10, /*!< External Input 0 Interrupt */
EINT1_IRQn = 11, /*!< External Input 1 Interrupt */
EINT2_IRQn = 12, /*!< External Input 2 Interrupt */
EINT3_IRQn = 13, /*!< External Input 3 Interrupt */
EINT4_IRQn = 14, /*!< External Input 4 Interrupt */
EINT5_IRQn = 15, /*!< External Input 5 Interrupt */
GPA_IRQn = 16, /*!< GPIO Port A Interrupt */
GPB_IRQn = 17, /*!< GPIO Port B Interrupt */
GPC_IRQn = 18, /*!< GPIO Port C Interrupt */
GPD_IRQn = 19, /*!< GPIO Port D Interrupt */
GPE_IRQn = 20, /*!< GPIO Port E Interrupt */
GPF_IRQn = 21, /*!< GPIO Port F Interrupt */
QSPI0_IRQn = 22, /*!< QSPI0 Interrupt */
SPI0_IRQn = 23, /*!< SPI0 Interrupt */
BRAKE0_IRQn = 24, /*!< BRAKE0 Interrupt */
EPWM0P0_IRQn = 25, /*!< EPWM0P0 Interrupt */
EPWM0P1_IRQn = 26, /*!< EPWM0P1 Interrupt */
EPWM0P2_IRQn = 27, /*!< EPWM0P2 Interrupt */
BRAKE1_IRQn = 28, /*!< BRAKE1 Interrupt */
EPWM1P0_IRQn = 29, /*!< EPWM1P0 Interrupt */
EPWM1P1_IRQn = 30, /*!< EPWM1P1 Interrupt */
EPWM1P2_IRQn = 31, /*!< EPWM1P2 Interrupt */
TMR0_IRQn = 32, /*!< Timer 0 Interrupt */
TMR1_IRQn = 33, /*!< Timer 1 Interrupt */
TMR2_IRQn = 34, /*!< Timer 2 Interrupt */
TMR3_IRQn = 35, /*!< Timer 3 Interrupt */
UART0_IRQn = 36, /*!< UART 0 Interrupt */
UART1_IRQn = 37, /*!< UART 1 Interrupt */
I2C0_IRQn = 38, /*!< I2C 0 Interrupt */
I2C1_IRQn = 39, /*!< I2C 1 Interrupt */
PDMA_IRQn = 40, /*!< Peripheral DMA Interrupt */
DAC_IRQn = 41, /*!< DAC Interrupt */
ADC0_IRQn = 42, /*!< ADC0 Interrupt */
ADC1_IRQn = 43, /*!< ADC1 Interrupt */
ACMP01_IRQn = 44, /*!< Analog Comparator 0 and 1 Interrupt */
ADC2_IRQn = 46, /*!< ADC2 Interrupt */
ADC3_IRQn = 47, /*!< ADC3 Interrupt */
UART2_IRQn = 48, /*!< UART2 Interrupt */
UART3_IRQn = 49, /*!< UART3 Interrupt */
SPI1_IRQn = 51, /*!< SPI1 Interrupt */
SPI2_IRQn = 52, /*!< SPI2 Interrupt */
USBD_IRQn = 53, /*!< USB device Interrupt */
USBH_IRQn = 54, /*!< USB host Interrupt */
USBOTG_IRQn = 55, /*!< USB OTG Interrupt */
CAN0_IRQn = 56, /*!< CAN0 Interrupt */
CAN1_IRQn = 57, /*!< CAN1 Interrupt */
SC0_IRQn = 58, /*!< Smart Card 0 Interrupt */
SC1_IRQn = 59, /*!< Smart Card 1 Interrupt */
SC2_IRQn = 60, /*!< Smart Card 2 Interrupt */
SPI3_IRQn = 62, /*!< SPI3 Interrupt */
EMAC_TX_IRQn = 66, /*!< Ethernet MAC TX Interrupt */
EMAC_RX_IRQn = 67, /*!< Ethernet MAC RX Interrupt */
SDH0_IRQn = 64, /*!< Secure Digital Host Controller 0 Interrupt */
USBD20_IRQn = 65, /*!< High Speed USB device Interrupt */
I2S0_IRQn = 68, /*!< I2S0 Interrupt */
OPA_IRQn = 70, /*!< OPA Interrupt */
CRPT_IRQn = 71, /*!< CRPT Interrupt */
GPG_IRQn = 72, /*!< GPIO Port G Interrupt */
EINT6_IRQn = 73, /*!< External Input 6 Interrupt */
UART4_IRQn = 74, /*!< UART4 Interrupt */
UART5_IRQn = 75, /*!< UART5 Interrupt */
USCI0_IRQn = 76, /*!< USCI0 Interrupt */
USCI1_IRQn = 77, /*!< USCI1 Interrupt */
BPWM0_IRQn = 78, /*!< BPWM0 Interrupt */
BPWM1_IRQn = 79, /*!< BPWM1 Interrupt */
SPIM_IRQn = 80, /*!< SPIM Interrupt */
I2C2_IRQn = 82, /*!< I2C2 Interrupt */
QEI0_IRQn = 84, /*!< QEI0 Interrupt */
QEI1_IRQn = 85, /*!< QEI1 Interrupt */
ECAP0_IRQn = 86, /*!< ECAP0 Interrupt */
ECAP1_IRQn = 87, /*!< ECAP1 Interrupt */
GPH_IRQn = 88, /*!< GPIO Port H Interrupt */
EINT7_IRQn = 89, /*!< External Input 7 Interrupt */
SDH1_IRQn = 90, /*!< Secure Digital Host Controller 1 Interrupt */
HSUSBH_IRQn = 92, /*!< High speed USB host Interrupt */
USBOTG20_IRQn = 93, /*!< High speed USB OTG Interrupt */
}
IRQn_Type;
/*
* ==========================================================================
* ----------- Processor and Core Peripheral Section ------------------------
* ==========================================================================
*/
/* Configuration of the Cortex-M4 Processor and Core Peripherals */
#define __CM4_REV 0x0201UL /*!< Core Revision r2p1 */
#define __NVIC_PRIO_BITS 4UL /*!< Number of Bits used for Priority Levels */
#define __Vendor_SysTickConfig 0UL /*!< Set to 1 if different SysTick Config is used */
#define __MPU_PRESENT 1UL /*!< MPU present or not */
#ifdef __FPU_PRESENT
#undef __FPU_PRESENT
#define __FPU_PRESENT 1UL /*!< FPU present or not */
#else
#define __FPU_PRESENT 1UL /*!< FPU present or not */
#endif
/*@}*/ /* end of group CMSIS_Device */
#include "core_cm4.h" /* Cortex-M4 processor and core peripherals */
#include "system_M480.h" /* System include file */
#include <stdint.h>
#if defined ( __CC_ARM )
#pragma anon_unions
#endif
/******************************************************************************/
/* Register definitions */
/******************************************************************************/
#include "m480_sys_reg.h"
#include "m480_clk_reg.h"
#include "m480_fmc_reg.h"
#include "m480_gpio_reg.h"
#include "m480_rtc_reg.h"
#include "m480_uart_reg.h"
#include "m480_hsusbd_reg.h"
/** @addtogroup PERIPHERAL_MEM_MAP Peripheral Memory Base
Memory Mapped Structure for Peripherals
@{
*/
/* Peripheral and SRAM base address */
#define FLASH_BASE ((uint32_t)0x00000000) /*!< Flash base address */
#define SRAM_BASE ((uint32_t)0x20000000) /*!< SRAM Base Address */
#define PERIPH_BASE ((uint32_t)0x40000000) /*!< Peripheral Base Address */
#define AHBPERIPH_BASE PERIPH_BASE /*!< AHB Base Address */
#define APBPERIPH_BASE (PERIPH_BASE + (uint32_t)0x00040000) /*!< APB Base Address */
/*!< AHB peripherals */
#define SYS_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x00000UL)
#define CLK_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x00200UL)
#define NMI_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x00300UL)
#define GPIOA_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x04000UL)
#define GPIOB_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x04040UL)
#define GPIOC_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x04080UL)
#define GPIOD_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x040C0UL)
#define GPIOE_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x04100UL)
#define GPIOF_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x04140UL)
#define GPIOG_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x04180UL)
#define GPIOH_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x041C0UL)
#define GPIOI_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x04200UL)
#define GPIO_DBCTL_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x04440UL)
#define GPIO_PIN_DATA_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x04800UL)
#define PDMA_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x08000UL)
#define USBH_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x09000UL)
#define HSUSBH_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x1A000UL)
#define EMAC_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x0B000UL)
#define FMC_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x0C000UL)
#define SDH0_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x0D000UL)
#define SDH1_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x0E000UL)
#define EBI_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x10000UL)
#define HSUSBD_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x19000UL)
#define CRC_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0x31000UL)
#define TAMPER_BASE (AHBPERIPH_BASE + 0xE1000UL)
/*!< APB2 peripherals */
#define WDT_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x00000UL)
#define WWDT_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x00100UL)
#define OPA_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x06000UL)
#define I2S_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x08000UL)
#define TIMER0_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x10000UL)
#define TIMER1_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x10100UL)
#define EPWM0_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x18000UL)
#define BPWM0_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x1A000UL)
#define QSPI0_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x20000UL)
#define SPI1_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x22000UL)
#define SPI3_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x24000UL)
#define UART0_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x30000UL)
#define UART2_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x32000UL)
#define UART4_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x34000UL)
#define I2C0_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x40000UL)
#define I2C2_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x42000UL)
#define CAN0_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x60000UL)
#define QEI0_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x70000UL)
#define ECAP0_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x74000UL)
#define USCI0_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x90000UL)
/*!< APB1 peripherals */
#define RTC_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x01000UL)
#define EADC_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x03000UL)
#define ACMP01_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x05000UL)
#define USBD_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x80000UL)
#define OTG_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x0D000UL)
#define HSOTG_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x0F000UL)
#define TIMER2_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x11000UL)
#define TIMER3_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x11100UL)
#define EPWM1_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x19000UL)
#define BPWM1_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x1B000UL)
#define SPI0_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x21000UL)
#define SPI2_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x23000UL)
#define UART1_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x31000UL)
#define UART3_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x33000UL)
#define UART5_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x35000UL)
#define I2C1_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x41000UL)
#define CAN1_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x61000UL)
#define QEI1_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x71000UL)
#define ECAP1_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x75000UL)
#define USCI1_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x91000UL)
#define CRPT_BASE (0x50080000UL)
#define SPIM_BASE (0x40007000UL)
#define SC0_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x50000UL)
#define SC1_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x51000UL)
#define SC2_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x52000UL)
#define DAC0_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x07000UL)
#define DAC1_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x07040UL)
#define DACDBG_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x07FECUL)
#define OPA0_BASE (APBPERIPH_BASE + 0x06000UL)
/*@}*/ /* end of group PERIPHERAL_MEM_MAP */
/** @addtogroup PERIPHERAL_DECLARATION Peripheral Pointer
The Declaration of Peripherals
@{
*/
#define SYS ((SYS_T *) SYS_BASE)
#define CLK ((CLK_T *) CLK_BASE)
#define NMI ((NMI_T *) NMI_BASE)
#define PA ((GPIO_T *) GPIOA_BASE)
#define PB ((GPIO_T *) GPIOB_BASE)
#define PC ((GPIO_T *) GPIOC_BASE)
#define PD ((GPIO_T *) GPIOD_BASE)
#define PE ((GPIO_T *) GPIOE_BASE)
#define PF ((GPIO_T *) GPIOF_BASE)
#define PG ((GPIO_T *) GPIOG_BASE)
#define PH ((GPIO_T *) GPIOH_BASE)
#define GPA ((GPIO_T *) GPIOA_BASE)
#define GPB ((GPIO_T *) GPIOB_BASE)
#define GPC ((GPIO_T *) GPIOC_BASE)
#define GPD ((GPIO_T *) GPIOD_BASE)
#define GPE ((GPIO_T *) GPIOE_BASE)
#define GPF ((GPIO_T *) GPIOF_BASE)
#define GPG ((GPIO_T *) GPIOG_BASE)
#define GPH ((GPIO_T *) GPIOH_BASE)
#define GPIO ((GPIO_DBCTL_T *) GPIO_DBCTL_BASE)
#define PDMA ((PDMA_T *) PDMA_BASE)
#define USBH ((USBH_T *) USBH_BASE)
#define HSUSBH ((HSUSBH_T *) HSUSBH_BASE)
#define EMAC ((EMAC_T *) EMAC_BASE)
#define FMC ((FMC_T *) FMC_BASE)
#define SDH0 ((SDH_T *) SDH0_BASE)
#define SDH1 ((SDH_T *) SDH1_BASE)
#define EBI ((EBI_T *) EBI_BASE)
#define CRC ((CRC_T *) CRC_BASE)
#define TAMPER ((TAMPER_T *) TAMPER_BASE)
#define WDT ((WDT_T *) WDT_BASE)
#define WWDT ((WWDT_T *) WWDT_BASE)
#define RTC ((RTC_T *) RTC_BASE)
#define EADC ((EADC_T *) EADC_BASE)
#define ACMP01 ((ACMP_T *) ACMP01_BASE)
#define I2S0 ((I2S_T *) I2S_BASE)
#define USBD ((USBD_T *) USBD_BASE)
#define OTG ((OTG_T *) OTG_BASE)
#define HSUSBD ((HSUSBD_T *)HSUSBD_BASE)
#define HSOTG ((HSOTG_T *) HSOTG_BASE)
#define TIMER0 ((TIMER_T *) TIMER0_BASE)
#define TIMER1 ((TIMER_T *) TIMER1_BASE)
#define TIMER2 ((TIMER_T *) TIMER2_BASE)
#define TIMER3 ((TIMER_T *) TIMER3_BASE)
#define EPWM0 ((EPWM_T *) EPWM0_BASE)
#define EPWM1 ((EPWM_T *) EPWM1_BASE)
#define BPWM0 ((BPWM_T *) BPWM0_BASE)
#define BPWM1 ((BPWM_T *) BPWM1_BASE)
#define ECAP0 ((ECAP_T *) ECAP0_BASE)
#define ECAP1 ((ECAP_T *) ECAP1_BASE)
#define QEI0 ((QEI_T *) QEI0_BASE)
#define QEI1 ((QEI_T *) QEI1_BASE)
#define QSPI0 ((QSPI_T *) QSPI0_BASE)
#define SPI0 ((SPI_T *) SPI0_BASE)
#define SPI1 ((SPI_T *) SPI1_BASE)
#define SPI2 ((SPI_T *) SPI2_BASE)
#define SPI3 ((SPI_T *) SPI3_BASE)
#define UART0 ((UART_T *) UART0_BASE)
#define UART1 ((UART_T *) UART1_BASE)
#define UART2 ((UART_T *) UART2_BASE)
#define UART3 ((UART_T *) UART3_BASE)
#define UART4 ((UART_T *) UART4_BASE)
#define UART5 ((UART_T *) UART5_BASE)
#define I2C0 ((I2C_T *) I2C0_BASE)
#define I2C1 ((I2C_T *) I2C1_BASE)
#define I2C2 ((I2C_T *) I2C2_BASE)
#define SC0 ((SC_T *) SC0_BASE)
#define SC1 ((SC_T *) SC1_BASE)
#define SC2 ((SC_T *) SC2_BASE)
#define CAN0 ((CAN_T *) CAN0_BASE)
#define CAN1 ((CAN_T *) CAN1_BASE)
#define CRPT ((CRPT_T *) CRPT_BASE)
#define SPIM ((volatile SPIM_T *) SPIM_BASE)
#define DAC0 ((DAC_T *) DAC0_BASE)
#define DAC1 ((DAC_T *) DAC1_BASE)
#define USPI0 ((USPI_T *) USCI0_BASE) /*!< USPI0 Configuration Struct */
#define USPI1 ((USPI_T *) USCI1_BASE) /*!< USPI1 Configuration Struct */
#define OPA ((OPA_T *) OPA_BASE)
#define UI2C0 ((UI2C_T *) USCI0_BASE) /*!< UI2C0 Configuration Struct */
#define UI2C1 ((UI2C_T *) USCI1_BASE) /*!< UI2C1 Configuration Struct */
#define UUART0 ((UUART_T *) USCI0_BASE) /*!< UUART0 Configuration Struct */
#define UUART1 ((UUART_T *) USCI1_BASE) /*!< UUART1 Configuration Struct */
/*@}*/ /* end of group ERIPHERAL_DECLARATION */
/** @addtogroup IO_ROUTINE I/O Routines
The Declaration of I/O Routines
@{
*/
typedef volatile unsigned char vu8; ///< Define 8-bit unsigned volatile data type
typedef volatile unsigned short vu16; ///< Define 16-bit unsigned volatile data type
typedef volatile unsigned long vu32; ///< Define 32-bit unsigned volatile data type
/**
* @brief Get a 8-bit unsigned value from specified address
* @param[in] addr Address to get 8-bit data from
* @return 8-bit unsigned value stored in specified address
*/
#define M8(addr) (*((vu8 *) (addr)))
/**
* @brief Get a 16-bit unsigned value from specified address
* @param[in] addr Address to get 16-bit data from
* @return 16-bit unsigned value stored in specified address
* @note The input address must be 16-bit aligned
*/
#define M16(addr) (*((vu16 *) (addr)))
/**
* @brief Get a 32-bit unsigned value from specified address
* @param[in] addr Address to get 32-bit data from
* @return 32-bit unsigned value stored in specified address
* @note The input address must be 32-bit aligned
*/
#define M32(addr) (*((vu32 *) (addr)))
/**
* @brief Set a 32-bit unsigned value to specified I/O port
* @param[in] port Port address to set 32-bit data
* @param[in] value Value to write to I/O port
* @return None
* @note The output port must be 32-bit aligned
*/
#define outpw(port,value) *((volatile unsigned int *)(port)) = (value)
/**
* @brief Get a 32-bit unsigned value from specified I/O port
* @param[in] port Port address to get 32-bit data from
* @return 32-bit unsigned value stored in specified I/O port
* @note The input port must be 32-bit aligned
*/
#define inpw(port) (*((volatile unsigned int *)(port)))
/**
* @brief Set a 16-bit unsigned value to specified I/O port
* @param[in] port Port address to set 16-bit data
* @param[in] value Value to write to I/O port
* @return None
* @note The output port must be 16-bit aligned
*/
#define outps(port,value) *((volatile unsigned short *)(port)) = (value)
/**
* @brief Get a 16-bit unsigned value from specified I/O port
* @param[in] port Port address to get 16-bit data from
* @return 16-bit unsigned value stored in specified I/O port
* @note The input port must be 16-bit aligned
*/
#define inps(port) (*((volatile unsigned short *)(port)))
/**
* @brief Set a 8-bit unsigned value to specified I/O port
* @param[in] port Port address to set 8-bit data
* @param[in] value Value to write to I/O port
* @return None
*/
#define outpb(port,value) *((volatile unsigned char *)(port)) = (value)
/**
* @brief Get a 8-bit unsigned value from specified I/O port
* @param[in] port Port address to get 8-bit data from
* @return 8-bit unsigned value stored in specified I/O port
*/
#define inpb(port) (*((volatile unsigned char *)(port)))
/**
* @brief Set a 32-bit unsigned value to specified I/O port
* @param[in] port Port address to set 32-bit data
* @param[in] value Value to write to I/O port
* @return None
* @note The output port must be 32-bit aligned
*/
#define outp32(port,value) *((volatile unsigned int *)(port)) = (value)
/**
* @brief Get a 32-bit unsigned value from specified I/O port
* @param[in] port Port address to get 32-bit data from
* @return 32-bit unsigned value stored in specified I/O port
* @note The input port must be 32-bit aligned
*/
#define inp32(port) (*((volatile unsigned int *)(port)))
/**
* @brief Set a 16-bit unsigned value to specified I/O port
* @param[in] port Port address to set 16-bit data
* @param[in] value Value to write to I/O port
* @return None
* @note The output port must be 16-bit aligned
*/
#define outp16(port,value) *((volatile unsigned short *)(port)) = (value)
/**
* @brief Get a 16-bit unsigned value from specified I/O port
* @param[in] port Port address to get 16-bit data from
* @return 16-bit unsigned value stored in specified I/O port
* @note The input port must be 16-bit aligned
*/
#define inp16(port) (*((volatile unsigned short *)(port)))
/**
* @brief Set a 8-bit unsigned value to specified I/O port
* @param[in] port Port address to set 8-bit data
* @param[in] value Value to write to I/O port
* @return None
*/
#define outp8(port,value) *((volatile unsigned char *)(port)) = (value)
/**
* @brief Get a 8-bit unsigned value from specified I/O port
* @param[in] port Port address to get 8-bit data from
* @return 8-bit unsigned value stored in specified I/O port
*/
#define inp8(port) (*((volatile unsigned char *)(port)))
/*@}*/ /* end of group IO_ROUTINE */
/******************************************************************************/
/* Legacy Constants */
/******************************************************************************/
/** @addtogroup Legacy_Constants Legacy Constants
Legacy Constants
@{
*/
#ifndef NULL
#define NULL (0) ///< NULL pointer
#endif
#define TRUE (1UL) ///< Boolean true, define to use in API parameters or return value
#define FALSE (0UL) ///< Boolean false, define to use in API parameters or return value
#define ENABLE (1UL) ///< Enable, define to use in API parameters
#define DISABLE (0UL) ///< Disable, define to use in API parameters
/* Define one bit mask */
#define BIT0 (0x00000001UL) ///< Bit 0 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT1 (0x00000002UL) ///< Bit 1 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT2 (0x00000004UL) ///< Bit 2 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT3 (0x00000008UL) ///< Bit 3 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT4 (0x00000010UL) ///< Bit 4 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT5 (0x00000020UL) ///< Bit 5 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT6 (0x00000040UL) ///< Bit 6 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT7 (0x00000080UL) ///< Bit 7 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT8 (0x00000100UL) ///< Bit 8 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT9 (0x00000200UL) ///< Bit 9 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT10 (0x00000400UL) ///< Bit 10 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT11 (0x00000800UL) ///< Bit 11 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT12 (0x00001000UL) ///< Bit 12 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT13 (0x00002000UL) ///< Bit 13 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT14 (0x00004000UL) ///< Bit 14 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT15 (0x00008000UL) ///< Bit 15 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT16 (0x00010000UL) ///< Bit 16 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT17 (0x00020000UL) ///< Bit 17 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT18 (0x00040000UL) ///< Bit 18 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT19 (0x00080000UL) ///< Bit 19 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT20 (0x00100000UL) ///< Bit 20 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT21 (0x00200000UL) ///< Bit 21 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT22 (0x00400000UL) ///< Bit 22 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT23 (0x00800000UL) ///< Bit 23 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT24 (0x01000000UL) ///< Bit 24 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT25 (0x02000000UL) ///< Bit 25 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT26 (0x04000000UL) ///< Bit 26 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT27 (0x08000000UL) ///< Bit 27 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT28 (0x10000000UL) ///< Bit 28 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT29 (0x20000000UL) ///< Bit 29 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT30 (0x40000000UL) ///< Bit 30 mask of an 32 bit integer
#define BIT31 (0x80000000UL) ///< Bit 31 mask of an 32 bit integer
/* Byte Mask Definitions */
#define BYTE0_Msk (0x000000FFUL) ///< Mask to get bit0~bit7 from a 32 bit integer
#define BYTE1_Msk (0x0000FF00UL) ///< Mask to get bit8~bit15 from a 32 bit integer
#define BYTE2_Msk (0x00FF0000UL) ///< Mask to get bit16~bit23 from a 32 bit integer
#define BYTE3_Msk (0xFF000000UL) ///< Mask to get bit24~bit31 from a 32 bit integer
#define GET_BYTE0(u32Param) (((u32Param) & BYTE0_Msk) ) /*!< Extract Byte 0 (Bit 0~ 7) from parameter u32Param */
#define GET_BYTE1(u32Param) (((u32Param) & BYTE1_Msk) >> 8) /*!< Extract Byte 1 (Bit 8~15) from parameter u32Param */
#define GET_BYTE2(u32Param) (((u32Param) & BYTE2_Msk) >> 16) /*!< Extract Byte 2 (Bit 16~23) from parameter u32Param */
#define GET_BYTE3(u32Param) (((u32Param) & BYTE3_Msk) >> 24) /*!< Extract Byte 3 (Bit 24~31) from parameter u32Param */
/*@}*/ /* end of group Legacy_Constants */
/******************************************************************************/
/* Peripheral header files */
/******************************************************************************/
#include "m480_sys.h"
#include "m480_clk.h"
#include "m480_uart.h"
#include "m480_gpio.h"
#include "m480_fmc.h"
#include "m480_rtc.h"
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif /* __M480_H__ */
|
.heart {
margin-right: 5px;
color: $themeRed;
}
|
Q:
Zend_Http_Client not storing cookies
I am using the following code to access a page protected by username/password login.
//Fetch homepage
$client = new Zend_Http_Client();
$client->setCookieJar();
$client->setUri('https://www.yourloungelearning.co.uk/crew_trainer/login.php');
//$client->setParameterPost( 'username', $_SESSION['username'] );
//$client->setParameterPost( 'password', $_SESSION['password'] );
$client->setParameterPost( 'username', '#####' );
$client->setParameterPost( 'password', '#####' );
$response = $client->request('POST');
// Now we're logged in, get private area!
$client->setUri('https://www.yourloungelearning.co.uk/crew_trainer/index.php');
$response = $client->request('GET');
echo $response->getBody();
The echo at the end always returns the login screen again (suggesting an unsuccessful login). This is copied almost exactly from the Zend docs. Can anyone see what I'm doing wrong?
A:
A quick couple of tests on that page reveal that you do indeed need to include the submit button value (the actual value is irrelevant, it just has to be present) as part of the POST data for the login to be processed.
$client->setParameterPost('submit', 'Login');
You would have noticed this if you checked the response from the login attempt.
|
Q:
Why I can't partition my drive in Ubuntu using gparted?
My problem is that when attempting to resize the dev / sda2, both the minimum and the maximum size, are of the same value (which is the disk size: 708 862 MB).
What should I do?
A:
You can not resize partitions because they are locked.
You need to boot from Ubuntu LiveUSB to do it.
It is impossible to resize Ubuntu partitions from inside a working system.
|
The disclosure relates generally to hot gas path (HGP) components, and more particularly, to a cooling structure for an HGP component and methods of fabricating the cooling structure.
In a turbine system, a “hot gas path” (HGP) component can generally include a nozzle, rotor blade, shroud, or other hardware used in a combustion section of a gas turbine. Stationary blades are a type of HGP component used in turbine applications to direct hot gas flows to moving rotor blades, also known as buckets, to generate power. In steam and gas turbine applications, the stationary blades are referred to as nozzles, and are mounted to an exterior structure such as a casing and/or an internal seal structure by endwalls. Each endwall is joined to a corresponding end of an airfoil of the stationary blade. Stationary blades can also include passages or other features for circulating cooling fluids which absorb heat from operative components of the turbomachine. The flow of operative fluids, e.g., hot gas, against the buckets can cause a shaft to rotate and thereby drive a generator operatively connected to the turbine section of the system.
In order to operate in extreme temperature settings, HGP components such as moving and stationary blades need to be cooled. In an example system, cooling fluids can be pulled from the wheel space or a dedicated source and routed into or through a cooling circuit of the blade to provide heat transfer between the composition of the blade and the cooling fluid. In contrast, in many gas turbine applications, later stage nozzles may be fed cooling fluid, e.g., air, extracted from a compressor of the gas turbine. In addition to the effectiveness of cooling, the structure of an HGP and cooling structures therein can affect other factors such as manufacturability, ease of inspection, and the durability of a turbomachine. |
Q:
Quickest way to find the initial creation of a branch in git
What is a quick way to find the initial creation of a branch in git?
I want to run it with a diff on HEAD
A:
What git is really tracking is the point of divergence between the sources, so you will not necessarily, have the actual creation point of the branch available. Lots of things like merges, rebases, cherry-picks, etc will lose it.
So, unfortunately, there is no easy solution. I recommend using a GUI to examine the tree (I like GitX-dev on the mac)
|
— President Trump, in a pair of tweets, Nov. 25, 2018
“Mexico should move the flag waving Migrants, many of whom are stone cold criminals, back to their countries.”
— Trump, in a tweet, Nov. 26, 2018
“They had to use [tear gas on migrants at the border] because they were being rushed by some very tough people. And they used tear gas.”
— Trump, remarks at the White House, Nov. 26, 2018
AD
It’s not the first time Trump tries to minimize the scope of his family separations at the border by claiming that President Barack Obama had the same policy. This claim and its variations have been roundly debunked. We gave them Four Pinocchios in June. But they’re back now, and so are we.
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Trump also claimed without evidence again that “criminals” are part of the migrant caravans traveling from Central America to the U.S.-Mexico border. The administration over the past month has tried to cobble together proof of Trump’s claim. It has almost nothing but supposition to show the public. Many of the caravan members are women and children fleeing violence in their home countries or seeking economic opportunity in the United States. They hardly fit Trump’s description of “very tough people” rushing the border.
The Facts
There is simply no comparison between Trump’s family separation policy and the border enforcement actions taken by the Obama and George W. Bush administrations. (After a public outcry, Trump in late June signed an executive order to end family separations.)
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Obama had guidelines that prioritized the deportation of gang members, national security risks and felons. Once he took office, Trump issued an executive order rolling back much of that framework and scrapping the priority list. Trump’s January 2017 order refers only to “criminal offenses,” which is broad enough to encompass serious felonies and misdemeanors.
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But the key difference here is that in April, the Justice Department rolled out a “zero tolerance” policy of prosecuting all adults caught crossing the border illegally. As a result of this and the Department of Homeland Security’s decision in May to refer all illegal-crossing cases to federal prosecutors, families apprehended at the border were systematically separated. The reason is simple: Children can’t be prosecuted with their parents.
This is worlds apart from the Obama- and Bush-era policy of separating children from adults at the border only in limited circumstances, such as when officials suspected human trafficking or another kind of danger to the child, or when false claims of parentage were made.
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“The biggest difference really is the difference between a policy that is targeted and tailored to protect a child and a policy which essentially uses children as a way to punish the parents or to deter them from doing the thing that we don’t want them to do,” said Cecilia Muñoz, who oversaw immigration as director of Obama’s domestic policy council. “The scale as a result is very different and the impact is very different.”
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When DHS presented family separations as one of several options to the Obama administration, it was immediately rejected as “immoral,” she added. Morality questions aside, the proposal would have been a costly “logistical nightmare” for DHS and the Department of Health and Human Services, which is tasked with resettling separated or unaccompanied children at the border, Muñoz said.
Responding to questions for a previous fact check, a DHS spokeswoman sent figures from fiscal 2010 through 2016 showing that, of 2,362,966 adults apprehended at the southern border, 492,970, or 21 percent, were referred for prosecution. These figures include all adults, not just those who crossed with minor children, so they’re not a measure of how many families were separated under Obama.
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For this fact check, we asked the White House whether it had a breakdown of these numbers that supports the Obama-Trump comparison on family separations. We didn’t get a response. No government agency or outside group appears to have data on family separations under Bush or Obama.
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“During the Obama administration, there was no policy in place that resulted in the systematic separation of families at the border, like we are now seeing under the Trump administration,” Sarah Pierce, a policy analyst at the Migration Policy Institute, told us in June. “Our understanding is that generally parents were not prosecuted for illegal entry under President Obama. There may have been some separation if there was suspicion that the children were being trafficked or a claimed parent-child relationship did not actually exist. But nothing like the levels we are seeing today.”
We don’t know which parts of “60 Minutes” got Trump tweeting. The program’s reporting about the workings of the “zero tolerance” policy matches our own at The Fact Checker. (See here and here.)
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The news program also reported on an uncensored DHS document it obtained: The “document reveals that child separation began nine months earlier than the administration acknowledged. There was a pilot program in the busy ‘El Paso sector’ from ‘July to November 2017.’ We don’t know how many children were taken in those five months.” But this is unrelated to Trump’s assertion that the Obama and Bush administrations separated families.
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As for Trump’s claim about “the flag waving Migrants, many of whom are stone cold criminals,” we’ve looked into it repeatedly (see here, here and here). The Trump administration has offered no proof of criminals traveling with the caravan. The most that can be said is that any crowd of 7,000 people is going to have some bad apples and that the Trump administration’s estimates of 270 to 470 criminals in the caravan comport with the ratio seen during a 2014 immigration surge.
But it’s important to keep in mind that the Mexican government deports many criminals before they reach the United States and has named only two individuals in this case.
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Asked about U.S. Customs and Border Protection agents lobbing tear gas at children near the San Ysidro border crossing between San Diego and Tijuana over the weekend, Trump said it was necessary because they were being rushed by “very tough people.” He dismissed reports that children were among those subjected to tear gas. Photos and video taken on site show that these children were with their mothers, not hardened criminals. Men were also part of the group.
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“A lot of young children fainted. My daughter also got hit,” one mother told The Washington Post. “There were pregnant women there and a lot of older men, too.”
"I felt that my face was burning, and my baby fainted. I ran for my life and that of my children,” Cindy Milla, a Honduran migrant with two children, told the Wall Street Journal.
The Pinocchio Test
Time keeps passing by and the president is still shifting blame, refusing to acknowledge the scope of his family separations, defending them with falsehoods and peddling unsubstantiated claims about criminals in the migrant caravan. The administration has had ample time to find something, anything, to support these claims. But the tank remains empty, and Trump earns another Four Pinocchios.
Four Pinocchios
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/(-3)*(-36)/16. Let q = -2.6 + -4. Let p = q + 6.3. Which is the third biggest value? (a) p (b) f (c) -12/11
b
Let q = 11/50 + -27/350. Which is the third smallest value? (a) 1/2 (b) q (c) -1.4
a
Let n = -33.04 + 1.54. Let d = n - -1.1. Let r = d + 30. What is the smallest value in 0, r, -2?
-2
Let f = 8.85 + -9. Let g = f - -0.11. Let a = -0.54 - g. What is the second biggest value in 0.1, -1, a?
a
Let c = -0.1 + -0.4. Let b be 1/(-30)*13 + (0 - (-2)/(-5)). What is the third biggest value in -5, b, c, 2/21?
b
Let i = 4069/5 + -814. Which is the third smallest value? (a) 1 (b) i (c) -4 (d) -1
b
Let g = -0.0213 - -0.0813. Which is the third biggest value? (a) -2/3 (b) -2/5 (c) 2 (d) g
b
Suppose h + 10 = 9. Let n = 0.1 - -3.9. Which is the biggest value? (a) n (b) -3 (c) h
a
Let v = 0.032 + -5.032. Which is the third biggest value? (a) 3/2 (b) -17 (c) 5/2 (d) v
d
Let p be (-1)/(-52)*(-2256)/198. Let z = p + 5/39. Let n be -2*11/(-10) - 2. Which is the biggest value? (a) 5 (b) z (c) n
a
Let y = 483 - 478. What is the second biggest value in 4, y, -0.3, -215?
4
Let i(l) = 5*l**2 + 4. Let z be i(2). Let r = 21 - z. Which is the fourth smallest value? (a) 2 (b) 0 (c) r (d) -0.5
a
Let c(i) = 2*i**2 + 5. Let g be c(0). Let z be g/(-10)*2/(-4). What is the biggest value in -4/7, z, 0.2, 2?
2
Let d = 0.147 + -0.027. Let o = -0.1 + 0.3. What is the second biggest value in d, 0, o?
d
Let w = -263/14 - -128/7. Which is the smallest value? (a) -2 (b) 3/7 (c) w
a
Suppose -5*r + 4 - 9 = 0. Let s = 2.5 - -0.5. Which is the biggest value? (a) -0.2 (b) -0.5 (c) r (d) s
d
Let j = 2 + 0. Let w be (((-216)/16)/9)/3. Let m = 6 - 1. Which is the smallest value? (a) j (b) w (c) m
b
Let w = 1/294 + -74/147. Let r = 2.8 - -0.2. Let l = r - 2. Which is the third smallest value? (a) l (b) w (c) 2
c
Let f(n) = -n**3 - n**2 + n - 3. Let z be ((-8)/(-2) - 4)/(-1). Suppose z = -p + 4*p. Let h be f(p). What is the second smallest value in h, -5, 3?
h
Let p = -19 - -19.2. Let x be (2 - 3)*-1*9/27. What is the second biggest value in -1, p, -1/4, x?
p
Let o be 6/4*4/3. Suppose -o*i = -8 - 2. Suppose i*u = 4*u. What is the third smallest value in 1/4, u, 4/3?
4/3
Let l = 63 + -62.98. Let g = 3.02 - l. What is the third smallest value in -0.2, 0.4, -22, g?
0.4
Let m = 11 + -5. Suppose 0 = -2*q + h - 8, 4*q + 3*h = -29 + 3. What is the biggest value in -2, m, q?
m
Let w be (36/(-30))/((-6)/(-20)). Which is the fourth biggest value? (a) w (b) 1 (c) -2/9 (d) -3/7
a
Let p = -2 - -1.94. Let u = -1617.9 + 1617.5. Which is the smallest value? (a) -4 (b) u (c) 1/5 (d) p
a
Let c = 0.35 + 0.15. Let o = 0.3 - c. What is the third smallest value in 1, 0, o?
1
Suppose 0 = 4*v - 2*v - 2. Let f be (-1 - -3)/(v + 1). Suppose -f - 1 = -y. Which is the biggest value? (a) y (b) -3 (c) -1
a
Let p be (9/(-15))/((-104)/(-65)). What is the smallest value in -7, p, 4?
-7
Let a be 3/(-3) + (-1)/(-2). Let p = 221 + -203.9. Let y = p + -17. What is the second biggest value in y, 2, a?
y
Let g = 14.02 + -14. Let r = g - -0.88. Which is the second smallest value? (a) 0 (b) -0.3 (c) r (d) 0.5
a
Suppose 5*s = 2*l + 21, -5*l = -2*s - 2*s + 44. Let k be (185/(-25) - l)*(-10)/(-9). What is the second biggest value in 0.1, 3, k?
k
Let l = -309 - -4637/15. Let z(m) = 2*m + 1. Let h be z(-2). Let y be 6/(-40) + h/12. What is the biggest value in y, -1/10, l?
l
Let p = -1440 + 1436. What is the third smallest value in 2/3, p, -0.1, -66?
-0.1
Let z be (-8 + 7)/(-1 + 2). Suppose x + 2 = 4. Which is the third biggest value? (a) z (b) -3/2 (c) x
b
Suppose -24*h - 170 = 10*h. Which is the second biggest value? (a) 326 (b) h (c) 0.3
c
Let j be 63/18 - (-1)/(-2). Suppose 30 = -j*y + 39. What is the biggest value in 0.4, y, 9?
9
Let c(n) = 6 + 7 + 5*n + 6*n + 5*n**2 - 4*n**2. Let m be c(-10). Let b = 65/126 + 1/18. What is the smallest value in 1, m, b?
b
Let k = -1255/3756 + 1/1252. Which is the third biggest value? (a) k (b) -0.23 (c) -3 (d) 0
a
Let x be (5/25)/(2/70). Let c = -44 - -44.2. What is the second biggest value in x, c, -3?
c
Let j = -3 - -3. Let a = -1449 + 12875/9. Let f = a - -56/3. What is the smallest value in -0.4, j, f?
-0.4
Let f = -0.1 - 0.3. Suppose 0 = 9*u - 4*u + 5. Which is the fourth biggest value? (a) u (b) f (c) -1/3 (d) -5
d
Suppose 2*g = 6*g. Let k = -1 - g. Let t be (-50)/(-150) + (-1)/3*(0 + 1). Which is the second smallest value? (a) k (b) -1/3 (c) t
b
Let x(r) = 2*r**3 - 23*r**2 - 15*r - 5. Let a be x(12). Let c = -14 - -14.4. What is the second smallest value in c, 4/3, a, 0.5?
c
Let l = 0.2 + -5.2. Let m = 281/448 - 15/64. Let o = m - 1/4. Which is the second biggest value? (a) l (b) o (c) -0.1
c
Let j = -30.94 - 0.06. Let l = j + 30.97. What is the smallest value in -0.3, l, 0.2?
-0.3
Let d = -60.142 - -0.142. Let u = d + 59.6. Let h = 0.3 - -0.7. What is the biggest value in h, u, -2/13?
h
Let l = -517 - -518. Which is the second smallest value? (a) -0.1 (b) 1.7 (c) 4/7 (d) l
c
Let s = -1962 - -1961.4. What is the smallest value in s, -1, 2/45?
-1
Let x(o) = -o**3 - 20*o**2 + 17*o - 51. Let j be x(-21). What is the third smallest value in 1/2, j, -0.4?
j
Let g = -373 + 371. Which is the fourth smallest value? (a) g (b) 0.4 (c) -0.2 (d) -0.11
b
Let q be 4/14 + 77/245. Let i = -5 + 4.7. What is the biggest value in q, 4, -2/13, i?
4
Let l = -2.93 - 0.07. Let h = 104 + -96. Let r be 2/h - (-306)/(-136). Which is the smallest value? (a) l (b) 2 (c) r
a
Let v be (2964/(-65))/4 - -12. Let l = -4.3 - 0.7. Let o = 5.4 + l. Which is the second smallest value? (a) o (b) -7 (c) v
a
Let m(r) = r**3 - 6*r**2 - 2*r + 16. Let t be m(6). Let j be (t/14)/(100/70). Which is the third smallest value? (a) -1 (b) -2/11 (c) 2 (d) j
d
Let s = -0.17 + 0.97. Let g = 0.3 - s. Let j = 4.5 + g. What is the biggest value in 5, j, 10?
10
Let q = -2483336/105 + 23651. Let t = -8/21 + q. Which is the second smallest value? (a) t (b) -0.06 (c) -3
a
Let l(k) = 36*k + 32. Let d be l(-1). Let f = 0 - 1. What is the second biggest value in d, 5, f?
f
Suppose 8 = h - 3*g, -4*g - 11 + 3 = 0. Suppose h*l = 5*l - 12. What is the second biggest value in l, 0.4, 28?
l
Let m = -321/4 + 81. Let d = -8.4 + 7.9. What is the second smallest value in d, 27, m?
m
Let p be (12/16)/(10/40). What is the third smallest value in p, -6, -2, 0.4?
0.4
Suppose 0 = 3*n - 2*n + 2. Let m be (n/5)/((-21)/(-15)). What is the third smallest value in m, -3/7, -5?
m
Let r be ((-1)/(-3))/((-5)/(-27 - -12)). Let q = 39 - 19. Which is the fourth biggest value? (a) -4 (b) q (c) -1 (d) r
a
Let f(x) = -x**2 - 2*x + 4. Let k be f(-3). Let y = 5.2908 + -0.0208. Let n = 0.27 - y. Which is the biggest value? (a) k (b) n (c) -1/8
a
Let d = 8.6 + -4.6. Let n = -3.3 + 5. Let a = n + -1.5. What is the smallest value in a, 0.1, d?
0.1
Suppose 0*t + 4*t = -16. Let s = 286 + -288. What is the second biggest value in t, s, -1/2?
s
Let i = -11 + 46. Suppose 5*d = 5*n + i, -2*d + 7*d - 2*n - 29 = 0. Which is the third biggest value? (a) d (b) -7/5 (c) -4
c
Suppose 0 = -7*n + 4*n + 9. Let t = 1/5 + 22/15. What is the third biggest value in n, t, 2/7?
2/7
Suppose 4*y - 2*r - 8 = 0, -5*y - 2*r = 10 - 29. Let u = 37 + -109/3. What is the second biggest value in 1, y, u?
1
Let z = 0.149 - 0.219. What is the biggest value in z, 0.2, 8?
8
Let b = 129/2 + -389/6. What is the second smallest value in 4/7, b, -11, -3/7?
-3/7
Let h = 8.9783 - -0.0217. What is the second biggest value in -0.4, 4, h, 5?
5
Let t = 16/69 - 133/276. Let q = 8 + -11. Which is the third biggest value? (a) 9 (b) t (c) q
c
Let c = -0.32 + 0.33. What is the second biggest value in c, -0.4, -0.1?
-0.1
Let n(s) = s**2 - 10*s + 12. Let o be n(8). Let z be 29/3 + 6/(-9). Let y be ((-1)/z)/((-24)/(-36)). Which is the third smallest value? (a) o (b) 0.1 (c) y
b
Let v be 1950/8*(64/14 - 4). Let q = -139 + v. What is the second biggest value in q, -13, 0?
0
Let f = 138/17 - 707/85. Let r = -14 + 7. Let y = r - -12. Which is the third biggest value? (a) f (b) y (c) 2/11
a
Let g = 945 + -8509/9. Let r = -6 - -5. Which is the fourth biggest value? (a) 0.36 (b) r (c) 0 (d) g
b
Let f = 384 + -383. Wh |
Tag Archives: veteran
Long time Houston LGBT activist Ray Hill filed paperwork this week to run for the 147th Texas House seat against incumbent Garnet Coleman, D – Houston. The iconic (and iconoclastic) Hill said that he and Coleman agree on many issues but that he had “some issues that aren’t on the table in Austin.”
Specifically Hill has concerns with the legislature’s approach to criminal justice issues. “The Texas legislature is a serial world class red-necking competition,” says Hill. “What they are doing on criminal justice is wrong and it doesn’t work… we need a serious rethink.”
Coleman has a strong history of supporting LGBT legislation. For the last three sessions he has attempted to pass anti-bullying legislation that would require school districts to report instances of bullying using an enumerated list of motivating characteristics that include both sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, he has also filed legislation to remove the the crime of “homosexual conduct” from the Texas penal code (a law that has been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court), to equalize age of consent laws in Texas and to add gender identity and expression to the state’s hate crime law. In the 82nd legislature earlier this year Coleman authored seven pieces of legislation designed to create greater equality for LGBT people, including the first ever filing of legislation to standardize change of gender marker procedures for the transgender community and the first effort to repeal the state’s constitutional prohibition against marriage equality.
Hill recognizes Coleman’s historic contributions, “The incumbent and I agree on a lot of issues,” says Hill, “but we don’t tell young gay people ‘if you work real hard and go to school and do your best you can grow up to have straight friends in Austin who like you.’ No, we tell them ‘if you work hard they can grow up to be Mayor of Houston, or City Supervisor of San Francisco.’”
When asked why the community would be better served by him than Coleman, a 20 year legislative veteran, Hill replies “I understand how government works. A freshman legislator can’t do anything more than irritate, but that’s about all any member of the minority party can do. On that level the incumbent and I are on the same level… I think we need somebody obnoxious [in the legislature] who’s going to purposefully rub the cat hair the wrong direction.”
Since being elected to the legislature for the first time in 1992 Coleman has been unopposed in 5 of his 9 primary reelection bids. No primary challenger to Coleman has pulled more than 21% of the vote.
Most people would probably agree there is no resource that a society cherishes more than its children. So it is hard to fathom how sexual predators manage with such apparent ease to carry out horrendous, undetected assaults on children practically under the noses of their families and others who are charged with their protection.
As horrific as the crime of child sexual abuse is, there are no firm estimates of its prevalence because it often goes undetected and is seriously underreported, according to agencies that study child abuse.
Less than 100,000 crimes of sexual abuse are reported each year because children fear telling anyone, and adults who become aware of the activity are often reluctant to contact law enforcement agencies, even though there is usually a legal requirement to do so.
With so many LGBT households now raising children, it is obviously vital that all parents be aware of the tactics used by sexual predators to seduce children without arousing the suspicion of their families, and aware of the symptoms victims of child sexual abuse exhibit.
The critical need for sustained intervention into child sexual abuse recently gained national attention following a grand jury’s indictment of retired Penn State assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky on 40 counts of child sex abuse involving eight victims over a 15-year period. The victims reportedly came into contact with the now 67-year-old, married Sandusky in connection with the Second Mile, a children’s charity the former football coach founded.
Although Sandusky denied, this week in an NBC interview, engaging in any type of sexual activity with the pre-pubescent boys, he acknowledged showering and “horsing around” with them after exercise. He also admitted hugging young boys and putting his hand on their legs when they sat next to him.
His admissions shocked viewers and confirmed in many minds what was already suspected — Sandusky is most likely a pedophile that has taken advantage of young boys with the unwitting complicity of their families.
It is a devastating scandal that will likely rival the one that rocked the Catholic Church a decade ago when it became known that untold numbers of Catholic Church priests sexually abused young boys and violated the trust of their families.
If the charges against Sandusky are true, the accounts by the victims portray a classic pattern of enticement and betrayal practiced by the former football coach in his pursuit of the young boys. Likewise, the lack of action by those who knew about Sandusky’s alleged criminal activity parallel what often happens when the abuser commands power and respect in a community.
Much of the difficulty in combating child sexual abuse can be attributed to its relative youth in terms of public awareness about the crime. The first studies on the molestation of children began in the 1920s, and the first estimate of the prevalence of the crime was reported in 1948.
In 1974 the National Center for Child Abuse and Neglect was founded, and the Child Abuse and Treatment Act was created. Since then, awareness about the problem has grown dramatically, and much more is known about deterring the crime and assisting victims of it.
Children’s advocates have identified “red flags” to help parents and others protect children from sexual predators. They warn parents to be wary of someone who wants to spend more time with their children than they do, who attempts to be alone with a child, who frequently seeks physical closeness to a child such as hugging or touching, who is overly interested in the sexuality of a child, who seems to prefer the company of children to people their own age, who lacks boundaries, who regularly offers to babysit,who often gives presents or money to children, who frequently walks in on children in bathrooms or locker rooms, who frequents parks where children gather, who makes inappropriate comments about a child’s appearance or who likes to photograph children.
Signs of possible sexual abuse in children include a fear of people, places or activities, reluctance to undress, disturbed sleep, mood swings, excessive crying, fear of being touched, loss of appetite, a drastic change in school performance, bizarre themes in drawing, sexually acting out on other children, advanced sexual knowledge, use of new words for private body parts and a reversion to old behavior such as bedwetting or thumb sucking.
Aside from the moral responsibility to protect children and other weaker members of society that all people share, it is essential to intervene in child sexual abuse because of the long-lasting psychological damage it usually causes. The problems can include feelings of worthlessness, depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts and distorted views of sexuality.
Also, victims of child sexual abuse tend to become sexual predators as adults, making it a crime that begets more crime.
The Sandusky scandal will undoubtedly lead to devastating repercussions for Penn State, for the Second Mile charity with which the former football coach is no longer affiliated and for law enforcement and university officials who became aware of concerns about the former football coach’s activities and failed to act on them.
But the real tragedy — if the allegations are true — will be the lasting impact upon the victims.
David Webb is a veteran journalist who has covered LGBT issues for the mainstream and alternative media for three decades. E-mail him at davidwaynewebb@yahoo.com.
This article appeared in the Dallas Voice print edition November 18, 2011.
Here’s the beef
There are worse ways to spend two hours in a movie theater than watching hulking, half-naked man-meat wail on each other — in fact, it’s hard to imagine a better way. That’s at least part of the appeal of Warrior.
Set in the world of mixed martial arts, it’s a fiction film (it’s from Gavin O’Connor, the director of Miracle, about the real-life 1980 U.S. Olympic hockey team) about two estranged brothers who face off for the ultimate glory: One (Joel Edgerton), a family man in financial straights, the other (Tom Hardy), a troubled Gulf War veteran with something to prove. If that sounds cliched, just try watching it.
No really, do — because, as predictable and manipulative as Warrior is, it’s also damned entertaining, in the way only the hokiest of sports movies can be. I grew up in a sports household, so have long held a soft spot for movies like Million Dollar Baby, Rocky III and The Fighter, all of which this resembles more than passingly.
Earlier this week, Senator John Kerry joined a group of 40 Senators to co-sponsor a new bill to repeal “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell.” Travis Hengen, a veteran working with us toward the repeal of DADT who was discharged under the law, thanked Senator Kerry personally at an event celebrating the Senator’s 45 years of public service. Senator Kerry, who served two tours of duty in Vietnam before being elected to represent Massachusetts in the U.S. Senate, was one of the few Senators to stood against the flawed “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” law in 1993.
Hengen, who was discharged from the Army in 2003 for being gay after 12 years as a counterintelligence agent, said last night:
“It was great to be able to thank Senator Kerry for co-sponsoring the bill that will repeal ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell.’ It makes me proud to be represented by someone with such a distinguished military background and who values the service of all the men and women in uniform. With timing running out in the post election session of Congress, I also hope that Senator Scott Brown follows through on his commitment to repeal Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell this year.”
I hope that you will join us on Thursday in Boston as gay and straight veterans call on Senator Scott Brown to make repeal of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” his top priority this year. At 11am on Thursday, December 16 veterans will deliver petitions to Senator Brown’s office in Boston at the JFK Federal Building (right next to City Hall Plaza).
In West Virginia, we’re pulling out all the stops to show newly elect Senator Manchin that supporting the repeal of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” is the right thing to do. Yesterday, veterans Pepe Johnson and Jared Towner joined SLDN staff member Jeremy Wilson to meet with the Senator’s staff in Washington, D.C. to discuss how DADT has affected each of them.
The group also delivered a video, which was collaboration between the Human Rights Campaign and Servicemembers Legal Defense Network that highlighted the stories of Mountaineer veterans, straight and gay, from around the state.
Jared Towner, who has served three tours of duty in Iraq and is a West Virginia Young Democrat and former staffer for Manchin’s senate campaign, had this to say about yesterday’s meeting:
It was good to see my friends from the Repeal cause again today. We met with Senator Manchin’s Legislative Aid Joe Ann McLaughlin and his military fellow Sylvia Pletos to talk about the absolute need to repeal “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell.” As a straight veteran who has served in combat, I am fully in support of repeal. I lobbied the late Senator Byrd before his historic vote to support repeal and I will keep fighting until we see the end of this discriminatory law.
While our audience at Senator Manchin’s office was engaged and responsive, we cannot rest on our laurels and assume that the vote is won. We must, as an active constituency, reassure Senator Manchin that his vote for the repeal is what’s best for WV and the nation as a whole.
I made my voice heard today, and I’m asking that you do the same. Please call his D.C. Office at (202) 224-3954 to urge Senator Manchin to support repeal. Our Senator needs to hear from you right now to ensure the end of this repressive and dangerous policy.
Do you live in the Charleston area? We need your help! Please contact me at Christine.Sloane@hrc.org to find out ways to get involved over the coming week. We simply can’t do this without you.
The following comes from Mary Lou Paquette, A veteran from New Hampshire who has worked closely with HRC on “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” repeal:
I’m a late bloomer as far as activism goes. It took me 21 years of serving in the military to finally speak out about equality and justice. Emotionally, I had to become active in the repeal of “Don’t Ask Don’t Tell.” It has taken such a toll on my life that I couldn’t stay silent any longer.
In June of this year I met Christine Sloane of the Human Rights Campaign and began attending events and collecting petitions in support of the repeal of DADT. Christine’s enthusiasm and ever present positive energy was the motivation that kept me going.
Today I was afforded the opportunity to drop off hundreds of signatures from New Hampshire residents in support of repealing DADT. Senator Gregg has not announced whether he is voting for or against the repeal. We’ve worked hard to show Senator Gregg that the right thing to do is to pass the National Defense Authorization Act and repeal this discriminatory law.
One of the first lessons I learned in the military was “never assume.” I’ll be pacing the floors until the vote and until we see full repeal. I am confident, however, that I’ve done all that I can.
I’d like to thank Christine, Congressman Paul Hodes and all of the New Hampshire residents who voiced their support for the repeal.
Elie Wiesel, author of “Night” wrote, “neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim.” It is time; I hope you will join me in continuing to fight for equality to all.
VOP runners-up raised the bar for everyone this year
Voice of Pride winner Mel Arizpe knew this was a great year to win the contest, with the new groups category and the trip to England, but she also knew it was the toughest yet. She and the other finalists all agree the competition was stronger than ever: Third through fifth place took home prize money, but also released a collective sigh just to make it on the proverbial podium this time around.
Runners-up Juliana Jeffrey, Angie Landers and Robert Olivas give some insight to their experience at this year’s competition and how firsts always seem to happen, no matter how long they’ve been competing.
Why these songs? I love the Underwood song, no question. I pick songs I really love or feel like I’m going through. I was just like Eek! But I don’t think my first song was a good choice.
What changed from last year? The talent was a lot better. Everybody was good and I think more people are finding out about it. It felt different this year — there wasn’t a lot of bonding like before. Every year I’ve made a friend. There was a lot more pressure.
Did the trip to England affect your performance? Who doesn’t wanna go to England? But personally, I try not to think about the prizes. It’s added stress. I like amazing singers and that makes me wanna be better.
You’re a VOP veteran. Would you rather win or keep placing and racking up change? Hey, all I can say is my rent is paid! The reason I do it every year is because I have so much fun with people I meet. We hang out.
Any immediate musical plans? I’m 29 but I don’t really have anything to show for my singing. So, I need to get more serious about that. But I gotta work these 40 hours a week. It’s tough, but I gotta make a demo.
Any thoughts on next year’s Voice of Pride? I know what to expect and I know what motions to go through so that’s relaxing. I think next year I will broaden my song choices. I just don’t wanna put myself in a box. I tell myself I’m gonna step out of this country box, but I never really know what judges are looking for. I just go with what feels good and pray for the best. I just try to do me.The Breakthrough: Angie Landers, 3d runner-upCompetition songs: “I Drove All Night” and “My Heart Will Go On” by Celine Dion.
Any second thoughts? No, though I tend to think that I should have shown my country side as well as my pop side. There’s always next year.
How was it when your name was called? Oh my gosh, it was such a surreal moment.
Do you pick songs you like or that will sound good? I only perform songs that touch me or I enjoy, but for competition I try to choose songs that show off who I am and what I can do.
How do you prepare? Practice — in my living room!
The Dude: Robert Olivas, 4th runner-upCompetition songs: “Hey, Soul Sister” by Train and “Remember When It Rained” by Josh Groban.
Why these two? I love those songs and I wanted to show my range. I’ve been paying attention to the judges’ comments and I wanted to win the crowd. But dang, the gays love their women singers.
Yeah, you were the highest placed male this year. The competition was gonna be so strong and it was all about the women this year.
How’d you strategize? I made it my business to go to the preliminaries and see the competition. I’ve grown to see what judges are looking for.
When did you start singing? I started singing about four but didn’t have training until my girlfriend at the time talked me into taking a vocal class at UTEP.
What did you learn about yourself this time? I’ve only made finals three times so I’m proving that I can be consistent.
……………………………..
It takes two
Mel Arizpe, far right, and Laura Carrizales had quite summer. The real-life couple took the No. 1 and 2 spots in the solo competition at Voice of Pride and scored the inaugural group competition victory. As Mi Diva Loca, the duo won over the crowd with their second performance, a medley of pop hits which might have been risky. “Because it wasn’t a whole song, we wondered if the judges would see past that into our harmonies,” Carrizales says. “These were just songs we liked.” They also got to perform at Pride in Manchester, England.
If you missed ’em before, though, you can catch them (plus third place Juliana Jeffrey) riding in the parade Sunday, followed by a performance at the festival in Lee Park afterward.
This article appeared in the Dallas Voice print edition September 17, 2010.
Dave Guy-Gainer, a retired Air Force chief master sergeant who lives in Tarrant County, is offering $500 in cold hard cash to anyone who can set up a face-to-face meeting for him — pronto — with Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison, R-Texas.
Gainer, a board member for the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network who made the offer Monday morning, wants to speak with Hutchison about the repeal of “don’t ask don’t tell,” which — God willing — will be voted on by the full Senate later this month. Hutchison has indicated she plans to vote against DADT repeal. But Gainer lamented that she’s seemingly made up her mind without ever even discussing the issue with constituents like himself who support repeal:
“Despite many attempts over the years, we have never been able to discuss the issue with her face to face,” Gainer wrote to Instant Tea. “During SLDN Lobby Day last spring, we had a meeting arranged with a DC staffer. Myself, three other constituents and a retired Army Major General arrived at the appointed time. The staffer was not there. After a two hour wait in her lobby, we were told that ‘oh, we forgot you were here.’ Other Texans have attempted to meet with her and have met with a brick wall as well. In my one voter opinion, I am not represented by a Senator who refuses to even hear what a constituent has to say about a topic as impacting as is DADT. I am certain of her vote against repeal. That is, unless she chooses to have discourse with constituents who might convince her that repeal is warranted.
A federal judge in California on Thursday declared the military’s “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy unconstitutional, saying it violates both the First Amendment rights to free speech and the Fifth Amendment rights to due process in the U.S. constitution.
The 85-page memorandum opinion came in Log Cabin Republicans v. U.S, a six-year-old lawsuit that has received little media attention compared to most other gay-related trials. The bench trial in Riverside, Calif., in July was overshadowed by a much more high-profile challenge of California’s ban on same-sex marriage, in federal court in San Francisco.
U.S. District Judge Virginia A. Phillips presided over a two-week-long trial that began July 13 and included many witnesses testifying about the history of DADT and the injury it has caused. Phillips, 52, was appointed to the federal bench in 1999 by President Bill Clinton, who signed DADT into law in 1993. LCR filed its lawsuit against the policy in 2004.
“As an American, a veteran and an Army reserve officer, I am proud the court ruled that the arcane ‘don’t ask don’t tell’ statute violates the Constitution,” said Log Cabin Republicans Executive Director R. Clarke Cooper. “Today, the ruling is not just a win for Log Cabin Republican servicemembers, but all American servicemembers.”
The opinion strikes down the 1993 law that bars from the military any servicemember who engages in “homosexual conduct,” has a “propensity” to do so, or even just states that he or she is a “homosexual or bisexual.”
Phillips’ decision, which has not yet been officially “entered,” could include an injunction against further enforcement of DADT by the government but will almost certainly be stayed and appealed to the 9th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals. Phillips granted plaintiffs Log Cabin until Thursday, Sept. 16, to submit a proposed judgment granting an injunction. After that, the Department of Justice will have seven days to respond with objections.
Log Cabin brought the lawsuit on behalf of many of its members who it said are being denied their constitutional rights. The group specifically identified only two members at trial: Alexander Nicholson, a former U.S. Army Human Intelligence officer who was discharged under DADT and now serves as head of Servicemembers United; and John Doe, a lieutenant colonel in the Army Reserves concerned he may face discharge under the policy.
“This is a historic moment and an historic ruling for the gay military community,” Nicholson said in a statement Thursday night. “As the only named injured party in this case, I am exceedingly proud to have been able to represent all who have been impacted and had their lives ruined by this blatantly unconstitutional policy. We are finally on our way to vindication.”
The Department of Justice tried repeatedly to have the lawsuit dismissed, claiming LCR has no legal standing to serve as plaintiffs. It also tried to have the judge decide the case without hearing testimony from LCR’s witnesses. And it tried to have the judge postpone the trial, arguing that Congress has a measure pending that could significantly affect the DADT law.
That measure is still awaiting action in the Senate as part of a Defense spending bill that is likely to see action later this month. There seems little doubt that the judge’s opinion will now be the subject of the debate around that measure. But Judge Phillips refused to delay action on LCR’s lawsuit, noting that the DADT repeal measure — as it is currently worded in Congress — does not guarantee repeal of DADT. Instead, the legislation requires a sign-off procedure involving the president, the secretary of defense, and the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The likelihood the bill would lead to repeal, said Phillips at trial, is “remote, if not wholly speculative.”
Phillips noted that evidence considered at trial, including three historic studies concerning gays in the military, did not identify any legitimate reasons for barring gays. The 1957 Crittenden Report, she said, “is not evidence that discharge of homosexual servicemembers significantly furthers government interests in military readiness or troop cohesion.” The 1988 PERSEREC Report “generally dismisses traditional objections to service by homosexuals in the military as abstract, intangible, and tradition-bound.” And the 1993 Rand Report concludes, “no empirical evidence exists demonstrating the impact of an openly homosexual servicemember on the cohesion of any military unit.”
Using tables of data to demonstrate a point made at trial by DADT opponent Nathaniel Frank, Phillips showed how the military discharged increasing numbers of servicemembers for homosexuality from 1994 to 2001, but that the number “fell sharply” beginning in 2002 as the U.S. began fighting in Afghanistan. In 2001, according to the data, the military discharged 1,227 people for being gay — the largest number per year since DADT went into effect. But in 2002, the number of discharges dropped to 885. Last year, only 275 were discharged.
She also cited data submitted by Log Cabin Republicans’ attorneys showing the Defense Department often suspended investigations of servicemembers it believed to be gay until after the servicemembers had completed their tour of duty in Iraq and Afghanistan. DOD, she noted “deployed servicemembers under investigation … to combat missions or, if they were already so deployed, delayed the completion of the investigation until the end of the deployment.”
“This evidence, in particular, directly undermines any contention that [DADT] furthers the Government’s purpose of military readiness, as it shows [DOD officials] continue to deploy gay and lesbian members of the military into combat, waiting until they have returned before resolving the charges arising out of the suspected homosexual conduct.”
“Taken as a whole,” wrote Phillips, “the evidence introduced at trial shows that the effect of the Act has been, not to advance the Government’s interests of military readiness and unit cohesion, much less to do so significantly, but to harm that interest.“
In her decision, Phillips noted that the 1st Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals addressed a similar case, Cook v. Gates, and came to a different opinion and upheld the law. But Phillips said she found the 1st Circuit’s reasoning “unpersuasive” and noted that she, within a 9th Circuit court, is not bound to follow it.
Phillips, however, indicated she was bound to follow a precedent of her own 9th Circuit, rendered in another challenge to the DADT policy and brought by an Air Force nurse, Margaret Witt, in Seattle. On a preliminary matter in that case, the 9th Circuit ruled that the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2003 decision in Lawrence v. Texas recognized a fundamental right to “an autonomy of self that includes freedom of thought, belief, expression, and certain intimate conduct.” Infringement on a fundamental right requires a law to pass a “heightened” or more stringent judicial review.
The Witt v. U.S. case is scheduled for trial beginning Sept. 13 in the U.S. District Court for Tacoma, Wash.
Chad Griffin, president of the American Foundation for Equal Rights which is pressing the case against Proposition 8’s ban on same-sex marriage in California, said the Log Cabin decision “is yet another significant and long-overdue step toward full equality for all Americans.
“It is clear,” said Griffin, “that our nation is moving toward the day when every American will be treated equally under the law, as required by our Constitution.”
Aubrey Sarvis, an Army veteran and executive director of the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network, said: “We’re pleased by the judge’s decision, but this decision is likely to be appealed and will linger for years. Congress made the DADT law 17 years ago and Congress should repeal it. The Senate will have the opportunity to do just that this month and most Americans think the Senate should seize it.”
Joe Solmonese, president of the Human Rights Campaign, said he hopes the ruling will help spur Congress.
“Today a federal judge affirmed what the vast majority of the American people know to be true — that it’s time for the discriminatory ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ law to be sent to the dustbin of history,” Solmonese said. “With this legal victory in hand, Congress is right now in a perfect position to strengthen our national security by ending a law that has discharged thousands of capable service members. With House passage already secured, the Senate can and should vote in the next few weeks to repeal ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ and allow every qualified man and woman the chance to serve with honor.” |
Ok, let’s forget Tiller. What else has changed?
As I mentioned at the beginning — removal of Tiller was a big thing, but not the only major change. Let’s take a look at other:
Three-way strategic merge patch
Helm 2 used a two-way strategic merge patch. It means that when you wanted to perform any helm operation, it compared the most recent manifest chart against the proposed chart manifest. It checked for the differences between these two charts to determine what changes needed to be applied to the resources in Kubernetes. Sounds pretty smart, right? The problem is that if changes were applied to the cluster “manually” (for example via kubectl edit), they were not considered. This resulted in resources being unable to roll back to its previous state because Helm2 only checked the last applied chart’s manifest as its current state, and since there were no changes in the chart’s state (we only changed live state on the cluster) Helm simply did not see the need for performing a rollback.
And that’s were three-way strategic merge patch comes to the rescue. How does Helm3 do that? It simply takes the live state into consideration too (thus 3-way instead of 2-way since now we have the old manifest, its live state, and the new manifest). For example, let’s say you deployed an application with:
helm install very_important_app ./very_important_app
and for example, this application Chart was set to have 3 replica sets. Now, if someone by mistake will perform kubectl edit or:
kubectl scale -replicas=0 deployment/very_important_app
and then someone from your team will realise that for some mysterious reason very_important_app is down and will try to execute:
helm rollback very_important_app
In Helm 2, it would generate a patch, comparing the old manifest against the new manifest. Because this is a rollback and someone only changed live state(so the manifest did not change) Helm would determine that there is nothing to rollback because there is no difference between the old manifest and the new manifest (both expect to have 3 replicas). Rollback is not performed then and the replica count continues to stay at zero. You start panicking now…
In Helm 3 on the other hand, the patch is generated using the old manifest, the live state, and the new manifest. Helm recognizes that the old state was at three, the live state is at zero and so it determines that the new manifest wishes change it back to three, so it generates a patch to fix that. You stop panicking now…
A similar process happens with Helm 3 when performing upgrades. Since it takes the live state into account now, then for example if some controller-based application (or something like a service-mesh) inject anything into kubernetes object which was deployed via Helm — it will get removed during helm upgrade process using Helm2. Helm 3 doesn’t do that —again, it takes the live state into consideration. Let’s assume that we want to install for example Istio on our cluster. Istio will start injecting sidecar containers into any deployment, so assuming you deployed something with Helm and your deployment consist of:
containers:
- name: server
image: my_app:2.0.0
Then you installed Istio so your container definition looks like this now instead:
containers:
- name: server
image: my_app:2.0.0
- name: istio-sidecar
image: istio-sidecar-proxy:1.0.0
And if you now execute upgrade process with Helm2, you’ll end up with this:
containers:
- name: server
image: my_app:2.1.0
Istio sidecar gets removed since it wasn’t in the Chart. Helm 3 however, generates a patch of the containers object between the old manifest, the live state, and the new manifest. It notices that the new manifest changes the image tag to 2.1.0, but live state contains something extra. So upgrade with Helm 3 will work as you would expect:
containers:
- name: server
image: my_app:2.1.0
- name: istio-sidecar
image: istio-sidecar-proxy:1.0.0
Three-way strategic merge patch makes Helming way more predictable and safer. You don’t have to worry anymore that something goes bananas. |
ECC Day 2: More Vendors and an E-Cig Regulations Workshop
It's safe to say that the first annual Electronic Cigarette Convention exceeded my expectations. The event was held a little over a week ago in Anaheim, CA at the west coast's largest convention center. This provide more than enough room to accommodate the estimated 18,000 attendees. After closing out day one on Friday with a bang by picking up an Omega atomizer from the Vapor Bombz booth, I was exhausted.
Everything I took home from Day 1, minus a free T-Shirt and knapsack.
(Almost) All Business
I don't think I slept much that night either, as I was busy playing around with my new atty and and uploading all the photos I had taken of the event. Since the first day had pretty much wiped all my friends, I was riding solo on day 2 and didn't plan on staying too long. However, I soon learned there was going to be a workshop on potential e-cig regulations later in the afternoon. Today was to be more of a business affair, as I had people to interview and notes to take.
More Goodies
Of course, along with taking care of business I also had to visit some of the booths I missed the first day. Aside from the debuts of a few mods, the most popular vendors seemed to be in the e-liquid business. I wound up with a few more bottles of juice on the second day of ECC.
ReHAB Vapors
As I entered the convention hall to start the afternoon off, I saw a familiar face. It wound up belonging to Will Spallino, a kid I had seen working at and hanging out around the Newport Vapor Room several times. It looks like he too has joined the e-liquid business with buddy Matt, who I've also seen around Newport Beach. Together, they formed ReHAB Vapors and as the name would suggest, flavors are based around recovery from addiction. In fact, 10 percent of their profits are donated to recovery-based programs.
Like Five Pawns and P.O.E.T., Rehab Vapors had a unique setup, complete with three mini gas pump-style juice dispensers for sampling. I wound up buying a t-shirt from them and received three 4mL sample bottles of Whiskey Tango, a blend of blood orange and grapefruit that more than satisfies my citrus craving. The rest of their e-liquids are definitely of the unique variety, combining flavors like cucumber, mint and lime or chocolate, orange and eggnog.
Midas E-Liquid
Just before I went home for the day, I figured I ‘d stop by the Midas booth as their “UFO” looking display hanging from ceiling intrigued me. Midas was yet another brand I was unfamiliar with, as new juice manufacturers pop up almost every other day in Southern California. However, Midas has been around since 2012 and is actually based down the street from where I grew up in Garden Grove, CA!
Midas Vape had one of the more effective advertisements at ECC.
I looked at their line of what seemed to be fairly typical flavors. Then I noticed they had an RY4, and being a reviewer of mini-ecigs as well as mods and juice, had to try it. Midas Ry4 pretty much blew me away. Unlike most RY4s, this one throws some toffee flavoring into the mix, providing for a very powerful tobacco blend. I went through the bottle pretty quick and as I usually do, diluted it with some pure VG about half way through, which created a more mellow and smooth taste.
Strolling through ECC, freely puffing away.
FDA Regulations Workshop
The view of potential FDA regulations on e-cigarettes was a bit more optimistic than it is today.
But alas, there was important business to get done. After a somewhat lengthy delay to fix some technical issues with the speakers, it was finally time for the workshop on potential FDA regulations to begin. First up was Azim Chowdhury, a food and drug law specialist based in Washington, D.C. Prior to the workshop beginning, I was handed a printout of his 2011 piece titled “The Evolution of the Electronic Cigarette“.
Back then, it seemed that while the FDA would regulate electronic cigarettes as tobacco products, they wouldn't require any pre-market approval to be sold. The FDA was slated to announce their regulations by the end of October 2013, however the current US government shutdown may prolong the inevitable even further. And when it hits, there is speculation the FDA will not only ban sales to minors (which the vaping community general agrees with) but also online sales and require a lengthy approval process for e-cig products containing nicotine. Many experts also fear they will limit the amount of nicotine used in e-liquid to 1mg/mL or even less, effectively rendering e-cigs useless to many potential vapers transitioning from smoking.
Azim Chowdhury
Here are the key points I took away from Mr. Chowdhury's presentation:
Whenever the FDA does announce regulations, the public will be given a chance to comment. E-liquid containing nicotine will be regulated as a tobacco product since the nicotine is derived from tobacco leaves.Products will need to go through lengthy permit processes, depending on when the FDA decides to set the “Grandfathering Date”. The later, the better for all existing e-cig companies.
Chowdhury was on our side, stating he thinks the FDA should set the Grandfather date as the date in which regulations are first introduced. Potential regulations won't be enacted for at least 1-2 years.
Linc Williams and Lou Ritter from AEMSA
Vapor rises to ceiling of Hall C at the Anaheim Convention center during ECC. However, the fire alarm was believed to have been set off by someone vaping near a smoke detector in the lobby of the building.
Next up was Linc Williams, Compliance Chairman and co-founder of the American E-liquid Manufacturing Standards Association. Unfortunately, for whatever reason the fire alarms in the building went off a few minutes into his presentation, thereby putting an end to the workshop. Fortunately, I was able to meet up with him and AEMSA President and co-founder Lou Ritter once everyone was allowed back in the building. We exchanged contact info and I have maintained contact with Lou via email. Here is what he sent over:
AEMSA encourages any/all regulators to educate themselves BEFORE proposing and/or enacting any regulatory legislation. Time and again we have seen municipalities approach legislative efforts (for these products) acknowledging, right on the record, “we do not know”. There are already substantive bodies of scientific and medical research (many are Published and Peer-reviewed) focusing specifically on many different aspects of these products and the various Harm Reduction factors. Such include (but are not limited to): the ingredients, the vapor itself (both first and second hand), effects of electronic cigarettes on myocardial function, cytotoxicity on cultured cells and more. While we acknowledge more research is needed, the results and conclusions in the substantive (and verifiable) research findings already available are notably consistent – electronic cigarettes are exponentially less harmful than combusting and smoking tobacco.
AEMSA encourages (more-so we implore) any and all regulators to learn about these products and read the verifiable studies BEFORE PROPOSING and/or ENACTING ANY REGULATION. Some notable research sources available: Dr. Konstantinos Farsalinos, Dr. Michael Seigel, Dr. Riccardo Polosa, Dr. Joel Nitzkin, Dr. Brad Radu, Professor Etter, Dr. Chris Bullen, Dr. Murray Laugesen, Professor Igor Burstyn, ClearStream LIFE, ClearStream Air and others. The former US Surgeon General, Dr. Richard Carmona, joined the board of the electronic cigarette manufacturing company NJOY in March of this year.
In terms of potential regulations, they do not speculate what will happen once a decision is announced. We can only hope the FDA lays out regulations similar to AEMSA's existing standards.
A film crew from Aljazeera America interviews an employee from Vape Revolution at ECC.
All in all, the first annual Electronic Cigarette Convention was a highly successful event. It drew a crowd larger than any previous vaping event had ever seen and attracted media attention from the likes of Al Jazeera America, ABC and the LA times. However, its main directive was to educate the public on the safety of electronic cigarettes and particularly create a sense of urgency around the need to mobilize and fight back against impending regulation. As to whether or not it succeeded with changing the minds of many of those against e-cigs, only time will tell.
Do you have any speculation as to how the FDA will regulate electronic cigarettes and nicotine e-liquid? What do you hope and what should be done, if anything at all? |
Donald Trump Donald Trump
Donald Trump has said China will “behave” and will be a “friend” of the US under his presidency even as the presumptive Republican presidential nominee asserted that he was not bothered if a trade war breaks out with the Communist trading giant.
“Let me tell you something. China will behave and China will be our friend. We’ll do better under China with me and we’re also going to do better economically with me. They are going to respect our country again,” Trump told his supporters at an election rally in New Jersey on Thursday.
Addressing his first major rally in New Jersey on Thursday along with its governor Chris Christie who endorsed him early in the primary season, he said: “These dummies say, ‘Oh, that’s a trade war. Trade war? We’re losing $500 billion in trade with China. Who the hell cares if there’s a trade war? Think of it. $500 billion and they’re telling me about a trade war,”.
The 69-year-old real estate tycoon, who is likely to face Democrat Hillary Clinton exuded confidence that it is unlikely to happen as being alleged by his opponents.
“You’re not going to have a trade war. Two things are going to happen. China devalues their currency, that’s how they’re killing us, Ok? They devalue their currency. They are behaving very, very badly. And, on top of that, they are building fortresses on the South China Sea. And they’re doing things,” Trump said.
Trump also asked his supporters to leave the economy to him. “A lot of you don’t know the world of economics. And you shouldn’t even bother. Just do me a favor. Leave it to me. Just go enjoy your life,” he said.
Last year, China was the world’s largest merchandise trader, with combined exports and imports worth $4,303 billion. The US was close behind in second place, with total trade worth $4,032 billion.
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-- Sesame Workshop is welcoming its first Afghan Muppet -- a 6-year-old girl named Zari -- in an effort to promote female empowerment in the country.
Zari, whose name means "shimmering" in the Dari and Pashto languages, made her debut today on the show called, "Baghch-e-Simsim," which is the local co-production of "Sesame Street" and one of the country’s most popular children’s television programs.
"Debuting a confident, inquisitive, and sweet Afghan girl character is a perfect opportunity to engage both boys and girls with lessons supporting girls’ empowerment and diversity appreciation," said Sherrie Westin, Sesame Workshop's executive vice president of global impact and philanthropy.
Zari is being introduced to children in a country where girls have fewer educational opportunities than their male counterparts. Education is often not an option for many girls and women in Afghanistan, according to government figures. About 26 percent of the nation's population is literate, and among women the rate is only 12 percent.
The character, with her purple face and tangled hair, is sometimes featured in a veil. She will appear in segments focused on tradition and culture as well as health, exercise and well-being.
In one segment, Sesame says Zari will interview a pediatrician to find out what it would take for her to become a medical professional and to learn more about taking care of herself.
Zari is on a show that has the highest awareness among children’s television shows in Afghanistan, about 86 percent, according to Sesame. It also receives funding from the U.S. State Department.
Westin said Sesame is "thrilled" to bring the Afghan girl Muppet and "powerful role model" to the children of Afghanistan.
Zari follows other female Muppets introduced to audiences abroad by Sesame, like Kami in South Africa and Chamki in India, both of whom are considered influential with viewers around the world.
"Sesame Street" was originally launched in the United States in 1969. |
Relatively flat illumination devices are known in the art and are for instance described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,025,482 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,181,378.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,025,482 describes a light guide member and an illuminating device which are able to efficiently uniformly irradiate illumination light to only an area requiring illumination. Therefore, a reflection face is constructed by reflection stripes such as many grooves, etc. widened in a concentric circle shape. Light from a light source unit is widened toward this entire reflection face without irregularities by a diffusing portion such as a reflection prism, etc. Thus, only the range actually requiring the illumination can be illuminated without irregularities, and visibility of the illumination range using a front light is raised.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,181,378 describes apparatuses, and methods for manufacturing such apparatuses, to convert a first distribution of an input radiation to a second distribution of output radiation. The apparatus can be defined in some embodiments by generating a two-dimensional representation of three active optical surfaces including calculating a segment of first, entry and second surfaces based on first second, and third generalized Cartesian ovals, respectively, and successively repeating the calculating of the segments of the first and second surfaces, and rotationally sweeping the two-dimensional representation about a central axis providing a three-dimensional representation. In some embodiments, portion of the first and/or second surfaces can be totally internally reflective (TIR). This document especially describes a folded-optics apparatus comprising a body that receives light, the body comprising first, second and third surfaces; the third surface defining a cavity, and at least a portion of the third surface is refractive; the second surface extending generally radially away from the cavity, and the second surface comprising a reflective region; and at least a first portion of the first surface provides internal reflection folding and at least a second portion of the first surface provides refractive transition between the body and an exterior of the body.
Further, WO2008047278 describes a luminaire comprising a light guiding layer and a plurality of LEDs, which LEDs are accommodated in at least one hole arranged in the light guiding layer, for emitting light into the light guiding layer. The light guiding layer further comprises at least one out-coupling structure, for coupling the light out of the light guiding layer. |
Glazed Porcelain Tile Flooring Inspired By The Beauty Of Marble Onyx And Limestone Series W Blends Together All Three Stone Looks To Create An Exquisite Glazed Porcelain Line Glazed Porcelain Floor Tiles Slippery Fish Song
glazed porcelain tile flooring inspired by the beauty of marble onyx and limestone series w blends together all three stone looks to create an exquisite glazed porcelain line glazed porcelain floor tiles slippery fish song. |
Two female college students said they were forced to endure almost weekly vaginal probes as part of a medical diagnostic sonography class at a Florida community college, according to a civil rights lawsuit filed in federal court.
The lawsuit by the women, identified as Jane Doe I and Jane Doe II, accuses Valencia College in Orlando, Florida, of violating their right to free speech and to protection from unwarranted searches under the first and fourth amendments.
But Carol Traynor, a spokeswoman for Valencia College, said in a statement on Monday that using volunteers, including students, for medical sonography training was a nationally accepted practice.
The women’s lawsuit contends they protested but were bullied into submission.
“Valencia’s established and widespread policy was to browbeat students who did not consent to those invasive probes and threaten plaintiffs’ academic standing as well as their future careers until the students complied,” the lawsuit states.
The procedure in question involved a transvaginal ultrasound probe in which a technician inserts a lubricated probe to detect problems with fertility or other issues, according to the lawsuit, which describes the probe as large and not recommended for females who have not had sexual intercourse.
The women allege they submitted under duress to the probes, which at times required their bodies to be sexually stimulated by other students to facilitate insertion, according to the complaint filed by lawyer Christopher R Dillingham.
“Plaintiffs endured these invasive probes without a modicum of privacy. Plaintiffs would disrobe in a restroom, drape themselves in towels, and traverse the sonography classroom in full view of instructors and other students,” the lawsuit states.
The lawsuit states that students in the Valencia program were able to practise on actual patients during clinics in hospital and had available anatomically correct dummies.
The complaint states that the clinical and laboratory co-ordinator initially told the students that the probes were voluntary. But when the women protested they were told they could find a different school, would be blacklisted from local hospital jobs and their grades would be reduced, the complaint says.
Dillingham wrote in the complaint that he had been unable to find another sonography program in which students practised vaginal probes on each other. |
About the where you should start sliding on the rail for lipslides, true there's not proper or improper way, a lot of people just think it looks better (myself included)
There's more material out on the web in regards to snowboarding so check out those links like I said before -> http://youtu.be/sGSdL_fpqTw?t=5m55s
Hey Sergio,
from what you wrote, you are correct. Unfortunately the above diagram is not correct and the names actually come from skateboarding. Because of the skateboard trucks, you also run into tail/nose slides, blunts, and grinds (trucks), but for the basics, you've got it.
Only one question,. does it changes the name depends on where you access to the rail?
some friend is telling me a lipslide is only when you start it at the middle of the rail, never at the beginning .
is that correct?
thanks again!
My personal opinion is it is only a lipslide if it is very clearly a iipslide. This doesn't rule out hitting the rail from the beginning but if you approach a rail from straight on, I would not call it a lipslide. If you approach at an angle and ollie into a lipslide and happen to land at the start of the rail, you're good.
Just my opinion but I can see where someone would say not to hit the start of the rail which I think in most cases doesn't happen anyways. |
Assessing the gap in female authorship in the journal Emergency Radiology: trends over a 20-year period.
To examine trends in female authorship in the journal Emergency Radiology from January 1994 to December 2014. We obtained institutional review board approval for our study. We retrospectively reviewed a total of 1617 articles published in the journal Emergency Radiology over a 20-year period. Original articles, case reports, review articles, and pictorial essays were included. The first and last position author's gender was categorized as female or male. We analyzed trends by comparing the first and last position authors of original articles from the first and last year reviewed. We utilized Chi-square test for statistical analysis, with a p value <0.05 noted as significant. One thousand four hundred twenty articles met our inclusion criteria. There were 1420 first position authors and 1295 last position authors. There were 125 articles that had a sole author-these authors were considered as first position authors only. We determined, as best as possible, the gender of 96% of the authors. Overall, female authors were 21% of first position authors (290 of 1368) and 15% of last position authors (183 of 1246). Thirty-two percent of articles with female last position authors also had female first position authors (58 of 183). There was a statistically significant increase in female last position authors, from 12.9% in 1994 to 21.3% in 2014 (p = 0.026), a non-significant increase in female first position authors, from 17.5% in 1994 to 20.9% in 2014 (p = 0.514), and a non-significant increase in articles with both a first and last female author, from 25% in 1994 to 35% in 2014 (p = 0.593). Over the last 20 years, there has been a statistically significant upward trend in female last position authors publishing in the journal Emergency Radiology. |
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Mother and daughter Wanda Marsh and Cindy Bystrek painted the pictures behind them at a Survivors of Suicide Day program at Nicolet High School in Glendale three months after Bystrek's son died by suicide in 2017. Hannah Kirby/ Now News Group
Wanda Marsh said painting takes away all of her stress. "You're just thinking of your painting, not of anything else," she said. "I could sit there and the world could go by." Hannah Kirby/ Now News Group
The works of Wanda Marsh of Oak Creek and Cindy Bystrek of Cudahy can be viewed at the 'Paintings of Hope' exhibit at Clement Manor's art gallery in Greenfield until Jan. 10. Hannah Kirby/ Now News Group
If the song "Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen came on, you could count on Andy Bystrek to belt it out with grand gestures.
He's no longer alive, but that song is always a reminder.
"Now, that's my sign from him," said Cindy Bystrek, Andy's mother. "So many times when I'm feeling emotional about him, the song comes on the radio. I usually look up and go, 'Very funny,' and turn it up loud and sing.'"
Andy Bystrek died by suicide on Aug. 21, 2017 at age 26. "It was a punch to the gut," Cindy Bystrek said.
Three months later, Cindy Bystrek of Cudahy, her 86-year-old mother, Wanda Marsh of Oak Creek, and six of their family members and friends attended a Survivors of Suicide Day program at Nicolet High School in Glendale.
"For me, as the mom, it was nice to be around other people who have gone through the same thing," Cindy Bystrek said.
A two-hour painting session was part of the gathering. Participants could choose between two pieces to paint, a globe with flowers in darker colors, or a brighter scene with trees. "I was in a dark place, but I didn't want to paint a dark picture," she said.
An instructor guided the artists through the process and taught them how to mix the colors and which brushes to use.
"It took your mind off of what you were going through and let you be free," Bystrek said.
When Bystrek and Marsh left the high school, they didn't stop painting.
Where to see their works
The artists' works, "Paintings of Hope," are being shown publicly for the first time at Clement Manor's art gallery, which is a special place for the mother and daughter duo.
Bystrek has done accounts payable and apartment resident billing at this faith-based continuing-care retirement community in Greenfield for eight years, and Marsh had two stays in its rehab unit after knee surgeries in 2016 and 2017.
"A huge part of my grieving process was being surrounded by my friends at Clement Manor," Bystrek said. Her son, Kevin, works with her there as a maintenance technician.
"We were just so embraced by everyone here; it was unbelievable," she said.
"When Cindy told me that her and her mom were painting, and showed me all of this different art work, I said, 'You have to have an exhibit,'" said Keri Gerlach, director of marketing at Clement Manor. "They both were willing to share their story and be out there, publicly, about their experience, which can only help people."
Gerlach started the gallery 10 years ago. "The intent of the gallery is for people to show their work who wouldn't usually have that opportunity," she said. "It's our way of connecting to the community with new and different people, enriching their lives, and the residents really enjoy all of the different art and learning about the artists."
The gallery has featured everything from quilts to pet photography. "I look for things that are different that you wouldn't expect at a regular gallery," she said.
Meet the artists
"We paint off of pictures," Bystrek said. She searches online for images she likes, prints them out and uses them for inspiration.
"You use your own judgement, whether you want to do it the same way someone else has done it or if you want to add or take away," Marsh said.
Bystrek described her own style as primitive, and said she prefers painting outdoor scenes. "They're a little more forgiving, whether they're precise or not," she said.
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Cindy Bystrek described her style as primitive, and said she prefers painting outdoor scenes.(Photo: Hannah Kirby/ Now News Group)
She spends her Saturdays at the easel in her kitchen. Sometimes, she paints one, and other times, she paints four. "It depends on what kind of mood I'm in," she said.
"I paint whenever the notion strikes, no special time or special day," Marsh said. She leaves her painting supplies out on the dining room table so they'e always ready to go. Her creativity typically starts flowing around 8 or 9 p.m.
"It takes away all the stress you have," she said. "You're just thinking of your painting, not of anything else. I could sit there and the world could go by."
About Andy
Andy Bystrek once danced so hard at a wedding reception and slid on his knees so many times, he had a hole in the knee of his pants when the night was over, Marsh said. "There was no shyness in that kid at all," Bystrek said.
He went to MATC and was a biomedical technician at the Milwaukee VA Medical Center. Bystrek and Marsh described him as funny, sarcastic, intelligent, compassionate, a joy to be around, a great friend, an awesome brother and a wonderful grandson.
Cindy Bystrek described her son, Andy Bystrek, as funny, sarcastic, intelligent, compassionate and a joy to be around. He died by suicide in August 2017.(Photo: Submitted)
"I could be anywhere, doing anything, and something will enter my mind and make me think of him," Bystrek said. "I can cry anywhere. But, everyday, I come to a new understanding about why it happened and what I'm supposed to be learning from it. I still hate it with a passion, but I'm getting better."
Her advice to people experiencing similar situations is to allow themselves to cry, be angry, and rely on others when they need to. Both Bystrek and Marsh recommend giving painting a try since it has helped both of them so much.
"If you make a mistake, you can just paint over it and start again," Bystrek said. "You get a redo in painting, you don't get a redo in life most times."
Kendall Kontranowski, 10, of Delafield, takes a selfie with her mom Kristin during the annual Delafield Tree Lighting event on Friday, Nov. 16, 2018. The event, hosted by the City of Delafield Tourism, featured live music, free cookies, hot cocoa and more. Scott Ash/Now News Group
A flag reflects on the bell of a horn as the 132nd Wisconsin Army National Guard Band performs at the seventh annual Operation Honor: A Salute to Veterans in Waukesha on Saturday, Nov. 10, 2018. Scott Ash/Now News Group
Catholic Memorial sets up for a kickoff in a swirl of snow during WIAA Division 3 Level 4 play against New Berlin Eisenhower Nov. 9 at Kettle Moraine. The Crusaders defeated the Lions, 41-14, to punch their ticket to the state title game. C.T. Kruger/Now News Group
Homestead's bench empties as the final seconds tick down in the Highlanders' 51-14 victory over Brookfield Central in the Division 2 state championship game at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison on Nov. 16, 2018. C.T. Kruger/Now News Group
Delafield's Clock Tower Square is filled with color during the annual Delafield Tree Lighting event on Friday, Nov. 16, 2018. The event, hosted by the City of Delafield Tourism, featured live music, free cookies, hot cocoa and more. Scott Ash/Now News Group
Runner and walkers pause for the Star Spangled Banner before the start of the Kelly Johnson Foundation's first Turkey Trot 5K Run/Walk at Mitchell Park on Nov. 24. The Foundation helps make college more affordable for hard working students. C.T. Kruger/Now News Group
Maddie (right) and Charlie Steffenhagen wait for thousands of lights to illuminate and for Santa to arrive as part of Greendale's annual Tree Lighting in front of Village Hall on Nov. 23. C.T. Kruger/Now News Group
New Berlin Eisenhower sophomore Adam Joda reaches for the ball during the WIAA Division 2 state championship match against Oregon on Saturday at Uihlein Soccer Park in Milwaukee. Scott Ash/Now News Group
Allison Young and Chris Henley (right) watch the first South Milwaukee Lions Club Lighted Christmas Parade roll along 15th Avenue near City Hall on Nov. 24 that followed the Old Fashioned Christmas festivities at City Hall. C.T. Kruger/Now News Group
Campbell Young works on a design for a bridge that she and siblings Rhett and Adeline would build using newspaper, yard and pipe cleaners to span a tub during a STEAM - science, technology, engineering, art and math - program at the Menomonee Falls Library on Nov. 14. C.T. Kruger/Now News Group
Nicolet junior Jalen Johnson rises for a dunk during a practice on Nov. 19. Johnson is one of nation's top-ranked players in the Class of 2020. He transferred from Sun Prairie at the start of the school year. Curt Hogg/Now News Group
Utezi Kalunbula, 6, mans his booth offering triangle games during the Cloud 9 Workshop's Kidpreneur Fair that featured 15 children in grades 1 through 5 selling products they created. C.T. Kruger/Now News Group
Pam Behrend transfers turkey into a chaffing dish pan for serving to an anticipated 400 diners at the Christ the King Lutheran Church's seventh annual Thanksgiving Gathering on Nov. 21. C.T. Kruger/Now News Group
Village of Fox Point employees provide waste collection services from residents' driveways, along with yard waste collection and roadside leaf removal in the fall. Recycling collection is contracted out to a company. C.T. Kruger/Now News Group
A child's teepee in a second floor bedroom at the 26th annual Christmas Fantasy House with 18 rooms decorated by more than 16 area decorators for benefit Ronald McDonald House Charities Eastern Wisconsin. The Fantasy house will be open 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. on Nov. 9, and 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on Nov. 10 and 11. Parking and shuttle to the House is at Ridgewood Baptist Church, 2720 Lilly Road, Brookfield. Tickets are $20 at the door. C.T. Kruger/Now News Group
Senior Trang Mau checks a box before sealing it for the Samaritan’s Purse Operation Christmas Child project. Members of the Sussex Hamilton Junior Optimist International club packed shoebox-sized containers with toys, clothing, personal care and other items on Nov. 7 as part of a service project with the Sussex/Lisbon/Lannon Optimist Club. C.T. Kruger/Now News Group
Nicolet's Kobe Johnson rises up for a layup over Sonny Phinisee during practice on Nov. 19. Johnson, along with his older brother, Jalen, transferred from Sun Prairie at the beginning of the school year. Curt Hogg/Now News Group
The Cedarburg Civic Band performs during Cedarburg's annual tree lighting ceremony at the Community Center on Monday, Nov. 26, 2018. The event, hosted by Cedarburg Chamber of Commerce, features make-and-take crafts, cookies, cider, music, caroling and a visit from Santa to light the tree. Scott Ash/Now News Group
Acupuncture needles are placed in Elba Rodriquez's forehead in a point that calms the body, and in the ears to balance the body's four planes by Acupuncturist Vashir Xiong in the Aurora West Allis Medical Center emergency department on Nov. 20. C.T. Kruger/Now News Group
Marquette running back Daeleon Brown-Williams (12) is stopped by Muskego defenders at the goal line on forth down in the third quarter during the WIAA Division 1 Level 4 playoff game on Friday, Nov. 9, 2018. Scott Ash/Now News Group
Milwaukee band Ocean Rush performs during the second annual "Lighting of The Corners" in Brookfield on Saturday, Nov. 17, 2018. The event features live music, photos with reindeer, holiday crafts, a visit from Santa and the Winter Princesses, and the lighting of a 30-foot tree. Scott Ash/Now News Group
Waukesha West sophomore Anna Holland (4) jumps for joy as the Wolverines celebrate their quarterfinal win over Arrowhead at the WIAA state girls volleyball tournament on Thursday, Nov. 1. Curt Hogg/Now News Group
Six-year-old Hadley Andrew of Delafield takes a closer look at an ornament during the annual Delafield Tree Lighting event on Friday, Nov. 16, 2018. The event, hosted by the City of Delafield Tourism, featured live music, free cookies, hot cocoa and more. Scott Ash/Now News Group
Mitchel Griep of CenterPointe Boat Services hands off a flat of foodstuffs to Karen Semrad from a boat used to transport a major food donation to the Pewaukee Food Pantry at Gethsemane United Methodist Church on Nov. 21. CenterPointe collected donations from customers and transported a collection by Pewaukee's Asa Clark Middle School that the students had presorted by type and date. C.T. Kruger/Now News Group
Volunteer Myrna Ebling of Cedarburg serves up a delicious bowl of soup during the Empty Bowls fundraising event at the Ozaukee Pavilion in Cedarburg on Thursday, Nov. 1, 2018. Proceeds from the event will benefit Family Sharing's food pantry and provide 600 Ozaukee County families with Thanksgiving dinners. Scott Ash/Now News Group
Navy Veteran Dick Garvy of Oconomowoc salutes the flag while attending the veterans recognition and remembrance assembly at Oconomowoc High School on Friday, Nov. 9, 2018. The event was organized by OHS student Hans Schiefelbein as he works to become an Eagle Scout. Scott Ash/Now News Group
Pius XI head coach Hansi Herzog hoists the gold ball as his team celebrates winning the the WIAA Division 3 state soccer title with a 3-1 win over McFarland on Saturday at Uihlein Soccer Park in Milwaukee. Scott Ash/Now News Group |
More...
Dani Pedrosa confirms Phillip Island return
Dani Pedrosa will be back in action at Phillip Island this weekend, the Repsol Honda rider confident his left shoulder is strong enough for him to compete in the Australian MotoGP race.
Pedrosa missed the Japan and Malaysia races after badly breaking his left collarbone in a crash during practice at the Twin Ring Motegi earlier this month.
The spill, caused by a throttle malfunction on his factory Honda RC212V, ended his slim title hopes and compatriot Jorge Lorenzo clinched his maiden MotoGP crown at Sepang last weekend.
The 25-year-old though will be back at the spectacular Phillip Island circuit this weekend for the last of three back-to-back flyaway races.
The triple world champion said: “It was hard to take the decision to not go to Malaysia, but after another week I feel it was the right thing to do because during these days my condition has improved quite a lot.
"So I’m looking forward to getting to Australia and finding out how I feel on the bike. I will arrive at Phillip Island on Wednesday to have some time to recover from the flight and rest a little bit.
"I know it will be tough because Phillip Island is a very demanding track and also the weather conditions can play a big part, but I really believe it’s time to come back with my team and try to return to the high level of performance we had before the crash in Japan.
"After the operation I began rehabilitation immediately. The surgery was very successful and the plate was well fixed, so the main problem was not the collarbone but the stiffness in my neck and all around my shoulders.
"I’ve been having massage and doing exercises with my physiotherapist and I will keep this up in Australia. The championship is decided, but for us it’s still not over. The target now is to retain second place in the standings and continue working on the bike so that we arrive in good shape for the winter tests, when we will start working for next year."
Find out why Pedrosa had to abort plans to race in Sepang in tomorrow’s issue of MCN. |
Becoming a high school teacher
Some folks in the school district I cover today tried to convince me that I need to get out of journalism and become an English teacher.
I learned about the two easiest ways to get your certification: 1) a 3-year-program where you train and teach at the same time and 2) a "passport" where you basically pay $800 to take a test. You automatically become a teacher if you pass the test.
I like the first option but because I don't have any teaching experience I would basically start at the lowest rung on the pay scale - which means I get no credit for my 12 years of professional experience. I'm not in this career nor would I become a teacher to become rich, but it seems like there should be some kind of professional credit to encourage more professional crossover.
Even with the expected pay cut I have to admit it's an intriguing career option.
Anyone else thinking about this? It seems like a good move for some of you young fellas.
You might be surprised where they start you on the payscale. My mom became a special ed teacher a couple years ago, following a route similar to your first option above, and they didn't start her at the bottom of the ladder. They gave her credit for time spent as a youth home director many years ago, though I think they might have given her half the years she actually spent in that job.
You might be surprised where they start you on the payscale. My mom became a special ed teacher a couple years ago, following a route similar to your first option above, and they didn't start her at the bottom of the ladder. They gave her credit for time spent as a youth home director many years ago, though I think they might have given her half the years she actually spent in that job.
Click to expand...
Well, I got the impression that they're sort of lenient with the phrase "teaching experience", but other than some mentoring I did, I got nothing.
Does this mean you already have your bachelors in elementary or secondary education? I was under the impression you couldn't do anything unless you had an education degree and were working towards the masters.
Does this mean you already have your bachelors in elementary or secondary education? I was under the impression you couldn't do anything unless you had an education degree and were working towards the masters.
Click to expand...
That's not true, or at least not in all cases. My mom had her undergrad and master's in creative writing.
Does this mean you already have your bachelors in elementary or secondary education? I was under the impression you couldn't do anything unless you had an education degree and were working towards the masters.
Click to expand...
No, dude. I have a bachelor's in journalism, but my state department of education is likely to accept that as an acceptable substitute for English.
There's such a shortage in teachers now, that most states are trying to get anyone with a bachelor's to become teachers. The one program basically allows you to train and teach at the same time.
Does this mean you already have your bachelors in elementary or secondary education? I was under the impression you couldn't do anything unless you had an education degree and were working towards the masters.
Click to expand...
That depends on the state, I believe. New York, as of three years ago, required a teacher to be pursuing his or her Master's within five years of taking your first job. That, obviously, could have changed.
I've given a lot of thought to becoming a teacher. I asked my mom last week what she thought. I prefaced it by saying, "Well, things aren't going too well in my field." "Oh, really," she said, completely clueless -- like she is on so many topics.
Once she'd been briefed, she told me to look into it some more. My plan is to go back for the Master's next summer and work toward that degree while plugging away as a writer -- and whatever other positions I hold on any given day. Eventually, I'll teach either college or high school English, journalism or public speaking courses.
This was my end-of-the-career plan back in college, but it's become more of a just-in-case option now, which is sad because I really like what I do. But I also love teaching. When I was managing staffs at college, nothing was a better high for me -- I've never done drugs -- than explaining a technique to someone and watching them put it to use. I thrived on that for three years then, and I'm sure that's a feeling that doesn't grow old.
I suppose I should note that both my parents are retired teachers, who are doing quite well for themselves now. That's certainly a perk I hope to have eventually. And I really can't see it in this profession. Not now, at least. The security would be nice. |
Q:
Eclipse : Jre not found and PATH
![][1]
Eclipse couldn't be launched beccaus of JRE or PATH i really need help
I tried to reinstall JDK but nothing changed
A:
Before Installing Eclipse set PATH for your JDk in your computer.
Right click on computer GOTO properties and select Advanced Settings
One pop-up will appear select Environment variables and select new in user variables
Give variable name=PATH and Value=C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.6.0_45\bin;C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.7.0_21\bin;.
Variable value where you installed your JDK select that path and Click OK, OK, Ok
Now yo can install your IDE
|
Police sappers were called on Sunday to a high school in a Gaza border community after a rocket, thought to be from a barrage over the weekend, was discovered close to the classrooms.
A spokesperson for the local regional council said it appeared the missile was faulty and had exploded before it hit the ground.
Specialist teams moved in to deal with the device and remove it from the scene. There were no injuries reported.
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The discovery came shortly after sappers attended an incident close to a daycare center in the southern town of Sderot where a security guard spotted a suspicious object, apparently part of an airborne incendiary device.
Thirty-four rockets were fired at Israel overnight Friday and Saturday morning, according to the IDF, 13 of which were intercepted by the Iron Dome anti-missile system.
Two of the rockets fell in Gaza and the rest were said to have landed in open areas.
In response to the rocket fire, Israeli aircraft attacked 95 targets in Gaza belonging to Hamas and Islamic Jihad.
The army said the targets included military and weapons manufacturing facilities through the Strip, a factory in Khan Younis producing cement used in subterranean tunnels and a four-story building in Gaza City headquartering Hamas security services.
Islamic Jihad announced later on Saturday it had agreed to an Egyptian-brokered ceasefire to end an escalating exchange of fire with Israel.
A spokesman for the group told the Gaza-based Safa news site that a ceasefire agreement went into effect following Egyptian communication with its leadership.
He said Islamic Jihad would remain committed to the ceasefire as long as Israel did likewise.
There was no immediate acknowledgement of the ceasefire declaration in Israel, which in the past has denied proclamations by Gaza-based terror groups regarding understandings to end fighting.
Israel views Hamas as ultimately responsible for any attacks emanating from the territory it controls, regardless of the source.
A few hours after Islamic Jihad announced the ceasefire, the Eshkol Regional Council lifted orders that residents must remain in close proximity to bomb shelters.
The rocket fire came amid a deadly flareup in violence in the Gaza Strip. Earlier on Friday, thousands of Palestinians gathered at five locations along the border, burning tires and throwing rocks and firebombs at Israeli troops who responded with tear gas and occasional live fire.
Five protesters were killed and another 170 were injured in the clashes with IDF troops, the Hamas-run health ministry in Gaza said. One of those killed was blown up by his own hand grenade, which exploded prematurely, witnesses said.
Earlier this week, a rocket was launched at southern Israel from Gaza, triggering sirens in a number of communities in the Eshkol region, ending a week-long stretch of relative calm in the coastal enclave. In response to that attack, the IDF said it hit eight Hamas targets in the Gaza Strip, including training bases and a weapons production facility.
Since March 30, Palestinians in the Gaza Strip have participated in a series of protests and riots dubbed the “Great March of Return,” which have mostly involved the burning of tires and rock-throwing along the security fence, but have also seen shooting attacks, bombings and attempted border breaches as well as the sending of incendiary balloons and kites into Israel.
At least 160 Palestinians have been killed and thousands more have been injured in the clashes with IDF troops, according to AP figures. Hamas, an Islamist terror group that seized control of the Strip in 2007 and seeks to destroy Israel, has acknowledged that dozens of the dead were its members. An Israeli soldier was shot dead by a sniper on the border. |
package academy
import (
"go-common/library/time"
mdlArt "go-common/app/interface/openplatform/article/model"
"go-common/app/service/main/archive/api"
)
const (
_ = iota
//Course 教程级别
Course
//Operation 运营标签
Operation
//Classify 分类标签
Classify
//ArticleClass 专栏分类
ArticleClass
//H5 移动端tag分类
H5
//RecommendTag 推荐理由
RecommendTag
//BusinessForAll //所有类型稿件
BusinessForAll = 0
//BusinessForArchive //视频稿件
BusinessForArchive = 1
//BusinessForArticle //专栏稿件
BusinessForArticle = 2
)
//H5Conf for h5 conf.
type H5Conf struct {
//OfficialID 官方推荐id
OfficialID int64
//EditorChoiceID 编辑精选id
EditorChoiceID int64
//NewbCourseID 新人课程id
NewbCourseID int64
//ResourceID 资源管理位id 防重复
ResourceID int64
}
//TagClassMap for tag type map.
func TagClassMap(ty int) (s string) {
switch ty {
case Course:
s = "course_level"
case Operation:
s = "operation_tag"
case Classify:
s = "classify_tag"
case ArticleClass:
s = "article_class"
case H5:
s = "h5"
case RecommendTag:
s = "recommend_tag"
}
return
}
//Tag for academy tag.
type Tag struct {
ID int64 `json:"id"`
ParentID int64 `json:"parent_id"`
Type int8 `json:"type"`
State int8 `json:"-"`
Business int8 `json:"-"`
Name string `json:"name"`
Desc string `json:"-"`
CTime time.Time `json:"-"`
MTime time.Time `json:"-"`
Children []*Tag `json:"children,omitempty"`
}
//TagClassify map tag type name.
func TagClassify() map[int]string {
return map[int]string{
Course: "教程级别",
Operation: "运营标签",
Classify: "分类标签",
ArticleClass: "专栏分类",
}
}
//Archive for academy achive & article.
type Archive struct {
ID int64 `json:"id"`
OID int64 `json:"oid"`
State int8 `json:"-"`
Business int `json:"business"`
CTime time.Time `json:"-"`
MTime time.Time `json:"-"`
TIDs []int64 `json:"-"`
}
//ArchiveTag for academy achive & tag relation .
type ArchiveTag struct {
ID int64 `json:"id"`
OID int64 `json:"oid"`
TID int64 `json:"tid"`
State int8 `json:"-"`
CTime time.Time `json:"-"`
MTime time.Time `json:"-"`
}
//ArchiveMeta for archive meta.
type ArchiveMeta struct {
OID int64 `json:"oid"`
MID int64 `json:"mid"`
State int32 `json:"state"`
Forbid int8 `json:"forbid"`
Cover string `json:"cover"`
Type string `json:"type"`
Title string `json:"title"`
HighLightTitle string `json:"highlight_title"`
UName string `json:"uname"`
Face string `json:"face"`
Comment string `json:"comment"`
CTime time.Time `json:"-"`
MTime time.Time `json:"-"`
Tags map[string][]*Tag `json:"tags"`
Duration int64 `json:"duration"`
ArcStat *api.Stat `json:"arc_stat,omitempty"`
ArtStat *mdlArt.Stats `json:"art_stat,omitempty"`
Business int `json:"business"`
Rights api.Rights `json:"rights,omitempty"`
}
//ArchiveList for archive list.
type ArchiveList struct {
Items []*ArchiveMeta `json:"items"`
Page *ArchivePage `json:"page"`
}
//ArchivePage for archive pagination.
type ArchivePage struct {
Pn int `json:"pn"`
Ps int `json:"ps"`
Total int `json:"total"`
}
//FeedBack for user advise.
type FeedBack struct {
// MID int64 `json:"mid"` //TODO
Category string `json:"category"`
Course string `json:"course"`
Suggest string `json:"suggest"`
CTime time.Time `json:"ctime"`
MTime time.Time `json:"mtime"`
}
// EsParam for es page.
type EsParam struct {
OID int64
Tid []int64
TidsMap map[int][]int64
Business int
Pn int
Ps int
Keyword string
Order string
IP string
Seed int64 //支持h5随机推荐
Duration int //支持h5时长筛选
}
// EsPage for es page.
type EsPage struct {
Num int `json:"num"`
Size int `json:"size"`
Total int `json:"total"`
}
// EsArc for search archive.
type EsArc struct {
OID int64 `json:"oid"`
TID []int64 `json:"tid"`
Business int `json:"business"`
Title []string `json:"title"` //highlight
}
// SearchResult archive list from search.
type SearchResult struct {
Page *EsPage `json:"page"`
Result []*EsArc `json:"result"`
}
//LinkTag for link tag.
type LinkTag struct {
ID int64 `json:"id"`
TID int64 `json:"tid"`
LinkID int64 `json:"link_id"`
}
//RecArchive for archive.
type RecArchive struct {
OID int64 `json:"oid"`
MID int64 `json:"mid"`
Cover string `json:"cover"`
Title string `json:"title"`
Business int `json:"business,omitempty"` //只针对标签课程
Duration int64 `json:"duration,omitempty"`
ArcStat *api.Stat `json:"arc_stat,omitempty"`
ArtStat *mdlArt.Stats `json:"art_stat,omitempty"`
Tags map[string][]*Tag `json:"tags,omitempty"`
}
//RecArcList for recommend archive list.
type RecArcList struct {
Items []*RecArchive `json:"items"`
Name string `json:"name"`
TID int64 `json:"tid"`
}
//RecConf for tag conf.
type RecConf struct {
TIDs []int64
PID int64
}
//KV key for tag ids val for type ids
type KV struct {
Key []int64 `json:"key"`
Val []int64 `json:"val"`
}
//CourseRec for course rec
type CourseRec struct {
ID int64 `json:"id"`
Rank int64 `json:"rank"`
Shoot *KV `json:"shoot"`
Scene *KV `json:"scene"`
Edit *KV `json:"edit"`
Mmd *KV `json:"mmd"`
Sing *KV `json:"sing"`
Bang *KV `json:"bang"`
Other *KV `json:"other"`
}
//Drawn for Drawn rec
type Drawn struct {
ID int64 `json:"id"`
Rank int64 `json:"rank"`
MobilePlan *KV `json:"mobile_plan"`
ScreenPlan *KV `json:"screen_plan"`
RecordPlan *KV `json:"record_plan"`
Other *KV `json:"other"`
}
//Video for Video rec
type Video struct {
ID int64 `json:"id"`
Rank int64 `json:"rank"`
MobileMake *KV `json:"mobile_make"`
AudioEdit *KV `json:"audio_edit"`
EditCompose *KV `json:"edit_compose"`
Other *KV `json:"other"`
}
//Person for person rec
type Person struct {
ID int64 `json:"id"`
Rank int64 `json:"rank"`
Other *KV `json:"other"`
}
//Recommend for all type
type Recommend struct {
Course *CourseRec `json:"course"`
Drawn *Drawn `json:"drawn"`
Video *Video `json:"video"`
Person *Person `json:"person"`
}
|
KELLY BUSHING PIN DRIVEABKB MODEL : 27 PDHD OR 20 PDHD :
The ABKB MODEL 27 PDHD OR 20 PDHD are developed as per API-7K specifications for pin drive master bushing for rotary table sizes from 27-1/2" to 49-1/2" having 25-3/4" and 23" dia pin center. This unit is used for heavy duty drilling operations and high torque conditions on off shore as well as on-shore drilling operations and handle Kelly sizes from 3" to 6" Square or Hexagonal.
This unit will consist of the following:
Kelly Bushings complete
Wrench
Wiper Assembly
Wear gauge
KELLY BUSHING SQUARE DRIVEABKB Model SDHD :
The ABKB MODEL SDHD is developed as per API-7K specifications for Square Drive Master Bushing for rotary table size from 27-1/2" to 49-1/2" . This unit is used for heavy duty drilling operations and high torque conditions on off shore as well as on-shore drilling operations, which handle Kelly size from 3" to 6" Square or Hexagonal.
This unit will consist of the following:
Kelly Bushings complete
Wrench
Wiper Assembly
Wear gauge
NOTE : Roller Assembly is common for 27 PDHD, 20 PDHD and SDHD.
(All the parts are interchangeable with Varco 27HDP, 20HDP or HDS Model for Kelly Bushing)
OPTIONAL PIN LOCK ASSEMBLY:
The Optional Drive Pin Lock Assembly locks the Kelly Bushing in the Master
Bushing for use in offshore drilling while using motion compensators. Lock
assemblies are available for the 27 PDHD series bushing. To order with an
assembly, add "L" to the part Number of the unit. |
STORY: Set after the story 'Wild Ride'. And much to my dismay, it really does help if you read the precceding stories first, but only for this one. Promise that the next one will start afresh!
RATING: PG13.
THANKS: Large amounts of Virtual Thanks to both RK and RS.
Dragon Hunting Season.
Chapter 1
The Long Wait
High in the mountains, in the deepest and most secure fissure she could find on this Mortal Plane, the Great Dragon was deep in sleep, tired from the day's exertions. Under her vast body, the stockpile of gold and jewels that had been gathered over the millennia were heaped into a priceless bed, and she had nestled into a shallow hollow.
But even as she slept, the Dragon was uncomfortable. Something was calling her. She could feel the familiar thrum of magic, yes, but there was something else as well.
Beyond proper understanding, in the realm of intuition and instinct, she could hear her brethren calling out to her; not the usual whisper of prayer and worship, but the harsh cry of desperation and fear.
She slept on, but the call became stronger as the sky changed from night to day, and the sun rose far enough to send a thin shaft of light across her body.
Finally, she could stand it no longer. Tiamat slowly opened one eye of her great, red head, then the other. The eyes on the other four heads opened too and she pushed herself upright.
She was their Queen, and their god. And her acolytes needed her.
It's just another one of those days in the Realm, Hank the Ranger reminded himself. It's just another day… He took a deep breath, frowning at the two boys. How many times had they been through this already?
'I don't see why you think you're right, Er-ic,' snapped Bobby the Barbarian. 'What do YOU know about it!'
'I know plenty!' said Eric the Cavalier.
'Oh, yeah?'
'Yeah!'
'Bet ya can't prove it!'
'I don't HAVE to prove it, short-stuff! I'm right!'
'Ya don't have a clue!'
'Of course I do. I'm not stupid!'
'You're the one that keeps on getting' into trouble!'
Eric scowled.
'That has nothing to do with it,' he snapped. 'I still know more about it than you!' Bobby gave a surly humph, but Eric continued regardless. 'Any way you look at it, we shouldn't be standing around here doing nothing!'
'But Dungeonmaster TOLD us to wait, Er-ic!'
'We've done the waiting!' said Eric. 'He's never here when we need him! And I don't see why we have to wait any more!'
This was how it started; this was how it always started. And round they went again.
Hank sighed, and closed his eyes, hoping to filter the sound of the argument out.
They were waiting in a clearing. The same clearing that they'd been in for three days now. Dungeonmaster had appeared just outside the City Gates and told them specifically to wait for him there, but the time he'd set was long since gone. And that was the real source of their problems.
Sheila the Thief was sitting next to Hank looking as annoyed as he felt, the bored unicorn lying at the other side of her pretending to be asleep. But Sheila was obviously not going to get involved in the argument, which was a very wise decision. Her brother Bobby was not going to give up.
Both he and the Cavalier were frustrated and fed up. After Eric's unnatural silence during their trip to the city of Kilan, he'd become more talkative again, but, unfortunately, not more sociable.
Intent on making something happen, the two boys had been at each other's throats all day yesterday, and since they'd woken today, four hours ago. It had mostly been light bickering, but the argument had gradually grown more intense, and more unpleasant.Hank had the funny feeling that this was going to get worse.
Is this what you meant by our test of strength, Dungeonmaster? thought the Ranger as he watched his two companions from a safe distance. Under other circumstances Hank would have put his foot down long before now. Instead, he let them argue, hoping that this would blow over. But in his heart, he knew it was only a matter of time before Eric eventually became angry enough to say something dumb, then he would storm off and everyone could get some peace.
Hank would be more than happy with that, because the few times the Cavalier spoke to him directly, every third sentence was usually a dig at his leadership skills. Who was the one to get captured by the Darkling…who was the one who led them over not round the mountains…who let them get captured by Venger…it was never-ending.
And everyone was getting sick of it. He could usually just about stand the Cavalier blowing a bit of steam every so often, but this was a non-stop barrage of insults and it was slowly but surely alienating him from the others. If it continued this way for much too longer, Hank knew the group would find themselves permanently lacking a Cavalier.
That was an unexpectedly attractive thought, as over the past few days there had been the growing and unsettling sense that no one liked the Cavalier any more.
They all thought it, even if they didn't say it openly: Eric was more trouble than he was worth. Diana now glared at him all day, as if trying to work out what he was thinking. Bobby was openly cheeky, the only one to really show his feelings. Sheila was uncomfortable every time Eric went within ten feet of her and Presto, well, it was more difficult to tell with Presto. On the surface, everything seemed fine, but… something wasn't right.
Hank had always found Eric the most difficult to get along with. They had never been the best of friends. In fact, if they hadn't all been stuck in this place, he would never have viewed Eric even as an acquaintance. But they had reached some sort of truce for a while. They'd had a few blips on the way; Warduke, the Cloud Bears, the Box of Balefire, but Eric seemed to have been starting to grow up and take a bit of responsibility. Then something had changed. He couldn't be quite sure when it was, and maybe there wasn't one specific thing.
Having long since stopped bothering to listen to the argument close by, the Ranger turned to give Sheila a small smile, content to sit beside her. She smiled back, looking up into his eyes and making his heart give a little lurch. Sometimes, there was nothing anyone could do to spoil his happiness at finding such a wonderful girl.
Then the argument escalated again, the voices slightly more raised, the words slight more unpleasant. Even the reappearance of Presto and Diana the Acrobat didn't make them stop.
Diana sat down on the other side of Hank with a resigned shrug. Both the Acrobat and the Magician had spent the morning looking for more food. It was obvious from the look on her face that they hadn't found any.
She nodded towards the Cavalier, who was gesturing forcefully towards the road behind them, the condescending scowl back on his face.
'They not given up yet?' she asked in a low tone. Hank shook his head. There was no pointing trying to explain. Diana understood. She understood all to well, since she was the last one to try and get them to shut up.
Hank closed his eyes, trying to block out any sounds. But, inevitably, the subject of the argument turned back to their current situation. This time, Bobby seemed determined to gather support, and he turned to his sister.
'You think we should go look too, don't ya, Sheila?' asked the Barbarian. The Thief looked uncomfortable for a few seconds, then murmured:
'Well, I don't know.' She looked at the Ranger for help getting out of answering her brother. Bobby followed her gaze.
'You think we should look, Hank?'
So far, Hank had refused. Dungeonmaster had told them to wait here, and that's what they were gonna do, period. Both Eric and Bobby had skirted around the subject already this morning, but neither had pushed the point. Until now, and Hank was almost going to…
'Hank agrees with me!' said Eric suddenly, making the Ranger instantly fuming at being dragged into the argument. He'd resolutely stayed on the fence, and that tactic had worked so far. But the Ranger had underestimated how annoyed Eric really was. 'Why do we have to look for Dungeonmaster at all?' continued the Cavalier. 'There's no Sprite fluttering around to tell us he's in trouble. But there's a portal around here somewhere and I say we should go find it!' He looked at Presto. 'Well?'
The Magician looked awkward at the directness of the question.
'C'mon, whadya say, Presto,' said Eric. 'You get that Hat up and running and we'll go find it ourselves!'
Presto didn't reply, and Hank suddenly stared at him, forgetting about the Cavalier. The Magician had been in a very strange mood since they'd left Kilan, and that Hat had something to do with it. He'd been struggling with it since Mindril, but there was more…
'You're the one with more power,' said Presto, the sarcasm in his voice almost hidden. 'Why don't you find it yourself!'
There it was, and Hank cursed himself for not seeing it before. The Magician was jealous! It was hard to believe that anyone could be jealous of the way Eric trampled through life with his mind shut and his mouth open, but Presto was. Presto the Magician, with a Hat he couldn't get to work, who didn't even get to be Dungeonmaster when the opportunity arose and who's own power was mild in comparison to Eric's, according to the Wizard they had encountered at Kilan.
Eric was looking shocked at Presto's reply. It wasn't like the Magician to say that sort of thing, and the Cavalier was struggling for something to say in response. Sheila tactfully stepped in.
'Dungeonmaster can just fu…be damned!' the Cavalier said, hurriedly changing his turn of phrase when Sheila scowled at him. 'I've had it with this dumb place. And the next portal I see, I'm going through it! No matter what!'
'Oh, c'mon, Eric,' said Diana, standing up. 'We all wanna get home!'
'Don't "c'mon, Eric" me!' he snapped, his voice rising. 'It's OK for you! You haven't had your blood used in an evil-power ritual! You haven't been immobilised by a stillness powder! You haven't had THAT stuff forced down you while your friends were off getting lost in tunnels!'
Bobby the Barbarian swung his Club over his shoulder, staring at the Cavalier with a sulky expression.
'Oh yeah?' he said. 'What about Hank and the Grotto of Darkness? What about Presto and the Underworld? And you didn't do much at Amoran either!'
Eric narrowed his eyes, looking furious. For some reason, he got very tetchy whenever that place was mentioned, something the Barbarian had obviously noticed, and decided to use to his advantage.
'What about them?' demanded the Cavalier, his voice suddenly shaking. 'Just what do you want me to say?'
'I'm SICK of it!' Eric snarled, slamming his Shield to the ground. 'I'm sick of this whole goddamn place!' Everyone stared at him. Hank looked at the other boy in alarm. This wasn't one of the Cavalier's normal, petulant tantrums. This was serious.
Sheila made as if to stand, but he turned to glare at her.
'Why are we still here?' he asked her, struggling with his temper. 'Dungeonmaster says "go here" and we do. Dungeonmaster says "do this" and we do. Dungeonmaster says "wait" and we do.' The Cavalier turned to scowl at Hank. 'When are we gonna do something for ourselves? When are we gonna stop giving and start taking?'
'Dungeonmaster told us to wait here for a reason, Eric,' said Hank, trying to keep a hold of his own temper. Matching Eric's anger was only going to make things worse.
The other boy came right up to Hank and poked a gauntleted finger at his chest. From close up, Hank could see the anger in Eric's eyes. He'd only seen the Cavalier like this before once before, and he didn't like it then either.
'I'm not gonna stay in this place for any longer than I have to!' hissed the Cavalier.
They looked each other in the eye, but it was Hank that looked away first, unsettled by the conviction in Eric's expression.
'What's gotten into you, Eric?' he asked.
'I'm sick of being Dungeonmaster's whipping boy!' said the Cavalier through gritted teeth, 'I've had enough and I want out!'
'But you can't just leave…' started Sheila.
'Oh, can't I?'
Sheila looked confused at his reply, as did everybody else.
'C'mon, Eric,' said Diana, 'Quit kidding…'
The Cavalier rounded on her, more angry than Hank had ever seen him.
'What if I'm not kidding,' he said. 'What if I'm…' his voice was shaking much more obviously now and he couldn't continue. As Eric glanced away his face still flushed, the two girls both turned to Hank, trying to get him to say something to help.
What else could he do? It would seem like he'd given in to Eric, just to get some peace, but really, what choice did they have? As tempting as it was to let the Cavalier sulk off, it was the safety of the group that was paramount. They had to stick together, and it was up to Hank to make sure they were all OK.
The Ranger sighed.
'Alright guys, we're all going to the town to look for him.'
Eric shook his head.
'Nope! No way! I'm not going trailing around the countryside looking for him! I'm staying RIGHT here!'
Hank scowled at him, suddenly sick of the whole argument. Why did Eric always have to do this? A few minutes ago, the last thing the Cavalier had wanted to do was wait here like Dungeonmaster had told them. And now, just because it was what everyone else wanted to do, he had changed his mind! He was being deliberately provocative.
The Ranger was in no mood to put up with it anymore. The constant sniping and sarcasm had frayed the nerves of the group to within breaking point. OK, so Eric had every right to be angry after everything that'd happened, but taking it out on his friends wasn't gonna help.
But Hank still had one final trick up his sleeve.
'Fine!' he snapped at the Cavalier. 'Find the portal! Or stay here! But it'll be on your own!'
It was always the same. Eric would whinge and complain about doing anything, until he realised he'd have to be left on his own, then come slinking after them with his tail between his legs, pretending that that was exactly what he'd intended all along.
But much to the Ranger's (and everyone else's) surprise, Eric gave a terse nod.
'That will suit me just fine!' said Eric, sitting down beside a rock and crossing his arms. 'I am not going ANYWHERE until Dungeonmaster appears and tells us where a dumb portal is!'
Hank glared at Eric, ignoring the panicked looks from the two girls. That two-faced, hypocritical… The Ranger bit down on the last descriptive word, trying to control his own temper. Over the past few days, all Eric had done was criticise every decision he could. This was the last straw! The Ranger abruptly stood up.
'Well, lets go then, and leave the Cavalier to his waiting!'
With that, the Ranger stormed off.
And one by one, the others followed. All except Eric.
The author would like to thank you for your continued support. Your review has been posted. |
Blatter announced his intention to resign following the corruption scandal that tore through world football's governing body and an election to appoint a new president has been set for February 26.
"How can you say that he [Platini] is the favourite?" Bility said in an interview with Omnisport. "I mean, if the favourite is a popular candidate, then you have to show me his popularity.
"I think that I am the favourite. I come from the most popular continent. I do represent the largest block in football where the underprivileged nations are.
"We need to bring the rest of the world into parity with Europe, where Mr Platini has been running football for the last eight years.
"I always ask the question: What is the difference if someone wants Blatter to go, why do you want to replace him with Platini? What message are you sending?
"Do we just want to get rid of Blatter and so that's it? If that's it then Platini is the candidate. But if not, if we're looking for an honest and a fair beginning, then we have to start fresh with people with new thinking - as the [English] FA have said."
Bility also leapt to the defence of Blatter and believes Platini should accept some responsibility for failing to spot the signs of corruption at FIFA.
"I do not believe that the current crisis in FIFA must define the legacy of Blatter," he added. "If you look at FIFA and where he has taken the organisation from, it has been a long journey, and he has provided quality and good leadership.
"Obviously someone has to take responsibility for what is going wrong. I think he's showing good character, and is showing leadership...in terms of responsibility and deciding whether or not he can be president.
"Having said that, he has a legacy that I believe must be respected and to come and brush that aside, we have to rethink that.
"There are serious problems in FIFA but, like I said, you cannot excuse Mr Platini from those problems, where was he? He was in the boardroom for eight years. Did you hear from him? Did he say anything?
"I mean, come on. All of these things that we are all crying about today - what has he said? He's said Mr Blatter should resign, okay. Mr Blatter has resigned. Let's start again new.
"It would be a travesty and it would be hypocrisy if Mr Blatter should be replaced by Mr Platini." |
How to quantify embryo survival in nest-building fishes, exemplified with three-spined sticklebacks.
Egg survival in manipulated nests of three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus in the field was not significantly different from that in unmanipulated nests. |
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The “College Experience”
TSB Magazine has featured a lot of great articles discussing how to live up your years in college.
These posts will help act as a compass guiding you through the best 5-7 years of your life. Enjoy these times because they won’t last. And you want to make the best of them. I highly recommend going through each and every one of these articles.
16 “Classic” College Posts
How to Give Girls the College Experience (Mp3): In this interview we talk about how to be the star of your campus.
How to be the King of Your College– Pua Badboy gives a full proof plan for quickly becoming the “go to” guy on campus for fun and excitement.
TSB’s Guide to College Fall Semester Rush Parties– Everything you need to know about college rush parties.
Tailgating College Football Games– Tailgating is one of the most exciting things to do this fall. Here is a good guide to planning a great tailgate.
7 Games Every College Student Needs to Own – These are games you need to have lying around your dorm room or frat house.
Rocking Your Dorm Room – A guide to making your dorm room “fun” and “inviting.”
5 Classic Themes to Throw a College Party – One of the great things about college is that you get to throw just about any type of party you desire… here are 5 good ideas.
Scoring College Girls – College girls are some of the most fun and crazy girls you’ll ever meet. Here is how to pickup college girls.
The Pro’s and Con’s of Joining a Frat in College– The endless debate continues. To join a frat or not join a frat. Here is an article that will help you decide.
Best College Clubs for Mingling, Meeting Women, and Being More Social– If you’re looking to join some college clubs or activities this article will help you decide which one will best serve your need.
How to Meet Girls in College (podcast)– An in depth podcast on “college game” with Entropy.
Learn to Control Your College Party – Throwing a good party is an art form. And of the most important abilities is the ability to control your party.
Meeting Girls in College -Just what the article title suggests. How to meet girls in college.
The Sobering Truth About College Kids– A funny look into the lives of the modern college student.
The 5 Stages of the College Breakup – We’ve all been there… getting our heart torn out in after a brief college romance that we swore was going to end in marriage.
More Great Party Themes– More good theme parties to choose from. |
A renin-like activity in pineal gland and hypophysis.
The presence and distribution of renin-like activity in hypophysis, pineal gland and some neural tissues were studies in both normal and salt-loaded rats. The Boucher micromethod was used to detect enzymatic activity. In normal rats both the pituitary and pineal glands contained significantly higher values of renin-like activity than did the other tissues examined. In salt-loaded animals there was a significant decrease of the renin-like activity of the glandular tissue while in the other brain areas the activity increased. The results are discussed in terms of the possible physiological role of the central renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance. |
Next I flesh out the figure. Although I always thought Anatomy classes were a pain, there is nothing that
replaces a good understanding of the human form here.
I was taught that the eyes are at about the halfway point on the head; however, my experience is that
the midpoint of the eyes should actually be about 52% of the way up from the bottom. I don't get too anal about
it, though - anything from 51% to 53% is fine. |
Arduino Uno
The Arduino UNO is a widely used open-source microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits.
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller, simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. |
<?php
/*
* Copyright 2007-2013 Charles du Jeu - Abstrium SAS <team (at) pyd.io>
* This file is part of Pydio.
*
* Pydio is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* Pydio is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
* along with Pydio. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*
* The latest code can be found at <http://pyd.io/>.
*/
$mess=array(
"1" => "Editeur de Role",
"2" => "Editeur de Role",
"3" => "Info du compte",
"4" => "Accès",
"5" => "Actions",
"6" => "Paramètres",
"7" => "Données internes",
"8" => "Informations personnelles",
"9" => "Sélectionnez les dépôts auxquels les utilisateurs ayant ce rôle auront accès. Utilisez la valeur 'Exclure' pour soit écraser un droit donné par un autre rôle, ou définitivement interdire l'accès à ce dépôt pour les rôles hérités.",
"10" => "Utilisez les sélecteurs ci-dessous pour choisir les actions que vous souhaitez désactiver pour ce rôle. Ceci peut s'appliquer dépôt par dépôt ou pour tous les dépôts.",
"11" => "Identifiant du plugin",
"12" => "Sélectionner un plugin...",
"12a" => "Sélectionner une action...",
"12b" => "Sélectionner un paramètre...",
"12c" => "Choisir un ou tous les dépôts...",
"12d" => "Tous les dépôts",
"12e" => "Dépôts partagés",
"13" => "Nom de l'action",
"14" => "Portée des dépôts",
"15" => "Ajouter cette action",
"16" => "Utilisez les sélecteurs ci-dessous pour choisir les paramètres que vous voulez personnaliser pour le rôle. La valeur pour s'appliquer dépôt par dépôt ou pour tous les dépôts, mais ceci peut aussi dépendre des paramètres choisis.",
"17" => "Nom du paramètre",
"18" => "Ajouter le paramètre",
"19" => "Il y a des changements non pris en compte, êtes-vous sûr de vouloir fermer?",
"20" => "Le rôle a été mis à jour",
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A judge today abruptly declared a mistrial in the case of a man accused of sexually assaulting a 92-year-old woman at a Crystal Lake nursing home where he worked.
Both sides had given their opening statements and the first witness had testified when the judge determined that defendant Angelo Bird must be given a new trial later if prosecutors intend to continue the case against him.
During their opening statements, McHenry County prosecutors alleged that Bird, now 25, assaulted the woman at Crystal Pines Rehabilitation and Health Care Center in September 2011, when he worked there as a certified nursing assistant.
But defense attorneys argued that Bird was coerced into writing and signing a false confession after a lengthy interrogation in the Crystal Lake Police Station.
Bird is charged with criminal sexual assault of the woman, who remained at the facility until November 2011 but has since died.
The trial was halted after the state’s first witness, U.S. Secret Service Agent Booker Wright, used the word “test” twice in answering questions about an interview he had conducted with Bird in October 2011 during the investigation of the alleged crime.
The word was an apparent reference to a polygraph test which had been administered to Bird but which was not supposed to be mentioned in front of the jury.
Defense attorney Jamie Wombacher caught the agent’s apparent slip-up and motioned for a new trial, which Judge Michael Feetterer granted.
The judge said he could not know for sure whether jurors heard the word or, if so, whether they understood it referred to a polygraph test. Polygraphs, also known as lie-detector tests, are generally not allowed to be admitted in court proceedings because of controversy over their reliability.
As the dismissed jurors gathered in the hallway outside the courtroom, many said they had not heard or understood the reference.
The trial has been rescheduled for November.
Before the mistrial, Assistant State’s Attorney Sharyl Eisenstein told jurors that the woman reported that Bird, whom the woman called “daddy long legs,” came into her room early one morning and assaulted her with his finger.
Other staff members who came to work later that morning said the woman, who suffered from dementia and “was completely dependent on staff ... was upset, crying and banging the table against the wall.”
Later that night, her daughter took her to the hospital where she was treated for a urinary tract infection.
A hospital nurse there said the woman was “coherent and alert, but was upset,” Eisenstein said.
But Wombacher, the defense attorney, said the woman suffered from psychosis and had “delusions of persecution,” a condition where she believed people were seeking to harm her.
Doctors also did not detect any tearing, bruising or physical trauma on the woman, Wombacher said.
She said the woman had suffered urinary tract infections often and that a doctor would testify for the defense that delusions of persecution are a common side effect in older patients with dementia who have such infections.
Bird had worked at the nursing home for about three years prior to the allegation and not before been accused of a similar act, Wombacher said.
Wombacher said that, at the next trial, witnesses will testify that the woman had made up stories and accusations against others during her stay at the nursing home.
But Eisenstein said that, during the October 2011 interview involving Wright, Bird wrote and signed a confession saying that he was “curious” and that it was a “spur of the moment decision” to assault the woman.
Bird’s attorney, however, contended that he was put through a lengthy interrogation, was tired and only confessed to what Wright and another investigator had been suggesting he had done.
Bird, who is now married and expecting a child, was suspended for a week following the incident while nursing home officials conducted an investigation. He was allowed to work there again until authorities concluded their investigation and he was arrested and charged with the crime about three weeks later, Wombacher said. |
---
abstract: 'In this paper we examine how the notion of algebra of quotients for Lie algebras ties up with the corresponding well-known concept in the associative case. Specifically, we completely characterize when a Lie algebra $Q$ is an algebra of quotients of a Lie algebra $L$ in terms of the associative algebras generated by the adjoint operators of $L$ and $Q$ respectively. In a converse direction, we also provide with new examples of algebras of quotients of Lie algebras and these come from associative algebras of quotients. In the course of our analysis, we make use of the notions of density and multiplicative semiprimeness to link our results with the maximal symmetric ring of quotients.'
address:
- 'Departament de Matemàtiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain'
- 'Departamento de Álgebra, Geometría y Topología, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain'
author:
- 'Francesc Perera & Mercedes Siles Molina'
title: Associative and Lie algebras of quotients
---
[^1]
Introduction {#introduction .unnumbered}
============
In recent years, there has been a trend to extend notions and results of algebras of quotients of associative algebras to the non-associative setting. This has been achieved by a number of authors, see e.g. [@mart], [@msm], [@gago], [@monpa], [@agago].
One of the leitmotifs for carrying out this process is the fact that, in the associative case, rings of quotients allow a deeper understanding of certain classes of rings. Thus it is to be expected that a similar role will be played by their non-associative siblings.
In this paper we shall be concerned with Lie algebras and their algebras of quotients. These were introduced by the second author in [@msm], following the original pattern of Utumi [@utu] (see below for the precise definitions). This approach prompts the question of whether there is a relationship between the associative and Lie algebras of quotients, beyond the formal analogy of the definitions. There are at least two ways to analyse this. On the one hand, any Lie algebra $L$ gives rise to an associative algebra $A(L)$, which is generated by the adjoint operators given by the bracket in $L$. If $L\subseteq Q$ are Lie algebras such that $Q$ is an algebra of quotients of $L$, it is then natural to ask whether $A(Q)$ is, in some sense, an algebra of quotients of $A(L)$. Of course, one has to circumvent the fact that $A(L)$ might not be well related to $A(Q)$ (it might not be even a subalgebra of $A(Q)$). In order to deal with this it is natural to consider the subalgebra $A_Q(L)$ of $A(Q)$ generated by the adjoint operators coming from elements in $L$, or the subalgebra $A_0$ of $A(Q)$ whose elements map $L$ into $L$. This contains, and may not coincide with, $A_Q(L)$.
We prove that, if $L$ and $Q$ are Lie algebras such that $Q$ is an algebra of quotients of $L$, then $A(Q)$ is a left quotient algebra of $A_0$. This is one of the main themes of Section 2 and is accomplished in Corollary \[leftquotient\]. The exact relationship between the property of $Q$ being a quotient algebra of $L$ and the corresponding property in terms of $A(Q)$ is of a more technical nature and is established in Theorem \[elteorema\]. This result is also important for the study of dense extensions of Lie algebras (see below).
Starting from the other endpoint, we may consider an extension of (semiprime) associative algebras $A\subseteq Q$ such that $Q$ is a quotient algebra of $A$ and $Q\subseteq Q_s(A)$ (the Martindale symmetric ring of quotients). By considering the corresponding natural Lie structures on both $A$ and $Q$, it is natural to ask whether $Q^{(-)}$ is a Lie algebra of quotients of $A^{(-)}$. This was proved to be the case by the second author in [@msm Proposition 2.16] if moreover $Z(Q)=0$. The general situation is much more intricate and thus requires a deeper analysis. Our main result in this direction uses arguments that go back to Herstein and asserts that $Q^{(-)}/Z(Q^{(-)})$ is a Lie quotient algebra of $A^{(-)}/Z(A^{(-)})$ whenever $A\subseteq
Q\subseteq Q_s(A)$ (see Theorem \[liecenter\]). As a consequence we obtain in Corollary \[liequocenter\] that $[Q^{(-)},Q^{(-)}]/Z([Q^{(-)},Q^{(-)}])$ is a quotient algebra of $[A^{(-)},A^{(-)}]/Z([A^{(-)},A^{(-)}])$, under the same assumptions on $A$ and $Q$.
Going back to the relationship between a Lie algebra $L$ and the associative algebra $A(L)$, we examine in Section 3 the behaviour of this association under extensions. More concretely, if $L\subseteq Q$ are Lie algebras, we consider when the natural correspondence $A(L)\to A(Q)$ given by the change of domain is an algebra map. This amounts to requiring that the extension $L\subseteq Q$ is dense in the sense of Cabrera (see [@Ca]).
The first examples of dense extensions were given in the context of multiplicatively semiprime algebras. Recall that an algebra $A$ (associative or not) is said to be multiplicatively semiprime if $A$ and the multiplication algebra $M(A)$ (generated by the right and left multiplication operators of $A$ together with the identity) are both semiprime (see [@CaM], [@CabM], [@CaCa], [@CCLM] among others). Roughly, an extension $A\subseteq B$ of algebras is dense if every non-zero element in $M(B)$ remains non-zero when restricted to $A$. Cabrera proved in [@Ca] that every essential ideal of a multiplicatively semiprime algebra is dense.
By using our techniques, we are able to find new and significant instances where dense extensions naturally appear. For example, if $A\subseteq Q\subseteq
Q_{\mathrm{max}}^l(A)$ are associative algebras, where $Q_{\mathrm{max}}^l(A)$ is the maximal left quotient ring of $A$, then this is a dense extension, and the corresponding extensions of Lie algebras $A^{(-)}/Z(A)\subseteq
Q^{(-)}/Z(Q)$ and $
[A^{(-)},A^{(-)}]/Z([A^{(-)},A^{(-)}])\subseteq
[Q^{(-)},Q^{(-)}]/Z([Q^{(-)},Q^{(-)}]) $ are also dense (see Lemma \[denseassoc\] and Proposition \[denselie\]).
Our considerations finally lead to the conclusion that, if $L\subseteq Q$ is a dense extension of Lie algebras with $Q$ multiplicatively semiprime, then the associative algebras $A_0$ and $A(Q)$ are indistinguishable under the formation of the maximal symmetric ring of quotients (in the sense of Schelter [@sch] and Lanning [@lann]), see Theorem \[20/02/05,7\].
This paper was done during visits of the first author to the Universidad de Málaga and of the second author to the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Both authors wish to thank the respective host centers for their hospitality.
Preliminaries
=============
In this paper we will deal with algebras over an arbitrary unital and commutative ring of scalars $\Phi$. In the case our algebras are associative, they need not be unital. First of all we will give some definitions and basic notation.
A $\Phi$-module $L$ with a bilinear map $[\ ,\ ]\colon L\times L
\to L$, denoted by $(x, y)\mapsto [x, y]$ and called the *bracket* of $x$ and $y$, is called a *Lie algebra* over $\Phi$ if the following axioms are satisfied:
(i) $[x, x]=0$,
(ii) $[x, [y, z]]+[y, [z, x]]+[z, [x, y]]=0$ (*Jacobi identity*),
for every $x, y, z$ in $L$.
Every associative algebra $A$ gives rise to a Lie algebra $A^{(-)}$ by considering the same module structure and bracket given by $[x, y]=xy-yx$.
Any element $x$ of a Lie algebra $L$ determines a map $ {\mathrm{ad}_}x\colon L \to L$ defined by ${\mathrm{ad}_}x(y)=[x, y]$, which is a derivation of the Lie algebra $L$. We shall denote by $A(L)$ the associative subalgebra (possibly without identity) of $\mathrm{End}(L)$ generated by the elements ${\mathrm{ad}_}x$ for $x$ in $L$. This has been referred to as the *multiplication ideal* in the literature (see, e.g. [@CaCa p. 3493]).
An element $x$ in a Lie algebra $L$ is an *absolute zero divisor* if $({\mathrm{ad}_}x)^2=0$. This is equivalent to saying that $[[L,
x], x]= 0$. The algebra $L$ is said to be *non-degenerate* (or strongly nondegenerate according to Kostrikin) if it does not contain non-zero absolute zero divisors.
Given an ideal $I$ in a Lie algebra $L$, we write $I^2=[I,I]$, which is again an ideal. We say that $L$ is *semiprime* if we have $I^2\neq 0$ whenever $I$ is a non-zero ideal. In other words, $L$ has no abelian ideals. Clearly, non-degenerate Lie algebras are semiprime, while it is possible to find examples where the converse implication does not hold.
For a subset $X$ of a Lie algebra $L$ recall that the set $${\mathrm{Ann}_}{}(X)=\{ a \in L \ \vert \ [a, x]=0 \text{ for every } x
\text{ in } X\}$$ is called the *annihilator* of $X$. This will be denoted by ${\mathrm{Ann}_}L(X)$ when it is necessary to emphasize the dependence on $L$. If $X=L$, then ${\mathrm{Ann}_}{}(L)$ is called the *centre* of $L$ and usually denoted by $Z(L)$. In the case that $L=A^{(-)}$ for an associative algebra $A$, then $Z(A^{(-)})$ agrees with the associative center $Z(A)$ of $A$. It is easy to check (by using the Jacobi identity) that ${\mathrm{Ann}_}{}(X)$ is an ideal of $L$ when $X$ is an ideal of $L$. Every element of ${\mathrm{Ann}_}{}(L)$ will be called a *total zero divisor*.
By an *extension of Lie algebras* $L\subseteq Q$ we will mean that $L$ is a (Lie) subalgebra of the Lie algebra $Q$.
Let $L\subseteq Q$ be an extension of Lie algebras and let $A_Q(L)$ be the associative subalgebra of $A(Q)$ generated by $\{{\mathrm{ad}_}{x} : x \in L\}$.
Recall that, given an associative algebra $A$ and a subset $X$ of $A$, we define the *right annihilator of* $X$ *in* $A$ as $${\mathrm{r.ann}_}A(X)=\{a\in A\mid Xa=0\}\,,$$ which is always a right ideal of $A$ (and two-sided if $X$ is a right $A$-module). One similarly defines the *left annihilator*, which shall be denoted by ${\mathrm{l.ann}_}A(X)$.
\[26/11/04,3\] Let $I$ be an ideal of a Lie algebra $L$ with $Z(L)=0$. Then ${\mathrm{Ann}_}{L}(I)=0$ if and only if ${\mathrm{r.ann}_}{A(L)}(A_L(I))=0$.
Suppose first ${\mathrm{Ann}_}{L}(I)=0$. Let $\mu\in{\mathrm{r.ann}_}{A(L)}(A_L(I))$. Then ${\mathrm{ad}_}{y}\mu=0$ for all $y$ in $I$. In particular, if $x\in L$ we get $0={\mathrm{ad}_}y\mu(x)=[y,\mu(x)]$, and this implies that $\mu(x)\in{\mathrm{Ann}_}{L}(I)=0$. Hence $\mu=0$.
Conversely, suppose ${\mathrm{r.ann}_}{A(L)}(A_L(I))=0$. If $x\in{\mathrm{Ann}_}{L}(I)$, $y\in I,$ $z\in L$, then ${\mathrm{ad}_}{y}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x}z= [y,[x, z]]= [[y, x], z]+
[x, [y, z]]=0$, so ${\mathrm{ad}_}{x}\in {\mathrm{r.ann}_}{A(L)}(A_L(I))=0$. Since by assumption $Z(L)=0$ we obtain $x=0$.
For a subset $X$ of an associative algebra $A$, denote by ${\mathrm{id}^l_}{A}(X)$, ${\mathrm{id}^r_}{A}(X)$ and ${\mathrm{id}_}{A}(X)$ the left, right and two sided ideal of $A$, respectively, generated by $X$. When it is clear from the context, the reference to the algebra where these ideals sit into will be omitted.
\[26/11/04,1\] Let $I$ be an ideal of a Lie algebra $L$ and suppose that $Q$ is an overalgebra of $L$. Then ${\mathrm{id}^l_}{A_Q(L)}(A_Q(I))={\mathrm{id}^r_}{A_Q(L)}(A_Q(I))={\mathrm{id}_}{A_Q(L)}(A_Q(I))$.
Use induction and notice that given $x$ in $L$ and $y$ in $I$ we have ${\mathrm{ad}_}x {\mathrm{ad}_}y= {\mathrm{ad}_}{[x, y]}+ {\mathrm{ad}_}y {\mathrm{ad}_}x$.
\[26/11/04,2\] Let $I$ be an ideal of a Lie algebra $L$ and suppose that $Q$ is an overalgebra of $L$. Write ${\mathrm{id}_}{}(A(I))$ to denote the ideal of $A_{Q}(L)$ generated by $A_Q(I)$. Then
1. ${\mathrm{r.ann}_}{A_Q(L)}({\mathrm{id}_}{}(A(I)))= {\mathrm{r.ann}_}{A_Q(L)}(A_Q(I))$.
2. ${\mathrm{l.ann}_}{A_Q(L)}({\mathrm{id}_}{}(A(I)))= {\mathrm{l.ann}_}{A_Q(L)}(A_Q(I))$.
To see (i), it is enough to prove that ${\mathrm{r.ann}_}{A_Q(L)}(A_Q(I))\subseteq {\mathrm{r.ann}_}{A_Q(L)}({\mathrm{id}_}{}(A(I)))$ because the converse inclusion is obvious. Let $\lambda\in{\mathrm{r.ann}_}{A_Q(L)}(A_Q(I))$. By Lemma \[26/11/04,1\] we know that, if $\mu\in {\mathrm{id}_}{}(A(I))$ there exist a natural number $n$, elements $x_{1, i}, \ldots, x_{r_i, i}$ in $L$, and $y_{1,
i}, \ldots, y_{s_i, i}$ in $I$ with $0\leq r_i\in\mathbb{N}$ for all $i$ and $\emptyset \neq \{s_1, \ldots, s_n\}\subseteq
\mathbb{N}$, such that $\mu=\sum_{i=1}^{n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_{1, i}}\cdots
{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_{r_i, i}}{\mathrm{ad}_}{y_{1, i}}\cdots {\mathrm{ad}_}{y_{s_i, i}}$. Since ${\mathrm{ad}_}{y_{s_i, i}}\lambda=0$, we see that $\mu\lambda=0$.
A similar argument establishes (ii).
Algebras of quotients: The Lie and associative cases
====================================================
Inspired by the notion of ring of quotients for associative rings given by Utumi in [@utu], the second author introduced in [@msm] the notion of algebra of quotients of a Lie algebra. We now recall the main definitions and some results.
Let $L\subseteq Q$ be an extension of Lie algebras. For any $q$ in $Q$, denote by $_L(q)$ the linear span in $Q$ of $q$ and the elements of the form ${\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1} \cdots {\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n} q,$ where $n\in
\mathbb{N}$ and $x_1,\dots, x_n \in L$. In particular, if $q\in
L$, then $_L(q)$ is just the ideal of $L$ generated by $q$.
We say that $Q$ is *ideally absorbed into* $L$ if for every nonzero element $q$ in $Q$ there exists an ideal $I$ of $L$ with ${\mathrm{Ann}_}L(I)=0$ such that $0\neq [I,\ q]\subseteq L$.
([@msm Definition 2.1 and Proposition 2.15].) Let $L\subseteq Q$ be an extension of Lie algebras. We say that $Q$ is an *algebra of quotients of* $L$ (or also that $L$ is a *subalgebra of quotients of* $Q$) if the following equivalent conditions are satisfied:
(i) Given $p$ and $q$ in $Q$ with $p\neq 0$, there exists $x$ in $L$ such that $[x, p]\neq 0$ and $[x,\ _L(q)]\subseteq L$.
(ii) $Q$ is ideally absorbed into $L$.
If given a non-zero element $q$ in $Q$ there exists $x$ in $L$ such that $0\neq [x, q]\in L$, then $Q$ is said to be a *[weak algebra of quotients ]{}* of $L$.
A Lie algebra $L$ has an [algebra of quotients ]{}if and only if it has no nonzero total zero divisors, or, equivalently, ${\mathrm{Ann}_}{}(L)=0$ (see [@msm Remark 2.3]).
\[29/03/04,1\] If $Q$ is a [weak algebra of quotients ]{}of $L$, then $Z(Q)=Z(L)=0$. Indeed, given a non-zero element $q$ in $Q$, there exists $x$ in $L$ such that $0\neq [x, q]\in L$. Then $q\notin Z(Q)$. If $q\in
L$, then the same argument shows that $q\notin Z(L)$ and so $Z(Q)$ and $Z(L)$ have no non-zero elements.
\[29/03/04,2\] Let $L\subseteq Q$ be an extension of Lie algebras such that $Q$ is a [weak algebra of quotients ]{}of $L$, and let $I$ be an ideal of $L$. If ${\mathrm{Ann}_}{L}(I)=0$ then ${\mathrm{r.ann}_}{A(Q)}(A_Q(I))=0$.
Assume that ${\mathrm{Ann}_}{L}(I)=0$. We first note that ${\mathrm{Ann}_}Q
(I)=0$ since $Q$ is a [weak algebra of quotients ]{}of $L$ (and applying [@msm Lemma 2.11 ]). Now let $\mu\in {\mathrm{r.ann}_}{A(Q)}(A_Q(I))$. Then ${\mathrm{ad}_}y\mu=0$ for every $y$ in $I$. If $q\in Q$, we then have that $0={\mathrm{ad}_}y\mu(q)=[y,\mu(q)]$. This says that $\mu (q)\in {\mathrm{Ann}_}{Q}(I)=0$, and so $\mu=0$.
\[ayudaF1\]Let $L\subseteq Q$ be an extension of Lie algebras, and let $x_1,\dots, x_n, y\in L$. Then we have, in $A(Q)$: $${\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots {\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}y= {\mathrm{ad}_}y {\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots
{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}+{\sum_{i=1}^n} {\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots {\mathrm{ad}_}{[x_i, y]}\cdots \
ad{x_n}\,.$$ In particular, if $I$ is an ideal of $L$ and $x_1,\dots, x_n \in
I$, then $${\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots {\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}y = {\mathrm{ad}_}y {\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots
{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}+\alpha\,,$$ where $\alpha\in \mathrm{span}\{{\mathrm{ad}_}{z_1}\cdots {\mathrm{ad}_}{z_{n}} \vert
z_i\in I\}$.
The second part of the conclusion follows immediately from the first. For this one, we use induction on $n$, the case $n=1$ being obvious. If $n\geq 2$, then $${\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots {\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}y = {\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots
{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_{n-1}}{\mathrm{ad}_}{[x_n,y]}+ {\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots {\mathrm{ad}_}{x_{n-1}}{\mathrm{ad}_}y {\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}$$ which, by the induction step, is equal to $${\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots {\mathrm{ad}_}{x_{n-1}}{\mathrm{ad}_}{[x_n,y]}+ {\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}}
{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots {\mathrm{ad}_}{[x_i, y]}\cdots {\mathrm{ad}_}{x_{n-1}}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}+ ({\mathrm{ad}_}y
{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots {\mathrm{ad}_}{x_{n-1}}){\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}\,,$$ as wanted.
Let $L\subseteq Q$ be an extension of Lie algebras. Denote by $A_0$ be associative subalgebra of $A(Q)$ whose elements are those $\mu$ in $A(Q)$ such that $\mu(L)\subseteq L$. We obviously have the containments: $$A_Q(L)\subseteq A_0 \subseteq A(Q)\,.$$
In order to ease the notation in the next few results we will use $\widetilde I$ to denote, for any ideal $I$ of $L$, the two-sided ideal of $A_Q(L)$ generated by the elements of the form ${\mathrm{ad}_}{x}\colon Q\to Q$ for $x$ in $I$, i.e. $\widetilde{I}=\mathrm{id}_{A_Q(L)}(A_Q(I))$.
\[F1\] Let $L\subseteq Q$ be an extension of Lie algebras. Let $I$ be an ideal of $L$ and $q_1,\ldots q_n \in Q$ such that $[q_i,
I]\subseteq L$ for every $i=1, \ldots, n$. Then, for $\mu={\mathrm{ad}_}{q_1}
\cdots {\mathrm{ad}_}{q_n}$ in $A(Q)$, we have that $\mu\cdot\big(\widetilde{I}\big)^n\subseteq A_0$ and $\big(\widetilde{I}\big)^n\cdot\mu\subseteq A_0$ (where $\big(\widetilde{I}\big)^n$ denotes the $n$-th power of $\widetilde{I}$ in the associative algebra $A_Q(L)$).
Arguing as in Lemma \[26/11/04,1\], it is enough to consider an element $y$ in $\widetilde{I^n}$ of the form $y={\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots
{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_{n-1}}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}$, where $x_i\in I$, and prove that both $\mu
y$ and $y\mu$ belong to $A_0$. We will use induction on $n$. For $n=1$ we have ${\mathrm{ad}_}x{\mathrm{ad}_}q= {\mathrm{ad}_}{[x, q]}+{\mathrm{ad}_}q{\mathrm{ad}_}x$ and since $[x,
q]\in L$ we see that ${\mathrm{ad}_}{[x,q]}\in A_0$. On the other hand, ${\mathrm{ad}_}q{\mathrm{ad}_}x(L)\subseteq {\mathrm{ad}_}q(I)\subseteq L$, and so ${\mathrm{ad}_}q{\mathrm{ad}_}x\in
A_0$. Assume the result true for $n-1$. Now, by Lemma \[ayudaF1\] we have $$\label{igualdad}
\begin{split}
& {\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_1}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_n}=
({\mathrm{ad}_}{q_1}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1})({\mathrm{ad}_}{x_2}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_2}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_n})+\\
& {\sum_{i=1}^n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{[x_i,
q_1]}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_2}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_n}\,.
\end{split}
\tag{$\dagger$}$$
The first summand in the last equality belongs to $A_0$ because, as proved before, ${\mathrm{ad}_}{q_1}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\in A_0$ and ${\mathrm{ad}_}{x_2}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_2}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_n}\in A_0$ by the induction hypothesis. On the other hand, for each of the terms ${\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{[x_i,
q_1]}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_2}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_n}$ we have that $x_i\in I$ and $[x_i, q_1]\in L$. Using Lemma \[ayudaF1\] we may write this as: $${\mathrm{ad}_}{[x_i,q_1]}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_{i-1}}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_{i+1}}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_2}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_n}+
\alpha\cdot {\mathrm{ad}_}{x_{i+1}}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_2}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_n}\,,$$ where $\alpha \in \mathrm{span}\{{\mathrm{ad}_}{z_1}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{z_{i-1}} \vert
z_j\in I\}$. The induction hypothesis applies again to show that this belongs to $A_0$. Hence $y\mu\in A_0$.
If we continue to develop in the expression (\[igualdad\]), we get that, for some $\alpha_0$ in $A_0$, $${\mathrm{ad}_}{q_1}{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_2}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_3}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_n}+
{\sum_{i=1}^n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_1}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{[x_i,
q_2]}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_3}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_n}+ \alpha_0\,.$$ Using Lemma \[ayudaF1\] we can write each term of the form $${\mathrm{ad}_}{q_1}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{[x_i,
q_2]}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_3}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_n}$$ as: $${\mathrm{ad}_}{q_1}{\mathrm{ad}_}{[x_i,
q_2]}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_{i-1}}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_{i+1}}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_3}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_n}+
{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_1}\cdot\alpha\cdot{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_{i+1}}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_3}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_n}\,,$$ where $\alpha\in \mathrm{span}\{{\mathrm{ad}_}{z_1}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{z_{i-1}}\vert
z_j\in I\}$. Since $[x_i, q_2]\in L$ and $x_i\in I$, we have that ${\mathrm{ad}_}{q_1}{\mathrm{ad}_}{[x_i, q_2]}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}={\mathrm{ad}_}{q_1}{\mathrm{ad}_}{[[x_i, q_2], x_1]}+
{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_1}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}{\mathrm{ad}_}{[x_i, q_2]}$. From this we see that the first summand above belongs to $A_0$. For the second summand, assuming that $\alpha={\mathrm{ad}_}{z_1}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{z_{i-1}}$, with $z_j$ in $I$, we have $({\mathrm{ad}_}{q_1}{\mathrm{ad}_}{z_1}){\mathrm{ad}_}{z_2}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{z_{i-1}}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_{i+1}}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_3}\cdots{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_n}$, which is also an element of $A_0$. Continuing in this way, we find that $${\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\dots{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_1}\dots{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_n}-{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_1}\dots{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\dots{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}\in
A_0$$ and by what we have just proved, we see that ${\mathrm{ad}_}{q_1}\dots{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_n}{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_1}\dots{\mathrm{ad}_}{x_n}\in A_0$, as was to be shown.
\[cordeF1\] Let $L\subseteq Q$ be an extension of Lie algebras. Let $\mu={\mathrm{ad}_}{q_1}\cdots {\mathrm{ad}_}{q_n}$ be in $A(Q)$ and suppose that there exists an ideal $I$ of $L$ that satisfies $[q_i, I]\subseteq L$ for every $i=1, \dots, n$. Then $\mu\widetilde{I^n}\subseteq A_0$ and $\widetilde{I^n}\mu\subseteq
A_0$ (where $I^n$ denotes the $n$-th power of I in the Lie algebra $L$).
\[facil\]
Let $L$ be a semiprime Lie algebra. If $I$ is an ideal of $L$ with ${\mathrm{Ann}_}L (I)=0$, then ${\mathrm{Ann}_}L(I^s)=0$ for any $s\geq 1$. Any intersection of ideals with zero annihilator will also have zero annihilator.
For semiprime Lie algebras, ideals with zero annhilator are exactly the essential ideals, by [@msm Lemma 1.2 (ii)]. Hence the conclusion follows at once.
\[elteorema\] Let $L\subseteq Q$ be an extension of Lie algebras with $L$ semiprime. Then the following conditions are equivalent:
1. $Q$ is an [algebra of quotients ]{}of $L$,
2. $Z(Q)=0$ and, if $\mu \in A(Q)\setminus \{0\}$, there is an ideal $I$ of $L$ with ${\mathrm{Ann}_}L(I)=0$ such that $\mu\widetilde{I}\subseteq A_0$, $0\neq \widetilde{I}\mu \subseteq
A_0$. If $\mu={\mathrm{ad}_}{q}$, then we also have $\mu\widetilde{I}(L)\neq
0$.
(ii)$\Rightarrow$ (i): Let $q\in Q\smallsetminus\{0\}$. Then $\mu={\mathrm{ad}_}{q}\neq 0$ since $Z(Q)= 0$. Let $\widetilde{I}$ be as in (ii), so it satisfies $\mu\widetilde{I}(L)\neq 0$ and $\mu\widetilde{I}\subseteq A_0$. Set $$I_0:=\mathrm{span}\{\alpha(x) \ \vert \ x\in L\text{ and } \alpha
\in \widetilde{I}\}\,.$$ Then $I_0$ is an ideal of $L$ such that ${\mathrm{Ann}_}L(I_0)=0$. Indeed, if $x$, $y\in L$ and $\alpha \in\widetilde I$, we have $[y,
\alpha(x)]= ({\mathrm{ad}_}{y}\alpha)(x)$ and ${\mathrm{ad}_}{y}\alpha\in
\widetilde{I}$. If now $[x, I_0 ]=0$ for some $x$ in $L$, then ${\mathrm{ad}_}{x}\widetilde{I}(L)=0$. In particular, for $y$ and $z$ in $I$ we have that ${\mathrm{ad}_}{x}{\mathrm{ad}_}{y}(z)=0$, so $x\in {\mathrm{Ann}_}L([I, I])$, which is zero by Lemma \[facil\].
Finally, $0\neq [q, I_0]={\mathrm{ad}_}{q}\widetilde{I}(L)\subseteq L$.
(i)$\Rightarrow$(ii): Since $Q$ is an algebra of quotients of $L$, it is also a weak algebra of quotients of $L$, hence Remark \[29/03/04,1\] applies in order to obtain that $Z(Q)=0$.
Next, let $\mu=\sum_{i\geq 1}{\mathrm{ad}_}{q_{i,1}}\cdots {\mathrm{ad}_}{q_{i, r_i}}\in
A(Q)\setminus\{0\}$. Using that $Z(Q)=0$ we may of course assume that all $q_{i,j}$ are non-zero elements in $Q$. Set $s=\sum_{i\geq 1}r_i$. As $Q$ is an [algebra of quotients ]{}of $L$, there exists, for every $i$ and $j$, an ideal $J_{i, j}$ of $L$ such that ${\mathrm{Ann}_}{L}(J_{i, j})=0$ and $0\neq [J_{i, j}, q_{i, j}]\subseteq L$. By Lemma \[facil\], the ideal $J=\bigcap_{i, j}J_{i,j}$ and hence also $I=J^s$ will have zero annihilator in $L$. Then $[q_{i,
j}, I]\subseteq [q_{i, j}, J_{i, j}]\subseteq L$. By Corollary \[cordeF1\] and taking into account that $J^s\subseteq
J^{r_i}$ for every $i$, we have that $\mu \widetilde{I}\subseteq
A_0$ and $ \widetilde{I}\mu\subseteq A_0$.
If $\widetilde{I}\mu=0$, then $\mu\in{\mathrm{r.ann}_}{A(Q)}(A_Q(I))$ which is zero by Lemma \[29/03/04,2\].
Finally, suppose that $\mu={\mathrm{ad}_}q$, where $q\in
Q\smallsetminus\{0\}$. By [@msm Lemma 2.13], $Q$ is an [algebra of quotients ]{}of $I^2$. This implies that there exist elements $y$ and $z$ in $I$ such that $0\neq [q, [y, z]]$. But this means that ${\mathrm{ad}_}q{\mathrm{ad}_}y
z\in {\mathrm{ad}_}q{\widetilde{I}}(L)$.
Recall that an associative algebra $S$ is said to be a *left quotient algebra* of a subalgebra $A$ if whenever $p$ and $q\in S$ with $p\neq 0$, there exists $x$ in $A$ such that $xp\neq 0$ and $xq\in A$. An associative algebra $A$ has a left quotient algebra if and only if it has no total right zero divisors different from zero. (Here, an element $x$ in $A$ is said to be a *total right zero divisor* if $Ax=0$.)
\[leftquotient\] Let $L\subseteq Q$ be an extension of Lie algebras with $L$ semiprime. Suppose that $Q$ is an [algebra of quotients ]{}of $L$. Then $A(Q)$ is a left quotient algebra of $A_0$.
We will use the characterization of left quotient (associative) algebras given in [@msm Lemma 2.14]. Let $\mu\in A(Q)\smallsetminus\{0\}$ and let $I$ be an ideal of $L$ satisfying condition (ii) in Theorem \[elteorema\]. Set $J=A_0\widetilde{I}+\widetilde{I}$, a left ideal of $A_0$ that satisfies $0\neq J\mu \subseteq A_0$ (because $0\neq
\widetilde{I}\mu \subseteq A_0$).
Since also ${\mathrm{Ann}_}L(I)=0$ we obtain from Lemma \[29/03/04,2\] that ${\mathrm{r.ann}_}{A(Q)}(A_Q(I))=0$. This, together with the fact that $\widetilde{I}={\mathrm{id}^l_}{A_Q(L)}(A_Q(I))={\mathrm{id}^r_}{A_Q(L)}(A_Q(I))={\mathrm{id}_}{A_Q(L)}(A_Q(I))$ (see Lemma \[26/11/04,1\]), implies that ${\mathrm{r.ann}_}{A(Q)}(\widetilde{I})=0$. Since ${\mathrm{r.ann}_}{A_0}(J)\subseteq
{\mathrm{r.ann}_}{A(Q)}(\widetilde I)$ we get that also ${\mathrm{r.ann}_}{A_0}(J)=0$. This concludes the proof.
\[obs\] Note that in the situation of Theorem \[elteorema\] the ideal $\widetilde{I}$ has zero right annihilator in $A(Q)$ and therefore, as is established in the proof of the corollary above, $A_0\widetilde{I}+\widetilde{I}$ is a left ideal of $A_0$ with zero right annhilator.
In a somewhat different direction, we analyse other instances where the notion of an algebra of quotients in the associative case is closely related to the one in the Lie case. If $A$ is any semiprime (associative) algebra, we denote by $Q_{\mathrm{max}}^l(A)$ the maximal left quotient algebra of $A$ and by $Q_s(A)$ the Martindale symmetric algebra of quotients of $A$. Recall that $Q_s(A)$ can be characterized as those elements $q$ in $Q_{\mathrm{max}}^l(A)$ for which there is an essential ideal $I$ of $A$ satisfying $Iq+qI\subseteq A$ (see, e.g. [@bmm Section 2.2]).
We remind the reader that for an associative algebra $A$ we denote by $A^{(-)}$ the Lie algebra which equals $A$ as a module and has Lie bracket given by $[a,b]=ab-ba$.
It was proved by the second author in [@msm Proposition 2.16] that, if $A\subseteq Q\subseteq Q_s(A)$ are associative algebras with $A$ semiprime and $Z(Q)=0$, then $Q^{(-)}$ is an algebra of quotients of $A^{(-)}$. With considerably more effort we shall establish an improvement of this result that provides with new examples of algebras of quotients of Lie algebras.
In order to prove Theorem \[liecenter\] below, we need a lemma which is an adaptation of [@hers Lemma 2] to our setting. We include the necessary changes in the statement and proof. Recall that an algebra $A$ is *$2$-torsion free* provided that $2x=0$ implies $x=0$.
\[herstein\] Let $A$ be a semiprime $2$-torsion free algebra and let $Q$ be a subalgebra of $Q_s(A)$ that contains $A$. Let $q\in Q$ and assume that there is an essential ideal $I$ of $A$ such that $qI+Iq\subseteq A$ and $[q,[I,I]]=0$. Then $[q,I]=0$.
We first note that $Q$ is also $2$-torsion free. For, if $q$ is a non-zero element in $Q$ and $2q=0$, then, since $Q$ is an algebra of quotients of $A$, there exists $a$ in $A$ such that $aq$ is a non-zero element of $A$. But $2(aq)=0$, which contradicts our assumption that $A$ is $2$-torsion free.
Next, define $d\colon A\to Q$ by $d(x)=[x,q]$. As in the proof of [@hers Lemma 2], one verifies using $2$-torsion freeness of $Q$ that $$d(x)(uv-vu)=0\,,\,\text{whenever }x\in A\,,\,\text{and }u,v\in
[I,I]\,.$$ It also follows as in [@hers Lemma 2] that the set $$J=\{r\in A\mid d(x)r=0\text{ for all }x\text{ in }A\}$$ is an ideal of $A$ and we have $[[I,I],[I,I]]\subseteq J$.
We now proceed to prove that $A/J$ is semiprime and $2$-torsion free. Denote by $\overline{x}$ the class modulo $J$ of an element $x$ in $A$. If $2\overline{x}=0$, then $2x\in J$ and hence $d(y)(2x)=0$ for all $y$ in $A$. Since $Q$ is $2$-torsion free this implies that $x\in J$, that is, $\overline{x}=0$.
Now, let $K$ be an ideal of $A$ (containing $J$) for which $\overline{K}^2=0$, that is, $K^2\subseteq J$. We then have that $d(y)K^2=0$ for any $y$ in $A$.
By assumption, $Iq+qI\subseteq A$, and so $Id(y)\subseteq A$ and also $d(y)KI$ is a right ideal of $A$ for any $y$ in $A$. Then $(d(y)KI)^2=d(y)KId(y)KI\subseteq d(y)K^2=0$ and it follows by semiprimeness of $A$ that $d(y)KI=0$. Since $I$ is an essential ideal in $A$ and $Q$ is an algebra of quotients of $A$, $I$ has zero left annihilator in $Q$ and therefore $d(y)K=0$. By the definition of $J$, this shows that $K\subseteq J$, i.e. $\overline{K}=0$, and thus $A/J$ is semiprime.
The ideal $\overline{I}:=(I+J)/J$ of $A/J$ clearly satisfies $[[\overline{I},\overline{I}],[\overline{I},\overline{I}]]=0$. Using [@hers Lemma 1] twice we conclude that $\overline{I}\subseteq Z(A/J)$, that is, $[\overline{I},\overline{A}]=0$. Thus $[I,A]\subseteq J$ and therefore $d(y)[I,A]=0$ for all $y$ in $A$.
Let $K_1=\{x\in A\mid x[I,A]=0\}$, which is an ideal of $A$. By what we have just proved, $d(u)\in K_1$ whenever $u\in A$.
We now claim that $K_1I^2d(u)=0$ for any $u$ in $I$. To see this, take $x$ in $K_1$, $v$, $w$ in $I$ and compute that (using $Iq+qI\subseteq A$): $$\begin{aligned}
xvwd(u) &=xvw(uq-qu) =x(vwuq-uqvw+uqvw-vwqu)\\
&=x[vw,uq]+x(uqvw-vwuq) =0+x(uqvw-qvwu+qvwu-vwqu)\\
&=x[u,qvw]+x(qvw-vwq)u=0+x(qvw-wqv+wqv-vwq)u\\
&=x([qv,w]+[wq,v])u=0\,,\end{aligned}$$ from which the claim follows.
Since $I^2$ is also essential in $A$ we obtain that $d(u)K_1=0$. Altogether this implies that $d(u)\in K_1\cap
\mathrm{l.ann}_A(K_1)$, which is zero as it is a nilpotent left ideal in $A$. Thus $d(u)=0$ for all $u$ in $I$, that is, $[q,I]=0$, as desired.
\[liecenter\] Let $A$ be a semiprime $2$-torsion free associative algebra and let $Q$ be a subalgebra of $Q_s(A)$ that contains $A$. Then $A^{(-)}/Z(A)$ and $Q^{(-)}/Z(Q)$ are semiprime Lie algebras and $Q^{(-)}/Z(Q)$ is a (Lie) algebra of quotients of $A^{(-)}/Z(A)$.
Let $\overline{K}$ be a Lie ideal of $A^{(-)}/Z(A)$ such that $[\overline{K},\overline{K}]=0$. Then $\overline{K}$ is the image of a Lie ideal $K$ of $A^{(-)}$ via the natural map $A^{(-)}\to
A^{(-)}/Z(A)$. The condition on $\overline{K}$ translates upstairs into $[K,K]\subseteq Z(A)$. By [@hers Lemma 1] we have $K\subseteq Z(A)$, that is, $\overline{K}=0$.
Since $Q$ is also semiprime (e.g. [@bmm Lemma 2.1.9 (i)]) and $2$-torsion free (by the first part of the proof of Lemma \[herstein\]) the same argument applies to show that $Q^{(-)}/Z(Q)$ is semiprime.
By [@msm Lemma 1.3 (i)], $Z(A)=Z(Q)\cap A$. Therefore the natural map $$A^{(-)}/Z(A)\to Q^{(-)}/Z(Q)$$ is an inclusion and we shall identify $A^{(-)}/Z(A)$ with its image into $Q^{(-)}/Z(Q)$. We now prove that $Q^{(-)}/Z(Q)$ is ideally absorbed into $A^{(-)}/Z(A)$.
For an element $x$ in $Q$, denote by $\overline{x}$ the class of $x$ in $Q^{(-)}/Z(Q)$. Let $\overline{q}$ be a non-zero element in $Q^{(-)}/Z(Q)$. Since by assumption $Q\subseteq Q_s(A)$ there exists an essential ideal $I$ of $A$ such that $Iq+qI\subseteq A$.
We claim that the Lie ideal $\overline{I}=(I^{(-)}+Z(A))/Z(A)$ has zero annihilator in $A^{(-)}/Z(A)$. For $x$ in $A$, if $\overline{x}$ satisfies $[\overline{x},\overline{I}]=0$, then $[x,I^{(-)}]=[x,I]\subseteq Z(A)$. Therefore $[[x,I],I]=0$. Applying the Jacobi identity this yields $[x,[I,I]]=0$. Therefore [@hers Lemma 2] allows to conclude that $[x,I]=0$. Note that $A$ is an algebra of quotients of $I$ since it is an essential ideal of $A$. Hence, using [@msm Lemma 1.3 (iv)] we obtain $[x,A]=0$. Thus $\overline{x}=0$ in $A^{(-)}/Z(A)$.
Next, $[\overline{I},\overline{q}]=\overline{[I^{(-)},q]}\subseteq
A^{(-)}/Z(A)$ because $Iq+qI\subseteq A$.
Finally, we need to see that $[\overline{I}, \overline{q}]\neq 0$. To reach a contradiction, suppose that $[I,q]\subseteq Z(A)$. Then $[[q,I],I]=0$ and using the Jacobi identity we have $[q,[I,I]]=0$. By Lemma \[herstein\] this implies $[q,I]=0$, and a second use of [@msm Lemma 1.3 (iv)] yields $[q,Q]=0$, that is, $\overline{q}=0$, which contradicts the choice of $q$.
We will now draw a consequence of Theorem \[liecenter\]. First we need a lemma.
\[quotientcomm\] Let $L\subseteq Q$ be an extension of Lie algebras with $L$ semiprime and such that $Q$ is an algebra of quotients of $L$. Then $[Q,Q]$ is an algebra of quotients of $[L,L]$.
Let $\sum\limits_{i=1}^n [x_i,y_i]$ be a non-zero element in $[Q,Q]$. Since $Q$ is an algebra of quotients of $L$ and $L$ is semiprime, we may choose an ideal $I$ of $L$ with ${\mathrm{Ann}_}L(I)=0$ such that $[x_i,I]$, $[y_i,I]$, $[[x_i,y_i],I]\subseteq L$ for all $i$.
We know that $[I,I]$ also has zero annihilator in $L$, and from the inclusion $${\mathrm{Ann}_}{[L,L]}([I,I])\subseteq {\mathrm{Ann}_}L ([I,I])$$ we obtain ${\mathrm{Ann}_}{[L,L]}([I,I])=0$. Hence, ${\mathrm{Ann}_}Q([I,I])=0$ using [@msm Lemma 2.11]. In particular, $[\sum\limits_{i=1}^n
[x_i,y_i],[I,I]]\neq 0$.
Moreover, for every $z$, $t$ in $I$ and each $i$, we have that $$[[x_i,y_i],[z,t]]=[[[x_i,y_i],z],t]+[z,[[x_i,y_i],t]]\in [L,L]\,,$$ using the Jacobi identity.
\[liequocenter\] Let $A$ be a semiprime $2$-torsion free associative algebra and let $Q$ be a subalgebra of $Q_s(A)$ that contains $A$. Then $[Q^{(-)},Q^{(-)}]/Z([Q^{(-)},Q^{(-)}])$ is a quotient algebra of $[A^{(-)},A^{(-)}]/Z([A^{(-)},A^{(-)}])$.
First note that $Z(A^{(-)})=Z(A)=Z([A^{(-)},A^{(-)}])$ by [@hers Lemma 2], and the same conclusion holds for $Q$. From this it follows that $[A^{(-)}/Z(A),A^{(-)}/Z(A)]=[A^{(-)},A^{(-)}]/Z([A^{(-)},A^{(-)}])$, and analogously for $Q$. The result is then obtained applying Theorem \[liecenter\] and Lemma \[quotientcomm\].
Multiplicatively semiprime Lie algebras and dense extensions
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Given an extension $L\subseteq Q$ of Lie algebras, we have considered in the previous section the associative algebra $A(Q)$ and the subalgebra $A_Q(L)$ generated by the elements ${\mathrm{ad}_}x$ for $x$ in $L$. It is natural to study the relationship between this algebra and the associative algebra $A(L)$.
Given an element $\mu$ in $A(L)$, we can of course think of this element in $A(Q)$ because of the inclusion $L\subseteq Q$. In order to distinguish this change of domains, we will use the notation $\mu^L$ and $\mu^Q$. Thus, for example, given $x$ in $L$ we have ${\mathrm{ad}_}{x}^L$ and ${\mathrm{ad}_}{x}^Q$ which differ in the use of the bracket in $L$ and in $Q$ respectively. With these considerations in mind it is desirable to have a well-defined map $\varphi\colon
A(L)\to A(Q)$ given by $\mu^L\mapsto \mu^Q$. Whilst it is not guaranteed this can be done, if such a map exists then it is an injective algebra homomorphism and $\varphi(A(L))=A_Q(L)$.
The condition expressed above is just a rephrasing of the density condition introduced by Cabrera in [@Ca]. Specifically, for any algebra $L$ (not necessarily associative) over our commutative ring of scalars $\Phi$, let $M(L)$ be the subalgebra of $\mathrm{End}_{\Phi}(L)$ generated by the identity map together with the operators given by right and left multiplication by elements of $L$. In the case of a Lie algebra $L$, then $M(L)$ is nothing but the unitization of $A(L)$.
Following [@Ca], given an extension of (not necessarily associative) algebras $L\subseteq Q$, the *annihilator of* $L$ *in* $M(Q)$ is defined by: $$L^{ann}:=\{ \mu \in M(Q)\vert \ \mu(x)=0 \hbox{ for every } x \in
\ L\}\,.$$ If $L^{ann}=0$, then $L$ is said to be a *dense subalgebra* of $Q$, and we will say that $L\subseteq Q$ is a *dense extension of algebras*.
\[densext\] Let $L\subseteq Q$ be a dense extension of Lie algebras. If $Z(Q)=0$ then $Z(L)=0$.
Suppose that $x\in L$ satisfies $[x,L]=0$. This means that ${\mathrm{ad}_}x(L)=0$, and hence ${\mathrm{ad}_}x=0$ as an element of $A(Q)$. Since $Z(Q)=0$, it follows that $x=0$.
\[20/02/05,1\] Let $L\subseteq Q$ be an extension of Lie algebras and suppose that $Z(Q)=0$. Then the following conditions are equivalent:
1. $L$ is a dense subalgebra of $Q$.
2. If $\mu(L)=0$ for some $\mu$ in $A(Q)$, then $\mu=0$.
Clearly, (i) implies (ii). Conversely, suppose that $\mu\in M(Q)$ satisfies $\mu(L)=0$. If $\mu(p)\neq 0$ for some $p$ in $Q$, then use $Z(Q)=0$ to find a (non-zero) element $q$ in $Q$ satisfying ${\mathrm{ad}_}q \mu(p)\neq 0$. But then ${\mathrm{ad}_}q \mu(L)= 0$ and since $A(Q)$ is a two-sided ideal of $M(Q)$, we have that ${\mathrm{ad}_}q\mu\in A(Q)$. Hence condition (ii) yields ${\mathrm{ad}_}q \mu = 0$, a contradiction.
We will now present some examples of dense extensions.
\[densecomm\] Let $L\subseteq Q$ be a dense extension of Lie algebras. Then $[L,L]\subseteq [Q,Q]$ is also dense.
Let $\mu\in M([Q,Q])$ and suppose that $\mu ([L,L])=0$. Then, for any $x$ in $L$, we have $\mu{\mathrm{ad}_}x(L)=0$. Since $\mu{\mathrm{ad}_}x\in M(Q)$ and $L\subseteq Q$ is a dense extension we obtain $\mu{\mathrm{ad}_}x(Q)=0$. This implies that $\mu{\mathrm{ad}_}q (x)=-\mu{\mathrm{ad}_}x(q)=0$ for every $q$ in $Q$ and every $x$ in $L$. A second use of density implies that $\mu{\mathrm{ad}_}q(Q)=0$, that is, $\mu ([Q,Q])=0$.
\[denseassoc\] Let $A$ be a semiprime associative algebra. Then, for any subalgebra $Q$ of $Q_{\mathrm{max}}^l(A)$ that contains $A$, the extension $A\subseteq Q$ is dense.
Let $\mu\in M(Q)$ such that $\mu(A)=0$. We may write $\mu(x)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^n p_ixq_i$ with $p_i$, $q_i$ in $Q_{\mathrm{max}}^l(A)$. Then $\mu(x)$ is a Generalized Polynomial Identity on $A$ (in the terminology of [@bmm p. 212]), and so [@bmm Proposition 6.3.13] applies to conclude $\mu(Q_{\mathrm{max}}^l(A))=0$. Therefore $\mu(Q)=0$.
In the following lemma we consider an extension $A\subseteq Q$ of associative algebras where $Q$ is a left quotient algebra of $A$. We then have that $Z(A)=Z(Q)\cap A$ ([@msm Lemma 1.3 (i)]) so that we may consider, as in Theorem \[liecenter\], that $A^{(-)}/Z(A)$ is a subalgebra of $Q^{(-)}/Z(Q)$.
\[denselie\] Let $A$ be an associative algebra and $Q$ a subalgebra of $Q_{\mathrm{max}}^l(A)$ that contains $A$. Then $A^{(-)}/Z(A)\subseteq Q^{(-)}/Z(Q)$ and $$[A^{(-)},A^{(-)}]/Z([A^{(-)},A^{(-)}])\subseteq
[Q^{(-)},Q^{(-)}]/Z([Q^{(-)},Q^{(-)}])$$ are dense extensions of Lie algebras.
Denote by $\overline{q}$ the classes of elements in $Q^{(-)}/Z(Q)$. Let $\mu\in M(Q^{(-)}/Z(Q))$ such that $\mu(A^{(-)}/Z(A))=0$. Then there is $\mu'$ in $M(Q)$ such that $\overline{\mu'(q)}=\mu(\overline{q})$ for every $q$ in $Q$.
The condition that $\mu$ vanishes on $A^{(-)}/Z(A)$ means that $\mu'(A)\subseteq Z(Q)$. Suppose that $\mu'(Q)$ is not contained in $Z(Q)$. Then there are non-zero elements $p$ and $q$ in $Q$ for which $(\lambda_q\circ\mu'-\rho_q\circ\mu')(p)=[q,\mu'(p)]\neq 0$, where $\lambda_q$ and $\rho_q$ stand for the left and right (associative) multiplication by $q$, respectively.
But then $\lambda_q\circ\mu'-\rho_q\circ\mu'$ is a non-zero element in $M(Q)$ and since the extension $A\subseteq Q$ is dense by Lemma \[denseassoc\] we get that $[q,\mu'(A)]=(\lambda_q\circ\mu'-\rho_q\circ\mu')(A)\neq 0$. This contradicts the fact that $\mu'(A)\subseteq Z(Q)$. This shows $A^{(-)}/Z(A^{(-)})\subseteq Q^{(-)}/Z(Q^{(-)})$ is dense.
Finally, $[A^{(-)},A^{(-)}]/Z([A^{(-)},A^{(-)}])\subseteq
[Q^{(-)},Q^{(-)}]/Z([Q^{(-)},Q^{(-)}])$ is also dense by the first part of the proof and Lemma \[densecomm\].
Following Cabrera and Mohammed [@CabM], we say that an algebra $L$ is *multiplicatively semiprime* (respectively, *prime*) whenever $L$ and its multiplication algebra $M(L)$ are semiprime (respectively, prime). Observe that in this situation, and if $L$ is a Lie algebra, then $A(L)$ will also be a semiprime (respectively, prime) algebra. As we have seen, under mild hypotheses we have dense extensions of semiprime Lie algebras $
A^{(-)}/Z(A)\subseteq Q^{(-)}/Z(Q)$ and $$[A^{(-)},A^{(-)}]/Z([A^{(-)},A^{(-)}])\subseteq
[Q^{(-)},Q^{(-)}]/Z([Q^{(-)},Q^{(-)}])\,,$$ so that $Q^{(-)}/Z(Q)$ is a quotient algebra of $A^{(-)}/Z(A)$ and $[Q^{(-)},Q^{(-)}]/Z([Q^{(-)},Q^{(-)}])$ is a quotient algebra of $[A^{(-)},A^{(-)}]/Z([A^{(-)},A^{(-)}])$.
We remark that if $A$ is a semiprime algebra over a field of characteristic not $2$, then $A^{(-)}/Z(A)$ is multiplicatively semiprime (or even multiplicatively prime) in some important cases that are covered in [@CCLM Corollary 2.4], but not in general (see [@CCLM Theorem 2.1]). This contrasts with the case of $[A^{(-)},A^{(-)}]/Z([A^{(-)},A^{(-)}])$, which is always multiplicatively semiprime if $A$ is semiprime ([@CCLM Corollary 2.4]).
If, furthermore, our algebra $A$ is endowed with an involution $^*$, denote by $K_A$ the set of all skew elements of $A$, that is, $K_A=\{x\in A\mid x^*=-x\}$. This is a Lie subalgebra of $A^{(-)}$, and it turns out that $K_A/Z(K_A)$ is multiplicatively semiprime or prime in various instances (see [@CCLM Theorems 3.4, 3.6]). Again the situation is different for the Lie algebra $[K_A,K_A]/Z([K_A, K_A])$, which is always multiplicatively semiprime ([@CCLM Theorem 2.3]). The abovementioned examples involving commutators are of great interest since they appear in Zelmanov’s classification of simple $M$-graded Lie algebras over a field of characteristic at least $2d+1$, where $d$ is the width of $M$ (see [@Zel]). It seems plausible (to the authors) that for algebras of the latter type – $K_A/Z(K_A)$ in the case where $A$ has an involution – results analogous to Theorem \[liecenter\] and Proposition \[denselie\] are available.
\[20/02/05,2\] Let $L\subseteq Q$ be a dense extension of Lie algebras. If $Q$ is multiplicatively semiprime, then $A_0$ is semiprime.
Let $I$ be an ideal of $A_0$ with $I^2=0$. As in the proof of Theorem \[elteorema\], let $I_0=\mathrm{span}\{\alpha(x)| \alpha
\in I\,,\, x\in L\}$, which is clearly an ideal of $L$. For any $\mu$ in $I$, we evidently have $\mu(I_0)=0$. It then follows from [@Ca Proposition 3.1] that $\mu(M(Q)(I_0))=0$ (where $M(Q)(I_0)$ is the set of finite sums of elements of $M(Q)$ applied to elements of $I_0$). This implies that $\mu
M(Q)\mu(L)=0$, and thus $\mu M(Q)\mu=0$ since $L$ is dense in $Q$. But $M(Q)$ is semiprime by hypothesis, so $\mu=0$ and since $\mu$ was an arbitrary element of $I$, we get that $I=0$, that is, $A_0$ is semiprime.
\[20/02/05,3\] Given a dense extension of Lie algebras $L\subseteq Q$, where $Q$ is multiplicatively semiprime, we have that $L$ is also multiplicatively semiprime. This follows from [@Ca Proposition 2.2].
\[20/02/05,5\] Let $L\subseteq Q$ be a dense extension of Lie algebras. Assume that $Q$ is a multiplicatively semiprime algebra of quotients of $L$. Then $I\subseteq Q$ is a dense extension for every essential ideal $I$ of $L$.
We first observe that $Z(Q)=0$ because $Q$ is semiprime and hence Lemma \[20/02/05,1\] applies. Thus, let $\mu$ be in $A(Q)$ such that $\mu(I)=0$, and by way of contradiction assume that $\mu\neq
0$. By Corollary \[leftquotient\] (which can be applied by virtue of Remark \[20/02/05,3\]) $A(Q)$ is a left quotient algebra of $A_0$ and hence there exists $\lambda$ in $A_0$ such that $0\neq \lambda \mu\in A_0$. Since the extension $L\subseteq
Q$ is dense, $\lambda\mu(L)\neq 0$, and since ${\mathrm{Ann}_}L(I)=0$, there is a (non-zero) element $y$ in $I$ such that ${\mathrm{ad}_}y
\lambda\mu(L)\neq 0$. Using now that $A(Q)$ has no total right zero divisors, we get that $A(Q){\mathrm{ad}_}y\lambda \mu\neq 0$, and this, coupled with the semiprimeness of $A(Q)$, implies that $A(Q){\mathrm{ad}_}y
\lambda\mu A(Q){\mathrm{ad}_}y \lambda\mu\neq 0$. A second application of the fact that $L\subseteq Q$ is a dense extension yields $A(Q){\mathrm{ad}_}y \lambda\mu A(Q){\mathrm{ad}_}y \lambda\mu(L)\neq 0$. However, $\mu(I)=0$ by assumption and thus [@Ca Proposition 3.1] implies that $\mu M(Q)(I)=0$. But this is a contradiction, because of the containments $$\mu A(Q){\mathrm{ad}_}y \lambda\mu(L)\subseteq \mu A(Q)([I, L]) \subseteq
\mu A(Q)(I)\subseteq \mu M(Q)(I)=0\,.$$
[(cf. [@CCLM Lemma 3.1])]{} Let $L\subseteq Q$ be a dense extension of Lie algebras with $Q$ multiplicatively prime. If $Q$ is a quotient algebra of $L$, then $I\subseteq Q$ is a dense extension for any non-zero ideal $I$ of $L$.
This follows directly from the previous proposition once we realize that, in a prime Lie algebra, every non-zero ideal is essential.
\[20/02/05,6\] Let $L\subseteq Q$ be a dense extension of Lie algebras. Assume that $Q$ is a multiplicatively semiprime algebra of quotients of $L$. Then, for every essential ideal $I$ of $L$, ${\mathrm{l.ann}_}{A(Q)}(\widetilde{I})=0$.
Let $\mu\in{\mathrm{l.ann}_}{A(Q)} (\widetilde{I})$. Then, if $y\in I$, we have $\mu{\mathrm{ad}_}y(I)=0$. This implies that $\mu(I^2)=0$. By Proposition \[20/02/05,5\] applied to the essential ideal $I^2$ of $L$, the extension $I^2\subseteq Q$ is dense, and so $\mu=0$.
We now tie up our results with the associative case by relating them to the maximal symmetric ring of quotients. This was first introduced by Schelter in [@sch] and systematically explored by Lanning in [@lann]. It has more recently come into prominence following [@edu]. In short, the maximal symmetric ring of quotients $Q_{\sigma}(R)$ of a ring $R$ is the subring of $Q_{\mathrm{max}}^r(R)$ whose elements $q$ satisfy $Jq\subseteq R$ for some dense left ideal $J$ of $R$ (see, e.g. [@lam] for the definition of dense ideal). An alternative abstract characterization of $Q_{\sigma}(R)$ is given in [@lann Proposition 2.1], as follows: Given a dense left ideal $I$ and a dense right ideal $J$ of $R$, we say that a pair of maps $(f,g)$, where $f\colon I\to R$ is a left $R$-homomorphism and $g\colon J\to R$ is a right $R$-homomorphism, is *compatible* provided that $f(x)y=xg(y)$ whenever $x\in I$ and $y\in J$.
Two sets of data $(f,g,I,J)$ and $(f',g',I',J')$ as above are *equivalent* if $f$ and $f'$ agree on some dense left ideal contained in $I\cap I'$ and similarly for $g$ and $g'$. Denote by $[f,g,I,J]$ the equivalence class of $(f,g,I,J)$ as above. Under natural operations, the set of such equivalence classes is a ring isomorphic to $Q_{\sigma}(R)$.
\[20/02/05,4\] Let $L\subseteq Q$ be a dense extension of Lie algebras. Suppose that $Q$ is a multiplicatively semiprime algebra of quotients of $L$. There is then an injective algebra homomorphism $\tau\colon A(Q)\to Q_{\sigma}(A_0)$.
Observe first that $L$ is (multiplicatively) semiprime by Remark \[20/02/05,3\]. Next, given $\mu$ in $A(Q)\setminus\{0\}$, we have proved in Theorem \[elteorema\] that there is an ideal $I$ of $L$ with ${\mathrm{Ann}_}L(I)=0$ such that $\mu \widetilde{I}+ \widetilde{I}\mu\subseteq A_0$ (where $\widetilde I$ is the ideal of $A_Q(L)$ generated by the elements of the form ${\mathrm{ad}_}x$ for $x$ in $I$). By the observation made in Remark \[obs\], the left ideal $A_0\widetilde I+\widetilde I$ has zero right annihilator in $A_0$. By Corollary \[20/02/05,6\] we have that ${\mathrm{l.ann}_}{A (Q)}(\widetilde{I})=0$ and so the right ideal $\widetilde IA_0+\widetilde I$ has zero left annihilator in $A_0$. Since $A_0$ is semiprime by Lemma \[20/02/05,2\], the ideals $A_0\widetilde I+\widetilde I$ and $\widetilde IA_0+\widetilde I$ are left and right dense in $A_0$, respectively. Note that $(A_0\widetilde I+\widetilde I)\mu\subseteq A_0$ and that $\mu(\widetilde I A_0+\widetilde I)\subseteq A_0$. Hence, right and left multiplication by $\mu$ produce two homomorphisms $R_\mu\colon A_0\widetilde I+\widetilde I\to A_0$ and $L_\mu\colon\widetilde I A_0+\widetilde I\to A_0$ which are left (respectively, right) $A_0$-linear and compatible.
If $\mu=0$, we may then take $I=L$ and so $\widetilde I=A_Q(L)$, which has zero right and left annihilator in $A(Q)$ (and hence in $A_0$).
This allows us to define a map $$\tau\colon A(Q) \longrightarrow Q_\sigma(A_0)$$ by $\tau(\mu)= [R_\mu, L_\mu, A_0
\widetilde{I}+\widetilde{I},\widetilde{I}A_0 +\widetilde{I}]$. Note that, given any other pair of left and right dense ideals $I'$ and $J'$ of $A_0$ such that $I'\mu\subseteq A_0$ and $\mu
J'\subseteq A_0$, we have that $\tau(\mu)=[R_\mu, L_\mu, I',J']$. It follows easily from this that $\tau$ is an algebra homomorphism.
In order to check that $\tau$ is injective, assume that $\tau(\mu)=0$. This implies that there is a left dense ideal $I'$ of $A_0$ with zero right annihilator in $A_0$ such that $I'\mu=0$. Now, $A_0$ is a left quotient algebra of $I'$ and by Theorem \[elteorema\], $A(Q)$ is a left quotient algebra of $A_0$. Thus $A(Q)$ is a left quotient algebra of $I'$ and therefore $I'\mu=0$ forces $\mu=0$.
\[20/02/05,7\] Let $L\subseteq Q$ be a dense extension of Lie algebras. Suppose that $Q$ is a multiplicatively semiprime algebra of quotients of $L$. Then $A_0$ is semiprime and $Q_\sigma(A_0)=Q_\sigma(A(Q))$.
The semiprimeness of $A_0$ follows from Lemma \[20/02/05,2\]. Now, apply Proposition \[20/02/05,4\] and [@lann Theorem 2.5] to obtain $Q_\sigma(A_0)=Q_\sigma(A(Q))$.
We close by exploring the possible converses to Corollary \[leftquotient\] in the presence of dense extensions of Lie algebras.
[Given an extension of algebras $A\subseteq S$, we say that $S$ is *right ideally absorbed into* $A$ if for any $q$ in $S\setminus\{0\}$ there is an ideal $I$ of $A$ with ${\mathrm{l.ann}_}{A}(I)=0$ and such that $0\neq qI\subseteq
A$. *Left ideally absorbed* can be defined analogously.]{}
Observe that, in the definition above, we are requiring that the ideal $I$ is two-sided rather than just a right ideal. In fact, in the latter case this would be equivalent to saying that $S$ is a right quotient algebra of $A$ (see [@msm Lemma 2.14]).
\[18/11/04,1\] Let $L\subseteq Q$ be a dense extension of Lie algebras with $Z(Q)=0$. Suppose that $A(Q)$ is [right ideally absorbed into ]{}$A_0$. Then $Q$ is an [algebra of quotients ]{}of $L$.
Let $q\in Q\setminus\{0\}$. Since $Z(Q)=0$, we have that ${\mathrm{ad}_}q\neq 0$. By hypothesis, there is an ideal $I$ of $A_0$ such that ${\mathrm{l.ann}_}{A_0}(I)=0$ and $0\neq{\mathrm{ad}_}q I\subseteq A_0$. Set $I_0=\{\alpha (x)\mid \alpha\in I\,, x\in L\}$, which is an ideal of $L$ (see, e.g. the argument in the proof of Theorem \[elteorema\]). Moreover, ${\mathrm{Ann}_}{L} (I_0)=0$. Indeed, suppose that an element $x$ in $L$ satisfies $[x, I_0]=0$. By definition, this means that ${\mathrm{ad}_}x I(L)=0$, and since the extension is dense we have that ${\mathrm{ad}_}x I=0$. Thus ${\mathrm{ad}_}x\in
{\mathrm{l.ann}_}{A_0}(I)=0$. By Lemma \[densext\], $Z(L)=0$ and so $x=0$.
Finally, $0\neq [q, I_0]=({\mathrm{ad}_}q I)(L)\subseteq A_0(L)\subseteq L$.
\[18/11/04,2\] Let $L\subseteq Q$ be a dense extension of Lie algebras, with $L$ semiprime and $Z(Q)=0$. If $A(Q)$ is [right ideally absorbed into ]{}$A_0$, then $A(Q)$ is [left ideally absorbed into ]{}$A_Q(L)$.
By Proposition \[18/11/04,1\], if $A(Q)$ is [right ideally absorbed into ]{}$A_0$ we have that $Q$ is an [algebra of quotients ]{}of $L$. We then may apply Theorem \[elteorema\] to achieve the conclusion.
[99]{}
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[^1]: Research supported by the MCYT and European Regional Development Fund through Projects BFM2002-01390 and MTM2004-06580-C02-02, the Comissionat per Universitats i Recerca de la Generalitat de Catalunya, and the “Plan Andaluz de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico”, FQM 336.
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ICE detains a 30-year New Jersey resident over decade-old conviction
Cloyd Edralin, left, a green card holder who has lived in the U.S. for 30 years, is pictured next to his wife, Brandi Davison-Edralin, and their four children ages 11 to 22. Edralin was detained by immigration officers Monday morning over an 11-year-old f
It was the latest of several milestones for Edralin, a Filipino-bornfather of four. He was staying sober, volunteering at hospitals that treat drug addiction and spending more time with his wife and four children, ages 11 to 22, said his wife, Brandi Davison-Edralin. The new job meant he could help support his family in their modest Highland Park home, she said.
Edralin, 47, who has lived legally in the United States for three decades, was leaving his house to go to work on Monday morning when he was stopped by Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers. They told Edralin, a green card holder, that he was being detained over an 11-year-old firearms conviction, ICE officials confirmed Thursday.
"He felt really good that he was back into normal life, that he was bringing in a sizable income that could help his family," says Davison-Edralin, 45, a U.S. citizen, "and he got picked up on his second week of work."
"What bothers me more than anything is how ICE appears to be handling it. They are going for the easy pickings," she added, noting that Edralin renewed his green card more than three years ago. "It's like, 'We're deporting criminal immigrants, we're deporting people here illegally,' but they're not going after the ones who most people are concerned with.'"
Edralin's arrest is the latest example of how immigration enforcement priorities have shifted under the Trump administration. Former President Barack Obama prioritized violent criminals for deportation, leaving most other other immigrants alone. including those without legal status. President Donald Trump signed an executive order on Jan. 25, 2017, that declared that non-citizens who have been convicted of any criminal offense may be a priority for removal.
Edralin isn't the first green card holder to be detained years after a criminal conviction. In January, a Polish doctor who has lived in the United States for 40 years was detained over two 26-year-old misdemeanors, The Washington Postreported.
Edralin's arrest came as a shock to Edralin's friends and neighbors in Highland Park. His daughters, Nicole,15, and Michelle,11, play recreational softball. Davison-Edralin coached Michelle's team, the Edison Angels. Edralin would cheer them on at games.
The Rev. Seth Kaper-Dale of the Reformed Church of Highland Park, whose daughters play softball with Edralin's daughters, questioned why ICE officers targeted Edralin over an 11-year-old conviction, particularly since he had turned his life around and renewed his green card. Kaper-Dale is holding a rally in support of Edralin at his church on Friday afternoon.
"I'm horrified to think this is a country that doesn't recognize when people make changes in their life and then lead a wonderful life with a family," said Kaper-Dale, an immigrant rights advocate in Central New Jersey. "This kind of feels like it's a thoughtless action by ICE."
ICE officials did not say what prompted the arrest or elaborate on Edralin's case.
If Edralin were deported, he would be sent back to a country where thousands of drug-offenders have died in vigilante campaigns and extra-judicial killings.
In October, President Rodrigo Duterte ordered the police to disband anti-drug units and end Operation Double Barrel, the campaign that targeted high-level dealers, USA Today reported. The police estimate that the crackdown led to nearly 3,900 deaths, but human rights groups say thousands more have been killed in the vigilante campaigns.
"I don't think it's right for America to send people back to [that]," Kaper-Dale said. "It feels like a really dangerous choice."
Building a life in NJ
Edralin came to the United States on a green card in 1988 after his mother, who was living in New Jersey, petitioned for him and his younger sister to join her. Soon after, he started work as a dental technician.
He and Davison-Edralin met in 1991 through mutual friends on a trip to Wildwood. She was dating someone else at the time, but Edralin courted her after they broke up.
They moved to an apartment in Union together in 1996 after she became pregnant with their son, Matthiu, Davison-Edralin said. They got married in August 1999 in the Philippines and three more children followed: Claudia, Nicole and Michelle.
The couple petitioned for a green card for Edralin's father shortly after they married. He left the Philippines to live with Edralin and his family, who had since moved to Edison. Edralin and his father worked together in the same dental office until his father died in 2005.
"My husband actually found him. He passed away in his sleep," Davison-Edralin said. "That wrecked him a lot."
Addiction and arrest
Months after his father's death, Edralin started using methamphetamines, his wife said. Edralin sought help through therapy, but in he was arrested on drug and firearm possession charges in January 2007. He was convicted of unlawful possession of an airsoft pistol, which fires plastic pellets, and was sentenced to probation, according to the New Jersey criminal court database.
Between the fines and medical bills, the family struggled financially. Davison-Edralin says they lost their house in Edison and moved in with Edralin's mother in Livingston.
Edralin worked several odd jobs before he and his wife decided he would take time off to focus on his recovery while she worked full-time as a caseworker.
He attended Recovery Anonymous meetings and researched self-help techniques, she said. Over the next five years, he started volunteering at local hospitals and rehabilitation institutions, and eventually worked part-time as a deli clerk before starting his latest job.
Davison-Edralin said they thought they were in the clear because he had renewed his green card and he was making progress in his recovery, especially after they moved to Highland Park in 2017.
"Addiction takes the person you know away from you. For the first time in a long time I've seen my husband again, the man I married," she said. "Even in the face of where he's at now, he's keeping positive."
As the Holy Fire continues to wreak havoc on parts of Riverside and Orange counties, animal shelters in the impacted areas are making room for lost pets. To accommodate an influx of displaced dogs, some of the canines who were already in those shelters have been transferred to San Diego.
As the Holy Fire continues to wreak havoc on parts of Riverside and Orange counties, animal shelters in the impacted areas are making room for lost pets. To accommodate an influx of displaced dogs, some of the canines who were already in those shelters have been transferred to San Diego.
A wildfire that investigators believe was deliberately set just west of San Diego Zoo Safari Park, one of three to erupt in the area in as many weeks, prompted evacuations and forced the closure of a stretch of the rural highway that fronts the popular wild animal exhibition grounds.
A wildfire that investigators believe was deliberately set just west of San Diego Zoo Safari Park, one of three to erupt in the area in as many weeks, prompted evacuations and forced the closure of a stretch of the rural highway that fronts the popular wild animal exhibition grounds. |
Apartment rents keep rising as summer heats up
Apartment rents continued to rise in July, according to the latest research from ABODO. But the median rent rose at a faster clip for two-bedroom apartments and at a slower rate for one-bedroom units.
ABODO reported that in July the median one-bedroom apartment rent across the country stood at $1,082. That is an increase of 4.54 percent from the same month one year earlier. But it’s also a slight drop from June, when the median one-bedroom rent was $1,087.
Two-bedroom apartment rents, though, continued to rise at a faster clip. ABODO reported that the median two-bedroom apartment rent hit $1,357 a month in July. That’s up a healthy 6.6 percent since January of this year.
Some notable numbers from the Midwest? In Cleveland, the median one-bedroom rent jumped from $760 in June to $802 in July. And in Columbus, Ohio, the median one-bedroom rent fell from $1,065 in June to $970 in July.
Cleveland also saw a monthly increase in median two-bedroom rents, with this figure rising from $761 in June to $790 in July. And in Nashville, the median two-bedroom rent fell from $2,009 in June to $1,915. |
---
abstract: 'We study the ultrafast quasiparticle dynamics in and below the ZnO conduction band using femtosecond time-resolved two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy. Above band gap excitation causes hot electron relaxation by electron-phonon scattering down to the Fermi level $E_\text{F}$ followed by ultrafast (200 fs) formation of a surface exciton (SX). Transient screening of the Coulomb interaction reduces the SX formation probability at high excitation densities near the Mott limit. Located just below the surface, the SX are stable with regard to hydrogen-induced work function modifications and thus the ideal prerequisite for resonant energy transfer applications.'
author:
- 'J.-C. Deinert'
- 'D. Wegkamp'
- 'M. Meyer'
- 'C. Richter'
- 'M. Wolf'
- 'J. Stähler'
bibliography:
- 'deinert\_etal\_ZnO.bib'
title: 'Ultrafast exciton formation at the ZnO(10${\overline{\textbf{1}}}$0) surface'
---
The technological importance of zinc oxide (ZnO) originates from its large direct band gap ($\sim3.4~\text{eV}$) and high bulk exciton binding energy (60 meV) [@Woll2007], which make it a promising candidate for optoelectronic applications, using ZnO nanoparticles [@Richters2008; @Slootsky2014; @KlingshirnPSS], epilayers [@KlingshirnPSS], and hybrid organic-inorganic systems [@Della2011; @Xu2013; @Slootsky2014]. In this context, the optical and electronic properties of ZnO *surfaces* naturally play a significant role with regard to electronic and excitonic coupling with other materials, e.g., organic dye molecules. As dipole-dipole coupling is highly distance dependent [@Forster1948], the rates for Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between different materials depend strongly on the presence of exciton dead layers at the surface [@Egel1996; @Fono2004b; @Kili2011] or, on the contrary, the existence of surface excitons. The latter are a dominant species in photoluminescence (PL) studies of different types of ZnO nanostructures due to the comparably large surface-to-bulk ratio [@Fono2004; @Richters2008; @Kuehn2013; @Slootsky2014]. Despite the great scientific attention, detailed understanding of this technologically highly important species is still missing, as the systematic modification and characterization of nanoparticle surfaces is very challenging. Because of the lack of surface sensitivity of optical probes and PL, SX could only once be identified at a ZnO *single crystal* surface [@Trav1990]. However, as the sample had been exposed to air, the surface condition was rather undefined. Neither observation nor systematic characterization of SX under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions, which provide reproducible surfaces at the nanoscale level [@Woll2007; @Diebold], is known to date, and thus the origin and character of this very relevant species remains vague.
In this Letter, we use femtosecond (fs) time-resolved two-photon photoelectron (2PPE) spectroscopy to investigate the ultrafast carrier and exciton dynamics at the single crystal ZnO($10\overline{1}0$) surface under well-defined UHV conditions. Due to the intrinsic surface sensitivity of this technique we are able to observe the ultrafast relaxation of hot electrons in the conduction band and the subsequent formation an excitonic state near the surface on sub-picosecond timescales. High excitation densities near the Mott limit enhance the screening of the electron-hole (*e-h*) Coulomb interaction and thus reduce the formation probability of this state. Remarkably, even strong modification of the (static) surface charge density by hydrogen termination does *not* change the population dynamics of the SX, strongly suggesting that the exciton is localized in the *sub*surface region. This adjacence of the exciton to the surface (1–2 nm) combined with its stability with respect to surface modification demonstrates its direct relevance for applications of ZnO involving resonant energy transfer.
. (a) 2PPE principle and relevant processes. Photoexcited ($h\nu_\text{pump}$) electrons relax by electron-phonon scattering (1) and exciton formation (2), which is probed by a time-delayed laser pulse ($h\nu_\text{probe}$) in photoemission. (b) Exemplary photoelectron spectrum of the hydrogen-terminated ZnO surface (black). The low-energy cut-off $E^\text{SE}=\Phi-h\nu_\text{probe}$ is a measure of the work function; the intensity below $E_\text{F}$ results from the CAL at the surface. Above band gap excitation leads to additional 2PPE intensity around $E_\text{F}$ (blue). Subtraction of the equilibrium background signal yields the pump-induced spectrum (purple). (c) Impact of hydrogen termination on sample work function and CAL intensity.](Fig1_finale2)
Figure \[fig1\](a) depicts the principle of time-resolved 2PPE spectroscopy. A first laser pulse initiates nonequilibrium dynamics by excitation of electrons from the valence band (VB) into normally unoccupied states in the conduction band (CB). A second laser pulse subsequently photoemits the excited electron population. The temporal evolution is monitored by variation of the time delay between pump and probe pulse [^1]. The photoelectrons were detected using a hemispherical electron energy analyzer (PHOIBOS 100) held at a fixed bias voltage (1.5 V) with respect to the sample. Photoelectron (PE) spectra are referenced to the, *in situ* measured, tantalum sample holder Fermi energy $E_\text{F}$, which was in electrical contact with the sample surface.
We investigated three different hydrothermally grown ZnO single crystals (Mateck) and found no quantitative differences. Their nonpolar, mixed-terminated ($10\overline{1}0$) surfaces were prepared by $\text{Ar}^+$ sputtering and annealing cycles ($T_\text{max}
=850~\text{K}$) under UHV conditions ($p_\text{base}=1\times10^{-10}~\text{mbar}$). The VB maximum remains unchanged at $E-E_\text{F}
=-3.18(6)~\text{eV}$ for different types of preparations using oxygen background pressures up to $10^{-6}\text{ mbar}$ (not shown). Neither charging, nor surface photovoltage effects have been observed [^2]. Unless otherwise stated, experiments were performed at $T=100~\text{K}$. Incident fluences between $10\text{ and }~35\mu\text{J/cm}^{2}$ translate to maximum excitation densities of $1.45-5.22\times10^{18}~\text{cm}^{-3}$, which is below or close to the Mott limit [^3]. Hydrogen termination of the surface was achieved by background dosing of $
\text{H}_2$ [^4].
Exposure of a semiconductor surface to an electron donor (like hydrogen) can lead to downward surface band bending. In the case of the intrinsically *n*-doped ZnO, this leads to the formation of a few $10~\text{\AA}$ thick charge accumulation layer (CAL) at the ($10\overline{1}0$) surface [@Eger1976; @Lueth; @Wang2005] with a maximum surface charge density of $10^{13}~\text{cm}^{-2}$ [@Ozawa2011]. We monitor the CAL formation by (1) the occurrence of photoelectron intensity directly below $E_\text{F}$ as shown in Fig. \[fig1\](b) and (2) by a reduction of the sample work function that is correlated with the surface band bending as sketched in Fig. \[fig1\](a). Figure \[fig1\](c) shows that increasing $\text{H}_2$ exposure leads, in agreement with literature [@Ozawa2011], to an increasing CAL intensity (blue curve) [^5], which is accompanied by a work function decrease that saturates at $\Delta\Phi_\text{max}=-0.6~\text{eV}$. This change of the surface dipole is a result of the electron donor character of the hydrogen, leaving the positively charged ion at the surface. Directly after preparation of a pristine ZnO surface, a slight but continuous increase of CAL intensity going along with a work function reduction of several 10 meV is always observed due to the inevitable $\text{H}_2$ background even in a UHV environment ($<0.1~\text{L/h}$). In order to stabilize the PE signal and to reduce the work function, we exposed the sample (unless otherwise stated) to $6~\text{L}$ of $\text{H}_2$ before experiments, which corresponds, based on Ref. [@Ozawa2011], to a charge density in the CAL on the order of $10^{18}~\text{cm}^{-3}$ and a termination of surface oxygen of only a few percent.
Figure \[fig2\](a) shows the *photoinduced* 2PPE intensity, i.e., after subtraction of the equilibrium background \[cf. Fig. \[fig1\](b)\], in false colors as a function of pump-probe delay and energy with respect to $E_\text{F}$. Photoexcitation below the Mott limit (max. excitation density $1.45\times10^{18}~\text{cm}^{-3}$) launches fast dynamics at high energies that significantly slow down for $E-E_\text{F} < 0.2~\text{eV}$. Note that experiments at even lower excitation densities expose qualitatively similar dynamics (not shown) [^6]. Exemplary cross correlation (XC) traces are depicted in Fig. \[fig2\](b) (circles), which can be fitted (solid lines) using bi-exponential decays convolved with the laser pulses’ cross correlation (dashed). The fast time constant of this empirical fit can be related to the hot electron relaxation time at the respective energy. We performed similar experiments for temperatures between 50 and 300 K, the results of which are presented in Fig. \[fig2\](c). In agreement with previous 2PPE autocorrelation measurements [@Tisdale2008] and theoretical work [@Zhukov2010], we find extremely fast electron relaxation for carriers above the bulk conduction band minimum (CBM) \[$\tau=20\text{--}40~\text{fs}$, gray shaded area in Fig. \[fig2\](c)\]. These fast relaxation times compared to hot electrons in metals [@Liso2004] can be explained by the reduced screening in the semiconductor. They result from scattering with optical phonons and are therefore independent of temperature in the investigated region ($k_
\text{B}T<26~\text{meV}$). Theory [@Zhukov2010] predicts a slowing down of the electron relaxation in the bulk when approaching the CBM \[dashed line in Fig. \[fig2\](c)\], because fewer efficient scattering channels require more scattering events for the same energy loss. In the present experiment, at the ZnO($10\overline{1}0$) surface, such a “phonon bottleneck" does not occur, as the downward surface band bending provides density of states (DOS) down to $E_
\text{F}$ \[see inset in Fig. \[fig2\](c)\].
The dynamics *below* $E_\text{F}$ differ significantly from the ones above. Integration of the 2PPE intensity yields the diamond-shaped markers in Fig. \[fig2\](b). They display an initial drop of intensity, which is due to bleaching of the CAL by $h\nu_\text{pump}$, followed by a rise up to a constant positive value. Notably, this delayed increase of pump-induced 2PPE intensity occurs *below* $E_\text{F}$, i.e., below the energy which defines the highest occupied electronic state in equilibrium. Consequently, $h\nu_\text{pump}$ must create additional states below $E_\text{F}$ leading to an increased 2PPE signal. Such photoinduced creation of states could be caused by (i) small polaron formation, (ii) photoinduced changes of the surface electronic structure like surface photovoltage shifts, band gap renormalization, or heating/bleaching of the CAL, or (iii) exciton formation.
It is well known that lattice distortions stabilize the ZnO exciton and lead to its large binding energy of 60 meV [^7]. The formation of *separate* polarons of electron and hole is thus unlikely. Also, no experimental evidence of small polaron formation was found by recent time-resolved THz spectroscopy studies of ZnO [@Hendry2007], excluding scenario (i). We tested the validity of (ii) and (iii) by a variation of the excitation density. While, in the case of (ii), photoinduced changes of the surface band bending (SBB) and occupational changes due to laser heating should become stronger with increasing pump fluence, (iii) the probability of exciton formation should be independent of excitation density below the Mott limit, i.e., the density at which the screening of the Coulomb interaction sets in \[see inset in Fig. \[fig3\](a)\]. For stronger excitation the Coulomb interaction of the electron-hole pairs is reduced by the photoexcited *e-h* plasma and thus the exciton formation probability diminishes.
. 2PPE spectra for (a) different excitation densities and (b) hydrogen terminations after background subtraction and normalized to the hot electron intensity at high energies ($0.4\text{--}0.6~\text{eV}$) in order to compare changes relative to the single particle excitation density. (a) Stronger excitation reduces the SX formation probability due to screening of the Coulomb interaction as illustrated in the insets. (b) The SX intensity does *not* decrease with increasing $\text{H}_2$ termination showing localization in the subsurface region as illustrated by the inset.](Fig3_finale_corr)
Figure \[fig3\](a) compares 2PPE spectra of two different excitation densities near the Mott limit of ZnO at different time delays. While the overall dynamics do not change, the intensity of the spectral signature at $E_\text{F}$ is *reduced* by the *increase* of the excitation density. This observation unambiguously shows that (ii) photoinduced changes of SBB and CAL density cannot be the cause of the observed peak. On the contrary, the decreased intensity matches the expectations (iii) for an exciton whose formation probability is reduced by screening of the electron-hole interaction. As all of these processes must happen in the surface region [^8], we conclude that the photoinduced intensity below $E_\text{F}$ results from near surface-bound excitons (SX) with a binding energy with respect to the bulk conduction band minimum of 250 meV. It should be noted that, in the SBB picture, the local binding energy relative to the local CBM is probably smaller \[cf. inset of Fig. \[fig2\](c), dotted curve\]. The continuous evolution of the SX signature from the hot electron distribution is a direct consequence of the off-resonant excitation leading to carriers that relax to the band edges. The formation of SX occurs at least as fast as the observed rise time of PE intensity below $E_\text{F}$ of 200 fs, however, these excitons are in a highly excited “hot” state that relaxes to the ground state on longer timescales [^9]. Due to the limited energy resolution (45 meV) and because PES averages over the energy distribution in the SBB region, the spectral signatures of electron and exciton blend smoothly into each other [^10]. As the electron of the SX energetically lies *below* the Fermi level, nonradiative decay of this excitation is strongly suppressed: Dissociation of the exciton and separation of electron and hole in defect states within the band gap usually is a prominent nonradiative decay channel for excitons. It *cannot* occur here, as most possible final states for the electron lie below $E_\text{F}$ and are therefore occupied. The decay of the SX population can thus only happen through electron-hole pair recombination going along with luminescence or Auger-type processes, which results in the high stability of this excited state [^11].
In order to test the stability of the SX, we modified the surface electronic properties by variation of the hydrogen termination. As mentioned above, this leads to a reduction of the sample work function by hundreds of meV and concurrent formation of a CAL at the surface. Such strong modification of the surface electronic structure should severely affect the formation probability of the SX if it was localized in the vacuum in front of the surface (through the modified ionization potential leading to spectral shifts) or in the first double layer (through the screening of the Coulomb interaction by the charge density in the CAL leading to a reduction of the SX intensity with increasing termination). As shown in Fig. \[fig3\](b), none of these effects occur when increasing the $ \text{H}_2$ exposure from 3 to 44 L ($\Delta\Phi_\text{max}=-250~\text{meV}$). We thus conclude that the SX is localized in the subsurface region where additional static screening of the Coulomb interaction does not occur. On the contrary, increasing the hydrogen exposure by more than a factor of 10 leads to a comparably weak *increase* of the SX intensity and a weak shift to higher energies. This observation could be explained by SX localized close to hydrogen binding sites where the downward SBB is strongest and a denser CAL with increasing termination that could give the SX Mahan exciton character (see e.g. [@Bechstedt2011]), i.e. the energetic stabilization of the CAL due to a localized hole in the VB.
In summary, we present a systematic investigation of the ultrafast electron and exciton dynamics at the ZnO($10\overline{1}0$) surface, showing the formation of a subsurface-bound exciton on fs timescales that exhibits a very large binding energy with respect to the bulk conduction band, resulting in a remarkable stability of this feature. The study thus offers a complete and novel picture of the quasiparticle relaxation at this surface. The existence of a subsurface exciton which is stable with regard to surface modifications is of high relevance for applications of ZnO, e.g., involving FRET. The SX may dominate the dipole-dipole coupling across functional interfaces due to its adjacence to the surface, and it may even persist under non-UHV conditions.
We are grateful for stimulating discussions with T. Kampfrath, P. Rinke and O. Hofmann at the FHI Berlin. This work was partially funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through Sfb 951 and the European Union through Grant No. 280879-2 CRONOS CP-FP7.
[^1]: Laser pulses were provided by a regeneratively amplified (RegA), tuneable fs-laser (200 kHz). The frequency-doubled output of an optical parametric amplifier provided $h\nu_\text{pump}=3.76\text{--}4.2~\text{eV}$ and the third (4.65 eV) and fourth harmonic (6.2 eV) of the 800 nm RegA output were used for photoemission
[^2]: As discussed further below, the observed spectral features exhibit a neither fluence nor temperature dependence.
[^3]: Literature values for the Mott density vary between $1.5~\text{and}~6\times10^{18}~\text{cm}^{-3}$ [@Dijkhuis2011; @Hendry2007; @Bechstedt2011]. The calculated maximum excitation densities give an upper limit for the absorption directly at the surface.
[^4]: The glowing filament of an ion gauge was set $15~\text{cm}$ in line of sight with the sample surface leading to an increased dissociation of $\text{H}_2$.
[^5]: The sticking coefficient is unknown and dissociation of $\text{H}_2$ occurs at filaments in the chamber plays a role, which inhibits quantitative comparison of the exposures to Ref. [@Ozawa2011].
[^6]: The observed dynamics thus cannot be attributed to collective phenomena of the excited electron-hole plasma like, e.g., Fermi edge singularities [@Kaindl1998; @Perakis2000; @Huber2001].
[^7]: The Coulomb attraction between electron and hole and its screening in the dielectric material determines the binding energy and localization of the exciton. In particular in semiconductors with ionic character like $\text{TiO}_2$ and ZnO, the coupling of carriers and excitons to the lattice, even on ultrafast timescales, cannot be neglected [@Chiodo2010; @Zhukov2010; @Bothschafter2013]. This leads to a polaronic character of the exciton (relaxation of ions localizes the *e-h* pair), leading to a change of exciton binding energy due to coupling with phonons [@Hsu2004].
[^8]: The SX feature is caused by the downward SBB, which extends only 1 nm into the ZnO crystal [@Ozawa2011]. Also, PE is only sensitive to the first few nm due to the finite mean free path of electrons in a solid.
[^9]: The 1s ground state formation of the exciton usually occurs, depending on the material, on a ps to ns timescale. [@Chat2004; @Hendry2007; @Kaindl2009]
[^10]: This is different to the SX formation at the Si(100) surface, where the exciton results from electrons and holes in the electronic surface states and not the CB and VB continuum [@Weinelt2004] and also not comparable to the transient excitons at the Ag(111) surface, which decay on fs timescales [@Petek2014].
[^11]: The SX population decay is slower than the 400 ps accessible in our experiment. Comparison with the results achieved by Tisdale *et al.* [@Tisdale2008] using a 76 MHz oscillator suggests lifetimes exceeding 10 ns.
|
"Just feel like home"
Everyone so friendly~ just feel like home...
I don't worry so much about restaurant/eating places, nothing beat home cooking
I see a lot of improvement in this area, specially next year, when Costco & Ikea finish their construction
Will become busy suburb, but that's fine with me, more convenience I can get...
CatherineKristantoResearching about this suburb as we plan to move out after our current rent is over! How is the amenities like? Eg. Shopping centre, groceries, etc??
2yrs+
TetyanaGUnfortunately nothing is in walking distance in the Mirvac estate. There used to be a path that would have allowed easy access to Costco but that has been closed due to safety concerns with Kids crossing such a busy road. There are lots of shopping centres close by at Casula, Macquarie Fields and both are about a 5-10 drive so not too far.
2yrs+
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Review written via Homely.com.auThe opinions expressed within this review are those of the individual reviewer and not those of Ray White.Report
"Better place for bringing up small children in a peaceful environment"
We chosen this place to live because of the convenience to raising up our small children in a quite and peaceful environment. Both of our children had a good schooling experience in the primary school. Now my son studying in the reputed selective high school next door. It is only 7mts walk to this school and my younger one had only 15 mts walk to the good ranking Glenwood primary school. Walking is safe and we encounter any kind of problems so far after living here. There are few surgeries close by and a new medical center for emergencies. Dental services, physio are available in the suburb itself. Many young families with kids are living here mainly because of the affordable prices, child care centres, good public transport especially train service, and good nearby schools. Spiritual needs can also met in this suburb. We will not hear any bad words or yelling or swearing and that indicates the socio economic status of the inhabitants. It is very important when raising our children in a positive environment. The main lack of this suburb is the lack of big shopping complexes including eating out places. When we look back this suburb is developing each year with more facilities. Now we have a new multistory car park, upgraded station (before we have no lifts in the station), new estates like panorama, mirvac, glenfield circuit and parkside glenfield, new medical center etc. Roads are clean and houses and surrounding are kept clean and green. Friendly neigbours, they are resources in times of need. It is still not yer overcrowded like Liverpool so I like this place to recommend for families with kids.
"Good place for family living"
Quiet and nice place to bring up a young family. Many young families in the area. Big shopping options with Costco and Ikea going up in the Crossroads Home-maker centre in the next couple of years so will get a little bit of a buzz.
"Busy Place"
walter_yahhDon't agree- New train multi-storey 300+car capacity carpark built next to station- Station undergoing major rennovations as a major hub - Busy body neighbours = friendly neighbours- Rent high? Are you joking? Try and find a better value, better quality house for rent or even house/land package within 40mn train ride of Sydney
2yrs+
walter_yahhBTW - am talking about the new Panorama estate in Glenfield not old glenfield
2yrs+
SatisfiedResidentParking is not an issue any more with the new multistory car park adjacent to Huurlstone School
2yrs+
Vista_Residentyeah i agree the new carpark is great...(but a little further from the station that I would have liked)
2yrs+
Add a comment...
Review written via Homely.com.auThe opinions expressed within this review are those of the individual reviewer and not those of Ray White.Report
"Great New Mirvac Estate in Glenfield!!!!"
Positives
- Close to public transport
- Express trains to the city
- Major train station stop (all trains would stop here)
- Pool, Tennis Court, BBQs etc (with community strata - would cost more if you maintained yourself)
- Many young families
- Easy access to road transport links (M5/M7/Hume)
- Fast drive to the beach off-peak (25 mins to Brighton ++ not many western suburbs have this luxury)
- Close to shopping centres of Liverpool and Campbelltown
- Judging from community pictures - demographic is very mixed
- Has the feel of a closed community
Negatives
- 50 mins on the train (up from my 25-30mn at the moment)
- Peak hour M5 is atrocious
- Western Sydney (Hotter in Summer, Cooler in Winter)
- Having to deal with conversations at work (you live WHERE????????)
- Proximity to large scale govt housing (ie. Macquarie Fields Govt Housing Estates are 10-15mins drive away)
- Having to pay strata for a house (however reasonable @ $250/qtr)
"Quiet peaceful suburb"
It is a quiet suburb conveniently located. It is only 35 minutes journey to city on East Hill Railway line. There is a shopping mall at Glenquarie and has a reputed selective school. I have been living in Glenfield for more than 8 years and find this suburb very safe, peaceful and quiet.
"Perfect starting suburb"
I have lived in glenfield for a long time and i can safely say it is one of the best. Commuting is excellent due to buses, trains and the new glenfield station being constructed. Very child freindly, lots of child care, primary schools, and selective schools with easy transport to school (one bus trip)I have found that me house and land value has skyrocketed, up to twice the original purchase price, and it seems to be getting higher by the month.
"A Good community feel within the Mirvac estate"
The new Mirvac estate has lifted the feel of glenfield. it looks modern, clean and good for first home buyers. the new car park next to the train station has definitely solved some of the parking issues |
Use PHP-Zend Framework for Outstanding Web Application Development
PHP, as we all know, is one of the most followed web development technologies across the world. The exceptional features of PHP have been pivotal in making the websites so important and relevant to our needs. We have come across a lot of ‘science’ that has been introduced and framed within the web scenario by PHP over time and that all is the base on which the whole act of architecture building, relational mapping and characterization depends.
But one needs a platform to support the development in an easy and rapid manner in order to comprehensively build a solution using different crafts of PHP. You need a framework like Zend that resourcefully serves as a theatrical panel to facilitate easy and effective programming. The whole idea of building a website through a framework comes alive with Zend, as it compliantly serves all the development needs and ropes in the best of features and coding resources in an optimized manner.
Here are some amazing details about Zend’s capability:
Forbearing Towards Typical Development Errors
If you are new to development there’s nothing like Zend. The flexibility and wide operational scope Zend offers, allows you to work with different options on the move. The framework’s architecture is designed to suit your preferences of experimenting with features and resources. It gives you ample of scope to do changes and try variations on code – without having any stress. Most importantly with Zend there’s always an easy way out off errors that you find hardly anywhere else!
The Add-Ons
Extensions play a big role in defining the strength of a programming framework. It is the real strong facet of any development entity that works beyond things told. The large number of library-scripts and extensions Zend covers makes it highly motivating for developers to work with. Further, the way you get to find, use and implement the add-ons, you find it highly easy to plan and embed them with your code.
Vested with the MVC Advantage
MVC capabilities have made Zend bigger, better and more pertinent as a framework. With the amazing MVC features, Zend makes the most of it to be referred in an abstract manner and manages to deal best with details. Zend holds the process tight allowing a clean collection of codes from the developer, wrapping it together within a compliant application package that renders a proper structure for better web alignment and overall performance.
No Dearth of Analytical Minds and Helping Hands
PHP has a vast network of proficient developers backing it up with amazing strength to work across the technology realm. This simply points towards the dependability and reliability of the community and its implication on the skills and experience that power Zend developers across the globe. No matter what size or complexity of project you have and how farsighted you are with your goal, you are going to get a complete support from the unwavering fraternity of developers.
This is a broad description of the amazing technology that Zend is and this certainly shows how long it is going to last, as a practice and phenomena. It has all the features that go beyond the regular conventions of web development making it a modern self-reliant framework with a lot of development potential to go big in the web arena. |
Q:
Download file from vbscript?
I need a script that can be run on freshly installed windows xp+ and download specified files from internet, like http://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.6.2/python-2.6.2.msi
Is it any easy way to do it without hand-crafting HTTP/FTP requests or using third-party programs like wget? I can suggest that WScript.CreateObject("internetexplorer.application") will do the magic, but documentation on it is extremely huge and Google is silent, as always :).
A:
Just found this one pasted below. You can run it with cscript and have it scheduled.
'Set your settings
strFileURL = "http://www.domain.com/file.zip"
strHDLocation = "D:\file.zip"
' Fetch the file
Set objXMLHTTP = CreateObject("MSXML2.XMLHTTP")
objXMLHTTP.open "GET", strFileURL, false
objXMLHTTP.send()
If objXMLHTTP.Status = 200 Then
Set objADOStream = CreateObject("ADODB.Stream")
objADOStream.Open
objADOStream.Type = 1 'adTypeBinary
objADOStream.Write objXMLHTTP.ResponseBody
objADOStream.Position = 0 'Set the stream position to the start
Set objFSO = Createobject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
If objFSO.Fileexists(strHDLocation) Then objFSO.DeleteFile strHDLocation
Set objFSO = Nothing
objADOStream.SaveToFile strHDLocation
objADOStream.Close
Set objADOStream = Nothing
End if
Set objXMLHTTP = Nothing
|
US steps up pressure on Hungary over corruption
Euronews
The United States is continuing its pressure on Hungary over alleged corruption, in a row which has already seen several Hungarian citizens denied entry into the US.
The United States claimed it had credible information that those people are either engaging in or benefitting from corruption.
Euronews’ correspondent in Budapest, Andrea Hajagos, points out that aside from these alleged corruption cases, the United States has also criticised many reforms introduced by Viktor Orban’s conservative government.
Hungary’s Foreign Minister Peter Szijjarto called on the US to publish its evidence. But Washington’s man in Budapest said there are already sufficient warning signs.
“The government of Hungary could choose to act upon the information that has already been presented to it by either watchdogs, by private citizens, by whistleblowers, by civil society, and act upon that information according to the wishes of its own citizens, rather than waiting for the United States to tell it which case is to investigate,” said
André Goodfriend, Deputy Chief of Mission at the US Embassy.
Washington has already said that its travel bans were not targetted solely at Hungary, something that does not surprise analysts at an influential Washington think-tank.
“The very troublesome development is that these tendencies are spreading across the region. There is a growing sense that corruption, democratic backsliding, ineffective and an often biased judiciary and other signs of these tendencies are putting these gains, these democratic gains, into question,” said Simona Kordosova of the Atlantic Council.
An overall trend in eastern Europe or not, Hungary sees the US move as a challenge to the country’s “general democratic values”. |
The playoff situation could not be simpler for the San Diego Chargers: win and they're in.It's a bit more complicated for the Kansas City Chiefs.Not only do they need to beat their AFC West rival for the second time this...
After much ado, the controversial film The Interview finally found its way into theaters on Christmas Day. But did all the publicity help to keep the cash registers ringing? Not exactly.The Interview, the film that...
Missouri became the first state Friday to have an average statewide gas price fall below $2 per gallon since 2009, while Oklahoma's average was expected to drop below that threshold sometime over the weekend, according to AAA. |
Blizzard bearing down on Crookston, region
Friday
Jan 11, 2013 at 12:52 PMJan 11, 2013 at 12:56 PM
Snow will be blown around, and then it's going to get cold.
Katie Davidson, student staff writer
Minnesotans know that blizzard warnings are nothing to take lightly, and with Crookston being included in the many areas affected by the winter storm bearing down on the region, you can expect the system moving in is not your run-of-the-mill storm.
With the freezing rain and light drizzle received Thursday night through Friday morning, which is expected to continue across portions of west central and northwest Minnesota, ice accumulations greater than one quarter inch are possible for the area resulting in treacherous driving conditions. Temperatures will continue to drop, causing the precipitation to change to all snow later today.
The blizzard warning issued by the National Weather Service forecast office in Grand Forks takes effect at 6 p.m. Friday and continues until noon Saturday. Five to nine inches of snow are expected to accumulate Friday night into early Saturday, and maybe another inch or two will fall on Saturday.
Considerable blowing and drifting snow will result in reductions in visibility to near zero at times, making travel extremely hazardous. Saturday will also be much colder with wind chill down to 15 to 30 below region-wide.
Everyone is reminded to take the necessary precautions needed to avoid any casualties that come with blizzards. If you have travel plans, make sure to check driving conditions ahead of time as falling and blowing snow with strong winds may lead to poor visibility and whiteout conditions. Check to make sure events and activities are still scheduled, because as of press time today numerous activities, events and athletic contests have been cancelled.
Original content available for non-commercial use under a Creative Commons license, except where noted.
Crookston Times - Crookston, MN ~ 124 South Broadway, Crookston, MN 56716 ~ Privacy Policy ~ Terms Of Service |
107 F.3d 31
NOTICE: Federal Circuit Local Rule 47.6(b) states that opinions and orders which are designated as not citable as precedent shall not be employed or cited as precedent. This does not preclude assertion of issues of claim preclusion, issue preclusion, judicial estoppel, law of the case or the like based on a decision of the Court rendered in a nonprecedential opinion or order.Larry L. COOPER, Petitioner,v.DEPARTMENT OF the NAVY, Respondent,andMerit Systems Protection Board, Respondent.
No. 96-3142.
United States Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit.
March 27, 1996.
ORDER
1
The petitioner having filed the required Statement Concerning Discrimination, it is
2
ORDERED that the order of dismissal and the mandate be, and the same hereby are, VACATED and RECALLED, and the petition for review is REINSTATED.
3
Petitioner's informal brief is due on or before April 17, 1996.
|
Breast Tumours Resembling the Tall Cell Variant of Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma: Are They Part of the Papillary Carcinoma Spectrum or a Distinct Entity?
Papillary tumours of the breast are diagnostically challenging lesions and represent a wide spectrum of diseases from papilloma to invasive papillary carcinoma. A rare subtype of breast papillary tumour resembling the tall cell variant of thyroid papillary carcinoma (BTRTPC) has been described. The nomenclature of this entity, its relationship to other papillary tumours, and its nature, whether in situ or invasive, remain unclear. Seventy-five papillary carcinomas (PCs) of the breast previously diagnosed in routine practice were reviewed and the presence of features (n = 10) characteristic of BTRTPC were assessed to determine whether BTRTPC comprises a distinct entity or is part of the spectrum of the previously defined PC variants. Nuclear overlapping and eosinophilic granular cytoplasm were seen in 81 and 75% of the cases, whereas nuclear grooves, nuclear clearing, and tall cells were noticed in 51, 42, and 38% of the cases, respectively; 27% of the cases showed macro- and micro-follicular architecture filled with colloid-like material. Five cases (7%) lacked oestrogen receptor (ER) expression. Co-existing invasive carcinoma was seen in 25 cases (33%). Two cases displayed several features characteristic of BTRTPC, and both were ER-negative. Features characteristic of BTRTPC overlap with other PCs of the breast. Molecular and immunohistochemical biomarkers are needed to provide objective diagnostic criteria for the characterisation of such lesions in routine practice. |
Chapter 1119: FOREIGN BANKS
(A)
"Foreign bank" means any
company, or any subsidiary or affiliate of a company, organized under the laws
of a foreign country, a territory of the United States, Puerto Rico, Guam,
American Samoa, or the Virgin Islands, that engages in the business of banking.
"Foreign bank" includes, without limitation, a foreign commercial bank, foreign
merchant bank, or other foreign institution that engages in banking activities
usually conducted in connection with the business of banking in the country
that granted its charter or countries where the foreign institution is
operating.
(B)
"Executive
officer" has the same meaning as in section
1109.23 of the Revised Code.
(A)
No foreign
bank shall conduct any operations in this state connected to its banking
business, unless it has a license issued by the superintendent of financial
institutions under this chapter or by the office of the comptroller of the
currency. Any license issued by the superintendent under this chapter is
effective until surrendered by the foreign bank or revoked by the
superintendent.
(B)
Except as
provided in section
1117.05 of the Revised Code, no
person shall conduct any operations in this state connected to a foreign bank's
banking business as a representative or as an agent of a foreign bank, unless
the foreign bank is licensed to conduct those operations either by the
superintendent under this chapter or by the office of the comptroller of the
currency.
(C)
If any person
conducts operations in this state as a representative or agent of a foreign
bank, the foreign bank is deemed to be conducting those operations.
(1)
For each representative office a foreign bank
proposes to operate, the foreign bank shall first submit to the superintendent
of financial institutions an application for preliminary approval of the
representative office. The superintendent shall approve or disapprove the
application within sixty days after accepting the application.
(2)
In determining whether to approve or
disapprove the foreign bank's application, the superintendent shall consider
all of the following:
(a)
Whether the foreign
bank is subject to comprehensive supervision and regulation on a consolidated
basis by the appropriate authorities in the country that granted its banking
charter;
(b)
Whether the management
of the foreign bank and the proposed management of the representative office
are adequate;
(c)
Whether any
controlling person of the foreign bank, each director and executive officer of
the foreign bank, and each director and executive officer of any controlling
person of the foreign bank is competent and of good character and sound
financial standing;
(d)
Whether the
capital and financial resources of the foreign bank are adequate;
(e)
Whether the foreign bank is currently
operating in compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and orders;
(f)
Whether it is reasonable to
believe the foreign bank will operate the representative office in compliance
with applicable laws, regulations, and orders;
(B)
The superintendent shall issue a license to a
foreign bank to operate the representative office if all of the following have
occurred:
(1)
The superintendent has approved
the foreign bank's application for preliminary approval to operate the
representative office under division (A) of this section.
(2)
The foreign bank has met all conditions
of the superintendent's preliminary approval.
(3)
The foreign bank has delivered to the
superintendent an appointment of an agent for service of process, the agent's
acknowledgment of the appointment, and the foreign bank's agreement to service
of process upon the superintendent if reasonable efforts to serve the foreign
bank's agent or place of business in this state are unsuccessful.
(B)
At or through a
licensed representative office, a foreign bank may conduct activities that are
connected to the foreign bank's banking business, including the following:
(1)
A representative office may contact local
persons to solicit business for the foreign bank, but may not solicit, receive,
or accept deposits, either directly or as agent, for subsequent deposit at
another office of the foreign bank.
(2)
A representative office may accept and
process applications for the extension of credit, but may not approve any
application.
(3)
A representative
office may prepare documentation and execute documents for transactions
previously approved outside this state, but may not disburse any funds or
otherwise provide credit in this state.
(1)
For each agency or branch a foreign bank proposes
to operate, the foreign bank shall first submit to the superintendent of
financial institutions an application for preliminary approval of the agency or
branch. The superintendent shall determine whether to approve or disapprove the
application within sixty days after accepting the application.
(2)
In determining whether to approve or
disapprove the foreign bank's application, the superintendent shall consider
all of the following:
(a)
Whether the foreign
bank is subject to comprehensive supervision and regulation on a consolidated
basis by the appropriate authorities in the country that granted its banking
charter;
(b)
Whether the management
of the foreign bank and the proposed management of the agency or branch are
adequate;
(c)
Whether any
controlling person of the foreign bank, each director and executive officer of
the foreign bank, and each director and executive officer of any controlling
person of the foreign bank is competent and of good character and sound
financial standing;
(d)
Whether the
capital and financial resources of the foreign bank are adequate;
(e)
Whether the foreign bank is currently
operating in a safe and sound manner, and is in compliance with applicable
laws, regulations, and orders;
(f)
Whether it is reasonable to believe the foreign bank will operate the agency or
branch in a safe and sound manner, and in compliance with applicable laws,
regulations, and orders;
(B)
The
superintendent shall issue a license to a foreign bank to operate the agency or
branch if the following have occurred:
(1)
The superintendent has approved the foreign bank's application for preliminary
approval to operate the agency or branch under division (A) of this section.
(2)
The foreign bank has met all
conditions of the superintendent's preliminary approval.
(3)
The foreign bank has delivered to the
superintendent an appointment of an agent for service of process, the agent's
acknowledgment of the appointment, and the foreign bank's agreement to service
of process upon the superintendent if reasonable efforts to serve the foreign
bank's agent or place of business in this state are unsuccessful.
(4)
The foreign bank has pledged assets as
required under section
1119.09 of the Revised Code and
maintains assets in this state as required by section
1119.10 of the Revised Code.
(A)
To be
licensed to operate an agency or branch in this state, a foreign bank shall
pledge assets to the superintendent of financial institutions, of the kinds, in
an amount, and in the manner prescribed by the superintendent, by placing the
assets with a qualified custodian for safekeeping. The assets pledged are for
the benefit of the agency's or branch's unaffiliated creditors.
(1)
The value of the assets pledged in accordance with this section shall be
computed based on the lesser of their principal amount or market value.
(2)
In determining the amount of
assets a foreign bank is required to pledge for each agency or branch, the
superintendent shall consider both of the following:
(a)
The amounts necessary or desirable to
maintain a sound financial condition and to protect depositors, creditors, and
the public interest;
(b)
The
concentration of risk to any one borrower or group of related borrowers and the
concentration of transfer risk to any one country, including the country in
which the foreign bank is domiciled.
(C)
A foreign bank that has pledged assets as required
by this section may receive any income paid on those assets while the foreign
bank continues to conduct business in the ordinary course in this state and the
superintendent has not issued a notice prohibiting the foreign bank's receipt
of income paid on the assets the foreign bank has pledged.
(D)
A foreign bank that has pledged assets as required
by this section shall maintain its pledge with the custodian after the foreign
bank ceases to be licensed to operate the agency or branch, until the
superintendent determines that the assets are no longer necessary for the
protection of depositors, creditors, and the public interest.
(E)
To qualify to hold assets pledged as
required by this section, a custodian must be one of the following:
(1)
A federal reserve bank located in this
state or any branch of a federal reserve bank located in this state without
regard to where the branch is located;
(2)
A bank that maintains a banking office in
this state, if approved by the superintendent;
(3)
A trust company that maintains a trust
service office in this state, if approved by the superintendent.
(F)
A custodian of
assets pledged as required by this section shall do all of the following:
(1)
Hold the assets separate from all other
assets of the pledging foreign bank and the custodian;
(2)
Segregate the assets pledged on the
custodian's books and clearly identify them as pledged in accordance with this
section;
(3)
Release the assets
pledged only upon the order of the superintendent or the superintendent's
designee.
(A)
Subject to
conditions and requirements the superintendent of financial institutions may
prescribe, to be licensed to operate an agency or branch in this state, a
foreign bank shall maintain assets in this state of the kinds and in the amount
prescribed by the superintendent as necessary or desirable for the maintenance
of a sound financial condition and for the protection of depositors, creditors,
and the public interest.
(B)
In
determining compliance with the asset maintenance requirement of division (A)
of this section, the superintendent shall include all of the following:
(1)
Assets the foreign bank has pledged as
required by section
1119.09 of the Revised Code;
(2)
Reserves the foreign bank is
required to maintain with the federal reserve with respect to the foreign
bank's agencies and branches in this state;
(3)
Assets pledged and surety bonds payable
to the federal deposit insurance corporation with respect to the foreign bank's
agencies and branches in this state.
(A)
When a
foreign bank engages in an activity or undertakes an action through an agency
or branch licensed under this chapter, the foreign bank is subject to the same
limitations on and requirements of engaging in the activity or taking the
action that apply to a bank doing business under authority granted by the
superintendent of financial institutions.
(1)
A foreign
bank licensed to operate an agency shall not accept deposits from citizens or
residents of the United States or exercise fiduciary powers. An account that
carries a credit balance in connection with the distribution of loan proceeds
is not a deposit for purposes of this section.
(2)
A foreign bank licensed to operate an agency may,
in addition to conducting all of the permissible activities of a representative
office set forth in division (B) of section
1119.06 of the Revised Code,
conduct limited banking activities at or through a licensed agency, including
all of the following:
(b)
Maintaining credit balances
that are incidental to or arise out of the distribution of loan proceeds;
(c)
Receiving funds as agent to be
forwarded for deposit to an existing account at another office authorized to
accept deposits.
(C)
A foreign bank licensed to operate a branch may,
in addition to conducting all of the permissible activities of a representative
office set forth in division (B) of section
1119.06 of the Revised Code and
all of the permissible activities of an agency set forth in division (B)(2) of
this section, conduct the following activities at or through a licensed branch:
(1)
Accepting deposits, the acceptance of
which does not constitute engaging in domestic retail deposit activities;
(2)
If qualified under Chapter
1111. of the Revised Code, exercising fiduciary powers;
(3)
Other activities authorized for banks
doing business under authority granted by the superintendent.
(D)
Each foreign bank
licensed to operate an agency or branch shall, in the manner the superintendent
prescribes, give notice to the agency's or branch's customers that deposits
with that agency or branch are not insured by the federal deposit insurance
corporation or otherwise.
(A)
When a foreign bank engages in an activity or undertakes an action through an
agency or branch licensed under this chapter, the foreign bank is subject to
the same limitations on and requirements of engaging in the activity or taking
the action that apply to a state bank
.
(1)
A foreign bank licensed to operate an agency shall not accept deposits from
citizens or residents of the United States or exercise fiduciary powers. An
account that carries a credit balance in connection with the distribution of
loan proceeds is not a deposit for purposes of this section.
(2)
A foreign bank licensed to operate an agency may, in addition to conducting all
of the permissible activities of a representative office set forth in division
(B) of section 1119.06 of the Revised Code,
conduct limited banking activities at or through a licensed agency, including
all of the following:
(b)
Maintaining credit balances that are incidental to or arise out of the
distribution of loan proceeds;
(c)
Receiving funds as agent to be forwarded for deposit to an existing account at
another office authorized to accept deposits.
(C)
A foreign bank licensed to operate a branch may, in addition to conducting all
of the permissible activities of a representative office set forth in division
(B) of section 1119.06 of the Revised Code and
all of the permissible activities of an agency set forth in division (B)(2) of
this section, conduct the following activities at or through a licensed branch:
(1)
Accepting deposits, the acceptance of which does not constitute engaging in
domestic retail deposit activities;
(2)
If qualified under Chapter 1111. of the Revised Code, exercising fiduciary
powers;
(D)
Each foreign bank licensed to operate an agency or branch shall, in the manner
the superintendent of financial institutions
prescribes, give notice to the agency's or branch's customers that deposits
with that agency or branch are not insured by the federal deposit insurance
corporation or otherwise.
No foreign bank licensed under this chapter to operate a
representative office or an agency shall use the term "branch" to identify that
representative office or agency. A foreign bank may use the term "branch" in a
description of a representative office or agency that the foreign bank has
clearly identified as licensed as a representative office or agency, as the
case may be, under this chapter.
(A)
No license
issued to a foreign bank under this chapter is transferable or assignable.
(B)
When a foreign bank licensed
under this chapter is to be a constituent in a reorganization in which the
foreign bank will not be the resulting corporation, or is to sell a
representative office, agency, or branch the foreign bank is licensed to
operate in this state, prior to the reorganization or sale, both of the
following must be done, whether or not the resulting or acquiring corporation
will continue to conduct business at any location where the foreign bank being
acquired or selling the representative office, agency, or branch is conducting
business:
(1)
The corporation that is to be
the resulting corporation in the reorganization or the acquiring corporation
shall do either of the following:
(a)
Obtain
an appropriate license to conduct the activities it proposes to conduct in this
state and make all changes to conform the business being acquired to the
requirements and limitations of the license obtained;
(b)
Obtain the approval of the superintendent
of financial institutions to consolidate the representative office, agency, or
branch being acquired with another representative office, agency, or branch
appropriately licensed, whether under this chapter or otherwise, to conduct the
business of the representative office being acquired.
(2)
The foreign bank licensed to operate the
representative office, agency, or branch shall voluntarily surrender the
license to operate the representative office, agency, or branch in accordance
with section
1119.26 of the Revised Code.
(1)
Except as provided in division (A)(2) of this
section, each foreign bank licensed to operate a representative office, agency,
or branch in this state shall do all of the following:
(a)
Maintain in this state all of each
licensed representative office's, agency's, or branch's records.
(b)
Segregate each licensed representative
office's, agency's, or branch's records from all of the foreign bank's and its
affiliates' other records;
(c)
Maintain each licensed representative office's, agency's, or branch's assets
separate and apart from the foreign bank's other assets.
(2)
A foreign bank that operates more than
one licensed representative office, agency, or branch in this state may, as
permitted by the superintendent of financial institutions, do both of the
following:
(a)
Combine the records of those
licensed representative offices, agencies, and branches and maintain the
records at one location in this state;
(b)
Collectively maintain the assets of those
licensed representative offices, agencies, and branches.
(B)
All deposits of money, or its
equivalent, in any agency or branch licensed under this chapter shall be
entered on the agency's or branch's books in terms of money of the United
States.
(C)
The superintendent
may prescribe the manner and form of keeping the books and records of
representative offices, agencies, and branches licensed under this chapter.
(D)
The superintendent may
retain, at the expense of the foreign bank, any advisors necessary to assist in
the review or examination of the records and affairs of any representative
office, agency, or branch of a foreign bank licensed under this chapter.
(A)
Each
foreign bank licensed under this chapter shall file with the superintendent of
financial institutions any reports the superintendent may prescribe in the form
and manner and containing the information the superintendent prescribes.
(B)
When the superintendent
requires banks and trust companies to report their income and condition in
accordance with division (A) of section
1121.21 of the Revised Code, the
superintendent shall require each foreign bank licensed under this chapter to
report the income and condition of its representative offices, agencies, and
branches in this state.
(A)
Each foreign bank licensed under this chapter shall file with the
superintendent of financial institutions any reports the superintendent may
prescribe in the form and manner and containing the information the
superintendent prescribes.
(B)
When the superintendent requires banks and trust companies to report their
income and condition in accordance with section
1121.21 of the Revised Code, the
superintendent shall require each foreign bank licensed under this chapter to
report the income and condition of its representative offices, agencies, and
branches in this state.
When the laws of this state require an action by or regarding a
foreign bank or a representative office, agency, or branch of a foreign bank
licensed under this chapter to be approved or taken by the board of directors,
the action may be approved or taken by either of the following:
(A)
The governing body of the foreign bank
having authority, under the laws of the country where the foreign bank is
chartered, that is comparable to the authority of the board of directors of a
bank doing business under authority granted by the superintendent of financial
institutions;
(B)
Any person or
group of persons, such as a committee, to whom the authority to approve or take
the action has been properly delegated in accordance with the laws of the
country where the foreign bank is chartered.
(A)
In
addition to the specific powers, remedies, and sanctions provided in this
chapter, any foreign bank licensed to operate a representative office, agency,
or branch in this state and any foreign bank conducting operations in this
state connected to its banking business without being licensed under this
chapter or by the office of the comptroller of the currency is subject to all
powers, remedies, and sanctions provided to the superintendent of financial
institutions and the division of financial institutions in Chapters 1101. to
1127. of the Revised Code.
(1)
With regard to any foreign bank licensed
under this chapter to operate a representative office, agency, or branch in
this state or conducting operations in this state connected to its banking
business without being licensed under this chapter or by the office of the
comptroller of the currency, "regulated person" means a director, officer,
employee, controlling shareholder, or agent of the foreign bank or a person who
participates in the management of the foreign bank, whether or not the person
is assigned to an office of the foreign bank licensed under this chapter.
(2)
An order to cease and desist
issued under section
1121.32 of the Revised Code, a
removal or prohibition order issued under section
1121.33 of the Revised Code, or a
suspension order issued under section
1121.34 of the Revised Code
against a regulated person, who is a regulated person because of that person's
relationship with a foreign bank doing business in this state, does not affect
the relationship between the regulated person and the foreign bank except as it
relates to the conduct of operations in this state connected to the foreign
bank's banking business.
(1)
If the superintendent of financial institutions
determines, after notice and an opportunity for hearing in accordance with
sections 1121.37 and
1121.38 of the Revised Code, any
of the following conditions exists, the superintendent may revoke any license
the foreign bank has to operate a representative office, agency, or branch in
this state:
(a)
The existence of the foreign
bank or its authority to transact business has been terminated or suspended by
the appropriate authorities in the country that granted the foreign bank's
banking charter.
(b)
The foreign
bank or any representative office, agency, or branch of the foreign bank is
violating, has violated, or, the superintendent has reasonable cause to
believe, is about to violate, any of the following:
(ii)
A condition imposed in writing by the
superintendent in connection with granting an application or other request by
the foreign bank or the representative office, agency, or branch;
(iii)
A written agreement the foreign bank or
any representative office, agency, or branch of the foreign bank has entered
into with the superintendent.
(c)
The foreign bank or any representative
office, agency, or branch of the foreign bank is engaging, has engaged, or, the
superintendent has reasonable cause to believe, is about to engage, in any
unsafe or unsound practice in conducting the business of the foreign bank or
the representative office, agency, or branch.
(e)
The foreign bank has suspended payment of
its obligations, made an assignment for the benefit of its creditors, or
admitted in writing its inability to pay its debts as they become due.
(f)
The foreign bank is subject to
or has applied for an adjudication in bankruptcy, reorganization, or other
relief under any bankruptcy, reorganization, insolvency, or moratorium law.
(g)
A receiver, liquidator, or
conservator has been appointed for the foreign bank, or any representative
office, agency, or branch of the foreign bank in any jurisdiction, or any
proceeding for the appointment of a receiver, liquidator, or conservator, or
any similar proceeding, has been initiated in the country that granted the
foreign bank's charter.
(h)
The
representative office, agency, or branch has been closed or has otherwise
ceased to conduct business.
(2)
The foreign bank's opportunity for a hearing
lapses if the foreign bank does not, within fifteen days after receipt of the
superintendent's notice, request a hearing in writing.
(1)
If the superintendent has reasonable cause to believe any of the conditions set
forth in division (A) of this section exists, and the superintendent determines
it is necessary to protect the interests of the foreign bank's creditors, the
general public, or, where applicable, the depositors of the foreign bank's
agency or branch, the superintendent may issue an order immediately suspending
the foreign bank's license to operate the representative office, agency, or
branch in this state.
(2)
Within
ten days after being served an order suspending a foreign bank's license to
operate a representative office, agency, or branch in this state, the foreign
bank may apply to the court of common pleas of any county in this state in
which the foreign bank is doing business, or the court of common pleas of
Franklin county, for an injunction setting aside, limiting, or suspending
enforcement of the suspension order pending an opportunity for a hearing before
the superintendent on whether the foreign bank's license to operate a
representative office, agency, or branch in this state should be revoked, and
the court has jurisdiction to issue the injunction.
(A)
If the
superintendent of financial institutions determines, in accordance with
division (A) of section
1119.22 of the Revised Code, any
of the conditions set forth in that division exists, the superintendent, in
addition to having the authority to revoke the foreign bank's license to
operate a representative office, agency, or branch in accordance with section
1119.22 of the Revised Code, also
may take possession of the foreign bank's business and property in this state
and appoint a receiver for the liquidation of the foreign bank's business and
property in this state.
(B)
The
superintendent's taking possession of and appointing a receiver for a foreign
bank's business and property in this state pursuant to division (A) of this
section, and the liquidation of the foreign bank's business and property in
this state, shall, except as provided in divisions (B)(1) and (2) of this
section, be conducted in accordance with the procedures and is subject to the
rights, powers, duties, requirements, and limitations provided in Chapter 1125.
of the Revised Code for taking possession of the business and property and
liquidation of a bank.
(1)
After payment of
the expenses of the liquidation and claims against the foreign bank arising
from its doing business in this state in accordance with section
1125.24 of the Revised Code, any
remaining funds from the liquidation of the foreign bank's business and
property in this state shall be distributed in the following manner:
(a)
If the foreign bank's business and
property is being liquidated in another state of the United States, the
receiver shall distribute any remaining funds from the liquidation of the
foreign bank's business and property in this state to the receiver in the other
state for the payment of expenses of liquidation and claims against the foreign
bank's business and property in the other state.
(b)
If the foreign bank's business and
property is being liquidated in more than one other state of the United States,
the receiver shall equitably distribute any remaining funds from the
liquidation of the foreign bank's business and property in this state among the
receivers in the other states for the payment of the expenses of liquidation
and claims against the foreign bank's business and property in the other
states.
(c)
If there is no
liquidation of the business and property of the foreign bank occurring in any
other state of the United States, the receiver shall pay any remaining funds
from the liquidation of the business and property of the foreign bank in this
state to the domiciliary receiver of the foreign bank or, if there is no
domiciliary receiver, to the foreign bank.
(a)
When
the receiver has completed the liquidation of the foreign bank's business and
property in this state, the receiver shall, with notice to the superintendent,
file a petition with the court for an order declaring that the foreign bank's
business in this state is properly wound up in the manner provided in section
1125.29 of the Revised Code. Upon
the filing of a petition as provided in this division, the court shall proceed
as provided in section
1125.29 of the Revised Code.
(b)
An order issued by the court
pursuant to a petition filed in accordance with division (B)(2)(a) of this
section shall do all things required by section
1125.29 of the Revised Code, but
shall only declare that the foreign bank's business in this state has been
properly wound up and shall not declare that the foreign bank is dissolved. The
court may make whatever additional orders and grant whatever additional relief
the court determines proper upon the evidence submitted.
(c)
Once the court issues the order declaring
that the foreign bank's business in this state is properly wound up, the
foreign bank shall cease doing business in this state except for any further
winding up.
(d)
Once the court
issues the order declaring the foreign bank's business in this state is
properly wound up, the receiver shall promptly file a copy of the order,
certified by the clerk of the court, with both the secretary of state and the
superintendent.
(A)
If the superintendent of financial institutions determines, in accordance with
division (A) of section
1119.22 of the Revised Code, any
of the conditions set forth in that division exists, the superintendent, in
addition to having the authority to revoke the foreign bank's license to
operate a representative office, agency, or branch in accordance with section
1119.22 of the Revised Code,
also may take possession of the foreign bank's business and property in this
state and appoint a receiver for the liquidation of the foreign bank's business
and property in this state.
(B)
The superintendent's taking possession of and appointing a receiver for a
foreign bank's business and property in this state pursuant to division (A) of
this section, and the liquidation of the foreign bank's business and property
in this state, shall, except as provided in divisions (B)(1) and (2) of this
section, be conducted in accordance with the procedures and is subject to the
rights, powers, duties, requirements, and limitations provided in Chapter 1125.
of the Revised Code for taking possession of the business and property and
liquidation of a state bank.
(1)
After payment of the expenses of the liquidation and claims against the foreign
bank arising from its doing business in this state in accordance with section
1125.24 of the Revised Code, any
remaining funds from the liquidation of the foreign bank's business and
property in this state shall be distributed in the following manner:
(a)
If the foreign bank's business and property is being liquidated in another
state of the United States, the receiver shall distribute any remaining funds
from the liquidation of the foreign bank's business and property in this state
to the receiver in the other state for the payment of expenses of liquidation
and claims against the foreign bank's business and property in the other
state.
(b)
If the
foreign bank's business and property is being liquidated in more than one other
state of the United States, the receiver shall equitably distribute any
remaining funds from the liquidation of the foreign bank's business and
property in this state among the receivers in the other states for the payment
of the expenses of liquidation and claims against the foreign bank's business
and property in the other states.
(c)
If there is no liquidation of the business and property of the foreign bank
occurring in any other state of the United States, the receiver shall pay any
remaining funds from the liquidation of the business and property of the
foreign bank in this state to the domiciliary receiver of the foreign bank or,
if there is no domiciliary receiver, to the foreign bank.
(a)
When the receiver has completed the liquidation of the foreign bank's business
and property in this state, the receiver shall, with notice to the
superintendent, file a petition with the court for an order declaring that the
foreign bank's business in this state is properly wound up in the manner
provided in section 1125.29 of the Revised Code.
Upon the filing of a petition as provided in this division, the court shall
proceed as provided in section
1125.29 of the Revised
Code.
(b)
An order
issued by the court pursuant to a petition filed in accordance with division
(B)(2)(a) of this section shall do all things required by section
1125.29 of the Revised Code, but
shall only declare that the foreign bank's business in this state has been
properly wound up and shall not declare that the foreign bank is dissolved. The
court may make whatever additional orders and grant whatever additional relief
the court determines proper upon the evidence submitted.
(c)
Once the court issues the order declaring that the foreign bank's business in
this state is properly wound up, the foreign bank shall cease doing business in
this state except for any further winding up.
(d)
Once the court issues the order declaring the foreign bank's business in this
state is properly wound up, the receiver shall promptly file a copy of the
order, certified by the clerk of the court, with both the secretary of state
and the superintendent.
The creditors of a foreign bank's licensed agencies or branches
in this state shall be entitled to priority over other creditors of the foreign
bank with respect to any claims against the assets of the foreign bank's
business in this state.
(A)
A foreign
bank may voluntarily liquidate and surrender its license to operate a
representative office, agency, or branch licensed under this chapter only with
the consent of the superintendent of financial institutions.
(B)
Prior to beginning any liquidation
process, the foreign bank must file an application to voluntarily liquidate and
surrender its license with the superintendent. The application shall include a
plan of liquidation that includes all of the provisions required of a plan for
voluntary liquidation of a bank under division (C) of section
1125.03 of the Revised Code,
except that the plan of liquidation shall be limited in scope to the particular
representative office, agency, or branch to be liquidated.
(C)
After conducting an examination, the
superintendent may approve or deny a foreign bank's application to voluntarily
liquidate and surrender its license based on the superintendent's evaluation of
whether or not the interests of the representative office's, agency's, or
branch's creditors or, where applicable, depositors, will suffer by the
surrender. The superintendent's approval is subject to any condition the
superintendent may determine appropriate under the circumstances.
(D)
If the superintendent approves the
application to voluntarily liquidate and surrender a license, the foreign bank
shall comply with the requirements of divisions (A)(1) and (2) of section
1125.04 of the Revised Code.
(E)
During the implementation of
the plan of liquidation pursuant to this section, the superintendent retains
the authority to supervise the representative office, agency, or branch and may
conduct any examination relating to either the representative office, agency,
or branch or the plan of liquidation the superintendent considers necessary or
appropriate.
(F)
If the
superintendent has reason to conclude the implementation of the plan of
liquidation is not being safely or expeditiously conducted, the superintendent
may do either of the following:
(2)
Take possession of the business
and property of the representative office, agency, or branch in the same
manner, with the same effect, and subject to the same rights accorded the
foreign bank under section
1119.23 of the Revised Code.
(G)
The superintendent
shall cancel the foreign bank's license to operate a representative office,
agency, or branch under this chapter if the superintendent has approved the
voluntary liquidation and surrender of the license and both of the following
conditions have been met:
(A)
A foreign bank may voluntarily liquidate and surrender its license to operate a
representative office, agency, or branch licensed under this chapter only with
the consent of the superintendent of financial institutions.
(B)
Prior to beginning any liquidation process, the foreign bank must file an
application to voluntarily liquidate and surrender its license with the
superintendent. The application shall include a plan of liquidation that
includes all of the provisions required of a plan for voluntary liquidation of
a state bank under division (C) of section
1125.03 of the Revised Code,
except that the plan of liquidation shall be limited in scope to the particular
representative office, agency, or branch to be liquidated.
(C)
After conducting an examination, the superintendent may approve or deny a
foreign bank's application to voluntarily liquidate and surrender its license
based on the superintendent's evaluation of whether or not the interests of the
representative office's, agency's, or branch's creditors or, where applicable,
depositors, will suffer by the surrender. The superintendent's approval is
subject to any condition the superintendent may determine appropriate under the
circumstances.
(D)
If the
superintendent approves the application to voluntarily liquidate and surrender
a license, the foreign bank shall comply with the requirements of divisions
(A)(1) and (2) of section
1125.04 of the Revised
Code.
(E)
During
the implementation of the plan of liquidation pursuant to this section, the
superintendent retains the authority to supervise the representative office,
agency, or branch and may conduct any examination relating to either the
representative office, agency, or branch or the plan of liquidation the
superintendent considers necessary or appropriate.
(F)
If the superintendent has reason to conclude the implementation of the plan of
liquidation is not being safely or expeditiously conducted, the superintendent
may do either of the following:
(2)
Take
possession of the business and property of the representative office, agency,
or branch in the same manner, with the same effect, and subject to the same
rights accorded the foreign bank under section
1119.23 of the Revised
Code.
(G)
The
superintendent shall cancel the foreign bank's license to operate a
representative office, agency, or branch under this chapter if the
superintendent has approved the voluntary liquidation and surrender of the
license and both of the following conditions have been met: |
Faggioli: ‘Post-Truth’ & Church History | Commonweal Magazine
Is truth dead? That’s the question on the cover of the April 3 Time magazine, a clear call-back to the famous “Is God Dead?” cover of 1968. While it’s tempting to see an analogy between the two, worry over the current “post-truth” political climate is not an ontological issue of the same order. It’s an issue of factual truth: What did or did not happen, what is verifiably true or false—like the size of the crowd at Donald Trump’s inauguration. “Post-truth” is an elegant way to describe an attack not on the metaphysical nature of truth, but on the sheer denialism of historical facts.
The theological culture of the institutional church is not immune to the rise of the “post-truth.” In fact, it was already showing signs of the syndrome in the early 2000s. Such challenges to the idea of distinguishing between what happened and what did not catch the Catholic Church just when it faces a crisis over the role of the study of history in theology. The consequences for the intellectual viability of Catholicism are significant, especially in considering the formation of future Church leaders. |
Bulawayo industry revival think-tank on the cards
THE Minister of State for Bulawayo Provincial Affairs Angeline Masuku says her office would establish a think-tank to come up with strategies aimed at reviving industries in the city.
Addressing Bulawayo businesspeople at a stakeholders meeting yesterday, Minister Masuku said the 17-sector board has the mandate to ensure revival of Bulawayo industries within the 100-day cycles.
She ordered businesses to submit names of sector representatives on Monday next week for the think-tank to take effect immediately.
"The mandate of the think-tank is to collect information on how best we can revive Bulawayo's industries.
"My office has been inundated with investors in different sectors and this is an opportunity that we cannot miss as Bulawayo.
"I propose that as Bulawayo we have a think-tank that would look at the opportunities that we have as Bulawayo and how we may take advantage of those opportunities," said the Minister.
She urged businesses and investors to guard against imported labour as Zimbabwe had enough skilled personnel to carry out any job.
Minister Masuku said this would protect local industries and increase employment opportunities for the locals.
She said: "Businesses should offer first preference to local industries and investors should not bring in labour from their countries. For example, if a Chinese company wants to get into a joint venture, it should only bring equipment and money, but not foremen as our people can also do that job."
She called on tertiary institutions to undertake research projects aimed at assisting industries with vital information so that Bulawayo regains its status as the country's industrial hub.
Minister Masuku said there was a need for Bulawayo to be given support commensurate with its status as the country's second largest city.
Industry and commerce executives recently called on the Government to avail a special funding package from the fiscus to revive ailing companies in Bulawayo.
Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries (CZI) Matabeleland Chapter president, Mr Joseph Gunda is on record saying the city's industries have the capacity to bolster production and create jobs and what is needed is adequate support. |
Q:
Does PhpStorm understand bootstrap-vue?
In PhpStorm 2019.2.3 working with vue 2.6 / bootstrap-vue 2.3
I see some syntax errors:
Looks like PhpStorm does not understand bootstrap-vue. Are there some intentions to fix it?
A:
It does support bootstrap-vue, but doesn't treat custom components as <input> elements <label> can be associated with. Please follow WEB-43981 for updates.
For now, I can suggest disabling Unresolved ID inspection in Settings | Editor | Inspections | XML
|
The Green Bay Packers had a scare on Christmas Eve when Aaron Rodgers went down with what looked to be a neck injury in a Week 16 game against the Minnesota Vikings. He returned to the field for the next drive, though.
Rodgers was sacked by Vikings defenders Danielle Hunter and Eric Kendricks in the third quarter and stayed down on the field. He eventually got up under his own power and walked to the sideline, where he was evaluated by team trainers and appeared to be stretching out his neck, although he was smiling and in good spirits.
Before the sack, Rodgers was shredding the Minnesota defense, racking up three first-half passing touchdowns and a rushing touchdown just before halftime.
After the game, Rodgers said it was a stinger.
#Packer QB Aaron Rodgers said he suffered a stinger on his left side on the play in which he got stayed down on the ground. — Tom Silverstein (@TomSilverstein) December 24, 2016
Any kind of injury for Rodgers would be devastating for the Packers, with the team on the postseason bubble. A win over the Vikings would improve the team’s record to 9-6, but even with a win, a Week 17 matchup with the Detroit Lions means a spot in the playoffs is far from guaranteed.
Rodgers hasn’t missed time since 2013 and has 35 touchdowns and seven interceptions in the 2016 season. The backup quarterback for Green Bay is Brett Hundley, a 2015 fifth-round pick who has just nine career passes in cleanup duty for the team. |
November 15, 2006
dbms_xplan pt.2
A comment on my previous posting about dbms_xplan pointed out that in 10g you also get the function dbms_xplan.display_awr that allows you to report historical execution plans from the AWR (automatic workload repository).
This is true, and there is yet another function dbms_xplan.display_sqlset which allows you to report execution plans from SQL Tuning Sets if you have been using the Automatic SQL Tuning Tools. But to use these functions you do need to purchase the Tuning Pack licence and the Diagnostic Pack licence.
There is also an enhancement to the basic dbms_xplan.display function itself, which can now take a fourth parameter called filter_preds. This could be quite useful if you decide to build a permanent library of statements with their executions plans – perhaps using a clone of the plan_table to hold the plans, using something like the hash_value combined with the plan_hash_value as the statement_id.
You could even consider using it to query the perfstat table stats$sql_plan if you regularly take statspack snapshots at level 6 – which capture the plans from v$sql_plan for the sql statements captured by level 5. For example, the following call would report the execution plan of a statement with a plan_hash_value of 3992920156:
This isn’t really an ideal way of reporting execution plans from the statspack tables though. For a start, you have to find a convenient way of collecting the plan_hash_value before you get to it.
If you want to make best use of snapshots at level 6, then you really need to know the script sprepsql.sql (and for users of the AWR (automatic workload repository) there is the awrsqrpt.sql script) in the $ORACLE_HOME/rbdbms/admin subdirectory.
This script takes as its inputs the snapshot ids for a start and end snapshot, plus a hash_value - which you would have picked up from the “Top SQL” sections of a normal statspack report.
The output is a summary of the cost of the statement for the period covered by the snapshot, and a simplified listing of any execution plans for the statement that existed in v$sql_plan in that period. [Following a comment by Mathew Butler below – for “cost” read “activity and resource consumption”]
Footnote: I have recently heard of a bug in v$sql_plan in earlier versions of 9.2 that causes queries against v$sql_plan to hang the database (jamming it on one of the library cache latches) with an instance restart being the only recovery option. Essentially this happens if you have a sufficiently complex statement in v$sql_plan when you query it. I haven’t checked the details yet, but “sufficiently complex” may mean something like “more than 255 predicates”. This is fixed, apparently by 9.2.0.8.
Footnote 2: Statspack doesn’t collect the filter_predicates and access_predicates (or other_xml) columns from v$sql_plan. So it does lose some critical detail.
Footnote 3: The 10g version of the script that creates the dbms_xplan package contains a warning that the filter_preds parameter allows “SQL Injection” to take place. (See Pete Finnigan’s website for everything you need to know about this, and other, Oracle security topics). In this case, I don’t think it’s a really a threat since the package is created with authid current_user, so you won’t be able to use SQL injection through the base package to do anything that your account couldn’t normally do. However, if you are a DBA and wrap your own dbms_xplan package around the supplied package – to hide the display_awr, display_sqlset and display_cursor calls, for example – then you must remember to create your own package as authid current_user, or it will be possible for anyone you allow to call your package to do almost anything that your DBA privileges allow you to do.
Related
The output is a summary of the cost of the statement for the period covered by the snapshot, …
I wondered what value a “summary of the cost of the statement for the period covered by the snapshot” might have. I think it suggests that the plan may have changed, but it might not have. I don’t think that there is anything else to conclude from this summary. What are your thoughts?
This then reminded me of a colleague I heard of recently who was carrying out a tuning exercise. As part of their analysis they were considering the optimizer cost values as a criteria for identifying SQL statements that might require tuning.
When I heard this I thought of two things; this comment from Wolfgang Brietling:
– you cannot compare the relative costs of a specific query and reliably learn anything about it’s performance
– it is possible to have two execution plans for the same SQL, the first with a lower cost than the second and yet with the most expensive execution plan performing better.
( see Wolfgang Breitlings paper as http://www.centrexcc.com/Tuning%20by%20Cardinality%20Feedback.pdf for an example of this – the section covering the first diagram )
I understood Wolfgangs comments to mean plan cost != time. However, I understood from your CBO book and the Oracle documentation that the cost is the optimizers best estimate of the time that a query plan will take to execute.
Initially, I thought that these were conflicting ideas, but they are not. The optimiser strives to achieve cost = time, but stumbles sometimes when the assumptions that it has to make about the data are not true. In this case, the optimisers assumptions produce an inflated cost but at runtime the query is revealed as more efficient than the optimiser calculated. At runtime the data volumes to be processed at each stage of the plan are significantly different to those expected and such that the volume and structure of the data play to the strengths of the more expensive execution plan.
Mathew, Thanks for the comment. I have modifed the original statement to point out that I should have said “resource consumption” rather than cost. (The double meaning and consequent confusion is something I stress ni the first chapter of the book – it’s a little embarassing that I then fell into the trap myself).
The AWR version of the report does better than the statspack version, as it is reports the resource usage for each different execution plan separately; whereas the statpack report simply sums across across every plan. (Although both reports do give a version count, i.e. number of different child cursor found in memory, hence upper limit of the number of execution plans that might exist in the report).
[…] In fact I was aware of it, but had completely forgotten about it. So at the end of the day I did a quick search on Metalink to see if I could find a reference. It looks like bug 3778541, opened on 20th July 2004, last updated 20th July 2006 (with predicted fix in version 9.2.0.99 – so that looks like a long lifetime for 9.2 ;-)). However this bug is, in fact, reported as fixed in the patch list for 9.2.0.7. […] |
// pretty(x) rounds very small values to zero and turns -0 values into +0.
// This is useful for testsuite to eliminate some pesky LSB errors that
// cause reference output to differ between platforms.
float pretty (float x)
{
float xx = x;
if (abs(xx) < 5.0e-6)
xx = 0;
return xx;
}
color pretty (color x)
{
return color (pretty(x[0]), pretty(x[1]), pretty(x[2]));
}
point pretty (point x)
{
return point (pretty(x[0]), pretty(x[1]), pretty(x[2]));
}
vector pretty (vector x)
{
return vector (pretty(x[0]), pretty(x[1]), pretty(x[2]));
}
normal pretty (normal x)
{
return normal (pretty(x[0]), pretty(x[1]), pretty(x[2]));
}
matrix pretty (matrix x)
{
return matrix (pretty(x[0][0]), pretty(x[0][1]), pretty(x[0][2]), pretty(x[0][3]),
pretty(x[1][0]), pretty(x[1][1]), pretty(x[1][2]), pretty(x[1][3]),
pretty(x[2][0]), pretty(x[2][1]), pretty(x[2][2]), pretty(x[2][3]),
pretty(x[3][0]), pretty(x[3][1]), pretty(x[3][2]), pretty(x[3][3]));
}
|
Statistical Analysis. Humor. Knicks.
Menu
Content Tagged "Renaldo Balkman"
With 3 games in the books, let’s take a quick look at how the team is doing. * A few interesting things to notice with Amar’e’s stats. His turnovers (5.7 to/36) are more than double his career rate (2.7 to/36). His worst in Phoenix was 3.1, which he did in 2004 and 2007. Astute KnickerBlogger readers have noted that he’s getting the ball on the perimeter too often. Additionally he’s attempted 5 three pointers so far (1.7 3pa/36) which is also far above his career average. It’s possible that his perimeter play has also upped his assist rate (3.0 ast/36) …continue reading |
Q:
Can't get device token using Cordova Push Notifications Plugin
I'm building a Push Notification app using Ionic framework, so I try following this sample app: https://github.com/hollyschinsky/PushNotificationSample
The problem is that when I try to run the sample in an Android device it doesn't retrive the device token. I replaced the senderId in the register function with the one from my own Google application, but it doesn't work.
What am I doing wrong?
Here are the versions that I'm using:
Ionic --version 1.3.20
Cordova --version 5.0.0
Phonegap --version 4.2.0-0.24.2
Android device: HTC One S
Android version: 4.1.1 HTC Sense 4+
The problem I think is in here in notificationReceived function:
// Register
$scope.register = function () {
var config = null;
if (ionic.Platform.isAndroid()) {
config = {
"senderID": "1034029444859" // REPLACE THIS WITH YOURS FROM GCM CONSOLE - also in the project URL like: https://console.developers.google.com/project/434205989073
};
//alert("El senderID es: " + senderID);
}
else if (ionic.Platform.isIOS()) {
config = {
"badge": "true",
"sound": "true",
"alert": "true"
}
}
$cordovaPush.register(config).then(function (result) {
console.log("Register success " + result);
$cordovaToast.showShortCenter('Registered for push notifications ' + config.senderID);
$scope.registerDisabled=true;
// ** NOTE: Android regid result comes back in the pushNotificationReceived, only iOS returned here
if (ionic.Platform.isIOS()) {
$scope.regId = result;
storeDeviceToken("ios");
}
}, function (err) {
console.log("Register error " + err)
});
}
// Notification Received
$scope.$on('$cordovaPush:notificationReceived', function (event, notification) {
console.log(JSON.stringify([notification]));
if (ionic.Platform.isAndroid()) {
handleAndroid(notification);
}
else if (ionic.Platform.isIOS()) {
handleIOS(notification);
$scope.$apply(function () {
$scope.notifications.push(JSON.stringify(notification.alert));
})
}
});
EDIT:
It turns out that the app does retrieves the device token, it just not displaing it on screen as it should.
I had to run the app on my device connected via USB and with ionic run android, and see how the app was running with adb logcat, then I saw a line that said "registrationId = APA91b..." that's the token. I tested the notifications with the sendGCM.js file as indicated in the tutorial and it works.
But still it doesn't explains why it doesn't show the Token or the received notifications in the index page. Is like the Token is always out of the controllers scope.
Any help?
A:
It's because your didn't set push notifications properly.
What you need to do now is remove all existing certificates in your member developer account and rebuild again. If you try to debug it takes time.
You can check here if you want to see step by step how to create push notification using cordova push plugin.
http://blog.revivalx.com/2014/08/29/implement-push-notifications-for-android-and-ios-phonegap-part-1/
http://blog.revivalx.com/2014/08/29/implement-push-notifications-for-android-and-ios-phonegap-part-2/
http://blog.revivalx.com/2014/11/14/implement-push-notifications-for-android-and-ios-phonegap-part-3/
Sorry not posting here all the steps because it's too long. Feel free to ask.
|
‘Then you lead me to the safe cave, and show / Me there my self, and in my own breast / Secret, deep miracles reveal themselves.’
Faust, Goethe
INTRODUCTION: THE PHILOSOPHY OF KANT
Modern philosophy began with René Descartes. He was the first person in the Western tradition to question the given ‘objective’ world. He was a complete lunatic, who believed that thought and identity were the same thing, that the physical realm and the mental realm were distinct components and that animals were machines, but we have him to thank for turning our attentions inwards and for taking the first faltering steps on a path of ‘radical scepticism’ which, in the end, leads to a miraculous — and very real — destination.
For a century and a half after Descartes, philosophers swung between idealism — the belief that only the subjective mind is real — and realism — the belief that only the objective world is real. Most people today, most of the time, still swing between these two beliefs. They go by different names or, in the case of ‘the man on the street’, by no name at all, but idealism and realism roughly mark out the two poles of intellectual ignorance. They might still mark them out were it not for the appearance of Immanuel Kant who, in 1781, gave clumsy and confusing birth to the radical truth; transcendental idealism.
Kant was an intellectual genius who had very little understanding of anything beyond the intellect, and so it is very hard to see how he reached the epochal conclusion that he did; that while the intellect can know facts, it can never know the truth; that reality is always, ultimately, beyond the reach of mind. Kant argued that time and space must be functions of the mind, which is to say, that the intellect has inherent limits, which can never be overcome. Reading his books, or trying to, and looking over some of the events of his life, as well as the famous revisions he made to the second edition of his most famous work, suggests that he came to these conclusions despite himself, that he was unwilling to accept that the entire manifest universe is a creation of the mind.
But in any case, that is what he demonstrated. He pointed out that there is no way that the world out there can ‘migrate into my powers of representation’. That there is no way we could know anything of the world, as it exists in space and time, unless we already fundamentally knew space and time. There is, as Kant’s predecessors, Locke, Berkeley and Hume had said, just no conceivable way we could learn space and time (causality, matter, induction, etc, etc) from experience. Where Kant differed from these famous sceptics was in showing that we are born with a space-time faculty which can give us certain knowledge, but only of appearances, never of reality.
‘…if one eliminates from the empirical intuitions of bodies and their alterations (motion) everything empirical, that is, that which belongs to sensation, then space and time still remain, which are therefore pure intuitions that underlie a priori the empirical intuitions, and for that reason can never themselves be eliminated.’ (Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics).
This means that you can ‘think away’ all the relative qualities of an object — its position, its colour, its shape, its state, etc. — because these are learnt, they come to us from acquired sensory experience; but you can never think away time and space — you can never perceive or conceive of [an object in] ‘no space’ or ‘no time’ — because you are born with this understanding ‘hardwired’ into perception and conception. Kant argued that our experience of space and time out there would be completely impossible unless we brought space and time to our experience and that there is no way to even imagine how it could be otherwise.
Prior to Kant, John Locke had shown that the ‘secondary qualities’ of objects — their colours, smells, temperature, etc — were created by the [mental] organs of sense, and therefore could not exist in any meaningful way ‘out there’, in the world. Of course they do somehow exist out there — it would be utterly absurd to say that the sky is in no sense blue — but not in a way we can actually grasp, because all we experience is what our mind — through our senses — presents to us. Again any other way of understanding the matter is impossible to imagine or meaningfully talk of.
Kant, following Berkeley, went on to demonstrate that ‘primary qualities’ are also mind-made; form, number, duration through time and so on do not really exist out there. Our minds create for us the seperateness of things, their location, their coming into existence and their passing away. Kant says that it is as absurd to assume that the appearance of the world resembles the world as it is to assume that ‘the sensation of red is similar to the property of cinnabar that excites this sensation in me.’
Again this does not mean that there is nothing in what we call a ‘table’ that makes it round, rather than square. Kant is not an idealist, or solipsist — he doesn’t believe that our minds literally make up the world from nothing (or God’s mind; as Berkeley did). Kant says there is a table out there, it is in some way square, but what that really means, what it really is, I can never directly experience. I can only know the table’s representation not the thing-in-itself.
Kant therefore made an entirely different distinction between objective and subjective to that which preceded and followed him. Today we all more or less agree with Descartes that the objective world is ‘out there’ and the subjective world is ‘in here’. For Kant they are both ‘in here’, both elements of the same subject — or, looked at another way, both objects to a consciousness which precedes them. The problem for Kant is what that consciousness is. As he had no experience of it, his reasoning about it failed. He knew it was there, but that’s all he did — know. This is why he said, quite rightly, that nothing can be abstractly known of ‘I’, the psyche (i.e. that psychology is bullshit), but then assumed that it was thereby existentially unknowable — that I could not be experienced. This of course makes excellent sense to academics, who have almost zero conscious experience, but to anyone actually alive, rather than merely living, is complete nonsense.
Kant’s hyper-abstraction also led to him rowing rapidly back from the marvellous discovery he had made, and in the second volume of his magnum opus, declaring, ludicrously, that the foundation for morality was conceptual. Everyone who has studied modern philosophy knows Kant’s conceptual formula for the good or the right; the fatuous bromide ‘act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law,’ aka ‘the categorical imperative.’ By pulling the idea of moral goodness out of thin air Kant effectively paved the way for a veritable landslide of bullshit, culminating in the ‘hollowest verbiage’ of the ‘insolent nonsense-scribbler’ Hegel, who did nothing but pull stupendous sounding guff out of his arse. If reality is the rational mind, then why not? This ‘reality’ Hegel falsely, and absurdly, called ‘consciousness’ or ‘spirit’ (geist), a quasi-mystical — yet entirely rational and knowable — principle which basically argued with itself throughout history until it proved that freedom is rationality, unmediated experience of reality is a lie and the verbally incommunicable is by its very nature untrue; oh, and the German police state is paradise.
That’s enough on Hegel’s nonsense though, which doesn’t deserve much serious consideration, and on Kant, whose most important arguments, those that can be understood without his ‘complicated clockwork,’ are better approached through the perceptive clarity of Arthur Schopenhauer.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCHOPENHAUER
Of all the offence Schopenhauer has given to numerous scholars, nothing has offended them more than the unfortunate fact that he does not resemble them.
Untimely Meditations, Friedrich Nietzsche
The paragraph above criticising Kant’s moral philosophy and Hegel’s chicanery came from the next — and some might say the last — Western philosopher to appear with anything meaningful to say in this tradition, and on this subject; the great Arthur Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer understood that although the mind cannot know the thing-in-itself, there was one ‘part’ of me which could; who I am. I myself am a thing-in-itself, and so if I can somehow penetrate my own experience, I can experience that which, to the subjective-objective mind, is forever out of reach. Kant had ruled this out; although he had speculated that I and the-thing-in-itself are the same , he, being foremost a rational thinker, denied that either were accessible. He never recognised that which is aware of thoughts and sensory intuitions; he reasoned us to the threshold of the unspeakable, but was unable to cross over.
This led to one of the most basic flaws in Kant’s philosophy, first pointed out by a contemporary of Schopenhauer’s, Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg who said that although Kant demonstrated very convincingly that the world as we know it is brought to us by mind, that doesn’t mean that the objective world is not still identical to it. We know, as Kant and Schopenhauer did, that there is something in the mind’s mind which does correspond to the ‘thing-in-itself’, but how do we know that reality doesn’t entirely correspond to it, that reality isn’t entirely mind-knowable? We don’t.
We can put aside questions of coincidence (kind of astonishing that the mind should create a timespace reality in here that corresponded essentially to the one out there) because Trendelenburg’s objection can never be rationally addressed, or decisively closed for reasons that, as we shall see, Schopenhauer well understood, even if confusedly.
Schopenhauer was able to cross over ‘Trendelenburg’s gap’ , but he was still dreadfully confused, a confusion which catastrophically coloured his output, leading him into dead-ends and absurdities. What saved him, grounded him, tuned him to frequencies of genius and opened up a new path for spiritual enquiry in the West was that, unlike Kant, he did not essentially begin his argument with mind — but with experience. He lived a far more interesting life than Kant and, crucially, was far more sensitive to that life. Schopenhauer himself tells us that what he writes is meaningful and interesting because it comes from direct experience, which then forms its conceptual system. Professional philosophy goes in the other direction, starting with concepts and systems and then arguing these into conclusions, which then contain nothing more meaningful or real than what is contained in their premises; which is to say nothing at all.
This is why professional philosophy is dull, colourless and, in the end, meaningless, and it is why Schopenhauer is so instructive and entertaining, even when the divisions he makes between one field of experience and another are inaccurate, or even when he is just dead wrong, for it won’t be long before, even if expressed with misleading concepts or fitted into his flawed system, or coloured by his personal manias, a gleaming truth, direct from the source of life, radiates outwards.
Because so much of what Schopenhauer says comes directly from life, it is instantly recognisable as true, it is very often funny and, wonder-of-wonders, it is clear. This, for Schopenhauer is, with the honorable exception of Kant, a mark of sincerity and therefore a sign that the writer is at least capable of divining the truth (for how can reality be discovered without sincerity?) rather than merely thinking.
‘…the genuine philosopher will generally seek lucidity and clarity and will always strive not to be like a turbid, raging, rain-swollen stream, but much more like a Swiss lake, which, in its peacefulness, combines great depth with a great clarity that just reveals its great depth. Clarity is the good faith of philosophers…’ (On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason and Other Writings)
Schopenhauer rarely provides an idea without giving a concrete, and sometimes astonishingly vivid example. This is not just from a desire to be understood — although of course if someone has something meaningful to say, why would they not want to be understood? — but as a demonstration of the very point he is endeavouring to make, over and over again, that concepts come from life; or rather from a more direct sensate experience of life than thinking can provide. Conceptual thought without this experience is hollow, trivial, absurd and, no matter how well reasoned or argued, can never provide meaningful insight; as there was no such insight in the premises.
‘It all depends on where you have gotten your concept: if it is drawn from experience, fine, since its object exists and requires no further proof; in contrast, if it is hatched from your own half-brain, then all its predicates will not help it: it is just a figment of your imagination…’ (On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason)
Schopenhauer (following Rousseau) was the first and greatest mind to fully tackle the principle fallacy of Western philosophy, the error that conceptual thought can grasp reality or, in its more extreme form, the outright lie, bordering on insane delusion, that conceptual thought somehow is reality. This madness, which has gripped Western minds since Plato, is as common today as it was when Schopenhauer was writing, even more so. Philosophers still mask their essential superficiality and emptiness with complex language (‘smug semantic trickery’), they still focus their attentions down ludicrously narrow avenues of enquiry, they still search for meaning in abstract reflection and they still get handsomely paid and widely praised for all this pointless activity. Schopenhauer would have been just as disgusted with the state of professional philosophy today as he was with that of his own day; with, as he said, those who live from philosophy rather than for it.
Another hallmark of philosophical truth, although not one that Schopenhauer dwells on is, aside from its depth, its width. If a philosopher goes looking for reality where it can actually be found — everywhere — then he will necessarily make interesting discoveries everywhere. Not only will the essential truth of his investigations illumine whatever matter he directs his attention to, but that very light will glow from wherever his attention happens to be, whether that be on the body of his lover, a painting that is touching him, the river he sits next to, the feelings of anxiety he has on entering a room, the surprising boredom he feels after he has achieved what he wants, his relationship with his mother or a particularly funny friend he has — all of which, first of all, he will notice — for he is conscious — and, secondly, will naturally inform his philosophy, give him all kinds of things to contemplate and write about, metaphors in which to bridge distant fields of experience and greater insight into the single truth that animates all these disparate truths, all of which mark Schopenhauer’s work.
Of course none of this matters in the slightest if the philosopher’s experience is limited by habit or by fear, if he lives his entire life in institutions, if he has no interest in matters of real existential importance — love and death — or if he is not truly sensitive; if everything that happens to him comes filtered through his emotions and his thoughts. To some extent this did apply to Schopenhauer; he was rich, not much of a lover, appallingly neurotic and although he travelled widely, not tremendously well-acquainted with the breadth of life. But as far as life is concerned, and acquaintance of it, he left all other thinkers far behind, before and since; with the notable exceptions of those who also had something to say (Hume, Nietzsche, Wittgenstein, etc.).
Let’s return to Schopenhauer’s philosophy. Following Kant, he said that reality (or the thing-in-itself) comes to us via the senses, after which the mind, from that ‘raw’ sense-data, first of all creates perception — all the objects around us, existing in space and time, with their colours and shapes and so on — and then conception — abstract ideas about experience which are related in the mind into ideas, theories, memories, beliefs, systems and so on. First there is reality, ‘then’ there is percept, then there is concept. What this means is the Schopenhauer’s philosophy, like Kant’s, or like any philosophy which puts reality before perception and conception in this way, can never be proven. Discovering or establishing proof through rational means is a conceptual activity based on perception. That both percept and concept are secondary to reality is literally inconceivable, let alone unprovable.
But if this is the case, how do we know that what anyone says about reality is truthful or accurate, and not complete nonsense? Schopenhauer gives something like the following analogy:
Before the Rosetta stone was discovered it was impossible to understand Egyptian hieroglyphics. There was no ‘philosophy’ by which Egyptian symbols could be translated into languages which we understand. When the code was cracked, we had such a ‘philosophy’ which, almost at once, began to make sense of the hieroglyphics that we encountered. Does that mean we have now proved that our ‘philosophy of Egyptian’ is true? No, it just means that, up until now, it has worked. We can never prove that we understand Egyptian hieroglyphics — indeed that anyone understands any language. But we still know they do. We know that someone speaks fluent Chinese, for example, by their ability to deal with all the Chinese they encounter, just as we know that someone’s philosophy is true by its ability to deal with all the mysteries it encounters; not because it has been proved in logical thought.
Schopenhauer does not speak well of logic and the quest for proof. ‘In general,’ he says ‘proofs are not for those who want to learn so much as for those who want to argue,’ and ‘learning logic for practical purposes is like training a beaver to build its own dam.’ Kant also had a low opinion of it:
‘Now one can take it as a certain and useful warning that general logic, considered as an organon, is always a logic of illusion, i.e., is dialectical. For since it teaches us nothing at all about the content of cognition, but only the formal conditions of agreement with the understanding, which are entirely indifferent with regard to the objects, the effrontery of using it as a tool (organon) for an expansion and extension of its information, or at least the pretension of so doing, comes down to nothing but idle chatter, asserting or impeaching whatever one wants with some plausibility.’ (Critique of Pure Reason)
None of this means that seeking proof, or the rational activity that leads to it, is a useless activity. Schopenhauer is at pains to point out that for matters in which it makes sense to speak of cause and effect, time and space, abstraction and relation, the rational mind is the appropriate tool to use, and ignoring what it is and what it does in its proper sphere leads to confusion, and often to outright charlatanism. But thought is powerless to uncover that which precedes or encompasses conception and perception, which includes all the ‘ultimates’ upon which the rational mind is based. What happened before the universe was created? What actually is time and space? What is that which is conscious of the objects of the world? What is matter, the stuff of the universe? What is energy? What is that which my perceptions and conceptions are of? We can always approach the ‘why’ of things with the mind, never the what.
Because thought (conception) is abstracted from perception, which itself is a ‘result’ of the thing-in-itself, thought can never reveal what experience really is, any more than a score can reveal what music really is. Thought can only tell us what it is, what thought is; abstract relation, conceptual symbol and conceptual law. Conception can tell us how all the ideas it presents to us are related with each other, it can form accurate ideas of cause and effect which consistently and usefully ‘map’ onto experience, it can, to some extent, preserve the past and predict the future, but it can never, ultimately, give us the slightest insight into that from which thought emerges, the terrain from which the map is taken. Schopenhauer provides a vivid (and funny) metaphor for this;
‘…given a complete [scientific] account of the whole of nature, the philosophical investigator would always feel like someone who finds himself in completely unfamiliar company without knowing how, and where each person in turn introduces another as his friend or cousin, thus making them sufficiently acquainted: in the meantime, however, the man himself, while expressing his pleasure at each new acquaintance, keeps asking himself: “But how the devil do I fit in to this whole group?”’ (The World as Will and Representation)
What all this means is that there is no relation between reality and the experience of the self. Sensory experience in time and space can be said to ‘come from’ some thing-in-itself, but perceived knowledge cannot be related to the source of perceived knowledge because relation itself is a kind of perception-knowledge:
‘…the law of causality is the first condition of all empirical intuition, but this is the form in which all experience occurs: how then could the law first be derived from experience, for which it is the essential prerequisite?’ (On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason)
This means that it is impossible to ever observe cause and effect. This was one of Hume’s most important ideas, taken up by Kant also. You can watch a million billiard balls hit a million more, but you’ll never see the ‘necessary connection’ which you think made it, along with everything else in the world that you observe, happen. Causality, insofar as we can speak or think of it, exists entirely in the mind. This means that there is never any logical reason to suppose that the next time you drop a rubber ball, for example, it won’t cease to bounce, or explode, or turn into a duck egg. The only reason you ‘know’ it won’t is because it’s bounciness ‘fits’ with all your other observations of the world, and with your innate time-space grasp of cause and effect.
It is this interconnectedness of ideas which distinguishes waking reality from dreams. Dreams seem just as real to us as the waking world does, but when we wake we know it is a dream because nothing within the dream really ‘fits together’. Sometimes even in dreams we know this; we think ‘hang on, I don’t live with Woody Allen’, or ‘Why’s that narwal wearing a boa?’. This doesn’t mean that the waking world really is real though, just more real, or more reliable. Kant again:
‘The difference between truth and dream, however, is not decided through the quality of the representations that are referred to objects, for they are the same in both, but through their connection according to the rules that determine the connection of representations in the concept of an object, and how far they can or cannot stand together in one experience.’ (Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics)
So what is really real? What is the ‘thing-in-itself’, and how do we experience it? Before we get to Schopenhauer’s highly misleading answer (and my clarification) it’s worth exploring a couple of foundational consequences of what he has said so far. The first is that if space and time really are functions of the mind, then there would appear to be, ultimately, or in some way, no difference between anything. There is no difference between the chair and the table, or between me and you, or even between you and Napoleon Bonaparte. ‘Difference’, in space (which we call position) and in time (which we call succession) do not really exist, and so everything is, ultimately, one.
This doesn’t mean that there is no difference at all between you and Napoleon Bonaparte — probably you’ve noticed this? There must be something in the depths of youness which differentiates you from a dead emperor, but what that difference really is, the mind can never know, because it can only know the difference it perceives. What’s more there is no reason to rule out, along with this difference, a mind-blowing identity between you, at your core, and everything which is, has been, or ever could be.
It is this identity which forms the essence of Schopenhauer’s ethics. He says that although we, you and I, are clearly somehow different, we are also, somehow, the same. Sensitivity to this sameness we call empathy, an extremely intimate but real — rather than merely reasoned — experience of the other. Because of the intimacy and reality of this experience — I feel, in hurting you, that I am hurting myself — it is both impossible to ignore and, ultimately, to define. All definable and abstract ‘ethical systems’ in contrast — including the demands of religions, the laws of states and all the ‘oughts’ that parents regularly assail their children with — are based on sand, and doomed. They need to be learnt with effort, enforced with effort and can effortlessly be circumvented.
Another of the interesting consequences of understanding reality in the manner that Schopenhauer suggests is that the interminable debate about free will vanishes. This is because the world of percepts and concepts that we take as the world is the only world in which cause and effect can have any meaning. In the world — in the objective matter which I perceive and conceive — there is clearly no such thing as free will, or only in a limited sense. Everything ‘out there’ (and by ‘out there’ we also mean the world of the mind and of emotional motive) has a cause. We may, with difficulty, think it doesn’t, but we certainly do not live that way. When we get ill, when we see a magic trick, when someone tells us something bizarre, we immediately and quite sanely start looking for causes. We couldn’t live any other way.
But this is not how it is when I look within, beyond my ideas and motivating emotions. Here I sense — and the feeling is unshakable — that I am essentially free, and from there I go on to assume that somehow everyone is, in their ‘core’, free also — and therefore responsible for what they say and do. I might philosophically assume that everyone’s acts are really determined — and of course there is some relative truth and value in that too — but such a defence doesn’t cut it when I am wronged or when someone is continually blaming the past for their misdeeds. Then we cannot help calling on their freedom. Living together is just inconceivable any other way.
So whether I have ‘free will’ depends entirely on what aspect of ‘I’ am attending to. If it is the external I, the I that comes to me through percept and concept, then no, I am clearly not very free, if at all. But if I attend to that ‘from which’ percepts and concepts ‘arise’ — I discover an unshakable and, in the end, truthful sense of freedom.
But how is this? And what is this ‘other kind’ of I? Earlier we saw, in Kant’s teaching, that what I perceive and conceive ‘comes from’ (note the scare quotes here and elsewhere in this account — it doesn’t really ‘come from’, but there’s no other way to talk about it) a thing-in-itself which I can never experience or rationally grasp, that is forever alien to me, remote. Kant however speculated, albeit fleetingly, that there is one thing-in-itself which we can experience:
‘…although extension, impenetrability, composition and motion — in short, everything our outer senses can transmit to us — are not thoughts, feelings, inclinations or decisions, and cannot contain them, as these are never objects of outer intuition, yet that same Something that grounds outer appearances and affects our sense so that it receives the representations of space, matter, shape, etc. — this Something, considered as noumenon (or better, as transcendental object) could also at the same time be the subject of thoughts…’ (Critique of Pure Reason)
He abandoned this line of enquiry, but it was taken up enthusiastically (if misleadingly) by Schopenhauer who reasoned, correctly, that of course I am and must be a thing-in-itself too. Because space and time do not apply to the thing in itself, because distinction and separation are meaningless to it, because it doesn’t come into or pass out of existence, then I am, and have always been, that which I experience.
It’s an insane idea of course, but logic leads towards it , instinct resonates with it, the finest minds in history and pre-history agree with it and it obliterates all the perplexing problems of philosophy.
Take idealism and realism (also known, in another form, as the mind-body problem). Remember, idealism is the belief that nothing is real but the mind — that the ‘subjective’ I causes reality (or my experience of it, of the ‘body’), while realism (also known as materialism or, today, physicalism) is the belief that only the ‘objective’ world is real and that it, matter (or matter and energy), causes everything we perceive and experience, including ‘mind’. But if ‘cause’ cannot apply to the thing-in-itself, either the objective bodything out there I perceive or the subjective mindthing in here that I am, then both of these positions must be wrong. Cause and effect are created by the rational mind, so it is incoherent to say that objects or subjects cause the world. There is, ultimately, no such thing as cause.
This has been reasonably clear since Kant suggested it — although in fact Kant made the foolish mistake of assuming that the thing-in-itself causes representation of it — and since Schopenhauer explained it, but philosophers (and in their own way, ordinary people) still cling to idealism (aka solipsism) and materialism/physicalism (or scientism). The reason for this, well understood by Schopenhauer and mercilessly exposed by Nietzsche, is that ultimately philosophy is not chosen for rational reasons, but for psychological ones. It is true that Kant has no answer to Trendelenburg, it is true that Schopenhauer offers no argument for his assumption that ‘all causality is only in the understanding and for the understanding,’ but these are not the reasons that the reality posited by Kant-Schopenhauer is rejected, any more than the absurdities of religion and science are the reasons why they are rejected. Philosophy — all philosophy, whether of the lectern, the pulpit or the pub — is psychology. Idealism is held to because excuses the self (nothing really matters because nothing is really real) and materialism/physicalism justifies the self (I’m not responsible, the objective world is). The reason that transcendental idealism has never been popular is that it sweeps away these two comforting excuses, which most people spend most of their lives alternating between.
But what remains? What, if we remove the illusory self and the illusory world, is there? Here we are at the bedrock, at the thing-in-itself. What is it and how can we ‘know’ or experience it if not through percepts and concepts? And here we arrive at the fundamental flaw in the philosophical diamond that Schopenhauer gave the world. He calls the thing-in-itself will, a word which, at various times in his writings he identifies as the thing-in-itself (the timeless, spaceless ground of all existence), as emotion (inner sense; both conscious and unconscious), as evolutionary instinct (genetic / animal urges which manifest as emotions), as free will and as the subject. Five completely different things!
This causes to him to make an enormous number of incoherent and contradictory statements. Christopher Janaway (who doesn’t really understand the heart of Schopenhauer’s philosophy) has highlighted many of the contradictions between Schopenhauer’s subject, will and the thing-in-itself, and there are many more.
For example, Schopenhauer says that will (instinct) is a pitiless, selfish, violent, horrific and utterly blind force — a mad impulse to grow and feed and live, no matter what the cost, to produce living forms, or species, the sole purpose of which, if it can be called a ‘purpose,’ is to climb over other species in order to continue living and growing and spreading. The individual is meaningless to this ‘will’, it extinguishes them — us — without hesitation, in our millions. What’s more, living in us, it causes us untold misery, compelling us to steal, cheat, rape, kill, God knows what else, just to serve it.
It is this incredibly bleak and bloodthirsty picture of reality which has earnt Schopenhauer the title of the ‘philosopher of pessimism’. Intelligently reading his books shows otherwise, but there is no question that he gets off on morbidly detailing this aspect of the will, and of the horrors of the world. But then, not long after, he says that the will can be ‘silenced’ or ‘negated’, that I can know the thing-in-itself in all its transcendent mind-obliterating totality. But what is it that does the silencing? The will? If so Schopenhauer is saying that will needs to silence will in order to know will. Sometimes he says that ‘reason’ or the ‘intellect’ must do the recognising and silencing — precisely that part of the self that he correctly identifies as the most superficial and illusory.
Schopenhauer reveals his confusion most clearly when he talks about the ideas. These, which he picks up from Plato, are the eternal or archetypical essence of things which, when the will is silent, we see clearly in all their wonderful suchness. These ideas do seem to have some reality, although quite what that is isn’t clear; Plato’s entirely conceptual notion — that all actual horses are photocopies of a perfect abstract horse — is just loopy. More than likely the ideas are, as Schopenhauer suggests, a kind of intimation of eternity in the local forms we see around us; the quintessential woman that we love in our girlfriends perhaps, or the marvellous cowness of cow. But whatever they are — and perhaps we are just talking about the vivid, timeless reality of what is in front of our eyes, without the clouding distraction of self — what is it within us that experiences them? It can only be one’s own essence or consciousness. Again Schopenhauer considers essence to be a blind and miserable force, which, he says, must be denied in order for the intellect to perceive the ideas (or later, to perceive the eternal ground of existence), and so he is led into the same unintelligible philosophical loop; that will must be denied in order for will to perceive the will.
Let’s clear it up then. We’ve got emotion, instinct, free-will and the ‘thing-in-itself’, all of which Schopenhauer calls ‘will’. We’ve also got percept and concept, which Schopenhauer understands very well, and consciousness, which sometimes he identifies with conceptualisation, or the subject, or as ‘the ground’ of consciousness. The truth is that consciousness is what I am, it is the thing-in-itself which I can experience, or be, and when I experience it, or am it, I somehow experience the ‘cause’ of reality everywhere and at all times. It’s not really a ‘cause’ — I experience it and its ‘relationship’ with the world as something which the mind can’t describe with its ordinary language. But in any case this thing-in-itself ‘enters’ reality as my self, as free-will, as feeling, as perception and as conception; as ‘my’ world.
There once was a time when reality was lived in this way, an impossible consciousness manifesting as the self-world, but at some point the manifest self began to lead its own existence, pulling itself over my eyes, so to speak, and calling itself ‘me’. This false me (or ego), without original, unifying consciousness, was no longer a machine operated ‘by’ consciousness, but by itself; self-informed, or selfish. As the elements of self — will, feeling, perception and conception — lost their integration with consciousness, and the immeasurably nuanced context, they become crude and contentious. The subtle and harmoniously integrated I became a collection of degenerate parts; a limited range of selfish emotions, degraded perception, atrophied will and an endless stream of boring and predicable self-oriented thoughts: all the negativity which Schopenhauer mistakenly lumps together with the original I, the thing-in-myself, which he correctly identifies as the transcendent truth.
Once we have clarified Schopenhauer’s thought in this way his errors become clear and pretty much everything else he says makes sense. When, for example, he declares that genius has a ‘a greater amount of cognitive power,’ what he means is that genius has a greater degree of consciousness combined with, necessarily, a more sensitive and, eventually, well-developed perceiving and thinking self. When he says that ‘genius is contrary to nature’ he means that consciousness is contrary to self-informed instinct. When he says that ‘the innermost kernel of the I’ persists after death while consciousness is an ‘epiphenomenon’ that passes away with death, he means that consciousness, the thing-in-myself, persists while the temporal self passes away. And when he declares that nature is a superviolent horrorshow while, at the same time, being the reflection of eternity, perfection incarnate, he means that nature perceived through the selfish self is constant warfare (just as matter is completely determined), while nature experienced directly, as the thing-in-myself, is paradise.
There’s a lot more to say about Schopenhauer — his nonsense views on sex , women , the state and race , and, contrariwise his sublime observations on art, physiognomy and genius for example, or his remarkable love for and acute observation of animals, or his hilarious beef with the shallow confounder Hegel. I suggest you take a read yourself though. The World as Will and Representation is excellent, as is his large collection of essays, Parerga and Paralipomena (in both cases I recommend the recent Cambridge translations ). I’ll conclude part one of this investigation — we’ll return to how we might ‘know’ the thing-in-itself in part two — with one of Schopenhauer’s memorable images, this one expressing his conviction that death cannot possibly be the end of consciousness. As thing-in-itself it can no more die than it can be born: such notions are of the time-space world, of the time-space mind. Stepping back from that reveals a sense of eternity untroubled by beliefs, philosophies, gods and monsters.
‘Death is like the setting of the sun that only seems to be devoured by night, but in truth, as the source of all light, burns without pause, bringing new days to new worlds, forever rising and forever setting.’
(part 2 here)
Notes |
Well, hello everyone. My name is Matt and I'm not good at opening sentences. I lurked on ComicFury for a few years and only recently got an account.
This comic is something I've been doing as a hobby since 2009, though I practically started drawing before walking. But this is so far my most important project, even if it has very humble beginnings. I hope you'll enjoy it.
Ever heard of "life embellished"? That's what the Redac started as. I once got the crazy idea to parody my life at home through my drawings, and quickly added all the things I liked to the mix. (fantasy plots, dinosaurs, stuff that came up when I played with my sister, etc) Over the years, the focus shifted to the fictional lore I accumulated, but many real-ish details are still there. Notably, one of the protagonists is strongly based on me...
Since I was basically redacting my life, editing it into a wacky fictionalized version, I derived the name from that. "The Redac" is now more of an artifact title than anything, but I still think it sounds cool. Btw, that's the personification of The Redac up there. A cosmic sheet of paper, basically. This is only one of the many strange and cartoony things in this story.
I plan to update the comic every Sunday, but I started today because it's my birthday and it sounded like the best day ever to finally show my weirdness to the rest of the world. Let's start this project! :) |
Q:
How can I create an aperture-closing effect?
I'm looking to create an effect like this in a game I'm making:
I would describe it as a camera aperture closing.
I have the following requirements:
I need to be able to reverse the fade (open the aperture instead of close it)
The hole should close/open towards/from a given center point.
I can't really think of a great way to do this. I'm so used to SpriteBatch and Texture2D that I don't know how I could draw an ellipse style effect.
My current thoughts would be to make a few Texture2D frames and then animated them on the screen but that seems crazy.
If I just wanted to create pseudo-code to do it, it would probably look something like this (coming from a GDI/GDI+ background):
Call: Create_Relevant_Ellipse_Bounds;
Call: Set_Graphics_Exclusion_Clip_From_Ellipse;
Call: Fill_BackColor_With_Black_Using_Clip;
Call: Update_Ellipse_Bounds;
Call: Wait_For_Next_Draw;
A:
A point p is inside a circle at c with radius r when
(p.x - c.x)^2 + (p.y - c.y)^2 < r^2
is true. Using this equation you can color any points inside a circle one color (such as "transparent") and anything outside the circle a different color (such as "black"). You can even fade the edges of the circle, if you are so inclined.
You can write a custom shader to do this, and apply it to a full-screen quad. Set up shader constants defining the center of the circle and the current radius, and draw your quad. Every frame, decrease the radius by some factor to animate the circle getting smaller.
SV_Position contains the fragment position in D3D10 and up, but it's not available in D3D9 (which is what XNA is based on). Instead you can use the VPOS semantic (more information here). This will give you the position of p for the above equation. c and r come from your shader constants.
You can use the step function to return 0 or 1 based on which side of the equation is greater. This will allow you to avoid an actual branch in the shader, so you can compute the alpha component of your final color like this:
// alpha will be 1 if (r * r) is greater, meaning c is outside the radius.
// Ptherwise it will be zero.
float alpha = step(pow(p.x - c.x, 2) + pow(p.y - c.y, 2), r * r)
return (0,0,0,alpha);
If you didn't have SV_Position or VPOS available, you could always just put texture coordinates in the quad vertices. These will be interpolated across the face of the quad during rasterization, and can be used as an approximate coordinate system for specifying the position and radius of the camera aperture.
|
Assessment of young amblyopes. Array vs. single picture acuities.
A linear array of intact and "jumbled" symbols suitable for testing young children has been used to evaluate 35 young amblyopes. Acuities with the jumbled array test were poorer than those obtained with single symbols: the discrepancy between the jumbled array and single picture acuities was greater for large acuity deficits than small deficits. The depth of amblyopia, indexed by the interocular difference in acuity, was greater for the jumbled array than single pictures. For the patients who could be tested with lines of Snellen letters the jumbled array acuities were closer to line letter acuities than single picture or grating acuities. These results suggest that the jumbled array provides a more sensitive test of amblyopia in young children than single symbols or gratings, possibly because the jumbled array presents contour interactions that exploit the crowding phenomenon. |
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