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Set in a sheer-sided bowl of rock, accessible by climbing gear alone, the Red Lake in Croatia has never revealed the secret of its depths. Now, mountaineering skills and a Saab Seaeye Falcon ROV will offer the first ever insight into the third largest sinkhole lake in the world. Many attempts to survey the lake have failed, even thwarting an earlier team of underwater specialists. No one knows how deep it is, nor how it is fed, or if it is connected to other water systems. A ray-finned fish, particular to the lake, sometimes appears in nearby waterways to give the only clue that an underwater connection might exist. Solving the mystery became urgent when the level of the lake dropped 80 meters, and sent the Croatia Facility of Civil Engineering in search of answers. They commissioned top Adriatic ROV and diving company, Neptun-Sub to undertake the daring task of sending down the Falcon ROV. Their mission was to discover the depth of the lake, create a 3D profile, and film the underwater surfaces. Lowering the Falcon down a 300 meter vertical cliff face needed the skills of mountaineers. Their task was only made possible because the Falcon is small enough to be manhandled, yet powerful enough to perform precise work, carrying a wide range of sensors and tools such as high specification cameras and sonar systems as well as manipulators. It is packed with advanced technology usually found in much larger underwater vehicles. Once the exploration team sent the Falcon diving, it discovered that the Red Lake – taking is name from iron oxide coloring of the rocks within which it sits – is in fact 255 meters deep, four meters of which are below sea level – and it is funnel-shaped. The filming and 3D survey results, along with data collected by instruments left in the lake, are currently being evaluated by the Croatian Faculty of Civil Engineering, and will be published at a later date.	<urn:uuid:3098d3c9-ff6d-4fa7-ac74-c271f2670fad>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.marinelink.com/news/mystery-lake-the361033.aspx	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00185-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.957198	398	3.1875	3
Washington, Dec 13 (IANS) A concentrated form of a compound in broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables lowers the number of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells in the lab setting, say researchers. "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a type of cancer of the white blood cells common in children," said study co-author Daniel Lacorazza, assistant professor of pathology and immunology, at the Baylor College of Medicine. "There is about an 80 percent cure rate, but some children don't respond to treatment. For those cases, we are in need of alternative treatments," Lacorazza was quoted in the journal Public Library of Science ONE. Lacorazza and colleagues focused on purified sulforaphane, a natural compound found in broccoli believed to have both preventive and therapeutic properties in solid tumours, according to a Baylor statement. Researchers led by Koramit Suppipat, who performed this work while a clinical fellow in the Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centres, incubated human-derived leukemic cell lines with the compound. The cancer cells died while the healthy cells obtained from healthy donors were unaffected. Studies tested in pre-clinical mouse models showed similar results. "Sulforaphane is a natural product. However, what we used in this study is a concentrated purified form," said Lacorazza. "So while eating cruciferous vegetables is good for you, it will not have the same effect as what we saw in the lab."	<urn:uuid:b21fd454-fb06-4bd3-ab90-7eb8542353b0>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/12/13/317--Vegetable-compound-found-promising-in-leukemia-.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00044-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.959267	311	2.984375	3
Matt_dk sends word that NASA has chosen a new target crater into which to crash the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) mission vehicles. "The decision means that when NASA's LCROSS probe and its spent Centaur rocket stage slam into the moon on Oct. 9, they will crash into the large crater Cabeus, and not the nearby (and smaller) Cabeus A crater that was previously targeted. ... The data suggests the new target Cabeus has a concentration of hydrogen — an indication of possible water ice — that's higher than anywhere else at the lunar south pole. ... A small valley etched into the otherwise tall crater ridge of Cabeus should allow sunlight to shine on the ejecta cloud kicked up when LCROSS and its Centaur rocket stage crash into the moon in successive impacts."	<urn:uuid:e1e44ec6-48a3-4066-879e-c156a174e74e>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	https://science.slashdot.org/story/09/09/29/022248/lcross-team-changes-target-crater-for-impact	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.942915	172	2.703125	3
What scares homeowners most about alternative, or renewable, energy systems is the upfront cost. But once the sticker shock subsides and they look at the big picture, they realize they might save money in the long run. “Why haven’t renewables taken off? It’s the same old issue: the initial cost,” says Steven Strong, president of Solar Design Associates. “Get past that initial investment and you can have decades of cheap energy.” Take stock of the enviroment around your home. Do you plan to live off the utility grid or will you tie into it? Is your home located in an area with enough wind to support a wind system? Think the nearby rushing river will allow you to generate hydro-power? Answers to these and other questions will determine whether an alternative energy system is right for you. There are two ways to bring the sun’s energy into your home. One is by passive means, which may be as simple as orienting your house so its large windows face south. Active methods use PV cell systems. Passive solar heating doesn’t involve anything mechanical. All you need are windows. Building orientation is a key factor. You need to capture solar heat in the winter and block it out in the summer. Site your home so the rooms that need the most heat and light (kitchen, great room) face south. Ideally, they’ll have windows designed to bring in the sun’s heat and insulate against the cold. Orient seldom-used spaces to the north. This works in most areas of the United States and Canada. Passive solar designs can also have a cooling effect. Exterior shades and overhangs reduce summer heat while letting in the winter sun. Casement or other operable windows will capture solar heat in the winter and let in breezes in the summer. Another benefit of passive solar design: daylighting, or lighting your home with natural sunlight. You will save on energy bills by bringing sunlight in through skylights, clerestory windows and south-facing windows. Active solar power uses PV solar cells. Made of semiconducting materials (usually silicon) that directly convert sunlight into electricity, they are integrated into the roofing of a home. “There’s no consumption of resources, no by-products,” Strong says. “The cycle can continue for decades as long as it captures sunlight.” When exposed to sunlight, solar cells mounted on a surface and wired together to become a solar module produce DC electric current. Solar cells can convert 15 percent of the sun’s energy into electricity. An inverter converts DC current to AC. There are drawbacks. The cells cost thousands of dollars to install and some homeowners don’t like their appearance. “One of the objections to PV is when you have a high-end home you’re looking for a high-end result, and the aesthetics of sticking something on your roof doesn’t appeal to some people,” Strong says. A lot depends on where you live. If you’re in a remote location, having an autonomous alternative energy system could save you money. Tying into a distant utility grid can be more expensive than setting up an alternative energy system. “A typical solar design system can cost $20,000, but my customers often live far from a utility and it can cost them $20,000 per half mile to hook up to a grid,” says David Palumbo, owner of Independent Power & Light. Going off-grid means you need an autonomous energy system. Off-grid systems use battery banks, which usually account for 25 to 30 percent of the initial investment cost. Also, you must have a back-up generator to recharge the battery bank when the sun isn’t shining. Those who go on-grid can tap into a utility’s power supply to recharge. Both passive and active solar systems have the ability to heat water. Typically, solar hot water heaters can reduce the need for conventional water heating by two-thirds. Active solar water heaters provide heat for homes through radiant in-floor heat systems. For more details on alternate sources of energy, including hydropower and wind power, read the full article in the April 2003 issue of Log Home Design Ideas.	<urn:uuid:91f6dd1b-71b0-4908-a64f-094854b66ab3>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.loghome.com/energy-boost/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00062-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.935866	900	2.8125	3
Sa. a griffin segreant erm. armed and gorged with a crown Or. A demi griffin with wings endorsed erm. beaked and legged Or. uppys book "Homes of family names", also at the central reference library in Bristol, records the Ballard name as having ancient beginnings in Kent, The Ballards owned Sapington Manor from the time of Henry IV , until that of Philip and Mary. Robert Ballard butler of Richard II, received from his sovereign the manor of West Combe. In the reign of Henry VI , Thomas Ballard, of Horton Parva, was one of the sheriffs of Kent. The Ballards of Worcester and Evesham bear on old Worcestershire name, Philip Ballard who Was mayor of Evesham in 1664 was buried in Evesham church in 1670 , Martin Ballard was mayor of the same town in 1676. The mayor of Worcester in 1723 was William Ballard. Ballard is an ancient English name that was represented six centuries ago in Cambridgeshire, Hunts and other counties including Kent. These two exracts from this publication are not very well researched and a lot of the information is mostly inacurate so please keep an open mind and validate all printed materials relied upon for your research. William Ballard in the late fifthteenth century was official cannon to the March King Of Arms and sworn to do his utmost to have knowledge of all noble gentleman within his marches and to register Arms within his province of the West of England, Wales and Cornwall. As a consequence The Ballard Book of Arms (XXVI) now resides at the College of Arms in London, recording about 136 blazoned and 420 painted coats of arms accumulated sometime between 1465 and 1490 for and under the supreme command of Edward IV, Edward V and Richard III. William Ballard's task was to establish the validity of such arms and that of there bearers, often in dispute, courts would be held and if claims were upheld, records would be made in Rolls recording pedigrees and arms of such noblemen. Other early namesakes include John Ballard, a Catholic priest, who found fame during the 1580s with his involvement in a conspiracy, with Anthony Babington, to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I in favour of and after the incarceration of Mary Queen of Scots, unsuccessful was their plan, John Ballard was publicly disembowelled after Walsingham, through his ingenuity and slothfulness uncovered their plot, nethertheless the story is far more complexed than the short passage I have afforded this subject and I am sure would further make excellent reading material, "Oxford", "Reign of Elizabeth II" Incidently Thomas Ballard, ( Son of Gregory Ballard) the Sheriff for Kent and keeper of Canterbury Castle married Phillipe, the daughter of Thomas Walsingham. Another recorded John Ballard an archer made fame by capturing the archdeacon of Paris during the latter part of the fourteenth century, apparently he deserted from the army before entering Calais and smuggled his prisoner into Colchester Abbey and finally sold him in London for £50, this was common business practice at the time and was encouraged by the monarchy of the day, although this particular instance provoked a stream of angry letters threatening the archer, the abbot and other supposed accomplices with severe penalties. Name Variations: Ballard. References:One or more of the following publications has been referenced for this article.The General Armory; Sir Bernard Burke - 1842. A Handbook of Mottoes; C.N. Elvin - 1860. English Surnames; C.M. Matthews - 1966. A Dictionary of English Surnames; P.H. Reaney - 1958. Adrian Ballard: http://members.lycos.co.uk/AdrianBallard/history.htm The beautiful heraldry artwork for this family is available to purchase on select products from the Celtic Radio Store. We look forward to filling your order!	<urn:uuid:71934c8e-a4fb-4a9c-a00f-10fca6673c87>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://heraldry.celticradio.net/search.php?id=181	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00188-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.961477	816	2.65625	3
Palestinian Children: The Invisible Workers of Israeli Settlements The summer air grew considerably hotter as we drove down to the Jordan Valley. Its red fertile soil radiated heat beneath our feet as we walked toward the lush agricultural field dotted with young boys picking vegetables. Wearing a red hoodie over his baseball cap, Omar, 17, quickly jumped off a tractor to greet us. He appeared thin and sun-burned and his hands felt calloused from picking vegetables bare-handed. Omar’s younger brother, Fouzi, 16, wearing a baseball cap and carrying his plastic bucket, followed close behind. Beads of sweat trickled down their faces as they proudly displayed the eggplants and peppers they had collected over the past five hours. Four years ago, Omar became the primary breadwinner for his eight member family after his father passed away. In significant debt due to medical bills, Omar began picking, cleaning and packaging fruits and vegetables near the agricultural fields of the Israeli settlement of Hamra in the Jordan Valley. When balancing work and school became exhausting, both Omar and Fouzi left school to work full time in the fields. Depending on the season, around 10,000 to 20,000 Palestinian laborers work in Israeli agricultural settlements in the Jordan Valley. Approximately five to 10 percent of these workers are child laborers, according to the Maan Development Center. One of the most restricted places on earth, the Jordan Valley is home to vast swaths of rich agricultural land used by Israeli settlements. Since 1967, Israel has implemented systematic measures to ensure absolute control over the region, depriving Palestinians of their right to their own resources. While Israeli settlers make up 13 percent of the population, they effectively control 86 percent of the land. The annual value of agricultural production in the Jordan Valley settlements is estimated at about $132.6 million, according to a report by the Palestinian human rights organization, Al Haq. Omar and Fouzi are from the West Bank village of Duma, 13 miles southeast of Nablus. During the months they work, they stay in storage units near the Hamra settlement sleeping on tiny cots for months at a time. "We work up to 10 hours or more and we don’t get many breaks to drink water and rest throughout the day," says Fouzi. "The units we sleep in are very cramped and humid; sometimes it feels like we’re choking, but we’re used to it." At the end of each week, they send the money they earn home to their mother. Child laborers earn an average of 40 to 60 NIS ($12 to $18) per day. This is not even enough to buy a bag of flour to feed her family, Omar and Fouzi’s mother, Muntaha, says. Palestinian children as young as 11 work up to 12 hours a day, in temperatures that can reach up to 122 degrees Fahrenheit and drop to 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Child laborers can suffer from injuries and chronic pain due to long hours, poor working conditions and the harsh physical nature of the work. The use of inorganic pesticides and fertilizers is widespread and unregulated in the Jordan Valley, creating highly polluted runoff water with high levels of chemicals to which children are exposed. Exposure to these chemicals can have grave long-term consequences including hormonal, renal and nervous system abnormalities, and cancer. Palestinian child laborers are undocumented, meaning no records of their hours worked are kept. They are paid in cash so that there is no proof of them working on settlements, and they have no official status, health insurance, or rights as employees. Settlers that employ them are well aware of this. "Last year, one boy fell off the tractor and injured his back. He’s nearly paralyzed and didn’t have insurance so he can’t work," shares Omar, eyeing the tractor he was just riding. Undocumented child laborers are more vulnerable to exploitation, fearful of complaining or exposing any rights abuse that may jeopardize their source of income and safety. "Cases of sexual assault and abuse are very common in settlements," according to Amjad Jaber, director of the Palestinian Authority Ministry of Labor office in Jericho. "I hear horrific stories from many women and children, who are most vulnerable to the abuse.” Limited vocational training or other alternatives forces many Palestinian families to turn to waseets. Families trust waseets to find work for their children in Israeli settlements. Many waseets were child laborers themselves. Waseets generally take commissions from the wages of the child laborers they recruit. Some also collect fees for housing and transportation. Israeli settlers pay higher wages to waseets because their services make running the entire agricultural settlement enterprise affordable and profitable. The Palestinian Authority prohibits children from working in the settlements, and under Israeli law employing minors is illegal, which results in a workforce that is invisible under the law and not guaranteed basic protections and rights. “I view the use of child labor inside settlements as a form of human trafficking,” said Khaled Quzmar, an attorney at Defence for Children International Palestine, who was involved in drafting the Palestinian Labor Law that went into effect in 2000. (Disclosure: I am a consultant with DCI Palestine.) "Child labor is a very complicated issue," says Quzmar. "The fractured legal system in the West Bank makes it easy to exploit child labor because Palestinian Labor Law only applies to children working in areas under Palestinian Authority jurisdiction, not Israeli settlements." Sitting down with Omar and Fouzi’s mother, Muntaha, in Duma, the sound of distress in her voice over her dependency on her children's work is clear. "No mother wants to send her children to work in a settlement. Of course not," Muntaha sighs. "But what choice do we have?"	<urn:uuid:7264ff1b-f918-48c5-9a59-d1aa17e96e43>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/08/28/palestinian-child-laborers-in-israeli-settlements.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00180-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.965577	1,205	2.875	3
History of the City of Covington John Wharton Collins, a New Orleans merchant by way of New York, founded the City of Covington in 1813 as the Town of Wharton. John Collins' father, Thomas Wharton, fled to Philadelphia from Scotland after the Seven Years War in 1763 and assumed his mother's maiden name, Collins, in order to maintain anonymity in the colonies. (As a Scottish militiaman, Thomas found himself on the winning end a dual to defend his sister's virtue.) Once in the colonies, Thomas was found to be a Tory sympathizer and was imprisoned during the Revolutionary War. His wife Mary successfully gained his freedom upon appeal to George Washington. Thomas was released, and the family moved to Nova Scotia where Thomas died in 1790, leaving Mary a widow with seven children. A resourceful woman, Mary made her way to New York where she reared her children. Her son William became a postal boat captain and was the first of the family to move to New Orleans. John later followed in 1800 and opened a mercantile store on Magazine Street. St. Tammany Parish at that time was part of a Spanish territory called West Florida. West Florida was not part of the Louisiana Purchase territory. Just two weeks prior to West Florida being ceded into the United States, the area that is now Covington was granted by the Spanish to another New Orleanian, Jacques Drieux. John Wharton Collins purchased the Drieux tract in 1813 and established the Town of Wharton on July 4. He laid the town out in its unique pattern of squares within squares (ox lots), which were accessed by alleyways, and named the town's center the Division of St. John, now the historic district. This unique design is largely responsible for the Division of St. John's placement on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. The city was formally incorporated in 1816 by the state legislature and renamed Covington, much to the chagrin of John Wharton Collins, who then returned to live out his life in New Orleans. His body was returned upon his death in 1817, and he is buried in Covington Cemetery No. 1, which faces the former City Hall at the corner of N. Columbia and Kirkland streets. There are conflicting stories about how the city came to be named Covington. One theory was that Covington was named in honor of General Leonard Covington, a hero of the War of 1812. However, local historian Judge Steve Ellis floats another theory centered around the suggestion by Jesse Jones, a local attorney, that the city be named in honor of the Blue Grass whiskey---made in Covington, Kentucky--- enjoyed by town officials. As the Parish (county) seat since 1829, Covington was the center of commerce, industry and government on the Northshore. The area's principle industries included lumber and related pine products, brick production and agriculture. Goods were transported via the Bogue Falaya River from the Columbia St. Landing across Lake Pontchartrain to New Orleans. Tourism became popular at the turn of the century. People believed in the medicinal powers of the ozone waters of the Northshore and visited hotels in Covington to bathe and partake of "the cure," as it had been dubbed during a yellow fever outbreak in New Orleans in 1878. In 1891, Covington was named "THE MOST HEALTHY PLACE IN THE UNITED STATES" (taken from the book St. Tammany Parish, by Frederick S. Ellis) due to the low number of deaths per population recorded in the 1890 census. It is notable that these healthy people voted against secession in 1860. St. Tammany Parish delegates voted no to secession at the state legislature's convention. By the time Civil War was declared, eight national flags had flown over St. Tammany Parish. The railroad arrived in 1887, and the first telephones were installed in 1884. The historic Division of St. John comprises Covington's downtown. As a result of the oil bust of 1986, much of Covington's downtown was boarded up as recently as the early 1990s. In response to a slumping economy and decline downtown, the city applied to become a "Main Street" community and was accepted in 1987. The National Main Street Program is a downtown revitalization program, which is administered by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. It consists of a four-point approach to revitalization: 1) Organization - whereby a Main Street manager is hired who assembles a board of volunteers from the community who are stakeholders in the downtown area, to implement the program; 2) Promotion - which includes retail promotions and special events to re-establish interest and activity in the downtown; 3) Economic Restructuring – which is an organized effort to attract businesses back to the downtown with incentives and support retention of the existing businesses; and 4) Design - which oversees the restoration of buildings and maintenance of the integrity of historic downtown architecture. Covington completed the five-year program and became a graduate Main Street community in 1992. As a result of this revitalization effort, downtown Covington has experienced a resurgence of retail and professional uses. Covington's present economic state: After experiencing a slow down in retail sales during the late 1990s, the City entered its second phase of revitalization. Once population growth in St. Tammany Parish reached the "critical mass" necessary to support Covington's retailers, sales tax revenues increased accordingly. Upward trends in the local economy and migration further north have resulted in a "business boom" in Covington, as reported by the Times Picayune in January 2005. Another contributing factor to the vibrancy downtown is the presence of the new St. Tammany Parish Justice Center. This $60,000,000 investment has attracted various new businesses and attorneys' offices. It also keeps cyclical jury pools, 300 people each, visiting downtown Covington on a regular basis. Residential development has made downtown a 24-hour district. Covington is also the center of the medical and legal professions in St. Tammany Parish. Professionals representing all industries from architecture to finance are present in Covington and serving the needs of local, national and international clients. The City has a proliferation of retail specialty shops and popular restaurants, one of which was named "Best New Restaurant in the New Orleans Region" by New Orleans Magazine in 2003, and another was awarded the "2009 Chefs to Watch" by Louisiana Cookin Magazine. Covington has also established itself as a regional tourist destination. The city provides recreational opportunities and numerous special events that attract thousands of visitors annually. The Covington Three Rivers Art Festival is a major regional festival that attracts up to 50,000 visitors each November to view fine art and crafts displayed outdoors along six blocks of Columbia Street, from the Landing to the former City Hall in downtown. More than 200 artists from across the nation take part in this event. Covington is proud to boast that it is home to one of the state's premier farmer's markets. The Covington Farmer's Market is held each Wednesday at the Covington Trailhead and Saturday on the lawn of the former City Hall. It has grown to annual gross sales of nearly $1 million. The market has become a very successful business incubator and a strong factor in the preservation of small farms in our region. In regard to economic development coupled with cultural diversity, Covington has targeted the arts as a source of economic vitality. Several art galleries have made their homes in downtown Covington exhibiting every medium. Film and video producers are working out of downtown Covington. The film industry has seen tremendous growth in the state since the enactment of the Louisiana Motion Picture Incentive Act. The issues surrounding annexation in St. Tammany Parish have been resolved by the execution of the Growth Management and Revenue Sharing Agreement of 2003. This agreement identifies where the City may annex property without opposition from the Parish and two areas where sales tax revenues will be shared by the City and Parish. This agreement has made planning easier by defining the City's future growth boundaries and eliminating the guesswork on where growth will occur. It has also allowed the City to share in the revenues generated by national retailers seeking location profiles that aren't present within the municipal boundaries. Covington in the new millennium should be recognizable by anyone who might have been here in the old. The view may have changed a little, but its unique sense of place remains. We invite you to visit Covington to learn more about its history, culture, business opportunities and quality of life.	<urn:uuid:7e558029-b11a-451d-8d04-fdf38f933ee5>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.covla.com/history/index.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.972416	1,773	3.359375	3
Details about American Cultural Pluralism and Law: This new edition of Norgren and Nanda's classic updates their examination of the intersection of American cultural pluralism and law. They document and analyze legal challenges to the existing social order raised by many cultural groups, among them, Native Americans and Native Hawaiians, homeless persons, immigrants, disabled persons, and Rastafarians. In addition, they examine such current controversies as the culture wars in American schools and the impact of post-9/11 security measures on Arab and Muslim individuals and communities. The book also discusses more traditional challenges to the American legal system by women, homosexuals, African Americans, Latinos, Japanese Americans, and the Mormons and the Amish.The new chapters and updated analyses in this Third Edition reflect recent, relevant court cases dealing with culture, race, gender, religion, and personal status. Drawing on court materials, state and federal legislation, and legal ethnographies, the text analyzes the ongoing tension between, on the one hand, the need of different groups for cultural autonomy and equal rights, and on the other, the necessity of national unity and security. The text integrates the authors' commentary with case descriptions set in historical, cultural, political, and economic context. While the authors' thesis is that law is an instrument of social policy that has generally furthered an assimilationist agenda in American society, they also point out how in different periods, under different circumstances, and with regard to different groups, law has also some opportunity for cultural autonomy. Back to top Rent American Cultural Pluralism and Law 3rd edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Jill Norgren. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Praeger Publishers. Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now.	<urn:uuid:6af9a1e2-3738-4a1a-bcae-6b8ff55a545b>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/american-cultural-pluralism-and-law-3rd-edition-9780275986995-0275986993?ii=7&trackid=7b9ed8f4&omre_ir=1&omre_sp=	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00059-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.920577	387	2.625	3
On this page: Definition of the verb Apostrophized What does Apostrophized mean as a doing word? - past of apostrophize Printed dictionaries and other books with definitions for Apostrophized Click on a title to look inside that book (if available): A Rhyming Dictionary, Answering at the Same Time the Purposes of Spelling and Pronouncing the English Language ... (1824) by John Walker the apostrophized preterits of the verbs to mow, to cut grass, to sow, to row, &c. s. To bode To ... The National Encyclopaedia of Business and Social Forms, Embracing the Laws of Etiquette and Good Society ... (1879) by James D. McCabe and the three apostrophized auxiliaries, would, ... A rhyming dictionary (1865) by John Walker Ward Watch ; garrison ; district of a town ; custody ; part of a lock ; one under a guardian ; pronounced as warr'd, the apostrophized preterit of the verb to war, s. To ward To act on the defensive, v. n. To a-ward To adjudge ; to determine, v a. The Diner's Dictionary (2012) Word Origins of Food and Drink by John Ayto The quintessential Scottish haggis, apostrophized by Burns as 'great chieftain o' the puddin'-race', consists typically of sheep's heart, liver, and lungs, cooked and then chopped up with onions, oatmeal, and seasonings and stuffed ... Selected from the Standard Authors of All Nations and All Time by Ainsworth Rand Spofford, Charles Gibbon Thus apostrophized the happy girl, and it was no wonder old Nanwoo's charms worked, for Cupid was directing them; and as musk overpowers every other odour, so, beside love, all pleasures in this life are utterly dwarfed and lost. 'Twas love ... To which are Added Walker's Key to the Pronunciation of Classical and Scripture Names, Much Enl. and Improved ; and a Pronouncing Vocabulary of Modern Geographical Names by Joseph Emerson Worcester, John Walker apostrophized ; pp. apostko- phizing, apostrophized.] To address by an apostrophe. Pope, Ap'qs-tCme, n. See Aposteme. tA-PÔT'E-LEçM,* я. The event of a disease; the casting of a nativity. Ash. Ap-q-tijk'ca, n. [apothcea, L.1 An ... The Biblical Encyclopedia (1903) A Collection of Notes Explanatory, Homiletic and Illustrative Forming a Complete Commentary on the Holy Scriptures Especially Designed for the Use of Ministers, Bible Students and Sunday-school Teachers by James Comper Gray, George Moulton Adams Jerusalem, apostrophized by the mystic name of “Ariel,” is at present gay and careless and secure, ... Online dictionaries and encyclopedias with entries for Apostrophized Click on a label to prioritize search results according to that topic: Scrabble value of A1P3O1S1T1R1O1P3H4I1Z10E1D2 The value of this 13-letter word is 30 points, but it's not an accepted word in the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary. Share this page Go to the wordplay of Apostrophized for some fun with words!	<urn:uuid:380ccbd7-6a21-45f9-9178-7ccf824f965f>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.omnilexica.com/?q=apostrophized	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00002-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.87153	762	2.796875	3
The issue of purity. 7:1-23 This passage falls within the second major section of Mark's gospel, "The journey to God's mountain", and serves as part of the period of growing discontent. Here, we see the religious leaders without understanding, confined by their religiosity. The passage is in two parts: i] Jesus exposes the hypocrisy of the Pharisees who rely on tradition at the expense of God's law, v1-13, and ii] Jesus identifies the true source of defilement, namely the heart, v14-23. The passage, as a whole, performs the function of law in that Jesus' words expose the human condition of loss and therefore, our need for a divine renewal of the heart. v1-2. Jesus is confronted by local Pharisees, along with some from Jerusalem. They are critical of his laxity toward matters of ritual purity, particularly in allowing his disciples to defile themselves by eating with unwashed hands. v3-4. In an editorial note, Mark gives a general overview of purity rituals practiced by the Pharisees. v5. The Pharisees assume that their traditions have authority and so question Jesus' failure to observe them. Jesus happily rises to the occasion. v6-7. Jesus sets out to expound the quote from Isaiah 29:13. First, that the religion of Israel is now shaped by externals based on human traditions, and second, that defilement is a product of a corrupt heart, quite apart from externals. v8. In grasping onto subjective traditions, the Pharisees have neglected God's authoritative word. v9. Jesus goes on to make the point that the Pharisees have actually set aside the commandments for the sake of their traditions. v10-12. In quoting the fifth commandment, Jesus adds the penalty for dishonoring parents, namely death. The Pharisees had found a way around honouring parents, with regard financial assistance, through a device whereby the son's funds were declared "divine property." v13. Jesus sums up his argument, namely, that the Pharisees have dared to nullify the commandments in favour of their traditions. v14-15. Addressing the crowd, Jesus presents a short parabolic saying: Defilement is from within, not from without. v17-19a. As is typical, Jesus later explains the saying to the disciples. An external, such as food, does not defile a person's being ("heart"), it simply passes through. v19b. Mark makes his own comment here regarding Levitical regulations, particularly food regulations. The issue had caused division in the early church between Gentiles and Jews. The comment doesn't actually seek to dispense with the regulations as such, rather make the point that purity, in the end, has nothing to do with what we eat. v20-23. It is what is within the inner being that defiles us, for from within comes "evil divisings which issue in degraded acts and vices", Taylor. By means of these words, Jesus has demolished any idea that pious regulations can purify. In the end, we are all left with a "desperate need for the renewal and cleansing of the human heart", Lane. The heart of the matter\| "These people honor me with their lips, but their hearts are far from me", Isaiah 29:13. The teaching of this passage is quite straightforward. The Pharisees had developed their own particular religiosity, their "kosher" faith. Jesus, of course, ignores their religious correctness. They respond by questioning his faith. Jesus then points to their hypocrisy. They practice religious correctness while ignoring matters of substance, matters of justice. Jesus then pushes to the core problem facing all humanity: the human heart is the source of corruption and out of it comes all manner of evil. Pious traditions have no authority in themselves and certainly no capacity to purify the inner being. In fact, they are a product of human reasoning. Even the purity regulations of Leviticus can't purify. All the law does is identify our defilement, but it certainly can't cure it. Our problem is a spiritual one; we all need spiritual renewal. So again, Jesus' teaching drives us to the cross for renewal, for the gift of a new heart within. As we stand in the shadow of the cross, saved by grace through faith, we do wonder about the propriety of the many Levitical regulations on food and the like. In fact, we may well wonder to what extent the moral law itself applies to those with a renewed heart. The fact is, Jesus hasn't actually wiped away the law, not even the food laws. His point is that externals, in themselves, neither purify nor pollute the inner being. The law serves as a guide to godliness, with some elements more important than others. The eating, or not eating, of crustaceans, is not very important, whereas the honouring of parents is important. Yet, hovering over the issue of the relative importance of individual Biblical laws, there lies the fact that no law can purify. A new heart within is the essential human need, and this as a gift of God, through faith, apart from works of the law. So again we come to the heart of the gospel. How easy it is to feel secure in the worthiness of our Christian walk, yet worthiness before God is found in the worthiness of Christ. Let us rest secure in him, and allow him, through the Spirit, to shape our daily walk. 1. We could argue that a believer who wants to maintain their church traditions is a pharisee, ie. wanting to "observe many other traditions." Why is this not the correct application of the passage? 2. If evil or good comes from the heart, how do we change the heart that good may emerge? 3. Why is it, when the heart is not renewed, that a religious person often becomes consumed by their religiosity? Print-friendly: Sermon Notes. and Technical Notes Index of studies: Resource library Pumpkin Cottage Ministry Resources Lectionary Bible Studies and Sermons	<urn:uuid:ffe996cc-3329-4fdc-9f2d-9c8967fa755b>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.lectionarystudies.com/studyg/sunday22bg.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00056-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.954188	1,302	2.546875	3
Entering the Conduct of the Bodhisattvas Text Section 41 The Victor, Buddha Śākyamuni, had prophesied that the dharma would spread in the future to Tibet, the snowy land [gangs ljongs]. The Indian scholar Śāntarakṣita [zhi ba ’tsho] came to Tibet and performed the original ceremony to ordain the first Tibetan monks at the monastery of Samye [bsam yas], the first Buddhist monastery formally established in Tibet. The Indian tantrika and spiritual teacher Padmasambhava tamed all the local spirits in Tibet and gave extensive teachings on all aspects of tantric Buddhism. These masters were invited to Tibet under the reign of the Dharma King Trisong Detsen, under whose rule Buddhism took firm root in Tibet. King Trisong Detsen sent many young Tibetans to India on a mission to learn Sanskrit, to study with the great masters, so that they might be able to accurately translate the sūtras and tantras into the Tibetan language. Famous translators such as Vairocana, Kawa Paltsek [ska ba dpal brtsegs], Chokro Lui Gyaltsen [cog ro klu’i rgyal mtshan], Zhang Yeshe De [zhang ye shes sde], and others became the editorial heads of translation groups. King Trisong Detsen invited many Indian paṇḍitas to Tibet and so was able to ensure that the Sanskrit texts were in fact accurately translated into Tibetan. All these masters are considered emanations of the buddhas and bodhisattvas. Therefore, Khenpo Kunpal’s preface salutes them as the treasure-trove of emanated translators and paṇḍitas [lo paṇ sprul pa’i dpyid]. Treasure-trove [dpyid] has the multiple connotations of - ’perfection’ [phun sum tshogs pa], - ’glory’ [dpal], - ’treasure’ [gter], - ’group’ [tshogs pa], and - ’chief’ [gtso bo]. Without these masters, the dharma would never have taken root in Tibet, and a Tibet without the dharma would have been a country of spiritual darkness. These masters illuminated Tibet by teaching buddha dharma and are, therefore, called eyes that gazed upon the snowy land [gangs ljongs snang ba’i mig]. Theirs are the eyes that clearly and directly saw the truth of the sublime dharma [dam pa’i chos gsal ba mthong mdzad pa’i mig]. Paltrül Rinpoche taught that three supreme emanations of Mañjughoṣa appeared in Tibet [bod kyi ’jam dbyangs rnam gsum]: - Sakya Paṇḍita Kunga Gyaltshen, - Lord Tsongkhapa Lobzang Drakpa, - and the omniscient Longchen Rabjam. Khenpo Kunpal pays respect to all the non-sectarian lineages of the Old and New Schools [gsar rnying gi ris med brgyud pa rnams] without exception. All the sūtras, tantras, and commentaries that were translated during the time of the three great dharma kings, - Songtsen Gampo [srong btsan sgam po], - Trisong Detsen [khri srong lde’u btsan], - and Tri Ralpachen [khri ral pa can] belong to this phase, known as the ‘Early Translation Period’ [snga ’gyur rnying ma]. This translation period began with the Tibetan translator and grammarian Thumi Sambhoṭa, who was assisted by the Indian scholar Devaviṭsiṃha. The last great Indian paṇḍita of this translation period was Smṛtijñānakirtī [dran pa ye shes]. The tantras, commentaries, and sūtras that were later translated by Rinchen Zangpo (958-1055) and the translators after him belong to the phase known as the ‘Later Translation Period’ [phyi ’gyur gsar ma]. For the early accounts on the spread of Buddhism in Tibet see Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism, pages 510-522.2. See Masters of Meditation, page 2093. For biographical notes on Sakya Paṇḍita Kunga Gyaltshen [sa skya paṇḍita kun dga’ rgyal mtshan] (1182-1251) see mkhas btsun bzang po Vol. X, 137ff Luminous Lifes, pages 159-169.4. For biographical information on Lord Tsongkhapa Lobzang Drakpa [rje tsong kha pa blo bzang grags pa] (1357-1419) see Leben des Tsongkhapa and Life of Tsong Khapa.5. For biographical notes on the omniscient Longchen Rabjam [kun mkhyen klong chen rab ’jams] (1308-1363) see Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism, pages 575-596; Buddha Mind, pages 145-188; Masters of Meditation, pages 109-117 and klong chen rnam thar.6. Devaviṭsiṃha [lha rig pa seng ge / lha rig pa’i seng ge / lha’i rig pa seng ge (?)] was the Sanskrit teacher of Thumi Sambhoṭa from whom he learned Pāṇini’s Sanskrit grammar. See Blue Annals, page 218 and History of Buddhism, page 185. Article published on	<urn:uuid:56b8b5aa-98d3-45e0-b688-aa3e7cddcb90>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/bodhisattva-cary%C4%81vat%C4%81ra/d/doc6253.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00146-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.849808	1,312	3.15625	3
by Staff Writers Moscow (Voice of Russia) Oct 30, 2012 Russian scientists from the Dubna research hub and their American counterparts have added two more names to the periodic table. The first experiments with superheavy elements began in the 1960s to prove the existence of the so-called "Island of Stability" - an undiscovered region in the periodic table where heavy elements become stable again. The man-made elements 114 and 116 are now officially called Flerovium (Fl) and Livermorium (Lv). The first isotope of element 114 was created at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna back in 1999 by colliding Plutonium-244 and Calcium-48 nuclei. Atoms heavier than Uranium tend to be very short-lived but scientists managed to extend the element's half-life by 2 seconds, which was enough to study it. Element 116 was created in 2001, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California. These elements can be man-made in labs only. The experiments are a real breakthrough, says vice-president of Russia's Academy of Sciences Sergey Aldoshin. The discovery of new superheavy elements which could exist for longer than nanoseconds bring has confirmed the Island of Stability hypothesis which brings us to theories about the borders of nucleus stability and odd-shaped nuclei. I can congratulate us all on this discovery which can help to decipher another mystery of the Universe. (end) The elements were first created more than 10 years ago, but subsequent testing was required to confirm their existence. The names were chosen to honor Georgy Flerov, who began experiments with supergeheavy elements back in the 1960s and Lawrence Livermore whose laboratory assisted in the research. The elements' official names were not approved until now by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), which governs chemical nomenclature. The IUPAC president Tsutomu Katsuki spoke about the process. Recently, Dubna scientists have created some 50 heavy isotopes of already exiting elements and 6 new superheavy elements from 113 to 118. Now scientists are carrying out experiments to add them to the periodic table. Source: Voice of Russia Space Technology News - Applications and Research \|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2014 - Space Media Network. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement\|	<urn:uuid:4d21d48d-3e24-4bd7-a02c-b90982229ab6>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.spacemart.com/reports/Russian_chemists_land_on_the_island_of_stability_999.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00187-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.923303	587	2.765625	3
Originally published in The Weekly Packet, January 10, 2013 Home schoolers show their geography know-how in local bee Brandon Aponte, a 12-year-old homeschooler from Brooklin, won the National Geographic Society bee for the third straight year. by Anne Berleant For the fourth year running, home schoolers from Blue Hill, Brooklin, Penobscot and central Hancock County tested their knowledge of the land, features, and inhabitants of the Earth in a competitive geography bee held at the Blue Hill Library on January 4. “This is a fun opportunity to show off your knowledge about the world,” said Pat Horton, librarian for Youth Services, who played host for the bee. “Your first instruction is to relax.” Brandon Aponte, a 12-year-old out of Brooklin, won for the third straight year, missing only one question out of 16 questions in three rounds of competition. His winning answer? Chile, in response to the question: The Yaghan were a nomadic tribe indigenous to Tierra del Fuego, an island group that is divided between Argentina and what other country? The National Geographic Society sponsors the bee for fourth- to eighth-graders across the state, with the winner given a written test to qualify for the state-wide bee in the spring. Ten students competed in the homeschooler bee, a jump up from the six who entered in 2012. The first few questions focused on the geography of the United States, with competitors choosing an answer from two choices. Then, as the questions became harder, with no multiple choices and world geography thrown in, the field began to narrow. “Take a deep breath,” said Horton. A round of physical geography questions had competitors choosing answers between choices like geyser or lava? butte or fjord? moraine or delta? Each correct answer, given within 15 seconds, earned one point, with the four students who collected the most points moving on to the second round. A three-way tiebreak determined the fourth person to advance. Liam Brennan of Penobscot correctly named South America as the continent where the Pampas region bordering the Atlantic Ocean is located. Brennan continued to a second-place overall finish. The youngest competitor, Colin Aponte, age eight, came in fourth place, with correct answer after correct answer, falling at the end of the second round after misnaming the state the Salton Sea near the Imperial Valley is located. It is California, and of the four competitors left in the second round, only Brandon Aponte gave the correct answer. Aponte said he uses National Geographic books to study and looks at maps. “I love maps,” he said.	<urn:uuid:73d9a1fe-1f6c-4939-8d42-0f4f83adc71b>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://weeklypacket.com/news/2013/jan/14/home-schoolers-show-their-geography-know-how-in-lo/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00201-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.955613	577	2.8125	3
What it's all about The geophysics program enables students to be stewards of Earth's resources and environment. Students are provided with the fundamental skills in solid earth geophysics, including seismic and potential field exploration and earthquake seismology. This field combines geology, math and physics so we can better understand how the Earth works. You might take classes such as: Graduates of this major go on to: go to graduate school	<urn:uuid:13981db7-5d4f-4a73-8c2b-62bb395d2651>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.baylor.edu/Artsandsciences/index.php?id=62183	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00136-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.894269	90	2.71875	3
This investigation into plastic packaging has revealed a great deal of information. Most plastic packaging is used only once, its chemical stability keeps it from degrading in the environment for many years, and it is accumulating in landfills. The processes that produce the plastics use fossil resources, pollute the air and water, and consume large amounts of energy. It seems clear that producing and using plastic as a packaging material, and taking market share from more recyclable and reusable packaging, is a bad idea from an environmental standpoint. So why is the plastic packaging business growing? One big reason is that popular misconceptions about plastic production and reprocessing contribute to the industry’s growth. Some of them are presented here. Misconception # 1: Plastics that go into a curbside recycling bin get recycled. Not necessarily. Many plastics are unrecyclable, and the recyclable ones must be separated out. The rest go to waste. Collecting plastic packaging at curbside fosters the belief that, like aluminum and glass, the recovered material is converted into new packaging. In fact, most recovered plastic packaging is not made into packaging again but into new secondary products such as textiles, parking lot bumpers, or plastic lumber – all unrecyclable products. This does not reduce the use of virgin materials in plastic packaging. One of the goals of the Council for Solid Waste Solutions, an industry association formed by major resin producing companies, is to increase curbside pickup of plastics. The Council’s “Blueprint for Plastic Recycling” is aimed squarely at convincing the 6,000 or so municipalities around the country that already have curbside recycling service to add plastics. How this material is to be handled after being picked up is not addressed in the blueprint, however. In many cases, communities have adopted collection programs only to find that there is no reasonable market for the material, or that they must incur additional costs to clean and separate it to market specifications. “Recycled” in these cases merely means “collected,” not reprocessed or converted into useful products. Misconception # 2: Curbside collection will reduce the amount of plastic landfilled. Not necessarily. If establishing collection makes plastic packages seem more environmentally friendly, people may feel comfortable buying more. Curbside plastic collection programs, intended to reduce municipal plastic waste, might backfire if total use rises faster than collection. Since only a fraction of certain types of plastic could realistically be captured by a curbside program, the net impact of initiating curbside collection could be an increase in the amount of plastic landfilled. Furthermore, since most plastic reprocessing leads to secondary products that are not themselves recycled, this material is only temporarily diverted from landfills. Misconception # 3: A chasing arrows symbol means a plastic container is recyclable. The arrows are meaningless. Every plastic container is marked with the chasing arrows symbol. A survey of 804 people in Saint Paul, Minnesota, revealed that 7 out of 10 people believed the symbol means “recyclable.” Many even believe the symbol indicates the container is composed of recycled material. Actually, the only information in the symbol is the number inside the arrows, which indicates the general class of resin used to make the container. The plastics industry adopted this symbol in 1988 to identify the resins when state legislatures were discussing bans on plastic containers. But the plastics industry says it never intended the chasing arrows to indicate recyclability or identify recycled content, but only to be a catchy graphic to point out the number inside that identifies the type of resin. The symbol is misleading; nevertheless, the plastics industry has resisted consumers’ efforts to modify it. The attorneys general of 11 states also objected to false and misleading claims about plastic recyclability. The recent settlement that they reached with the American Plastics Council paves the way for a first-ever definition of what claims can or cannot be made about plastic recycling and recyclability. Misconception # 4: Packaging resins are made from petroleum refineries’ waste. Plastic resins are made from non-renewable natural resources that could be used for a variety of other applications or conserved. Some people believe that the raw materials for packaging plastics come from an otherwise useless industrial waste stream. They believe that if these plastics were not made, the raw materials would be dumped into the environment as a hazardous waste. But actually, most packaging plastics are made from the same natural gas used in homes to heat water and cook. Misconception # 5: Plastics recyclers pay to promote plastics’ recyclability. No; virgin resin producers pay for the bulk of these ads. Billboards that claim plastic is recyclable and beseech consumers to get involved imply that plastic recycling is an established industry impatiently awaiting consumer participation. In fact, most such ads are placed by virgin plastic manufacturers whose goal is to promote plastic sales. These advertisements are aimed at removing or diminishing virgin plastic’s greatest challenge to market expansion: negative public conception of plastic as unrecyclable, environmentally harmful, and a major component of wastes that must be landfilled or burned. Misconception # 6: Using plastic containers conserves energy. When the equation includes the energy used to synthesize the plastic resin, making plastic containers uses as much energy as making glass containers from virgin materials, and much more than making glass containers from recycled materials. Using refillables is most energy conservative. Energy use studies that compare various packaging materials often do not account for the large amount of energy required to synthesize plastic resin. Most of the energy and environmental costs of plastics are hidden because they are incurred in the plastic factory. Also, life-cycle assessments often assume containers will be used only once. The practices of refilling and reuse, especially if carried out on the local level, have the greatest potential for reducing energy consumption no matter what material is used to make the containers. Misconception # 7: Our choice is limited to recycling or wasting. Source reduction is preferable for many types of plastic and isn’t difficult. Opportunities include using refillable containers, buying in bulk, buying things that don’t need much packaging, and buying things in recyclable and recycled packages. Many people take plastic packaging as a given and narrow the issue down to the simple question of how best to dispose of it. In the resulting turmoil, obvious alternatives may be overlooked, such as reducing or eliminating our consumption of plastic packaging. Simple, effective source-reduction strategies for individuals and households are: a) using refillable containers; b) buying in bulk; c) selecting products that use little or no packaging, and d) choosing packaging materials that can be recycled and are made from recycled materials such as glass, metal, and paper. Holding companies accountable for the material they sell by legislatively demanding recycled content also has been shown to work on the city, state, and national levels. Why are there so many misconceptions? The use of plastic as a packaging material is on the rise. Since so many products are available in plastic packaging, the choice of plastic is a matter of convenience. The desire for convenience coupled with a throwaway mentality or culture supports the flow of disposable plastic packaging. Yet people are concerned about the accumulation of discarded plastic in landfills and in the environment; they show this by participating at a high level in curbside collection programs and voting for mandatory container deposits. The conflict of interest between the convenience of throwaway containers and responsibility for long-lasting waste and environmental damage has shifted public hope and attention to plastic recycling. The popular ideal appears to be for some sort of technological breakthrough to make using plastic acceptable without requiring any change in consumption or discard practices. The plastics industry has responded by advertising plastic recyclability and joining the chorus of technological optimism while continuing to promote the consumption of single-use plastics.	<urn:uuid:3dd8cf5f-6c54-4461-9897-bdb0a5245637>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://ecologycenter.org/plastics/ptf/report9/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00192-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.936074	1,636	3.375	3
Completed in 1836, the meandering chain of waterways collectively known as the Nantes–Brest canal connects Finistère to the Loire. Interweaving rivers with stretches of canal, it was built at Napoleon’s instigation to bypass the belligerent English fleets off the coast. As a focus for exploring inland Brittany, whether by barge, bike, foot, or all three, the canal is ideal. Not every stretch is accessible, but detours can be made away from it, such as into the wild and desolate Monts d’Arrée to the north of the canal in Finistère. The canal passes through riverside towns, such as Josselin, that long predate its construction; the old port of Redon, a patchwork of water, where the canal crosses the River Vilaine; and a sequence of scenic splendours, including long, narrow Lac de Guerlédan, created by the construction of the Barrage de Guerlédan, near Mur-de-Bretagne.	<urn:uuid:ad539609-b731-4022-acf4-ebd8dc794484>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.roughguides.com/destinations/europe/france/brittany/nantes-brest-canal/?wpfpaction=add&postid=52895	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00151-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.921857	212	2.875	3
Companies are realizing that there is both an internal price and an opportunity when it comes to carbon pollution. An odd juxtaposition, perhaps, but a white paper from CDP (formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project) North America makes the point that once a company establishes an “internal carbon price,” it can be used as an incentive and a core strategic planning tool. “Many companies across the U.S. have come to recognize that there is a price associated with the carbon they emit and an economic opportunity in factoring a carbon price into their business model,” said Tom Carnac, president of CDP North America. “Companies view the establishment of an internal carbon price as both an evaluation of risk and a business opportunity if they take steps to limit carbon pollution before others do.” Aha! Sort of like a race to the top from the pollution bottom! The white paper says 29 publicly-traded companies based or operating in the U.S. disclosed an internal price on carbon pollution to CDP in 2013, detailing both the risk and potential business opportunity for early action by their companies. The prices range from $6-60 dollars, and exist at companies in various sectors of the economy, including energy, utilities, airlines, technology and the financial industry. Twenty-seven of the companies are listed in the S&P 500, while the other two (BP and Royal Dutch Shell) are foreign-based. “Carbon pricing has become standard operating practice in business planning, in that the companies acknowledge the process of ongoing climate change—including extreme and unpredictable weather events—as a key relevant business factor for which they wish to be prepared,” the white paper says. Preparedness includes the use of an internal carbon price, based on the assumption that addressing climate change will be both a business cost and a possible business opportunity no matter what regulatory framework the feds dream up to address climate change. Thus the carbon price will emerge as a planning tool to “help identify revenue opportunities, risks, and as an incentive to drive maximum energy efficiencies to reduce costs and guide capital investment decisions.” In their 2013 CDP filings, the Walt Disney Company notes a price of $10-20, Google $14 and Xcel Energy $20. ExxonMobil is assuming a cost of $60 per metric ton by 2030. BP currently uses $40 per metric ton. Royal Dutch Shell uses a price of $40 per ton. Other companies featured in the report include: Walmart Stores Inc., Delta Airlines, Microsoft and PG&E Corporation. “While this additional cost is primarily seen as a risk, Walmart’s early action on emissions reductions represents a competitive advantage over other retailers that have not performed such projects,” Walmart said in its CDP disclosure. (Walmart is keeping its internal carbon price confidential.) Similar statements were made by each company, including Wells Fargo Company. “The scope of our risk management procedures with regard to climate change risks and opportunities includes consideration of the impacts of regulation, customer behavior changes and needs, reputational risks, and weather risks within the next five years,” Wells Fargo wrote. The white paper concluded: “The widespread use of carbon pricing as a planning tool suggests that, despite the absence of global regulation of GHG emissions, mainstream businesses find the use of carbon pricing to be realistic, prudent and useful. Though many companies using an internal carbon price referred to potential increased costs should a carbon price become more formalized or mandatory, no company cited major business disruption as an effect of either achieving GHG reductions or planning for costs of carbon as regulatory regimes evolve.” It does make sense for a company to know its internal carbon pollution price if it is planning to reduce GHG emissions, or setting reduction targets—especially in an atmosphere of mandatory cap-and-trade programs (as in Europe and Australia) or carbon taxes. A carbon price makes those emission reduction targets in sustainability reports more realistic. [Image: CDP logo]	<urn:uuid:31f70990-ca54-4e18-ac6f-3fed1b3f2fce>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.triplepundit.com/2013/12/carbon-pollution-pricing-risk-reward/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00049-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.948256	825	2.5625	3
Start-up promises to revolutionise shrimp farming A UK start-up says it has developed a low-cost, ecological alternative to traditional shrimp farming by using bacteria as both a water filter and food for its shrimp. IKEA-like portable units using microbes and solar power to cheaply grow shrimp indoors could transform the booming aquaculture sector and prevent further environmental degradation, according to its inventors. If made available to farmers in developing countries, the technology could help tackle malnourishment while reducing environmental degradation, and all at a lower cost than current shrimp production, they say. Founded by biochemical engineering students from University College London, the start-up Marizca is producing whiteleg shrimp in central London in its first trial operations. Global production of farmed shrimp has been growing at about ten per cent a year, according to conservation charity the World Wildlife Fund, and farmed shrimp now accounts for about 55 per cent of global shrimp production. But the industry has been criticised over the past decade for environmentally damaging practices, that that lead to the destruction of mangrove forests and pollution caused by effluent from shrimp ponds. Marizca co-founder Leonardo Rios says the firm's indoor units will avoid the problems caused by creating outdoor shrimp farms in fragile environments. While such indoor facilities are normally expensive to run, Rios says the use of water-purifying bacteria in their units means less water and energy is needed. Also, the microorganisms meet up to 30 per cent of the shrimp's food needs. "The bacteria eat the shrimp waste and, at the same time, the shrimp eat the bacteria when they have reached a certain size," he says. "It makes producing shrimp a lot cheaper." Using microorganisms in aquaculture — a technology called biofloc — is not new. Several such operations exist worldwide, but so far they have had limited reach, according to Michael Phillips, a researcher at WorldFish, a non-profit aquaculture research centre. "Biofloc is not yet widely applied because the technology is not yet perfected or even widely available," he says. What is new about Marizca's biofloc technology is the use of a "unique" starch source, according to Rios. He says the starch helps create prolific microorganism growth. Current interest in biofloc stems from a research drive to find an alternative food source for farmed shrimp. According to Phillips, most shrimp farms rely on industrial feed made partly from fishmeal, a practice that many see as unsustainable. Read more at SciDevNet. Shrimp image via Shutterstock.	<urn:uuid:1fe3f786-af97-4581-bcf2-6ab6cc1c2bd9>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.enn.com/top_stories/article/46425/print	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00169-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.948571	540	3	3
Guangdong Province is situated on China's coast, at the bottom of the roundish bulge that represents coastal China beginning with Haizhou Bay in the north - at the border between Jiangsu and Shandong Provinces - and ending with the Gulf of Tonkin in the south. West of Guangdong Province lies Guangxi Province (note that "xi" means west while "dong" - you guessed it! - means "east", and though one writes "Guangxi Province", this is actually shorthand for Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region). Guangdong Province is flanked to the north by three other provinces (from northwest to northeast): Hunan, Jiangxi and Fujian. Lastly, Guangdong Province is shaped somewhat like an old-fashioned, low-profile, elongated teapot (think of the classic, Alladin teapot shape) that points westward and is slightly tilted, as if pouring its tea from a downturned spout - and to top it off, the "tea puddle" below this spout is Hainan Island, formerly a part of Guangdong Province, but since 1988, a separate province. Guangdong Province spans a land mass of roughly 180,000 square kilometers (18 million hectares, or about 44 ½ million acres). Its coastline - excluding its islands (of which there are 759 to be exact!) - measures some 3370 kilometers. But perhaps the province's most defining characteristic is that it is the place where many of China's larger southern rivers empty into the sea, which itself suggests (true!) that Guangdong is a low-lying province, as regards altitude, notwithstanding the existence of the Nanling Mountains on the province's northern border. Among the major rivers that reach the Yellow Sea/ the Gulf of Tonkin at Guangdong Province are the Han, Jian and Moyan Rivers, as well as the very famous Pearl River, China's third-largest. Accordingly, a very large part of Guangdong Province is fertile delta land, with the waters of the Pearl River Estuary - with Macau on the southwestern and Hong Kong on the northeastern lip of the estuary's "mouth", or where the Pearl River Estuary meets the South China Sea - representing a rich fishery. Since time immemorial, as the phrase goes, the area of present-day Guangdong has been renowned as "a place of rice and fish". Guangdong Brief History Present-day Guangdong Province, inhabited originally by the the so-called Hundred Yue people, though it had been a part of Imperial China ever since the Qin (BCE 221-207) Dynasty, was largely ignored by Imperial China until the time of the first great migration of Han Chinese people to the area as a result of warring in the Han Chinese north during the Jin (CE 264-420) Dynasty. Later migrations of Han Chinese people followed, namely, during the Tang (CE 618-907) and Song (CE 960-1279) Dynasties, then later during the Mongol invasion of the 13th century. Most of the Yue tribes of Guangdong were gradually assimilated, though some were displaced, while small enclaves remained - and remain to this day. The Han Chinese retreat, as it were, in Guangdong in the face of the relentless Mongol invasion ended in CE 1279 at the Battle of Yamen, when Kublai Khan cum Emperor Shizu, grandson of Genghis Khan, whose Yuan (CE 1279-1368) Dynasty reign lasted from CE 1260-1294, finally crushed all resistance in Guangdong. Guangdong would become embroiled in China's trade conflict with foreign powers, resulting in China's loss of Hong Kong to the British as well as China's loss of Macau to the Portuguese. These humiliations set the stage for the uprising against the Manchu-led Qing government, which would be toppled in 1911 by Republic of China forces under the astute leadership of Dr. Sun Yat-sen. Guangdong had earlier been the birthplace of the Taiping Rebellion, which also took place during the Qing (CE 1644-1911) Dynasty. Guangdong Province is one of China's production and trade powerhouses, thanks in no small part to Hong Kong and Macau. Its infrastructure is extremely well-developed. In 2003, Guangdong's GDP represented 1/9 of China's total GDP. For the past 20+ years, Guangdong's GDP has been the largest of all of China's 22 official provinces (not counting Taiwan). Guangdong's foreign trade represents about 1/3 of all of China's foreign trade, it accounts for about 1/4 of all of China's use of foreign currency (counting both trade and investment, including currency speculation), and its tax revenues provide about 1/7 of all of the taxes generated in China. Guangdong's significance to China is, in a word, incomparable. Guangdong's recent development - beginning with Deng Xiaoping's opening of the country - has rested on 6 pillars of industrial growth: telecommunications, electric/ electronic machinery, petrochemicals, foodstuffs, textiles and building materials. To this, Guangdong is in the process of adding paper, medicine and automobile production. Guangdong is rich in natural resources, but its best, most highly prized resource is its people, its workforce, who rank among the most educated and most efficient in China. The province is at the same time one of the most densely populated areas in the country, the fourth most densely populated (per square kilometer), in fact (only Beijing, Chongqing and Shanghai rank higher). All of China's 56 ethnic groups are represented in Guangdong, as well as a significant number of the races and nationalities the world over, since Guangdong is home to countless numbers of expats from the four corners of the earth. All of the world's major religions - and quite a few of its lesser religions - are represented here, such as Buddhism, Taoism, Islam and Christianity. Guangdong both begets numerous entrepreneurs who depart China for foreign shores, and receives them back with open arms years later, when many of them return to their beloved Guangdong to retire. Many Chinese dialects are heard in the province, though the province has developed its own special native dialect over the years, a dialect that is an amalgam of the historical Cantonese (from the Yue people) dialect, the Hakka dialect (the Hakka are an official ethnic minority, though they are a sub-group of the Han Chinese ethnic group), and the Min dialect (the Min have since been assimilated into mainstream Han Chinese culture, though the Qiang ethnic minority of Sichuan Province are modern-day cousins of the Min). In many cities, towns and villages of Guangdong Province, the inhabitants speak an unmixed Yue dialect, while in many other cities, towns and villages of the province, the inhabitants speak an unmixed Hakka dialect (note that the Hakka is one of the groups of people who migrated to Guangdong in an earlier period in order to escape war and civil strife in the north of the country). However, Mandarin is the official language of government, and the primary language of schools and other institutions of learning, though ethnic languages are of course maintained, also in the school curriculum. Guangdong Province boasts several national level universities such as Jinan University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong University (both a Foreign Studies and a Chinese Traditional Medicine campus), and South China University (both an Agriculture and a Technology campus). In addition, the province is home to a plethora of provincial level institutions of higher learning, meaning that the province has a student population density that is one of the highest in the country. The number and range of tourist attractions in Guangdong Province are too numerous to mention, though if one were to select a handful of the most popular attractions outside of Hong Kong and Macau (these cities and their innumerable attractions are more than adequately profiled in the articles devoted to the cities themselves), they would include: Yuexia Hill, in Guangzhou; Mount Danxia, in the northern part of the province; Mount Dinghu as well as Star Lake & the Seven Star Crags, in Zhaoqing, about 80 kilometers west of Guangzhou; and Zhongshan Sun Wen Memorial Park, in the city of Zhongshan (about 50 kilometers south-southeast of Guangzhou), both of which are named after Dr. Sun Yat-sen, whose name at birth was Sun Zhongshan. One would also be remiss not to mention the countryside of this lush province, just as one would be equally at fault not to mention the tourist possiblilies of the many islands in nearby Pearl River Estuary and in the South China Sea, which provide a welcome South Sea Island break from the hustle and bustle of the large metropolis.	<urn:uuid:4d54a289-e368-4a51-89ed-e2191d209d33>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.chinatravel.com/guangdong/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00160-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.959978	1,868	2.90625	3
by Wayne Blank Moses is one of the best-known people of The Holy Bible. He played a key role in the Exodus, and later he received The Ten Commandments from God (twice - he smashed the first set when he discovered the Israelites running wild at the foot of Mount Sinai i.e. Exodus 32:19 and 34:1). He directed the construction of The Tabernacle and The Ark Of The Covenant. He is also the author of The Pentateuch, the first 5 Books of the Bible - Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Moses was a Levite (Exodus 2:1), son of Amram and Jochebed (Exodus 6:20), brother of Aaron and Miriam (1 Chronicles 6:3). He was born in Egypt (Exodus 2:1-2), in the region of Goshen in The Nile Delta, where, even under brutal slavery, the Israelites had grown to a great multitude that the Egyptians eventually viewed as a national security threat (Exodus 1:12) (see Growth Of A Nation). To escape the Egyptian king's edict to kill all male Hebrew infants (Exodus 1:15-16), Moses' mother Jochebed and sister Miriam (Mary is the Greek form of the Hebrew name Miriam, an interesting coincidence since Moses was the deliverer of God's physical people, just as Jesus Christ is the Deliverer of God's spiritual people - and both spent their infancy in Egypt) put him a waterproof basket, and set it adrift in The Nile River (Exodus 2:3-4). The basket was found by the Pharaoh's daughter, who adopted the infant. She named him Moses, because, "I drew him out of the water" (Exodus 2:5-10). Moses sounds like the Hebrew for draw out, in Moses' case, saved from the water. Moses was raised in the palace of the Pharaoh where he was educated in "all the wisdom of the Egyptians." After he had grown up, Moses killed an Egyptian who had been abusing a Hebrew (Exodus 2:11-12). When Pharaoh learned of the killing, he tried to kill Moses, but Moses fled for his life into the desert of Sinai (Exodus 2:14-15). There he met Jethro, a priest of Midian. Moses married one of Jethro's daughters, Zipporah (Exodus 2:15-22). When his time of training was completed, God appeared to Moses in the burning bush and gave him his mission - the Exodus (Exodus 3:1-22). Moses was 80 years old at the time of the Exodus. He had spent 40 years in the palace of Pharaoh (learning how to govern), and 40 years in the Sinai (learning how to live in the Sinai wilderness) - all in preparation for his third 40 years, which would be spent on The Wilderness Journey. Fact Finder: Why were Moses and Aaron not allowed to enter the Promised Land?	<urn:uuid:50a6f64f-38bd-4471-986f-6f73a171ad80>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.keyway.ca/htm2002/moses.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00193-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.968671	632	3.359375	3
Her new book, “Noble Women of Faith: Asiya, Mary, Khadija, Fatima,” just out from Tughra Books, celebrates the lives of Islam’s female role models. Abdul Haqq, along with many Muslims, laments that cultural and legal habits in many Islamic countries flies against that egalitarian instruction – practices of oppression that, for many in the West, have become the main thing they think they know about Islamic teachings. So it is partly to counteract that mistaken impression, but mostly to celebrate the four “Foremost women in the universe,” as a traditional teaching by the Prophet Muhammad puts it, that she has released “Nobel Women.” The book, sumptuously illustrated with Abdul Haqq's luminous acrylic-on-canvas paintings, celebrates the women that Muhammad pointed to as providing examples for both women and men of a faithful life. “Noble Women of Faith” follows Abdul Haqq's 2008 "Stories of the Prophets in the Holy Qur'an," another illustrated book aimed at children that tells the lives of the 25 male prophets mentioned in the Quran. A certified art teacher, Abdul Haqq's paintings capture a child's wide-eyed imagined views of the ancient tales. The paintings and stories have resonated with children around the world. "Stories of the Prophets," Abdul Haqq recently learned, has become a worldwide best-seller for the Istanbul-based Tughra Books, which also has a U.S. office. Of the Four Noble Women, only Mary, the mother of Jesus, is mentioned in the Quran. The other three are from the Hadith, the collected sayings of Muhammad. Stories without faces Mary’s story in the Quran and the Hadith differs somewhat from the Christian version. In the Quran, Mary is depicted as never having married. Mary's food is miraculously provided -- and when villagers decry her apparent immorality for having a baby without being married, the baby Jesus himself speaks up to defend her. One of Abdul Haqq's illustrations in the section about Mary captures that moment. The faces of the villagers, depicted to reflect the faces of the earth’s races, reflect their amazement and fear at hearing a baby speak. That is, much of their faces do – a portion of each of those faces is hidden, as are all of the faces of the Nobel Women themselves. Islam takes very seriously the prohibition, found in the biblical Ten Commandments, to avoid making images. For Abdul Haqq, an African-American who was puzzled as to why the photographs of God she saw as a child in her mother’s Christian church depicted a Caucasian man, this prohibition is especially understandable. Those illustrations, she said, had the effect of excluding her and her family. “We shouldn’t be so arrogant as to think we can create,” Abdul Haqq said. “For me, this adds mystique. Others get to use their imagination based on how others around them look.” Abdul Haqq's illustrations invite the wondering mind to imagine life in Pharaoh’s Egypt, where Asiya adopts the infant Moses, or in the home of Muhammad himself, where the brave and resourceful Khadija, the prophet’s first wife, and Fatima, their daughter, become the primary earthly supports and comforts of Muhammad. The Noble Women are brave and faithful – even, especially in Asiya’s case, facing awful persecutions and hardships. “Hopefully this book will teach a lesson, give children something to dwell on,” Abdul Haqq said. The book has been released just in time for Ramadan, the Islamic month of fasting, prayer and study that began Friday, July 20, 2012. Muslims are encouraged to read through the Quran during the month. Abdul Haqq's book will give children something to study, too. And while the book is for all children, Abdul Haqq has been especially pleased with the early reactions from the girls at the Huntsville Islamic Center who have been able to read the first copies. The stories, she said, include them in a way that her first book, which featured only the male prophets, does not. “Little girls read it cover-to-cover,” Abdul Haqq said. “This gives Muslim girls something to feel good about.”	<urn:uuid:4197c6b6-8b03-4f38-ac57-c20d5d446bd4>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.al.com/living/index.ssf/2012/07/islams_4_noble_women.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00077-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.968717	930	2.53125	3
There are several reasons to give up meat, eggs and dairy. For starters, there’s the ethical argument: animals born into the livestock industry often spend their entire existence crammed into overcrowded cages, and they fall victim to mutilation and other forms of cruelty prior to being culled. There’s also the human health argument: Giving up meat—especially beef—can help lower cholesterol intake. And then there’s the environmental side of things. Researchers estimate that livestock-based food production causes about one-fifth of all global greenhouse gas emissions. It also sucks up water and land for growing crops to feed livestock and for raising those animals. While ceasing to eat meat altogether may be the best choice for the planet, many people aren’t willing to do this. Some, instead, choose to limit the meat and animal product portion of their diets, eating only poultry, for example, or only eggs and dairy. But no one had actually broken down all of the various livestock categories in a standardized, whole-picture way to figure out each one’s individual contribution to global warming. While it seems obvious that a cow contributes more greenhouse gas emissions than a chicken, putting an exact figure on those various animals can lend clarity for both policy makers and consumers looking to curb their own emissions. Researchers from Bard College, the Weizmann Institute of Science and Yale University took on this task in a new paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. They focused on animals in the U.S. food production system. First, the researchers calculated the feed costs for each class of animal—beef, pork, chicken, laying hens and dairy cows. They did not include fish because data about resources used to raise those animals is limited, and fish only contributed about two percent of American’s animal-based energy intake from 2000 to 2013. They used data collected between 2000 to 2010 from the U.S. Departments of Agriculture, Interior and Energy about land area, water and nitrogen fertilizer to determine the burden produced by feeding and raising all of those animals. Then, they standardized the data by calories contained in a given amount of milk, eggs, beef, pork or chicken. The findings, while expected, are quite sobering. Pork, chicken, dairy and eggs are equivalent within a factor of two when it came to their environmental burdens, the authors determined. But beef requires far, far more resources than any of those other protein categories. The team calculated that beef requires 28 times more land, six times more fertilizer and 11 times more water compared to those other food sources. That adds up to about five times more greenhouse gas emissions. To further put these findings into perspective, the authors also ran the same calculations for several staple crops. All told, on a calorie-to-calorie basis, potatoes, wheat and rice require two to six time less resources to produce than pork, chicken, eggs or dairy. The authors acknowledge that their calculations are not perfect, but say that they believe their results provide sound initial figures that consumers can use to help make decisions about their diet. “The key conclusion—that beef production demands about one order of magnitude more resources than alternative livestock categories—is robust under existing circumstances,” the authors conclude. “The study thus elucidates the multiple environmental benefits of potential, easy-to-implement dietary changes, and highlights the uniquely high resource demands of beef.” In other words, while shifting to a livestock-free diet does the most good for the planet, just giving up beef is an effective compromise for those looking to curb their environmental impacts without completely sacrificing the joys of eating animal flesh.	<urn:uuid:af99ada9-6ae9-4956-a88d-f9e4c996e0e3>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/beef-uses-ten-times-more-resources-poultry-dairy-eggs-pork-180952103/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.938381	754	3.171875	3
Antiracist Activism for Teachers and Students/White Activists White antiracist activists are white people who challenge racial oppression in society either by their participation in established social justice organizations or through individual efforts, or both. There are white people working for racial justice in all parts of the U.S. and the world but relatively few are well known by the general public or within the academic community. Some white antiracists in the U.S. have national prominence such as Morris Dees, Anne Braden, and Tim Wise. But there are many other white people who use their white privilege to challenge racial oppression at the individual or institutional level in cities and states across the nation. Included below are the names of some who live and work in western Massachusetts, specifically in the area known as the Pioneer Valley. - Derman-Sparks. L. and Ramsey, P. G. (2006). What if all the children are white? Anti-bias multicultural education with young children and families. New York: Teachers College Press. - Tatum, B. D. (1994). Teaching white students about racism: The search for white allies and the restoration of hope. Teachers College Record, 95(4), 462-476. - Thompson, B. (2001). A promise and a way of life: White antiracist activism. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.	<urn:uuid:82534d57-a2ae-411b-815e-6fb2437cda9d>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Antiracist_Activism_for_Teachers_and_Students/White_Activists	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00130-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.923765	286	3.25	3
Guest Author - Maryn Leister The advantages of breastfeeding to the mother are just as numerous. As soon as the baby is born, immediate breastfeeding helps mom's uterus to contract and reduces the risk of postpartum hemorrhage by decreasing the amount of lochia as well. The constant nursing of a newborn also encourages mom sit in one place and rest, at least for the first few weeks postpartum. Because making breastmilk takes extra calories, mom is likely to lose pregnancy weight more quickly. Breastfeeding also protects mom against some long-term health problems. There seems to be less risk of breast cancer for those who have had breastfed, and the risk continues to go down as the amount of years one breastfeeds goes up. Breastfeeding also lowers the risk of uterine cancer. Because nursing can improve how your bones process minerals, the risk of osteoporosis also goes down. The level of "good" cholesterol (HDL) also seems to increase due to breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is also nature's best form of birth control, which benefits mom, baby, and the rest of the family. When breastfeeding exclusively, nursing is about 98% effective in delaying fertility for the first six months. This is the most natural way to ensure mom doesn't wind up with more than she and her body can handle. This method, known as the lactational amenorrhea method, is an easy and free way of child spacing. One of the most important benefits of breastfeeding for mother and baby is the emotional closeness it allows by promoting skin-to-skin contact. Within the first few initial feedings, baby realizes how much comfort, safety and love he feels when at his mother's breast. From that first latch-on, babies get to smell, taste, feel , hear, see and know their mothers. Because nursing releases oxytocin, the mother also feels a sense of calmness and well-being come that is nature's way of protecting her baby. Breastfeeding is time spent together, in a closeness that is unique to nursing moms and babies. And because breastfeeding can be done without the use of one's hands, mom is also able to tend to the needs of her other children, or chores, at least occasionally. Families benefit as well from breastfeeding. Children that have been breastfed are less likely to be sick. This reduces the amount of sick days and childcare costs incurred by the parents. Medical bills and health care costs are usually also lower. During baby's first year, a family will save over $1000 by not buying infant formula. Because there are often no bottles, breastfeeding is the easiest and cleanest way to feed a baby. And because breastfeeding is so portable, breastfed babies are easy to travel with. Although exclusive breastfeeding (no supplements) is the most beneficial for mom and baby, partial breastfeeding has its benefits as well. Sometimes, breastfeeding exclusively is not possible. The mom may need to return to work, there may be ongoing feeding issues, or there may be a variety of other reasons. Even so, any amount of breastfeeding is better than none. The amount of nutritional benefits will depend on the amount of breastmilk a baby is fed. The partially breastfed baby will still receive many benefits, even if fed breastmilk from a bottle or cup. In the case of multiples, it is not recommended that one baby be fully breastfed and the other not at all. In this case, it would be more beneficial to the babies to each be partially breastfed. This way, they both receive nutritional benefits and there is less of a chance of difference in a mother's feelings for her babies. Breastmilk is the perfect food for human babies. The immediate nutritional and anti-infective properties make breastmilk the recommended food for all infants. The mother receives numerous physical and emotional benefits that do not come with formula feeding. In addition, the entire family gains from the breastfeeding relationship. For these reasons, breastfeeding is recommended for as long as mother and baby can continue. England, Pam. Birthing from Within. Albuquerque: Partera Press, 1998. Murkoff, Heidi, Arlene Eisenberg and Sandee Hathaway. What to Expect When You're Expecting. New York: Workman Publishing, 2002. Simkin, Penny. The Birth Partner. Boston: The Harvard Common Press, 2001. Somer, Dr. Elizabeth. Nutrition for a Healthy Pregnancy. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2002. Spangler, Amy. Breastfeeding: A Parent's Guide. Amy Spangler. 2000. Breastfeeding Advantages. Retrieved January 19, 2005, from http://www.womanhealth.net/html/pregnancy/breastfeeding_advantages.html Dermer, Dr. Alicia and Dr. Anne Montgomery. Breastfeeding: Good for Babies, Mothers and the Planet. 1997. Retrieved January 19, 2005 from http://medicalreporter.health.org/tmr0297/breastfeed0297.html Newman, Dr. Jack. How Breast Milk Protects Newborns. Retrieved January 19, 2005 from http://kellymom.com/newman/how_breastmilk_protects_newborns.html	<urn:uuid:bf01af8e-8cf2-4388-95f4-adb8f67866b1>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art50242.asp	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00181-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.947661	1,083	2.78125	3
Nightingales spring’s messenger, the lovelyvoiced nightingale I wish I’d been on the street in Madrid on that night in 1934 when Pablo Neruda, who was then Chile’s consul to Spain, told Miguel Hernández that he had never heard a nightingale. It is too cold for nightingales to survive in Chile. Hernández grew up in a goatherding family in the province of Alicante, and he immediately scampered up a high tree and imitated a nightingale’s liquid song. Then he climbed up another tree and created the sound of a second nightingale answering. He could have been joyously illustrating Boris Pasternak’s notion of poetry as two nightingales dueling.” I once told this story to the writer William Maxwell, and he said that learning how to sing like nightingales in treetops ought to be a requirement for poets. It should be taught, like prosody, in writing programs. The Romantic poets might have agreed: Wordsworth called the nightingale a creature of fiery heart”; Keats inscribed its music forever in his famous ode (Thou wast not born for death, immortal bird!”); John Clare observed one assiduously as a boy (she is a plain bird something like the hedge sparrow in shape and the female Firetail or Redstart in color but more slender then the former and of a redder brown or scorched color then the latter”); and Shelley declared: A poet is a nightingale, who sits in darkness and sings to cheer its own solitude with sweet sounds; his auditors are as men entranced by the melody of an unseen musician, who feel that they are moved and softened, yet know not whence or why. The singing of a nightingale becomes a metaphor for writing poetry here, and listening to that birdthat natural musicbecomes a metaphor for reading it. One could write a good book about nightingales in poetry. It would begin with one of the oldest legends in the world, the poignant tale of Philomela, that poor ravished girl who had her tongue cut out and was changed into the nightingale, which laments in darkness but nonetheless expresses its story. The tale reverberates through all of Greco-Roman literature. Ovid gave it a poignant rendering in Metamorphoses, and it echoed down the centuries from Shakespeare (Titus Andronicus ) to Matthew Arnold (Philomela”) and T. S. Eliot (The Waste Land”). One of my favorite poems about spring’s messenger” is by Jorge Luis Borges, the Argentine fabulist, who may never have heard a nightingale, and yet, through poetry, had a lifelong relationship with the unseen bird. To the Nightingale Out of what secret English summer evening or night on the incalculable Rhine, lost among all the nights of my long night, could it have come to my unknowing ear, your song, encrusted with mythology, nightingale of Virgil and the Persians? Perhaps I never heard you, but my life is bound up with your life, inseparably. "MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 24.0pt" The symbol for you was a wandering spirit in a book of enigmas. The poet, El Marino, nicknamed you the siren of the forest”; you sing throughout the night of Juliet and through the intricate pages of the Latin and from his pinewoods, Heine, that other nightingale of Germany and Judea, called you mockingbird, firebird, bird of mourning. Keats heard your song for everyone, forever. There is not one among the shimmering names people have given you across the earth that does not seek to match your own music, nightingale of the dark. The Muslim dreamed you nt-family: 'Times New Roman'" in the delirium of ecstasy, his breast pierced by the thorn of the sung rose you redden with your blood. Assiduously in the black evening I contrive this poem, nightingale of the sands and all the seas, that in exultation, memory, and fable, you burn with love and die in liquid song. (translated by Alastair Reid) Copyright © 2006 by Edward Hirsch All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to the following address: Permissions Department, Harcourt, Inc., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777.	<urn:uuid:20066bf6-9cce-4fac-9eaf-4f0064a5c64f>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.npr.org/books/titles/138353907/poets-choice	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394937.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00081-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.939422	1,061	2.890625	3
Views 1474 at May – 14 – 2014 World Monuments Fund Watch Belongs to the Ministry for the Goods and the Cultural Activities of Italy Nikon D300 Sigma 15/30 The Collegiate Church of Castell’Arquato – Piacenza – Italy Ancient chronicles tell about a high-medieval church in Castell’arquato founded in 758 by the nobleman Magno dedicated to Maria Assunta and donated to the bishop of Piacenza in 772. Nothing remains of the building, apart from a still preserved high-medieval round baptismal font, that was probably connected to the church. According to chronicles, the so called parish church dating back to 1059 was seriously damaged by the earthquake in 1117, but was immediately rebuilt. In 1122 it was concescrated by the bishop Aldo, and it was probably finished soon afterwards, since the architectural structure is homogeneous, i.e. probably built in a single building campaign. The church has undergone several restorations since 1911 and researchers have compared it to S. Savino’s Basilica in Piacenza, for the width of the central nave (which is double with respect to the side naves) and for some elements, like the compound piers and the double arcading. The parish church of Castell’arquato may be also connected to Lanfranco’s school and culture, and is therefore very important to understand the development of the romanesque art in Emilia. In effect, both the architectural structure and the low relief decorations likely date back to the 12th century, as well as the sculptures at the sides of the main altar and of the apse altars; according to some researchers, they are parts of a choir enclosure dating back to the 12th century. Most of the sculptured and decorated capitals also belong to this period. The sculptures located at the entrance portal of the western portico (Portico del Paradiso) are worth mentioning. We must also mention S. Caterina d’Alessandria Chapel, built at the beginning of the 15th century, and S. Giuseppe Chapel, built in 1630 as “ex voto” for the end of the plague.	<urn:uuid:85b4b4f4-9841-43ba-9638-369831b25822>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.redbubble.com/people/paolo1955/works/3704046-the-old-church?p=framed-print	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.966416	472	2.75	3
An innovative experiment at the University of Leicester that involved studying rotting fish has helped to create a clearer picture of what our early ancestors would have looked like. The scientists wanted to examine the decaying process in order to understand the decomposition of soft-body parts in fish. This in turn will help them reconstruct an image of creatures that existed 500 million years ago. Their findings have been published today, Wednesday 13th October, in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B. The work was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). The researchers, from the Department of Geology at the University of Leicester, studied the way primitive fish, such as hagfishes and lampreys, decompose to gain an impression of our early ancestry. The team at Leicester (Rob Sansom, Sarah Gabbott and Mark Purnell) explain: "Our earliest fish-like relatives left fossil remains which have the potential to show us how the group to which we belong evolved from worm-like relatives. But there is a major problem - people are familiar with bones, and teeth as fossils but do not perhaps realise that before these inventions our ancestors consisted of entirely soft bodied creatures. Eyes, organs, guts and muscles all decompose very quickly after death, and as any forensic scientist knows recognising rotted anatomy is difficult. "Fossils from 500 million years ago provide our only direct evidence of how our earliest vertebrate ancestors evolved from the simple worm-like animals". The fossils from the early phase of vertebrate evolution are very rare because being completely soft-bodied they normally rotted away completely after death leaving nothing behind. But very occasionally their remains became preserved as fossils giving us a tantalising glimpse of our early vertebrate relatives. However, as Rob Sansom explains correctly reading and reconstructing what our ancestors looked like from these semi-rotted remains is tricky. "Interpreting half-a-billion year old fossils is challenging enough in itself, but even more so when the remains comprise only the decayed soft parts which may look quite different to how they would have done in life". Sarah Gabbott, one of the leaders of the study, admits that at first it may be difficult to see why spending hundreds of hours studying the stinking carcasses of rotting fish helps us to unlock our evolutionary history, but she points out that the results have been critical to correctly reading fossils from this phase in our history. "In a way our experiments are similar to those going on at the infamous 'body farms' in the USA, where human cadavers are left to decompose so that forensic scientists can determine time and cause of death. But, as palaeontologists we want to uncover what an animal which lived 500 million years ago looked like before it died". "Our macabre experiments are grisly and smelly but they have revealed, for the first time, what characteristic vertebrate features look like when they are partially decomposed". Rare fossilized fish-like fossils are recognised as being part of our evolutionary history because they possess characteristic anatomical features, such as a tail, eyes and the precursor of a backbone. Mark Purnell, explains further: "our experiments have provided us with a set of photofit-like images allowing us to decipher and correctly identify features in fossils. Our ability to flesh out what our earliest vertebrate ancestors looked like and correctly place them on the Tree of Life is critical to understanding whether our earliest relatives evolved in a burst of complexity or gradually over millions of years" The results published today in The Proceedings of the Royal Society B, show that some of the characteristic anatomical features of early vertebrate fossils have been badly affected by decomposition, and in some cases may have rotted away completely. Knowing how decomposition affected the fossils means our reconstructions of our earliest ancestors will be more scientifically accurate. Notes to editors Images available from University of Leicester Press Office via email@example.com	<urn:uuid:5072e617-6dbc-4c9d-a01c-327036b93a69>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-10/uol-reh101210.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00157-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.954865	808	3.875	4
\|Oracle9i Database Concepts Release 2 (9.2) Part Number A96524-01 This chapter describes the nature of and relationships among the logical storage structures in the Oracle server. It includes: Oracle allocates logical database space for all data in a database. The units of database space allocation are data blocks, extents, and segments. Figure 2-1 shows the relationships among these data structures: At the finest level of granularity, Oracle stores data in data blocks (also called logical blocks, Oracle blocks, or pages). One data block corresponds to a specific number of bytes of physical database space on disk. The next level of logical database space is an extent. An extent is a specific number of contiguous data blocks allocated for storing a specific type of information. The level of logical database storage above an extent is called a segment. A segment is a set of extents, each of which has been allocated for a specific data structure and all of which are stored in the same tablespace. For example, each table's data is stored in its own data segment, while each index's data is stored in its own index segment. If the table or index is partitioned, each partition is stored in its own segment. Oracle allocates space for segments in units of one extent. When the existing extents of a segment are full, Oracle allocates another extent for that segment. Because extents are allocated as needed, the extents of a segment may or may not be contiguous on disk. A segment and all its extents are stored in one tablespace. Within a tablespace, a segment can include extents from more than one file; that is, the segment can span datafiles. However, each extent can contain data from only one datafile. Although you can allocate additional extents, the blocks themselves are allocated separately. If you allocate an extent to a specific instance, the blocks are immediately allocated to the free list. However, if the extent is not allocated to a specific instance, then the blocks themselves are allocated only when the high water mark moves. The high water mark is the boundary between used and unused space in a segment. Oracle Corporation recommends that you manage free space automatically. See "Free Space Management". Oracle manages the storage space in the datafiles of a database in units called data blocks. A data block is the smallest unit of data used by a database. In contrast, at the physical, operating system level, all data is stored in bytes. Each operating system has a block size. Oracle requests data in multiples of Oracle data blocks, not operating system blocks. The standard block size is specified by the initialization parameter DB_BLOCK_SIZE. In addition, you can specify of up to five nonstandard block sizes. The data block sizes should be a multiple of the operating system's block size within the maximum limit to avoid unnecessary I/O. Oracle data blocks are the smallest units of storage that Oracle can use or allocate. The Oracle data block format is similar regardless of whether the data block contains table, index, or clustered data. Figure 2-2 illustrates the format of a data block. The header contains general block information, such as the block address and the type of segment (for example, data or index). This portion of the data block contains information about the table having rows in this block. This portion of the data block contains information about the actual rows in the block (including addresses for each row piece in the row data area). After the space has been allocated in the row directory of a data block's overhead, this space is not reclaimed when the row is deleted. Therefore, a block that is currently empty but had up to 50 rows at one time continues to' have 100 bytes allocated in the header for the row directory. Oracle reuses this space only when new rows are inserted in the block. The data block header, table directory, and row directory are referred to collectively as overhead. Some block overhead is fixed in size; the total block overhead size is variable. On average, the fixed and variable portions of data block overhead total 84 to 107 bytes. This portion of the data block contains table or index data. Rows can span blocks. Free space is allocated for insertion of new rows and for updates to rows that require additional space (for example, when a trailing null is updated to a nonnull value). Whether issued insertions actually occur in a given data block is a function of current free space in that data block and the value of the space management parameter In data blocks allocated for the data segment of a table or cluster, or for the index segment of an index, free space can also hold transaction entries. A transaction entry is required in a block for each UPDATE statement accessing one or more rows in the block. The space required for transaction entries is operating system dependent; however, transaction entries in most operating systems require approximately 23 bytes. Free space can be managed automatically or manually. Free space can be managed automatically inside database segments. The in-segment free/used space is tracked using bitmaps, as opposed to free lists. Automatic segment-space management offers the following benefits: You specify automatic segment-space management when you create a locally managed tablespace. The specification then applies to all segments subsequently created in this tablespace. Two types of statements can increase the free space of one or more data blocks: DELETE statements, and UPDATE statements that update existing values to smaller values. The released space from these types of statements is available for subsequent INSERT statements under the following conditions: INSERTstatement is in the same transaction and subsequent to the statement that frees space, then the INSERTstatement can use the space made available. INSERTstatement is in a separate transaction from the statement that frees space (perhaps being run by another user), then the INSERTstatement can use the space made available only after the other transaction commits and only if the space is needed. Released space may or may not be contiguous with the main area of free space in a data block. Oracle coalesces the free space of a data block only when (1) an UPDATE statement attempts to use a block that contains enough free space to contain a new row piece, and (2) the free space is fragmented so the row piece cannot be inserted in a contiguous section of the block. Oracle does this compression only in such situations, because otherwise the performance of a database system decreases due to the continuous compression of the free space in data blocks. In two circumstances, the data for a row in a table may be too large to fit into a single data block. In the first case, the row is too large to fit into one data block when it is first inserted. In this case, Oracle stores the data for the row in a chain of data blocks (one or more) reserved for that segment. Row chaining most often occurs with large rows, such as rows that contain a column of datatype RAW. Row chaining in these cases is unavoidable. However, in the second case, a row that originally fit into one data block is updated so that the overall row length increases, and the block's free space is already completely filled. In this case, Oracle migrates the data for the entire row to a new data block, assuming the entire row can fit in a new block. Oracle preserves the original row piece of a migrated row to point to the new block containing the migrated row. The rowid of a migrated row does not change. When a row is chained or migrated, I/O performance associated with this row decreases because Oracle must scan more than one data block to retrieve the information for the row. For manually managed tablespaces, two space management parameters, PCTUSED, enable you to control the use of free space for inserts and updates to the rows in all the data blocks of a particular segment. Specify these parameters when you create or alter a table or cluster (which has its own data segment). You can also specify the storage parameter PCTFREE when creating or altering an index (which has its own index segment). Appendix B, "Information on Deprecated Features" for more information on the An extent is a logical unit of database storage space allocation made up of a number of contiguous data blocks. One or more extents in turn make up a segment. When the existing space in a segment is completely used, Oracle allocates a new extent for the segment. When you create a table, Oracle allocates to the table's data segment an initial extent of a specified number of data blocks. Although no rows have been inserted yet, the Oracle data blocks that correspond to the initial extent are reserved for that table's rows. If the data blocks of a segment's initial extent become full and more space is required to hold new data, Oracle automatically allocates an incremental extent for that segment. An incremental extent is a subsequent extent of the same or greater size than the previously allocated extent in that segment. For maintenance purposes, the header block of each segment contains a directory of the extents in that segment. This chapter applies to serial operations, in which one server process parses and runs a SQL statement. Extents are allocated somewhat differently in parallel SQL statements, which entail multiple server processes. Storage parameters expressed in terms of extents define every segment. Storage parameters apply to all types of segments. They control how Oracle allocates free database space for a given segment. For example, you can determine how much space is initially reserved for a table's data segment or you can limit the number of extents the table can allocate by specifying the storage parameters of a table in the STORAGE clause of the TABLE statement. If you do not specify a table's storage parameters, then it uses the default storage parameters of the tablespace. Prior to Oracle8i, all tablespaces were created as dictionary managed. Dictionary managed tablespaces rely on data dictionary tables to track space utilization. Beginning with Oracle8i, you could create locally managed tablespaces, which use bitmaps (instead of data dictionary tables) to track used and free space. Because of the better performance and greater ease of management of locally managed tablespaces, the default for non- SYSTEM permanent tablespaces is locally managed whenever the type of extent management is not explicitly specified. A tablespace that manages its extents locally can have either uniform extent sizes or variable extent sizes that are determined automatically by the system. When you create the tablespace, the AUTOALLOCATE (system-managed) clause specifies the type of allocation. The storage parameters STORAGE are not valid for extents that are managed locally. Oracle uses different algorithms to allocate extents, depending on whether they are locally managed or dictionary managed. With locally managed tablespaces, Oracle looks for free space to allocate to a new extent by first determining a candidate datafile in the tablespace and then searching the datafile's bitmap for the required number of adjacent free blocks. If that datafile does not have enough adjacent free space, then Oracle looks in another datafile. Appendix B, "Information on Deprecated Features" for information on allocating extents in dictionary managed tables In general, the extents of a segment do not return to the tablespace until you drop the schema object whose data is stored in the segment (using a CLUSTER statement). Exceptions to this include the following: ANYprivilege, can truncate the table or cluster with a When extents are freed, Oracle modifies the bitmap in the datafile (for locally managed tablespaces) or updates the data dictionary (for dictionary managed tablespaces) to reflect the regained extents as available space. Any data in the blocks of freed extents becomes inaccessible. for more information about deallocating extents As long as a nonclustered table exists or until you truncate the table, any data block allocated to its data segment remains allocated for the table. Oracle inserts new rows into a block if there is enough room. Even if you delete all rows of a table, Oracle does not reclaim the data blocks for use by other objects in the tablespace. After you drop a nonclustered table, this space can be reclaimed when other extents require free space. Oracle reclaims all the extents of the table's data and index segments for the tablespaces that they were in and makes the extents available for other schema objects in the same tablespace. In dictionary managed tablespaces, when a segment requires an extent larger than the available extents, Oracle identifies and combines contiguous reclaimed extents to form a larger one. This is called coalescing extents. Coalescing extents is not necessary in locally managed tablespaces, because all contiguous free space is available for allocation to a new extent regardless of whether it was reclaimed from one or more extents. Clustered tables store information in the data segment created for the cluster. Therefore, if you drop one table in a cluster, the data segment remains for the other tables in the cluster, and no extents are deallocated. You can also truncate clusters (except for hash clusters) to free extents. Oracle deallocates the extents of materialized views and materialized view logs in the same manner as for tables and clusters. "Materialized Views" for a description of materialized views and their logs All extents allocated to an index segment remain allocated as long as the index exists. When you drop the index or associated table or cluster, Oracle reclaims the extents for other uses within the tablespace. When Oracle completes the execution of a statement requiring a temporary segment, Oracle automatically drops the temporary segment and returns the extents allocated for that segment to the associated tablespace. A single sort allocates its own temporary segment in the temporary tablespace of the user issuing the statement and then returns the extents to the tablespace. Multiple sorts, however, can use sort segments in a temporary tablespace designated exclusively for sorts. These sort segments are allocated only once for the instance, and they are not returned after the sort, but remain available for other multiple sorts. A temporary segment in a temporary table contains data for multiple statements of a single transaction or session. Oracle drops the temporary segment at the end of the transaction or session, returning the extents allocated for that segment to the associated tablespace. Oracle periodically checks the rollback segments of the database to see if they have grown larger than their optimal size. If a rollback segment is larger than is optimal (that is, it has too many extents), then Oracle automatically deallocates one or more extents from the rollback segment. Appendix B, "Information on Deprecated Features" for more information on rollback segments A segment is a set of extents that contains all the data for a specific logical storage structure within a tablespace. For example, for each table, Oracle allocates one or more extents to form that table's data segment, and for each index, Oracle allocates one or more extents to form its index segment. Oracle databases use four types of segments, which are described in the following sections: A single data segment in an Oracle database holds all of the data for one of the following: Oracle creates this data segment when you create the table or cluster with the The storage parameters for a table or cluster determine how its data segment's extents are allocated. You can set these storage parameters directly with the appropriate ALTER statement. These storage parameters affect the efficiency of data retrieval and storage for the data segment associated with the object. Oracle creates segments for materialized views and materialized view logs in the same manner as for tables and clusters. Every nonpartitioned index in an Oracle database has a single index segment to hold all of its data. For a partitioned index, every partition has a single index segment to hold its data. Oracle creates the index segment for an index or an index partition when you issue the INDEX statement. In this statement, you can specify storage parameters for the extents of the index segment and a tablespace in which to create the index segment. (The segments of a table and an index associated with it do not have to occupy the same tablespace.) Setting the storage parameters directly affects the efficiency of data retrieval and storage. When processing queries, Oracle often requires temporary workspace for intermediate stages of SQL statement parsing and execution. Oracle automatically allocates this disk space called a temporary segment. Typically, Oracle requires a temporary segment as a work area for sorting. Oracle does not create a segment if the sorting operation can be done in memory or if Oracle finds some other way to perform the operation using indexes. The following statements sometimes require the use of a temporary segment: SELECT ... ORDER BY SELECT DISTINCT ... SELECT ... GROUP BY SELECT ... INTERSECT SELECT ... MINUS Some unindexed joins and correlated subqueries can require use of a temporary segment. For example, if a query contains a DISTINCT clause, a BY, and an BY, Oracle can require as many as two temporary segments. If applications often issue statements in the previous list, the database administrator can improve performance by adjusting the initialization parameter Oracle9i Database Reference for information on Oracle can also allocate temporary segments for temporary tables and indexes created on temporary tables. Temporary tables hold data that exists only for the duration of a transaction or session. Oracle allocates temporary segments differently for queries and temporary tables. Oracle allocates temporary segments as needed during a user session in the temporary tablespace of the user issuing the statement. Specify this tablespace with a USER or an USER statement using the If no temporary tablespace is defined for the user, then the default temporary tablespace is the SYSTEM tablespace. The default storage characteristics of the containing tablespace determine those of the extents of the temporary segment. Oracle drops temporary segments when the statement completes. Because allocation and deallocation of temporary segments occur frequently, create a special tablespace for temporary segments. By doing so, you can distribute I/O across disk devices, and you can avoid fragmentation of the SYSTEM and other tablespaces that otherwise hold temporary segments. Entries for changes to temporary segments used for sort operations are not stored in the redo log, except for space management operations on the temporary segment. Chapter 22, "Controlling Database Access" for more information about assigning a user's temporary segment tablespace Oracle allocates segments for a temporary table when the first INSERT into that table is issued. (This can be an internal insert operation issued by SELECT.) The first INSERT into a temporary table allocates the segments for the table and its indexes, creates the root page for the indexes, and allocates any Segments for a temporary table are allocated in the temporary tablespace of the user who created the temporary table. Oracle drops segments for a transaction-specific temporary table at the end of the transaction and drops segments for a session-specific temporary table at the end of the session. If other transactions or sessions share the use of that temporary table, the segments containing their data remain in the table. Automatic undo management is undo-tablespace based. You allocate space in the form of a few undo tablespaces, instead of allocating many rollback segments in different sizes. Oracle9i Database Administrator's Guide for information about creating an undo tablespace Automatic undo management lets you explicitly control undo retention. Through the use of a system parameter ( UNDO_RETENTION), you can specify the amount of committed undo information to retain in the database. You specify the parameter as clock time (for example, 30 seconds). With retention control, you can configure your system to enable long queries to run successfully. V$UNDOSTAT view to monitor and configure your database system to achieve efficient use of undo space. V$UNDOSTAT shows various undo and transaction statistics, such as the amount of undo space consumed in the instance. In earlier releases, undo space management was performed using rollback segments. This method is now called manual undo management mode. Undo mode provides a more flexible way to migrate from manual undo management to automatic undo management. A database system can run in either manual undo management mode or automatic undo management mode. In manual undo management mode, undo space is managed through rollback segments. Manual undo management mode is supported under any compatibility level. Use it when you need to run Oracle9i to take advantage of some new features, but are not yet not ready to convert to automatic undo management mode. In automatic undo management mode, undo space is managed in undo tablespaces. To use automatic undo management mode, the database administrator needs only to create an undo tablespace for each instance and set the UNDO_MANAGEMENT initialization parameter to AUTO. Automatic undo management mode is supported under compatibility levels of Oracle9i or higher. Although manual undo management mode is supported, you are strongly encouraged to run in automatic undo management mode. In automatic undo management mode, the system controls exclusively the assignment of transactions to undo segments, and controls space allocation for undo segments. An ill-behaved transaction can potentially consume much of the undo space, thus paralyzing the entire system. In manual undo management mode, you can control such possibilities by limiting the size of rollback segments with small MAXEXTENTS values. However, you then have to explicitly assign long running transactions to larger rollback segments, using the SEGMENT statement. This approach has proven to be cumbersome. The Resource Manager directive UNDO_POOL is a more explicit way to control large transactions. This lets database administrators group users into consumer groups, with each group assigned a maximum undo space limit. When the total undo space consumed by a group exceeds the limit, its users cannot make further updates until undo space is freed up by other member transactions ending. The default value of UNLIMITED, where users are allowed to consume as much undo space as the undo tablespace has. Database administrators can limit a particular user by using the Long-running queries sometimes fail because undo information required for consistent read operations is no longer available. This happens when committed undo blocks are overwritten by active transactions. Automatic undo management provides a way to explicitly control when undo space can be reused; that is, how long undo information is retained. A database administrator can specify a retention period by using the parameter UNDO_RETENTION. For example, if UNDO_RETENTION is set to 30 minutes, then all committed undo information in the system is retained for at least 30 minutes. This ensures that all queries running for 30 minutes or less, under usual circumstances, do not encounter the OER error, "snapshot too old." You can either set UNDO_RETENTION at startup or change it dynamically with the SYSTEM statement. The following example sets retention to 20 minutes: If you do not set the UNDO_RETENTION parameter, then Oracle uses a small default value that should be adequate for most OLTP systems, where queries are not usually not very long. In general, it is a good idea not to set retention to a value very close to what the undo tablespace can support, because that may result in excessive movement of space between undo segments. A 20% buffer of undo space is recommended. Monitor transaction and undo information with V$ROLLSTAT. For automatic undo management, the information in V$ROLLSTAT reflects the behaviors of the automatic undo management undo segments. V$UNDOSTAT view displays a histogram of statistical data to show how well the system is working. You can see statistics such as undo consumption rate, transaction concurrency, and lengths of queries run in the instance. Using this view, you can better estimate the amount of undo space required for the current workload. This view is available in both the automatic undo management and manual undo management mode. Oracle9i Database Administrator's Guide for more details about using	<urn:uuid:5a78fc29-03a3-4e91-b971-3fe285691403>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10500_01/server.920/a96524/c03block.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00150-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.847818	4,982	3.21875	3
Ancestry.com is a technology company that knows family history – not just a family history company, and not even a family history company that just happens to use technology. Technology, and particularly computing, is essential to our mission to help everyone discover, preserve and share family history. Without it, we could still tell family stories to our children, but we certainly couldn’t substantiate those stories from 12 billion historical records into 55 million family trees through the work of 2.7 million subscribers, as Ancestry.com does today across all its websites. In the 1960s, Intel co-founder Gordon Moore observed that the ratio of computing capacity to cost was doubling predictably, every couple years or faster. In other words, a computer built in 1969 had twice as much capacity as a computer built at the same cost in 1968, and over a hundred times as much capacity as a computer built at the same cost in 1962; a computer built in 1969 would also reliably have half the capacity of a computer built at the same cost in 1970, and less than a hundredth the capacity of a computer built at the same cost in 1976. That trend, known as Moore’s Law, has continued to the present. Today, a $150 smartphone can store about a million times more data and process that data about a thousand times faster than the $150K Apollo Guidance Computer that took astronauts to the moon in 1969. The smartphone also has wireless access to extended computing capacity on the Internet, including systems like Ancestry.com, which stores over 10 petabytes of data, and processes over 40 million searches daily. Suppose Moore’s Law continues. Within decades, whatever replaces smartphones would have millions, billions and then trillions of times the overall computing capacity at the same cost. Within a century, $150 could purchase more computing capacity than that of all human brains combined. If that were to happen, what might the intersection of family history and technology look like? What might Ancestry.com look like? Of course we don’t really know, but let’s imagine. One of the things we might do is tell stories about our family and ancestors at a much more massive scale and at a far deeper level, by computing highly detailed family history simulations. Maybe they would be something like a mix of Google Earth enhanced with a full history of maps derived from geological and astronomical research; Oculus Rift enhanced with brain-computer interfacing for an immersive tactile experience; and Second Life enhanced with avatars generated from family trees, photos, journals, and DNA, and abstracted to sub-neuronal degrees of detail to enable artificial intelligence. In deeper more meaningful ways, we could understand and even feel our family history, as the characters, settings, plots and conflicts unfold before us – as our stories come to life, and we walk in our ancestors’ shoes (literally?). As it turns out, if ever we compute such family history simulations, detailed to the point of enabling the characters with fully immersive consciousness, there would be a rather shocking philosophical ramification – more on that next time I post.	<urn:uuid:b1477c8d-fd96-4db1-9723-61dd6012b61b>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://blogs.ancestry.com/techroots/imagine-future-technology-for-family-history-simulations/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00134-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.967	633	3.046875	3
When Mr. Baron, Marco’s father, put Marco under his cousin Forester’s care, it was his intention that he should spend a considerable part of his time in traveling, and in out-of-door exercises, such as might tend to re-establish his health and strengthen his constitution. He did not, however, intend to have him give up the study of books altogether. Accordingly, at one time, for nearly three months, Marco remained at Forester’s home, among the Green Mountains of Vermont, where he studied several hours every day. It was in the early part of the autumn, that he and Forester went to Vermont. They traveled in the stage-coach. Vermont lies upon one side of the Connecticut river, and New Hampshire upon the other side. The Green Mountains extend up and down, through the middle of Vermont, from north to south, and beyond these mountains, on the western side of the state, is lake Champlain, which extends from north to south also, and forms the western boundary. Thus, the Green Mountains divide the state into two great portions, one descending to the eastward, toward Connecticut river, and the other to the westward, toward lake Champlain. There are, therefore, two great ways of access to Vermont from the states south of it; one up the Connecticut river on the eastern side, and the other along the shores of lake George and lake Champlain on the western side. There are roads across the Green Mountains also, leading from the eastern portion of the state to the western. All this can be seen by looking upon any map of Vermont. Marco and Forester went up by the Connecticut river. The road lay along upon the bank of the river, and the scenery was very pleasant. They traveled in the stage-coach; for there were very few railroads in those days. The country was cultivated and fertile, and the prospect from the windows of the coach was very fine. Sometimes wide meadows and intervales extended along the river,—and at other places, high hills, covered with trees, advanced close to the stream. They could see, too, the farms, and villages, and green hills, across the river, on the New Hampshire side. On the second day of their journey, they turned off from the river by a road which led into the interior of the country; for the village where Forester’s father resided was back among the mountains. They had new companions in the coach too, on this second day, as well as a new route; for the company which had been in the coach the day before were to separate in the morning, to go off in different directions. Several stage-coaches drove up to the door of the tavern in the morning, just after breakfast, with the names of the places where they were going to, upon their sides. One was marked, “Haverhill and Lancaster;” another, “Middlebury;” and a third, “Concord and Boston;” and there was one odd-looking vehicle, a sort of carryall,	<urn:uuid:a75bcbe4-b7df-4a73-8815-7f99dba7c410>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/11681/1.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00022-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.985125	642	3.109375	3
Frequently Asked Questions - Bloodborne Pathogens — Occupational Exposure - What constitutes an occupational exposure in dentistry? - What body fluids are potentially infectious during an occupational exposure? - What is the risk of infection after an occupational exposure? - What should be done following an occupational exposure? - What factors must qualified health care professionals consider when assessing the need for follow-up of occupational exposures? - What are some measures to reduce the risk of blood contact? - Do I have to use dental safety devices? An exposure can be defined as a percutaneous injury (e.g., needlestick or cut with a sharp object) or contact of mucous membrane or nonintact skin (e.g., exposed skin that is chapped, abraded, or with dermatitis) with blood, saliva, tissue, or other body fluids that are potentially infectious. Exposure incidents might place dental health care personnel at risk for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and therefore should be evaluated immediately following treatment of the exposure site by a qualified health care professional.1Top of Page When evaluating occupational exposures to fluids that might contain hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), health care workers should consider that all blood, body fluids, secretions, and excretions except sweat, may contain transmissible infectious agents. Blood contains the greatest proportion of infectious bloodborne virus particle titers of all body fluids and is the most critical transmission vehicle in the health-care setting. During dental procedures it is predictable that saliva will become contaminated with blood. If blood is not visible, it is still likely that very small quantities of blood are present, but the risk for transmitting HBV, HCV, or HIV is extremely small. Despite this small transmission risk, a qualified health care professional1 should evaluate any occupational exposure2 to saliva in dental settings, regardless of visible blood.Top of Page Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Health care workers who have received hepatitis B vaccine and have developed immunity to the virus are at virtually no risk for infection. For an unvaccinated person, the risk from a single needlestick or a cut exposure to HBV-infected blood ranges from 6%–30% and depends on the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status of the source individual. Individuals who are both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and HBeAg positive have more virus in their blood and are more likely to transmit HBV. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Based on limited studies, the estimated risk for infection after a needlestick or cut exposure to HCV-infected blood is approximately 1.8%. The risk following a blood splash is unknown but is believed to be very small; however, HCV infection from such an exposure has been reported. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - The average risk for HIV infection after a needlestick or cut exposure to HlV-infected blood is 0.3% (about 1 in 300). Stated another way, 99.7% of needlestick/cut exposures to HIV-contaminated blood do not lead to infection. - The risk after exposure of the eye, nose, or mouth to HIV-infected blood is estimated to be, on average, 0.1% (1 in 1,000). - The risk after exposure of the skin to HlV-infected blood is estimated to be less than 0.1%. A small amount of blood on intact skin probably poses no risk at all. There have been no documented cases of HIV transmission due to an exposure involving a small amount of blood on intact skin (a few drops of blood on skin for a short period of time). The risk may be higher if the skin is damaged (for example, by a recent cut), if the contact involves a large area of skin, or if the contact is prolonged. Wounds and skin sites that have been in contact with blood or body fluids should be washed with soap and water; mucous membranes should be flushed with water. Immediate evaluation must be performed by a qualified health care professional.1 Health care providers who evaluate exposed dental health care professionals should be - Selected before dental health care professionals are placed at risk of exposure. - Experienced in providing antiretroviral therapy. - Familiar with the unique nature of dental injuries so they can provide appropriate guidance on the need for antiretroviral prophylaxis. Employers should follow all federal (including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)) and state requirements for recording and reporting occupational injuries and exposures. The following information should be included in the exposure report, recorded in the exposed person's confidential medical record, and made available to qualified health care professionals:1 - Date and time of exposure. - Details of the procedure being performed, including where and how the exposure occurred, whether the exposure involved a sharp device, the type of device, whether there was visible blood on the device, and how and when during its handling the exposure occurred. - Details of the exposure, including the type and amount of fluid or material and the severity of the exposure. For a percutaneous injury, details would include the depth of the wound, the gauge of the needle, and whether fluid was injected; for a skin or mucous membrane exposure they would include the estimated volume of material, the duration of contact, and the condition of the skin (e.g., chapped, abraded, or intact). - Details about the exposure source—whether the patient was infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and his or her hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status; hepatitis C virus (HCV); or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); and, if the source was infected with HIV, the stage of disease, history of antiretroviral therapy, and viral load, if known. If this information is not known from the medical record, then the source patient should be asked to obtain serologic testing for HBV, HCV, and HIV. - Details about the exposed person (e.g., hepatitis B vaccination and vaccine-response status). - Details about counseling, post-exposure management, and follow-up. The evaluation must include the following factors to determine the need for further follow-up: Type of exposure - Percutaneous injury (e.g., depth, extent) - Mucous membrane exposure - Nonintact skin exposure - Bites resulting in blood exposure to either person involved Type and amount of fluid/tissue - Fluids containing blood Infectious status of source - Presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) - Presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody - Presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody Susceptibility of exposed person - Hepatitis B vaccine and vaccine response status - HBV, HCV, or HIV immune status After conducting this initial evaluation of the occupational exposure, a qualified health care professional must decide whether to conduct further follow-up on an individual basis using all of the information obtained.Top of Page Avoiding occupational exposures to blood is the primary way to prevent transmission of HBV, HCV, and HIV in health care settings. Methods used to reduce such exposures in dental settings include engineering and work practice controls and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Engineering controls isolate or remove the bloodborne pathogens hazard from the workplace. These controls are frequently technology-based and often incorporate safer designs of instruments and devices. Examples include sharps disposal containers, rubber dams, and self-sheathing anesthetic needles. Whenever possible, engineering controls should be used as the primary method to reduce exposures to bloodborne pathogens following skin penetration with sharp instruments or needles. Work practice controls are behavior-based and are intended to reduce the risk of blood exposure by changing the manner in which a task is performed. Examples include using the "scoop" technique to recap an anesthetic needle, removing burs before placing the hand piece in the dental unit, and restricting the use of fingers during suturing and when administering anesthesia. Personal protective equipment consists of specialized clothing or equipment worn to protect against hazards. Examples include gloves, masks, protective eyewear with side shields, and gowns to prevent skin and mucous membrane exposures.Top of Page Mandated by the Needlestick and Prevention Act, changes to OSHA's bloodborne pathogen standard were published on January 18, 2001, and took effect April 18, 2001. The revisions clarify the need for employers to select safer needle devices as they become available and to involve employees in identifying and choosing the devices. Additional information about developing a safety program and identifying and evaluating safer dental devices can be found at the following Web sites: - Forms for screening and evaluating safer dental devices - Current list of available safer dental devices - State legislation on needlestick safety Beltrami EM. The risk and prevention of occupational human immunodeficiency virus infection. Seminars in Infection Control 2001;1:2–18. CDC. Guidelines for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus to health care and public-safety workers. MMWR 1989;38(S-6):1–36. CDC. Update: Universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in health care settings. MMWR 1988;37:377–382, 387–388. CDC. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Alert: Preventing needlestick injuries in health care settings. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1999. CDC. Updated U.S. Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to HBV, HCV, and HIV and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. MMWR 2001;50(No.RR-11). CDC. Updated U.S. Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to HIV and recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis MMWR 2005;54(No. RR-9):1–17. Accessed 9/21/09. Chiarello LA, Bartley JB. Prevention of blood exposure in health care personnel. Seminars in Infection Control 2001;1:30–43. US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 29 CFR Part 1910.1030. Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens; Needlestick and Other Sharps Injuries; Final Rule. Federal Register 2001;66:5317–5325. Updated from and including 29 CFR Part 1910.1030. Occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens; final rule. Federal Register December 6, 1991;56:64003–64182. Accessed 9/21/09. - A qualified health care professional is any health care provider who can provide counseling and perform all medical evaluations and procedures in accordance with the most current recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service, including postexposure chemotherapeutic prophylaxis when indicated. - See response to question, "What constitutes an occupational exposure in dentistry?" - Page last reviewed: October 25, 2013 - Page last updated: October 25, 2013 - Content source:	<urn:uuid:671b3f77-337d-44ea-a6ea-ac5f531a8ffa>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.cdc.gov/OralHealth/infectioncontrol/faq/bloodborne_exposures.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00144-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.908965	2,428	3.3125	3
I'm trying to understand the following: I guess this could be generalized as AにBをCさせる. It's confusing. Maybe if someone can break down how to understand this and then I can memorize it. Usually, you have a sentence like: where the subject takes There is a morpheme In your example, the subject Sometimes i process it like this: (Zが) トムが: Tom (Aに) 後輩に: towards / unto junior (Bを) サイフを: take / consume wallet (Cさせる) 開かせる: let / made + open = Tom let/made junior open the wallet.	<urn:uuid:6f33248f-73ef-41b0-8e79-0c30973628fc>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/2270/how-to-break-down-who-did-what-in-a%E3%81%ABb%E3%82%92c%E3%81%95%E3%81%9B%E3%82%8B	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00174-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.773811	159	2.90625	3
A small stony concretion that may form in the stomachs of certain animals, especially ruminants, and which was once used as an antidote for various ailments. - They induced him to swallow therapeutic potions of oriental bezoar stone from the stomach of a goat and boiled spirits from a human skull. - An obstruction series or plain abdominal radiographs may be necessary to distinguish obstruction from parasites or bezoars. - Endoscopy revealed a large gastric bezoar and a 2 x 3 em lower esophageal ulcer that was thought to be the source of bleeding. For editors and proofreaders What do you find interesting about this word or phrase? Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.	<urn:uuid:615e2176-f953-4149-9b50-c0e48d12abc3>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/bezoar	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00178-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.898249	159	2.90625	3
Maximum and minimum monthly records in global temperature databases Posted on 15 March 2011 by shoyemore The worldwide success of books like The Guinness Book of Records is an example of human fascination with record-breaking – the smallest, fastest, farthest, the first etc. The frequency and size of records can tell us something about the underlying process. For example, the world mile record was broken on average once every 3 years between 1913 and 1999, by about 1 second per record. The shift in dominance of middle distance running from the Anglophone countries to Africa has meant the record has only been broken once since 1993. This post describes a method of recording and graphically presenting successive annual counts of record-breaking months by temperature, e.g. the warmest or the coldest since records were kept, over more than one database. The rate of appearance of record-breaking (warmest or coldest) months intuitively provides a signal of climate change complementary to the usual temperature data. See the “Further Reading” section at the end of the post. Such data of maximum or minimum records are quite useful as they might, for example, provide evidence of a warming (or cooling) climate, when the temperature data is apparently static over short periods. As we will see, such is what has occurred in the 2000s. Steps to follow: (1) Download monthly climate data into a spreadsheet, either the raw data or the temperature anomaly. For easier manipulation, re-arrange the data with successive years in rows underneath each other, and the months in 12 columns, from January to December. (2) Create a second matrix of rank numbers. In Excel, the RANK function will return the ranking of each monthly temperature datum since the first datum was recorded i.e. the top month in the column. Consult the Excel Help to tell you how to use RANK to find the minimum records, which you can do in a separate worksheet. The IF function can be used to set all ranks, other than the one of interest, to 0. Figure 1 shows the result for the first four years, using GISS data for an example. (3) In a further column to the right, simply add the number of record months in each year. (4) If using more than one database, an average is taken. If, for 1960, the GISS database shows 1 new record month, the NOAA database shows 0, and the HADCRUT database shows 1, it is counted as average = 0.66 for 1960, and entered into a score of average yearly record months, which you can keep in another column. (5) You now have two columns, each of the average maximum and minimum records in each year. You can use two further columns to create running totals of each, and a further column to find the difference between the two running totals. Figure 1: Conversion of GISS temperature anomaly into a binary indicator of maximum monthly records for first four years. We intuitively expect that, in a period of warming, there should be more maximum monthly records than minimum, and vice versa in a period of cooling. If we assume that the frequency and duration of warming and cooling periods even out in the long run (natural variation), the running totals of maximum and minimum records should be approximately equal. The differences obtained by subtracting one running total from the other should centre on zero like a sine wave. Figure 2 shows the annual differences in cumulative sums of average new maximum and minimum records in 3 databases (GISS, HADCRUT and NOAA from 1880 to 2010). Figure 2: Annual differences in cumulative sums of Average Annual Maximum and Minimum Monthly Records. As an example, in 1911 there was an excess of 30 minimum monthly records over maximum, counting since 1880. - There is an “early measurement effect” because all the first year’s monthly temperature measurements will all be both maximum and minimum records. Subsequent months will modify the records so that it will take a few years for the annual counts to settle down. Since the effect influences both maximum and minimum records, Figure 2 is, on the average, free of this effect. - In Figure 2, the early decades show perhaps a 20-year period of cooling. After 1920, a mid-century warming commences, and this looks like natural variation (a half-sine wave) up to about 1940. - Then a period of stasis ensues (for 12 years) until the excess of maximum over minimum records starts again with an accelerating increase up to 2010. - Figure 2 resembles charts of the temperature anomaly – but it has a different origin than subtracting the temperature observation from a chosen baseline. It is more “granular” than (for example) a LOESS smoother. However, it misses mid-century cooling, which did not generate any cold monthly records. - It is difficult to reconcile Figure 2 with the expectation of a long term average of 0, if the record months are occurring randomly and in equal proportions. The mathematics to prove this is a bit tougher, so we will not go into that level of detail. Figure 3 is a chart of the running total of new annual maximum monthly records, starting with the 1955 value set to 0. Note is a non-linear, increasing trend – for each 10 year division, more records are occurring. Figure 3: Cumulative Change in Annual Average Maximum Monthly Records since 1956. The 1955 value is set = 0. - It is possible to fit a function to the curve and use the model to predict the rate of occurrence of future new records. The mathematics of the curve fitting will not be described. - The rates are estimated from the fitted function, for different decades, in new maximum monthly records (r) per year: - 1960-1970 0.56r/yr - 1970-1980 0.94r/yr - 1981-1990 1.27r/yr - 1991-2000 1.56r/yr - 2001-2010 1.81r/yr - To understand the previous table better, in the decade 1960-1970, new maximum monthly records occurred on average about once every 21 months (=12 x 1/0.56). In the decade 2001-2010, they occurred on average every 7 months (=12x1/1.81). - Since the incremental increase in temperature for each new record reflects the temperature rise, the average temperature rate can be estimated from the temperature data. Let ∆T=Average Temperature Rise over all maxima. Then Temperature Rate = ∆T x Rate of Occurrence of Records. - Plugging in ∆T=0.011C (estimated from the temperature record), the following values are estimated for temperature increase in degrees C per decade: - 1960-1970 0.07C/decade - 1970-1980 0.10C/decade - 1981-1990 0.14C/decade - 1991-2000 0.17C/decade - 2001-2010 0.20C/decade - Predictions for the next decade (assuming continuance of current conditions): - 2020 Rate = 2.33r/yr - 2020 Rate of Temperature Increase = 0.26C/decade - The probability of 2011 not having a new record month is 0.09 This basic, and even crude, analysis confirms the model of temperature rise given by mainstream climate science. That is no surprise. However, it can be expanded to incorporate natural variation (factors like ENSO and volcanic eruptions) using methods like logistic regression, which is more robust than ordinary least squares. The advantage of this method is that the mathematics of a noisy temperature process has been replaced by the mathematics of a simple stochastic process. Stochastic processes are well understood and used in many situations like monitoring time between crashes of a computer system (in software reliability engineering) or time between events (in health survival analysis). This analysis undermines, yet again, many of the simplistic contrarian models e.g. that natural variability is driving warming, or that the earth has been cooling in the period 1998-2002. As Professor Richard Lindzen said: “Temperature is always rising and falling”. However, that implies an equalization of maximum and minimum monthly records over a long period. The numbers of minimum monthly records in these global temperature databases has not even been close to numbers of monthly maxima for some time. The last such sequence in these databases ended in 1917, almost one-hundred years ago. The current rate of occurrence of minimum records is 0 per year, and the rate for maximum records is consistently outstripping that of minima by almost 2 per year, and rising. How often can we expect a record event? Benestad(2003) Record-breaking temperatures reveal a warming climate. Wergen(2010) Detection Probability of Trends in Rare Events: Theory and Application to Heavy Precipitation in the Alpine Region. Frei(2001)	<urn:uuid:93a03969-57ee-40cb-ae6a-3626c6c2de10>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.skepticalscience.com/Maximum-and-minimum-monthly-records-in-global-temperature-databases.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00067-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.907481	1,867	3.34375	3
Background Reading for Basis Sets: Basis Sets Lab Activity Key PointsThe objective of computational chemistry is to be able to mathematically express the properties of molecules. One of the most important properties is that of the molecular orbitals. Scientist use something called a basis set to approximate these orbitals. There are two general categories of basis sets: In the most general sense, a basis set is a table of numbers which mathematically estimate where the electrons can be found. An American physicist named J. C. Slater developed algorithms by fitting linear least-squares to data which could easily be calculated. Suddenly, basis sets became much easier to express. Slater's equation is known as the Slater Type Orbital or (STO). The equation is given below. The general expression for a basis function is given as: Basis Function = N * e(-alpha * r) Radius in angstroms This expression given as a Slater Type Orbital equation is: At this point, the STO equation looks like a great solution to finding the basis set of a molecule. Although the STO equation is a wonderful approximation for the molecular orbitals, the problem lies in the calculations. You see, calculating the STO of a molecule requires enormous amounts of work. This uses way too much time, even for super computers. Instead, a scientist by the name of S. F. Boys developed a method of using a combination of Gaussian Type Orbitals in order to express the STO equation. The following is the Gaussian Type Orbital (GTO) equation. Notice that the difference between the STO and GTO is in the "r." The GTO squares the "r" so that the product of the gaussian "primitives" (original gaussian equations) is another gaussian. By doing this, we have an equation we can work with and so the equation is much easier. However, the price we pay is loss of accuracy. To compensate for this loss, we find that the more gaussian equations we combine, the more accurate our equation. In Basis Set Lab, you will be looking at a STO-3G basis set: All basis set equations in the form STO-NG are considered to be "minimal" basis sets. (Remember our definition of minimal.) The "extended" basis sets, then, are the ones that consider the higher orbitals of the molecule. The way to think about extended basis sets is to think of cleaning the kitchen floor. First you must sweep it to get all the big pieces of dirt. Then you go back and mop it to get the little bits of grime. Then you go over again and wax it to make sure everything is cleaned off and the floor is shiny. That is what you are doing to the molecules. Using the minimal basis set is like sweeping the floor. You are only describing the big properties. Using the extended basis sets is like mopping and waxing. You are fine tuning your description. One way to mop up the little grime in your molecule descriptions is to use a method called "Split-Valence Basis Sets." The theory behind this method is that it would be extremely tedious to attempt calculating the expression for every single atomic orbital. Instead, by combining an expression for an orbital larger and smaller than the one we are looking at, we can approximate the orbital we are interested in. This method entails combining two or more STO's in order to describe an orbital. The STO's differ only by the value of their exponent (zeta) and can be manipulated by a constant "d" so that you can size the orbital to what you are looking for. Now we need to wax the molecule. This is done by taking into account the Polarization effect. The polarization effect is the resulting effects when two atoms are brought close together. Taking into account the polarization effect means accounting for the d and f-shells by adding STOs of higher orbital angular momentum. The asterisk is the symbol used when taking into account polarization. One asterisk symbolizes accounting for the d-shell and two asterisks symbolizes the f-shell. If an asterisk is in parentheses symbolizes that polarization functions are added only to second-row elements. Standard polarization basis sets are 3-21G* and 6-31G. It is important that you understand how to read each basis set. For example, let us consider the 6-311G basis set. The 6 represents the 6 gaussian primitives used to calculate the s-shell, the 3 represents the number of GTOs for one of the sp-shells and each 1 represents the number of GTOs for the other two sp-shells. The * represents the consideration of the d-shell. Other standard basis sets are STO-3G, 3-21G, 3-21G, 4-31G, 6-31G, 6-31G, 6-311G, and 6-311G. When dealing with anions, the use of diffuse functions is recommended. Indeed, this is the case when the electron density of a molecule is far removed from its nuclear center. Diffuse functions are also useful for systems in an excited state, for systems with low ionization potential, and systems with some significant negative charge attached. The presence of diffuse functions is symbolized by the addition of a plus sign, +, to the basis set designator: 6-31G+ or 6-31+G. Again, a second +, such as 6-31++G, implies diffuse functions added to hydrogens. The use of doubly-diffuse basis sets is especially useful if you are working with hydrides. When choosing a basis set, choose the best basis set for your time limits. Remember, the better the basis set, the more time it will take to calculate! Now, let's look at a typical basis set printout. Here is a dump for H and C, showing data for the STO-2G basis set. You can see that for the hydrogen, 2 gaussian primitives are used to construct the s orbital. The first value of 1.309 is the orbital exponent, and the 0.430 is the contraction coefficient. With carbon, you see the addition value, so the first is the orbital exponent, the second is the s-part of the sp-hybrid, and the third part is the p-part of the sp-hybrid. STO-2G BASIS="STO-2G" H 0 S 2 1.00 1.30975638 0.43012850 0.23313597 0.67891353 * C 0 S 2 1.00 27.38503303 0.43012850 4.87452205 0.67891353 SP 2 1.00 1.13674819 0.04947177 0.51154071 0.28830936 0.96378241 0.61281990 ************* Here is a dump of the 6-31G* for H and C. For H, there is only one valence electron, and it is represented by two orbitals, one constructed of 3 primitives and the other with 1 primitive. With C, the s-orbital is a core orbital, and is represented by 6 gaussian primitives. The sp-orbital, on the other hand, is a valence orbital, and is represented by two orbitals, one with 3 gaussians and the other with 1. Since this is a "" , or polarized basis set, notice that there is some "d" character to the carbon atom. 6-31G BASIS="6-31G" H 0 S 3 1.00 18.73113700 0.03349460 2.82539370 0.23472695 0.64012170 0.81375733 S 1 1.00 0.16127780 1.00000000 * C 0 S 6 1.00 3047.52490000 0.00183470 457.36951000 0.01403730 103.94869000 0.06884260 29.21015500 0.23218440 9.28666300 0.46794130 3.16392700 0.36231200 SP 3 1.00 7.86827240 -0.11933240 0.06899910 1.88128850 -0.16085420 0.31642400 0.54424930 1.14345640 0.74430830 SP 1 1.00 0.16871440 1.00000000 1.00000000 D 1 1.00 0.80000000 1.00000000 ** The relationship between basis sets and accuracy is represented in the diagram below. Our ultimate goal is to calculate an answer to the Schroëdinger's Equation (right bottom corner). However, we are still a long way from being able to complete this calculation. Right now we are in the top left corner of the chart. In that first box, we are treating each electron independently of the others. As you move across to the right, you find calculations that account for the interactions of electrons. As you move down the column you find more complex and more accurate basis set calculations. You will only be expected to understand the shaded regions. © Copyright 1999-2000 The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc.	<urn:uuid:13574bd1-0998-47ff-bae8-377dce9773f1>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.shodor.org/chemviz/basis/students/background.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00128-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.902848	1,964	4.15625	4
The power of proteins – a brief history By the turn of the 20th century, most of the 20 common amino acids that form the protein “backbone” had been discovered. Scientists also had identified certain proteins, called enzymes, that could catalyze chemical reactions, and others, called antibodies, that could stimulate the body’s immune response to foreign “antigens.” A groundbreaking discovery in 1922 demonstrated the unique power of proteins. That year, Canadian researchers used a purified extract of insulin, which they had isolated from the pancreas, to save the life of a 14-year-old diabetic boy. Within a year, the manufactured protein became available worldwide. For the first time in history, there was an effective treatment for diabetes. In the early 1970s, a succession of key developments in genetics and immunology opened the door to protein therapeutics. The ability to transplant genes between different species led to the development and marketing of the first genetically engineered drug, human insulin, in 1982, followed by human growth hormone in 1985, and the first genetically engineered vaccine, to fight hepatitis B, in 1986. Nine years earlier, in 1975, British researchers Georges Köhler and César Milstein figured out a way to fuse antibody-producing cells from immunized mice with antibody-secreting mouse cells derived from a type of cancer called myeloma. The result was a “hybridoma,” a line of hybrid cells that could be grown indefinitely and, when injected into mice, could produce large amounts of “monoclonal” antibodies, mass-produced to recognize a specific molecular target. Genetic engineering techniques were used to “humanize” the mouse antibodies so they were less likely to be rejected by the body’s immune system. Since 1986, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved 11 monoclonal antibodies, primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs and combat cancer. Herceptin, approved in 1998, is a monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of breast cancer.	<urn:uuid:59e95307-6c8b-487f-88ff-2dc189499070>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/lens/article/?id=49	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00044-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.957335	430	3.6875	4
The History of the Oil Industry click any of the pictures below for a better view The Oil Industry of Medieval Persia (Azerbaijan and Baku) When Marco Polo in 1264 visited the Persian city of Baku, on the shores of the Caspian Sea in modern Azerbaijan, he saw oil being collected from seeps. He wrote that "on the confines toward Geirgine there is a fountain from which oil springs in great abundance, inasmuch as a hundred shiploads might be taken from it at one time." In addition to oil seeps, Marco Polo also saw spectacular mud volcanos, sourced by natural gas seeping through ponds, and a flaming hillside, the "Eternal Fires of the Apsheron Peninsula", a spit of land that juts eastward from Azerbaijan into the Caspian Sea and where condensate and natural gas seeping through fractured shales has burned, and been worshipped, for centuries. The thumbnail on the right shows the Temple of the Fire Worshipers at Ateshkah where a gas seep has burned since ancient times. Shallow pits were dug at the Baku seeps in ancient times to facilitate collecting oil, and hand-dug holes up to 35 meters (115 feet) deep were in use by 1594. These holes were essentially oil wells, which makes Baku the first true field. Apparently 116 of these wells in 1830 produced 3,840 metric tons (about 710 to 720 barrels) of oil. Later, Russian engineer F.N. Semyenov used a cable tool in 1844 to drill an oil well near the Bibi-Eibat (Bibi-Heybat) embayment on the Apsheron Peninsula, ten years before Colonel Drake's famous well in Pennsylvania. Also, offshore drilling started up at Baku at Bibi-Eibat near the end of the 19th century, about the same time that the "first" offshore oil well was drilled in 1896 at Summerland field on the California Coast. The thumbnail on the left shows workers digging an oil well by hand at Bibi-Eibat. Baku was known for spectacular gushers, and spectacular well fires as well - an example of which is shown in the still on the right from a short film by the Lumière Brothers in 1896. The first of the big spouters blew out in 1873 on the Balakhani Plateau, which was the high ground of the Apsheron Peninisula, beneath which lies a giant anticline that is responsible for the prolific oil production. The Balakhani field during the 1870s was the largest oil field in the world. Another giant anticline at the Bibi-Eibat embayment, on the south side of the peninsula, extends from the land out to beneath the waters of the bay. A string of huge onshore producers, beginning with the Tagiev spouter in the mid-1880s, elevated Bibi-Eibat to the largest field. Russian engineers, realizing that production extended offshore, began filling and draining the bay in 1909 to allow continued drilling. Over 300 hectares (741 acres) had been reclaimed by 1927, a project said to be second in magnitude only to construction of the Panama Canal. check out the links below The Early Oil Industry of Poland and Romania The Carpathian Mountains in Poland abound in oil seeps, and Carpathian oil, hand dipped from pits dug in front of the seeps, was burned in street lamps, as early as the 1500s, to provide light in the Polish town of Krosno. Unfortunately, the seep oil was a dark, viscous liquid that stuck to everything. It also burned with a foul smell and gave off more smoke and soot than other lamp oils, most of which were rendered from animal fat. Ignacy Lukasiewicz, a Polish druggist in the modern Ukranian town of Lvov, saw the potential of using seep oil in lamps as a cheap alternative to expensive whale oil. To make a clean-burning fuel, he began experimenting with distillation techniques, perfected earlier by Dr. Abraham Gesner in Canada, to produce clear kerosene from smelly seep oil. His experiments gained notoriety, and the European oil industry was born on a dark night on July 31, 1853 when Lukasiewicz was called to a local hospital to provide light from one of his lamps for an emergency surgery. Impressed with his invention, the hospital ordered several lamps and 500 kg of kerosene. Lukasiewicz enlisted the aid of a business partner and traveled to the Vienna, capitol city of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to register his distillation process with the government on December 31, 1853. To provide oil for his kerosene business, Lukasiewicz initially collected a thick, sticky crude from shallow, hand-dug wells in the Gorlice region, an area in the Carpathians about 50 miles west of the Polish town of Bóbrka. The following year, he teamed up with Titus Trzecieski and Mikolaj Klobassa to establish an "oil mine" in Bóbrka which pumped crude oil from hand-drilled, 30- to 50-meter deep wells. Later, wells as deep as 150 meters were drilled that produced a lighter, better-quality crude from which to distill kerosene. Other entrepreneurs dug their own wells,and a thriving Polish oil industry developed, which was followed in 1857 by the drilling of wells at Bend, northeast of Bucharest, on the Romanian side of the Carpathians. Two years later, Colonel Edwin Drake, who perhaps had knowledge of the Polish developments, drilled his famous well in Pennsylvania, an event wrongly labeled by many in the industry as the drilling of the "first oil well". Many of these early wells were laboriously dug by hand. Others were drilled with spring poles, in which a springy wooden pole was stuck in the ground at an angle and a heavy metal drill bit attached by a cable to the head of the pole. Operators would bounce up and down on stirrups attached to the pole, causing the bit to literally chop a hole into the hard ground. The hole was cleaned by lowering into the hole a specially designed bucket, called a bailer, which was similarly bounced up and down until it filled dirt and cuttings to be hauled to the surface. Steam engines were employed to mechanically drill wells in the Pennsylvania oil fields during the U.S. Civil War, and Thomas Bard imported a steam-powered drilling rig and crew from Pennsylvania to successfully drill a mediocre oil well in California in 1865. Steam was first used in Poland two years later in 1867 to drill a well at Kleczany, 60 kilometers west of the Bóbrka field. Steam-powered drilling made its debut at Bóbrka a few years later, sometime between 1870 and 1872, and enabled operators to drill much deeper than they had been able to previously. Within a few years virtually all oil wells, in both the United States and Europe, were being drilled mechanically. (Excerpted from various issues of the AAPG Explorer) The Early Oil Industry of Pennsylvania Oil Creek in western Pennsylvania abounds in oil seeps that ooze thick black crude into the stream. These seeps were well known to the Seneca Indians, one of the Iroquois Nation tribes, who used the oil as a salve, mosquito repellent, purge and tonic. Many settlers also believed that these oils were medicinal, and "hawkers" sold bottles of it, as early as 1792, as a cure-all called "Seneca Oil". The nearby Allegheny and Kiskiminetas river valleys had oil also, but beneath the ground, where as early as 1815 it was contaminating several of the brine wells that supplied a booming salt industry in the Pittsburgh area. In the early 1850s, a Pittsburgh druggist named Samuel Kier began selling bottled oil from his father's brine wells as "Pennsylvania Rock Oil", but met with little success. One day, Colonel A. C. Ferris, a whale oil dealer, processed a small amount of Kier's "tonic" to make a lighter oil that burned well in a lamp. When Kier heard about this, he began using a one-barrel whiskey still of his own to convert his rock oil into lamp oil. After Kier upgraded his still to five-barrel capacity, Pittsburgh forced him to move his operation to a suburb out of fear of an explosion. When George Bissell, a New York lawyer, learned of Kier's operation, he hired Benjamin Silliman Jr of Yale University, probably around 1854, to see if Seneca Oil would yield lamp oil. Silliman successfully distilled the oil into several fractions, including an illuminating oil already known as kerosene. Armed with Silliman's results, Bissell received financial backing to form the "Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company", which later became the "Seneca Oil Company". An unemployed railroad conductor and express agent named Edwin Drake, who by chance was staying at the same hotel in New Haven, Connecticut as Bissel and his partners, was hired in 1857 to visit Titusville, a town on Oil Creek. Drake's only qualification for this assignment was a free railroad pass remaining from his previous job. Although Drake had never been in the military, when he returned to Titusville the following year to commence operations as a Seneca Oil Company agent, his employers passed him off as a colonel to give their venture an air of respectability. Historically, oil was collected at Oil Creek by damming the creek near a seep, then skimming oil off the top of the resulting pond. Drake tried this at a seep once used by a sawmill to produce oil for lubricating the mill machinery, but even with improvements and opening up other seeps in the area, he only increased production from three or four gallons to a still non-economic six to ten gallons a day. Next workers tried digging a shaft to mine the oil, but groundwater flooded in too quickly for the workers to continue. Finally, Drake decided to drill a well and locate the source of the seep oil, using the same steam-powered equipment used to drill brine wells. He hired a blacksmith named "Billy" Smith, who had drilled brine wells for Kier and others in the Pittsburgh area. Smith, with his son Samuel, began drilling in the summer of 1859. Although progress was slow, usually three feet a day in shale bedrock, they reached a depth of 69½ feet by August 27, just as Drake was reaching the last of his funds. When Billy and Samuel pulled their drilling tools from the well the next morning, they noticed oil rising in the hole. After installing a hand-operated lever pump borrowed from a local kitchen, the first days production was about twenty-five barrels. Production soon dropped off to a steady ten barrels or so a day, and the well is said to have continued at that rate for a year or more. Although Drake's well was no gusher, it was the beginning of an idea. Titusville transformed almost overnight from a quiet farm town to an oil boom town of muddy roads, hastily constructed wooden derricks, and noisy steam engines. The Pennsylvania oil boom was on. check out the links below The Early Oil Industry of Texas click here to learn about	<urn:uuid:26a4c8ad-7d9d-49b5-921a-8791dc6920f4>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.sjvgeology.org/history/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.978634	2,374	3.5	4
a'-kan (`akhan (in 1 Chronicles 2:7 Achar, `akhar, "troubler"): The descendant of Zerah the son of Judah who was put to death, in Joshua's time, for stealing some of the "devoted" spoil of the city of Jericho (Joshua 7). The stem `akhan is not used in Hebrew except in this name. The stem `akhar has sufficient use to define it. It denotes trouble of the most serious kind--Jacob's trouble when his sons had brought him into blood feud with his Canaanite neighbors, or Jephthah's trouble when his vow required him to sacrifice his daughter (Genesis 34:30; Judges 11:35). In Proverbs 11:17,29; 15:6,27) the word is used with intensity to describe the results of cruelty, disloyalty, greed, wickedness. The record especially speaks of Achan's conduct as the troubling of Israel (1 Chronicles 2:7; Joshua 6:18; 7:24). In an outburst of temper Jonathan speaks of Saul as having troubled the land (1 Samuel 14:29). Elijah and Ahab accuse each the other of being the troubler of Israel (1 Kings 18:17,18). The stem also appears in the two proper names ACHOR and OCHRAN (which see). The crime of Achan was a serious one. Quite apart from all questions of supposable superstition, or even religion, the cherem concerning Jericho had been proclaimed, and to disobey the proclamation was disobedience to military orders in an army that was facing the enemy. It is commonly held that Achan's family were put to death with him, though they were innocent; but the record is not explicit on these points. One whose habits of thought lead him to expect features of primitive savagery in such a case as this will be sure to find what he expects; a person of different habits will not be sure that the record says that any greater cruelty was practiced on the family of Achan than that of compelling them to be present at the execution. Those who hold that the Deuteronomic legislation comes in any sense from Moses should not be in haste to think that its precepts were violated by Joshua in the case of Achan (see Deuteronomy 24:16). The record says that the execution took place in the arable valley of Achor, up from the Jordan valley. See ACHOR. Willis J. Beecher These files are public domain.	<urn:uuid:f26db403-3ace-4b63-a513-a62e4e847a13>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.biblestudytools.com/encyclopedias/isbe/achan.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00194-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.974804	523	2.671875	3
The electromagnetic spectrum Physics with animations and film. \|Electromagnetic waves fill a spectrum with wavelengths from thousands of kilometres long down to wavelengths more than 1020 times smaller. They may be detected using a range of quite different instruments. graphic shows, visible light comprises only a tiny fraction of this spectrum: less than an octave. Photon energies also vary over this huge range: in the radio band we collect huge numbers of photons, each having only a tiny energy. The phase of the photons in a radio transmission is not random: it is such that their fields add together, and we can therefore observe their combined electric and magnetic fields as they oscillate in time and space. For gamma rays, we may observe the effects of many charged particles, all created by a single photon. This page discusses the uses and properties of the different bands, and several of the important concepts associated with Standard names for radio bands In one classification system, the waves used for radio communication (and other purposes) are neatly divided up in decades, ie divided into bands whose wavelengths and frequencies vary over a factor of 10. In wavelength, the bands begin and end on metres times a power of ten. Because the speed of light is close to 3 10 8m/s, when these bands are expressed in frequencies, their limits are 3 times a power of 10 Hz. eg for 3 GHz, λ = c/f = 10 cm. The names of the bands are: Here ends the radio band. Hereafter, wavelengths are used almost exclusively, partly for traditional reasons, and partly because frequencies in the THz range (THz = 1012 Hz) are difficult to measure directly. (They can be measured by heterodyning: observing the difference frequencies they make with reference signals.) - Sources in the Super Low and Extra Low Frequency bands (SLF and ELF) are mainly accidental or natural. For instance, electricity authorities have very long antennae, called power lines, that radiate at 50 or 60 Hz. This signal is picked up as 'hum' and is cursed by electrical engineers everywhere. A large natural source is the interaction of the solar wind with the ionosphere that produces low frequency currents (telluric currents) in the earth and oceans, and these are studied by geophysicists to deduce, inter alia, the presence of ore bodies whose electrical conductance differs from that of the surrounding crust. Like ULF, these bands may be used for communication with submarines, with low information rates. - 300 Hz - 3 kHz. Ultra Low Frequency (ULF). Electromagnetic waves in this range are not strongly absorbed by water or the earth. They may therefore be used to communicate with submarines and with mines. One disadvantage is that, with such low frequency, one can only modulate their amplitude or frequency very slowly (eg with morse code) so they cannot carry much information. This is not a disadvantage if only the phase is required, as is the case for navigation systems. The wavelengths are so long that antennae may be huge. - 3 - 30 kHz. Very Low Frequency (VLF). Again, the information carrying capacity is limited. These are used in navigation systems. - 30 - 300 kHz. Low Frequency (LF). This band has the advantage that it can propagate around the Earth, by refraction and reflection at the ionisphere or the surface of the Earth itself. Indeed, these two conductors form a waveguide for waves in this range, which can therefore be used to communicate across the oceans and around the world. - 300 kHz - 3 MHz. Medium Frequency (MF). (This includes the AM radio band: see below). These waves are not so well reflected/refracted by the ionosphere, but at night there is enough reflection that one can pick up radio stations hundreds or thousands of km away. This is not possible with the much shorter waves used for FM radio or television: for these you need an unobstructed path to the transmitter that is not much different from a straight line. - 3 - 30 MHz. High Frequency (HF). This is also known as the Short Wave band. It includes the CB band (see below) and the channels used for radio control. As the frequency of the carrier wave increases, it becomes possible to encode more information and to crowd channels (proportionately) - 30 - 300 MHz. Very High Frequency (VHF). (includes FM radio and television). Antennae are often made to be about one quarter or one half wavelength long. - 300 MHz - 3 GHz. Ultra High Frequency (UHF). (GHz = 109 Hz). This includes some television and mobile phones: see below. Many channels are available. - 3 - 30 GHz. Super High Frequency (SHF). (roughly corresponds to microwave band) Used for communication - 30 - 300 GHz. Extra High Frequency (EHF). Not much used for radio communication (yet), because of the technological difficulty of encoding and decoding amplitude and frequency modulation at such high frequencies. Infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X and gamma rays - Infrared: wavelengths longer than visible and up to about 1 mm (often measured in microns or micrometres, symbol μm). Infrared radiation can be felt as radiant heat: eg when you stand in front of a fire. Some snakes have IR sensors. The military uses IR binoculars for the same reason as snakes do: to find mammals, who are usually warmer than our surroundings. - Visible: Wavelengths are about 400 nm (violet light) to 700 nm (red light). A nanometre, symbol nm, is 10-9 m. The sun radiates most strongly in this range, and our atmosphere does not absorb it (Los Angeles excepted). This is not a coincidence: we have evolved on this planet in this atmosphere, so of course we have evolved sensors that use the available radiation. (Pace Drs Pangloss, Liebniz and certain other naifs. Any readers interested in teleology should follow this link.) Visible light can cause chemical reactions (eg vision and photosynthesis) but usually does not. The diodes used in solar cells work at a potential difference of about 0.6 volts, so every visible photon has enough energy to shift one electron across the interface. See the introductory page on the photovoltaic effect. - Ultraviolet: wavelengths shorter than visible, down to about 10 nanometres. UV is more useful in chemistry, because each photon has energy comparable with that of a chemical reaction. It is dangerous for the same reason: a UV photon has enough energy to damage DNA molecules in your cells (so remember to wear sunscreen and a hat). If objects are hotter than the sun (eg some massive young stars), they radiate in the UV. Bees can see in the near UV and so flowers have UV colours to attract them. (Bees can also see the polarisation of light, which they use to navigate, but that's another story.) When the energy of photon is high enough, it is often expressed in electron volts: an ultraviolet photon with 10 eV or more has enough energy to ionise an atom if its outer electron is held at an electric potential of 10 Volts. This is typical of the binding energies of atoms, which is why UV is chemically - X rays: wavelengths from several nm to 10 pm (a picometre is 10-12 m). Xrays with wavelengths comparable to atom dimensions are used to determine the structure of crystals, in a technique developed by the Australian physicists, William and Lawrence Bragg, for which they received the Nobel prize in 1915. X rays are divided informally into 'soft' X rays with long wavelengths and 'hard' X rays with shorter wavelengths and higher energies. Their energies are enough to ionise atoms and to destroy chemical bonds. They are produced naturally by some radioactive sources, or by very hot objects like neutron stars. They are also produced by smashing high energy electrons into metal targets: X rays thus produced are used to treat cancers including breast cancer. Soft X rays are stopped by (enough) air. Hard X rays can penetrate deeply - Gamma rays: wavelengths less than about 10 pm. They have very high energy, and often come from deep space, sometimes in bursts from cataclysmic cosmic events, such as the collapse or collision of stars. A 10 GeV cosmic ray has the same energy as an electron would have it were accelerated through 10 billion volts. This is enough energy to cause a chain reaction of ionisation events in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to a shower of charged particles. The electromagnetic spectrum Common names for radio bands. For practical purposes, other divisions of the radio part of the spectrum are used, including those bands allotted for specific types of communication. So for instance people talk of the AM radio band, of the CB band etc. Here are * A FAQ about microwave radiation is whether that produced by a portable telephone can do damage to the brain to which it may be rather close. The evidence on this is still not clear. A discussion is at given in "Microwave Radiation and Leakage of Albumin from Blood to Brain", James C Lin, IEEE Microwave Magazine, September 2004. - AM radio: 535 - 1,700 kHz (0.535 - 1.7 MHz) Have a look at the dial on your radio and check the frequency of your favourite AM station. Then divide this into the speed of light to get the wavelength. Fortunately, you do not need an antenna that has a comparable length, although the strength of the signal will increase as you increase the antenna length. - Short wave - several different bands in the range 5.9 - 26.1 MHz - Citizens band (CB) radio - Several bands around 27 MHz. - FM radio: 88 - 108 MHz. If the announcer says 102.5 FM, she is telling you the frequency of her station. The wavelength are about 3 metres, so simple antennae should be about 1/4 or 1/2 this length. To get an idea of how crowded the EM spectrum is, have a look at this scan (click on the yellow graphic) provided by Balint Seeber, a rather special physics student at UNSW. - Television - several different bands between 54 and 220 MHz. (Television carries more information than radio does--pictures plus sound-- and so needs broader bands for each channel) - Mobile phones: 824 - 849 MHz - Global Positioning System: 1.2 -1.6 GHz - The microwave band is used less formally for wavelengths of cm down to mm, or frequencies up to 10s or 100s of GHz. The microwave band is used for radar and long distance trunk telephone communications. Domestically, it is also used in microwave ovens. Measurement techniques, as well as the uses, vary considerably over the range. At long wavelengths and low frequencies, we can observe precisely how the electric and magnetic field vary with time. At the lowest frequencies, we can measure the time per cycle: at high frequencies, the number of cycles per unit time. In high GHz or Thz regime, we can no longer measure frequency directly, although we can calculate it from the wavelength and the speed, or measure it using indirection means such as heterodyning. Wavelenths are usually measured using spectrometers, which use the phenomenon of interference. For X rays, the diffraction gratings in the spectrometers are crystals. For gamma rays, whose wavelengths are rather smaller than atomic dimesions, all we can measure is the energy. Wave vs particle vocabularies for EM radiation The different limitations involved in measurements have implications for our choice to use phrases from the wave vocabulary or the particle vocabulary to describe radiation. For instance, if we are talking about a transmitted radio wave in the medium wave band, then huge numbers of photons would combine to make an electric and a magnetic field whose amplitude we could measure fairly accurately. The intensity of this wave would be proportional to the square of the amplitude of the electric field (or the square of the amplitude of the magnetic field). We would not talk about photons, because it is virtually impossible to measure them individually: they each have less energy than the kinetic energy of atoms and electrons due to their thermal motion. We could not distinguish photon capture from the random thermal motion of electrons in our detector. Even if we cool a detector down to microKelvin temperature (see graphic) to try to measure photons one at a time, their energy is so small that it is a difficult task. (Measuring the energy in radio waves is like measuring water by volume: the molecules of water are there, but there are very many molecules in every drop so we think of water as a continuum.) This radio wave is also different from from ordinary light because it it is polarised, and because it has a very long coherence length: that is we can relate the phase predictably over regions of the wave separated by many km. Further, it is possible to measure and to display the electromagnetic fields (or rather the voltages they produce in an antenna) as a function of time. These measurement possibilities dispose us to use the vocabulary of waves to describe the phenomena. On the other hand, for light or for waves with shorter waves, we cannot measure or display E(t): the fields oscillate too fast. Instead, with light, we 'catch photons': a single photon interacts with a photoreceptor molecule in your eye, a crystal in a film, an electron in a photocell/photomultiplier tube etc. Because this is localised in space and time, we are using the particle vocabulary. In this vocabulary, the intensity of the wave is the energy per photon times the number of photons per unit area. Notice that the choice to use wave or particle vocabulary has been made according to what we can measure (or sometimes what is convenient to discuss). (It is the opinion of this author that little insight is gained from talking about wave-particle 'duality' or whether EM radiation 'is' a wave or a collection of particles. Such talk may, however, help sell popular science books.) Temperature and colour \| When photons with a given energy equilibrate with matter, the thermal energy of the atoms (or electrons, etc) is comparable with that of the photons. A body in equilibrium with its radiation is called a black body, and the wavelength at which a black body with (absolute) temperature T has its greatest radiant power is given by Wien's displacement λmax = (2.9 x 10-3 m.K)/T. (See Black body radiation for more details. There is also a page on thermal radiation and why clothes work.) Thus the sun, whose surface approximates a black body with temperature 5,700 K, has maximum radiation at about 500 nm, in the middle of the visible range. It also emits wavelengths on either side, and this combination is what we call white light. A hotter star (or a welding spark) emits proportionately more shorter wavelengths and so appears blue. A cooler star (or a normal fire) emits mainly longer wavelengths, and so appears red. So, if the sun has peak radiation in the green, why doesn't it look green? The answer has to do with bandwidth (which is defined as the difference between the frequencies that have half the power of the maximum, one on either side). The whole visual bandwidth is less than an octave: from violet to visible red the wavelength change is less than 100%. The bandwidth of each of our photo receptor types (formally named L for long, M for medium and S for shorb, but more commonly known as R, G and B) is about 20%. The wavelengths of maximum sensitivity for the three types of photo receptor are 440, 545 an 565 nm, and the plot shows black body radiancy for these temperatures. As the plot of black body radiation shows, the bandwidth (frequency range between points of half maximum power) of a hot body is rather more than 100%. Looking at this curve, you will see that a star (or other simple hot body) with maximum radiation in the green emits very strongly in red, green and blue. In the case or the sun, or most 5700 K bodies that are close to us, the intensity is great enough that it will saturate all three colour receptor types, so that we see white. So how can we see red and blue stars? The edges of the peaks in the curve are steep. When we see a blue star, its maximum is in the UV, and red and orange stars have theirs in the IR. (again, have a look at the curve). One star with a maximum in the green is the sun. Now you're not supposed to look at the sun when it is overhead, but I did (very briefly) and it is white, due to saturation of all photoreceptors. (The other colours it has near sunrise and sunset are due to atmospheric scattering or, in the case of the green flash, due to scattering plus dispersion.) The background radiation of the universe has a temperature of a 3 K (or -270°C), and so its spectrum is mainly in the microwave range. Because we can't see microwaves, it therefore looks 'black' or invisible to us: it is the radiation coming from the night sky where there are no stars. This radiation has been travelling through space ever since the universe was a few hundred thousand years old, when it first became electromagnetically transparent. The universe was much hotter then, but because it has expanded a lot, its radiation has expanded too (wavelengths have become longer) and become much cooler. Photons and chemistry Ultraviolet light causes sunburn but visible does not. Why so? Many chemical reactions may be activated by electromagnetic radiation. In the simplest case, one photon interacts with one molecule to initiate the reaction. Each photon has an energy hf, where h is Planck's constant, 6.63 X 10−34 J.s = 4.14 X 10−15 eV.s. A hydrogen atom has an ionisation energy of about 13 eV so, looking at the spectrum table above, a photon with a wavelength not much shorter than 100 nm (well out in the ultraviolet) has enough energy to ionise a hydrogen atom. Familiar chemical reactions have reaction energies of tens of kJ per mol. Let's take 50 kJ.mol−1 as a reaction energy, divide it by Avagadro's number (6 X 1023 to obtain a value per molecule, and use 1.6 X 10−19 eV per joule to obtain about 0.5 eV per molecule as a reaction energy. So, if it were just a question of getting from initial to final state, a photon in the infrared could supply the energy. Usually, however, there is an actived state with a rather higher energy, so more energy is needed. Visible light can cause some reactions – such as the photochemistry in our eyes, or on photographic film. Photosynthesis is another (rather complicated) example. Ultraviolet light has more energy available, so UV can cause sunburn, while visible light does not. Hard UV can break carbon-carbon bonds and have serious biochemical effects for people. The (change in) entropy is defined as the heat added reversibly to a system, divided by its temperature. Usually, heat and radiation go from low entropy (high T) to high entropy (low T). For example, in a kitchen grill, infrared radiation at several hundred K (and some weak red light) is transmitted to food at lower temperature (a few hundred K). This may seem to raise a paradox: microwaves have energies of meV, yet in a microwave oven they are used to heat food whose molecules already have thermal energies of ~0.1 eV. The point here is that the intensity of the radiation produced by the magnetron or klystron in the microwave oven is much greater than that of its thermal radiation. Putting your food in interstellar space, where the microwave radiation is weak, would not cook it: it would simply cool to about 3 K. Further, the radiation produced by a magnetron (or by a radio transmitter) is not random, whereas thermal radiation is random. Transmitters usually produce photons that all have nearly the same phase. For example, a sufficiently intense but low frequency electric field could produce an electric field of magnitude 100 MV/m, which is enough to ionise atoms, even though one photon might not have nearly enough energy for ionisation. The field is strong because all of the photons are in phase and we have a low entropy source. This brings us relation between entropy and information. Just like the waves produced by a microwave oven, the radio waves used for communication consist of huge numbers of photons, all very nearly in phase. This gives them a much lower entropy than that of a similar number of photons with random phase. We can then vary the photon phase (usually in the very slight ways associated with amplitude and frequency modulation) so as to carry useful information. Sources whose photons have random phase carry information in other ways. Astronomers use waves from radio to gamma rays to make images of the sky. To do this, a minimum of several photons (and usually many more) must be averaged for each pixel in the image. Under optimal, dark adapted conditions, a single human photoreceptor must capture several photons in a tenth of a second to be excited and to give us the sensation of a weak flash of light. Our eyes are at best about 10% efficient, so this requires us to receive at the cornea several dozen photons focussed onto one point in the retina. Charged Coupled Detectors are used in cameras and they are considerably more efficient than our eyes, especially CCDs operating at very low temperatures. This page is a distillation of the work of many people who have worked to understand electromagnetism, light and heat. Thinking about light is an essay by physics teacher Russell Downie on the history of our understanding of light.	<urn:uuid:ed4de91d-42b4-4f67-95f9-8bd6788a4abf>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/EMspectrum.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00136-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.916274	4,875	3.734375	4
A few years ago in a lab in Panama, Klaus Winter tried to conjure the future. A plant physiologist at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, he planted seedlings of 10 tropical tree species in small, geodesic greenhouses. Some he allowed to grow in the kind of environment they were used to out in the forest, around 79 degrees Fahrenheit. Others, he subjected to uncomfortably high temperatures. Still others, unbearably high temperatures—up to a daily average temperature of 95 degrees and a peak of 102 degrees. That’s about as hot as Earth has ever been. It’s also the kind of environment tropical trees have a good chance of living in by the end of this century, thanks to climate change. Winter wanted to see how they would do. The answer came as a surprise to those accustomed to dire warnings that climate change will turn the Amazon into a desert. The vast majority of Winter’s seedlings didn’t die. In fact, most thrived at significantly warmer temperatures than they experience today, growing faster and larger. Just two species succumbed to the heat, and only at the very highest temperatures. The trees’ success echoes paleontological data, which hints that warmer temperatures can be a boon for tropical forests. After all, the last time Earth experienced average temperatures of 95 degrees, there were rainforests in Michigan and palm trees in the Arctic. That doesn’t mean climate change won’t affect tropical forests of today. It already is. And it definitely doesn’t mean humans needn’t worry about global warming. Climate change will be the end of the world as we know it. But it also will be the beginning of another. Mass extinctions will open ecological niches, and environmental changes will create new ones. New creatures will evolve to fill them, guided by unforeseen selection pressures. What this new world will look like, exactly, is impossible to predict, and humans aren’t guaranteed to survive in it. (And that’s if civilization somehow manages to survive the climate disasters coming its way in the meantime, from superstorms to sea-level rise to agriculture-destroying droughts). Still, experiments like Winter’s offer a glimpse. * * * Adapting to a warmer world will be long and painful process for the rainforest, and many species won’t make it through. Even so, “there will still be tropical forests in 2100,” says Simon Lewis, a plant ecologist at University College London and the University of Leeds. They will probably even contain many of the same species ecologists know today, including some of the trees in Winter’s experiments. It’s the relationships between those species, and the role each plays in the ecosystem, that will change—and, in turn, transform the entire forest. “The forests that come out of this change are probably going to be much different than the kinds of forests we have today,” says Christopher Dick, an evolutionary geneticist who studies tropical trees at the University of Michigan. Winter’s data hints at one such change in forest structure. The three species that did the best under the highest temperature regime were the coralwood tree (Adenanthera pavonina) a species of fig tree called Ficus insipida, and the balsa tree (Ochroma pyramidale). Each is what Winter called “pioneer species,” fast-growing trees that can quickly move into cleared areas and take over. (F. insipida ups the ante, beginning life as vine that climbs up dead trees—and also living ones, eventually strangling them.) These kinds of species are vital to a healthy rainforest, helping it regenerate after destructive events like a flood or the death and collapse of a large tree (when those things fall, they take out everything around them). But a mature rainforest needs the species that show up later, too. Those tend to be larger and longer-lived, stabilizing the forest and serving as ecological linchpins for insects, birds, monkeys, vines, and the rest of the ecosystem for decades or even centuries. And it was those so-called “climax species” that suffered the most under higher temperatures in Winter’s experiments. That suggests that as climax tree species die in a warmer forest, they won’t be replaced. “One would expect that tropical futures of the future would be dominated by those nimble species that can disperse very well,” Lewis says. Pioneer trees that will put down roots anywhere, vines that grow into every nook and cranny, small rodents that reproduce quickly and scurry far, birds that can fly over vast swaths of land and aren’t too picky about where they nest. But that’s a small subset of the thousands of species found in tropical forests today. Without the rest of them, the rainforest will be a much simpler place. * * * Disturbingly, scientists have observed something similar happening in the ocean. Much of the carbon dioxide humans release into the atmosphere is eventually absorbed by the sea, gradually making the water more and more acidic. This process of ocean acidification can wreak havoc on marine invertebrates, dissolving their shells and then their fragile bodies. But just like in the tropical forest, “there are always the winners as well as the losers of climate change,” says Ivan Nagelkerken, a marine ecologist at the University of Adelaide in Australia. To get an idea of which species might thrive under ocean acidification, he headed to two places where underwater vents already spew carbon dioxide into the sea: Vulcano Island in Italy and White Island in New Zealand. “These CO2 vents are natural laboratories where you can get a peek into the future,” Nagelkerken explains. As in Winter’s experiment, that future was far from lifeless. But the kind of life it supports has Nagelkerken worried. Carbon dioxide vents can occur in any marine ecosystem, from coral reefs to kelp forests to seagrass plains. But no matter where you are, life in the most acidic pockets looks strikingly similar. Immediately around a vent, all ecosystems “transform into systems that are dominated by turf algae—very short, fleshy algae with very little structural complexity,” Naglekerken explains. What’s more, “we did not observe a single predator on those vents.” As a result, the food web is dramatically simplified, the number of fish species drops, and the ecosystem becomes “much less valuable and productive.” Small grazing fish that love turf algae will probably excel in the acidic oceans of the future. But as they take over, “everywhere will start to look like everywhere else,” Nagelkerken says. The new, homogenous ocean won’t be good for humans. The fish that are likely to thrive in the oceans of the future—small, adaptable species such as gobies and blennies—are, simply, not fish people like to eat. And even if human tastes evolved, those fish wouldn’t fill us up; most gobies clock in at fewer than 4 inches long. Humans like to eat big predators, like tuna and marlin—exactly the kind of species that had disappeared from the CO2 vents Nagelkerken studied. As ocean acidification restructures marine ecosystems, the first to go will be the fish that people rely on for money and food. * * * Of course, Homo sapiens may be the ultimate generalist, nimble enough to survive in almost every environment. “We’re like cockroaches,” Dick says. “I think we’ll stick around. We’ll see the disaster we’ve created.” But the recovery? Maybe not. For the oceans to adapt to the new climate and regain a level of productivity they enjoy today, “it’s not going to be in a few generations,” Nagelkerken says. “You could wait around for 10,000 years.” Similarly, we might be long gone by the time the Amazon looks anything like the complex forest of today. The flip side of mass extinction, however, is rapid evolution. And if you’re willing to take the long view—like, the million-year long view—there’s a ray of hope to be found in today’s rare species. The Amazon, in particular, is packed with plant species that pop up few and far between and don’t even come close to playing a dominant role in the forest. But they might have treasure buried in their genes. Rare species—especially those that are only distantly related to today’s common ones—“have all kind of traits that we don’t even know about,” says Dick. Perhaps one will prove to thrive in drought, and another will effortlessly resist new pests that decimate other trees. “These are the species that have all the possibilities for becoming the next sets of dominant, important species after the climate has changed,” Dick says. That’s why humans can’t cut them all down first, he argues. If rainforests are going to have a fighting chance of recovering their biodiversity and ecological complexity, those rare species and their priceless genes need to be ready and able to step into the spotlight. It might to be too late to save the world humanity knows and loves. But it can still do its best to make sure the new one is just as good—someday.	<urn:uuid:a57cd546-8165-4071-8c77-7176d1f6fddb>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/09/glimpsing-a-world-after-climate-change/403534/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00158-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.94586	2,016	3.71875	4
Introduction to the diversity of methods for collecting and analyzing data used to understand complex environmental issues. Case studies help to illustrate research design processes, and introduce key methods of data collection and analysis relevant to the problem. Prerequisite: minimum grade of 2.0 in ENVIR 100. Offered: AW. The course introduces diverse methods for collecting and analyzing data used to understand environmental issues. Students will be taught: 1) How hypotheses and research questions are generated and tested using data and observations. 2) How various methods and data types are used to address environmental research questions. 3) How data and perspectives from multiple disciplines may be integrated to study environmental systems. 4) How data concerning environmental issues are best displayed and communicated. 5) How to critically evaluate environmental data in the media and in peer-reviewed academic articles. Four environmental case studies will be used to guide students through the research design process and introduce key methods of data collection and analysis relevant to the problem. Qualitative and quantitative data are explored with the guidance of a natural and social scientist to explore ways that data are integrated to address environmental problems. Students learn the practical considerations of multiple techniques of data collection and put select methods to use. The course addresses the collection and use of a wide variety of data, such as interviews, surveys, genetics, ecological field studies, water quality monitoring, cost-benefit analysis, meteorology, and archaeology. Student learning goals To learn how to ask valuable research questions in environmental studies and gain an understanding of the basic principles of research design. How do you choose the methods that can best address your research questions given various constraints (e.g. time, money, technology, or staff)? To have a broad understanding of research strategies and data types used in environmental studies. How do you collect, analyze, and integrate data to understand complex social and ecological systems? To critically analyze the use of environmental data in graphics and publications. How did the author of a popular article or a research study use data to come to a conclusion, and is the conclusion valid? To learn to effectively communicate research results in graphics and publications. How do you explain your data and results in a way that will allow others to assess the validity of your conclusions and build on your research? To use data to make informed environmental decisions. To learn to work as part of a research team by identifying and building on one anotherís strengths and asking/answering complementary questions. General method of instruction MWF lecture; Tuesday lab activities (in section) Class assignments and grading	<urn:uuid:652f1e0b-73fe-4190-ba6f-9c6650492cc7>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	https://www.washington.edu/students/icd/S/envst/250mastyles.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00011-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.898498	516	3.375	3
The core of the lengths-list-file function is a loop containing a function to move point forward ‘defun by defun’ and a function to count the number of words and symbols in each defun. This core must be surrounded by functions that do various other tasks, including finding the file, and ensuring that point starts out at the beginning of the file. The function definition looks like this: (defun lengths-list-file (filename) "Return list of definitions' lengths within FILE. The returned list is a list of numbers. Each number is the number of words or symbols in one function definition." (message "Working on `%s' ... " filename) (save-excursion (let ((buffer (find-file-noselect filename)) (lengths-list)) (set-buffer buffer) (setq buffer-read-only t) (widen) (goto-char (point-min)) (while (re-search-forward "^(defun" nil t) (setq lengths-list (cons (count-words-in-defun) lengths-list))) (kill-buffer buffer) lengths-list))) The function is passed one argument, the name of the file on which it will work. It has four lines of documentation, but no interactive specification. Since people worry that a computer is broken if they don’t see anything going on, the first line of the body is a message. The next line contains a save-excursion that returns Emacs’s attention to the current buffer when the function completes. This is useful in case you embed this function in another function that presumes point is restored to the original buffer. In the varlist of the let expression, Emacs finds the file and binds the local variable buffer to the buffer containing the file. At the same time, Emacs creates lengths-list as a local Next, Emacs switches its attention to the buffer. In the following line, Emacs makes the buffer read-only. Ideally, this line is not necessary. None of the functions for counting words and symbols in a function definition should change the buffer. Besides, the buffer is not going to be saved, even if it were changed. This line is entirely the consequence of great, perhaps excessive, caution. The reason for the caution is that this function and those it calls work on the sources for Emacs and it is inconvenient if they are inadvertently modified. It goes without saying that I did not realize a need for this line until an experiment went awry and started to modify my Emacs source files … Next comes a call to widen the buffer if it is narrowed. This function is usually not needed—Emacs creates a fresh buffer if none already exists; but if a buffer visiting the file already exists Emacs returns that one. In this case, the buffer may be narrowed and must be widened. If we wanted to be fully ‘user-friendly’, we would arrange to save the restriction and the location of point, but we won’t. (goto-char (point-min)) expression moves point to the beginning of the buffer. Then comes a while loop in which the ‘work’ of the function is carried out. In the loop, Emacs determines the length of each definition and constructs a lengths’ list containing the information. Emacs kills the buffer after working through it. This is to save space inside of Emacs. My version of GNU Emacs 19 contained over 300 source files of interest; GNU Emacs 22 contains over a thousand source files. Another function will apply lengths-list-file to each of the files. Finally, the last expression within the let expression is the lengths-list variable; its value is returned as the value of the whole function. You can try this function by installing it in the usual fashion. Then place your cursor after the following expression and type C-x You may need to change the pathname of the file; the one here is for GNU Emacs version 22.1. To change the expression, copy it to the scratch buffer and edit it. Also, to see the full length of the list, rather than a truncated version, you may have to evaluate the following: (custom-set-variables '(eval-expression-print-length nil)) (See Specifying Variables using Then evaluate the The lengths’ list for debug.el takes less than a second to produce and looks like this in GNU Emacs 22: (83 113 105 144 289 22 30 97 48 89 25 52 52 88 28 29 77 49 43 290 232 587) (Using my old machine, the version 19 lengths’ list for debug.el took seven seconds to produce and looked like this: (75 41 80 62 20 45 44 68 45 12 34 235) The newer version of debug.el contains more defuns than the earlier one; and my new machine is much faster than the old one.) Note that the length of the last definition in the file is first in the list.	<urn:uuid:99df0ba4-6485-41bb-8efc-651e40592411>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/eintr/lengths_002dlist_002dfile.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00197-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.883256	1,088	2.6875	3
In recent years, observers across America’s political spectrum have expressed concern over declining residential mobility and its implications for economic mobility in the United States. There is a widespread belief that Americans’ economic mobility has declined and that Americans are also less likely to “move to opportunity” than in the past. These two assertions have been linked to argue that falling residential mobility is an important factor behind diminished economic opportunity in America. - The bulk of research on U.S. economic mobility—focused on earnings, income, occupation, and education—suggests very little change since at least the mid-twentieth century. - While the share of Americans having moved in the previous year has fallen since the 1970s, this paper finds that other types of residential mobility are now as high as they have been in 100 years or more. - Though not lower than in the past, U.S. upward economic mobility remains low; and certain disadvantaged groups, including the less educated and African-Americans, are less willing, or able, to move to economic opportunity.	<urn:uuid:3dea5de9-b885-479c-a3a7-f51a4fc08943>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/when-moving-matters-residential-and-economic-mobility-trends-america-1880-2010-8048.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00068-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.97125	217	3.140625	3
Cercarial dermatitis is caused by the cercariae of certain species of schistosomes whose normal hosts are birds and mammals other than humans. These cercariae seem to have a chemotrophic reaction to secretions from the skin and are not as host-specific as other types of schistosomes. They attempt to, and, sometimes may actually, enter human skin. The penetration causes a dermatitis which is usually accompanied with intense itching, but the cercariae do not mature into adults in the human body. Cases of cercarial dermatitis can occur in both fresh and brackish water environments. One species of schistosome often implicated in cases of cercarial dermatitis is Austrobilharzia variglandis, whose normal hosts are ducks. The snail, Nassarius obsoletus, is the intermediate host for this species and can be found at marine beaches in temperate climates. Cercarial dermatitis should not be confused with seabather's eruption, which is caused by the larval stage of cnidarians (e.g., jellyfish). The areas of skin affected by seabather's eruption is generally under the garments worn by bathers and swimmers where the organisms are trapped after the person leaves the water. Cercarial dermatitis occurs on the exposed skin outside of close-fitting garments. Hosts of avian schistosomes can be either year-round resident or migratory birds, including seagulls, shorebirds, ducks, and geese. Adult worms are found in the blood vessels and produce eggs that are passed in the feces . On exposure to water, the eggs hatch and liberate a ciliated miracidium that infects a suitable snail (gastropod) intermediate host . The parasite develops in the intermediate host to produce free-swimming cercariae that are released under appropriate conditions and penetrate the skin of the birds and migrate to the blood vessels to complete the cycle . Humans are inadvertent and inappropriate hosts; cercariae may penetrate the skin but do not develop further . A number of species of trematodes with dermatitis-producing cercariae have been described from both freshwater and saltwater environments, and exposure to either type of cercaria will sensitize persons to both. Life cycle image and information courtesy of DPDx.	<urn:uuid:065870ac-b508-4036-9b37-de402f58b1ac>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/swimmersitch/biology.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403823.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00094-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.934783	488	3.8125	4
UCL researcher Mr Siavash Mahdavi (UCL Computer Science) has designed a new technology which can 'print out' objects directly from intricate design plans into finished, three-dimensional objects. His technology promises to revolutionise the production of many devices, including clothes, shoes, safety headgear and vehicle parts – and his printed-out products will be showcased at this year's London Fashion Week. Mr Mahdavi's invention works by sending intricate, computer-generated 3D designs through to a machine that beams each detail of the pattern into liquid resin using ultraviolet light. As each pinpoint of light hits the resin, the resin solidifies, gradually piecing together the object depicted in the design. A solution of plastic, or metal dust can be used in place of the resin to create objects in these materials, too. Because it cuts out the need for a costly mass production process, Mr Mahdavi's idea has generated great interest amongst companies who need to manufacture just a small quantity of items made to customised requirements. He has worked with UCL Ventures to form a company, 'Complex Matters', so that he can work towards tailoring his invention for industry. Fashion designer Manish Arora will be the first to draw on Mr Mahdavi's technology when his models step out onto the London catwalks in February in ready-printed buttons, brooches and handbag clutches. Sports-shoe designers are also keen to use the technology to produce tailor-made shoes that are customised to an individual's foot shape, weight, and gait. The first examples of 'printed' football shoes are due to appear in April to mark the kick-off of the 2006 World Cup. Mr Mahdavi explained: "A particular strength of this system is that it can print out designs in very high resolution. This means that when we print a product, we can vary the density in different parts of it, creating an object that is seamless, but with different density in different parts – very difficult to achieve with existing production methods. An aeroplane wing, for example, needs to be very stiff near the fuselage and very flexible and bendy at the tail edge. We could specify this during the design process and then print out a wing with these qualities." To generate the 3D designs, Mr Mahdavi has created an artificially intelligent computer programme, which works out the best design using a genetic algorithm. The algorithm works by creating thousands of possible designs, fighting them off against each other so that the most efficient designs survive, then 'mating' these top designs to create yet more efficient hybrids, and then repeating the process. Mr Mahdavi's programme can swiftly run through 1000 generations of design to arrive at a super-efficient solution. Where aesthetics are a consideration – as in the case of fashion design – a graphic designer can interact with the programme, so that human and machine arrive together at a product that combines beauty with efficiency. Mr Mahdavi predicts that in years to come, his computer programme and the product-printing equipment could become widespread, allowing us all to realise our design doodles. He joked: "You might even be able to print out a pair of shoes in the privacy of your own room!" This site is no longer updated. Click this link to have updated technology news and articles. About the Author ©2006 All rights reserved More info in www.ucl.com More info in www.ucl.com	<urn:uuid:c23f4117-dc59-4df5-b3bd-624fcea8a011>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.theallineed.com/personal-tech/06021606.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00053-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.944996	716	3.203125	3
Home > Curriculum > Road Maps Learning & Teaching The CLE has created a packet of key articles that touch on the important concepts of system dynamics, How to implement SD in K-12 Education, and How to explain systems thinking in 25 words or less. A variety of simulations allowing students to explore the consequences of actions. Explore how logging and planting rates impacts forests, see what happens to the number of friends based on actions, and many more. A Guide to Learning System Dynamics Road Maps is a self-study guide to learning system dynamics. It is organized as a series of chapters, and was developed by the System Dynamics in Education Project (SDEP) at MIT under the direction of Professor Jay Forrester. Ten chapters of Road Maps are available for download. Road Maps teaches the reader how to identify different kinds of systems all around us and how to model these systems. Road Maps can be a resource for both beginners and advanced system dynamics modelers, and requires no previous system dynamics knowledge and only basic math skills. Getting Started with Road Maps Road Maps Contents Each chapter contains a number of individual papers - use the links below to navigate to each chapter. With each paper, a short annotation is included. To learn more about Road Maps, please see the introduction (D-4500-10). The introduction gives a summary of the contents of each chapter, advises on the best way to use Road Maps and explains what you will need to begin your study. Road Maps Appendix & Books The Road Maps Appendix contains a collection of short papers that are designed to help the reader during the process of going through Road Maps. The papers include the Road Maps Glossary (pdf), A guide to using Vensim and converting from STELLA to Vensim, and a series of papers on system dynamics modeling. There are several books required to help you complete Road Maps.	<urn:uuid:a9c319bf-920a-4224-8586-0c3202ebe57e>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.clexchange.org/curriculum/roadmaps/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00143-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.917028	387	3.84375	4
Cow performance should be evaluated at least once a year, and fall is a great time to take a hard look at the cowherd and make culling decisions if necessary. Jeremy Powell estimates culled cows make up about 20 percent of the cowherd income on an annual basis. “Many factors can play a role in determining which cows should be culled,” says the veterinarian with the University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. “The most important factor is likely pregnancy status, but other factors can help determine culling, including body condition score, calf performance, age, temperament, lameness, teeth, udder and eye condition.” Open cows are the greatest contributors to poor economic efficiency in a cowherd and it’s costly to maintain open cows in the herd until next breeding season. “It takes the net returns from two to three productive cows to offset the cost of maintaining one open cow for a year. A common goal among most operations is for a cow to calve every 365 days.” During fall herd work, have your veterinarian present to palpate cows for pregnancy or take blood samples to determine pregnancy status on your herd. You should investigate if there are a high number of open cows in your herd. Causes could include reproductive disease, poor bull fertility or poor cow body condition. Body Condition Scoring (BCS) is another tool to help in culling decisions. “It’s important for a producer to try to maintain a uniform body condition across the herd. You should determine if cows will need costly extra supplementation going into the winter to help put on body condition before spring.” Powell says there’s a direct relationship in BCS at calving and follow-up pregnancy rates among cows. “Take a close look at factors that may be affecting poor BCS such as poor soundness, possible disease or a bad mouth.” While herd genetic improvement is largely dependent on sire selection, the dam contributes half of the genetics to the calf. Poor calf performance can be a result of poor milk production, inferior genetics, calf illness or a combination of those factors. If poor calf performance is mainly related to calf sickness, then the cow may still have a productive future in the herd. According to the data collected by the University of Arkansas Cow Herd Performance Testing Program, poor performing cows over several calving seasons are not likely to show greatly improved performance in future calving seasons. Therefore, identification and culling of poor performing herd females can be effective for improving herd performance averages. Another important culling gauge is structural soundness of the cow. Here are questions to ask in deciding structural soundness: Are her feet and legs structurally sound for ease of movement under pasture and breeding conditions? Are her eyes healthy? Is her udder healthy with a level floor and good suspension? Does she have four evenly spaced, acceptably sized teats? Does she still have teeth that will be effective for grazing? Is her disposition manageable with available labor and facilities? The productive lifetime of a beef cow varies. As long as teeth, udders, feet and legs are sound, many older cows are often still able to perform well. For more information about cattle production and culling practices, contact your Extension agent or visit www.uaex.edu and select Agriculture, then Beef.	<urn:uuid:56b512f9-b9f9-46f6-9bbd-4fef3e3dc406>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://deltafarmpress.com/print/cow-culling-strategies-cattle-producers	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00192-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.9267	700	3.34375	3
- The Bridge at the Edge of the World - This is the introduction to an extraordinary new book (The Bridge at the Edge of the World) by Gus Speth, who is currently Dean of the School of Forestry at Yale University. I don't recommend very many books, but I feel sure that nearly every Rachel's reader will find Gus Speth's new book illuminating and worthwhile reading. -- P.M. - Reasonable Doubt - "New evidence of an association between increased cancers and proximity to nuclear facilities raises difficult questions. Should pregnant women and young children be advised to move away from them? Should local residents eat vegetables from their gardens? And, crucially, shouldn't those governments around the world who are planning to build more reactors think again?" - Small and Thin - In 1986, David Barker's basic claim that heart disease was "related to nutrition during prenatal and early postnatal life" -- now known as the "Barker hypothesis" -- was regarded as heretical. Now it is widely accepted. - Warmer Seas, Over-Fishing Spell Disaster For Oceans: Scientists - The current plunder of the oceans is risking long-term sustainability with "too many fishing boats taking too many fish and not allowing the stocks to regenerate.... Once the oceans are gone, we're gone. The oceans sustain the planet." - EPA Opens Chemical Risk Assessment to Corporate Lobbying - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) adopts a new process that marginalizes government scientists and promotes industry influence in government decisions. From: The Bridge at the Edge of the World THE BRIDGE AT THE EDGE OF THE WORLD By James Gustave Speth Between Two Worlds The remarkable charts that introduce this book reveal the story of humanity's impact on the natural earth. The pattern is clear: if we could speed up time, it would seem as if the global economy is crashing against the earth -- the Great Collision. And like the crash of an asteroid, the damage is enormous. For all the material blessings economic progress has provided, for all the disease and destitution avoided, for all the glories that shine in the best of our civilization, the costs to the natural world, the costs to the glories of nature, have been huge and must be counted in the balance as tragic loss. Half the world's tropical and temperate forests are now gone. The rate of deforestation in the tropics continues at about an acre a second. About half the wetlands and a third of the mangroves are gone. An estimated 90 percent of the large predator fish are gone, and 75 percent of marine fisheries are now overfished or fished to capacity. Twenty percent of the corals are gone, and another 20 percent severely threatened. Species are disappearing at rates about a thousand times faster than normal. The planet has not seen such a spasm of extinction in sixty-five million years, since the dinosaurs disappeared. Over half the agricultural land in drier regions suffers from some degree of deterioration and desertification. Persistent toxic chemicals can now be found by the dozens in essentially each and every one of us. Human impacts are now large relative to natural systems. The earth's stratospheric ozone layer was severely depleted before the change was discovered. Human activities have pushed atmospheric carbon dioxide up by more than a third and have started in earnest the dangerous process of warming the planet and disrupting climate. Everywhere earth's ice fields are melting. Industrial processes are fixing nitrogen, making it biologically active, at a rate equal to nature's; one result is the development of more than two hundred dead zones in the oceans due to overfertilization. Human actions already consume or destroy each year about 40 percent of nature's photosynthetic output, leaving too little for other species. Freshwater withdrawals doubled globally between 1960 and 2000, and are now over half of accessible runoff. The following rivers no longer reach the oceans in the dry season: the Colorado, Yellow, Ganges, and Nile, among others. Societies are now traveling together in the midst of this unfolding calamity down a path that links two worlds. Behind is the world we have lost, ahead the world we are making. It is difficult to appreciate the abundance of wild nature in the world we have lost. In America we can think of the pre-Columbian world of 1491, of Lewis and Clark, and of John James Audubon. It is a world where nature is large and we are not. It is a world of majestic old- growth forests stretching from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, of oceans brimming with fish, of clear skies literally darkened by passing flocks of birds. As William MacLeish notes in The Day before America, in 1602 an Englishman wrote in his journal that the fish schooled so thickly he thought their backs were the sea bottom. Bison once roamed east to Florida. There were jaguars in the Southeast, grizzly bear in the Midwest, and wolves, elk and mountain lions in New England. Audubon described the breathtaking multitudes of the passenger pigeon migration, as well as the rapacity of their wild and human predators: "Few pigeons were to be seen before sunset; but a great number of persons, with horses and wagons, guns and ammunition, had already established encampments.... Suddenly, there burst forth a general cry of 'Here they come!' The noise which they made, though yet distant, reminded me of a hard gale at sea.... As the birds arrived, and passed over me, I felt a current of air that surprised me. Thousands were soon knocked down by polemen. The current of birds, however, still kept increasing.... The pigeons, coming in by thousands, alighted everywhere, one above another, until solid masses... were formed on every tree, in all directions.... The uproar continues... the whole night.... Toward the approach of day, the noise rather subsided.... The howlings of the wolves now reached our ears; and the foxes, lynxes, cougars, bears, raccoons, opossums, and pole-cats were seen sneaking off from the spot. Whilst eagles and hawks, of different species, accompanied by a crowd of vultures, came to supplant them, and enjoy their share of the spoil. It was then that the authors of all this devastation began their entry amongst the dead, the dying, and the mangled. The pigeons were picked up and piled in heaps, until each had as many as he could possibly dispose of, when the hogs were let loose to feed on the remainder." The last passenger pigeon on earth expired in a zoo in Cincinnati in 1914. Some decades later, forester and philosopher Aldo Leopold offered these words at a ceremony on this passing: "We grieve because no living man will see again the onrushing phalanx of victorious birds, sweeping a path for spring across the March skies, chasing the defeated winter from all the woods and prairies.... Men still live who, in their youth, remember pigeons. Trees still live who, in their youth, were shaken by a living wind.... There will always be pigeons in books and in museums, but these are effigies and images, dead to all hardships and to all delights. Book-pigeons cannot dive out of a cloud to make the deer run for cover, or clap their wings in thunderous applause of mast-laden woods. Book-pigeons cannot breakfast on new mown wheat in Minnesota and dine on blueberries in Canada. They know no urge of seasons; they feel no kiss of sun, no lash of wind and weather." Human societies are moving, rapidly now, between the two worlds. The movement began slowly, but now we are hurtling toward the world directly ahead. The old world, nature 's world, continues, of course, but we are steadily closing it down, roping it off. It flourishes in our art and literature and in our imaginations. But it is disappearing. Economic historian Angus Maddison reports that in the year 1000 there were only about 270 million people on earth -- fewer than today's U.S. population. Global economic output was only about $120 billion. Eight hundred years later, the man-made world was still small. By 1820, populations had risen to about a billion people with an output of only $690 billion. Over this eight hundred years, per capita income increased by only a couple of hundred dollars a year. But shortly thereafter the take-off began. By 2000, populations had swelled by an additional five billion, and, astoundingly, economic output had grown to exceed forty trillion dollars. The acceleration continues. The size of the world economy doubled since 1960, and then doubled again. World economic activity is projected to quadruple again by midcentury. Historian J. R. McNeill has stressed the phenomenal expansion of the human enterprise in the twentieth century. It was in the twentieth century, and especially since World War II, that human society truly left the moorings of its past and launched itself on the planet with unprecedented force. McNeill observes that this exponential century "shattered the constraints and rough stability of old economic, demographic, and energy regimes." "In environmental history," he writes, "the twentieth century qualifies as a peculiar century because of the screeching acceleration of so many of the processes that bring ecological change." We live now in a full world, dramatically unlike the world of 1900, or even that of 1950. Physicists have a precise concept of momentum. To them momentum is mass times velocity, and velocity is not just speed but also direction. Today the world economy has gathered tremendous momentum -- it is both huge in size and growing fast. But what is its direction? I am seated in my study as I write this, looking at a stack of books about two feet high. They share a common theme, and it is not a happy one to contemplate. We can see this theme immediately in their titles. By a conservative jurist: Richard A. Posner, Catastrophe: Risk and Response By the president of the Royal Society in the United Kingdom: Martin Rees, Our Final Hour: How Terror, Error and Environmental Disaster Threaten Humankind's Future By a leading American scholar: Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed By a British scientist: James Lovelock, The Revenge of Gaia: Why the Earth Is Fighting Back and How We Can Still Save Humanity By an American expert: James Howard Kunstler, The Long Emergency: Surviving the End of Oil, Climate Change, and Other Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-first Century By a U.S. expert on conflict: Michael T. Klare, Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict By an Australian diplomat and historian: Colin Mason, The 2030 Spike: The Countdown to Global Catastrophe That is but a sample of the "collapse" books now on the market. Each of these authors sees the world on a path to some type of collapse, catastrophe, or breakdown, and they each see climate change and other environmental crises as leading ingredients of a devil's brew that also includes such stresses as population pressures, peak oil and other energy supply problems, economic and political instabilities, terrorism, nuclear proliferation, the risks of various twenty-first- century technologies, and similar threats. Some think a bright future is still possible if we change our ways in time; others see a new dark ages as the likely outcome. For Sir Martin Rees, "the odds are no better than fifty-fifty that our present civilization on earth will survive to the end of the present century." Personally, I cannot imagine that the risks are so great, but Rees is a thoughtful individual. In any case, it would be foolish to dismiss these authors. They provide a stark warning of what could happen. The escalating processes of climate disruption, biotic impoverishment, and toxification that continue despite decades of warnings and earnest effort constitute a severe indictment, but an indictment of what exactly? If we want to reverse today's destructive trends, forestall further and greater losses, and leave a bountiful world for our children and grandchildren, we must return to fundamentals and seek to understand both the underlying forces driving such destructive trends and the economic and political system that gives these forces free rein. Then we can ask what can be done to change the system. The underlying drivers of today's environmental deterioration have been clearly identified. They range from immediate forces like the enormous growth in human population and the dominant technologies deployed in the economy to deeper ones like the values that shape our behavior and determine what we consider important in life. Most basically, we know that environmental deterioration is driven by the economic activity of human beings. About half of today's world population lives in abject poverty or close to it, with per capita incomes of less than two dollars a day. The struggle of the poor to survive creates a range of environmental impacts where the poor themselves are often the primary victims -- for example, the deterioration of arid and semiarid lands due to the press of increasing numbers of people who have no other option. But the much larger and more threatening impacts stem from the economic activity of those of us participating in the modern, increasingly prosperous world economy. This activity is consuming vast quantities of resources from the environment and returning to the environment vast quantities of waste products. The damages are already huge and are on a path to be ruinous in the future. So, a fundamental question facing societies today -- perhaps the fundamental question -- is how can the operating instructions for the modern world economy be changed so that economic activity both protects and restores the natural world? With increasingly few exceptions, modern capitalism is the operating system of the world economy. I use "modern capitalism" here in a broad sense as an actual, existing system of political economy, not as an idealized model. Capitalism as we know it today encompasses the core economic concept of private employers hiring workers to produce products and services that the employers own and then sell with the intention of making a profit. But it also includes competitive markets, the price mechanism, the modern corporation as its principal institution, the consumer society and the materialistic values that sustain it, and the administrative state actively promoting economic strength and growth for a variety of reasons. Inherent in the dynamics of capitalism is a powerful drive to earn profits, invest them, innovate, and thus grow the economy, typically at exponential rates, with the result that the capitalist era has in fact been characterized by a remarkable exponential expansion of the world economy. The capitalist operating system, whatever its shortcomings, is very good at generating growth. These features of capitalism, as they are constituted today, work together to produce an economic and political reality that is highly destructive of the environment. An unquestioning society-wide commitment to economic growth at almost any cost; enormous investment in technologies designed with little regard for the environment; powerful corporate interests whose overriding objective is to grow by generating profit, including profit from avoiding the environmental costs they create; markets that systematically fail to recognize environmental costs unless corrected by government; government that is subservient to corporate interests and the growth imperative; rampant consumerism spurred by a worshipping of novelty and by sophisticated advertising; economic activity so large in scale that its impacts alter the fundamental biophysical operations of the planet -- all combine to deliver an ever-growing world economy that is undermining the planet's ability to sustain life. The fundamental question thus becomes one of transforming capitalism as we know it: Can it be done? If so, how? And if not, what then? It is to these questions that this book is addressed. The larger part of the book proposes a variety of prescriptions to take economy and environment off collision course. Many of these prescriptions range beyond the traditional environmental agenda. In Part I of the book, Chapters 1-3, I lay the foundation by elaborating the fundamental challenge just described. Among the key conclusions, summarized here with some oversimplification, are: The vast expansion of economic activity that occurred in the twentieth century and continues today is the predominant (but not sole) cause of the environmental decline that has occurred to date. Yet the world economy, now increasingly integrated and globalized, is poised for unprecedented growth. The engine of this growth is modern capitalism or, better, a variety of capitalisms. A mutually reinforcing set of forces associated with today's capitalism combines to yield economic activity inimical to environmental sustainability. This result is partly the consequence of an ongoing political default -- a failed politics -- that not only perpetuates widespread market failure -- all the nonmarket environmental costs that no one is paying -- but exacerbates this market failure with deep and environmentally perverse subsidies. The result is that our market economy is operating on wildly wrong market signals, lacks other correcting mechanisms, and is thus out of control environmentally. The upshot is that societies now face environmental threats of unprecedented scope and severity, with the possibility of various catastrophes, breakdowns, and collapses looming as distinct possibilities, especially as environmental issues link with social inequities and tensions, resource scarcity, and other issues. Today's mainstream environmentalism -- aptly characterized as incremental and pragmatic "problem solving" -- has proven insufficient to deal with current challenges and is not up to coping with the larger challenges ahead. Yet the approaches of modern-day environmentalism, despite their limitations, remain essential: right now, they are the tools at hand with which to address many very pressing problems. The momentum of the current system -- fifty-five trillion dollars in output in 2004, growing fast, and headed toward environmental disaster -- is so great that only powerful forces will alter the trajectory. Potent measures are needed that address the root causes of today's destructive growth and transform economic activity into something environmentally benign and restorative. In short, my conclusion, after much searching and considerable reluctance, is that most environmental deterioration is a result of systemic failures of the capitalism that we have today and that long- term solutions must seek transformative change in the key features of this contemporary capitalism. In Part II, I address these basic features of modern capitalism, in each case seeking to identify the transformative changes needed. The market. In Chapter 4, I focus on the need to transform the market to make it work for the environment, reversing the historical pattern. I examine the urgent need to take seriously neoclassical environmental economics with its emphasis on achieving environmentally honest prices and correcting other market signals, and look at the need to restrain "market imperialism" and excessive commodification. Growth. In Chapter 5, I focus on what has been called the "growth fetish" and on taking seriously the field of ecological economics, including its critique of endless economic growth and its concern that advanced industrial economies may have already exceeded their optimal or sustainable scale. I explore the dimensions of a "post-growth society," where neither nature nor community is sacrificed to the priority of economic growth. In Chapter 6, I develop the idea that today's economic growth in affluent societies is not materially improving human happiness and satisfaction with life and is a poor way to generate solutions to pressing social needs and problems. I call for alternative measures that directly address these social challenges, which now desperately need attention. Consumption. In Chapter 7, I focus on materialism and consumerism in today's affluent societies -- what has been called our affluenza -- and suggest ways to encourage both green consumption and living more simply. The corporation. In Chapter 8, I take up the challenge to the dominance and power of the modern corporation, including that offered by what is often referred to as the antiglobalization movement, and set out a program to transform corporate dynamics. Capitalism's core. Chapter 9 is more speculative. Is there something beyond both capitalism and socialism? If so, what might be the dimensions of a nonsocialist system beyond today's capitalism? In Part III, I consider two potential drivers of transformative change: A new consciousness. In Chapter 10, I focus on the prospect for profound change in social values, culture, and worldviews. I explore how today's dominant values contribute abundantly to social and environmental alienation and what might lead to a new consciousness that gives priority to nonmaterialistic lives and to our relationships with one another and the natural world. A new politics. In Chapter 11, I address the search for a new and vital democratic politics -- one premised on addressing America's growing political inequality and capable of embracing neglected environmental and social needs and sustaining the difficult actions needed. I examine the vital longer-term goal of strong democracy as well as the immediate steps needed to forge a new environmental politics. An important question in this regard is whether a popular movement that can drive real change is being born. Taken together, the proposals presented in the chapters that follow would, if implemented, take us beyond capitalism as we know it today. The question whether we would then have an operating system other than capitalism or a reinvented capitalism is largely definitional. In the end, the answer is probably not important. I myself have no interest in socialism or centralized economic planning or other paradigms of the past. As Robert Dahl has quipped, "Socialist programs for replacing market capitalism [have] fallen into the dustbin of history." The question for the future, on the economic side, is how do we harness economic forces for sustainability and sufficiency? The creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship of businesses operating in a vibrant private sector are essential to designing and building the future. We will not meet our environmental and social challenges without them. Growth and investment are needed across a wide front: growth in the developing world -- sustainable, people- centered growth; growth in the incomes of those in America who have far too little; growth in human well-being along many dimensions; growth in new solution-oriented industries, products, and processes; growth in meaningful, well- paying jobs, including green-collar ones; growth in natural resource and energy productivity and in investment in the regeneration of natural assets; growth in social and public services and in investment in public infrastructures, to mention a few. These are the things we should be growing, and it makes good sense to harness market forces to such ends. As I discuss in Chapter 5, even in a "post-growth society," many things still need to grow. I believe Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins, and Hunter Lovins have it right when they propose these strategies for the new economy in their book Natural Capitalism: Radically increased resource productivity in order to slow resource depletion at one end of the value chain and to lower pollution at the other end. Redesigned industrial systems that mimic biological ones so that even the concept of wastes is progressively eliminated. (This is what the new field of industrial ecology is all about.) An economy based on the provision of services rather than the purchase of goods. ** Reversal of worldwide resource deterioration and declines in ecosystem services through major new investments in regenerating natural capital. The good news is that impressive thinking and some exemplary action have occurred on the issues at hand. Proposals abound, many of them very promising, and new movements for change, often driven by young people, are emerging. These developments offer genuine hope and begin to outline a bridge to the future. The market can be transformed into an instrument for environmental restoration; humanity's ecological footprint can be reduced to what can be sustained environmentally; the incentives that govern corporate behavior can be rewritten; growth can be focused on things that truly need to grow and consumption on having enough, not always more; the rights of future generations and other species can be respected. America faces huge social problems and needs in addition to its environmental challenges. But priming the economic pump for ever- greater aggregate growth is a poor, sometimes even counterproductive, way to generate solutions on the social front. We need instead to address these problems directly and thoughtfully, with compassion and generosity. A whole world of new and stronger policies is needed -- measures that strengthen our families and our communities and address the breakdown of social connectedness; measures that guarantee good, well-paying jobs and minimize layoffs and job insecurity; measures that introduce more family-friendly policies at work; measures that provide more time for leisure activities; measures that provide for universal health care and alleviate the devastating effects of mental illness; measures that provide everyone with a good education; measures to eliminate poverty in America, sharply improve income distribution, and address growing economic and political inequality; measures that recognize responsibilities to the half of humanity who live in poverty. If you raise these social issues in the councils of our major environmental organizations, you might be told that "these are not environmental issues." But they are. As I explain in the chapters that follow, they are a big part of the alternative to the destructive path we are on. My hope is that the environmental community will come to embrace these measures, these hallmarks of a caring community and a good society. In the end, then, despite the large volume of bad news, we can conclude with an affirmation. We can say with Wallace Stevens that "after the final no there comes a yes." Yes, we can save what is left. Yes, we can repair and make amends. We can reclaim nature and restore ourselves. There is a bridge at the edge of the world. But for many challenges, like the threat of climate change, there is not much time. A great American once said: "We are now faced with the fact that tomorrow is today. We are confronted with the fierce urgency of now. In this unfolding conundrum of life and history there is such a thing as being too late. Procrastination is still the thief of time. Life often leaves us standing bare, naked and dejected with a lost opportunity. The 'tide in the affairs of men' does not remain at the flood; it ebbs. We may cry out desperately for time to pause in her passage, but time is deaf to every plea and rushes on. Over the bleached bones and jumbled residue of numerous civilizations are written the pathetic words: 'Too late.'" -- Martin Luther King, 4 April 1967, Riverside Church, New York City. Let us turn, then, to the costs of being too late. James Gustave Speth is the Dean of the School of Forestry at Yale University. 1. The graphs are from W. Steffen et al., Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet under Pressure (Berlin: Springer, 2005), 132-133 (with sources for the graphs cited therein). 2. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), Ecosystems and Human Well- Being: Synthesis (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2005), 31-32. 3. Food and Agriculture Organization, Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 (Rome: FAO, 2006), 20. This calculation includes all net change in forest area in South America, Central America, Africa, and South and Southeast Asia; the total is about twenty-eight million acres lost per year between 2000 and 2005. 4. MEA, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis, 2; MEA, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being, vol. I: Current State and Trends (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2005), 14-15. See also N. C. Duke et al., "A World without Mangroves?" Science 317 (2007): 41. And see Carmen Revenga et al., Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems: Freshwater Systems (Washington, D.C.: WRI, 2000), 3, 21-22; World Resources Institute et al., World Resources, 2000-2001 (Washington, D.C.: WRI, 2000), 72, 107; and Lauretta Burke et al., Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems: Coastal Ecosystems (Washington, D.C.: WRI, 2001), 19. 5. Food and Agriculture Organization, World Review of Fisheries and Aquaculture (Rome: FAO, 2006), 29; Ransom A. Myers and Boris Worm, "Rapid World-wide Depletion of Predatory Fish Communities," Nature 423 (2003): 280, See also Fred Pearce, "Oceans Raped of Their Former Riches," New Scientist, 2 August 2003, 4. 6. MEA, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis, 2. 7. MEA, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis, 5, 36. 8. Tim Radford, "Scientist Warns of Sixth Great Extinction of Wildlife," Guardian (U.K.), 29 November 2001). See also Nigel C. A. Pitman and Peter M. Jorgensen, "Estimating the Size of the World's Threatened Flora," Science 298 (2002): 989; and F. Stuart Chapin III et al., "Consequences of Changing Biodiversity," Nature 405 (2000): 234. 9. U.N. Environment Programme, Global Environment Outlook 3 (London: Earth-scan, 2002), 64-65. Drylands cover about 40 percent of the earth's land surface, and an estimated 10-20 percent suffer from "severe" degradation. James F. Reynolds et al., "Global Desertification: Building a Science for Dryland Development," Science 316 (2007): 847. See also "Key Facts about Desertification," Reuters/Planet Ark, 6 June 2006, summarizing U.N. estimates. 10. Fred Pearce, "Northern Exposure," New Scientist, 31 May 1997, 25; Martin Enserink, "For Precarious Populations, Pollutants Present New Perils," Science 299 (2003): 1642. See also the data reported in Joe Thornton, Pandora's Poison (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2000), 1-55. 11. U.N. Environment Programme, Global Outlook for Ice and Snow , 4 June 2007. See also http://www.geo.unizh.ch/wgms . See generally William Collins et al., "The Physical Science behind Climate Change," Scientific American, August 2007, 64. 12. "UN Reports Increasing 'Dead Zones' in Oceans," Associated Press, 20 October 2006. See generally Mark Shrope, "The Dead Zones," New Scientist, 9 December 2006, 38; and Laurence Mee, "Reviving Dead Zones," Scientific American, November 2006, 79. On nitrogen pollution, see Charles Driscoll et al., "Nitrogen Pollution," Environment 45, No. 7 (2003): 8. 13. Peter M. Vitousek et al., "Human Appropriation of the Products of Photo-synthesis," Bioscience 36, no. 6 (1986): 368; S. Rojstaczer et al., "Human Appropriation of Photosynthesis Products," Science 294 (2001): 2549. See also Helmut Haberl et at., "Quantifying and Mapping the Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production in Earth's Terrestrial Ecosystems," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2007) 14. U.N. Environment Programme, "At a Glance: The World's Water Crisis ," and MEA, Ecosystem and Human Well-Being: Synthesis, 32. 15. MEA, Ecosystem and Human Well-Being: Synthesis, 12. 16. William H. MacLeish, The Day before America: Changing the Nature of a Continent (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), 164-168. 17. Quoted in Stephen R. Kellert, Kinship to Mastery.: Biophilia in Human Evolution and Development (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1997), 179-180. 18. Quoted in Kellert, Kinship to Mastery, 181-182. 19. Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Millennial Perspective (Paris: OECD, 2001). 20. J. R. McNeill, Something New under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 4, 16. 21. Among the many books written about the possibility of large-scale economic, environmental, and social breakdown are Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Viking, zoos); Fred Pearce, The Last Generation. How Nature Will Take Her Revenge for Climate Change (London: Transworld, 2006); Martin Rees, Our Final Hour: A Scientist's Warning... (New York: Basic Books, 2003); Richard A. Posner, Catastrophe: Risk and Response (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); James Lovelock, The Revenge of Gaia: Why the Earth Is Fighting Back -- and How We Can Still Save Humanity. (London: Penguin, 2006); James Martin, The Meaning of the Twenty-first Century (New York: Penguin, 2006); Thomas Homer-Dixon, The Upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity, and the Renewal of Civilifation (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2006); Mayer Hillman, The Suicidal Planet: How to Prevent Global Climate Catastrophe (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2007); James Howard Kunstler, The Long Emergency: Surviving the Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-first Century (New York: Grove Press, 2005); Richard Heinberg, Power Down: Options and Actions for a Post-Carbon World (Gabriola Island, B.C.: New Society, 2004); Ronald Wright, A Short History of Progress (New York: Carroll and Graf, 2004); John Leslie, The End of the World: The Science and Ethics of Human Extinction (London: Routledge, 1996); Colin Mason, The 2030 Spike (London: Earthscan, 2003); Michael T. Klare, Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict (New York: Henry Holt, 2001); and Roy Woodbridge, The Next World War: Tribes, Cities, Nations, and Ecological Decline (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004). 22. Rees, Our Final Hour, 8. 23. Robert A. Dahl, On Political Equality (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006), 105-106. 24. Paul Hawken et al., Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution (Boston: Little, Brown, 1999), 10-11. 25. See Chapters 10-12. Return to Table of Contents Read or make comments From: New Scientist By Ian Fairlie Among the many environmental concerns surrounding nuclear power plants, there is one that provokes public anxiety like no other: the fear that children living near nuclear facilities face an increased risk of cancer. Though a link has long been suspected, it has never been proven. Now that seems likely to change. Studies in the 1980s revealed increased incidences of childhood leukaemia near nuclear installations at Windscale (now Sellafield), Burghfield and Dounreay in the UK. Later studies near German nuclear facilities found a similar effect. The official response was that the radiation doses from the nearby plants were too low to explain the increased leukaemia. The Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment, which is responsible for advising the UK government, finally concluded that the explanation remained unknown but was not likely to be radiation. There the issue rested, until a recent flurry of epidemiological studies appeared. Last year, researchers at the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston carried out a meta-analysis of 17 research papers covering 136 nuclear sites in the UK, Canada, France, the US, Germany, Japan and Spain. The incidence of leukaemia in children under 9 living close to the sites showed an increase of 14 to 21 per cent, while death rates from the disease were raised by 5 to 24 per cent, depending on their proximity to the nuclear facilities (European Journal of Cancer Care, vol 16, p 355 This was followed by a German study which found 14 cases of leukaemia compared to an expected four cases between 1990 and 2005 in children living within 5 kilometres of the Krummel nuclear plant near Hamburg, making it the largest leukaemia cluster near a nuclear power plant anywhere in the world (Environmental Health Perspectives, vol 115, p 941 This was upstaged by the yet more surprising KiKK studies (a German acronym for Childhood Cancer in the Vicinity of Nuclear Power Plants), whose results were published this year in the International Journal of Cancer (vol 122, p 721) and the European Journal of Cancer (vol 44, p 275) . These found higher incidences of cancers and a stronger association with nuclear installations than all previous reports. The main findings were a 60 per cent increase in solid cancers and a 117 per cent increase in leukaemia among young children living near all 16 large German nuclear facilities between 1980 and 2003. The most striking finding was that those who developed cancer lived closer to nuclear power plants than randomly selected controls. Children living within 5 kilometres of the plants were more than twice as likely to contract cancer as those living further away, a finding that has been accepted by the German government. Though the KiKK studies received scant attention elsewhere, there was a public outcry and vocal media debate in Germany. No one is sure of the cause (or causes) of the extra cancers. Coincidence has been ruled out, as has the "Kinlen hypothesis", which theorises that childhood leukaemia is caused by an unknown infectious agent introduced as a result of an influx of new people to the area concerned. Surprisingly, the most obvious explanation for this increased risk -- radioactive discharges from the nearby nuclear installations -- was also ruled out by the KiKK researchers, who asserted that the radiation doses from such sources were too low, although the evidence they base this on is not clear. Anyone who followed the argument in the 1980s and 1990s concerning the UK leukaemia clusters will have a sense of deja vu. A report in 2004 by the Committee Examining Radiation Risks of Internal Emitters (2 Mbyte PDF ), set up by the UK government (and for which I was a member of the secretariat) points out that the models used to estimate radiation doses from sources emitted from nuclear facilities are riddled with uncertainty. For example, assumptions about how radioactive material is transported through the environment or taken up and retained by local residents may be faulty. If radiation is indeed the cause of the cancers, how might local residents have been exposed? Most of the reactors in the KiKK study were pressurised water designs notable for their high emissions of tritium, the radioactive isotope of hydrogen. Last year, the UK government published a report on tritium which concluded that its hazard risk should be doubled . Tritium is most commonly found incorporated into water molecules, a factor not fully taken into account in the report, so this could make it even more hazardous. As we begin to pin down the likely causes, the new evidence of an association between increased cancers and proximity to nuclear facilities raises difficult questions. Should pregnant women and young children be advised to move away from them? Should local residents eat vegetables from their gardens? And, crucially, shouldn't those governments around the world who are planning to build more reactors think again? Ian Fairlie is a London-based consultant on radiation in the environment Return to Table of Contents Read or make comments From: The New Yorker (pg. 52) SMALL AND THIN By Stephen S. Hall [Rachel's introduction: Two revolutionary discoveries, made only in the past 20 years, radically alter our perspective on the importance of "the environment" for human health. One such discovery is "fetal programming " -- mechanisms by which chemical exposures in the womb can "program" a person in ways that last a lifetime, including a predisposition to diseases that may only become apparent decades later. The second discovery is "epigenetics " -- an unexpected mechanism by which environmental influences on a person can be passed along to offspring. This essay describes important early work that paved the way for later understanding of both fetal programming and epigenetics. We have modified the text to include links to two of the earliest studies. --P.M.] In the early nineteen-eighties, a group of British epidemiologists at the University of Southampton compiled a grimly detailed atlas of the common causes of death in various parts of England and Wales. The atlas contained page after page of maps for everything from cirrhosis of the liver (most common in industrial areas) to automobile accidents (drivers in the countryside are the most at risk). One of the maps, charting heart disease, proved difficult to interpret. Heart disease, the leading killer in the Western world, is considered a rich person's illness: rates tend to rise as a society becomes more affluent. But, on this map, the poorer areas of England, in the north and west, were predominantly red, indicating higher than average death rates; the prosperous south and east, including London, were overwhelmingly green, indicating below-average death rates. "It's a pretty dramatic map, isn't it?" David J. P. Barker, one of the authors, said recently, after pulling the book, "Atlas of Mortality from Selected Diseases in England and Wales, 1968-1978," from a shelf in the office in his home, near Southampton. In the era of genetic research, such an epidemiology had an anachronistic, almost Bartleby- like feel. But Barker had become fascinated by the puzzling pattern. "At the time we started looking at this, there were some pretty good indications that the answer was not going to lie in the way that poor people lead their lives as adults," Barker said. For decades, conventional medical wisdom has attributed heart disease to factors like obesity, eating a high-fat diet, lack of exercise, and smoking. But, in contemporary Britain, "diet is relatively homogeneous," Barker said. "Although poor people eat fewer fruits and vegetables, the differences weren't that big, and so couldn't go anywhere near explaining these big differences in health. So the other logical possibility was to think, Well, maybe they're simply more vulnerable to what everybody does." Barker continued, "And if you're thinking about vulnerability, you'd better think back to childhood. And so we wondered how babies were fed in the past in these places that were showing up on the map as red." Governments do not typically keep archives of the caloric intake of babies born decades earlier, of course, so Barker and a statistician named Clive Osmond tracked down data they thought could serve as a proxy: records of infant mortality between 1921 and 1925. To plot the incidence of adult heart disease, Barker and Osmond used every death certificate recorded between 1968 and 1978. They divided England and Wales into two hundred and twelve areas and created what they called a "map of vulnerability." And they discovered that the areas with the highest death rates from heart disease had the highest rates of infant mortality about fifty years earlier. Barker and Osmond then focussed on the deaths that occurred within the first month after birth and so were probably due to prenatal problems. On the whole, the poorer areas had higher rates of both early and late infant mortality (as well as higher rates of heart disease) than the more affluent areas, with one glaring exception: poor, slum-ridden parts of London. There the neonatal-death rates were surprisingly low. "London was the only large place where there was a discontinuity," Barker said. He decided that it wasn't a matter of medical care -- in both city and countryside, almost all babies were then born at home, and neonatal health care was primitive at best. He noted that the older infants had died, "for all the reasons that anyone who's read Dickens's novels is all too familiar with, such as crowded and unsanitary housing. So there was an issue about why death rates in newborn babies were so low in London." Barker is given to wearing the same rumpled clothes for days on end, and, as he once put it, has "never been anything other than the shortest boy in school." He is effortlessly sarcastic. Now sixty-nine, he has a head of white hair over dark eyebrows, a ruddy face, and a low voice that often descends to a whisper. His office bookshelves are crammed with scientific texts and with his mother's editions of Thackeray and Austen. Barker is a good storyteller, and he relished getting to "the mystery of London" because it advertised an approach to epidemiology -- not just number-crunching but also social history, economics, and narrative stitchwork -- that his admirers find highly imaginative and his critics find maddening. "London renewed itself through the nineteenth century by bringing in the fittest young people -- men and women, but particularly women who went into domestic service. They came from the villages," he said, people born and raised in England's prime agricultural country, to the east and south of London. "You start from very well-nourished communities, with tall churches and tall people," Barker said. But because agricultural wages were extremely low, wage riots broke out in the nineteen-twenties, and many young people migrated to London. "They brought with them all the advantages of having had a well-nourished childhood, and the women gave birth to healthy babies, who tended not to die," he said. Those women posed the question that would shape the next twenty-five years of Barker's scientific career: Was vulnerability to heart disease rooted in adulthood, in childhood -- or did it go all the way back to life in the womb? "And London said it's for sure about life in the womb, or newborn babies at most," Barker told me. That led him to the next question: Was the trajectory toward disease perhaps set by how healthy the mother had been even before her childbearing years? In 1986, when Barker's basic claim that heart disease was "related to nutrition during prenatal and early postnatal life" -- now known as the "Barker hypothesis" -- was first published , in The Lancet, it was regarded as heretical. Barker took this as a personal rebuke. In his telling, the critics expected him to "just go away." Instead, he cast a wider net for more historical data. He was keen to get his hands on one particular statistic: birth weight. Now, when Barker lectures, he shows slides of the red-and-green heart- disease map and an arresting 1912 photograph of barefoot street urchins from London's East End. "You live in two worlds," he said at a recent talk at Princeton, "the world of your mother and the world into which you are born." He made disparaging asides about the "dismal failure" of genetic research to explain chronic diseases. And, as he does often these days, he ended with a pledge to "fix" the problem. For Barker, this includes injunctions about the diets of young girls and the risks of low birth weight and, more surprising, the unsettling suggestion that underweight toddlers might be better off not growing too fast -- that there might be advantages in the small remaining, relatively speaking, small. Like many people of his generation, David Barker had a childhood that was shaped by the Second World War. He was born in London in 1938. His father, a mechanical engineer, joined the military when the war began; his mother, a violinist, took him to live in a small village called Much Hadham, in Hertfordshire, north of London, as part of the evacuation of children from London during the blitz. His younger sister was born there in 1943. After attending the British public school Oundle, Barker went on to medical school at Guy's Hospital, in London, and trained as an internist before beginning graduate studies in epidemiology at the University of Birmingham. In 1972, he accepted an offer to join a new medical school that was being built in Southampton, a gritty port city heavily bombed by the Germans during the Second World War. It was far from Oxford and Cambridge, the twin jewels of British academic science, and Barker simultaneously cultivated and resented his outsider status. ("We've done very well being big fish in a small pond," he told me one day.) In 1980, on the day after Easter, Barker's wife, Angela, died after a long battle with mental illness, and Barker found himself, at age forty-two, the single parent of five children, ranging in age from six to eighteen. His epidemiological work all but stopped. Then, in 1983, Barker married Jan Tarplett, who was divorced and had three children of her own. In addition to taking care of eight children, Jan embroidered art works to illustrate the covers of his books; she sewed wedding dresses for several women in his lab group; and, in 1986, she found Manor Farm, a fourteen-acre homestead in East Dean, between Southampton and Salisbury. "My own Barker hypothesis," Osmond told me, "is that without Jan, David would have been sunk." Barker, who believes that much of modern biology has become estranged from the natural world, takes frequent walks along the River Dun, a chalk stream that runs through Manor Farm. Sometimes the river has the quality of a moat. There is a sense of isolation there, one that may stem, at least in part, from the strong antipathy Barker's work initially provoked. The intensity of the reactions made me wonder if people were responding to the theory or to the scientist. Barker has an ability to infuriate, and a tendency to make sweeping statements. (At one point, as he was explaining again that the issue is not just what women eat during pregnancy but, rather, their lifetime dietary habits, Barker told me, "A woman is merely the arena for miracles over which she has no control.") A scientist who has worked on the fetal- origins hypothesis told me that Barker "is very aggressive in talking about it, and I think he has made himself enemies that have been unhelpful. That's been his style. I'm not sure it's been necessary or optimal." One of the earliest reservations about the Barker hypothesis was that, although the 1986 Lancet paper had unearthed an unexpected connection, it provided no evidence that whatever caused infant mortality also caused surviving children born in the same areas to become sick later in life. By definition, the babies who died were not the ones suffering from the diseases of middle age. What Barker needed was some way to tie an individual's prenatal development with his health as an adult. Birth weight, he thought, would be the best proxy -- what he called "a shorthand" for fetal growth. Low birth weight, typically defined as less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kilograms), can relate to any number of adverse gestational events, from smoking to malnutrition. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 8.2 per cent of the roughly four million children born in the United States each year are low-birth-weight babies; the statistics are higher for black women. Worldwide, the percentage is closer to 15.5. Premature infants account for about two- thirds of low-birth-weight babies in the United States, while the vast majority of such cases in the developing world -- more than ninety per cent -- are due to nutritional deprivation and poor maternal health during gestation. (Barker's initial research did not involve premature babies, since only the hardiest from the first half of the twentieth century survived.) In his search for old records of birth weights, Barker had written, by his own estimate, more than a thousand letters to local health officials. In the summer of 1987, he received a reply from Hertfordshire: a collection of old handwritten ledgers had been shipped to the county archives. Barker drove up to Hertford himself to visit the county archivist. At the beginning of the twentieth century, in part to improve the physical vigor of young men eligible for military service, Britain began to keep records of infant health. By local law, doctors and midwives had to report births, and "health visitors" monitored feeding and growth over the first year. In Hertfordshire, the Chief Health Visitor and Lady Inspector of Midwives was Ethel Margaret Burnside, who logged thousands of miles on her bicycle each year on visits to pregnant women and new mothers. Burnside and her platoon of nurse assistants kept detailed records of thousands of children born in six Hertfordshire villages between 1911 and 1945. One of those villages happened to be Much Hadham, and one of those children was Barker's sister. "The guy was sitting there with these books on his desk, saying, 'I can see your point, but you can't have these records. We've put them under a fifty-year hold because of the comments that were written by the midwives and health visitors about some of the mothers,' " Barker said. "And it was the fact that on his desk were the records from Much Hadham, where I had lived, that unlocked them for us. I would not have gotten those records unless I had been able to align myself up as a local person." Hertfordshire officials eventually agreed to transfer the birth records to the University of Southampton. It took two years for Barker and his colleagues to find the adults whose birth records they now possessed. They initially tracked down 5,654 men who were born between 1911 and 1930 (men were easier to trace than women because their last names didn't change when they got married), and then correlated mortality and health data with birth weight and infant growth. Men who had weighed 5.5 pounds or less at birth, and especially those who remained small at age one, had the highest rates of death from coronary heart disease. "I mean, we weren't in any doubt that we were right," Barker said. "It was just very, very clear." Others were not so sure; The Lancet rejected the paper. "It just got trashed," Barker said. "And so I rang up the editor. I happened to know him, because I'd been a medical student with him. I said, 'You are making a big mistake here.' He had another look, and published it." When the paper appeared, in the September 9, 1989, issue of The Lancet , a lot of people didn't know what to make of it. Many were unconvinced that the Southampton epidemiologists had controlled for things like socioeconomic background; Barker told me that one "not unreasonable concern" was that people born small into poor homes and impoverished environments would adopt less healthy adult life styles. More broadly, many doctors disliked the idea of fetal origins, in part because it undermined a decades-long public-health message that linked heart disease to adult behavioral factors. The late Sir Richard Doll, Britain's leading epidemiologist, told Barker that he was "very disappointed," and Barker heard that as an understated but unmistakable form of academic censure. While many heart-disease experts had responded to the Barker hypothesis with hostility -- "People were starting to walk out on meetings when I spoke," Barker said -- another group, biologists who studied prenatal development, couldn't hear enough. "I didn't know what it meant," said Kent Thornburg, a physiologist at the Oregon Health & Science University, who encountered Barker for the first time at a conference in 1989. "But I knew it was incredibly important." In rapid succession, new epidemiological studies confirmed and extended the observations of the Lancet paper. When epidemiologists found birth records in India, in South Carolina, in China, and in Sweden, the same basic pattern emerged: slow growth in the womb, as suggested by low birth weight, seemed to increase the risk of adult illnesses like coronary heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and stroke. Even as the body of evidence grew, doubts persisted. In 1995, the British Medical Journal published an editorial implying that the Barker hypothesis was "broad and fuzzy" and had yet to be "subjected to an ordeal" of rigorous scientific attack. As recently as 2002, an article in The Lancet argued that the link between birth weight and blood pressure was overstated and minimal. But more recent epidemiological findings have favored Barker. "The idea that this effect is a statistical artifact or not real is nonsense," said David Leon, an editor at the International Journal of Epidemiology. He characterized some of the critiques as "mischievous." Barker hasn't always made it easy for his supporters. His colleagues say that he would berate critics who didn't "get it." He would refuse to engage in scientific debates. He seemed to be daring his detractors to prove him wrong. But that, too, had its advantages. As Johan Eriksson, one of Barker's collaborators, put it, "The best thing to happen to this field is people trying to disprove the Barker hypothesis." One of the most significant events in the life history of a scientific idea occurs when its detractors become adherents. A Danish researcher, Allan Vaag, told me that he "really did not believe in this theory" until 1997; that was the year he discovered, in a study of identical twins, that diagnoses of type 2 diabetes were more common for the twin who had a lower birth weight. Janet Rich-Edwards, a Harvard Medical School epidemiologist with the Nurses' Health Study, which has tracked about a hundred thousand women since 1976, admitted that she "set out to prove that Barker was totally wrong." But, in 1997, Rich-Edwards and her colleagues reported "strong evidence" of a connection between low birth weight and a heightened risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. In 2000, Rich-Edwards and her Harvard colleague Matthew Gillman published a paper titled "The Fetal Origins of Adult Disease: From Sceptic to Convert." On a windswept, rainy day in February, 1995, Johan Eriksson, a young Finnish doctor, arrived at Manor Farm for a visit. In his restless search for early birth records, Barker had begun to suspect that there was a gap in the story. All along, there had been hints from the epidemiology that how much and how fast a low-birth-weight child grew might also matter a great deal. That first evening, after dinner, Barker remembers telling Eriksson, "The thing we really, really need, beyond everything else, is some records of growth in children whose size at birth had been measured." Eriksson replied, "I have them." In the early nineties, intrigued by the Barker hypothesis, Eriksson and his colleague Tom Forsen had launched a search for Finnish birth records. "I was certain we would find them somewhere," Forsen told me. "I just didn't know how many." They found exquisitely detailed birth records of fifty-three thousand babies born at Helsinki University Central Hospital between 1924 and 1944, which included not only birth weight but size of the placenta and measures of the mother's body composition. They also found thousands of school growth cards and child-welfare-clinic cards. The Finnish researchers then set out to track down the adults these children became. In 1971, Finland began to issue a personal identity number to every citizen; this number was used to register hospital admissions, prescriptions, socioeconomic data, and, eventually, cause of death. By painstakingly collating these records, the researchers managed to assemble comprehensive pictures of the infancy, growth, and health of thousands of Finns. In 1997, the first paper based on the "Helsinki cohort," as it came to be known, appeared in the British Medical Journal. The study showed that thinness at birth seemed to be linked to the child's vulnerability to later disease and that small size at age one was associated with adult mortality from heart disease. The mother's body composition also played a role. Women who were small because their own growth had been affected by poor childhood nutrition often produced low-birth-weight babies. Short women who were overweight, Barker said, were the "most dangerous scenario" for heart disease in their offspring, while tall women could become overweight without dramatically affecting the disease prospects of their children. Fifty- four papers have been published to date on the Helsinki cohort, with another twenty-three in preparation, and they have been consistent in their findings. Osmond said, "Our best estimate is that every one kilogram increase [in birth weight] reduces heart disease by about seventeen per cent. The effect with diabetes seems a bit stronger." The Helsinki data, as summarized in a 2005 paper in The New England Journal of Medicine, suggested that the biggest threat to adult health, however, was rapid gain in body mass index (a standard, though imperfect, measure of body fat) in a child who had a low weight at birth and had been small and thin during the first two years of life. "What the Finland paper shows is that the children who are going to bankrupt the American health system are not fat children," Barker said. "They are thin children who are putting on weight at age two, three, four, five, six, and so on. That's a difficult thing to say. These are invisible children." On a sunny spring afternoon at the University of Southampton, a biologist named Tom Fleming offered Barker and me a cup of tea, and then gave us a harrowing tour of some recent experiments with animals. Fleming was among the earliest to test the Barker hypothesis experimentally by asking what could biologically explain the correlation between birth weight and later disease. In one study, Fleming's group fed pregnant rats a low-protein diet for the first four days after fertilization. The researchers then gave the rats normal diets for the remainder of gestation. Yet that four-day period exerted profound and irreversible long-term effects. The embryos had fewer stem cells than those of pregnant rats fed a normal diet and, after birth, had differences in organ size, weight, growth, and metabolic function, including blood pressure. "The way I understand things now," Fleming said, as Barker listened intently, "is that the embryo is having a kind of dialogue with its mother about nutrient availability. And that dialogue will result in appropriate compensatory mechanisms if, for example, nutrition is poor." Even at this very early point -- at an analogous stage, most women would not even know they were pregnant -- Fleming believes that the embryo can detect reduced levels of insulin and essential amino acids, as well as elevated levels of glucose, in the blood of its mother. If those nutrient levels are limited or unbalanced, the embryo must adjust -- either by extracting more nutrition from the mother or by slowing down its own growth. "The most critical thing for the embryo is that it engages in a growth trajectory that is appropriate for its nutrient availability," Fleming said. Back in 1992, Barker and C. Nicholas Hales, a biochemist at Cambridge, attributed the development of type 2 diabetes disease in adults to what they called the "thrifty phenotype." The idea was that the fetus set its metabolic thermostat during critical periods of gestation. If the setting was "thrifty," because of less than optimal fetal nutrition, the individual would be metabolically and physiologically ill suited to adapt to the nutritional prosperity of postnatal life in most developed countries. A person whose metabolism had been programmed to deal with its mother's poor diet, for example, would be overwhelmed by a plentiful childhood diet, and put on fat rather than acquire muscle mass. Barker calls the kidneys, which regulate blood pressure, "a pretty piece of biology." During a brief developmental window, between the thirtieth and thirty-sixth week of gestation, the fetus calibrates the number of blood-cleansing kidney units, or nephrons, it needs to make. Full-term low-birth-weight babies possess as much as thirty to forty per cent fewer nephrons than higher-birth-weight babies. In the nineteen-nineties, Barry M. Brenner, a nephrologist at Harvard Medical School, proposed that these babies would be at greater risk for high blood pressure as adults -- a prediction that subsequent research has borne out. If a small and thin baby puts on weight quickly after infancy, the likelihood of kidney dysfunction in adulthood increases, too. "If you're small and you grow rapidly, you're overwhelming your reserve capacity," Brenner said. "You're stressing the system." There is keen medical debate, and conflicting scientific data, about the optimal growth of a child between birth and age two. When I asked Barker about it, he made sure to say that no child is doomed by low birth weight; rather, knowledge of the risks should allow doctors to identify heightened vulnerability in certain children, for whom preventive measures can make a great deal of difference. But, he said, "The two messages for parents are: the nutrition and growth of your baby in the first two years after it's born is important, and, broadly, the more it grows, the better. Growth is good. But after two, the rules change, and it's better if babies stay in their tracks" -- for a small child to stay small -- "rather than starting to go up through the centiles." Since 2003, Barker has held a position at the Oregon Health & Science University, in Portland, and he and his wife have established a foundation dedicated to optimizing the growth of infants and children. In February, O.H.S.U. began to enroll young women in a pilot project to monitor their diet, health, and, eventually, pregnancies. "We are going to alter the nutritionally poor environment of people in Oregon," Barker said in a recent talk. "We don't know how to do it, but we're going to try." Pronouncements like that carry vexing implications. "In many of the closed-door meetings, with five or six or ten scientists sitting around the table, this becomes a very hot debate," Thornburg said. Matthew Gillman, of Harvard, believes it is not only nutrition but the entire maternal milieu -- diet, stress, hormones -- that affects intrauterine growth, and said that there is no reason to change current recommendations to pregnant mothers, which are to avoid smoking, increase the consumption of fish, and eat a balanced diet. Of course, those recommendations can be confusing enough -- eat fish, but not too much of fish that might be high in mercury. Barker's work expands that bubble of anxiety. The Barker hypothesis has, gradually, acquired its own air of orthodoxy, When I used the word "controversial" to describe it in a recent conversation with Richard Schultz, who studies early development at the University of Pennsylvania, he quickly took exception. "A few years ago, it was considered controversial," Schultz said. "But it's my sense that it's no longer controversial, and people have moved on. The discussion now is about what are the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms." Given Barker's frequent caustic references to "modern-day hereditarians," perhaps the most ironic turn in the story of the Barker hypothesis is its convergance with a new field of biology known as epigenetics, which refers to the way environmental factors can produce permanent changes in the activity of genes. Researchers have recently found that subtle nutritional changes in the diets of rats and mice can turn off certain genes in the developing fetus, with lifelong effects on metabolism and growth. Barker is, typically, impatient with principally genetic explanations. "Genes are not Stalinist dictators," he said. "They live in a democracy, and what they do is conditioned by what else is going on around them. If geneticists find molecular mechanisms for this, bully for them! It's just not where I live," he said. "I can't wait twenty years for the geneticists to figure this out before we start improving the nutrition of human babies. You know? One-quarter of all babies born in Southampton are recognizably thin. This will lead to shorter lives as a group. We need to fix it!" Later, when we spoke in his office, he said, "How much do we need to know about how it works at the cellular and molecular level to fix it? Maybe we don't need to know anything very much." He added, "You almost can't say that -- it's such a deeply held belief that you have to really understand something before you fix it. But I don't believe that's how it will work out." Return to Table of Contents Read or make comments From: Agence France-Presse WARMER SEAS, OVER-FISHING SPELL DISASTER FOR HANOI (AFP) -- The future food security of millions of people is at risk because over-fishing, climate change and pollution are inflicting massive damage on the world's oceans, marine scientists warned this week. The two-thirds of the planet covered by seas provide one fifth of the world's protein -- but 75 percent of fish stocks are now fully exploited or depleted, a Hanoi conference that ended Friday was told. Warming seas are bleaching corals, feeding algal blooms and changing ocean currents that impact the weather, and rising sea levels could in future threaten coastal areas from Bangladesh to New York, experts said. "People think the ocean is a place apart," said Peter Neill, head of the World Ocean Observatory. "In fact it's the thing that connects us -- through trade, transportation, natural systems, weather patterns and everything we depend on for survival." Marine ecosystems and food security were key concerns at the Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands, an international meeting of hundreds of experts from governments, environmental groups and universities. "There is a race to fish, but in wild capture fisheries right now we can catch no more," said Steven Murawski, fisheries chief science advisor at the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). "We catch 100 million metric tonnes per year, and that's been very flat globally. Our only hope is if we conserve and rebuild stocks," he said, adding that sustainable aquaculture could help make up the shortfall. The current plunder is risking long-term sustainability with "too many fishing boats taking too many fish and not allowing the stocks to regenerate," said Frazer McGilvray of Conservation International. "Once the oceans are gone, we're gone. The oceans sustain the planet." The world has already seen the effects of over-fishing, experts said. North Atlantic cod fisheries collapsed in the 1990s, anchovies previously disappeared off Chile, herring off Iceland and sardine off California. Sixty-four percent of ocean areas fall outside national jurisdictions, making it difficult to reach international consensus or to stop illegal fishing -- a growing concern as high-tech ships scour the high seas. "It's the Wild West. It's a very small number of boats but the technology allows them to take enormous amounts of fish," said Neill. "They take only the high commercial product and they throw the bycatch overboard. The waste is extraordinary." Marine life is also being harmed by climate change, said Murawski. "We've seen that fish populations go up and down with variations in the climate," he said. "Increasingly we are starting to see long term change affect the productivity, the distributions, the migrations." The trend is speeding up, Murawski said. "Our forecasts are wrong," he said. "The melt-off is much faster than has been forecast in the models." Meanwhile land-based pollution puts heavy strain on oceans, said Ellik Adler of the UN Environment Programme. "Rivers of untreated sewage, factories, refineries, oil industry discharge their effluent into the marine environment, and this causes huge damage," he said. "Marine pollution has no political borders." There are few easy fixes, experts said, but one initiative now being considered is setting up a global network of marine protected areas. "You've got to get agreements between countries," said consultant Sue Wells, whose has worked in coastal East Africa. "Some developed countries have already closed some areas, and most coastal countries are now considering it." Satellites could monitor no-catch areas, she said, while inspiration could come from South Pacific fishing communities. "They have taboo areas, coral reef sanctuaries, where fish would be saved for bad weather periods or major festivals and feast," she said. "They know if they leave an area and don't fish there, they'll have much better stocks." It is a view that has been lost in modern times, she said, where the common view now was "if I don't go and fish it, someone else will." Copyright 2008 AFP Return to Table of Contents Read or make comments From: Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility EPA OPENS CHEMICAL RISK ASSESSMENT TO CORPORATE Washington, DC -- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has unveiled a new process for assessing the health risks of new chemicals that allows chemical manufacturers and other industries to play key roles. As a result, it will be much easier to inject corporate influence into public health determinations that should be purely scientific, according Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER). The overhaul of the EPA "Integrated Risk Information System" became effective on April 10, 2008, the day it was announced. EPA said the changes "created several important opportunities" for affected interests to weigh in "at key points throughout the nomination and assessment" of new environmental contaminants. One hallmark of the changes is pushing government research to the side in favor of outside research which is largely industry-funded. As a consequence - Affected corporations will be intimately involved in each step of EPA's risk assessment and will be able to know what staff are assigned to which work, making the agency "research plan" vulnerable to political manipulation through the appropriations process; The Defense and Energy Departments will have a formal role on how pollutants, such as the chemical perchlorate, are evaluated. In addition, these agencies could declare a particular chemical to be "mission critical" that would allow them to control how "data gaps" are to be filled. All intra-and inter-agency communications on risk assessments are deemed "deliberative" and thus confidential; The White House Office of Management and Budget would control both the substance and timing of final decisions on chemical risk assessments. "Under this system, every chemical risk assessment is a special interest scrum," stated New England PEER Director Kyla Bennett, a former EPA scientists and attorney. "Had this process been in place, the tobacco industry would have stopped EPA from declaring secondhand smoke a lung cancer risk." These chemical risk assessments are used to develop toxic clean-up criteria, safe drinking water standards, occupational exposure levels and other essential public health protections. In its press announcement, EPA Assistant Administrator George Gray said the changes were intended to make the assessments "more predictable, streamlined, and transparent." "In the name of transparency, EPA concocted this convoluted system in secret," Bennett added, noting Gray's previous work in an industry- financed institute on this topic. "What a coincidence that this process seems tailor-made to drum up a lot of business for the work Mr. Gray did in the private sector." PEER points to this revision as one of what will be many more late-in- the-Bush-administration attempts to skew rules, interpretations and policies that could not be changed through normal, publicly-reviewed channels. Senator Barbara Boxer (D-CA), chair of the Environment and Public Works Committee has already vowed to hold oversight hearings on this topic. Read the EPA press release See Senator Barbara Boxer's vow to hold oversight hearings Look at the new 13-step IRIS process Scan EPA's FAQ explanation Review George Gray's background Return to Table of Contents Read or make comments Rachel's Democracy & Health News (formerly Rachel's Environment & Health News) highlights the connections between issues that are often considered separately or not at all. The natural world is deteriorating and human health is declining because those who make the important decisions aren't the ones who bear the brunt. Our purpose is to connect the dots between human health, the destruction of nature, the decline of community, the rise of economic insecurity and inequalities, growing stress among workers and families, and the crippling legacies of patriarchy, intolerance, and racial injustice that allow us to be divided and therefore ruled by the few. In a democracy, there are no more fundamental questions than, "Who gets to decide?" And, "How do the few control the many, and what might be done about it?" As you come across stories that might help people connect the dots, please Email them to us at email@example.com. Rachel's Democracy & Health News is published as often as necessary to provide readers with up-to-date coverage of the Peter Montague - firstname.lastname@example.org Tim Montague - email@example.com To start your own free Email subscription to Rachel's Democracy & Health News send any Email to: firstname.lastname@example.org. In response, you will receive an Email asking you to confirm that you want to subscribe. To unsubscribe, send any Email to: email@example.com.	<urn:uuid:f70a7d6a-595e-47fa-8139-59c020875cb4>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.rachel.org/?q=en/newsletters/rachels_news/956	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00081-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.957244	16,050	2.75	3
evacuation: executive order 9066 By December 1941 over 126,000 individuals of Japanese ancestry resided on the United States mainland. Many lived along the West Coast. Approximately seventy percent were Nisei, the first American-born generation. Their parents, Issei or immigrating generation, left Japan for a better life but encountered many obstacles in the United States. Intense discrimination from nativists limited employment opportunities and successfully prevented the Issei from becoming U.S. citizens. In 1922, the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Ozawa v. United States upheld legislation that declared the Issei "aliens ineligible to citizenship." Emigration from Japan ended with the 1924 Johnson-Reed Act that established quotas for every national group and barred the entrance of aliens ineligible to citizenship. On 19 February 1942, in the wake of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, enabling the U.S. Army to forcibly remove any and all persons from areas of strategic importance. Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt, head of the Western Defense Command, ordered Japanese Americans to be evacuated from coastal areas in Washington, Oregon, California, and Arizona.	<urn:uuid:ce2aaf31-5481-452b-87e0-d24acb694365>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www2.hsp.org/exhibits/Balch%20resources/internment/html/body_a_japanese_.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00189-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.934863	246	3.59375	4
Sifu Han Ching-Tan was born in Shan Dong Province, China, the day after the Moon Festival in 1900. Sifu Han grew up in a typical Chinese farming family, so the only chance he had to practice martial arts was during his spare time away from helping out his parents' farming work. Sifu Han once said that the practice of martial arts was part of normal village life. He quite enjoyed it and was willing to spend more time on his practice. But he thought he was too young to really master it further at that time. Based on Sifu Han's description, we can somehow recreate what this typical "village" martial arts looked like ... Village people can always find a temple, a large yard or open square inside their village. One family would propose that a fund for martial arts be set up. All other families would contribute tuition or food to that fund. Some visiting martial art sifu or neighborhood sifu would then be engaged to train the village's young men and children. No doubt some of these coaches were good but most were big talkers, perhaps more skilled at self-promotion than their martial arts. The style and lineage of the art they taught were not very clear and even their level of skill was not obvious to the village people. It's also possible a visiting teacher would challenge the village coach to an open competition. If the current coach were defeated, the winner would take over his position and continue the villagers' training. Some coaches were only expert in a limited amount of skills and left after teaching all that they knew. Some had broader expertise and thus stayed longer, even settling down in the village. There was no curriculum or pre-determined strategy for delivering this type of training. All students of different levels mixed together and learned whatever the coaches taught. However, the goal of their martial arts training was to protect the village from attacks by bandits or robbers. Most people practiced hard with a serious mind. In addition to the regular martial training, some students might even learn the customized folk dancing. The dragon and lion dances performed at New Year's and other festivals were mixed with a martial arts movement and foundation. Unfortunately, Sifu Han had forgotten most of the martial arts technique he learned in his early years. He only recalled that at night, carrying a torch, he walked to the training by himself doing the "xing bu" for miles, and with the same torch, returned home after class doing the "short person walk". (Note: For the "short person walk," both knees must be continually bent so that your height is kept lower throughout the walk.) What a great and diligent student Sifu Han was! Sifu Han recalled that he met Sifu Shen Mo-Lin by accident at Qing Dao city. Sifu Shen, a professional martial artist of stalwart build and great talent, demonstrated a tornado jump kick and his legs swept over everyone's head. Sifu Han was stunned and attracted by Shen's great skill. He then began his martial training under Shen and made a full commitment to the art. It is said that Sifu Shen's technique was from the Mei Hua chang quan system that originated from Liang Mountain. A few years later, Master Shen left Qing Dao, no longer able to continue teaching. He was very impressed by Han's talent and willingness to work very hard. He then referred Han to his good friend, Jiang Ben He, to continue his training. Sifu Jiang used to travel to Northeast China and stayed in Dai Lian city. In a street fight with a Russian, Jiang seriously injured his opponent with his staff and was subsequently arrested by the local police. His younger brother visited him in prison and exchanged clothing with Jiang to help him escape. The local police were furious after the younger brother confessed and proved his identity to them. Later on, the police let him go. Years later, Sifu Han went to Jinan city, where he learned the Jiao Men chang quan style of long fist from Sifu Zhang Bing-Chang. While there, he met An Zi-Bo, who became one of his best friends. I called him "Uncle Sifu." Later, the government founded the Central Chinese Martial Art Institute, also known as "Chung Yiang Guo Shu Guang," in Nan Jing and opened its doors for enrolment. Sifus Han and An decided to join the institute and so they went to Nan Jing together. Han recalled that admission to the institute depended upon passing a test of skill: an open match with the institute's instructor. If the candidate passed the test, he would be questioned about his martial art style and lineage, and then asked to perform bare-hand or weapon forms. Sifu Han, with a young man's fearless courage, defeated the institute's instructor, shocking all the people in the arena. He was admitted right away without being asked to reveal his lineage or perform any form. Uncle Sifu An was also admitted, after he passed the test and performed a form. The institute was just founded and still in its early stages. Every student who joined the institute possessed strong skills and solid backgrounds. Since everyone majored in martial arts, it was quite natural that they exchanged styles and learned from each other. Some students might even have tried to copy some forms from the instructor secretly, without permission. Regarding the curriculum, in the beginning the Institute listed some required courses such as "Lian Bu Quan," and "San Cai Jian." Later, other required courses were added, such as "Baji Quan," and "Qing Ping Jian." Sifu Han's main focus in the institute was on long fist and its enhancement. He also spent some effort on Xing Yi Quan and Tai Ji Quan, which were interesting to most female students and largely ignored by male students at that time. On the weapons side, Sifu Han learned a variety of weapons and their forms. After a time, Sifu Han also spent great effort in studying Shuai Jiao (Chinese Wrestling) and conducted a lot of research, contributing his own innovations into various Chin Na (seizing and locking) techniques. The Hang Zhou Exhibition included a Martial Arts Fair that provided an arena for an open martial arts competition. Sifu Han, some members of the faculty and other students from the institute also participated in this big martial arts event. Sifu Han won his preliminary matches easily and rose through the ranks to the semi-finals. Unfortunately, his next contender was a faculty member from the institute - Wang Zi Qian. Sifu Han conceded the match, and so disqualified himself from the Superior Award. Sifu Han won his remaining contests and was ranked as number one in the Excellent Award Group - the Superior Award was offered to six people, only. Wang Zi Qian was skilled in Shuai Jiao. During the middle of his contest, the judges changed the scoring rules. They decided to give points only for throwing an opponent, saying that it would be just too difficult to judge punching and kicking. The new rule favored Wang Zi Qian and so he was able to bring his Shuai Jiao skills fully into play. He won the championship eventually but with his whole body covered in bruises. He knew that the new rules gave him an advantage over other contenders so he humbly divided his award bonus into six parts, sharing it with the other five Superior Award Winners. He also gave one part to Sifu Han in acknowledgement. Unfortunately, Wang was lured by social corruption. He turned to a life of debauchery and died at too early an age. Sifu Han used to say with emotion, "The champion award ruined his life!" "How did he die? He died in lechery!" "If I had not conceded, he might not have won the championship." "If the rules had not been changed to score by throwing, not punching and kicking ... he wouldn't have won the championship and he wouldn't have died at such early age!" Sifu Han was the most diligent student in the institute. He even practiced in the early morning while most students were still asleep. Other students sometimes scoffed at him, "Do you really want to win the number one martial artist position in the Imperial Examination?" One early morning, General Zhang Chi Jiang, director of the institute, came by for inspection and saw Han practicing alone in a large field with sweat streaming down his back. Han cast a spear into the sky, waited until it started to fall, aligned the top of his head with the point of the falling spear and then captured the spear just in time. This is a very dangerous movement. Any miscalculation in timing would result in either death or serious injury. General Zhang kept on asking Han, "Why did you do this?" Han replied, "I don’t mind!" Later, because they began to promote martial arts all over China with the resulting increase in demand for coaches, the institute held its first graduation test. Five students passed and Sifu Han was ranked Number One. Uncle Sifu An was ranked Number Two. Sifu Han was hired by the Hang Zhou Police Academy as their martial arts coach. He met Zhao Wen Long at the academy. In addition to his regular classes, Sifu Han also taught along the banks of Lake Si and these classes attracted many students. Jiang Yu Kun and his sister both trained together under Sifu Han. Mr. Jiang was addicted to martial arts all his life and had lots of students too. Before his death, he used to request that his friends in the U.S. and Taiwan ask for information about Sifu Han. He published a book, "Tai Chi Jian." In the preface, he talked about the favors and grace he received from Sifu Han. To be continued ...	<urn:uuid:6b234e9d-bb13-4d4f-95b4-c62cc41cbe36>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.adamhsu.com/articles/taiwanblog_HanChingTan.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00118-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.988468	2,042	2.609375	3
The Red Branch Knights 2. Military Ranks, Orders, and Services. At different periods of our early history the kings had in their service bodies of militia, who underwent a yearly course of training, and who were at call like a standing army whenever the monarch required them. The most celebrated of these were the "Red Branch Knights" of about the time of the Incarnation, and the "Fianna or Fena of Erin," who flourished in the third century. Though the accounts that have come down to us of these two military organisations are much mixed up with romance and fable, there is sufficient evidence to show that they really existed and exercised great influence in their day. The Red Branch Knights belonged wholly to Ulster, and in the ancient Tales they are represented as in the service of Concobar mac Nessa, king of that province, but not king of Ireland. The king's palace was Emain or Emania near Armagh, of which a description will be found in chap. xvi., sect. 5, below. Every year during the summer months, various companies of the Knights came to Emain under their several commanders, to be drilled and trained in military science and feats of arms. The greatest Red Branch commander was Cuculainn, a demigod, the mightiest of the heroes of Irish romance. The other chief heroes were Conall Kernach; Laegaire (or Laery) the Victorious; Keltar of the Battles; Fergus mac Roy: the poet Bricriu "of the venom tongue," who lived at Loughbrickland, where his fort still remains near the little lake; and the three sons of Usna—Naisi, Ainnle, and Ardan. All these figure in the ancient literature. The Red Branch Knights had a passion for building great duns or forts, many of which remain to this day, and excite the wonder and awe of visitors. Besides Emain itself, there is the majestic fort of Dun-Dalgan, Cuculainn's residence, a mile west of the present town of Dundalk. This dun consists of a high mound surrounded by an earthen rampart and trench, all of an immense size, even in their ruined state; but it has lost its old name, and is now called the Moat of Castletown, while the original name Dundalgan, slightly altered, has been transferred to Dundalk. Another of these Red Branch Knights' residences stands beside Downpatrick: viz. the great fort anciently called (among other names) Dun-Keltair, or Rath-Keltair, where lived the hero, Keltar of the Battles. It consists of a huge embankment of earth, nearly circular, with the usual deep trench outside it, enclosing a great mound, all covering a space of about ten acres. FIG. 7. Dun-Dalgan, Cuculainn's stronghold and residence, as it appeared, and as it was drawn, in 1758, by Thomas Wright, from whose book "Louthiana," it has been copied. Height of mound about 50 feet. The fort and ramparts are now covered with trees, and there is a modern house on top, so that it is hard to obtain a view of the general shape. Still another, which figures much in the old romances under its ancient name Dun-da-benn—but now called Mountsandall—crowns the high bank over the Cutts waterfall on the Bann, near Coleraine. Four miles west of this is a similar fortress, now known by the name of the "Giant's Sconce," which is the ancient Dun Cethern [Doon-Kehern], so called front "Cethern of the Brilliant Deeds," a famous Red Branch Knight. John de Courcy's original Castle of Dundrum, in Down, was built on the site of one of the most formidable of all—Dun-Rury—the immense earthworks of which still remain round the present castle, at the base of the rock, though the original dun-mound on the top was levelled by the castle-builders. FIG. 8. Rath-Keltair at Downpatrick. From Col. Wood-Martin's Traces of the Elder Faiths of Ireland. Contemporary with the Red Branch Knights were the Degads of Munster—but of Ulster extraction—whose chief was Curoi mac Dáire, king of South Munster; and the Gamanraide [Gowanree] of Connaught, commanded by Keth mac Magach and by the renowned hero Ferdiad. Curoi lived in a caher or stone fort on a rocky shelf 2050 feet over the sea, on the mountain of Caherconree, near Tralee, whose ruins remain there to this day. As a still further evidence that the old legends and romances about Curoi rest on a foundation of fact, not only is the old stone fortress there to witness, but, like Emain and Creeveroe (the "Red Branch": for which see chap. xvi., sect. 5), in the north, it retains its ancient name, which has been extended to the whole mountain, and which commemorates the mighty hero himself: for "Caherconree" correctly represents the sound of the Irish name Cathair-Chonroi, the caher or stone fortress of Curoi. The Red Branch Knights, as well as those of Munster and Connaught, used chariots both in battle and in private life. Chariot-racing too was one of their favourite amusements: and the great heroes are constantly described in the tales as fighting from their chariots. The Fianna or Fena of Erin, so far as we can trace their history with any certainty, lasted for about a century. They attained their greatest power in the reign of Cormac mac Art (254 to 277) under their most renowned commander Finn, the son of Cumal, or Finn mac Coole as he is commonly called, King Cormac's son-in-law, who is recorded in the Annals to have been killed beside the Boyne, when an old man. The chief heroes under Finn, who figure in the tales, were:—Oisin or Ossian, his son, the renowned hero-poet to whom the bards attribute—but we know erroneously—many poems still extant; Oscar the brave and gentle, the son of Ossian; Dermot O'Dyna, unconquerably brave, of untarnished honour, generous and self-denying, the finest character in all Irish literature, perhaps the finest in any literature; Goll mac Morna, the mighty leader of the Connaught Fena; Cailte [Keelta] mac Ronan the swift-footed: Conan Mail or Conan the Bald, large-bodied, foul-tongued, boastful, cowardly, and gluttonous. Before admission to the ranks, candidates were subjected to certain severe tests, both physical and mental, one of which deserves special mention here:—No candidate was allowed to join unless he had mastered a certain specified and large amount of poetry and tales: that is to say, he had to prove that he was a well-educated man, according to the standard of the times: a provision that anticipated by seventeen centuries the condition of admission to the higher posts of our present military service, designed to ensure that every commissioned officer of the army shall be a man of good general education. This—whether history or legend—shows what was regarded as the general standard of education in Ireland in those times. The physical tests consisted of running, leaping, defence against an attack of armed spearmen, and such like. Of all the heroes of ancient Ireland Finn is most vividly remembered in popular tradition. He had his chief residence on the summit of the Hill of Allen, a remarkable flat-topped hill, lying about four miles to the right of the railway as you pass Newbridge and approach Kildare, rendered more conspicuous of late years by a tall pillar erected on the top, on the very site of Finn's house. So far as we can judge from the old accounts, the house was built altogether of wood—like the "Red Branch"—without any earthen rampart round it: and accordingly no trace of a rampart or earthen dun remains. At this day the whole neighbourhood round the hill teems with living traditions of Finn and the Fena. When not employed in training or fighting, the Fena spent the six months of summer—from the 1st of May to the 31st of October—hunting, and lived on the produce of the chase, camping out all the time: during the remaining six months they were billeted on the well-to-do people all over the country—fed and lodged free. After King Cormac's death they became openly rebellious, claiming in some respects to rule even the monarch of Ireland. At last the king—Carbery of the Liffey, Cormac mac Art's son, who came to the throne A.D. 279—marched against them, and annihilated them in the bloody battle of Gavra, near Skreen in Meath (A.D. 297): but was himself slain in the battle. We have seen that the Red Branch Knights, and their contemporary heroes of Munster and Connaught, fought, rode, and raced in chariots; and that they erected immense duns or forts. In both these respects the Fena of Erin stand in complete contrast. In none of the tales or other literature of the Fena is it mentioned that they used chariots in battle, and they scarcely ever used them in any way, though during the whole period of their existence chariots were used all through Ireland. Then as to duns: while we have still remaining the majestic ruins of many of the forts erected by the Red Branch Knights, as shown at page 39, there are, so far as I can find out, no corresponding forts in any part of Ireland attributed to the Fena in the ancient tales. Even on the Hill of Allen, where, if anywhere we might expect to find a mighty fortification like that at Downpatrick, there is no vestige of a rath. No forts, large or small, that I know of, commemorate any others of the great leaders—Ossian, Oscar, Dermot O'Dyna, Goll mac Morna, Cailte mac Ronain, or Conan Mail, such as we have for Cuculainn, Keltar of the Battles, Cethern of the Brilliant Deeds, Curoi mac Daire, and others; though during their time forts were built by chiefs and people all over the country. To come to strictly historic times:—Ordinary War Service was of several kinds. Everyman who held land in any sort of tenancy was obliged to bear a part in the wars of the tribe and in the defence of their common territory. The number of days in the year that each should serve was strictly defined by law: and when the time was ended, he might return to his home—unless some very special need arose. A chief or king, if required, was bound to send a certain number of men, fully armed, for a fixed time periodically, to serve his superior in war. The men of the superior king's own immediate territory, with the contingents supplied to him from the several subordinate tribes by their chiefs, went to form his army. The tributary chief again made up the contingent to be sent to his superior, partly from his own household troops, and partly by small contingents from his sub-chiefs. The king had in his service a champion or chief fighting man, called Aire-echta—always a flaith or noble (see page 77, below)—whose duty it was to avenge all insults or offences offered to the families of the king and tribe, particularly murder: like the "avenger of blood" of the Jews and other ancient nations. In any expected danger from without he had to keep watch—with a sufficient force—at the most dangerous ford or pass—called bearna baoghaill [barna beel] or "gap of danger"—on that part of the border where invasion was expected, and prevent the entrance of any enemy. Kings and great chiefs almost always kept bodies of mercenary soldiers—commonly small in number and often as a mere bodyguard—under regular pay, something like the soldiers of our present standing army. These men hired themselves wherever they could get the best pay. Hired soldiers are constantly mentioned in our ancient records. Bodies of Scotchmen, and of Welshmen, were very often in the service of Irish kings: and we also find companies of Irish under similar conditions serving in Wales and Scotland. The maintenance and pay of such soldiers was called in Irish buanacht, whence men serving for pay and support were often called "bonnaghts" by English writers of the time of Elizabeth. The practice of hiring foreign mercenaries, which was commenced at a very early period, was continued down to the sixteenth century: and we have already seen (p. 27, supra) that Shane O'Neill had a number of fierce soldiers from Scotland as bodyguard. These several bodies constituted a small standing army. But where large armies had to be brought into the field, the men of the tribe or tribes owing allegiance and service were called upon to serve. It was understood, however, that this was only for the single campaign, or for some specified time, as already stated, at the end of which they were free to return to their homes. An army of men on campaign usually consisted of men of all the different kinds of service. Military Asylums—According to the "Battle of Rossnaree," in the Book of Leinster, there was an asylum for the old warriors of the Red Branch—in some manner corresponding with the present Chelsea Hospital, and with the Royal Hospital in Dublin—where those who were too old to fight were kept in ease and comfort: and it was under the direction of one governor or commander. It was probably supported partly at the public expense, and partly by payments from the inmates: but on this point there is no information. Knighthood.—As far back as our oldest traditions reach there existed in Ireland an institution of knighthood. The Red Branch Knights have already been mentioned: and it appears that admission to their ranks was attended with much formality. It was usual to knight boys at an early age, commonly at seven years. This was the age, according to the statement of Tigernach—and also of the Tales—at which the young hero Cuculainn was admitted: and his example as to age was often followed in subsequent times. The young candidate was given a number of little spears suitable to his age and strength, which he hurled against a shield; and the more spears he broke the more credit he received. These are the native Irish accounts; and they are strikingly corroborated by Froissart, who tells us that the same custom still existed in Ireland when King Richard II. visited this country in 1494. This historian moreover states that the custom of knighting boys at seven, with ceremonies like those of the Irish, existed among the Anglo-Saxon kings. But in Ireland the rule of the seven years was not universally, or even generally, followed—except perhaps in case of the sons of kings or great nobles. The ceremony was commonly put off till the candidate was able to fight. The usual Irish words for a knight are curad [curra] and ridire [riddera], of which the last is the same as the German ritter, and is probably borrowed. "Assuming knighthood" is commonly expressed in Irish by "taking valour."	<urn:uuid:19ba5d83-bfb8-430b-863d-20505d763fcf>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.libraryireland.com/SocialHistoryAncientIreland/I-III-3.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00144-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.978406	3,308	2.984375	3
Colonists from the London Company establish the first permanent English settlement in North America at the Jamestown colony in Virginia. Samuel de Champlain, “Father of New France,” establishes the first permanent French settlement in North America at Quebec (City). Samuel de Champlain discovers Lake Champlain and enters into alliance with the Algonquin and Huron Indians to help them defeat the Iroquois tribes. This involvement results in hostile relations between the French and Iroquois who will eventually ally with the English. Deadly disease introduced by the Europeans wipes out 75-90% of the New England Indians over the next several years. Smallpox epidemics reoccur among tribes into the 1700s. First blacks brought to Jamestown on a Dutch ship as indentured servants. This marks the beginning of slavery. The Massachusetts Bay Company receives a Royal Charter. Four-year-old Louis XIV becomes King of France and rules until 1715. First Navigation Act is passed. Under the system of mercantilism, a series of Navigation Acts follow in the 1600s and 1700s that further tighten English control over colonial trade. King Philip’s War is waged over the next year in New England resulting in the defeat of the Wampanoag Indians and their allies. A Royal Decree separates New Hampshire from Massachusetts. New Hampshire becomes a Royal Colony with John Cutt as the first President (the position is later called Governor). King James II creates the “Dominion of New England.” Acting Governor Sir Edmond Andros curbs town meetings, restricts the press, courts, and imposes taxes without the consent of elected representatives. After the Glorious Revolution in England (1688), the Dominion collapses. King William’s War begins in Dover, New Hampshire with a series of Indian raids. Fighting will last almost ten years. This war marks the first in a series of French and Indian wars between England and France ending in 1763. The first newspaper is published in North America called Publick Occurrences: Both Foreign and Domestick by Benjamin Harris in Boston. The Massachusetts General Court issues £7,000 paper currency which is considered the first public paper money issued in the history of Western civilization. In the Salem Witch Trials (Salem, Massachusetts) twenty people are executed for the crime of witchcraft. The population of the English colonies in North America reaches 275,000. Boston has a population of 7,000 and New York has 5,000. Queen Anne ascends the throne of England. A party of French soldiers and their Indian allies raid the settlement of Deerfield, Massachusetts. The Boston News-Letter is printed and becomes the first long-running newspaper in the colonies. Benjamin Franklin is born in Boston, Massachusetts. The Treaty of Utrecht ends Queen Anne’s War (in England: War of Spanish Succession). George I succeeds Queen Anne to become King of England until 1727. At five years old, Louis XV becomes King of France until 1774. Work begins on the French Fortress of Louisbourg in Nova Scotia. The population of the English colonies in North America reaches 475,000. Indians capture Phineas Stevens who will become a key figure at No. 4. Fort Dummer, the first permanent European settlement in Vermont, is built on the west bank of the Connecticut River, just south of present-day Brattleboro, Vermont. George II becomes King of England and reigns until 1760. George Washington is born in Westmoreland County, Virginia. Benjamin Franklin publishes his first copy of Poor Richard’s Almanac; containing humor and proverbs, it becomes a colonial bestseller with sales at 10,000 copies a year. Massachusetts General Court establishes land grants along the upper Connecticut River Valley including No. 4 which later becomes Charlestown, New Hampshire. John Peter Zenger, printer of the New York Weekly Journal, is found not guilty of ‘seditious libel’ for being critical of the government marking the beginning of free press in America. The colony of Connecticut mints the first colonial copper coins. Stephen, Samuel, and David Farnsworth are among the first settlers to arrive at the No. 4 township. For almost two decades, No. 4 remains as the northern most English settlement in the area. King George II ends the boundary dispute between the colonies of New Hampshire and Massachusetts, granting a much larger territory to New Hampshire than had been claimed earlier. Living in constant fear of Indian attacks, the inhabitants of No. 4 petition for help. The Fort at No. 4 Settlers begin planning for a fortification. King George’s War (in Europe: War of Austrian Succession) comes to North America when French forces attack the New England fishery at Canso, Nova Scotia. Captain John Spafford sends a petition from No. 4 to New Hampshire Governor Benning Wentworth seeking aid in defending No. 4 against the French and Indians. Captain John Spafford constructs a gristmill and sawmill. New England colonists under the command of William Pepperell capture Fort Louisbourg. The New Hampshire government sends John Goffe and twenty-seven men to scout for French and Indian war parties between the Merrimack and Connecticut Rivers. Nehemiah Howe is captured; he was the first person from the upper Connecticut River Valley to be captivated (captured and held prisoner) during King George’s War. Indians capture Captain John Spafford, Lieutenant Isaac Parker, and Stephen Farnsworth and burn the sawmill and gristmill. All three men return to No. 4 after months imprisonment in Canada. Indians kill Seth Putnam Jr., the first settler of No. 4 to be killed by Indians in King George’s War. Learning of the Indian raids, Governor Shirley sends Captain Daniel Paine of Dudley, Massachusetts with a small detachment of mounted soldiers to protect No. 4. On the 24th, Indians ambush men from No. 4 and from Captain Paine’s troop who had gone to see where Seth Putnam Jr. had been killed. Captain Stevens and Captain Josiah Brown of Sudbury, Massachusetts who had recently arrived at No. 4, along with their men, are ambushed by an estimated one hundred and fifty Indians. Settlers under attack Captain Stevens and sixty of his men march to the Great Meadow (south of No. 4) to guard farmers there during their harvest. He returned on August 8th to find several buildings burned including the recently rebuilt Spafford mills. A large party of St. Francis Indians had killed Ebenezer Phillips and destroyed cattle and horses. Captain Stevens makes a personal appeal to Governor Shirley about the importance of defending No. 4 on the Connecticut River. As a result, Governor Shirley orders Stevens along with thirty men to take possession of No. 4. They return finding it unharmed and are greeted by a cat and an old spaniel dog. Three Day Siege: A party of French and Indian allies claiming to be 700 strong attack No. 4. Captain Phineas Stevens and his men successfully hold off the attackers for three days. The Massachusetts Provincial Council votes to send one four-pound cannon and two swivel guns to No. 4 for protection against the French and their Indian allies. Massachusetts posts an additional one hundred men at No. 4 under Phineas Stevens and his second in command, Humphrey Hobbs, with instructions to scout the Wood and Otter Creeks. The four-pound cannon given by the Massachusetts Provincial Council is placed in one of the upstairs bedchambers of the Parker house at No. 4. It is used as a signal gun to warn all settlers of approaching danger. Otter Creek Expedition: In response to Indian raids, Captain Eleazer Melven from Fort Dummer and Captains Phineas Stevens and Humphrey Hobbs from No. 4, with about seventy eight men, travel up the Black River to Otter Creek to search for signs of French and Indian war parties. Captain Hobbs, stationed at No. 4, took his company of Rangers on a scouting mission and defeated the half-blood Indian, Sackett, in battle. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends King George’s War (in Europe: War of Austrian Succession). The Governor General of Canada sends Captain Celeron de Blainville to claim the Ohio River Valley for the French and to discourage the Native Americans from trading with the British. Indians attack Ensign Obadiah Sartwell and Enos Stevens, Captain Phineas Stevens’ ten-year-old son, while they worked in the fields. Obadiah is killed and Enos is held for a few months in Canada before returning to No. 4. Governor Shirley asks Captain Phineas Stevens to redeem English and Indian captives in Canada. The British population in the North American colonies reaches approximately 1.25 million. Captain Phineas Stevens sends a petition to Governor Wentworth asking for New Hampshire to re-grant the land to the people of No. 4, as it had been originally granted under Massachusetts. Captain John Spafford also writes a petition asking for a right in the township of No. 4, as well as an extra 100 acres of land as compensation for the loss of his mills and for his time in captivity in Canada. The residents of No. 4 hold a meeting and vote to encourage a blacksmith and a minister to settle within their community. Captain Phineas Stevens establishes a banking and trading post in his home at No. 4. He trades things such as sugar, salt, flour and cloth to the settlers of No. 4 and several Native Americans. Phineas Stevens successfully redeems captives from Canada. The English Parliament passes the Currency Act, which bans the New England colonies from issuing paper money. Indians capture Captain John Stark who is later redeemed by Captain Phineas Stevens. As a representative of Massachusetts, Phineas Stevens meets with St. Francis Abenaki Indians at a council in Montreal. September 3 (September 14) England adopts the Gregorian calendar, resulting in an adjustment of eleven days to convert from Old to New Style. Governor Duquesne of Canada orders a series of forts be built in the Ohio River Valley. At the same time, Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia grants land in that area to the people of his colony. Governor Dinwiddie sends George Washington to Fort LeBoeuf, demanding the French leave what he claims to be British territory. The French refuse. Six St. Francis Indians come to No. 4 to meet with Captain Stevens about encroaching English interest in their land. Phineas Stevens petitions Benning Wentworth and the New Hampshire General Assembly on behalf of the settlers of No. 4 to grant a charter for their town. The settlement of No. 4 has grown to 30 homes and 180 people. The Inhabitants of No. 4 vote to pay 2 pounds, 13 shillings, and 4 pence for the repair of the Great Hall. The French conquer a British fort and construct Fort Duquesne at the headwaters of the Ohio River. Phineas Stevens petitions the Governor of New Hampshire on behalf of settlers in Contoocook, Canterbury and Stevenstown for protection due to recent Indian raids. An English patrol led by George Washington and his guide, a Seneca Chief named Half-King, attacks a small party of French soldiers under the command of Ensign de Jumonville. Ten Frenchmen are killed, including Jumonville. This clash marks the start of the French and Indian War which will ultimately spread to Europe. Albany Congress While tensions between France and Britain escalate, representatives from most of the British colonies meet in Albany to discuss an alliance against the French. The French and Indians defeat George Washington at Fort Necessity. Mr. and Mrs. James Johnson and their family Slyvanus, age 6, Susanna, age 4, Polly, age 2, Mrs. Johnson’s sister Miriam Willard, age 14 and two neighbors, Peter Larabee and Ebenezer Farnsworth are captured by St. Francis Indians. Governor Wentworth sends two detachments to No. 4 under Major John Goffe, but they arrive after the capture. The French surrender Fort Beausejour in Nova Scotia. Captain Phineas Stevens served as the captain of a company consisting of one hundred and two men in the Second Battalion. Governor Wentworth of New Hampshire orders twenty-five men to join the forty soldiers already posted at No. 4 to aid in the defense of the Connecticut River Valley. The Battle of Lake George ends in a costly victory for the British. Soon after, the Marquis de Montcalm takes command of all French forces in North America. Governor Wentworth orders Colonel Ebenezer Hinsdale to leave twenty men at No. 4 for its protection. While in military service in Nova Scotia, Captain Phineas Stevens dies from ‘camp fever’. The French and Indian War (in England: Seven Years’ War) officially begins when England declares war on France and expands the conflict to Europe, Africa, Asia and South America. The first copy of The New Hampshire Gazette is published in Portsmouth, NH. William Pitt (1708-1778) becomes the new Secretary of State in England and escalates the French and Indian War in the colonies. No. 4 settlers David Farnsworth, Deacon Thomas Adams, Sampson Colefax, the miller, and two others, George Robbins and Asa Spafford, the son of Captain John Spafford are captured by Indians and taken to Quebec. In November, Adams, Colefax, and Spafford die from small pox while in captivity. Farnsworth and Robbins eventually return to No. 4. August 3rd -9th Marquis de Montcalm captures Fort William Henry on the south end of Lake Champlain. Angered by the terms of surrender, the Indian allies of the French attack the retreating British force. Governor Benning Wentworth assigns two hundred and fifty soldiers under Major Thomas Tash to No. 4. Soldiers at No. 4 No. 4 serves as a major way station for troops fighting in the campaigns of 1757-1758 and many carve powder horns to mark their stay. British General Jeffery Amherst orders Captain John Stark and two hundred rangers to construct a road 77 ½ miles long linking No. 4 and the Fort at Crown Point on Lake Champlain, New York. February to May Smallpox infects thirty-four people in Charlestown. Major General Wolfe and the French commander, Marquis de Montcalm, are killed in the Battle of Quebec City on the Plains of Abraham. The British capture Quebec. Led by Major Robert Rogers, a force of Rangers attack the Abenaki village of St. Francis in Canada. The British population in the North American colonies reaches approximately 1.6 million. Indians capture Joseph Willard, his wife and five children and take them to Canada. The family returns to Charlestown after the fall of Montreal. Colonel John Goffe arrived at Charlestown too late to help the Willard family. The British capture Montreal. France surrenders its claims ending the conflict in North America. George III becomes King of England until 1820. With the French threat removed, New Hampshire begins granting more land along the Upper Connecticut River Valley. The area known as the New Hampshire Grants and will become the Republic of Vermont during the American Revolution. The French and Indian War (in England: Seven Years’ War) officially ends with the signing of the Treaty of Paris, in which France surrenders its North American possessions. King George III issues the Proclamation of 1763 prohibiting colonists from establishing settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains. To help pay for the debt of the French and Indian War, England passes the Sugar Act. A series of Acts follow leading up to the American Revolution. King George III sets New Hampshire's western boundary. In London, England, New Hampshire Ranger Robert Rogers’ publishes his play “Ponteach or The Savages of America” which criticized the exploitation of North American Indians. The British population in the North American colonies reaches about 2,210,000 people. Founders sign the Declaration of Independence John Stark, now a general, musters New Hampshire troops at the site of No. 4. From this point they march to take part in the Battle of Bennington during the American Revolution. The United States Congress and Great Britain sign the Treaty of Paris ending the American Revolution. Old Fort Number Four Associates is formed and plans begin for reconstruction. Work begins on the reconstruction of No. 4 and The Fort at No. 4 Living History Museum is created. The Fort at No. 4 Living History Museum continues its mission to professionally collect, preserve and authentically interpret both physical and intellectual resources which provide an educational understanding and appreciation for the 18th century heritage of the Connecticut River Valley.	<urn:uuid:e5d136f1-bc87-42cc-9115-7b703979e01e>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.fortat4.org/timeline.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00142-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.94023	3,588	3.890625	4
You've probably been told that it's best to wash your hands in hot water because it helps to kill bacteria, but that is actually not the case. Adult skin can begin to scald at 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49 degrees Celsius), but studies have shown that hands washed using water up to that temperature still don't remove bacteria [source: American Burn Association, World Health Organization]. Even though warm water isn't killing any germs, experts commonly recommend it for two reasons. The first and somewhat less scientific reason is that it's usually more comfortable to use than cold water. The second is that many modern soaps are designed to be most effective in warm water [sources: Hand Washing for Life, Christophersen]. Another reason to avoid using hot water is that it can remove natural oils from the skin. This loss of oils can lead to dryness or even cracking of the skin. In some cases, people may even begin washing their hands less to avoid making these symptoms worse [source: Starobin]. In other words, it's important to use water that is warm but not uncomfortable. It's worth mentioning that modern soaps are still effective at colder temperatures; so, if you don't have access to heated water, it's still better to wash with cold water and soap than with no soap at all [source: Hand Washing for Life]. With the proper water temperature in place, you're ready to move on to methods for washing your hands. Time matters here, so read on to learn a simple method of ticking off the seconds while you suds up.	<urn:uuid:e8e20305-7f58-479a-ac86-8e09978fceae>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://health.howstuffworks.com/skin-care/cleansing/basics/hand-washing2.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00066-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962006	321	2.9375	3
Web Accessibility / Usability Resources What is Accessibility / Usability? ADA Compliant? Section 508? WAI? The W3C's Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) definition: "Web accessibility means that people with disabilities can perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with the Web, and that they can contribute to the Web." Web Accessibility / Usability resources listed below should help answer these questions and more.	<urn:uuid:bd87acfb-2b34-4e9c-95c9-94e37f1e0445>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.memphis.edu/webdev/resources/accessibility/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00169-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.904564	90	2.96875	3
Sound Formats Beyond MP3 Following are some of the sampled sound formats out there on the Internet (and sometimes swapped between PC owners). However, the MP3 format is now so popular for music that these other formats have been reduced to storing Windows sound effects and such. Some sound editors can convert audio between different formats, but if you’re working with music, you can’t lose with MP3. The Microsoft Windows Audio/Video (WAV) audio format is the standard format used by Windows for playing sound effects, and it’s also used in games and on the web. Your browser should recognize and play WAV audio files like a familiar old friend. Although WAV files can be recorded at audio CD quality — and therefore can be used to record music — MP3 files offer the same (or better) quality and are much smaller (megabytes smaller) in comparison. All versions of Windows since Windows 95 have included a simple sound recorder that can capture WAV files by using a microphone plugged into your PC. Not to be outdone by MP3, Microsoft developed the WMA (Windows Media Audio) format as a contender for the Best Digital Audio Format crown. Indeed, WMA files are as high in quality as MP3 files, and WMA audio can be recorded in multichannel 5.1 Surround sound. However, the challenger from Redmond isn't likely to usurp MP3 any time soon. For once, the open standard is stronger than any proprietary standard that Microsoft attempts to enforce. For example, many current MP3 players don’t recognize or support WMA tracks — and portable MP3 players sure don’t need Surround sound. Plus the built-in DRM protection (short for Digital Rights Management) severely limits what you can do with your WMA tracks — you may not be able to burn an audio CD with your WMA-format music, for example, or play that track on another PC. Apple’s entry into the digital audio format wars is higher in quality and smaller in size than MP3, so it makes a good choice for squeezing the largest number of songs into your MP3 player (as long as it supports AAC, like the iPod). Any music you download from the iTunes Store is in AAC format. Note, however, that Windows Media Player doesn’t support AAC. The Audio Unix (AU) format was introduced by Sun Microsystems, so (as you would expect) it’s a popular standard for systems running Unix and Linux. AU audio files are typically of lower quality than MP3 files, but they’re even smaller in size, making them popular on many websites. Luckily, both Internet Explorer and Firefox can play AU files with ease. At one time, Apple used the Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF) as standard equipment within its operating systems, including music files. However, these days, the Cupertino Crew has switched wholeheartedly and completely to AAC, so AIFF has already started down the road once taken by the dinosaurs. (OS X still recognizes AIFF files for sound effects, but that’s about it.) Although AIFF files can be recorded at CD quality, they’re simply huge, so don’t expect to find them on the web or on your personal MP3 player. Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) files aren’t digital audio but instead are directions on how to play a song — kind of like how a program is a set of directions that tells your computer how to accomplish a task. Your PC or a MIDI instrument (like a MIDI keyboard) can read a MIDI file and play back the song. As you might guess, however, MIDI music really doesn’t sound like the digitally sampled sound you get from an MP3 or WMA file.	<urn:uuid:448d7ec3-5681-4bfc-8e80-9f6d156c69b7>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/sound-formats-beyond-mp3.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00181-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.930062	795	2.609375	3
Augustus and Peter Porter In 1805, Augustus & Peter Porter of Buffalo, New York came to Niagara Falls. The Porter brothers purchased the American Falls from the State of New York at a public auction. This purchase also provided them with the acquisition of the water rights to the eastern rapids both above and below the falls. The Porter's built a water powered gristmill and tannery along Joncairs' old ditch. The Porter's were forced out of business when the Erie Canal opened 20 years later. Even after their business folded the Porter brothers held on to the American Falls and their water rights. Augustus' initial plan was to use the power generated in the 50 foot (15m) drop of the rapids above the falls, however he could not find any interested financiers. Augustus Porter was a dreamer as witnessed through his envision of bypassing the falls. This would be done through a hydraulic canal leading to a large reservoir on the cliff above the gorge. From that point the water would flow to the base of the gorge to turbines connected by belts to industrial machinery above. Augustus and Peter Porter both died before construction of this canal had even begun. A series of companies that followed his idea also failed as they went bankrupt while attempting to build this canal. In 1853, the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power & Manufacturing Company was first chartered. In 1860, this company purchased the water rights and began construction of this canal, which was an 11 metres wide and 2.4 metre deep canal. It transported water from the Niagara River above the Falls to the mill sites below the Falls. The canal construction was completed in 1861 and Augustus Porter's vision became a reality in 1875. This is when the first wheels began turning in the new powerhouse. Entrepreneur Horace Day took over the Porter’s water property after they died. For the next 17 years he worked sporadically on the canal. He had only one customer, Charles Gaskill's flour mill. By 1877, Day had completed one mile of the canal and became bankrupt. By 1881, the power company had built a small generating station and began providing small amounts of electricity to light the village of Niagara Falls and to provide power to several of the mills along the river. This power plant became a tourist attraction. It operated a flour mill for 2 years before the company went bankrupt and all its assets were sold at public auction.	<urn:uuid:7f33330f-2cdd-4b61-b83e-bbb8ea2aa6c6>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.niagarafallsinfo.com/history-item.php?entry_id=1434&current_category_id=241	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00021-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.97856	495	3.15625	3
Did Jesus Live 100 B.C.? By G. R. S. Mead Content \| Previous \| Next WHEN some five and a half centuries before the Christian era the Buddha arose in ancient Aryavarta to substitute actuality for tradition, to break down the barriers of convention, and throw open the Way of Righteousness to all, irrespective of race or birth, we are told that He set aside the ancestral scriptures of His race and times, and preached a Gospel of self-reliance and a freedom from bibliolatry that will ever keep His memory green among the independent thinkers of the world. When the Christ arose in Judaea, once more to break down the barriers of exclusiveness, and preach the Way to the 'Amme ha-aretz, the rejected of the ceremonialists and legal purists, we are told that He extended the aegis of His great authority over the ancient writings of His fellow-countrymen, and cited the Torah as the very Law of God Himself. We are assured by Traditionalists that the Incarnation of Deity Itself, the very Giver of that Law, explicitly attested the genuineness of the Five Books; He, with His inerrant wisdom, asserted that Moses wrote them, just as it was believed by the people of His day. Whereas, if there be anything certain in the whole field of Biblical research, it is that this cannot be the whole truth of the matter. It has been said in excuse that the Christ did not come on earth to teach His disciples the "higher criticism." This may well be so, and yet it is a fact of profound significance that, as we shall see in the course of the present enquiry, even in His day this very Torah, and much more the Prophets and Sacred Writings, were called into serious question by many. If, however, the Christ actually used the words ascribed to Him in this matter, it is difficult to understand why a plan so different in thus respect was adopted in the West from the apparently far more drastic attempt that was made so many years before in the East. It may, however, have been found that the effect of a so abrupt departure from tradition had not proved so successful as had been anticipated, for the Brahman, instead of giving of his best, and allowing himself to become the channel of a great spiritual outpouring for the benefit of the world, quickly resumed his ancient position of exclusiveness and spiritual isolation. So in the case of the Jew, who was, as it were, a like channel ready to hand for the West, whereby the new spiritual forces could most efficaciously be liberated, it may have been thought that if the traditional prejudices of that "chosen" and "peculiar" people were more gently treated perhaps greater results would follow. But even so the separative forces in human nature were too strong, and the Jew, like the Brahman, fell back; into a more rigid exclusiveness than ever. But thee Wisdom behind Her Servants doubtless knew that this would be, and reserved both Brahman and Jew for some future opportunity of greater promise, while She temporarily utilized them, in spite of themselves, and in spite of the mistakes of their Buddhist and Christian brethren; for all of us, Brahmans and Buddhists, Hebrews and Christians, are of like passions, and struggling in the bonds of our self-limitations and ignorance; we are all children of one Mother, our common human nature, and of one Father, the divine source of our being. It may have been that in the first place the great Teacher of the West made His appeal to the "Brahmans" of Jewry, and only when He found that no impression could be made upon their rigid adherence to rules and customs, did he go to the people. There are many Sayings strongly opposed to Legalism, as understood by subsequent Rabbinical orthodoxy, and, as we shall see, there were many mystic circles in the early days, even on what was considered "the ground of Judaism," which not only rejected the authority of the Prophets and Sacred Writings, but even called into question the Torah proper in much of its contents. Moreover, we find that Jesus was, among other things, called by the adherents of orthodox Rabbinism a "Samaritan," a name which connoted "heresy" in general for the strict Jew, but which, as we shall see, seems to the student of history sometimes to stand merely for one who held less exclusive views. However all this may be, and whatever was attempted or hoped for at the beginning, the outcome was that until about the end of the first century the Christians regarded the documents of the Palestinian canon as their only Holy Scripture, and when they began to add to this their own sacred writings, they still clung to the "Books" of Jewry, and regarded them with the same enthusiastic reverence as the Rabbis themselves. The good of it was that a strong link of East with West was thus forged; the evil, that the authority of this library of heterogeneous legends and myths, histories and ordinances, the literature of a peculiar people, and the record of their special evolution, was taken indiscriminately as being of equal weight with the more liberal and, so to speak, universalizing views of the new movement. Moreover, every moment of the evolution of the idea of God in Jewry was taken as a full revelation, and the crude and revengeful Yahweh of a semi-barbarous stage equated with the evolved Yahweh of the mystic and humanitarian. For good or ill Christianity has to this day been bound up with this record of ancient Judaism. The Ancestors of the Jew have become for the Christian the glorified Patriarchs of humanity, who beyond all other men walked with God. The Biblical history of the Jew is regarded as the making straight in the desert of human immorality and paganism of a highway for the Lord of the Christians. Jesus, who is worshipped by the Christians as God, so much so that the cult of the Father has from the second century been relegated to an entirely subordinate position—Jeschu ha-Notzri was a Jew. On the other hand we have to-day before us in the Jews the strange and profoundly interesting phenomenon of a nation without a country, scattered throughout the world, planted in the midst of every Christian nation, and yet strenuously rejecting the faith which Christendom holds to be the saving grace of humanity. Even as the Brahmanists were the means of sending forth Buddhism into the world, and then, by building up round themselves a stronger wall of separation than ever, cut themselves off from the new endeavour, so were the Jews the means of launching Christianity into the world, and then, by hedging themselves round with an impermeable legal fence, shut themselves entirely from the new movement. In both cases the ancient blood-tie and the idea of a religion for a nation triumphed over time and every other modifying force. What, then, can be of profounder interest than to learn what the Jews have said concerning Jesus and Christianity? And yet how few Christians today know anything of this subject; how few have the remotest conception of the traditions of Jewry concerning the founder of their faith! For so many centuries have they regarded Jesus as God, and everything concerning Him, as set apart in the history of the world, as unique and miraculous, that to find Him treated of as a simple man, and that too as one who misled the children of His people, appears to the believer as the rankest blasphemy. Least of all can such a mind realize even faintly that the claims of the Church on behalf of Jesus have ever been thought, and are still thought, by the followers of the Torah to be equally the extreme of blasphemy, most solemnly condemned by the first and foremost of the commandments which the pious Jew must perforce believe came straight from God Himself. Astonishing, therefore, as it appears, though Jew and Christian use the same Scripture in common, with regard to their fundamental beliefs they stand over against each other in widest opposition; and the man who sincerely loves his fellows, who feels his kinship with man as man, irrespective of creed, caste, or race, stands aghast at the contradictions revealed by the warring elements in our common human nature, and is dismayed at the infinite opposition of the powers he sees displayed in his brethren and feels potential in himself. But, thank God, to-day we are in the early years of the twentieth century, when a deeper sense of human kinship is dawning on the world, when the general idea of God is so evolved that we dare no longer clothe Him in the tawdry rags of human passions, or create Him in the image of our ignorance, as has been mostly the case for so many sorrowful centuries. We are at last beginning to learn that God is at least as highly developed as a wise and just mortal; we refuse to ascribe to Deity a fanaticism and jealousy, an inhumanity and mercilessness, of which we should be heartily ashamed in ourselves. There are many to-day who would think themselves traitors to their humanity, much more to the divinity latent within them, were they to make distinctions between Jew or Christian, Brahman or Buddhist, or between all or any of these and the Confucian, or Mohammedan, or Zoroastrian. They are all our brethren, children of a common parent, these say. Let the dead past bury its dead, and let us follow the true humanity hidden in the hearts of all. But how to do this so long as records exist? How to do this while we each glory in the heredity of our bodies, and imagine that it is the spiritual ancestry of our souls? What is it that makes a man cling to the story of his "fathers," fight for it, and identify himself with all its natural imperfections and limitations? Are not these rather, at any rate on the ground of religion, in some fashion the "parents" we are to think little of, to "hate," as one of the "dark sayings" ascribed to the Christ has it? Why should a Jew of to-day, why should a Christian of the early years of the twentieth century, identify himself with the hates of years gone by? What have we to do with the bitter controversies of Church Fathers and Talmudic Rabbis; what have we to do with the fierce inhumanity of mediaeval inquisitors, or the retorts of the hate of persecuted Jewry? Why can we not at last forgive and forget in the light of the new humanism which education and mutual intercourse is shedding on the world? Wise indeed are the words: "He that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen, how can he love God whom he hath not seen?" And yet in theology all the trouble is about this God whom we have not seen. Theology, which ought to be a help and a comfort, becomes the greatest scourge of humanity, for in theology we do not say this or that is true because the present facts of nature and human consciousness testify to its truth, but this is true because many years ago God declared it was so—a thing we can never know on the plane of our present humanity, and a declaration which, as history proves, has led to the bitterest strife and discord in the past, and which is still to-day a serious obstacle to all progress in religion. When, then, we take pen in hand to review part of the history of this great strife between Christian and Jew in days gone by, we do so because we have greater faith in present-day humanity than in the inhumanity of the past.. Let us agree to seek an explanation, to confer together, to sink our pride in our own opinion, and discover why we are enemies, one of another, in things theological, while we are friends perchance in things scientific and philosophic. But this book is not intended for the man whose "Christianity" is greater than his humanity, nor for him whose "Judaism" is stronger than his love of humankind; it is not meant for the theologian who loves his preconceptions more than truth, or for the fanatic who thinks he is the only chosen of God. It is a book for men and women who have experience of life and human nature, who have the courage to face things as they are; who know that on the one hand the Churches of to-day, no matter how they strive carefully to disguise the fact, are confronted by the gravest possible difficulties as to doctrine, while many of the clergy, owing to a total lack of wise guidance by those in authority, are becoming a law unto themselves, or, because of the terrorism of ecclesiastical laymen, are forced to be hypocrites in the pulpit; and, on the other hand, that Judaism cannot continue in its traditional mould without doing the utmost violence to its intelligence. Traditional theology, traditional history, traditional views in general are being questioned on all hands, and there is an. ever-growing conviction that the consciousness and conscience of a Church, whether that Church be the Congregation of Christendom or the Dispersion of Israel, evolve from century to century; that religion is not an exception to the law which is seen to be operative in every department of nature and human activity; and that, therefore, it is incumbent upon all who have the best interests of religion at heart "to maintain the right and duty of [any] Church to restate her belief from time to time, as required by the progressive revelation of the Holy Spirit," as one of the objects of the Churchmen's Union declares. To-day, in thinking and progressive Christendom, we have before us the spectacle of the mind and heart of the earnest seeker after truth torn and lacerated by the contradictions and manifest absurdities of much in the tradition of the Faith. The only relief from this most painful state of affairs is to be found in the courageous recognition, that in the early days the marvelous mysteries of the inner life and the inner nature of man were objectivized and historicized by those who either did not understand their true spiritual import, or who deliberately used this method for the instruction of the many who were unable to grasp in their proper terms the spiritual verities of man in his perfectioning. To this we will return at the end of our present enquiry and endeavour to show how even Jew and Christian can learn to understand and respect each other even on the ground of religion. And, indeed, the time is very opportune, for some of the preliminary conditions for a better understanding are being prepared. To-day there is being given to the world for the first time what purports to be "a faithful record of the multifarious activity" of the Jewish people. The Israelite has been a mystery to the Christian, a mystery to humanity, from generation to generation; he has lived in our midst, and we have not known him, nay, we have been content to believe anything of him, while he for the most part has been inarticulate as to himself, his hopes, and his fears. The Jewish Encyclopaedia is to remedy this evil, for it sets before itself the endeavour "to give, in systematized, comprehensive, and yet succinct form, a full and accurate account of the history and literature, the social and intellectual life of the Jewish people, of their ethical and religious views, their customs, rites, and traditions in all ages and in all lands." Such a work is an undertaking of the most profound interest and importance, and we look forward to its publication with the liveliest anticipation, asking ourselves the questions: What will the Jew in this comprehensive Encyclopaedia have to tell us of Christianity? How will he treat the traditions of his fathers concerning Jesus? To-day we can no longer burn or torture him or confiscate his goods. His account of himself, moreover, is to be given by the best intelligence in him. What, then, will he say concerning Jesus and the long centuries of bitter strife between the Christians and his own people? From the three volumes which have so far appeared it is not possible to answer this question; but that it is the question of all questions in Jewish affairs that demands a wise answer, will be seen from our present Three of its twelve volumes only have so far appeared. (New York: Funk & Wagnalls; 1901, in progress.) Though the East of Europe is not yet quite powerless in this respect. enquiry. To ignore it, or merely to confine it to vague generalities, is of no advantage to the world. As the New Testament was added to the Old Covenant Bible by the Church Fathers, and formed the basis of their exegesis, so was the Talmud added to the Torah by the Rabbis, and formed the special study of later Jewry. The Talmud covers the whole period of the early Christian centuries. What has the Talmud to say of Christianity? For as the editors of the Encyclopaedia well say: "The Talmud is a world of its own, awaiting the attention of the modern reader. In its encyclopaedic compass it comprises all the variety of thought and opinions, of doctrine and science, accumulated by the Jewish people in the course of more than seven centuries, and formulated for the most part by their teachers. Full of the loftiest spiritual truths and of fantastic imagery, of close and learned legal disquisitions and of extravagant exegesis, of earnest doctrine and of minute casuistry, of accurate knowledge and of popular conceptions, it invites the world of to-day to a closer acquaintance with its voluminous contents." To-day it is becoming a canon of historical research that the study of ancient history can hardly ever reward us by the attainment of incontrovertible fact; it can at best only tell us what the opinions of certain writers were about the facts of which we are in search. Many years of study of Christian origins have convinced some of us that it is impossible to be absolutely certain historically of any objective fact relating to the life of Jesus as handed on by tradition. We can only say that this or that seems more likely to have occurred; and here again our preference, if we trace it deep enough, will be found to depend entirely on subjective considerations. Canonical Christianity gradually evolved the mind-bewildering dogma that Jesus was in deed and truth very God of very God, unique and miraculous in every possible respect; and the Church for some seventeen or eighteen centuries has boldly thrown down this challenge to the intellect and experience of humanity. Strong in the strength of her faith in miracle she has triumphed in her theology, and imposed it on the West even until the present day; but at last she has herself developed an intellect which can no longer fully believe in this. A new spirit is at work in her children, who are busily trying to convince their mother that she has been mistaken in many things, and has often misunderstood the wisdom of the Master. It is because of this stupendous claim on behalf of a claim which has perhaps astonished none more than Himself, that the Church has brought upon herself a scrutiny into the history of her origins that it is totally unable to bear. Every single assertion about her great Teacher is scrutinized with a minuteness that is not demanded in the case of any other historical problem, and the lay student who follows the researches of specialists meets with so many contradictions in the analysis of the traditional data, and is brought face to face with so many warring opinions, that he is in despair of arriving at any patent historic certainty on any single point in the Evangelical record. Nevertheless he is confronted by the unavoidable fact that a great religion came to birth; and, if he be not an out and out five-sense rationalist, his only relief lies in the belief that the secret of this birth must have been hidden in a psychic womb, and the real history of the movement must therefore be sought in some great drama that was enacted in the unseen world. But the interest in the problem is by no means lessened because of the historical uncertainty; on the contrary it is a thousand-fold increased. The subject can never be made solely a matter of dry historical research; it will always be involved in the most profoundly instructive psychological phenomena, and that too not only in the study of the minds of the ancient writers, but also in the appreciation of the preconceptions of their modern critics. Hence it is that any book dealing with the question of Christian origins is before all others a human document from which, no matter what view a man may take, there is always something to be learned of our complex human nature. And with regard to our present enquiry, what can be of greater interest than to observe how that from the same facts, whatever those facts may have been, on the one hand, under the expansive influence of love, wonder, credulity, and intense religious enthusiasm, there was evolved the story of God Himself uniquely incarnate in man; while on the other, from feelings of annoyance, of surprise, and disbelief, and, later, of hate, bred of an equal enthusiasm for religion, there was built up the story of a deceiver of Israel? Here we see evolved, generation by generation, and side by side, absolutely contradictory representations purporting to be the accounts of the doings and sayings of one and the same person. The philosophic mind can thus derive much food for reflexion by a comparison of the Christian and Jewish traditions concerning Jesus, and his studies will lead him to understand how that a thing which may be perfectly true psychically or spiritually, and of great help to the religious life, can, when taken out of its proper sphere, and aggressively asserted as a purely physical and historical fact, be turned into a subject of grossest material controversy. Thus it may be that we shall be able to estimate, at their just values, some things which cannot but appear extremely shocking to conventional religious minds, and be able to understand how what was regarded by the one side as a saving truth, could be regarded by the other as a mischievous error; how what was declared by the Christians to be the highest honour, could be regarded by the Jew as a proof of dishonour; how what was believed in by the former as the historic facts of a unique divine revelation, could be treated disparagingly, or with mockery and even humour, by those who held to the tradition of what they believed to have been equally a unique revelation of the Divine. But it is not the doctrinal quarrels which chiefly interest us in studying these traditions of Jewry. What, in our opinion, is of far greater interest is that the Jewish traditions, in spite of some gross contradictions, in the main assign a date to Jesus which widely differs from that of Christian tradition. The main object of this enquiry is to state this problem, to show that in moderate probability for many centuries this was the Jewish tradition as to the date of Jesus, not to attack or defend it. Moreover, we have taken up this subject not only on general grounds of interest, but also for a special reason. For this problem, though not as yet even heard of by the general public, is, nevertheless, of great interest to many students of Theosophy, and, therefore, it seems to press, not for solution—for of that there are no immediate hopes—but for a more satisfactory definition than has been as yet accorded to it. The problem, then, we are about to attempt more clearly to define is not a metaphysical riddle, not a spiritual enigma, not some moral puzzle (though all of these factors may be made to inhere in it), but a problem of physical fact, well within the middle distance of what is called the historic period. It is none the less on this account of immense importance and interest generally, and especially to thoughtful students of "origins," for it raises no less a question than that of an error in the date of the life of the Founder of Christianity; and that, too, not by the comparatively narrow margin of some seven or eight years (as many have already argued on the sole basis of generally accepted traditional data), but by no less a difference than the (in such a connection) enormous time-gulf of a full century. Briefly, the problem may be popularly summed up in the startling and apparently ludicrous question: Did Jesus live 100 B.C.? Now, had all such questioning been confined to a small circle of first-hand investigators of the hidden side of things, or, if we may say so, of the noumena of things historic underlying the blurred records of phenomena handed down to us by tradition, there would be no immediate necessity for the present enquiry; but of late years very positive statements on this matter, based on such methods of research, have been printed and circulated among those interested in such questions; and what, in the opinion of the writer, makes the matter even more pressing, is that these statements are being readily accepted by ever-growing numbers. Now, it goes without saying, that the majority of those who have accepted such statements have done so either for subjective reasons satisfactory to themselves, or from some inner feeling or impression which they have not been at pains to analyse. The state of affairs, then, seems clearly to demand, that as they have heard a little of the matter, they should now hear more, and that the question should be taken out of the primitive crudeness of a choice between two sets of mutually contradictory assertions, and advanced a stage into the subtler regions of critical research. As far as the vast majority of the general public who may chance to stumble on the amazing question which heads our enquiry, is concerned, it is only to be expected that they will answer it offhand not only with an angry No, but with the further reflection that the very formulating of such a query betokens the vagaries of a seriously disordered mind; indeed, at the outset of our investigations we were also ourselves decidedly of the opinion that no mind trained in historic research, even the most cautious, would hesitate for a moment to sum up the probabilities of the accessible evidence as pointing to a distinct negative. But when all is said and done, we find ourselves in a position of doubt between, on the one hand, the seeming impossibility of impugning the genuineness of the Pilate date, and on the other, an uncomfortable feeling that the nature of the inconsistencies of the Hebrew tradition rather strengthens than diminishes the possibility that there may be something after all in what appears to be its most insistent factor—namely, that Jesus lived in the days of Jannai. It is not, then, with any hopes of definitely solving the problem that these pages are written, but rather with the object of pointing out the difficulties which have to be surmounted by an unprejudiced historian, before on the one hand he can rule such a question entirely out of court, or on the other can permit himself to give even a qualified recognition to such a revolutionary proposition in the domain of Christian origins; and further, of trying to indicate by an object lesson what appears to me to be the sane attitude of mind with regard to similar problems, which those of us who have had some experience of the possibilities of so-called occult research, but who have not the ability to study such matters at first-hand, should endeavour to hold. In what is set forth in this essay, then, I hope most honestly to endeavour to treat the matter without prejudice, save for this general prepossession, that I consider it saner for the only normally endowed individual to hold the mind in suspense over all categorical statements which savour in any way of the nature of "revelation," by whomsoever made, than to believe either on the one hand without investigation, or on the other in despair of arriving at any real bed-rock of facts in the unsubstantial material commonly believed in as history, and thus in either case to crystallise one's mind anew into some "historic" form, on lines of evidence concerning the nature of which we are as yet almost entirely ignorant. And, first of all, let me further set forth very briefly some of the considerations which render it impossible for me to assume either a decidedly negative, or even a purely agnostic, attitude with regard to possibilities of research other than those open to normal ability and industry; for if a man would honestly endeavour, in any fashion really satisfactory to himself, to interpret the observed phenomena of life, he is compelled by a necessity greater than himself to take into consideration all the facts of at least his personal experience, no matter how sceptical he may be as to the validity of the experiences of others, or how critical he may be concerning his own. On the other hand, I most freely admit that those who have not had experiences similar to my own, are quite justified in assuming an agnostic attitude with regard to my declarations, but I doubt that it can be considered the nature of a truly scientific mind to deny a priori the possibility of my experience, or merely contemptuously to dismiss the matter without any attempt at investigation. It has been my good fortune—for so I regard it—to know a number of people who have their subtler senses, to a greater or less degree, more fully developed than is normally the case, and also to be intimate with a few whose power of response to extra-normal ranges of impression, vibration, or stimulation (or whatever may be the more correct term) may be said to be, as far as my experience goes, highly developed. These latter are my personal friends, whom I have known for many years, and with whom I have been most closely associated. From long knowledge of their characters, often under very trying circumstances, I have no reason to believe they are trying to deceive me, and every reason to believe in their good faith. They certainly would have nothing to gain by practising, if it were possible, any concerted imposition upon me, and everything to lose. For, on the one hand, my devotion to the studies I pursue, and the work upon which I am engaged, is entirely independent of individuals and their pronouncements, and, on the other, my feeling of responsibility to humanity in general is such, that I should not have the slightest hesitation in openly proclaiming a fraud, were I to discover any attempt at it, especially in matters which I hold to be more than ordinarily sacred for all who profess to be lovers of truth and labourers for our common welfare. Nor again is there any question here of their trying to influence some prospective "follower," either of themselves, or of some particular sect, for we are more or less contemporaries in similar studies, and one of our common ideals is the desirability of breaking down the boundary walls of sectarianism. Now, this handful of friends of mine who are endowed in this special fashion are unanimous in declaring that "Jeschu," the historical Jesus, lived a century before the traditional date. They, one and all, claim that, if they turn their attention to the matter, they can see the events of those far-off days passing before their mind's eye, or, rather, that for the time being they seem to be in the midst of them, even as we ordinarily observe events in actual life. They state that not only do their individual researches as to this date work out to one and the same result, but that also when several of them have worked together, checking one another, the result has been still the same. Familiar as I am with the hypotheses of "collective hallucination," "honest self-deception," and "subjectivism" of all kinds, I have been unable to satisfy myself that any one of these, or any combination of them, will satisfactorily explain the matter. For instance, even granting that certain of the Jewish Jesus stories may have been previously known to some of my colleagues, and that it might be reasonably supposed that this curious tradition had so fascinated their imagination as to become the determining factor in what might be called their subjective dramatising faculty—there are two considerations which, in my opinion, based on my own knowledge and experience, considerably weaken the strength of this sceptical and otherwise apparently reasonable supposition. First, the general consideration that my friends differ widely from each other in temperament; they are mostly of different nationalities, and all vary considerably in their objective knowledge of Christian origins, and in their special views of external Christianity. Moreover—though they all sincerely endeavour to be impartial on so important a matter, seeing that it touches the life of a Master for whom they have in a very real sense the deepest reverence—while some of them do not happen to be special followers of this particular Teacher, others, on the contrary, are specially attracted by this Way, and might, therefore, be naturally expected to counteract in the interest of received tradition any tendency to apparent extrava- gance, which was not justified by repeated subjective experiences of such a nature as to outweigh their objective training and natural preconceptions. Second, the very special consideration, that I have had the opportunity on many occasions of testing the accuracy of some of my colleagues with regard to statements either of a similar nature or of a more personal character. And lest my evidence on this point should be too hastily put out of court by some impatient reader, let me briefly refer to the nature of such verification. But before doing so, it would be as well to have it understood that the method of investigation to which I am referring does not bring into consideration any question of trance, either self-induced, or mesmerically or hypnotically effected. As far as I can judge, my colleagues are to all outward seeming in quite their normal state. They go through no outward ceremonies, or internal ones for that matter, nor even any outward preparation but that of assuming a comfortable position; moreover, they not only describe, as each normally has the power of description, what is passing before their inner vision in precisely the same fashion as one would describe some objective scene, but they are frequently as surprised as their auditors that the scenes or events they are attempting to explain are not at all as they expected to see them, and remark on them as critically, and frequently as sceptically, as those who cannot "see" for themselves, but whose knowledge of the subject from objective study may be greater than theirs. Now, although it is true that in the majority of cases I have not been able to check their statements, and doubt whether it will ever be possible to do so owing to the lack of objective material, nevertheless, in a number of instances, few when compared with the mass of statements made, but numerous enough in themselves, I have been able to do so. It can, of course, be argued, as has been done in somewhat similar cases, that all of this is merely the bringing into subjective objectivity the imaginative dramatisation of facts which have been normally heard or read, or even momentarily glanced at, and which have sunk beneath the threshold of consciousness, either of that of the seers themselves or of one or other of their auditors, or even some permutation or combination of these. But such an explanation, seems somewhat feeble to one who, like myself, has taken down laboriously dictated passages from MSS., described, for instance, as written in archaic Greek uncials—MSS., the contents of which, as far as I am aware, are not known to exist—passages laboriously dictated letter by letter, by a friend whose knowledge of the language extended hardly beyond the alphabet. Occasionally gaps had to be left for certain forms of letters, with which not only my colleague, but also myself, were previously entirely unacquainted; these gaps had to be filled up afterwards, when the matter was transcribed and broken up into words and sentences, which turned out to be in good construable Greek, the original or copy of which, I am as sure as I can be of anything, neither my colleague nor myself had ever seen physically. Moreover, I have had dates and information given by these methods which I could only verify afterwards by long and patient research, and which, I am convinced, no one but a widely read scholar of classical antiquity could have come across. This briefly is the nature of some of the facts of my personal experience in this connection, and while others who have not had such experience may permissibly put it aside, I am unable to do so; and not only am I unable to do so personally, but I further consider it more honest to my readers to admit them to my privacy in this respect, in order that they may be in a better position to estimate the strength or weakness of my preconceptions or prejudices in the treatment of the exceedingly interesting problem which we are about to consider. It will thus be seen at the outset that I am unable, a priori to refuse any validity to these so-called occult methods of research; the ghost of my repeated experience rises up before me and refuses to be laid by an impatient "pshaw." But it by no means follows that, because in some instances I have been enabled to verify the truth of my colleagues' statements, I am therefore justified in accepting the remainder on trust. Of their good faith I have no question, but of the nature of the modus of their "seeing" I am in almost complete ignorance. That it is of a more subtle nature than ordinary sight, or memory, or even imagination, I am very well assured; but that there should be entrusted to an apparently favoured few, and that, too, comparatively suddenly, a means of inerrant knowledge which seemingly reduces the results of the unwearied toil of the most laborious scholars and historians to the most beggarly proportions, I am not prepared at present to accept. It would rather seem more scientific to suppose that, in exact proportion to the startling degree of accuracy that may at times be attained by these subtle methods of research, the errors that may arise can be equally appalling. And, indeed, this is borne out not only by the perusal of the little studied, but enormous, literature on such subjects, both of antiquity and of the present day, but also by the repeated declarations of those of my colleagues themselves who have endeavoured to fit themselves for a truly scientific use of such faculties. They all declare that their great aim is to eliminate as far as possible the personal factor; for if, so to say, the glass of their mind-stuff, through which they have to see, is not most accurately polished and adjusted, the things seen are all blurred, or distorted into the most fantastic shapes. This "glass" is in itself of a most subtle nature, most plastic and protean; it changes with every desire, with every hope and fear, with every prejudice and prepossession, with every love and hate. Such factors, then, are not unthought of by my colleagues; rather are they most carefully considered. But this being so, it is plain that it is very difficult to discover a sure criterion of accuracy in such subtle research, even for the practised seer, or seeress, who is willing to submit himself to the strictest discipline; while for those of us who have not developed these distinct inner senses, but who desire eventually to arrive at some certain criterion of truth, and who further believe that this is a thing beyond all sensation, we must be content to develop our critical faculties on the material accessible to us, and do all we can with it before we abandon the subject to "revelation." Nor is this latter attitude of mind opposed to the best interests of religion; for, if we are in any way right in our belief, we hold that the workman is only expected to work with his own tools. To use in an expanded sense a phrase of the "Gita," there should be no "confusion of castes"; or to employ the language of one of the Gospel parables, a man should lay out the "talent" entrusted to him to the best advantage, and if he do this, no more for the moment, we may believe, is expected of him. We have all, each in our own way, to labour for the common good; but a workman whose trade is that of objective historical research is rarely trusted with the tools of seership as well, while the seer presumably is not expected to devote his life to historical criticism. Doubtless there may be some who are entrusted with two or more talents of different natures, but so far we have not as yet in our own times come across the desirable blend of a competent seer and a historical critic. We must, then, each of us in his own way, work together for righteousness; hoping that if in the present we employ our single talents rightly, and prove ourselves profitable servants, we may in the future become masters of two or even more "cities," and thus (to adapt the wording of a famous agraphon) having proved ourselves trustworthy in the "lesser," be accorded the opportunity of showing ourselves faithful in the "greater (mysteries)." Having, then, prefaced our enquiry by these brief remarks on the nature of the methods of research em- ployed by those whose statements have lately brought this question into prominence in certain circles, we proceed to enumerate the various deposits of objective material which have to be surveyed and analysed, before a mind accustomed to historical study and the weighing of evidence can feel in a position to estimate even approximately the comparative values of the various traditions. We have, then, in the first place to consider the Christian tradition that Jesus was born in the reign of Herod, and was put to death under Pontius Pilate, and further, to glance at the material from Pagan sources claimed to substantiate this tradition; in the second to acquaint ourselves with the Talmud Jeschu stories which purport to preserve traditions of the life and date of Jeschu totally at variance on almost every point with the Christian account; further to investigate the Toldoth Jeschu or mediaeval Jewish Jesus legends; and lastly to consider some very curious passages in the writings of the Church Father Epiphanius of Salamis. That there are many better equipped and more competent than myself to discuss these difficult subjects, no one is more keenly aware than I am. But seeing that there are no books on the subject readily accessible to the general reader, I may be excused for coming forward, not with the pretension of discovering any facts previously unknown to specialists, but with the very modest ambition of attempting some new combinations of some of the best-known of such facts, while generally indicating some of the outlines of the question for those who cannot find the information for themselves, and of pointing to a few of the difficulties which con- front a student of the labours of these specialists, in the hope that some greater mind may at no distant date be induced to throw further light on the matter. Finally, seeing that in the treatment of the Jewish Jeschu stories many things exceedingly distasteful to lovers of Jesus will have to be referred to, and that generally, in the whole enquiry, many points involved in the most violent controversy will have to be considered, let me say that I would most gladly have avoided them if it were possible. But a greater necessity than personal likes or dislikes compels the setting forth of the whole matter as it is found. We are told that the truth alone shall make us free; and the love of it compels us sometimes to deal with most distasteful matters. Few things can be more unpleasing than to be even the indirect means of giving pain to the sincere lovers of a great Teacher, but the necessities of the enquiry into the question: Did Jesus live 100 B.C.?—primarily involves a discussion of the Jewish Jeschu stories, and it is therefore impossible to omit them. 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Hypoxic Chamber Installed at PEIF NMU is one of only a handful of universities nationwide to own a hypoxic chamber. The unit was installed this week in an exercise science laboratory in the PEIF. Deceptively simple in its design, the system is capable of producing oxygen-reduced air that simulates altitudes of up to 20,000 feet. Athletes once had to live in or travel to high elevations to achieve boosted red blood cell levels for better oxygen carrying capacity to enhance endurance. A chamber that mimics altitude’s “thin air” serves to potentially enhance oxygen carrying capacity without the travel hassle or expense of living “high.” Scott Drum (HPER) says the system has applications for athletes and mountaineers. It also presents broad research opportunities related to the impact of high altitude on performance, cognition and obesity. “Oxygen is our body’s main source of aerobic energy, so when you’re first exposed to a hypoxic environment, your body has to work harder with less available oxygen to achieve the same result,” said Drum, pictured below with NMU student Megan Jenkins. “This struggle to compensate causes a chain of physiological reactions. You literally feel like a fish out of water. Your volume of oxygen is suppressed. Your respiratory rate is higher. Dehydration occurs faster because of the drier air. During acute or after extended or repeated exposure to hypoxia, your kidneys produce more EPO (erythropoietin hormone), generating more red blood cells that increase oxygen-carrying capacity, which may enhance endurance performance. I spent 12 years in Colorado and it was a noticeable difference when runners from sea level first arrived compared with after they had trained there a few weeks.” Drum is an ultramarathon runner. He completes distances of 30-50 miles, including a summer trek that covered the length of Isle Royale. Potentially, he plans to serve as the first research subject, sleeping in the chamber for up to a month-long period. Drum will run a timed 5K trial on the Superior Dome track before the intervention, train consistently throughout and compare his red blood cell count and hemoglobin mass afterward. “The hypoxic chamber isn’t just for me; it will be available to everyone in our school to diversify our research,” he said. “Randy (Jensen) and Phil (Watts) encouraged me to run with the idea and it fits well with what they’re already studying related to sports performance and rock climbing, among other projects. Additionally, we hope to collaborate with other NMU departments and the local medical community on research projects. Because hypoxia has been shown to raise metabolism and suppress appetite, it also has implications for obesity. And who knows where it might lead. There are a couple of altitude houses in the United States. All the rooms are hypoxic. These places invite training groups, Nordic skiers, marathon runners and bikers for extended stays. Could we become a destination like that where it’s best to ‘live high and train low?’” Students will be involved in the research. Two NMU construction management majors helped to assemble the unit, which will be put to use beginning in January. It was purchased from Hypoxico Altitude Training Systems. The company offers home and commercial systems. Its website features prominent athletes who have used altitude training products, including Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps and NBA star LeBron James.	<urn:uuid:bee9f976-0083-4211-a0f2-f0175cda5d8e>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.nmu.edu/campus/node/162	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00201-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.949218	725	2.9375	3
Please note: This information was current at the time of publication. But medical information is always changing, and some information given here may be out of date. For regularly updated information on a variety of health topics, please visit familydoctor.org, the AAFP patient education Web site. Information from Your Family Doctor Barrett’s Esophagus—What Should I Know About It? FREE PREVIEW. AAFP members and paid subscribers: Log in to get free access. All others: Purchase online access. FREE PREVIEW. Purchase online access to read the full version of this article. Am Fam Physician. 2004 May 1;69(9):2120. What is Barrett’s esophagus? Your esophagus (say: ee-saw-fuh-gus) is a tube that goes from your throat to your stomach. When you swallow food, it goes through this tube and into your stomach. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (also called GERD) is a health problem you get when stomach acid goes up into your esophagus. Barrett’s esophagus can happen when stomach acid goes into your esophagus and makes changes in the lining of the esophagus. Barrett’s esophagus sometimes leads to cancer. Who gets Barrett’s esophagus? People who have had GERD for a long time have a higher risk of getting Barrett’s esophagus. This problem is much more common in white and Hispanic men. Smokers and people who are obese also have a higher risk. Barrett’s esophagus is more common in people older than 50 years. Most people with Barrett’s esophagus are diagnosed after 60 years of age. When should I see my doctor about Barrett’s esophagus? You should ask your doctor about Barrett’s esophagus if you have heartburn three or more times per week, or if you have had heartburn for many years. You also should see your doctor if you have trouble swallowing, pain with swallowing, unwanted weight loss, blood in your vomit or bowel movements, or bowel movements that look like black tar. How is Barrett’s esophagus treated? Barrett’s esophagus usually is treated with medicines called proton pump inhibitors. These medicines cut down on the amount of acid in your stomach. Sometimes, surgery can make less stomach acid get into your esophagus. What can I expect if I have Barrett’s esophagus? If you have Barrett’s esophagus, your doctor may have you see a specialist called a gastroenterologist. Your family doctor or the gastroenterologist may want you to have an upper endoscopy. With this test, a flexible tube goes down your throat, and the doctor looks inside your esophagus and stomach. GERD should be treated before endoscopy is done. Patients with two endoscopies in a row that show no abnormal cells should have another endoscopy every three to five years. If your doctor finds abnormal cells on a biopsy, another expert should confirm it. Patients with somewhat abnormal cells should get an endoscopy every year. Patients with more highly abnormal cells should get an endoscopy every three months or have surgery to remove the abnormal tissue. This handout is provided to you by your family doctor and the American Academy of Family Physicians. Other health-related information is available from the AAFP online at http://familydoctor.org. This information provides a general overview and may not apply to everyone. Talk to your family doctor to find out if this information applies to you and to get more information on this subject. Copyright © 2004 by the American Academy of Family Physicians. This content is owned by the AAFP. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. Contact email@example.com for copyright questions and/or permission requests. Want to use this article elsewhere? Get Permissions	<urn:uuid:ceee9a1e-736a-454c-b802-e98263446fc2>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0501/p2120.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00055-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.912723	898	2.84375	3
Last name origins & meanings: - Scottish, English, and German: nickname for a calm man, from Middle English, Middle High German stille ‘calm’, ‘still’. The German name may also have denoted a (deaf) mute, from the same word in the sense ‘silent’. - English: topographic name for someone who lived by a fish trap in a river, from Middle English still, stell ‘fish trap’. - German: habitational name from a place so named, in Alsace, near Strasbourg. Comments for Still	<urn:uuid:c2cd7112-ed56-4737-b393-8aef30102cc9>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://genealogy.familyeducation.com/surname-origin/still	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00089-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.878888	137	2.859375	3
With its careful balance of the social and political dimensions of American history, America Past and Present, Sixth Edition , helps students grasp the scope and the complexity of the American past. Written by a distinguished author team, America Past and Present, Sixth Edition, presents a lively narrative, clear organization, exceptional pedagogy, and special features that bring history to life for introductory students. * All new essays are asterisked below. 1. New World Encounters. Native American Histories Before Conquest. The Indians Discover a New World. West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies. Europe on the Eve of Conquest. Making Sense of a New World. The French Claim Canada. The English Enter the Competition. Irish Background for American Settlement. An Unpromising Beginning. Feature Essay: Ecological Revolution. 2. England's Colonial Experiments: The Seventeenth Century. The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth. Reinventing England in America. Diversity in the Middle Colonies. Quakers in America. Planting the Carolinas. The Founding of Georgia. Rugged and Laborious Beginnings. Feature Essay: Capital Punishment in Early America: A Kind of Moral Theater? 3. Putting Down Roots: Families in an Atlantic Empire. Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century. The Planters' World. Race and Freedom in British America. Commercial Blueprint for Empire. Colonial Gentry in Revolt, 1676-1691. Common Experiences, Separate Cultures. Feature Essay: Anthony Johnson: A Free Black Planter on Pungoteague Creek. Law and Society I: Witches and the Law: A Problem of Evidence in 1692. 4. Frontiers of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America. Ethnic Cultures of the Backcountry. Spanish Borderlands of the Eighteenth Century. British Colonies in an Atlantic World. Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies. Clash of Political Cultures. Century of Imperial War. * Feature Essay: Learning to Live with Diversity in the Eighteenth Century: What Is an American? 5. The American Revolution: From Gentry Protest to Popular Revolt, 1763-1783. Contested Meanings of Empire. Challenge and Resistance: Eroding the Bonds of Empire. Decision for Independence. Fighting for Independence. The Loyalist Dilemma. Winning the Peace. Feature Essay: Popular Culture and Revolutionary Ferment. 6. The Republican Experiment. Defining a New Political Culture. Living in a Revolutionary Society. The States: The Lessons of Republicanism. Stumbling Toward a New National Government. Strengthening Federal Authority. “Have We Fought for This?” Whose Constitution? Struggle for Ratification. A New Beginning. Feature Essay: The Elusive Constitution: Search for Original Intent. Law and Society II: The Strange Ordeal of Quok Walker: Slavery on Trial in Revolutionary Massachusetts. 7. Democracy in Distress: The Violence of Party Politics, 1788-1800. Power of Public Opinion. Principle and Pragmatism: Establishing a New Government. Conflicting Visions: Jefferson and Hamilton. Hamilton's Plan for Prosperity and Security. Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs. Popular Political Culture. The Adams Presidency. The Peaceful Revolution: The Election of 1800. Danger of Political Extremism. * Feature Essay: Counting the People: The Federal Census of 1790. 8. Jeffersonian Ascendancy: Theory and Practice of Government. Defining Identity in a New Republic. Republicans in Power. The Strange War of 1812. Feature Essay: Entrepreneurs of the Early Republic: Promise of Technology in American Life. 9. Nation Building and Nationalism. Expansion and Migration. Transportation and the Market Economy. The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812. Feature Essay: The Evolution of a “Mill Girl” . 10. The Triumph of White Men's Democracy. Democracy in Theory and Practice. Jackson and the Politics of Democracy. The Bank War and the Second Party System. Heyday of the Second Party System. Feature Essay: On the Hustings in Michigan. 11. The Pursuit of Perfection. The Rise of Evangelicalism. Domesticity and Changes in the American Family. Reform Turns Radical. Feature Essay: Spiritualism. 12. An Age of Expansionism. Movement to the Far West. Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War. * Feature Essay: Hispanic America After 1848: A Case Study in Majority Rule. 13. Masters and Slaves. Slavery and the Southern Economy. The Slaveholding Society. The Black Experience Under Slavery. A Divided Society. Feature Essay: Plantation Women—White and Black. 14. The Sectional Crisis. The Compromise of 1850. Political Upheaval, 1852-1856. The House Divided, 1857-1860. Explaining the Crisis. * Feature Essay: The Enigma of John Brown. * Law and Society III: The Case of Dred and Harriet Scott: Blurring the Borders of Politics and Justice. 15. Secession and the Civil War. The Storm Gathers. Adjusting to Total War. Fight to the Finish. Feature Essay: Soldiering in the Civil War. 16. The Agony of Reconstruction. The President Versus Congress. Reconstruction in the South. The Age of Grant. Reunion and the New South. Feature Essay: Changing Views of Reconstruction. Law and Society IV: The Beecher-Tilton Adultery Trial: Public Image Versus Private Conduct.	<urn:uuid:e5fca164-9148-4c08-a44a-cd8f7bf9acbe>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.ecampus.com/america-past-present-volume-i-chapters-116/bk/9780321084040	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00167-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.717391	1,282	3.453125	3
Zooming in on star-forming galaxies in the early Universe seen with ALMA This video sequence starts with a broad view of the sky, including the famous constellation of Orion (The Hunter). We gradually close in on an unremarkable patch of sky called the Chandra Deep Field South that has been studied by many telescopes on the ground and in space. A team of astronomers has used ALMA (the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array) to pinpoint the locations of over 100 of the most fertile star-forming galaxies in the early Universe in this part of the sky. The best map so far of these distant dusty galaxies was made using the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX), but the observations were not sharp enough to unambiguously identify these galaxies in images at other wavelengths. ALMA needed just two minutes per galaxy to pinpoint each one within a comparatively tiny region 200 times smaller than the broad APEX blobs, and with three times the sensitivity. At the end of this sequence the fuzzy APEX detections of the galaxies appear first, followed by the much sharper ALMA images that pin down the emitting galaxies much more precisely. The ALMA and APEX observations, at submillimetre wavelengths, are overlaid on an infrared view of the region as seen by the IRAC camera on the Spitzer Space Telescope (coloured blue).Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), APEX (MPIfR/ESO/OSO), J. Hodge et al., A. Weiss et al., NASA Spitzer Science Center, Digitized Sky Survey 2, and A. Fujii. About the Video \|Release date:\|\|17 April 2013, 12:00\| \|Duration:\|\|01 m 06 s\|	<urn:uuid:32872fe6-8f70-4d74-9e55-760235f845bc>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://eso.org/public/videos/eso1318a/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00112-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.909383	367	3.34375	3
Wild hazelnuts (or filberts) bear exactly the same nut as the cultivated variety, although the wild ones are usually smaller. The nuts are born in clusters on the end of branches; hazel blooms in late winter to very early spring with male and female flowers on the same plant. The nut clusters are called burrs and the best way to pick them is to pick the whole burr and get the nuts out later. The Irish hero Finn Mac Cumhail, or Finn MacCool as he is also called, is said to to have accidentally eaten some of the Salmon of Knowledge when he was cooking the fish for the old Druid with whom the child Finn was living. A bubble of oil on the fish burst, splashing Finn's fingers. He instinctively put his fingers in his mouth, and that action transferred the wisdom of the salmon to Finn--wisdom he used many times in his career (2). In the story of King Arthur's Cave (3), a hazel stick is said to be able to be used as a witching stick to find gold beneath the ground, just as many use a peach branch to divine or witch for water (I've tried this myself and watched in amazement as the forked peach stick was pulled to the ground). Hazel staffs were a favorite of the Druids and for simpler folk as a walking stick (4). Most of the hazel in my area is too small for such uses, growing more as a small shrub and not as a tree. Thin hazel branches can be used to weave wattle fences, and hazel is also believed to offer protection from venomous snakes, according to a Grimm's fairy tale (5). THE HAZEL BRANCH One afternoon the Christ-child had laid himself in his cradlebed and had fallen asleep. Then his mother came to him, looked at him full of gladness, and said, “Hast thou laid thyself down to sleep, my child? Sleep sweetly, and in the meantime I will go into the wood, and fetch thee a handful of strawberries, for I know that thou wilt be pleased with them when thou awakest.” In the wood outside, she found a spot with the most beautiful strawberries; but as she was stooping down to gather one, an adder sprang up out of the grass. She was alarmed, left the strawberries where they were, and hastened away. The adder darted after her; but Our Lady, as you can readily understand, knew what it was best to do. She hid herself behind a hazel bush, and stood there until the adder had crept away again. Then she gathered the strawberries, and as she set out on her way home she said, “As the hazel bush has been my protection this time, it shall in future protect others also.” Therefore, from the most remote times, a green hazel branch has been the safest protection against adders, snakes, and everything else which creeps upon the earth. 1) From Trees for Life 2) From Encyclopedia Mythica 3) Griffis, William. King Arthur's Cave, in Welsh Fairy Tales 4) From Growing Hazelnuts in Food Skills for Self-Sufficiency 5) Grimm, Jakob and Wilhelm. The Hazel Branch. Copyright 2012 Susanna Holstein. All rights reserved. No Republication or Redistribution Allowed without attribution to Susanna Holstein.	<urn:uuid:a8980ac2-9c23-4b1f-b3ee-0bae20073c48>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://grannysu.blogspot.com/2013/07/roadside-weeds-hazelnut.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.966106	735	2.984375	3
Phase, from the Greek phasis, meaning 'appearance', has a number of related meanings in English. - The phase of a waveform is the position of any peak or trough compared to the same feature on a second waveform. - A phase of matter is a physically distinctive form of a substance, such as the solid, liquid, and gaseous states of ordinary matter. Also sometimes included in this list are more exotic phases such as superfluids. Common examples of distinct phases within the same state of matter are immiscible liquids and the many phases of ice. - Phase in chemistry is a homogeneous part of material that can be mechanically separated from the rest. - An Internet Phase is the system of content, customer and order management as conceived by Phasedata. Similarly with Phase ENGINE. - A lunar phase is the appearance of the Moon as viewed from the Earth. Similarly with planetary phases. - The audio effect and DJ and compositional technique of phasing. - The term phase is used in small group communication, conflict, and negotiation to refer to segments during which the types of communication that occur remain approximately similar throughout, but clearly distinct from the types that occur during other phases. Phase ENGINE, from the ENGINEers at Phasedata, meaning 'content, customer and order management platform'. - Enables addition of Phase ecommerce services to a portfolio of service offerings supplying clients with all the services, including hosting, technical support and upgrades. Manage the customers and billing for each account. - Private Label the Phase ENGINE as your own company branded ecommerce solution or highlight and promote it as the cornerstone of your ecommerce services. - Free full featured Phase ENGINE Master web site to market web development and ecommerce services. - The ability to have customers order and instantly create ecommerce websites from master web site. - Master control panel allows Creation, modification and deletion of websites instantly. - Daily cost tracking ensures only pay for services actually used. Waves with the same phase Waves with different phases The phase of a wave relates the position of a feature, typically a peak or a trough of the waveform, to that same feature in another part of the waveform (or, which amounts to the same, on a second waveform). The phase may be measured as a time, distance, a fraction of the wavelength, or as an angle. A phase shift is simply a difference or change in phase. Mathematically the phase is the parameter of a function: where represents the argument. To get a grasp of it, consider the two waves A and B in this diagram: Both A and B have the same amplitude and the same wavelength. It is apparent that the positions of the peaks (X), troughs (Y) and zero-crossing points (Z) of both waves all coincide. The phase difference of the waves is thus zero, or, the waves are said to be in phase. If the two in-phase waves A and B are added together (for instance, if they are two light waves shining on the same spot), the result will be a third wave of the same wavelength as A and B, but with twice the amplitude. This is known as constructive interference. Now consider waves A and C: A and C are also of the same amplitude and wavelength. However, it can be seen that although the zero-crossing points (Z) are coincident between A and C, the positions of the peaks and troughs are reversed, that is an X on A becomes a Y on C, and vice versa. In this case, the two waves are said to be out of phase or in antiphase, or the phase difference of the two waves is ð radians, or half the wavelength (ë/2). If waves A and C are added, the result is a wave of zero amplitude. This is called destructive interference. Also consider waves A and D: In this situation, a peak (X) on wave A becomes a zero-crossing point (Z) on D, a zero-point becomes a peak, and so on. The waves A and D can be said to be in quadrature, or exactly ð/2, or ë/4 out of phase. In nature waveforms are often encountered as sine waves, because of the ubiquitous harmonic motion in physics. In this case the wave amplitude ö is given as a function of a variable, say x, by ö(x) = A sin(á x + ö0). In such an expression the constant ö0 is called the phase of the sine (the other constant A is the amplitude). If we plot this function, varying the value of ö0 results in translating the curve, i.e., to take a new relative "observational point". As it is easier to work with exponentials, the expression would more profitably be written ö(x) = A exp(i(áx + ö0)), with i the square root of −1. There we can factor ö0 and consequently exp(iö0) is called a pure phase since it contains only phase information and multiplying a function by such a complex exponential changes its phase only. Coherence is the quality of a wave to display well defined phase relationship in different regions of its domain of definition. In physics, quantum mechanics ascribes waves to physical objects. The wave function is complex and since its square modulus is associated to probability of observing the object, the complex character of the wave function is associated to the phase. Since the complex algebra is responsible for the striking interference effect of quantum mechanics, phase of particles is therefore ultimately related to their quantum behavior. It is common to speak of inverting the polarity of a wave as "flipping the phase" or "shifting the phase by 180 degrees". These are not completely equivalent, though, since a 180 degree phase shift of all signal frequencies would also delay the signal. Inverting the signal is instantaneous. From the Phasedata free encyclopedia.	<urn:uuid:ef90f9a0-0780-4355-a6cc-fcc7d1a3fe18>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.phase.name/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00143-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.941402	1,264	3.125	3
Plasma Ion Sources for High Resolution Primary Ion Beams Milling speeds with a gallium focused ion beam (FIB) are often much too slow for many sample preparation and surface engineering applications. Also, engineered devices must generally be tolerant of high gallium concentrations being implanted in the near-surface region. These are major restrictions when fabricating micro-mechanical devices that require nanometer-scale precision across dimensions of several hundred micrometers. Furthermore, elemental secondary ion mass spectrometric imaging (SIMS-Imaging) has been limited to a lateral resolution of 200nm when using an oxygen focused ion beam for high sensitivity surface analysis. Many applications in material science and biology could benefit from an ability to image trace level surface chemistry with <20nm resolution. Example applications include, sub-cellular imaging of trace metals in the brain for neurodegenerative disease studies, analysis of trace element segregation in metal alloys and studying isotope distributions in meteorites and interplanetary dust particles. At Oregon Physics, we have developed the HyperionTM inductively coupled plasma ion source that is now capable of generating smaller Xe+ probe diameters than the liquid metal ion source (LMIS, Ga+) FIB at beam currents in excess of 20nA. When operated with oxygen, this ion source exhibits imaging resolution, source lifetime and current stability, that are significantly better than provided by a duoplasmatron. FIB and SIMS data will be presented from this new ion source technology. The operating principles of the inductively coupled plasma source, the properties of the ion beam(s) being created and the projected future for this technology will also be described	<urn:uuid:8ce3c0a7-794b-484d-b4a5-021f6b6f3698>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.anl.gov/events/plasma-ion-sources-high-resolution-primary-ion-beams	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00183-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.900534	338	2.765625	3
Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: firstname.lastname@example.org. Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail. Progress Toward Sustainable Measles Mortality Reduction --- South-East Asia Region, 1999--2002 Substantial progress has been made toward meeting the 2003 World Health Assembly goal to reduce measles deaths 50% by the end of 2005, compared with deaths in 1999. Although measles remains the leading cause of vaccine-preventable deaths among children, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that, during 1999--2002, global measles mortality decreased 29%, including a 19% decline among South-East Asia Region (SEAR) member countries (1). In June 2003, the SEAR Regional Technical Advisory Group on Immunization endorsed a Regional Strategic Plan for Measles Mortality Reduction (2003--2005) (2). This report summarizes progress in measles control in SEAR during 1999--2002 and outlines plans for future activities in the region, which include strengthening measles surveillance, improving access to routine vaccination, and providing a second opportunity for measles immunization. All countries in the region include measles as a reportable disease in their routine communicable disease surveillance systems. Before 2001, Sri Lanka and Thailand collected case-based data nationwide. Health authorities in other countries relied on passive surveillance of clinically confirmed cases and maintained aggregated data at the national level. Beginning in 2001, the WHO-supported surveillance medical officers (SMOs) in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar, and Nepal have added measles to their original focus on acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. In these countries, SMOs conduct outbreak investigations and routinely collect case-based data, including information on age, outcome, and vaccination status. In 2002, WHO established a regional network of national measles laboratories with standardized testing procedures for IgM antibody to measles in all SEAR member countries. Five to 10 samples are tested during each outbreak to confirm the diagnosis of measles. During 1989--1999, the number of measles cases decreased steadily, from approximately 440,000 reported cases to 45,000. However, the number of cases gradually increased to 88,000 in 2002, primarily because of increases in India, Indonesia, and Thailand (Table 1) and nationwide outbreaks in several other countries of the region. During September 1999--May 2000, a total of 15,337 measles cases and 23 deaths were reported in Sri Lanka. Of 6,352 cases with information available, 3,481 (54.8%) were in persons aged >15 years. A similar outbreak occurred in Maldives in 2002, in which 444 (54.2%) of 819 reported cases were in persons aged >15 years. In contrast, both routine and outbreak reporting from other countries have documented a broad age distribution, with the majority of cases in persons aged <10 years (Table 2). Mortality reported from both routine surveillance and outbreak investigations remains low. Nevertheless, on the basis of vaccination coverage and available case-fatality data, WHO estimated 243,000 measles deaths in the region in 1999 and 196,000 deaths in 2002 (1). All countries in SEAR include a dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) in their routine immunization schedule at age 9 months. Sri Lanka adds a second dose as measles-rubella vaccine at age 3 years. Thailand provides a dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine at age 9--12 months and at age 6 years. Administrative reporting indicated that the SEAR average measles vaccination coverage for MCV1 remained >85% during the 1990s (3). WHO/United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) estimates (Table 1), which rely on expert review of national reports and surveys, indicate the regional average in recent years is substantially lower than previous administrative reporting indicated. On the basis of WHO/UNICEF estimates, regional coverage for MCV1 has increased, from 58% in 1999 to 70% in 2002, primarily because of increases in India. Supplemental Immunization Activities (SIAs) Nationwide supplemental measles vaccination campaigns were conducted in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) in 1999, targeting children aged 9--23 months, and in Bhutan during 2000, targeting children aged 9 months--15 years. Myanmar began conducting a national campaign for children aged 9--59 months in three annual phases beginning in 2002. Subnational supplemental mass measles campaigns conducted include border areas in Bangladesh (1999 and 2001), urban areas in India (2000 and 2001), and underserved areas and school-aged children in Indonesia (2000 and 2002). Indonesia and Bhutan combined measles with polio campaigns. Coverage in SIAs ranged from 69% in India to >100% of the target in Bangladesh (Table 3). Reported by: Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India. Dept of Immunization and Vaccine Development, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Before 1999, the majority of countries in SEAR used routine administrative reports to estimate official measles vaccination coverage rates (3). In 1999, countries began to use survey data as the source of official estimates. By 2002, both national official estimates and WHO/UNICEF estimates relied on survey results as a primary data source, resulting in greater agreement between national and WHO/UNICEF estimates. However, obtaining timely, reliable data on both coverage and incidence remains difficult. Despite encouraging trends in routine measles coverage for the region, as reflected in the WHO/UNICEF estimates, reported cases of measles actually increased during 1999--2002, and measles remains a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality among children in SEAR. The majority of this increase occurred in India and Indonesia, probably because of improved reporting and multiple outbreaks. Although coverage improved in these countries, the number of susceptible children in these highly populous areas remains the primary cause of sustained high morbidity. The increase in cases in Thailand and recent outbreaks among older children and adolescents in Sri Lanka and Maldives indicate that measles also is a substantial health risk even in countries with relatively high vaccination coverage levels. Similar to other regions (4), in SEAR countries where reported measles vaccine coverage is >80%, the majority of affected children are aged >10 years. Conversely, in countries with coverage <80% (e.g., Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Myanmar), the majority of cases occur in children aged <10 years. Although polio eradication remains a priority for SEAR, countries in the region have increased the priority of measles control. Integrating measles surveillance with AFP surveillance and establishing a measles laboratory network to confirm outbreaks increases the reliability of surveillance data. These data have been essential in determining appropriate control strategies, particularly in setting target age groups for catch-up campaigns. Case-fatality studies planned for 2004 in Nepal and Bangladesh will further help to characterize the mortality burden of measles in the region. SEAR countries have adopted a plan to reduce measles mortality 50% by 2005 (relative to 1999) in polio-free countries. Other objectives are to 1) achieve monthly reporting of the number of measles cases and deaths by 2004, 2) investigate 80% of outbreaks by 2005 to better direct vaccination strategies, 3) achieve and maintain 80% coverage with routine measles vaccination in >80% of districts in all countries by 2005, and 4) provide a second opportunity for MCV1 vaccination to all eligible children in the region by 2005 (5). In 2002 and 2003, Myanmar, Timor-Leste, and Indonesia began SIAs as a stopgap measure while improvements in routine vaccination services are made. In 2004, Indonesia plans to phase in a dose for school-aged children, and other countries will need to consider adding a second measles dose to their Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) schedule once their routine coverage improves. Nepal also plans a phased national measles campaign starting in 2004. Large-scale campaigns in populous countries (e.g., Bangladesh, India, and Indonesia) present substantial resource and logistical challenges. These countries should evaluate their administrative areas separately and adapt specific strategies appropriately. Other countries, including Bhutan, DPRK, Maldives, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, have achieved low measles mortality levels, but experience periodic measles outbreaks. Sri Lanka and Thailand already provide a second MCV1 dose, and Bhutan and Maldives have indicated their intention to do so by 2005. These countries, which have already achieved the standards set for mortality reduction but have not yet officially adopted a national measles elimination policy, could strengthen their immunization strategies and surveillance standards by adopting recommendations of the recent global meeting on measles control (6). The ultimate goal for every member country is to achieve sustainable measles mortality reduction. Achieving this goal requires addressing issues related to access to measles immunization and mobilization of internal and external resources. Therefore, countries should prepare comprehensive national action plans for measles control that are linked to their national EPI plans. Return to top. Return to top. Return to top. Disclaimer All MMWR HTML versions of articles are electronic conversions from ASCII text into HTML. This conversion may have resulted in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users should not rely on this HTML document, but are referred to the electronic PDF version and/or the original MMWR paper copy for the official text, figures, and tables. An original paper copy of this issue can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9371; telephone: (202) 512-1800. Contact GPO for current prices. **Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to email@example.com. Page converted: 7/1/2004 This page last reviewed 7/1/2004	<urn:uuid:6d268023-2ef0-4835-8a00-913ae4113d76>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5325a4.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396224.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00174-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.923767	2,009	2.65625	3
sounds like “tare WAHr” Terroir is how a particular region’s climate, soils and aspect (terrain) affect the taste of wine. Some regions are said to have more ‘terroir’ than others. What is ‘terroir’ and how does it affect the taste of wine? A Rocky History ‘Terroir’ is one of the most used and least understood wine words. Originally it was associated with earthy notes in many Old World wines. Back in the 1980’s, many of these ‘terroir-driven’ wines were actually affected by wine faults including cork taint and wild yeast growth (brettanomyces). Nowadays, terroir is used to describe practically every wine region (e.g. Napa’s Terroir, Bordeaux’s Terroir, Priorat’s Terroir, Washington’s Terroir, etc.) and it has lost its meaning. It’s time to know what this overused word really means, because it’s actually kind of useful. 4 Traits of Terroir Wine regions can be basically divided into two types of climates: cool climate and warm climate. Wine grapes from warmer climates generate higher sugar levels (which produce higher alcohol wines), whereas cooler climate wine grapes generally have lower sugar levels and retain more acidity. For instance Oakville AVA in Napa Valley receives just a touch more sun and heat year-round than the Médoc in Bordeaux. While both regions produce Cabernet Sauvignon, the Médoc produces Cabernet wines with greater natural acidity because of the weather. There are hundreds of different types of soil, rock and mineral deposits in the world’s vineyards. Most vineyard soils can be sorted into about 5 to 6 different types of soil that affect the flavor of wine. While there is no scientific proof associating the taste of ‘minerality’ to actual minerals in a wine, something does happen. It’s almost as though some types of soils act like a tea-bag for water as it passes through to the vine’s roots. For instance South Africa is marked by 50 million year old granitic soils. Granite is known for its heat retention and the quality of reducing acidity in high acid wine grapes. Writers have described South Africa’s red wines as graphite-like, gravely and like freshly-wetted concrete. Believe it or not, altitude is an increasingly important focus for quality vineyards. Besides elevation, things like geological features (mountains, valleys, being located far inland), other flora (plants, microbes and trees) and large bodies of water affect how a wine from a particular region tastes. For instance Mendoza, Argentina has vineyards around 4,000 feet above sea level. The high elevation gives Malbec heightened acidity due to cool nighttime temperatures. Within Mendoza, the Uco Valley subregion is famous for its high quality age-worthy Malbec. The Uco Valley also happens to have the highest vineyard sites in Mendoza. (*only in areas entrenched with a particular winemaking tradition) Traditional winemaking (and vineyard growing) techniques can also contribute to a wine’s terroir. Even though tradition is a human interaction, ancient winemaking methods tend to be highly dependent on the region’s climate, soil and terrain. For instance In Madeira, it’s traditional to stop fermentation early and fortify a wine by adding brandy and aging it in barrels outside (under the sun). This gives Madeira its classic roasted and nutty flavor. UPDATE: Microbes Define “Terroir” in Wine A new study suggests that bacteria and microbes in a region are much more important than we ever thought!	<urn:uuid:6c44da36-fa26-450c-bb01-cc051e566433>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://winefolly.com/tutorial/terroir-definition-for-wine/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00105-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.929106	828	3.078125	3
A century ago, a British doctor stumbled across a remote and isolated tribe at the extreme northern end of India. He lived among the tribe members for seven years to learn the secret of their robust health. In 1921, Oxford University published this doctor’s remarkable findings. He reported that the tribe members were “unsurpassed” in freedom from disease. Cancer was unknown in this tribe. The doctor also discovered that their lifespan was unusually long. And he also noted a peculiar thing about what they ate: they used a certain highly nutritious food “very largely” in their diet. You might be surprised to know that Americans routinely throw out this highly nutritious food. Why? Because hardly anybody knows it’s good to eat – and good for you, too! There is however one exception. In 2004 the Wall Street Journal published an article about President Bill Clinton and his very interesting eating habits. The article describes that Clinton usually eats a part of a certain food that most people throw out. And it may be protecting him from cancer, even if he doesn’t know it. Whatever you think about Bill Clinton, he’s right about eating this particular food! It’s edible, flavorful, non-toxic, and highly nutritious. When you bite into this food, you taste a strong flavor, like an extract that’s used in some cake recipes. You might well wonder: if this tasty food that most Americans throw away can prevent cancer, could it also stop it? See for yourself... Nobel Prize for Shocking Cancer Discovery Almost a century years ago a scientist named Otto Warburg won 2 Nobel Peace prizes for determining the cause of cancer. , He exclaimed " there is no disease that we know more about than cancer." Since that time about 300 cancer remedies have surfaced all with results as high as 96%. One of these remedies is so simple it is contained in virtually all our regular fruits like apricots, apples, and pears. You might be surprised that virtually everyone throws out this highly nutritious food and the entire population is deficient in this compound. This compound and its stunning tumor reducing powers will be revealed to you shortly. "My Doctor Coudn't Believe It!" In the mid-1970s, a researcher at one of America’s leading cancer hospitals repeatedly found that this non-toxic food shrinks tumors in mice. In a moment I’ll tell you how the hospital tried to suppress his research. But first let me tell you how well this method works on humans. As you may know, when cancer spreads beyond the original tumor, doctors usually say it’s terminal. That’s why Lidia of Tucson Arizona knew she had nothing to lose by trying this non-toxic compound. She was diagnosed with aggressive breast cancer and after 2 surgeries and 5 months of chemotherapy her cancer had metastasized to ther spine and she needed emergency surgery. Her pathology reports gave a grim outlook and the doctors said she had 18 months to live. After 6 more rounds of chemo, she decided she had enough, and wanted to die in peace. Then a decicion came to her, "I'm not going to die," she said. And after researching she found my book and went on the andti-cancer protocol right away. "I was back on my feet and buzzing around the house within 2 weeks. It was still tough and I was still in pain, but I felt better and I looked better. My husband and kids kept telling me that I was looking better every day. After 6 months went by, I scheduled and MRI and CT scan. My doctor didn't believe that I was actually doing better and wanted to see for himself if it was true what I was saying. The tests showed that not only was my cancer completely gone, but my bone was growing back where the holes were!! To see my oncologist so surprised brought a big smile to my face. I did it!!!!" Your Answer To Cancer The truth is, Lidia began eating this compound found in many fruits by the bucket load, as well as a few other very powerful techniques we will discuss further. The natural remedies I will talk to you about have been used for many decades on hundreds of thousands of people all across the world. Hard to believe? Perhaps. I want you to see the evidence for yourself and the mountains of proof behind it. There are thousands of doctors who support these treatments but there is one simple reason why you have never heard of them. Profits and greed. Before I get into that, let me introduce myself and my team and why we help people like Lidia with their cancer. My name is Max Sidorov, I'm a health practitioner, Kinesiologist, nutritionist and author. I've been featured on most large news networks like CNN, Fox News, CBC, BBC, The Telegraph, Reuters and many others. After witnessing my relatives and close friends fight and lose to cancer, as I watched them suffer while throwing away money on useless drugs, lose their hair from chemo, and go through gruesome mastectomies, I just knew deep in my heart that such barbaric treatments couldn't be the best way of attacking this disease. I couldn't just sit there and watch as millions of people suffer their whole lives, waste money on useless treatments, and then still die of horrible complications while the greedy pharmaceutical companies line their pockets with cash. With my health industry background, I embarked on a massive research effort to find the truth about cancer which turned into a 6 year full-time pursuit of alternative, inexpensive and natural ways to help cancer patients. What I found was truly shocking. Not only did I stumble upon thousands of people who destroyed their cancer naturally, but I discovered hundreds of doctors who were helping patients since the early 1900's and the colossal suppression, deceit, and lies spewed out from the government and the so called 'health' agencies. The natural cancer methods were being radically suppressed and the doctors or scientists who brought them into the public were ridiculed, shunned by the medical community, sued, jailed, and even thrown out of the country. During my quest I came to know many doctors and health practitioners who aren't on big pharma's payroll and who have already used these scientifically proven methods to help many of their own patients with enormous success. I knew that their work needed to be seen and heard all over the world, which is why I assembled them together and we created the International Council for Truth in Medicine (The ICTM). We think you deserve to know the truth about our medical system, food and drug system, and health policy. You deserve to be informed about the variety of safer, cheaper and faster methods of attacking cancer. We'd like to give you this framework of knowledge that you can use to begin your path to health today. The Methods They Didnt Know During this research I also uncovered some shocking facts about the cancer industry’s conspiracy to keep Americans ignorant about natural methods for cancer. I’m eager to give you information that could save you or a loved one from dying an early death from cancer. Yes, there’s a better way to beat cancer than suffering through the misery of chemo and radiation. My grandparents didnt have to die, and If my grandmothers had not started these natural methods, they would not be alive today. The cancer breakthroughs you’re about to discover on this page are ten times as effective as the leading cancer drugs, chemotherapy, or radiation. They have been used successfully by hundreds of thosands of people in over 93 countries and have been verified and proven by hundreds of doctors, Nobel Prize winning scientists and world-renowned researchers. Read this information while you still can, the pharmaceutical companies want to shut us down for showing your this. San Francisco doctors kill cancer cells using the remedy from India In the 1930s, doctors at the University of California at San Francisco started to give human cancer patients the natural cancer remedy I mentioned at the beginning of this letter – the one from the far northern end of India. The FDA didn’t interfere with cancer therapy back then. And through the 1940s and early 1950s, these San Francisco doctors continued using this natural cancer remedy. It’s non-toxic to the patient and it kills cancer cells. But this inexpensive therapy threatened the chemotherapy profits of the drug giants. So the drug industry hired two notorious doctors to discredit the cancer methods from northern India. You might be interested to know that the tobacco industry had earlier paid these same two doctors $50,000 to endorse cigarettes. $50,000 was a small fortune 50 years ago. And, believe it or not, their report about tobacco includes this sound bite: “20 cigarettes a day keeps lung cancer away.” Well, in 1953 the two cigarette-promoting doctors published their “findings” about the natural cancer remedy from northern India. They claimed it was ineffective. Their report was as dishonest as their earlier claim that cigarettes prevent lung cancer. You won’t be surprised to find out that one of these doctors later died of lung cancer. The other doctor was burned to death in a house fire, probably caused by a cigarette he was smoking in bed. Divine justice? It sure looks like it. Cancer racketeers FIRE a whistle-blower! As I told you earlier, in the 1970s a researcher at a major U.S. cancer hospital performed experiments on mice with cancer. He repeatedly found that the natural cancer remedy from northern India shrank tumors. An idealistic young employee at the hospital was eager to write a news story announcing this exciting breakthrough. Then he got the shock of his life: his bosses instructed him to stop working on the story immediately. They claimed the researcher’s work was meaningless. But he had seen the astonishing results with his own eyes! His bosses instructed him to lie. Furthermore, they insisted that he write a news story claiming that the natural remedy was worthless for cancer . It turns out that his bosses had a conflict of interest: financial ties to the chemotherapy industry. But this employee couldn’t lie about what he knew was the truth. Instead, he blew the whistle on his bosses and was promptly fired! Make no mistake. The lucrative chemotherapy industry is scared to death of the natural cancer methods from northern India. If this method was widely known, it could bring an abrupt end to their obscene profits for drugs that don’t work. The Truth They Are Hiding From You A German epidemiologist from the Heidelberg/Mannheim Tumor Clinic, Dr. Ulrich Abel has done a comprehensive review and analysis of every major study and clinical trial of chemotherapy ever done. His conclusions should be read by anyone who is about to subject themselves to chemotheraly. To make sure he had reviewed everything ever published on chemotherapy, Abel sent letters to over 350 medical centers around the world asking them to send him anything they had published on the subject. Abel researched thousands of articles: it is unlikely that anyone in the world knows more about chemotherapy than he. The analysis took him several years, but the results are astounding: "Abel found that the overall worldwide success rate of chemotherapy was "appalling" because there was simply no scientific evidence available anywhere that chemotherapy can "extend in any appreciable way the lives of patients suffering from the most common organic cancers." Abel emphasizes that chemotherapy rarely can improve the quality of life. He describes chemotherapy as "a scientific wasteland" and states that at least 80 percent of chemotherapy administered throughout the world is worthless, and is akin to the "emperor's new clothes" - neither doctor nor patient is willing to give up on chemotherapy even though there is no scientific evidence that it works!" - The Lancet (the most respected medical journal in the world) Big Pharma Keeps Americans in the Dark Believe it or not, there are many natural methods for cancer. As the legendary Robert Atkins, M.D., once remarked: Consider this. You are worth anywhere from $300,000 to $1,000,000 to Big Pharma from your cancer treatments. And the racketeers who rake in this money couldn’t care less whether you live or die. Let me prove that by giving you an example. A chemo drug called Erlotinib costs $3,500 a month. The FDA approved it as a treatment for cancer because it supposedly improved survival by 12 days! I realize this is so insane it’s hard to believe, but it’s true. What’s more, this chemo drug has horrible side effects. Another chemo drug that costs $10,000 a month improved survival by six weeks. Six weeks of hell, I might add. Chemo makes you feel like hell and look like hell. Better than nothing? Don’t count on it! Believe it or not, the survival rate for cancer patients who undergo chemo and radiation is no better than the survival rate of patients who receive no treatment at all! Do you realize that two out of 100 stage-four cancer patients who choose chemotherapy will be alive after five years? That means the other 98 will be dead! Did you know that the true 5-year cure rate of conventional cancer treatments is less than 3% (actually, about 2.1%). This statistic is from the Journal of Oncology in 2004. Their "cure rate" hasn't changed much, if any, since 2004. They hide their true cure rate by using clever terminology, such as by using the term "response," which means nothing as far as survival is concerned. Did you know that about 27% of people that get diagnosed with cancer and dont do anything, get spontaneously healed? That's the statistics from many doctors; a quarter of people that do absolutely nothing, no chemo, no radiation, no orthodox or even alternative methods relieve themselves of cancer. So with the current modern medical 2% cure rate, chemo and radiation is killing off the 25% of people that would have otherwise survived by doing absolutely nothing. If you sit down on your couch, grab yourself a snack and start watching your favorite TV show, you will have a 1250% HIGHER chance of surviving cancer than if you visit your doctor and start chemotherapy. "My studies have proved conclusively that untreated cancer victims live up to four times longer than treated individuals. If one has cancer and opts to do nothing at all, he will live longer and feel better than if he undergoes radiation, chemotherapy or surgery, other than when used in immediate life-threatening situations."-Dr. Hardin B. Jones Modern medicine itself states that any drug that has an effectiveness rate of less than 30% is considered no better than a placebo, or as they call it: a sugar pill. A cure rate of 2% is so abysmally low in the medical world, it is astounding they still even consider calling chemo and radiation worthy treatments. If you start chemo, you have an added 2% survival rate. If you don't do anything at all, you have a 25% chance of surviving, but if you start utilizing some simple, natural treatments currently used today around the world in many clinics, you have a 70-95% chance of survival. So which treatment would you prefer? There’s big money at stake in keeping this drug racket going. The profits of the 10 drug companies in the Fortune 500 exceed the profits of the other 490 companies put together!!! These profits are simply mind-boggling. The drug profiteers are making money hand over fist by poisoning cancer patients. The Statistics Your Doctor Will NEVER Tell You "Our whole cancer research in the past 20 years has been a failure."---Dr J. Bailer, New England Journal of Medicine If chemotherapy, drugs, or radiation worked, cancer would be wiped out. Yet the rates of this disease keep rising every single year. Rates of cancer are going up, just like the pharmaceutical companies profits. It doesn't seem like anything the doctors are prescribing is working. While In Office, President Ronald Reagan Destroyed His Cancer Naturally But The Method he Used Was Hushed and Suppressed by Big Pharma When President Ronald Reagan got cancer during his presidency, the great German doctor Hans Nieper, M.D, helped him with natural remedies which will be discussed shortly. It would have been front page news if it hadn't been hushed up at the time. Just imagine if the American public knew a sitting president preferred German cancer methods ! We discovered it from our confidential source in Germany. In addition, Reagan's German doctor acknowledged it in an interview. We called the Reagan Library to see if the Library would confirm or deny that Dr. Nieper helped President Reagan in May of 1985. A Reagan Library employee named Lynn responded to our request. She admitted that Reagan was in Germany in May of 1985, but she would neither confirm nor deny that Dr. Nieper helped him. She told me, "President Reagan's private medical records before, during, and after his presidency are unavailable." In July of 1985, Dr. Nieper flew to America to attend to Reagan in his hospital recovery room, according to many sources. Many American cancer patients lose their hair, their dignity and their lives for traditonal barbaric treatments. But the president of the United States was helped with natural remedies and lived until the lively age of 93, but he certainly didn't die of cancer. Why is the president allowed to know the truth, but you dont? Because if the news of his astounding recovery and perfect health due to natural methods would have collapsed the pharmaceutical industry overnight. These methods will be revealed to you shortly, please keep reading “If these treatments are so great, why did the rates of cancer increase by a whopping 100% In the last 60 years?” "Why are millions of people still dying of this disease and its complications?" If modern medical treatments actually worked, you would see a decline in cancer, NOT an INCREASE! 1900 – 3% 1950 – 20% 1972 – 27% 1999 – 39% By 2020 – It is estimated that 50% of the population will have cancer. In the past 100 years, there has never been a year when cancer rates have decreased. Every single year, like clockwork, cancer rates are rising exponentially. What about our "state-of-the-art" cancer treatments? They should be working, but the statistics show the contrary. Traditional treatments have failed. Doctors Refuse Chemotherapy Research has shown that 3 of every 4 doctors and scientists would refuse chemotherapy for themselves due to its devastating effects body and immune system, and because of its extremely low success rate. On top of that, only 2 to 4% of all cancers even respond to chemotherapy or prove to be "life extending," yet it is prescribed across the board for just about every kind of cancer. The McGill Cancer Center in Montreal, Quebec, one of the largest and most prestigious cancer treatment centers in the world, did a study of oncologists to determine how they would respond to a diagnosis of cancer. On the confidential questionnaire, 91% said that ALL chemotherapy programs were unacceptable to them and their family members. The overriding reasons they gave for this decision were that the drugs are ineffective and have an unacceptable degree of toxicity. These are the same doctors who will tell you that their chemotherapy treatments will shrink your tumor and prolong your life! "A study of over 10,000 patients shows clearly that chemo’s supposedly strong track record with Hodgkin’s disease (lymphoma) is actually a lie. Patients who underwent chemo were 14 times more likely to develop leukemia and 6 times more likely to develop cancers of the bones, joints, and soft tissues than those patients who did not undergo chemotherapy (NCI Journal 87:10)." - John Diamond M.D. Even if we take the pathetic chemotherapy 2% cure rate, does that mean the person is completely cured? Not even close. It is only a 5 year cure rate, meaning if the person died at 5 years and one day after being diagnosed, they are still considered cured because they have lived for 5 years. And recently they have lowered the 5 year rate to 4 years which made their cure rate jump up. Not only are these conventional treatments useless, cancer rates are growing at astounding proportions. The New England Journal of Medicine Reports— War on Cancer Is a Failure: Despite $30 billion spent on research and treatments since 1970, cancer remains "undefeated," with a death rate not lower, but 6% higher in 1997 than 1970, stated John C. Bailar III, M.D., Ph.D., and Heather L. Gornik, M.H.S., both of the Department of Health Studies at the University of Chicago in Illinois. "The war against cancer is far from over," stated Dr. Bailar. "The effect of new treatments for cancer on mortality has been largely disappointing." Another study, The National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD), found that more than four in 10 patients who received chemotherapy toward the end of life experienced potentially fatal effects. And after reviewing data from over 600 cancer patients who died within 30 days of receiving treatment, it was found that chemotherapy hastened or caused death in 27 percent of cases. Why the Personal Physician to President John F. Kennedy Was Placed Under Gag Order This is probably the most famous herbal cancer remedy, it was so successful that it went around the world twice, helping thousands of people from all types of cancer. The story goes that a secret herbal formula was passed down from an Indian tribe to a nurse living in Canada. The nurse, thinking nothing of it, put it away and went about her life. A few years later her aunt was diagnosed with cancer, and was given 6 months to live. Remembering the formula and having "nothing to lose" she tested the herbs on her dying aunt. Miraculously she started feeling better, and within a short time completely destroyed her cancer, to the disbelief of her oncologists. Inspired by the success seen by her aunt she began to offer the remedy to anyone who asked for it (hundreds of thousands of people in over 93 countries to date). The success of these herbs was so miraculous that eventually Dr. Charles Busch (personal physician to former president John F. Kennedy) learned of its success and became a research partner with her. One renowned doctor called it "a miracle," while another called it "calling of an angel." As one would expect, the government became involved and Caisse was attacked. More than 75,000 signatures were collected on her behalf, thus allowing her to continue her work. When Caisse died in 1978, the Canadian Ministry of Health and Welfare destroyed all of her documents. Dr. Charles Brusch, personal physician to President John F. Kennedy, helped thousands of patients with cancer. Dr. Brusch stated that this herb was a method to help cancer and was placed under a "gag-order" by the Federal Government. Dr. Brusch helped and relieved his own cancer with the herbs and his records are still preserved. You are going to get the exact recipe of this herbal tea a little later. Why was this method suppressed and such a renowned doctor placed on gag order for promoting herbs that destroy cancer? Read on to find out. "We know that conventional therapy doesn't work—if it did you would not fear cancer any more than you fear pneumonia. It is the utter lack of certainty as to the outcome of conventional treatment that virtually screams for more freedom of choice in the area of cancer therapy. Yet most so-called alternative therapies regardless of potential or proven benefit, are outlawed, which forces patients to submit to the failures we know don't work, because there is no other choice." Dr. Julian Whitaker “Most patients in this country die of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy does not eliminate breast, colon or lung cancer. This fact has been documented for over a decade, yet doctors still use chemotherapy for these tumors". - Dr. Levin, UCSF "It is not possible to detect any sudden changes in the death rates for any of the major cancers that could be credited to chemotherapy. Whether any of the common cancers can be cured by chemotherapy has yet to be established." - John Cairns, Professor of microbiology at Harvard University, published a critique in Scientific American "As a chemist trained to interpret data, it is incomprehensible to me that physicians can ignore the clear evidence that chemotherapy does much, much more harm than good." - Alan Nixon, PhD, past President of the American Chemical Society “Except for two forms of cancer, chemotherapy does not cure. It tortures and may shorten life - no one can tell from the available data.” - Dr. Candace Pert, Georgetown University School of Medicine “I started as a believer in chemotherapy...[but] Conventional cancer therapy is so toxic and dehumanizing that I [now] fear it far more than I fear death from cancer. We know that conventional therapy doesn’t work –if it did, you would not fear cancer any more than you fear pneumonia. It is the utter lack of certainty as to the outcome of conventional treatment that virtually screams for more freedom of choice in the area of cancer therapy. Yet most alternative therapies regardless of potential or proven benefit are outlawed, which forces patients to submit to the failures that we know don’t work, because there’s no other choice.” "There is no proof that chemotherapy in the vast majority of cases actually extends life, and this is the GREAT LIE about chemotherapy, that somehow there is a correlation between shrinking a tumor and extending the life of the patient." - Dr. Ralph W. Moss, Ph.D. “Chemotherapy and radiation can increase the risk of developing a second cancer by up to 100 times.” - Dr. Samuel S. Epstein, Congressional Record, September, 9, 1987 “To understand the utter hypocrisy of chemotherapy, consider the following: The McGill Cancer Center in Canada, one of the largest and most prestigious cancer treatment centers in the world, did a study of oncologists to determine how they would respond to a diagnosis of cancer. On the confidential questionnaire, 90% doctors said that all chemotherapy programs were unacceptable to them and their family members. The overriding reason for this decision was that the drugs are ineffective and have an unacceptable degree of toxicity. These are the same doctors who will tell you that their chemotherapy treatments will shrink your tumor and prolong your life! Thirty years ago, I worked with a radiologist who told me this: “If I get cancer, I’m going to Mexico.” So if you get cancer, don’t call your doctor; call your travel agent. There are alternative treatments available, but you will have to run the gamut of outraged chemotherapists, radiologists, and surgeons to find one. They will use cajolery, insults, fear, threats (”If you do this, I am off the case”), and misrepresentation to dissuade you.” - Dr. William Campbell Douglass II regarding hypocrisy of Oncologist Survey "My clinical experience is that in America, when people die from cancer, they are NOT actually dying from cancer, but instead, they are dying from the medical TREATMENT itself. They are dying from the chemotherapy, radiation and surgery. AGAIN: They are NOT dying from the cancer—they are being killed by the medical doctors and their medical treatment!" - Richard Shulze, N.D., M.H. "Clearly, conventional cancer treatments have an important place in medicine and save lives. But since the 1950s, evidence has steadily accumulated that surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are far less effective than the public is being led to believe. Greenberg found that even the valid improvements were very, very small, and that there had been no significant advancements in treating any of the major forms of cancer." - Kenny Ausubel - Author of 'When Healing Becomes a Crime "Success of most chemotherapy is appalling…There is no scientific evidence for its ability to extend in any appreciable way the lives of patients suffering from the most common organic cancer…chemotherapy for malignancies too advanced for surgery which accounts for 80% of all cancers is a scientific wasteland." - Dr. Urlich Abel "A study of over 10,000 patients clearly shows that chemo’s supposedly strong track record with Hodgkin’s disease (lymphoma) is actually a lie. Patients who underwent chemo were 14 times more likely to develop leukemia and 6 times more likely to develop cancers of the bones, joints, and soft tissues than those patients who did not undergo chemotherapy (NCI Journal 87:10)."—John Diamond Children who are successfully treated for Hodgkin's disease are 18 times more likely later to develop secondary malignant tumors. Girls face a 35 per cent chance of developing breast cancer by the time they are 40----which is 75 times greater than the average. The risk of leukemia increased markedly four years after the ending of successful treatment, and reached a plateau after 14 years, but the risk of developing solid tumors remained high and approached 30 per cent at 30 years (New Eng J Med, March 21, 1996) Why Have You Never Heard of These Doctors? If this information would be made freely available tomorrow to mainstream news, that would mean the end of the billion dollar drug industry, it would be wiped out overnight; huge institutes, million dollar research labs, universities, grants, journals, professors, experts, and cushy multimillion dollar jobs would be erased within a day, and not to mention the fact that someone would have to answer for the hundreds of thousands of dead people who didn't have to die, and the fact that what they were doing was not only wrong, but they kept lying to keep this failing system alive even with overwhelming scientific evidence going against them. This is something big pharma will fight to protect until the very end. How does this happen? Dr Matthias Rath (left) provides a concise summary of the primary ethics of the pharmaceutical industry: "Throughout the 20th century, the pharmaceutical industry has been constructed by investors, the goal being to replace effective but non-patentable natural remedies with mostly ineffective but patentable and highly profitable pharmaceutical drugs. The very nature of the pharmaceutical industry is to make money from ongoing diseases. Like other industries, the pharmaceutical industry tries to expand their market - that is to maintain ongoing diseases and to find new diseases for their drugs. Prevention and cure of diseases damages the pharmaceutical business and the eradication of common diseases threatens its very existence. Therefore, the pharmaceutical industry fights the eradication of any disease at all costs. The pharmaceutical industry itself is the main obstacle, why today's most widespread diseases are further expanding including heart attacks, strokes, cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes, osteoporosis, and many others. Pharmaceutical drugs are not intended to cure diseases. According to health insurers, over 24,000 pharmaceutical drugs are currently marketed and prescribed without any proven therapeutic value (AOKMagazine 4/98). According to medical doctors associations, the known dangerous side-effects of pharmaceutical drugs have become the fourth leading cause of death after heart attacks, cancer and strokes (Journal of the American Medical Association, JAMA April 15, 1998) Millions of people and patients around the world are defrauded twice: A major portion of their income is used up to finance the exploding profits of the pharmaceutical industry. In return, they are offered a medicine that does not even cure." "We are not dealing with a scientific problem. We are dealing with a political issue" - Samuel Epstein, M.D "Every discoverer of a cancer remedy has encountered a Chinese wall of resistance," which has been the same in every page of recorded cancer history, and that the myth that the discoverer of a cancer cure would be "honored, acclaimed, and practically deified as a saviorur of the human race," should be changed to "dishonored, denounced and crucified." -M. H. Clutter, D.R.L. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association reported that the average oncologist makes $253,000 per year. Incredible as it sounds, the article says that 75 percent of those earnings — about $190,000 — come from chemotherapy drug profits! If you subtract those drug profits, the oncologist would make little more than $60,000 per year. In other words, they get paid to kill people. Monopoly On Your Health The government has a law which states "Only drugs can cure, prevent, and treat disease." Currently, under U. S. Federal law, no natural substance can be advertised as a cure for any condition – period. Companies that get too successful with cancer treatment are shut down by FDA lawsuits that are supported directly by the pharmaceutical companies. This means only the chemicals that come from the factories of pharmaceutical companies can treat you, nothing else. Big Pharma has a monopoly on your health and they are not about to jeopardize their trillion dollar profits by teaching you inexpensive and powerful natural remedies. And if a doctor decides to treat their patients with a natural remedy, even if it's over 90% successful, that means he is breaking the law and his license will be suspended and he may even be sentenced to jail (which has happened numerous times to honest medical doctors). Once in practice they have health agencies, insurance companies, and thegovernment all looking over their shoulders, checking every examination and diagnosis, with attorneys ready to pounce on any mistake or slip. With insurance companies and Medicare/Medicaid only paying a fraction of what the doctor bills them, they are under intense economic pressure to keep the face-to-face appointment as brief as possible. Studies showed that on average patients spend about two minutes with the doctor during each visit. Is it possible for them to question you, or figure out why you are sick? How can they in 2 minutes? All they really have time to do is write you a prescription slip. Nobody wants to be sick, not you or your doctors. But sickness keeps Big Pharma alive. They make their profits on the sickness of others. Be it a pill for a headache or acne, an injection vaccine, Big Pharma not only needs you to want their drugs, they need you to NEED them. They can only increase their profits through disease-mongering; creating new diseases, inciting fear of them, and then telling you they have the only solution through directadvertising. And it works like a charm. TRASH That Death Sentece! Thousands of people in over 93 countries have completely recovered after getting a "survival time" sentence from their doctors. Can you follow a simple diet and supplement regimen for 3-6 weeks? That's all that is required to begin the process of undoing cancer. Our mission at the Internation Council for Truth in Medicine is to help you join their ranks as a "long-term cancer survivor." We want you to live out your normal lifespan, not just "survive" for five years in pain, agony and with countless medical bills. This is why we have assembled decades of scientific research, studies, and testimonials from award-winning doctors, phsyicians and cancer-free patients into an easy to use cancer busting guide called the 7 Steps to Health and The Big Cancer Lie. In the manual you will discover the following renowned doctors and cancer healers, their story, their methods, and how they were suppressed by Big Pharma all in the name of profits. Linus Pauling, Ph.D (One of the greatest scientists of our era, only person to ever win two unshared Nobel Prizes, advocated nutritional cancer methods, ostracized, harassed, shunned by medical community) Tulio Simoncini, M.D. (99% success rate with sodium bicarbonate - ridiculed, abused, and shunned by the medical community) Max Gerson, M.D. (helped cancer patients through nutrition and juicing - 'Gerson Therapy' helped thousands of individuals, shunned by medical community, findings suppressed) Johanna Budwig, M.D. (90% success rate with the Budwig Diet for tens of thousands of people - ridiculed and shunned by the medical community) Ernst T. Krebs, M.D. (Over 85% success rate with just Vitamin B17 or Laetrile from apricot seeds - suppressed by FDA and apricot seeds banned) Ryke Geerd Hamer, M.D. (Germany, over 90% success rate with 8000+ patients, heavily shunned by medical community, methods not allowed in USA) Harry Hoxey, N.D. (helped cancer patients with herbs, arrested, heavily ridiculed, put on trial, kicked out of the US) Dr. William Donald Kelley, D.D.S., M.S. (helped cancer patients through nutrition, over 40,000 people helped , was heavily ridiculed and shunned by medical community, was nearly assassinated and house set on fire) Josef M. Issels (Germany, helped cancer patients through nutrition, heavily ridiculed, shunned by medical community, findings suppressed) Emanuel Revici, M.D. (helped cancer patients through nutrition, ridiculed, findings suppressed, shunned by medical community) Rene Caisse, Nurse, Canada(helped cancer patientsr with herbs, finding suppressed, ridiculed, and shunned by medical community) Virginia Livingston, M.D. (helped cancer patients through nutrition, findings suppressed, ridiculed, and not allowed to practice) Dr. Raymond Rife (helped cancer patients through electromagnetic fields, heavily pressured by government to stop his method, suppressed and shunned by medical community) Robert F. Cathcart, M.D. (Work on vitamin C and disease, findings heavily suppressed) These are just the most notable examples, and is by far not a complete list. The government and government agencies spent hundreds of millions of dollars hunting these people down. They say that they were frauds and their methods didn't work. Then why were there tens of thousands of people who kept coming to them in droves, from all across the world, and all experiencing astounding results. Terminal cancer patients sent home to die, lived. No adverse effects from any of their treatments, not one death, not one injury. If they were quacks and their treatments supposedly didn't work, if all those thousands of documented cases were 'fabricated', why the barbaric and aggressive suppression? What was the medical community so afraid of? Maybe the fact that their lies were being revealed? The Real Cause of Cancer Your Doctor Will Never Tell You More than 85 years ago one of the most remarkable and renowned scientist of our era, named Otto Warburg, won 2 Nobel Prizes for determining the causeof cancer. He proved the cause was anaerobism, or a lack of oxygen in the cells. When he came to America to teach students at Berkeley University, he stated that there is no disease that we know more about than cancer. He also said that due to the malicious nature of the American Medical Association (AMA) and the FDA, they will prevent Americans from knowing the truth and taking the nutrients they need which would in turn cause millions of people to die needlessly. Since then more than 30 million Americans have died. Have it how you will, but in my books the the FDA and AMA are responsible for the genocide of 30 million Americans. Science had the proper methods 100 years ago, but the greed and corruption prevented these methods from reaching you. Cancer occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in our cells which is caused by a polluted cellular environment, acidic foods (meat, alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, sugars etc.), polluted air, heavy metals in our environment and other factors; the biggest being our diet. Here is a lecture given by one of our well known cancer specialists. Has your doctor ever mentioned this to you? Probably not, and probably never will. If you want to know the real cause of cancer, and why this dieases was unheard of 100 years ago, you will definitely want to read page 49 of The Big Cancer Lie (scientists had to search for weeks all across the country to find someone with cancer in the early 1900's). One of the WORST Things You Can Do... …is subject your body to toxic chemicals which have a 98% failure rate. It's quite shocking for most people to discover that their medication isn't really doing anything to destroy their disease. These chemicals destroy everything living, good cells, bad cells, organs, immune system, nervous system, and pretty much the entire body. Chemo particularly destroys of the rapidly multiplying and dividing cells found in your: - Bone marrow, which produces blood - Digestive system - Reproductive system - Hair follicles In America, 40 percent of people with cancer die from malnutrition. When the cells in your digestive system and intestines die, this prevents almost any absorption of food. Even government statistics show that chemotherapy and drugs are a failure and have shown no benefit whatsoever in the treatment of cancer. Almost a century years ago a scientist named Otto Warburg won 2 Nobel Peace prizes for determining the cause of cancer. , He exclaimed " there is no disease that we know more about the cause and the cure than cancer." Since that time over 300 successful cancer remedies have surfaced with results as high as 99%. What do you think happened to these remedies? Big Pharma spent hundreds of millions of dollars suppressing them and discrediting any doctor who supported them. "Century of Cancer Research" We would like to present the definitive cancer busting system that combines a century of cancer research, has been tested by thousands of patients, and includes studies and methods from Nobel Prize winning doctors, cancer researchers and scientists who have decided that sharing this information is more important than profits. The Big Cancer Lie attacks cancer from six different angles. Using seven different theories about how to deal with cancer cells. These seven methods are gentle, non-toxic and they all work together. They are, in fact, synergistic. They address the five characteristics of every cancer. These five conditions must be corrected before anyone can get over cancer: 1) A weak immune system; 2) A lack of oxygen uptake by the cells; 3) Excessive toxins; 4) Acidity; 5) Specific deficiencies; and 6) Stress. Conventional cancer treatment on the other hand (chemotherapy, radiation and surgery) makes all of these conditions worse. There are literally over 300 natural and effective ways to treat cancer. All of them are non-toxic and harmless to your body. The tens of thousands of people who are "cancer-free" include people who had all types and stages of cancer, including many "terminal" cancer patients. These people are all over the world, in 93 countries. 101 Natural Cancer Remedies In the Palm of You Hands! There are over 300 anti cancer compounds, therapies, and remedies used by hundreds of thousands of people all across the world. With over 95% success rates some of these treatments are truly astounding. "The Big Cancer Lie" has compiled for you the 101 absolute best and most powerful treatments and discected them into a simple protocol that you can do in the comfort of your own home. You will discover a simple food that is probably sitting in your grocery store that has been shown to reduce tumors in studies done by the USDA. And a study from Austria showed that "the lucky women given [this compound] with their food quickly exhibited a higher concentration of cancer-fighting immune-system cells, increased antibody production, and a markedly improved level of infection-fighting and oxygen carrying red blood cells (hemoglobin). These women suffered less from the awful side effects of chemotherapy as well." A population that has high amounts of this compound in their diet has cancer rates of 1 in 3000 (0.0003% of the population) while in the U.S. the rates of cancer is 1 in 3 (30% of the population). Which Hushed-Up Cancer Method Can YOU Afford to Miss? We at The International Council for Truth in Medicine believe that you shouldn't have to miss ANY. You deserve to know the most effective and most powerful cancer treatments that are inexpensive, simple, and can be done right at home. We believe that your health is worth more than profits, we value human life and want everyone in the world to live healthy, happy, and prosperous. Big Pharma has done enough to suppress natural remedies and punish those brave doctors and scientists who decided to spread their miraculous healing methods. The Internations Council for Truth in Medicne has been founded on the basis of truth and honesty in the medical community. We want to promote only real powerful healing information that is non-toxic, safe, natural, and inexpensive. In other words, straight from mother nature. A team of world renowned doctors and researchers has joined forces to bring you a wealth of scientifically and impirically proven remedies that have been suppressed by Big Pharma simply for being too effective and non-patentable. The following doctors have worked almost their entire careers to bring you natural, safe, and effective healing information. We want to empower you with the latest and most effective treatments so you dont have to suffer, lose your hair, or live in constant pain and fear of death. You won't want to miss a single one of the alternative treatments, protocols, and treatments people are using right now to beat cancer. - The delicious morning snack that treats your cancer. Simply take two-thirds of a cup of this yummy treat and add oil to it. But it MUST be this oil. Stir, enjoy, and kill your cancer! Page 562 - The "Trojan horse" of cancer therapy. It tricks cancer cells into gobbling up more toxic chemotherapy. As a result you use lower doses of chemo and avoid nasty side effects. Page 494. - The most effective way to eliminate dead cancer cells as your tumors dissolve. Page 378. - 7-time Nobel Prize nominee discovers natural treatment that has helped more “terminal” cancers than perhaps any other treatment. Page 561. - The awful truth about chemotherapy, and the shocking reason why it is still used today despite dismal results. Gary from New Orleans wrote "...I was shocked when I read the chapter on chemotherapy, I couldn't believe they did that, if only I knew sooner..." Page 439. - The information about the private and hidden practices of the ACS (American Cancer Society), the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), and the NCI (National Cancer Institute), who will do anything to prevent you from knowing the truth. Page 450. - Easy cancer-fighting tonic. Just 5 drops of this clear liquid in distilled water every morning helped a 3-year old boy's deadly cancer. Works by shutting down the substance feeding cancer cells and starves cancer to death. Page 534. - Find out why even a well meaning doctor doesn't know how to fix you and how you can become smarter than your oncologist in a few days. Page 454. - Simple, at-home treatment treatments 99% of skin cancers. Just add these two ingredients to a quart of water to create a powerful anti-cancer remedy. Page 537. - The 5 question you will want to ask a potential health practitioner to see if he is a Big Pharma supporter or natural healing promoter. Don't get caught in the trap, know these questions. Page 508. - Find out the 2 causes of Cancer, this is what your doctor will NEVER tell you. Mel from Australia wrote us "I finally understand! I have never read this before and It's so simple once you know..." Page 464 - 6 amazing hushed-up websites which will help you find a holistic natural doctor to help you get cancer free. Page 511. - Discover how a doctor from Italy was treating patients with a 2-cent solution with over 95% success rates before being hounded by the Italian Medical Association, having his license suspended, and being forced to hide from his peers. Page 534. - Without these compounds you are bound to fail. Since the cancer cell develops a thick protein coating around its cells, this compound is crucial to any successful cancer protocol. Page 519. - Eliminate cancer-causing toxins with this Native American tea. Helps restore the pancreas and liver to health so your cancer defenses naturally take over to destroy tumors. Page 542. - Natural compound kills all breast cancer cells in just 16 hours. Leaves healthy cells alone. Safe, non-toxic, and surprisingly inexpensive. Works best on aggressive, fast-growing cancers. Page 528. - Find out the reason your cells clump together and prevent oxygen and nutrients from getting in; leading to the formation of cancer cells and tumors. It has something to do with a lesser known fact you will be hard-pressed to find it anywhere else. Page 479. - Cancer-proof your body naturally. Cancer loves an acidic body. But a special type of vitamin raises pH levels to a natural alkaline state. Not only that, it rapidly shrinks tumor masses and erases cancer pain. Take it with this nutrient for best results. Page 518. - Diseases helped with German medical doctor's famous whole foods secret. Taught in 500 European hospitals and featured in 200 scientific papers. - The extract that programs cancer cells to "self destruct." Proven in laboratory tests and clinical reports. - Eliminate cancer-causing toxins with this Native American tea. Helps restore the pancreas and liver to health so your cancer defenses naturally take over to destroy tumors. - Discover how tumors were slowed, in 93 percent of cases with a simple "sunlight" treatment. Amazing results. - Boost Your Body's Ability to Fight Off Cancer by 300 Percent! Research shows that cancer patients almost always have a low level of Natural Killer (NK) cells in their bodies. But a special combination of a simple vitamin and compound taken in high doses increases your NK cells and boosts your immune system sky-high. - How to skyrocket your body's own natural cancer fighters-with a simple home therapy. - The drug-free, chemo-free breakthrough for breast cancer. CT scans show "no cancer" in 60-year old woman formerly plagued by this killer. - The liquid "cleanse" on page 528 makes cancer cells hungry. Then feed them the cancer-fighting phytochemicals found in this fruit. - The extract from this forest tree blocks a hormone in men that triggers this killer. - Thousands of cancer patients report tumors gradually shrink after they eat a combination of flaxseed oil and cottage cheese. - Lung cancer is the #1 killer in America. But the substance of this food is the only breakthrough that shrinks cancer cells and blocks their spread. - The mega cancer stopper! When taken in high doses, proteolytic enzymes "digest" cancerous tissues and break down fibrin molecules in the bloodstream. See page 93 for the most potent of these astonishing cancer-squelching enzymes. - The natural anti-cancer vitamin found in over 800 plants. Produces a cancer-killing ingredient that works even when conventional treatments fail. Incredibly enough, it's so cost-effective the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) has banned it from the U.S. But I'll show you how you can legally get it. - Imagine a natural compound with so much antioxidant power that it reduced the mass of tumors in half. You'd think a story this big would be headline news. Yet the National Cancer Institute claims it "lacks substantial anti-cancer activity." Sheeesh!. - The China Study-the most comprehensive study of nutrition-reveals the simple secret to reducing your risk of breast, prostate or colon cancer to next to nothing. - The asian mushroom that's been proven to be laden with high anti-cancer, anti-tumor effects-only to be thrown under the bus by traditional medicine. - And hundreds more cancer-treating treatments … Along with The Big Cancer Lie you will Receive 7 Steps to Health, a best-selling book on nutrition. Here’s a few other secrets 7 Steps to Health will unveil: Page 225 – See how a certain food - that is most likely sitting in your fridge right now is preventing you from eliminating your diabetes, and has been shown to raise the risk of diabetes in healthy people by 170% Page 108 – Discover the dietary changes that lead to 96% of study subjects completely discontinuing their insulin medication. Page 137 – Learn the mechanism behind cancer cells as told by Nobel Prize winning doctors and find out how you can totally stop cancer dead in its tracks just by removing this one thing from your diet. Page 116 – Learn how you can increase your longevity by at least 50% (live 50% longer) and lower incidences of most diseases by taking a few vitamins, as proven by numerous studies across the world. Page 108 – Find out how a Norwegian endocrinologist helped many of his 18,000 patients completely come off insulin and other medications. Page 48 – The reason why most people are always hungry, and the simple step you can take to reduce your food cravings to almost nothing. Page 35 – How the FDA (American Food and Drug Administration) prohibited the sale of natural remedies even though they knew those remedies could save thousands of lives. Page 118 – Learn how high fructose corn syrup HFCS is making you gain weight and causing serious health detriments and why you need to avoid sugar for your own good. Page 17 – Become an informed consumer, and see how drugs are cleverly marketed to people. Learn the secrets of how public opinion is created and steered by special groups and marketing institutes. Page 26 – See how drug studies are specifically structured to get the positive results pharmaceutical companies want. Things like using younger, healthier people in studies for drugs that will be sold to older people. Page 207 - Learn the miracle powers of fasting, sprouting, and the hidden suppressed truth about the most important vitamins needed for disease treatment and health promotion. Page 67 – Learn why counting calories is completely unnecessary in weight loss, and how you lose weight without worrying about counting anything! Page 87 – Knowing how keeping your body’s PH level normalized is your key to preventing most diseases (cardiovascular, diabetes, cancer, hormone imbalance, immune deficiency, kidney problems, headaches, etc.). I provide you with a simple method to test your body’s PH level and show how you can easily keep it within safe levels. Page 47 – How excessive cooking destroys up to 97% of all necessary vitamins leading to nutrient deficiencies in the body causing inflammation and disease. Page 50 – How you can strengthen your immune system by changing a few things in your diet. Page 75 – Simple methods showing you how you can eat less but feel more satiated and satisfied easily knocking off 500-600 calories. Page 64 – Learn why you get cold hands and feet and how you can improve your blood circulation by undergoing a few simple dietary changes. Page 190 – Learn how you can safely lower your cholesterol levels with just one simple vitamin as proven by studies and thousands of doctors across the world. "To our knowledge, no other single agent has such potential for lowering both cholesterol and triglycerides." Page 62 – Learn which foods you can munch on all day without gaining weight and which so called "healthy" foods you have to stay far away from. Page 92 – Find out if vitamins can replace a bad or improper diet and which vitamins are the needed to stay healthy and rid your body of disease. You will learn why “dieting” is not the answer to your health or weight loss problems and may actually be doing you more harm! Page 109 – Learn which foods and additives are causing thyroid imbalance and how you can easily improve your thyroid function by adding this mineral to your diet. “...Japanese women, who have one of the lowest breast cancer rates in the world, ingest this mineral...” Page 241 – Learn the 7 easy steps to perfect health, the culmination of all the research, all the studies, data, and thousands of testimonials into an easy, simple and perfect step by step solution to kick your cancers' butt once and for all. That's not all: Order the 7 Steps to Health today and get our "Nutrition Secrets Guide" totally FREE (Sold separately for $34.80) This guide will show you: - The one real trick to eliminate calorie counting forever... this principle will automatically eliminate your cravings once and for all and restore your appetite! (The diet companies would rather you never knew this secret)– Page 1-3 - How toxic food additives in most packaged foods are preventing you from losing weight – Page 10 - Which common food additives promote cancer and diabetes – Page 14-17 - Why white flour the culprit behind your weight gain Page 16 - Learn how a high carb diet is making you fat! Page 19 - Learn which "healthy" grains get converted straight to fat. Page 20 - This ingredient in bread is now being linked to countless diseases including cancer! Page 22 - Find out how Splenda/NutraSweet and other zero calorie sweeteners in drinks actually make you pack on the pounds. Page 25 - Just one teaspoon of this widely used substance depresses your immune system by 50% for up to 24 hours! Page 31 - Learn the real cause behind diabetes, mood swings, fatigue, and arthritis. Page 34 - This substance present in most foods has been shown to be more addictive than cocaine. Page 35 - Find out the truth about zero calorie sweeteners; how they trick your brain, hinder your body’s ability to estimate caloric intake, and make you gain weight. Page 38 - This substance activates the hunger response and makes you want to eat more food. Page 40 - This toxic food additive overstimulates your nervous system causing headaches, anxiety, seizures, joint pain, and depression. Page 41 - People who eat this common sweetener showed enlarged livers, kidneys, and shrunken thymus glands. Page 42 - Find out which saturated fats will make you lose weight. Page 45 - Learn to distinguish between healthy fats and unhealthy fats (omega 3, omega 6). Page 47 - Why milk may actually be causing osteoporosis and other terrible health consequences. Page 49 - This widely available and "healthy" drink has traces of up to 80 different antibiotics, growth hormones and animal pus. Page 50 - Learn how tofu, soy milk, and veggie burgers – touted as healthy products are sabotaging your weight loss and health. Page 56 - Avoid these soy products that prevent your body from absorbing important and beneficial nutrients. Page 58 - The truth on protein and energy bars that the industry does not want you to know about. Page 61 - Why diet soda and juice is actually making you gain weight. Page 63 - The real reasons why whole milk will make you lose weight. Page 77 - This “miracle food” that has all necessary proteins and vitamins that will make you shed weight fast. Page 79 - Is butter actually good for you? Page 86 - This delicious food which so many avoid has been proven to make you slim and healthy. Page 97 - Find out about these nutritious no calorie sweeteners that you can eat bucket loads of, and never gain a pound. Page 105 - This super food has all the required nutrients your body needs and has been used for thousands of years to make people healthy and slim. Page 109 - The truth regarding food labels and lies that giant corporations write to fool you into thinking their food is healthy. Page 120 ... and TONS of other hidden, suppressed, and overlooked diet and health secrets, studies, and verified methods make this the last book you will ever need on your path to perfect health. Plus: You'll Receive 5 Additional FREE Gifts Worth $387.68! We're not done yet! We've got five more EXTRA BONUS GIFTS to give an added boost to your cancer efforts. Order your "satisfaction guaranteed" copy of 7 Steps to Health right now, and I'll also give you these additional FREE GIFTS… FREE GIFT #1: Weekly planer that has been properly designed for the optimal cancer protocol. Hour by hour you will know what to eat and when to eat it. No more confusion or guess-work, just print it out and carry it with you to know exactly what to take and when. It is fully customizable to your shedule, and you can have it fit your day! FREE GIFT #2: Scientific studies reveal huge benefits of antioxidants found in fruits and veggies. This FREE GUIDE on The Secrets of Antioxidants (worth $9.70) will tell you which fruits and veggies have the most antioxidant properties. It contains scientific study data outlining the anti-aging and disease fighting properties of these amazing molecules.. FREE GIFT #3: it's the most important thing in our survival. This FREE GUIDE on The benefits of water (worth $5.33) brings you the many water cures being used by doctors worldwide to help alleviate and treat many chronic and lifelong diseases and ailments like arthtritis, heartburn, migraines and angina simply and easily. FREE GIFT #4: You'll also receive the shocking booklet about the Dangers of MSG (worth $12.65) and how this food additive found in most processed and fast-food has been shown to cause allergic response, increase blood pressure, affect the brain, digestive system and many other bodily functions. FREE GIFT #5: In addition, you'll receive a full month of FREE email help (worth over $360) regarding any health problems, questions or concerns you might have. That's 5 FREE GIFTS Worth a Grand Total of $422.48! You'd be crazy to let this fabulous offer get away! It’s Time To Get Serious! You’ve seen the evidence and you know our simple 7-step program can change your life. If you’re serious about not just dealing with, but completely overcoming cancer, then you need to order our program right now. Don’t let cancer hijack your life for one more day. “How Much Is This Going to Cost Me?” You will be getting over 500 pages of scientifically proven, doctor verified information that you will not find anywhere else, not even bookstores. In addition to being a detailed instruction guide, it also contains original Cancer Healing meal suggestions … exercise secrets and inspirational passages from nobel prize winning doctors. Together with your 4 FREE BONUS GIFTS, there are nearly 600 pages of patient-proven instructions for helping all cancers so you dont have to subject yourself to these barbaric toxic treatments. You'd easily spend $500 as our patient (even with health insurance!) for this life-saving guidance. But you won't pay anything near that. Thanks to the economics of the internet — and because 7 Steps to Health is not available in bookstores (book distributors and retail stores double a book's real cost) — we're able to bring you this fantastic library of cancer-healing information at a rock-bottom price: just $37 for the electronic copy or $54.39 for the paperback copy with free worldwide shipping 100% “No Questions Asked” Guarantee Our #1 goal is to get you cancer-free with a dead-simple guide that you can start today. The thing is, we don’t want a penny of your money if our program doesn’t completely overhaul your life for the better. We hope this takes the pressure off of your decision and eases your mind about trying our risk-free program. A Choice That is Worth Making - NOW The fact that you’re still reading this means you may want to “think about it.” When buying a house or a car that may be the smart way to go, but not here! Our guide can get you on the road to recovery within minutes of reading it! Plus, because the risk is all ours, you have nothing to lose by clicking on the “Order” button and giving it a shot. Get ready for the change of a lifetime! You can do it, believe in yourself and take this step towards your vibrant, fresh, amazing healthy new life! Wish you love, peace, and happiness! It is amazing how quickly the tumor, for instance with colon cancer, is being eliminated. Even with an old patient of 84 years who was scheduled for an operation because of his colon threatening to become blocked, I was able to achieve the complete elimination of the tumor and the patient’s restoration to health within a few days. These are not isolated cases, in fact 99% of the sick that come to see me to use the biological method of cancer therapy, are cancer patients who have had operations and radiation sessions, or who were diagnosed as being too far advanced for an operation to be of any help. Even in these cases health can be restored, usually within a few months, I would say in 90% of cases." - Dr. Johanna Budwig "I look upon cancer in the same way that I look upon heart disease, arthritis, high blood pressure, or even obesity, for that matter, in that by dramatically strengthening the body's immune system through diet, nutritional supplements, and exercise, the body can rid itself of the cancer, just as it does in other degenerative diseases. Consequently, I wouldn't have chemotherapy and radiation because I'm not interested in therapies that cripple the immune system, and, in my opinion, virtually ensure failure for the majority of cancer patients" Dr. Julian Whittaker "As a retired physician, I can honestly say that unless you are in a serious accident, your best chance of living to a ripe old age is to avoid doctors and hospitals and learn nutrition, herbal medicine and other forms of natural medicine unless you are fortunate enough to have a naturopathic physician available. Almost all drugs are toxic and are designed only to treat symptoms and not to cure anyone. Most surgery is unnecessary and most textbooks of medicine are inaccurate and deceptive. Almost every disease is said to be idiopathic (without known cause) or genetic - although this is untrue. In short, our main stream medical system is hopelessly inept and/or corrupt. The treatment of cancer and degenerative diseases is a national scandal. The sooner you learn this, the better off you will be." - Dr. Allan Greenberg "I was diagnosed with stage IV lung cancer in October 2010. In December my doctor was pressuring me to get one of my lung nodules removed and begin chemotherapy as soon as possible. I wanted to wait it out just a little bit longer, I guess my intuition was telling me something. While browsing online I stumbled upon your website and was very interested. It seemed unreal, It was very hard to believe but I bought your book and read it cover to cover. Wow, that is all I could say. The things I read flipped my understanding of nutrition and cancer upside down. And my doctor never told me any of these things. I started the protocol the same day after finishing the book, began doing the flax oil the MSM, got myself one of those nifty ozone saunas and off I went. A few days later I woke up and I had no pain in my side, that was interesting. Two days later I could walk outside for a good half an hour and not get fatigued. My health was improving so fast I actually couldn't believe it. A week later I sent my HCG urine test in and it went down by 5 points!! I had to get these results tested with my doctor just to be sure. I scheduled an appointment, did my scans, and guess what. Two of my tumors had disappeared, and the third one was half the size, this is in three weeks after starting the protocol. One month later my doctor officially pronounced me cancer free. I owe my life to you and I thank you dearly. I will pass this information to everyone I know and I hope all those suffering from cancer know that it's not the end, there is a way!" -Monica, Minneapolis MN "I was diagnosed with endometrial adenocarcinoma stage III which was quickly metastasizing to my lungs. I had about 6 little tumors spread between my lungs. When I started your protocol they stopped growing and were actually getting smaller. I discontinued chemotherapy last fall because I understood I was damaging my body beyond repair. After 4 months my doctor said "I have no medical explanation how or why this happened, but keep doing what you're doing." If you have been given a diagnosis and are being pressured with these horrible procedures, you have a greater chance at getting rid of cancer with Max's protocol. One of my friends who was recently diagnosed didn't want to believe my story, I said "One month, just try it for one month and you will see." She did, she has no cancer now. All it takes is one month to start believing, it simply works." -Beverly, New York NY In 2008 I was diagnosed with breast cancer. 7 months later and I had 2 surgeries and 5 months of chemo. In 2011 I was told that my cancer had metastasized to my spine and that I needed emergency surgery because the cancer was literally eating away my spine. They wanted to extract a piece of bone where they thought the cancer was located. They managed to take two pieces of bone off my T9 and sent it to pathology. It came back positive for breast cancer and I was given 18 months to live. They said that after it hits your spine it can quickly spread to all the organs. And then death. They wanted to load me up on chemo and radiation as quickly as possible. After about 6 rounds of radiation I said no way, if I'm going to die then let me die in peace. But then a decision came to me, no, I'm not going to die, I have too much to live for. My two kids, my husband, I can't leave them like this. So I sat on my computer and began my search. I don't know what I was searching for but I knew that I just had to, something pushed me. I came across a whole load of research from all across the internet, including this website and this book The Big Cancer Lie. I read it, and it all made sense to me. It was like a veil was lifted off my eyes, I had a real shot. I was so excited that I decided to start right away. I bought the vitamins, the oils, threw out all the junk in my fridge, and began what turned out to be some of my most proudest days in my life. With Max's help I was back on my feet and buzzing around the house within 2 weeks. It was still tough and I was still in pain, but I felt better and I looked better. My husband and kids kept telling me that I was looking better every day. After 6 months went by, I scheduled and MRI and CT scan. My doctor didn't believe that I was actually doing better and wanted to see for himself if it was true what I was saying. The tests showed that not only was my cancer completely gone, but my bone was growing back where the holes were!! To see my oncologist so surprised brought a big smile to my face. I did it!!!! PS. I sent letters to the ACS and called them numerous times explaining what happened. I have not heard back from them, ever. Not anything, no follow up, no calls, nothing. It's like they didn't want to hear what happened to me, they were just not interested. I am never donating to their organization and I urge nobody to do so. In the end I helped my cancer, and that's all that matters. PPS. To those who are struggling with cancer, don't lose hope. Get this book, do the protocol, and there is no reason why you can't be as healthy as me. If I could do it, so can you." -Lidia, Tucson AZ "I am a 40 year old male and was diagnosed with colon cancer late in 2010. I went through the chemo, radiation and surgery hell and already said my goodbyes to all my family and friends. By early last year (2011) my doctors told me I had 3-6 months to live. I was extremely fatigued, I was constantly bleeding and in excruciating pain every single day since the cancer had spread to my bones. I was finishing my will at that time. Those were definitely the worst days of my life, I get the shudders every time I think about it. My son was 9 and my daughter was 4 and you don't know how hard it is to explain to your children that daddy will have to "go away" for a while. I was browsing the internet and came across your book. Wasting no time I immediately bought it and joined Max's coaching program. I realized that my doctor had no clue about how to heal cancer, everything they did to me just made me worse. I began the protocol late last spring (2011) and actually I never thought that everything would happen so quickly. I couldn't believe it. By August I could feel the energy returning to me, I could walk around the house, most of the pain was gone, and I began truly believing that I could beat cancer. In October I was able to go back to work. My oncologist still calls me sometimes and asks how I'm doing, he says it's a miracle. I gave him your book but it doesn't seem he is interested, what a shame, he could really heal a lot of people with these methods. My message to everyone is don't surrender your life to the barbaric chemo or radiation. The pharmaceutical companies make a lot of money from you. It's sickening knowing they were purposefully subjecting me to these medieval methods while hiding the things that could actually heal me. I have a new life, no more cancer, and you can do the same." -Peter, Vancouver Canada "My name is Daniel, im 57 years old, and I live in Germany. I write to you today to tell you of my miracle that has occurred to my life. Three years ago I had been diagnosed with stomach cancer. My doctor told me I need operation very soon or else I will die within one month. The operation saw that I had three tumor, two small, and one big one about 3 cm by 2 cm growing into my colon. They also found metastases behind the pancreas. The operation was in total 4 hours and they had to cut out a part of my colon. Even then they say I was no hope and I could die in one month or one week nobody knows. I then learn of your website and book from the internet and at this day I knew I had found something special. I started the oil mixture, the MSM, and the vitamins very quickly and you were always answering all my questions very well. Your coaching had helped me very much and three weeks later I could not recognize myself in the mirror. I had rosy cheeks, I had energy, I could go out for walks in the park with my wife, my pain had gone and everything was looking great. One month later my scans showed I had no more tumors and that the scar tissue from the operation was healing. My friends could not believe that, I could not believe that, my doctor certainly could not believe that. But I know that this miracle was because of your book and I will never forget this. Thank you Max." -Daniel, Zurich Germany "My daughter was diagnosed with Glioma last year. It is a cancerous tumor of the brain and the doctors did not prescribe chemo or radiation because there was no hope. As a mother who was told her daughter was going to die in 3-6 months with no hope of survival it devastated me. My daughter took it a lot better, but I know that deep inside she was scared. After a week of hell and depression I decided to do some research and I stumbled upon your website and book. Having nothing to lose I put my daughter on Level 3 and within days she started feeling better. Within two months we transferred her from the terminally ill to the physical therapy center. The doctors were telling me it was a miracle. They had a team of doctors come in to investigate for about a week, they didn't have an explanation. I told them what I did, and the foods she ate and about the supplements but only one doctor stayed and listened, he is from another state and I hope he will research this further, I gave him your website. Thank you Max from the bottom of my heart, you have saved my daughter's life and you have saved my family a lifetime of suffering and grief." -Evelyn, Salt Lake UT "A few years ago I lost my best friend to cancer, I wish that nobody ever has to go through that, but the fact is millions do every year. I watched her wither away and die all in just 6 months of treatment and was by her side through it all. Then last year I was diagnosed with breast cancer. I was more than scared, I was terrified. To think that I would have to go through everything that my friend went through and see my family so torn up was a frightening thought. I took some leave off work to deal with everything, I became severely depressed and cried myself to sleep most nights. I didn't want to believe that this was the end and I already told myself that I would never go through chemo or radiation after what I've seen. Even though my doctor really pressured me to start, I just wouldn't do it. If I was going to die, I might as well die in peace. I asked my doctor but he said all the alternative treatments that are out there are all promoted by quacks and liars and I shouldn't waste my time. I began my research a few weeks after that, I wanted to know everything there was to know about breast cancer and to see if what my doctor said was actually true. What I discovered was not just a few treatments but hundreds! I read hundreds upon hundreds of testimonials and found out that all sorts of treatments were being used successfully all over the world! I came across Max's book and everything began to make sense. I understood why these natural alternatives were not being promoted or even discussed. There is simply too much money in disease. They were going to make money off my suffering, wouldn't this make you angry? I was so angry at times I can't even tell you. To know that people are treating their cancer by using some simple and inexpensive at home recipes, vitamins, and supplements, and to know that they are being fought and suppressed by some giant pharmaceutical companies to save their profits is infuriating. I started Max's protocol in March, and on May 17th I scheduled an ultrasound scan and send off my HCG urine test. There was no way I was getting a mammogram after what I read. All my tests showed that I had no more cancer. I don't think I stopped jumping up and down that day and my whole family came over to celebrate. I told everyone what I did and the book I read, my cousin who came over said he is going to buy the book as well since his friend has skin cancer. I thank you Max for what you are doing and I hope that more people know about this information." Jennifer, Perth Australia "My brother was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2005. They said it wasn't aggressive and that It could get treated with chemo and radiation. He didn't want to rush in because he heard of all the side effect and wanted to wait it out. A few months go by and some test show that it was not progressing so the doctors said he should get an operation. Last year the cancer came back and was even stronger than before, the doctors told him that he needs another operation and chemo as soon as possible. By this time I had read a lot about cancer and just before his second diagnosis I discovered your book. This time there was no way I was going to risk having my brother die. I told him about your protocol which he was very hesitant to believe. Then I lent him the 7 Steps to Health book and as they say, the rest is history. He went on the protocol and three months later had absolutely no sign of cancer in his body. The doctor wanted to have nothing to do with it and didn't even want to listen to what we did, I call that foolishness. I just wanted to say a big thank you from me, my brother Paul and our whole family, you have given us our brother back and a new hope for a brighter future. Good luck with all your work!" Steven, Fort Lauderdale FL Last February I was diagnosed with a grade 3 brain tumor (a 6 cm anaplastic astrocytoma in my right occipital lobe). My oncologist told me I needed to start radiation right away, and not knowing any better I did. 30 sessions of radiation along with Temodar and my cancer was not going away. My doctor lost hope on me and gave me 6 months to a year to live. I'll tell you now that it's a very scary day when your doctor loses hope on you and gives you a time you are going to die. But I didn't want to die, and I would not die. I came across your website and ordered your book. It came in the mail a week later and I went on the protocol beginning of March. I went for my checkup MRI in June, and it was completely clear. My doctor did not believe it and wanted to order a second MRI. He calls it a miracle, I call it proper nutrition. The flax, the tea, the supplements, and the walks saved my life. Chris B. -Chris, Columbus OH "In November 2010 I was diagnosed with an adenoma in my right parotid gland (salivary) and was told I had two choices: radiation or total parotidectomy (surgery to remove the gland). I was certainly not open to radiation, nor was I very eager for surgery, as there is some risk of facial paralysis, because four branches of the facial nerve grow through the parotid gland, which is located along the jaw area. So I began searching online and found whole communities of people who have had amazing results healing themselves through foods and nutrition. I was recommended to purchase this book 7 Steps to Health by Max Sidorov and started the protocol right away. I alkalized my body, got the enzymes to destroy the cancer barrier, the supplements, ate the flax seed mixture three times a day, and went to a sauna at my local gym. Within 11 weeks my tumor completely disappeared. The books is packed with information, I learned a lot of things which shocked me and inspired me. I recommend it to everyone who wants to know the truth and get rid of their cancer naturally." -Matthew, Portland OR "My father, a war veteran, was diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer and was given a score of 8 on the Gleason scale. We were all very scared and didn't expect such news. He was in severe pain but still refused any chemo, radiation or surgery. The oncologist said he had four to six months to live. About a month and a half ago I was researching online about cancer and found your website, read all the information and got the 7 Steps to Health soft cover book. While the book was in the mail I read the digital one on my computer and was very, very excited. It was like I had found the holy grail and maybe my dad didn't have to die at all. I am very close with my dad, he was always there for me, always by my side and we are best friends. The good thing is that he listens to me, not to anyone else, not even my mother:) So I told him about what I read and even then he was very skeptical, if it was anybody else he wouldn't even listen, but since it was me I persuaded him to give it a try. We decided to do the Level 2 but increased the flax oil to 15 tablespoons and bought him a mini rebounder and the Eldi oils. 3 days later I come to see him and he tells me that the pain has gone down a bit. Was I ever excited, I didn't want to get my hopes up too high, it was only the third day, but I hoped that this was working. Every day he would tell us that he is feeling better and better. After two weeks he had absolutely no pain and his PSA dropped from 210 to 1.3! His doctor had no words, he was simply standing there with the paper in hand and couldn't believe it. He was declared "cancer free." I dare anyone to try this protocol, I had no way of expecting this, but here I am, my father is alive and well, completely cancer free, and as he tells me "I look and feel better than twenty years ago!" If you or someone you know has cancer this information will save their life, I just hope you can do it before it's too late." -Leslie, Baltimore MD "In 2005 the doctors found evidence of cancer in my bladder. I decided not to go through chemo and lived with it for a while. I began having some pains and In may 2011 I had a biopsy done on my bladder, which I now know was not the smartest idea. They said the cancer was slowly progressing and that I needed to go on chemo right away. Again, I decided not to and about a month later I came across the 7 Steps to Health and The Big Cancer Lie books which I thoroughly read and began the protocol. In August I did some blood work, and my oncologist told me that I had no more cancer. My PSA dropped to 1.05. I will continue the protocol for a very long time because I feel great when I'm on it, no more fatigue, my skin improved, I have more stamina, and my co-workers even told me that I look younger. I'll take that. Thank you Max for all your help and answering all my questions, you put me on the right track." -Irene, Santa Rosa CA "I bought this book because I am very interested in natural healing and enjoyed reading it. It really opened up my eyes to the cancer business and just the sheer amount of natural remedies that I had never even heard of. I witnessed the true power of your protocol when I recommended your book to a friend of mine from church. He was recently diagnosed with bladder cancer and he said that his bladder had crystallized and had no flexibility. It was quite painful and he had to go to the toilet every 20 minutes. He began the protocol about a week after and we were in constant correspondence with each other. He decided to up the flax oil mixture to 10 teaspoons a day, with the MSM, the enzymes, Eldi oils, and began going to a sauna almost every day. He also bought himself a rebounder and started walking for 30 minutes a day. About a month later he had a checkup and he called me and told me that there was such an improvement the doctor wanted to know exactly what he was doing. His doctor said that he couldn't believe that in one month his bladder became soft and flexible, and everything went back to normal. This never happens with traditional treatments and the bladder almost never retains its original flexibility. With your protocol he did and he is cancer free to this day. He also keeps telling me that he hasn't felt this good in years. It did a lot more than just helped his cancer, he sleeps better and has stronger bones, and he doesn't have the indigestions he had or the headaches. Now he carries a copy of your book to church and tells everyone to read it, as do I. From my friend and me, a big thank you and good luck!" -Patricia, Louiseville, KT I'm writing to tell you of my recovery with your protocol. I was diagnosed with breast cancer and had a single mastectomy done last year. My doctor told me that within a year I would probably have to remove the other one too. I went through the hell of chemo for 6 months at which point my doctor sent me home and told me that there was nothing more that could be dome. I was sent home to die. I was in such terrible shape that I couldn't do anything, I just lay in bed with pain and fear. I used to play squash and bridge with my friends but now I couldn't even do that. I thought that there was no hope for me. I discovered your book about six months ago, I remember that it was a Monday morning. I read it in a kind of a haze, partly because my mind didn't recover from chemo and partly because I couldn't believe what I was reading. I bought all the things I needed from a health store down the street and began the flax oil and cottage cheese right away. The first few days I felt terrible, and I know that my body was going through a strong healing crisis. Then as the days went by my strengths began to return. For the first time in months I wanted to go out for a walk, and I did, it felt wonderful. When my children came over they were just as surprised as me to see me so robust and active. After two weeks you couldn't recognize the old Judy, I was still not 100%, but I could go out and play bridge with my friends! I was overjoyed, it's like I was given a second chance at life and I was not about to let it go. For one whole month I did the Level 3 as you recommended me and after my next doctor's appointment he said I was completely fine and cancer free. I just came back from a trip to British Columbia, Canada with my husband and I haven't felt better in years. I will always be grateful for what you have given me Max, thank you dearly. -Maria, Charlotte NC "On February 10th 2010 I brought my husband to the emergency room with a splitting headache and projectile vomiting. We thought it was a bad migraine but later found out that it was a brain tumor. On February 12th he had surgery and the surgeon told us and the lab work later confirmed that he had a Glioblastoma Multiforme IV. It is the most deadly and fast moving brain tumor you can have. The surgeon removed all of the tumor he could see. The doctor told our family that Tom had about 26 weeks to live if he didn't take any radiation and if he did take radiation it might give him a year. Tom was in the hospital for eight days. We were not sure what to do so we took the doctor's referral and went to radiation about a week after he got out of the hospital. Tom only took five days of radiation and it made him feel terrible, and sapped all of his energy. We are Christians and knew that we needed to seek the Lord's guidance in this crisis. So we went to our Church and had Tom anointed with oil and hands laid on in prayer by the elders of the Church (Christian Bible, KJV, James 5:14). After that some friends came forward and told us of some alternative ways people were fighting and winning the battle against cancer. Since the doctors did not hold out any hope we decided to throw our lot in with the holistic treatments and did not take any more radiation. We started the holistic regimen in March. Tom's three month MRI looked good, his brain was clean and the hole where they removed the tumor was empty except for a tiny line around a portion of the inside of the hole. The doctor said that it could be scar tissue, a benign bit of tumor or a regrowth of the Glioblastoma. At the six month MRI his brain was completely clean. There was no cancer at all. The doctor said that it was a miracle. In 14 years of practice he had not seen anything like it. Tom walks at least 4 miles a day now and has started lifting weights too. We are having good results with the flax oil/cottage cheese, and will keep it up for the rest of our lives." Kelly and Tom, Toronto Canada Other Success Stories I am a 45 year old woman and was recently diagnosed as being a borderline diabetic. I knew something was wrong because, I have always been healthy my whole life, but of late began feeling exhausted all the time. My doctor prescribed some medication, but before filling it I decided to do some research on the internet which led me to the 7 Steps to book is a godsend. -Sherry, Denver CO I am writing to tell you what an incredible impact these methods had on my life! I have had type 2 diabetes for 27 years. For me, the worst part of this horrible disease is the severe pain I constantly get in my feet. The pain is so bad that I avoid standing and walking as much as possible. I've got to tell you that within the first month, my feet stopped hurting altogether and I can now walk totally pain free. Believe it or not, I even danced at my niece's wedding last month, something I have not done in a many years. I've been following the book for six months now and my blood sugar is well within normal range. I feel great and just wanted to thank you for the improvement you have made in the quality of my life. -Brian, Reno NV I have totally changed my eating habits as outlined in the 7 Steps to Health and am totally amazed at the results I have gotten, in such a short period of time. My blood sugar has averaged 103 over the past two weeks compared to the 160 I was averaging before. This is far better than I was expecting, particularly so soon. As you can imagine, I am delighted. -Alice, Bakersfield CA I am a type 2 diabetic, who also has high cholesterol. I have tried several medications (for both my diabetes and my high cholesterol) but just hated the side effects. I found this site while searching for alternative treatments. After changing my lifestyle quite a bit and doing everything in the book for nearly 3 months, I had my annual checkup. I did not say a word to my doctor about what I had been taking. When the lab results came back, he personally called me and I could tell that was obviously very excited. He asked me What the heck I had been doing because my glucose reading had gone down 32 points and my cholesterol profile had significantly improved as well. I told him that I had been following the 7 Steps to Health guide. He was genuinely amazed and encouraged me to continue, which of course I have been doing. I have an appointment to see him again in 60 days and I can't wait to see what additional improvement I've made by then. You've made a believer out of me and my doctor. Thank you so much! -Merton, Richmond VA I have enjoyed your program immensely. I know that it will be easy for me to adopt this as a lifestyle. I have lost weight every week and I feel so much better than before. I am 5'6 and started out at 204 pounds. I have a big frame and have lost 48 pounds in 7 months! I want to compliment your program on its balance and emphasis on nutrition. A wonderful benefit other than feeling better and having more energy is that my problem with leg cramps has almost disappeared. I see that for me the key to weight control is planning - thinking about what I eat and portion control. When I do that, it works beautifully and I'm not hungry. -Steve, Canberra, Australia I have been doing the 7 Steps to Health for 3 weeks now, and have noticed a significant improvement. I feel better than I have in years. My average glucose readings have gone from 12.5 - 16 mmol/L to 6 - 8.5 mmol/L. Obviously, I am quite pleased with the results so far. I have tried several other products advertised on the internet but they did not work like this, not even close. Thanks for showing us the path Max! -Donna, Vancouver, Canada I started on the 7 Steps to Health about 6 months ago after being diagnosed as a type 2 diabetic. I didn't want to take any pharmaceutical drugs and a friend of mine, who is into natural health, recommended this ebook. The results have been nothing less than remarkable. My sugar stays in the 90 to 105 range. I have thanked my friend countless times for her recommendation and I also wanted to write you this note to express my sincerest gratitude to you for writing this. -Vikky, Glen Rock NJ I have been diabetic for 12 years. A friend of mine recommended that I do something about it or risk dying an early death, so I researched natural ways to beat diabetes and found 7 Steps to Health. I monitor my blood glucose levels very closely and was completely amazed that within 1 month of starting on the 7 Steps to Health, my blood sugar levels stabilized between 120 to 125 without any insulin at all! This far exceeded my expectation. Thank you so much! -Andy, San Diego, CA I was recently found out that I am a borderline diabetic and decided that I need to drastically change my lifestyle. I found the 7 Steps to Health, have been following the guide for 3 months now and just saw my Doctor the other day. He says my condition is completely under control, but that I need to keep doing whatever it is I was doing - which was just following your program. That is exactly what I plan on doing. Thanks for such an amazing book. -Jana W, Boise ID I've started the 7 Steps to Health about a year ago and the results are spectacular. My blood sugar dropped, I got off my meds and I have lost about 40 pounds of weight. My blood sugar is so stable that even my doctor is amazed. This lifestyle is definitely worth it. -Sati, Miami FL I've been Diabetic for 9 years now. My doctor's had me on Glucophage which I was taking 3 times a day to stay somewhere between 140 and 175 points all day. After starting with 7 Steps to Health, I noticed that I was able to reduce the Glucophage to 2 times a day and still keep my sugar stabilized below 140 all day. By the end of my first month, I was able to reduce the Glucophage to 1 time per day and stay stable at 109-115. I've been following the 7 Steps to Health for 6 months now and I am stable around 90! My doctor was so impressed that he took me off the Glucophage completely. Thank you so much! Every one should know about this wonderful ebook! God Bless. -Gary, Austin TX About a year ago, after an extended period of feeling totally exhausted everyday, I decided to see a doctor. He told me that my blood sugar was between 325 and 375. and that I needed to go on insulin. I really did not want to do that, so I did some research online and I found the 7 Steps to Health website. The site made a lot of sense, so I decided to try a nutritional approach to treating my diabetes. Since starting, I've been able to maintain my blood sugar at 100 to 120. My strength and energy has slowly returned and I feel a lot better now. I plan on continuing this amazing lifestyle for the rest of my life and I would highly recommend it. -Sunny M, Santa Fe NM I learned about 7 Steps to Health on the Internet while searching for a natural treatment to control my blood sugar. I found the website very informative and better than any of the others I saw, so I decided to give it a try. After following the instructions for one month, I lowered my blood sugar 40 points. This was very impressive, so I decided to continue. It has been just about a year now and I am happy to report that I don't get fatigued as easy as I used to and best of all I don't retain water in my ankles like before which used to be quite painful. This is an amazing book and I would highly recommend it to anyone who suffers from diabetes! -Joanna, Oakland CA Wanted to send you a personal THANK YOU!!! I had another doctor appointment last week and my results came back.. They said continue to do what you're doing because your current results looks better than they have ever been.. I feel amazing and want to thank you profoundly. Thank you again! -Sal, Brisbane, Australia When I was diagnosed at 29, I was willing to try anything. I had numbness, tingling, muscle twitching, vision problems and when I would get up to walk after several hours of down time my left leg did not work so well. After starting the 7 Steps to Health program and doing everything it says to do, I am doing wonderfully! No numbness, no tingling, no vision problems, no blood sugar crazyness, 90% less twitching and no funny walk! I know this works because of my results and because EVERYONE says I look 100X better, I lost weight and I am completely full of energy! It took me many months, was hard at first to throw out all the horrible food I kept in my fridge, but I did it. It did not come overnight! Also I had to be very thorough about it and stay with it, remember to do these things and push myself to keep up with it but it has all been worth it! What's the worse that could happen? 1. Eat better and you'll look and feel better. 2. take high quality supplements and look and feel better 3. Drink plenty of water and Guess what- you'll look and feel better!!! Continue to do this day in and day out and it will amazingly change your life, help disease, clear your head and make your quality of life better. Regardless of whether you're suffering now because of disease, stress, etc.. I promise this will make you feel, look and act so much better!! And remember it doesn't happen overnight- It may take months to achieve your desired goals but what's most important is that it works and slowly but surely changes you for the better! -Vanessa T, Texas I have joined your crusade in a real way and I am helping people in my country with every information I can master. My country Papua New Guinea is one of the least developed country's in the South Pacific just north of Australia. As such internet development here is still way behind. As much as I have gleaned from the website I am using the information to carry forward the health crusade where I am. I myself have been suffering from suspected multiple sclerosis and since I have been on 7 Steps to Health the last three months my condition is clearly improving. The tingling, numbness, balance and dizziness and weakness have all improved greatly. People that saw me looking sick for the last 18 months are noticing my improved condition. And I tell them nutrition is the answer. I have joined your crusade. Thank You for now and God bless Kama, Papua New Guinea I write this note to those of you who also suffer and who also find themselves about to give up hope. After well over ten years since my diagnosis I felt that my life had ended too early and that I was being punished for some unknown prior wrong. My life was apparently over--. After a month of drastic crazy changes with the help of the 7 Steps to Health, I can't believe it. My advice to those who are new in following the book is to be patient! Max knows his stuff-he's sharp as a tack and has ample experience. Do what he recommends. It took your body years to break down, can't you give it a couple months to start restoring itself? It's hard to believe that such simple methods for improved health would work, but it has so far! Jerry, Raleigh, North Carolina If only I found this system earlier, the information literally changed my life around. Thanks a lot for giving us these secrets, I can't believe how much money I've wasted buying all those useless drugs- but no more! I have lost over 40 pounds using these amazing methods, and my doctor can't believe his eyes when he checks his charts at every appointment with me. He took me off my blood pressure medication and insulin, thank you! Stav, Gloucestershire, England Through these years I have always been a weight watcher concerned if I had gained weight & getting depressed over it. I had trouble losing weight ever since I can remember. I have tried all the weight loss gimmicks on the market such as: dexatrim, slim fast, Oprah's green tea, the Newest Hoodia Patch & STARVATION. None of them ever worked. It would take me 6 months to loose 3 lbs & if I ate like a normal person for 2 days I would gain the 3 lbs plus more back! When I started the 7 Steps to Health as I was pre-diabetes as my doctor said, May, 2010 I weighed 178 lbs! I started following all the steps in the 7 Steps to Health as YOU advised started eating a more nutritous diet. I am now eating much more food than I used to & taking vitamins. Within 4 weeks to the day of starting I lost 11 lbs ! And within 3 months I lost a total of 36 lbs! I now weigh 142 lbs ! That was my pre-children/pre-Old Age weight! When you are in chronic pain 24/7 depression easily sets in. For me the added weight only made me even more depressed! The 7 Steps to Health has surely made me a happier/healthier person. I feel better than I have in years!.. thank you...peace & healing .......Martha V Shortly after my husband and I moved to the desert in Tucson, Arizona in 2005, he began to complain of stomach pains. Of course we went to the doctor and he came up with the answer, Irritable Bowel Syndrome. I'm sure they gave him something to take, but it was almost 6 years ago and I don't remember what it was, but it did not help. He continued to complain to the doctor and after tests looking into his abdominal area and up his colon, finding nothing wrong he was told it was all in his head. To make a long story short, by the beginning of 2010 the pain reached a point where he was not eating, was losing weight, and went down to 112 pounds. The doctors, including specialists, came up with the same answer and they gave him anti-stress medicine. Finally the pain got so bad my husband asked me to take him to the hospital. Knowing they would probably want to do an exploratory, which many people never come out of, I started researching alternative natural help online and stumbled onto the 7 Steps to Health. I got the ebook and we followed all the directions. You wouldn't believe it..but after a week his pain went away. My husband, a terrible skeptic, became a believer. Not only did it take the pain away, but also his heartburn. I am telling family, friends and anyone I meet about this and it has helped many of those I told. I have switched to eating more healthy foods myself and we have been keeping it up for around a year and he is happy. Keep spreading this info! I was searching the internet for information on Diabetes and blood pressure and cholesterol when I came across the 7 Steps to Health. I was intrigued with what I was reading and decided, logically, that the 7 Steps to Health was the best answer for me. I was suffering from intense menopausal symptoms; hot flashes ever five minutes, sleeplessness, anxiety, crying, depression, fatigue. I was diagnosed with fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, menopause and diabetes type 2. My body ached and was swollen and stiff. At one point I was passing out if I exerted myself at all. I could not get out of bed for three months as the chronic fatigue, loss of consciousness and pain associated with fibromyalgia was debilitating. I would have one or two good days out of a month that I could function on my feet, but then it was back to bed as my energy would again become depleted. At one point I had resigned myself to the fact that this would be how my life would end and the best I could do was to try to be happy with what life dealt me and try to deal. I cried every day. It was about a year and a half into my illness before I found the 7 Steps to Health online. It made perfect sense to me and I switched my eating habits. After less than a week I decided not to take my hormones one morning and realized that my hot flashes were gonecompletely gone! I started sleeping through the night. My fibromyalgia was gone, my chronic fatigue was gone, my menopausal symptoms were gone, my anxiety and bouts of crying had disappeared too while blood sugar normalized and wasn't spiking anymore. Every day I just get better and better. It is now about three months into my 7 Steps to Health story and I could not be happier. I have a dog with cushings disease and during my illness I could not take care of her. This broke my heart, but since I have become healthy once again she is now being taken care of and living as good a life as can be expected. Thank you for changing my life. -Aurelie, Birmingham, United Kingdom I am writing you a long overdue letter. I used to suffer from psoriatric arthritis in my hands and knuckle joints. My fingers were so swollen they looked like sausages. My knuckles were swollen, red, painful and hot to the touch. If I clenched my fists very tightly my hands would bleed in many places through painful cracks. I had to wear white cotton gloves in order to avoid getting blood on everything I touched. I went to many doctors and dermatologists. No one had an answer and one even said it was the worst case of psoriatric arthritis he had seen. Did I say it was painful? So much so the pain would wake me up at night. Then I read your article about nutritional and diet changes and I was blown away. I started reading your book and was very surprised at all the unbelievable information. In just fifteen days after using it daily the symptoms began to recede. Within a month I was as good as new. To this day I have not had a reoccurrence. My friend who is my age had similar symptoms but not as severe was amazed and somewhat skeptical when I told him about the 7 Steps to Health. He also changed his lifestyle as you say and he has had no recurrence in a couple of years. Thank you from the bottom of my heart. Milton, V, Perth, Australia I really appreciate your assistance. I have really enjoyed it. I've definitely noticed a difference in the way I feel! It's been wonderful losing so much weight. It's been truly nice to get so much out of this program. A layout of the foods, which ingredients are good and bad and most importantly all the nutrients I was lacking. It couldn't be better :-) Anyway, thank you very much for everything! Selma, Bristol, UK I have been suffering from high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol for many years. I had trouble moving, I could hardly walk. I had spent so much time, energy and now most of the money I had saved, and still I was in pain. I had read about the 7 Steps to Health some time ago, and I remembered it was very good, but until recently when a friend suggested that I read your book, did I remember how important proper food is to our health. After I read the book, I started eating entire bowls of salads, at first it was weird but now I absolutely love them. I have started drinking a lot more water and eliminated coffee and pop drinks. For the first time in 2 years, I am once again able to walk over a mile at a time. I am experiencing less and less pain and swelling in my ankles, knees, wrists, and other joints. My blood pressure is normal, I stopped taking my diabetes meds and cholesterol is low too. I am still 30 lbs overweight, and hope that being able to walk and move will help this situation as well. Thank you. Rebecca, Toronto, Canada Max, I just read your book and it thrilled me. I have been suffering with all sorts of health problems for many years now. In Faith, I quit all my medicines to try and find natural help. Everything was so costly and skeptical. As soon as I started on your recommendations I was running, not walking, everywhere that day, dancing with my kids and eating things that I was forbidden to before! I have been telling other people and met with such resistance and reluctance to believe something so simple could change your life, so I am hoping my health will be convincing enough for them. My father in law has type II diabetes and is on medication, but his blood sugar is not remaining stable. I have introduced him to a few of the steps and am very optimistic that it will work for him too. My wife is trying to lose weight, so she is on your book! He who has ears, let them hear! One more thing, not only are my diabetes symtoms gone, but my allergies also went away! That is enough reward right there! Thank you again and I will spread the word, in fact I put the website on our family blog and have been hoping it will reach who it needs to reach! God Bless! Keep sharing your story! -Jon C, London, England	<urn:uuid:e206f73a-08f7-467a-bf06-b3e586b3dbff>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.thebigcancerlie.com/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00031-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.976906	23,719	2.546875	3
Growing up in New York City, I never had much consciousness of it as a coastal city. The beaches are in the farthest-off parts of the outer boroughs, and the population centers in Manhattan and Brooklyn are oriented inward rather than toward the waterfronts. But the devastating flooding of Hurricane Sandy is a powerful reminder that the reason New York was built where it is was take advantage of a good harbor and extensive coastline. And while the city continues to be a relatively unlikely place for a hurricane to make landfall, the combination of more frequent storms and higher baseline sea levels that we can expect thanks to climate change means New Yorkers need to prepare for these kind of storms to arrive multiple times in the course of any given person’s lifetime. Beyond hoping that the rest of the country embraces liberal policies on greenhouse gas emissions, the city ought to look to its former colonial overlords in the Netherlands for some ideas. Whether by coincidence or by design, the former Dutch colony of New Amsterdam turns out to have a lot in common, geographically speaking, with the old Amsterdam. New York, like Holland, became a shipping center in an era of shallower boats—a period when extensive water frontage against a not-very-deep harbor was a key economic edge. A result of that in both places was acute land shortage. The urban growth process forced extensive development on low-lying terrain reclaimed from the sea. When a storm hits, that’s a deadly combination. The shallow harbor means a proportionately larger storm surge, and the reclaimed land is prone to flooding. Worst of all, the very extensive irregular waterfront is difficult to defend with seawalls and flood barriers. The Dutch have responded to this problem with an impressively elegant solution: Make the coast shorter. In the wake of a 1916 flood, they erected the Zuiderzee Works to turn a former inlet of the North Sea into a nice tame lake. Today, the Afsluitdijk—a causeway 32 kilometers long, 90 meters wide, and 7.25 meters high—separates the North Sea from two freshwater lakes known as the IJsselmeer and the Markermeer, in the process protecting a huge swath of Holland, including Amsterdam itself, from storm surges. An even more relevant precedent is the massive Delta Works series of dams and flood control devices in the southwestern Netherlands. These works protect, among other things, the enormous port of Rotterdam, meaning that they can’t completely sever the mainland from the sea the way Afsluitdijk did. Consequently, key elements of the Works including the Maeslantkering and the Oosterscheldekering have moving parts. They remain open most of the time, preserving the sea route to Rotterdam and the saline quality of the Oostershelde inlet. Those are the kind of barriers New York would need to seriously reduce flood risk without devastating the local ecology or unduly disrupting the important working port in Elizabeth, N.J. and other waterfront activity in the region. A 2009 seminar hosted at the Polytechnic Institute of New York University considered several options for major infrastructure upgrades to combat storm surges—a barrier at the south end of the Arthur Kill that divides Staten Island from New Jersey, an East River barrier to prevent surges up that narrow waterway, a barrier perpendicular to the Verrazano Narrows Bridge between Staten Island and Brooklyn, and most ambitiously a “Gateway Barrier System” stretching from Sandy Hook to the Rockaways. Engineers don’t believe it would be feasible for the Gateway system to entirely block storm surges, but it could weaken and deflect them—significantly reducing the flood risks to the entire New York Harbor. Even in full combination, this system would hardly eliminate storm-related problems. The Rockaways and the farther-east barrier islands off the coast of Long Island would still be subjected to potentially devastating impacts, as would the Jersey Shore communities. But this is an inherent risk of oceanside living. You can enjoy the waves and the view, but the geography won’t support robust anti-storm engineering. The system would, however, substantially reduce the exposure of southern Brooklyn, eastern Staten Island, and Raritan Bay communities in New Jersey. Better, it would essentially immunize Manhattan, Red Hook, Dumbo, Green Point, Long Island City, LaGuardia Airport, Hoboken, and other parts of Hudson County, N.J. from storm surges. It would, of course, be expensive. The estimates presented at the seminar suggest a ballpark figure of $15 billion. But even if that turns out to be a substantial underestimate, it’s a bargain compared to the cost of widespread flooding. A 2011 study of a catastrophic hurricane scenario suggested the tab for rebuilding transportation infrastructure alone could run as high as $55 billion. That’s to say nothing of the indirect economic cost of having the New York City Subway, three commuter rail networks, and the PATH train under the Hudson out of commission for days. And while power outages due to downed power lines are a constant of any storm anywhere, downtown Manhattan is currently blacked out despite buried lines because flooding destroyed a power station located right by the East River. The direct and indirect costs of this would, again, be enormous. And that’s all before considering the damage to private property. Something to note is that despite its misfortune in Hurricane Sandy, the New York Harbor region is almost uniquely lucky in being a place that can feasibly contemplate these kind of costly defenses. Manhattan, Brooklyn, Hudson County, and the northern coasts of Queens and Staten Island are some of the most densely populated and capital-rich terrain in the entire United States, meaning that the per capita cost of tens of billions in flood control infrastructure is tolerable. Rising sea levels are going to mean flooding problems for many other coastal American cities, but your Savannahs, and Charlestons and Wilmingtons—to say nothing of rural communities on the Delmarva Peninsula and elsewhere—will have a much harder time finding the means to pay for adequate defenses. Here, too, the Dutch precedent is relevant. As the most densely populated part of Europe, it’s the part that can afford these kinds of investments. Greater New York, similarly, is by far the densest agglomeration of people and economic activity in North America. The interstate nature of the project and the fact that both termini of the Gateway system would be on land controlled by the National Park Service means there’s room for a federal role in safeguarding the city. But it would be pennywise and pound-foolish for New York and New Jersey to wait around for some kind of federal handout. The bill for defending the area against a recurrence of Sandy or the likelihood that sooner or later an even bigger storm will hit is large, but the price is worth paying. New York and its neighbors can and should find a way to raise the money and get it done.	<urn:uuid:56c6d357-47e0-412a-a0f4-b40f810693e3>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2012/11/hurricane_proofing_new_york_city_dutch_style_storm_surge_barriers_across.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00164-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.944932	1,438	2.8125	3
The definition of information architecture (IA), according to Wikipedia, is “the art of expressing a model or concept of information used in activities that require explicit details of complex systems.” Information architecture is the foundation on which you should build your site, since it defines not only how visitors will navigate your site but also the terminology you’ll use to communicate your message to them. Evaluating information architecture is a step often forgotten in the process of developing a new website. Many times the IA of a site is formed over time and turns into a cobbled-together map of terms and structure that are may not seem logical to end users. The structure of the site may make sense to your organization internally, but externally, it could be confusing. If you’re not sure whether your site’s information architecture could use a face lift, here are a few things to think about: - “Don”t make me think!” Don’t make your site visitors think! If someone has to hunt for the content they’re looking for or can’t immediately relate to the terminology you use in navigation, it’s poorly designed. Think about about how you refer to your products or services throughout the site. Do you have consistent naming conventions and language? This is sometimes referred to as a “controlled vocabulary”. Site navigation is much easier when a visitor only has to keep track of a few terms or phrases related to what they’re looking for. If your site provides a directory of local restaurants and your navigation includes “Chinese restaurants”, “Restaurants” and “Fast Food” in the same category, your users will be confused and may resort to blindly click around the site looking for what they need … if they don’t give up and leave first. - Walk a mile in their shoes Most websites have at least a couple segments of site visitors. Maybe you’re selling home decor and cater both to professional interior designers as well as amateurs decorating their own homes. Both audiences will have different needs and be looking for different types of items or advice when http://www.phpaide.com/?langue=en they get to your site. Take the time to list out all of your potential customer or visitor types. Then put yourself in their shoes, give yourself a task to accomplish on the site and go through all the necessary steps. Was it easy to find everything? Sometimes this exercise is difficult if you look at the site day in and day out and could navigate the site with your eyes closed. If so, task a friend with this exercise and get their feedback. You may find that you need to revisit the language on your site or allow for different flows of navigation based on the user type. - Highlight the good stuff You’ve probably collected data on what content people are looking at the most on your site. (If not, look into Google Analytics!) You may even have an idea of what content people visit repetitively versus just once, which content people spend the most time with and which content people share with their friends the most. You may already highlight content that you want visitors to look at, but if the data is telling you they’re interested in other stuff, let them have it! The most sought after content may be categorized deep within your navigational structure, but it makes sense to surface it on the homepage if it’s what visitors are really looking for. You’ll streamline their visit and create a much better user experience, which ultimately results in loyal and repeat customers! These are just three quick things to evaluate on your site to improve the information architecture, and therefore your users’ experience. A comprehensive IA audit would be much more in-depth and include a top-to-bottom evaluation, but baby steps are better than no steps! While they seem simple, taking the time to go through these exercises can yield valuable improvements to your site. About Search Discovery Search Discovery is a digital marketing and analytics agency with one of the largest analytics consulting teams in the industry. We're focused on delivering results for our clients through digital analytics, SEO, digital media, and technology.	<urn:uuid:d5e18560-1fd5-415b-a222-485426a3eba0>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.searchdiscovery.com/blog/is-your-site-confusing-three-quick-information-architecture-audits/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00094-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.944986	871	3.078125	3
On the edge of Mexico City's famed Zócalo plaza, next to the ruins of the Aztec sacred pyramid known as the Templo Mayor, the remains of an animal—perhaps a dog or a wolf—were discovered. It had been dead for 500 years and lay in a stone-lined shaft eight feet deep. It is likely the animal had no name, nor an owner. Yet the anonymous canine had evidently meant something to someone. It wore a collar made of jade beads and turquoise plugs in its ears. From its ankles dangled bracelets with little bells of pure gold. The archaeological team, led by Leonardo López Luján, unearthed the so-called Aristo-Canine in the summer of 2008, two years into an excavation that began when foundation work for a new building revealed an astonishing object. It was a 12-ton rectangular monolith made of pinkish andesite stone, broken into four large pieces, bearing the mesmerizingly horrific likeness of the earth goddess Tlaltecuhtli (pronounced tlal-TEK-tli)—the symbol of the Aztec life and death cycle, squatting to give birth while drinking her own blood, devouring her own creation. It was the third flat Aztec monolith to be discovered by accident in the vicinity of the Templo Mayor, along with a 24-ton black basalt Sun Stone (excavated in 1790) and an 8-ton Disk of Coyolxauhqui, the moon goddess (1978). After years of painstaking excavation, López Luján and his crew have discovered, in a deep pit beside the monolith, some of the most exotic Aztec offerings ever found. Removing a stucco patch in the plaza floor, the excavators came upon 21 white flint sacrificial knives painted red: the teeth and gums of the Aztec earth monster, her mouth open wide to receive the dead. They dug deeper and found a bundle wrapped in agave leaves. It contained an assortment of sacrificial perforators made of jaguar bone, used by Aztec priests to spill their own blood as a gift to the gods. Alongside the perforators were bars of copal—priestly incense, another spiritual purifier. The perforators and incense were carefully arranged inside the bundle, along with feathers and jade beads. To López Luján's surprise, several feet underneath this bundle lay a second offering, this one in a stone box. It held the skeletons of two golden eagles—symbols of the sun—with their bodies facing westward. Surrounding the eagles were 27 sacrificial knives, 24 of them dressed up in fur and other costumes, like raggedy puppets, to represent deities associated with the setting sun. By last January, the team had uncovered a total of six offerings in the shaft—the last one 24 feet below street level and containing a ceramic jar filled with 310 greenstone beads, earplugs, and figurines. The placement of every excavated object appeared to be governed by an exquisite logic, re-creating the Aztec Empire's entire cosmology. It was at the very bottom of the second offering box that López Luján encountered the elaborately ornamented animal. Covering it were seashells and the remains of clams, crabs, and snails—creatures brought to this spot from the Gulf of Mexico, and the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In Aztec cosmology, López Luján knew, this tableau suggested the first level of the underworld, with the canine serving to guide its master's soul across a dangerous river. But which human soul? Since the Spaniard Hernán Cortés's conquest of Mexico in 1521, no Aztec emperor's remains have been discovered. Yet historical records say that three Aztec rulers were cremated and their ashes buried at the foot of the Templo Mayor. When the Tlaltecuhtli monolith was found, López Luján noticed that the god depicted held a rabbit, with ten dots above it, in its clawed right foot. In the Aztec writing system, 10-Rabbit is 1502—the year, according to the codices surviving from the era, that the empire's most feared ruler, Ahuitzotl (pronounced ah-WEE-tzohtl), was laid to rest amid great ceremony. López Luján is convinced that Ahuitzotl's burial place is somewhere near where the monolith was found. If he is right, then the Aristo-Canine may be a subterranean guide into the mystique of a people we know as the Aztec, but who called themselves Mexica (pronounced meh-SHEE-ka), and whose legacy forms the core of the Mexican identity. If López Luján finds Ahuitzotl's tomb, it will be the culmination of a remarkable 32-year inquiry into one of the most mythologized and misunderstood empires in the Western Hemisphere. Alas, little is certain when it comes to the Aztec Empire—a reign simultaneously brutal and complex, brief and literally paved over, yet manifestly prominent in a nation's consciousness a half millennium later. "Past is present everywhere in Mexico," says López Luján. That is especially true of the Aztec Empire, virtually all of which resides just beneath the footsteps of a modern nation. When word spread in 1978 that the Templo Mayor had been firmly located in the heart of the world's second most populous city, the resulting spectacle was more like a Broadway opening than an archaeological triumph. Jimmy Carter, François Mitterrand, Gabriel García Márquez, Jacques Cousteau, and Jane Fonda were among the dozens of celebrities who were treated to a tour of the dig site, some by Mexico's President José López Portillo, whose controversial decision to raze 13 buildings had made the excavation possible. And now it is happening again, with news circulating that one or more rulers may be entombed underneath the Zócalo's periphery. Today López Luján spends an inordinate amount of time chaperoning VIPs through the cramped and shrouded excavation site on the western edge of the pyramid. The Mexican press responds in droves to the latest archaeological revelations. Ordinary folks rap on the secure entrance to ask for a look; López Luján often obliges. The round-faced, good-humored, 46-year-old scholar understands the psychic pull. "Right now Mexicans realize they are living in a tragic present," he says. "But the past gives the people a way of saying they're somebody." Unlike the Maya, Mesoamerica's other pre-Columbian powerhouse, the Aztec are exclusively identified with Mexico, and today it spares no opportunity to mythologize them. In the center of the Mexican flag is the Aztec eagle, which is also incorporated into the logos of the nation's two main airlines. There is Banco Azteca and TV Azteca, and the national soccer team wears uniforms featuring the iconic eagle and plays its home games in Estadio Azteca. And of course Mexico City itself—the nerve center of the nation—is an implicit homage to the city-state of Tenochtitlan and to Aztec indomitability. But to see the Aztec in strictly iconic terms is to misunderstand them. To begin with, the mighty Aztec sustained their empire—the triple alliance of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan—for less than a century before it was eviscerated by European conquerors. For all the fear and loathing the rulers instilled in conquered regions, their dominion was ephemeral. They did not erect temples and disseminate cultural traditions across the countryside as the ancient Romans or Inca did. Instead, the Aztec maintained what some scholars call "a cheap empire," one in which the conquered were permitted to continue governing themselves so long as they ponied up tributary objects—a protection scheme buttressed by periodic shows of force. The Aztec chose to express their ingenuity largely in the epicenter of Tenochtitlan. Yet the great city was in many ways a repository of customs, images, and spiritual practices borrowed from previous civilizations. As López Luján's father, the Mesoamerican scholar Alfredo López Austin, puts it, "The most common misconception is that the Aztec were a completely original culture. They weren't." But the harsh caricature of the Aztec as bloodthirsty is just as misguided. So grossly did the conquering Spaniards overstate the Mexica bloodlust—claiming, for example, that 80,400 humans were put to death at a single temple dedication, a feat that would have depopulated much of central Mexico—that some groups today feel justified in dismissing sacrifice as a European fiction. That's going too far. Chemical examinations during the past 15 years of porous surfaces throughout Mexico City reveal "blood traces everywhere," says López Luján. "You have the sacrificial stones, the sacrificial knives, the bodies of 127 victims—you can't deny the human sacrifice." But, he is quick to add, you'll find human sacrifice everywhere in the world at that time. The Maya and numerous other cultures predated the Aztec's embrace of the practice. "It isn't the violence of a people but rather of an age—a warlike atmosphere when the religions of the time demanded that humans be sacrificed to replenish the gods," observes López Austin. And that spiritual imperative was received by the Aztec people with considerable anguish, according to analyses of codices by Harvard historian of religions Davíd Carrasco. "They were upset about sacrifice," he says. "I think there are a lot of signs that they were bothered by it." The codices reveal that this was a people with a sophisticated awareness of the limitations of an empire that relied on human sacrifice. Even as they achieved their greatest might under Ahuitzotl, the predicate for their doom was being laid. A people who believed themselves at the center of a highly precarious universe were also inflicted with what Carrasco terms a "cosmic insecurity." The empire began from scratch. The first Aztec, or Mexica, migrated from the north—from Aztlan, so it was said, though this ancestral homeland has never been located and perhaps existed only in legend. They spoke the Nahuatl tongue of the mighty Toltec, whose dominance across central Mexico had ended in the 12th century. But language was the Mexica's only connection to greatness. Chased off from one Basin of Mexico settlement after another, they at last happened upon an island in Lake Texcoco that no one else wanted and in 1325 proclaimed it Tenochtitlan. Little more than a swamp, Tenochtitlan lacked drinkable water and stones and wood for building. But its scruffy new inhabitants, though "almost totally uncultured," as renowned scholar Miguel León-Portilla puts it, compensated with what he terms "an indomitable will." These settlers proceeded to dig through the ruins of the once great city-states of Teotihuacan and Tula. What they saw, they appropriated. By 1430 Tenochtitlan had become greater than either city, a marvel of landfill and aqueducts, divided by canals and causeways into four quadrants all in orbit around the centerpiece of a double-staircased pyramid with twin temples at its summit. None of their flourishes was particularly original, and that was the point. The Mexica sought to establish ancestral connections with empires past—particularly through the machinations of Tlacaelel, the royal consigliere who could boast that "none of the past kings has acted without my opinion or counsel." During the first half of the 15th century, Tlacaelel introduced a new version of Mexica history, asserting that his people were offspring of the great Toltec and elevating Huitzilopochtli—their patron god of the sun and of war—to the pantheon of exalted Toltec deities. The royal counselor went one step further. As Miguel León-Portilla writes, Tlacaelel crafted their imperial destiny as "the conquest of all other nations … to capture victims for sacrifice, because the source of all life, the sun, would die unless it were fed with human blood." Thus did the reviled newcomers from the north ascend to nobility. They subjugated town after town in the Basin of Mexico. Under Moctezuma I, in the late 1440s, the Mexica and their allies marched over 200 miles to extend their empire southward into the present-day states of Morelos and Guerrero. By the 1450s they had pushed into the northern Gulf coast. And by 1465 the Chalco Confederacy, the lone holdout in the Basin of Mexico, was vanquished. It would fall to the eighth Aztec ruler, Ahuitzotl, to stretch the empire to its breaking point. He does not have a face. The man whose remains Leonardo López Luján hopes to find near the Templo Mayor is not represented in any artwork. "The only images we have of an Aztec ruler are of Moctezuma II, and these were made based on descriptions from the Spaniards after his death," López Luján says, referring to the last emperor who ruled over Mexico on the eve of the Spanish conquest. "About Moctezuma II, we have many details of his life. Of Ahuitzotl, we have very few." Here's what we do know: The high-ranking military officer assumed the throne in 1486 after his brother Tizoc lost control of the empire and perished—perhaps by poison, perhaps by his younger brother's hand. His very name connoted violence; in Nahuatl parlance, the ahuitzotl was a vicious otter-like being that could throttle humans with its muscular tail. Ahuitzotl's 45 conquests, the hallmark of his 16-year reign, were all colorfully memorialized in a Spanish viceroy's manuscript known as the Codex Mendoza. His armies conquered swaths along the Pacific coast, down into present-day Guatemala—and thus "expanded the empire's territorial reach to unprecedented limits," according to Carrasco. Some of these battles were purely exhibits of supremacy or to punish recalcitrant local leaders. The majority were to fulfill two bedrock lusts: tributary goods for Tenochtitlan and victims for the gods. The first rule of Aztec dominion was well in place by the time Ahuitzotl acquired power: Take the conquered region's best stuff. "The merchants and traders played the roles of spies," explains Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, the archaeologist who oversaw the massive excavations at the Templo Mayor that began in 1978. Once they reported back about the resources a town possessed, the imperial forces would prepare their attack. "The military expansion was an economic expansion," says Matos Moctezuma. "The Aztec didn't impose their religion. They just wanted the products." Not even gold held as much significance among the Mesoamerican peoples as jade, which represented fertility—and which in Central America could be found only in the mines of Guatemala. Unsurprisingly then, Ahuitzotl established trade routes into those lands—acquiring not only the metamorphic green stones but also, says López Luján, "quetzal feathers, gold, jaguar skins, and cacao, which was their money that grew on trees." With this abundance of riches, Tenochtitlan became a mercantile powerhouse as well as a cultural one—"the richest art center at that time, as Paris and New York would be later," says López Luján. The Aztec bling became part of the ornately ritualized spirituality of Tenochtitlan. The Templo Mayor was not simply a burial pyramid like those erected by the ancient Egyptians but rather the symbol of the sacred mountain of Coatepec. The mountain was the site of a cosmological soap opera: The newly born sun god Huitzilopochtli slew his warrior sister, the moon goddess Coyolxauhqui, and flung her to the bottom of the mountain. With regular doses of such sacrificed warriors, the Mexica believed, the gods would be sated and the life cycle would go on. Without such sacrifices, the gods would perish and the world would end. "The sacred mountain is as important as the cross in Christianity," says Carrasco. For the Mexica, as for most Mesoamerican cultures, "there was this repetitive destruction and creation." Paying homage to the sacred mountain meant marching colorfully garbed captive soldiers up the stairs of the pyramid, forcing them to perform ceremonial dances, and then cutting out their hearts and rolling their corpses down the steps. Rounding up the requisite prisoners to be sacrificed later was an ongoing campaign. Ritual battles were staged on specific days, on neutral land, with the explicit purpose of capturing prisoners, not territory. As the Aztec scholar Ross Hassig notes, each war "was formally initiated by burning a large pyre of paper and incense between the two armies." The Mexica did not speak of "holy wars," because for them there was no other kind. Combat and religion were inseparable. In his very first campaign, Ahuitzotl led his army through several cities to the northeast to gather victims for his coronation rites in Tenochtitlan. Annoyed that several enemy lords failed to attend his crowning, the new ruler undertook a second series of invasions in 1487, pillaging the towns of the Huaxtec region and seizing an immense number of captives. Ahuitzotl's adversaries got the message. This time their leaders were well represented at the dedication of the Templo Mayor, and they watched in horrified amazement as the sacrificial victims they had surrendered were slaughtered in vast numbers by ritually ornamented priests. Having instilled fear, Ahuitzotl would then display a lighter hand, plying visiting warlords with flowers and gifts and tobacco at his palace. The emperor enjoyed entertaining—"in his house the music never ceased, day or night," according to one text from the era—but his yen for lavish ceremonies, coupled with his many wives and children, took its toll on Tenochtitlan's budget. The list of tribute goods supplied by the conquered provinces and enumerated by the 16th-century friar and chronicler Diego Durán reads like ad copy for Tiffany & Co.: "gold, jewels, ornaments, fine feathers, precious stones … countless articles of clothing and many adornments." The banquets must have been sumptuous, with "an amazing quantity of cacao, chiles, pumpkin seeds, all kinds of fruit, fowls and game." But it was never enough. More conquests would be ordered, along with measures to demonstrate the empire's power—as when Ahuitzotl avenged the killings of several merchants in 1497 by ordering warriors into the offending villages to slay 2,000 for every dead merchant. More than any ruler before him, Ahuitzotl expanded the empire's reach southward, sealed off trade from the powerful Tarascans to the west, and tightened the reins on all the subjugated territories. "He was more forceful, more brutal," says archaeologist Raúl Arana. "When people didn't want to pay tribute, he sent in the military. With Ahuitzotl, the Aztec went to the maximum expression of everything. And perhaps it was too much. All empires have a limit." The Mexica people lost their great empire builder at the pinnacle of their dominance. In 1502—10-Rabbit—Ahuitzotl perished, supposedly from a blow to the head while escaping his palace during a flood. The flood was caused by a hastily built aqueduct project Ahuitzotl had initiated to harness the springs flowing out of neighboring Coyoacan. The town's ruler had warned Ahuitzotl about the spring's highly irregular flows. The emperor had responded by putting the ruler to death. At Ahuitzotl's funeral, 200 of his slaves were selected as his companions for the hereafter. Outfitted in fine garments and carrying provisions for the journey, the slaves were led to the Templo Mayor, where their hearts were torn out and their bodies cast onto a funeral pyre. Their remains, and those of their master, were said to be buried in front of the Templo Mayor. That very spot is where the Tlaltecuhtli monolith and the Aristo-Canine were discovered. López Luján's team has excavated other offerings in the immediate vicinity. One was found underneath a Tuscan-style mansion built for one of Cortés's soldiers. Another was discovered several feet under the large stone slab. In both cases López Luján knew where to look by tracing a complicated series of east-west axes, or "imaginary lines," on a map of the site. "There's always this repetitive symmetry," says López Luján. "It was like an obsession with them." The archaeological team's work is slow and unglamorous. Some of this is due to the challenges of any urban excavation: obtaining permits and circumnavigating sewer and subway lines; avoiding underground telephone, fiber optic, and electric cables; and maintaining security for an archaeological area that lies within one of the world's most alluring pedestrian zones. But as much as anything else, López Luján's crew labors painstakingly because the exactitude of the Aztec requires no less. Standing over a pit where, in May 2007, his team unearthed an offering box no bigger than a footlocker, he says, "It took 15 months for us to go through that entire offering. In that small space, it had ten layers and over 5,000 objects. The concentration, the richness, is incredible. "It looks random, but it's not," López Luján continues. "Everything has a cosmic significance. The challenge for us is to discover the logic and the spatial distribution patterns. When Leopoldo Batres worked here [during the turn of the previous century], he was interested in the objects themselves. They were archaeological trophies to him. What we've discovered in the 32 years we've been working here is that the objects aren't so important by themselves but by their connection in space." Every finding is a huge boon for Mexico since so many fine artifacts were seized by the conquistadores and brought back to Spain, where they have been dispersed throughout Europe. Beyond their aesthetic value, the new discoveries highlight the Aztec's attention to detail—a preoccupation owing to the high stakes involved. For the Aztec, the appeasement of the gods—and thus the world's survival—depended on an ever growing, ever demanding empire that ultimately could not be sustained. As Carrasco says, "The irony of empire is that you push to the periphery and you push too far, until you become the periphery. You're so far from home that you can't support your warriors with food and transport and you can't protect your merchants. The empire becomes too expensive. And the Aztec couldn't manage it." Ten years before the Spaniards arrived, Ahuitzotl's successor, Moctezuma II, was apparently plagued by visions and portents. Despite having continued his predecessor's expansionist ways, despite his great power and his gold and turquoise diadem and his 19 children and his zoo crammed with exotic animals and "dwarfs and albinos and hunchbacks"—despite all of this, the ninth Aztec ruler was beset by his own cosmic insecurity. In 1509, according to one codex, "a bad omen appeared in the sky. It was like a flaming ear of corn … it seemed to bleed fire, drop by drop, like a wound in the sky." Moctezuma's worries were justified. "There were more than 50,000 indigenous warriors revolting, wanting to keep their goods and wanting the Aztec attacks to stop in their community," says Carrasco. Absent this appetite for an uprising, the 500 Spaniards who docked at Veracruz in the spring of 1519, even with their guns and cannon and horses, would have been no match for the Aztec armies. Instead, Cortés's contingent arrived in Tenochtitlan on the eighth of November escorted by thousands of Tlaxcalan and allied warriors. As awed as the Spaniards were by the spectacle of this gleaming city on a lake—"some of the soldiers even asked whether the things that we saw were not a dream," one eyewitness recalled—they were not daunted by their host's prowess. Rather, it was Moctezuma who seemed unsure of himself. According to Mesoamerican legend, the great bearded deity Quetzalcoatl—banished after committing incest with his sister—would one day return by water to restore his lordship. This notion was not lost on Moctezuma, who presented Cortés with "the treasure of Quetzalcoatl," a head-to-toe costuming topped off with "a serpent mask inlaid with turquoise." But was Moctezuma really interpreting the Spaniard as the second coming of the feathered-serpent god, as has long been believed? Or was he cunningly outfitting Cortés in the godly garment of the soon-to-be sacrificed? The gesture was a final Aztec ambiguity. Thereafter, the facts are unassailable. The streets of Tenochtitlan ran red, and in 1521 an empire was buried. "We're persuaded that sooner or later we'll find Ahuitzotl's tomb," says López Luján. "We're digging deeper and deeper." But no matter how deep the archaeologist digs, he will never unearth the core of the Aztec mystique. It will continue to occupy modern Mexico's psyche—there to be felt if not seen, at once primitive and majestic, summoning from ordinary mortals the power to turn swamps into kingdoms.	<urn:uuid:f62717af-0491-4f5f-94dc-a810c3286896>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2010/11/greatest-aztec/draper-text	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.973991	5,546	3	3
But one animal-rights group has not been as receptive, arguing that pollution, not swans, is the primary threat to aquatic vegetation. On May 13, the New York-based Fund for Animals filed a lawsuit in federal court challenging a federal permit that enabled the Maryland DNR plan to proceed. The Fund for Animals' lawsuit contends that the permit violates the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the International Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and sidesteps public review and comment. "There are major threats to the Chesapeake Bay, including [the effects of] pollution and industries," said Michael Markarian, president of the Fund for Animals. "It's much easier for DNR to throw up its hands and say 'Let's shoot a few hundred swans,' than it is to deal with these other issues." In response to the lawsuit, DNR agreed to suspend its mute swan management plan. While Markarian called this an "eleventh-hour reprieve" for the swans, McKnight, with the state DNR, is concerned that the suspension will do more harm to the Chesapeake Bay. All management activities, including egg addling, have stopped pending review of the plan. "While I can appreciate [animal-rights advocates'] concern for these animals, I ask people to look at the three years we put into finding alternatives, and to look at the scientific literature we're using," McKnight said. "We're not doing this because we're bloodthirsty. Who wants to shoot these birds that we agree are beautiful and graceful and majestic? But we're still looking for an alternative that will achieve maximum protection for aquatic grass vegetation without killing these birds." However, DNR argues that the relocation of mute swans into unoccupied habitats would increase the distribution of the species. The agency has also stated that the relocation of same-sex pairs does not prevent breeding if a bird of the opposite sex enters the relocation site. For now, state officials, environmental and animal-rights groups, and bay enthusiasts must wait for a federal decision that could seal the swans' fate. Until then, mute swansas beautiful as they are destructivewill continue their reign in the Chesapeake Bay. More Bird Stories by National Geographic News: Early Birds: Is Warming Changing U.K. Breeding Season? Smell May Play Role in Bird Courtship, Study Finds Bird Teams Flock to Iraq to Survey War's Impact Mystery Disease Stalking Vultures in Asia Humans Are Driving Birds to Extinction, Group Warns Loons Sound Alarm on Mercury Contamination Tall As a Deer, Huge U.K. Bird Staging a Comeback Memory Aids Birds in Migration, Study Finds Crows Better at Tool Building Than Chimps, Study Says Extinction Near for Albatross, Experts Warn 51-Year-Old Albatross Breaks N. American Age Record Are Flashy Male Birds Threats to Their Own Species? Wild and Escaped Parakeets Captivating City Dwellers Bright Beaks Signal Health to Female Birds, Study Says Coot Birds Can Count, Study Says Recent "Birder's Journal" Stories from Robert Winkler: Birder's Journal: Giving Thanks for Wild Turkey Sightings Birder's Journal: Ghost Town's Curse Haunts New England Forest Birder's Journal: Looking at a Handy New Guide Birder's Journal: Learning to Let Birds Come to You Birder's Journal: A Morning With Migrants Birder's Journal: This Warbler Is a Master of Deception Birder's Journal: Seduced by Dueling Thrushes Birder's Journal: Attack of the Flying Goshawk Nationalgeographic.com Bird-Watching Sites: Florida Keys Area Maine's Acadia National Park New Orleans Area New York City Area North Carolina's Outer Banks Rocky Mountain National Park Salt Lake City Area San Francisco Area Santa Fe Area South Dakota's Black Hills Washington's Olympic National Park Wyoming's Grand Teton National Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Additional Information from Related Web Sites: American Bird Center American Bird Conservancy Fish and Wildlife Service Bird Web Site National Audubon Society Environmental Protection Agency: Bird Conservation SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES	<urn:uuid:efc42b02-a442-4e46-8f79-99bac0c9e877>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/06/0605_030605_muteswan_2.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00089-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.877752	917	2.8125	3
July 2, 2014 — A series of evocative lectures, films and a national traveling exhibit exploring two major civil rights movements that changed America is planned July 12-Aug. 22 in Springfield. The series includes a July 31 talk by two sisters whose father lent his name to the landmark, 1954 U.S. Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education. The national traveling exhibit, which opens with guest speakers and music at 1 p.m. July 12 at the Library Center, 4653 S. Campbell Ave., is called “Changing America: The Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 and the March on Washington, 1963.” The exhibit launches a six-week series that includes the talk at 7 p.m. July 31 at Central High School by sisters Cheryl Brown Henderson and Linda Brown Thompson. Cheryl graduated from Central High School in 1961 while the family lived in Springfield. Their late father Oliver L. Brown joined other families to challenge racial segregation of children in Topeka, Kan., public schools. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that such segregation violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In this 60th anniversary year of the case, the sisters will share the story of “Brown v. Board of Education and How it Changed America.” Their visit is sponsored by the Friends of the Library and The Library Foundation. The event is free and open to the public. A handicapped-access entrance is located on Jefferson Avenue. The program will include a talk, a short video about the case and an audience Q&A. The series is sponsored by the Springfield-Greene County Library District and the Greater Springfield Race & Faith Collaborative. It caps the collaborative’s yearlong focus on race and race relations. “We are pleased to have been selected as a site for this exhibition,” said Gay Wilson, Planning & Development Librarian. “The dramatic story of how these two pivotal events came into being, a century apart, and how each helped put the nation on a course toward fulfilling its commitment to liberty and justice for all, is one that can inspire all Americans.” About the exhibit The Library Center is the only site in Missouri until 2015 that the public can view the exhibit. It examines the events leading up to the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, and the March on Washington in 1963. Both grew out of decades of bold actions, resistance, organization, and vision. One hundred years separate them, yet they are linked in the larger story of a struggle for liberty which brought together different races, classes and ideologies and had a profound impact on the generations that followed. This grant-funded exhibit, “Changing America: The Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 and the March on Washington, 1963,” is presented by the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History and Culture and the National Museum of American History in collaboration with the American Library Association Public Programs Office. The tour of the exhibition is made possible by the National Endowment for the Humanities: Exploring the Human Endeavor. The films are part of the Created Equal film series, developed by the National Endowment for the Humanities in collaboration with the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Schedule of events July 12-Aug. 22 Exhibit Opening Ceremony, Saturday, July 12, 1-3 p.m. Library Center auditorium. H. Wes Pratt, Missouri State University equal opportunity officer, will discuss how these historical events grew out of bold actions and vision. The band Geezer will perform protest songs that affected social change through the ages, including the Civil Rights Movement. The exhibit, and a sample of the images displayed at the Park Central Branch Library, continues through Aug. 22. Marching Towards Justice: Nannie Helen Burroughs and the Quest for Race Equality, Tuesday, July 15, 7 p.m., Library Center auditorium, for adults. Dr. Angela Hornsby-Gutting, associate professor of history at Missouri State University, will talk about race activist Nannie Helen Burroughs. She operated the National Training School for Women and Girls in Washington, D.C., from 1909-1961, instilling racial pride while promoting the dignity of black labor and black womanhood. Book Discussion, “Kindred,” Thursday, July 17, 6:30 p.m. Brentwood Branch Library, “Kindred” by Octavia Butler. “The Loving Story,” Saturday, July 19, 1 p.m., Moxie Cinema, 305 S. Campbell Ave., for adults. Free admission. This 2012 HBO documentary follows interracial couple Richard and Mildred Loving, convicted of miscegenation after they were married in 1958. The U.S. Supreme Court later ruled in the couple's favor, overturning bans on interracial marriage throughout the country. Dr. Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement, Tuesday, July 22, 7 p.m., Library Center auditorium. Dr. King’s rhetoric and the Civil Rights Movement transformed the nation. Dr. Richard Schur, professor of English at Drury University, will explore King’s speeches and how his message changed over his lifetime. Schur will consider the country’s progress regarding race relations and identify areas where we need to draw on the spirit of King to advance the cause of freedom. "Slavery by Another Name,” Tuesday, July 29, 6 p.m., Library Center auditorium. This 2012 PBS documentary challenges the belief that slavery in the United States ended with the Emancipation Proclamation. The film tells how, even as chattel slavery ended in the South in 1865, thousands of African-Americans were pulled back into forced labor with shocking force and brutality. It was a system in which men, often guilty of no crime at all, were arrested, compelled to work without pay, repeatedly bought and sold, and coerced to do the bidding of masters. Tolerated by both the North and South, forced labor lasted well into the 20th century. Book Discussion “March: Book One,” by John Lewis. Wednesday, July 30, 7 p.m., Library Center auditorium. Brown v. Board of Education and How it Changed America, with Sisters Linda Brown Thompson and Cheryl Brown Henderson, Thursday, July 31, 7 p.m., Central High School auditorium, 432 E. Central St. Linda Brown Thompson and Cheryl Brown Henderson will share their experiences as daughters of the named plaintiff in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case, Oliver L. Brown et. al. vs. the Board of Education of Topeka. “The Abolitionists,” Sunday, Aug. 3, 1:30-4:30 p.m., Library Center auditorium. The 2013 PBS special dramatizes how abolitionist allies Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Beecher Stowe, John Brown and Angelina Grimké turned a despised fringe movement against chattel slavery into a force that changed the nation. “Freedom Riders,” Thursday, Aug. 7, 6-8 p.m., Springfield Art Museum, 1111 E. Brookside Drive. This 2010 PBS film documents the story behind a courageous band of civil rights activists called Freedom Riders, who in 1961 challenged segregation in the American South. Springfield’s Family Album, week of August 11. The Springfield Art Museum with Memphis, Tenn., photographer, installation and performance artist Richard Lou will produce a program exploring race and identity through images and stories. For details call 837-5700. Slavery in America: The Final Chapters, 1863-1865, Monday, August 18, 7 p.m., Library Center auditorium. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation marked the beginning of the end of slavery, but it took two more years of struggle before the peculiar institution would finally disappear from American life. Learn what happened during those years from Dr. Greg Renoff, associate professor of history at Drury University. Find this article at	<urn:uuid:242ef65c-337b-4189-8e3b-b1a55aa9f9ae>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://thelibrary.org/press/article.cfm?aid=3357	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00116-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.942926	1,678	2.578125	3
From the moment we are born, our lives are relentlessly and consistently tested by the elements. The list is enormous, beginning with internal factors that gradually determine which external ones will hinder our survival. A biologist would say our ancestry affects our genetic makeup. The expression of genes inherited from our parents gives us a mixed bag of mutations that either strengthen or weaken us. Our bodies, inside and out, display random combinations of the physical and chemical strengths and weaknesses of our parents. This lays the foundation, as a psychologist would say, for our mental development. The factors that determine our way of thinking gradually pervade our minds after we are born and build on things related to our bodies. Traits like height, weight and inherited disorders lay the framework for ideas about ourselves, others, the ways we treat others and the ways of the world. If we’re lucky enough to survive our birth, we earn the chance to endure the childhood that will gradually mold us into the adults we’ll grow up to be. Or not be. Events of nature and mistakes of our own design will test, alter and shape us. And, often or not, many of us will be broken by these things. As a result, we succumb to guilt or hedonistic pleasures to fill the void that was created. Often or not, many of us die, sometimes by our own hand, before we muster that final burst of courage that allows us to change our circumstances for the better. Depression often affects those of us that are temporarily trapped in unfavorable situations. The key to survival is perseverance because there are valuable benefits to experiencing times of such weakness. We learn together, through the constant interaction with others, what is right and wrong. We learn compassion for others experiencing emotional catastrophe because we can relate to them through empathy. We build character and integrity to shield us (and others) from future hypocrisies that could destroy us. And, through pain, we learn pleasure, like Virgil said in “The Aeneid.” That’s because, when we experience great loss, those of us who refuse to give up will use our dignified defiance to transcend our circumstances. Ideally, that is the case. There is always a way to change unfavorable situations. If we can’t go at it alone, we can do it with the help of others. Queen told us “don’t try suicide” because the rest of the world doesn’t give a damn. Rush told us to “roll the bones” and take chances in life because nothing in this universe is guaranteed. Everything given must be received as a gift and must not be taken for granted. Aerosmith told us there’s light at the end of the tunnel for those of us that are suffering in their hit, “Amazing.” And, most importantly, the dignified Winston Churchill lived by the transcendent credo, “Never, never, never give up.” This motto must be taken to heart. So, cheer up and learn in this absurd little universe of unfathomable, unreasonable uncertainty. Stop thinking in pure absolutes, in black and white. Stick to the gray area where you will find joy and hopefully happiness. And, to quote the Red Hot Chili Peppers’ new album, “I’m with you.”	<urn:uuid:c9628b22-414f-4ebc-bf18-b42d5f6d74d5>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.themiamihurricane.com/2011/09/07/ignore-the-absolutes-stay-in-the-gray-area/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00160-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.941305	697	2.515625	3
Russel Wallace : Alfred Russell Wallace (sic) Howorth and Darwinism (S197 & S198: 1871) The very ingenious manner in which Mr. Howorth first misrepresents Darwinism, and then uses an argument which is not even founded on his own misrepresentation, but on a quite distinct fallacy, may puzzle some of your readers. I therefore ask space for a few lines of criticism. Mr. Howorth first "takes it" that the struggle for existence "means, in five words, the persistence of the stronger." This is a pure misrepresentation. Darwin says nothing of the kind. "Strength" is only one out of the many and varied powers and faculties that lead to success in the battle for life. Minute size, obscure colours, swiftness, armour, cunning, prolificness, nauseousness, or bad odour, have any one of them as much right to be put forward as the cause of "persistence." The error is so gross that it seems wonderful that any reader of Darwin could have made it, or, having made it, could put it forward deliberately as a fair foundation for a criticism. He says, moreover, that the theory of Natural Selection "has been expressively epitomised" as "the persistence of the stronger," "the survival of the stronger." By whom? I should like to know. I never saw the terms so applied in print by any Darwinian. The most curious and even ludicrous thing, however, is that, having thus laid down his premisses, Mr. Howorth makes no more use of them, but runs off to something quite different, namely, that fatness is prejudicial to fertility. "Fat hens won't lay," "overgrown melons have few seeds," "overfed men have small families,"--these are the facts by which he seeks to prove that the strongest will not survive and leave offspring! But what does nature tell us? That the strongest and most vigorous plants do produce the most flowers and seed, not the weak and sickly. That the strongest and most healthy and best fed wild animals do propagate more rapidly than the starved and sickly. That the strong and thoroughly well-fed backwoodsmen of America increase more rapidly than any half-starved race of Indians upon earth. No fact, therefore, has been adduced to show that even "the persistence of the stronger" is not true; although, if this had been done, it would not touch Natural Selection, which is the "survival of the fittest." Mr. Howorth sneers at "Survival of the Fittest" as an "identical expression" which "might have suggested itself even to a child," an axiom, in short, of which the truth cannot be disputed. This is satisfactory; but it is strange that he did not apply this axiom to his own theory, and see how they agreed together. He would probably admit, as another discovery "that might have suggested itself to a child," that as a rule the entire offspring of each animal or plant, except the one or two necessary to replace the parents, die before they produce offspring (this has never been denied since I put it prominently forward thirteen years ago). He would further admit, I have little doubt, that a great majority of animals and plants produce during their lifetime from ten to a thousand offspring, so that fifty will be a low average, but the exact number is of no importance. Forty-nine, therefore, of every fifty individuals born, die before reaching maturity; the fiftieth survives because it is "best fitted to survive," because it has conquered in the struggle for existence. Will Mr. Howorth also admit as self-evident, that this one survivor in fifty is healthy, vigorous, and well nourished, not sickly, weak, or half-starved? If he maintains that it is the latter, I shall ask him to prove it; if the former, then what becomes of his theory as an argument against Natural Selection? For, admitting as a possibility that his theory of the greater fecundity of the weak, &c., is true, how are these weak or sickly parents to provide for and bring up to maturity their offspring, and how are the offspring themselves (undoubtedly less vigorous than the offspring of strong and healthy parents) to maintain themselves? The one in fifty who survives to leave descendants will inevitably be the strong and healthy offspring of strong and healthy parents; the forty-nine who die will comprise the weaker and less healthy offspring of weak and sickly parents; so that, as Mr. Darwin and myself have long ago shown, the number of offspring produced is, in most cases, the least important of the factors in determining the continuance of a species. I have thought it better to go thus into the heart of the question, rather than defend myself from the charge of dogmatism, for stating as a fact that the most vigorous plants and animals are the most fertile. I repeat the statement, however, referring to Mr. Darwin's observations, and especially to those in which he demonstrates by experiment that cross-breeding produces the most vigorous and luxuriant plants, which again produce by far the largest quantity of seed. The facts that wild animals and plants are, as a rule, healthy and vigorous, that the head of the herd is the strongest bull, and that weak and sickly carnivora are rarely found because they must inevitably starve to death, sufficiently refute Mr. Howorth's theory as against Natural Selection. If he can point to any district upon the earth where the animals and plants are in a state of chronic debility, disease, and starvation, I may admit that there his theory holds good; but such a district has not yet come under my observation, or, as far as I am aware of, been recorded by any traveller. I still maintain (Prof. Jowett's authority notwithstanding) that the phrase "Persistence of the Stronger" does not truly represent "Natural Selection" or the "struggle for existence;" and, though it may often be true, is not the whole truth. The arguments of Mr. Howorth from the history of savages will, I think, not have much weight, if we may take as an example his putting together as cause and effect the extinction of the Hottentots and their now obtaining enough to eat.	<urn:uuid:1faa25fe-5f30-4ec5-9d30-489062e32221>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/wallace/S197198.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00075-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.971486	1,310	2.609375	3
DOLLARS FOR VICTORY Despite increased revenue from taxes, during WWII the federal government relied upon borrowing from the public through the sale of government war bonds and small denomination war stamps to meet most of the war costs. Posters played an important part in convincing people to buy bonds and help with the war effort. In early 1942, U.S. Treasury officials worked to secure public ownership of the national debt by encouraging voluntary purchase of war savings bonds and stamps. The goal was to enlist ordinary citizens to make them shareholders in the war effort. By July 1945, the government had conducted seven successful war-bond drives, which had raised a total of almost sixty-one billion dollars. Characteristic of these war drives were the great numbers of volunteers from civic organizations who teamed together in door-to-door selling campaigns. It is estimated that over 6 million men, women and children volunteered to sell bonds during 1944. It was during the 1944 campaigns that the introduction of the popular Series E $25 bond was introduced. Click on the image above or the title at left for more information about each poster	<urn:uuid:d6771ae0-5e09-4a53-9a66-810644a1bae2>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.nh.gov/nhsl/ww2/victory.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00123-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.975477	223	3.453125	3
Underpinning all the other branches of science, physics affects the way we live our lives, and ultimately how life itself functions. Recent scientific advances have led to dramatic reassessment of our understanding of the world around us, and made a significant impact on our lifestyle. In this book, leading international experts, including Nobel prize winners, explore the frontiers of modern physics, from the particles inside an atom to the stars that make up a galaxy, from nano-engineering and brain research to high-speed data networks. Revealing how physics plays a vital role in what we see around us, this book will fascinate scientists of all disciplines, and anyone wanting to know more about the world of physics today. • A fascinating account of the hottest topics in physics, for scientists in all fields and anyone interested in the world of physics • Contains contributions from world leading experts in physics, including Nobel prize winners • Explores physics, from the particles inside an atom to the stars that make up a galaxy, from nano-engineering and brain research to high-speed data networks Introduction Gordon Fraser; Part I. Matter and the Universe: 1. Cosmology Wendy Freedman and Rocky Kolb; 2. Gravity Ronald Adler; 3. Astrophysics Arnon Dar; 4. Particles and the standard model Chris Quigg; 5. Superstrings Michael Green; Part II. Quantum Matter: 6. Atoms and photons Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and Jean Dalibard; 7. The quantum world of ultra-cold atoms Christopher Foot and William Phillips; 8. Superfluidity Henry Hall; 9. Quantum phase transitions Subir Sachdev; Part III. Quanta in Action: 10. Quantum entanglement Anton Zeilinger; 11. Quanta, ciphers and computers Artur Ekert; 12. Small-scale structure and nanoscience Yoseph Imry; Part IV. Calculation and Computation: 13. Nonlinearity Henry Abarbanel; 14. Complexity Antonio Politi; 15. Collaborative physics, e-science and the grid Tony Hey and Anne Trefethen; Part V. Science in Action: 16. Biophysics Cyrus Safinya; 17. Medical physics Nicolaj Pavel; 18. Physics and materials Robert Cahn; 19. Physics and society Ugo Amaldi. 'It is beautifully presented and, given the contributor list, authoritative … I wholeheartedly recommend it to researchers, postgraduate students and perhaps advanced undergraduates in the sciences.' The Times Higher Education Supplement '… accessible to a general readership … presents topics that can be usefully pondered by those with little background in physics … written at a level that can be digested by eager undergraduates but will also be instructive to experienced physicists … several physicist colleagues have passed on unsolicited praise of the level of presentation.' Physics World 'The message of The New Physics for the Twenty-first Century is that the most fundamental problems remain elusive, but the magnificent tools that have been developed during the past decade have opened up new vistas on subjects once thought to be familiar.' Physics Web 'I came across The New Physics For the Twenty-First Century about a year ago, and it struck me how appropriate it is for 'Survey of Real Physics' courses of this sort. For starters, the list of topics is incredibly diverse, and I can't think of anything of current interest that isn't covered in some amount of detail … even a cursory glance shows that the people writing the articles are leaders in their fields. Who better to learn from? Third, not only are the authors big, but they're good – the writing is incredibly concise, yet lucid, and any of the chapters are accessible to most 2nd or 3rd year physics undergraduates, or anyone else who's been exposed to a decent amount of physics … All in all, I highly recommend this book.' www.metadatta.wordpress.com '… this book will be an excellent addition to any physicist's library. The net effect of reading it could be likened to having a year-long series of engaging speakers at the weekly departmental colloquium - one after another brilliantly elucidating the advances in their field, but making their talks comprehensible for everyone who attended even if they came only for the cookies and punch!' The Physics Teacher 'The beauty of the book lies in the opportunity that it provides the reader: a glimpse of cutting edge research in physics explained by the most prominent researchers in their respective areas. It is so well put together that it reads as a unit with cross-references throughout the text.' Contemporary Physics	<urn:uuid:c7b54f3a-0e3b-438b-a818-5b02e9b5162f>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521140027	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.900605	941	2.78125	3
As a fast overview, a compound with a pH from to seven is regarded as acidic in character, whereas a material with a pH of seven to 14 is deemed alkaline in character. A pH of seven is regarded neutral, for example, pure h2o has a pH of seven. Obtaining a blood pH below 7.3 or earlier mentioned 7.41 is harmful and commonly introduced on by disorder or persistent imbalances. Much more wellness troubles are liked to you blood currently being "acidic", closer to seven.three, then "alkaline" or 7.forty, hence a somewhat alkaline pH that falls within just the normal range can be beneficial to your health. The usual American diet regime tends to decreased your blood pH, forcing your entire body to consistently regulate and potentially causing harm around time. Shifting what you take in will lead to little still significant adjustments to your pH that will reward your health. All meals has an effect on your blood pH which is identified by the food's composition. Food items that is made up of sulphur, chlorine and/or phosphorous tend to be acid-developing when digested as these aspects are acidic in nature. Proteins are manufactured up of several unique amino acids, some that contains phosphorous or sulfur, which are acid-forming when digested. Fatty acids are also acidic character as they are formed in chain-like structures which type acids as a by-item of digestion. Other fats, these kinds of as triglycerides and cholesterol, also break down into acidic molecules which reduced the blood pH. Sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and iron are alkaline minerals in naturel hence enhance your blood pH. These minerals are applied by the physique to support stabilize your blood pH. Each and every foodstuff will have a different impression of your blood pH, dependent on the protein material, the quantity and sort of unwanted fat existing, and the minerals current. Animal meat and animal items, which includes fish and egg, are acid-developing as these food items are protein and fat wealthy, the most acidifying staying beef, pork, and veal. Similarly, all dairy products, such as cheese, butter, milk, and cream, and most dairy choices, this sort of as soy or rice milk, are acid-forming. Almond milk is an alkaline developing dairy alternative. Most oils are also acid developing, with exceptions currently being coconut oil, cod liver oil, olive oil and avocado oil. A vast majority of legumes, this kind of as soybeans, kidney beans, and chickpeas, are a loaded source of protein and are also acid-forming. Lentils, snow peas, and beans with no shaped seeds are alkaline forming. Nuts and seeds differ on how they have an impact on your blood pH. Almonds, cashews, chestnuts, pumpkin seeds and sesame seeds are mineral abundant hence they are alkaline developing though hazelnuts, peanuts, walnuts, and pecans are excess fat abundant, acid-forming nuts. In normal, the protein, body fat and mineral information of grains leads to them to be acid-forming, with alkaline exceptions becoming quinoa, wild rice, and japonica (sticky) rice. Fruits are normally mineral wealthy and raise the alkalinity of your blood. The greatest fruits are melons, berries, papaya, mango, mandarin oranges and tangerines even so fruits like as dates, guava, figs, pomegranates, and plums are delicate acid-developing foods. truyen nguoi lon More Articles in Community Articles Kevin Hays New Day Trio - North - Featuring Kevin Hays, Rob Jost & Greg Joseph - On Sunnyside Records - August 5, 2016 Jason Paul Harman Byrne The Manhattan Transfer & Take 6 Present "The Summit" A.MA Records - Italy's New Jazz/Ambient Powerhouse Label Kathryn Ballard Shut Giacomo Gates: “Everything Is Cool” at SOUTH Jazz Parlor LiveIt!Live - Straight from Chez Josephine	<urn:uuid:a3e83269-b433-4784-93a1-6413261da852>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://jazztimes.com/community/articles/48650-how-and-why-to-make-your-system-alkaline	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00000-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.93183	849	2.765625	3
Citronella Ants Scientific Name: Pheidole megacephala All about Citronella Ants Step on a Citronella ant and you may suddenly feel like you’ve walked onto a newly cleaned wood floor. Not that the Citronella ant should be used to clean wood floors, and should especially not be used to ward off pests, but it does – strangely – emit a lemon scented odor when crushed. What do Citronella ants look like? Interestingly, the Citronella ant not only smells like a lemon but looks like one too! It is also known as the “large yellow ant” because it is commonly light yellow and large in size: as big as 5mm in length. It has antennae segmented into twelve parts with the first long segment shorter than its head. The antennae gradually taper into an enlarged end and the top of the thorax has a distinctive “dip” when viewed from the side. Around the anal opening of the ant there is a small circle of hairs (though most would prefer not to get close enough to use this as a distinguishing feature). Citronella ants undergoing a reproductive cycle, the queen ants, have wings. Citronella ants Habitat and Food Source Citronella ants are common throughout the U.S. from New England to the Pacific Northwest and south to Florida and Mexico. Citronella ants nest underground in the soil usually under logs, stones, or timber but may also be found in the soil of potted plants, beneath slab foundations, and inside rotted wood. Citronella ants often leave mounds of soil and soil-covered debris that may resemble foraging tubes made by termites. Inside homes Citronella ants may nest in areas of high moisture and wood already damaged by termites or fungus. If Citronella ants have invaded your home, it may be a good sign you have rotting wood or a termite problem. Simply removing and replacing rotted or moist wood could be an easy way of getting rid of a Citronella ant infestation. Citronella ants eat both living and dead insects, small invertebrates, as well as the honeydew produced by aphids, soft scale insects, mealybugs, whiteflies, and planthoppers. These ants may forage for sweets, fats, and proteins inside homes but it is not common. Citronella ants Life Cycle Winged Queen Citronella ants mate in late September and October (the swarming season) then seal themselves in a small nest in rotted wood or soil to lay their eggs. The worker Citronella ants then care for and feed the ant larvae until they pupate. The adult ants will then emerge as workers and begin the cycle again. Citronella ants and Humans Citronella ants may enter through cracks of slabs or basement walls and become quite a nuisance for a homeowner. The Citronella ant may nest indoors which can become a huge problem. The nest should be eliminated immediately. Most Citronella ants, though, prefer to nest outdoors but may still be in close proximity to your home. Citronella ants will often build a nest in or around homes. If this is the case, it may be that there is a moisture or rotting problem with the wood. Any moist or rotting wood should be identified, removed, and replaced before extermination of the Citronella ant. Citronella ants will also nest in gardens and lawns and in this case can become a problem for homeowners. If an ant infestation has grown large in numbers, a professional will be required to eliminate this pest. Inside: Baits are a very effective way of controlling Citronella ant populations that have made their way indoors. Not only will the ant itself die, but it may take bait back to the colony as a food source and destroy much more of the colony. Baits can also help to identify the nesting location if it is not known. A professional will set baited traps in appropriate locations and have a wide selection of products: Advance and Maxforce being among the most common. Liquid or dust pesticides may also be used in places indoors where ants have been seen. Outside: Once the nest is located, professionals use a large array of pesticides to drench the nests of the ant. Phantom, Termidor, Talstar, or Demand are commonly used to eradicate ant colonies. Pesticide application is concentrated to the nest. DIY and Green Solutions for Citronella Ant Control Small infestations of the Citronella ant can be managed using some easy do-it-yourself methods. There are many preventative or natural methods of deterring ants if pesticides are not desired. Indoors: Do-it-yourself baits like Raid or Combat can be used to find the nesting site and kill off ants indoors. Set baits in tight spaces like areas behind appliances, walls, and cabinets or behind window or door frames. In general, place baits wherever ants have been seen. Spraying insecticides or cleaning products near the baits will have the opposite of the desired effect. Bait products should be rotated if one bait isn’t working, and fresh baits should be set out often. Keep your home tidy and food in tight-fitting containers. Eliminate reasons for ants to come inside. Outdoors: Citronella Ant colonies established outdoors can prove difficult to remove. Mounds may cover the opening to a nest which makes it more conspicuous. Granular bait and liquid or dust pesticides are often used to drench the entire mound. Insecticides may also be sprayed around the perimeter of your building, around the foundation and up the walls. Don’t be fooled by the lemony scent of these ants if you happen to step on one – they are undoubtedly unwelcome wherever they’re found inside and out. Re-think your landscaping plan or invest in a pest control company and Citronella ant infestations shouldn’t leave you pulling your hair out for long.	<urn:uuid:448a0169-1fc1-456c-a43d-d0bc55ad7e40>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.pestnet.com/ants/citronella-ants/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00013-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.93144	1,256	3.140625	3
The Banded Sea Snake is highly venomous and common in the Pacific: ~70 sea snakes identified and some have venom stronger than a cobra's. Two families of sea snake are: the Laticaudinae (amphibious-living on land and water) and the Hydrophiinae (aquatic-never leaving the water). (62 species make up the former true snake two families) Four of the sea krait species of sea snake are laterally compressed, oviparous, and lay eggs on land. (There are three species of marine mangrove snakes in another family which are venomous and are rear-fanged. One marine file snake in a fourth family is also ovoviviparous and yet not venomous.) Banded Sea Krait: All except one genus of sea snake give live birth (ovoviviparity), can often congregate in large numbers, and chains of sea snakes in Indonesia have been known to reach almost 10 meters in length. They shed their scaly skin often, approximately every two weeks, feed frequently as a result of their higher metabolism, and have valvular nostrils and an elongate lung to efficiently respire as they come to the surface between every 30 mins. and two hours. None are found in Hawaiin waters although one species is found off San Catalina Island. Well-studied eastern pacific sea snakes are the yellow-bellied and olive sea snakes. Approximately 65% of all strikes on humans have resulted in no venom discharge and the antivenom is created from the milking of terrestrial snakes. The venom is closely related across species of all sea snakes. Sea snakes produce a toxin called Rhabdomyolysis that they inject approximately 10-15 mg into their prey via hollow fangs, causing muscle pain, muscle sensitivity and muscle spasm in humans, and neural paralysis in victims at sea. Although, in humans, pain is minimal initially, after about 30 minutes the pain worsens and the victim will experience severe pain in his/her muscles, and the area around the wound. The toxicity of the sea snake venom is so intense that the average snake could kill more than five men, while the two deadliest sea snakes, Oxyuranus microlepidotus and Oxyuranus scutellatus, could kill 125 men. The Yellow Bellied Sea Snake is a highly venomous sea snake found in all tropical oceans excpet the Atlantic: Sea Snake as Prey: Source: National Geographic Banded Sea Snake in Fiji: SyFy Channel's version:	<urn:uuid:1ce5e9f9-20d6-4518-b996-f23698203a92>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://deepseamustangdiver.blogspot.com/2010/11/sea-snakes_07.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00008-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.949458	533	3.75	4
Transcript: Preventing Skin Cancer From the Inside Out More than a million new cases of skin cancer are diagnosed every year, affecting about one in three Americans within their lifetimes. The chief risk factor is UV exposure from the sun, but alcohol consumption may also play a role. Most of the cancers associated with alcohol use are in the digestive tract, though, from mouth cancer, throat cancer, stomach cancer down to liver and colon cancer, tissues alcohol comes in more direct contact with. Why skin cancer? Well, a study of 300,000 Americans found that excessive drinking was associated with higher rates of sunburn. It may be that heavy and binge drinking are markers for an underlying willingness to disregard health risks and pass out on the beach, but maybe it’s because breakdown products of alcohol in the body generate such massive numbers of free radicals that they eat up the antioxidants that protect our skin from the sun. Plants produce their own built-in protection against the oxidative damage of the sun, and we can expropriate these built-in protectors by eating them to function as cell protectors within our own body. One might say fruit and vegetables provide the best polypharmacy, the best drug store against the development of cancer. The ingestion of plant foods increases the antioxidant potential of our bloodstream, which can then be deposited in our tissues and protect us against the damaging effects of the sun’s rays, but only recently was it put to the test. If you take 20 women, and burn their butts with a UV lamp before and after half of them eat three tablespoons of tomato paste a day for three months, there is significantly less DNA damage in the derrieres of those that eat the tomatoes. So, three months before bikini season, or even just ten weeks, if we eat lots of an antioxidant-rich food, like tomato sauce, we may reduce the redness of a sunburn 40%. It’s like you have built-in sunscreen within your skin. Now, this isn’t as good as a high SPF sunblock, but much of the UV exposure over a lifetime occurs when the skin is not protected; thus, the use of dietary factors with sun-protecting properties might have a substantial beneficial effect. But it works both ways. Alcohol consumption decreases the protection within our skin. If you have people drink about three shots of vodka, within eight minutes—not ten weeks, eight minutes, the level of carotenoid antioxidants in their skin drops dramatically. If, however, you drink the same amount of vodka in orange juice, there’s still a drop in skin antioxidants compared to the initial value, but drinking a screwdriver is not as bad as drinking vodka straight. Is the difference enough to make a difference out in the sun, though? After the drinks, they exposed the volunteers to a UV lamp and waited to see how long it would take them to burn, and the time span until they started turning red was significantly shorter after alcohol consumption, than in the experiments where either no alcohol was consumed or alcohol was consumed in combination with orange juice. That's like an extra half hour out in the sun based solely on what you put in your mouth before heading to the beach. And, oranges are pretty wimpy. Not as bad as bananas, but berries are the best. The researchers conclude that people should be aware of the fact that the consumption of alcohol in combination with sun exposure or a tanning booth increases their risk of sunburn and, therefore, their risk of developing premature skin aging and even skin cancer. If the consumption of alcohol cannot be avoided, like if someone’s holding you down or something, then you should make sure you have sunblock or, at least, do a strawberry daiquiri or something in order to reduce oxidative damage. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video. This is just an approximation of the audio contributed by Katie Schloer. Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.	<urn:uuid:2f59d600-a218-4ede-aae9-5700680951e3>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://nutritionfacts.org/video/preventing-skin-cancer-from-the-inside-out/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00012-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.958401	836	2.84375	3
Tannery and Sesame Mill The tannery was originally owned by Karanikola. Unfortunately, only the ground floor remains of what was a two storey building. None of the original equipment has been preserved. The sesame mill was owned by Giannaki. Only the original workshop remains. It houses mechanical equipment that was powered by water. Artefacts that relate to the production of hydropower are the reservoir, from which water was supplied by means of a mill-race, a water tower and an inclined aqueduct which supplied water from the waterfall. Energy from this arrangement moves the horizontal propeller (Greek or eastern type) which is preserved under the floor of the workshop. This system of supplying water and water movement is from the Byzantine era.	<urn:uuid:35a90ab0-059c-446a-804c-6afd19540594>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.unesco.org/culture/museum-for-dialogue/item/en/164/tannery-and-sesame-mill	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.984798	156	2.84375	3
Experts are tracking does, their newborns and predators. This is an archived article that was published on sltrib.com in 2012, and information in the article may be outdated. It is provided only for personal research purposes and may not be reprinted. Monroe Mountain, Piute County • Newborn mule deer are well prepared to avoid ending up as coyote food. Upon birth, they carry little, if any, scent and instinctively hide in brush and fallen timber, lying still for long stretches. So, if predators have a hard time finding fawns, imagine how difficult it can be for humans. Utah researchers, trying to determine the impact of coyote predation, recognized the challenges of tracking down the newborns and turned to technology for help in getting a four-year study off to a solid start. In March, researchers and biologists captured 65 pregnant does on their wintering ground in Piute County. Radio collars were placed on their necks. Attention then was turned to the other end of the animal. Vaginal implant transmitters (VITs) were placed in the mothers-to-be before they were released. "They moved onto [Monroe] mountain in mid- to late May, and our fist implant transmitters started being activated on June 1," says Brigham Young University graduate student and field research coordinator Eric Freeman. The VITs send a signal from the time they are implanted. The does then expel the transmitters when they start delivering their babies. The signal changes its tone when the receiver drops below 95 degrees Fahrenheit, indicating birth has taken place. Once a fawn is located and there are almost always two with each doe the researcher puts on surgical gloves to minimize the human smell. The animal is weighed and measured, and a collar is placed on its neck. The collars are designed to expand twice as the fawn grows and then, eventually, fall off. The newborns are then placed back where they were discovered. All this in an effort to learn why fawn numbers and, by extension, mule deer populations are declining. The study a partnership of the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, BYU and Utah State University is expected to cost $950,000, with DWR picking up the bulk of the tab. Most of that money comes from state auctions of big-game tags. Sportsmen for Fish and Wildlife kicked in $100,000 and the Mule Deer Foundation added $75,000. BYU is handling the fawn-collaring and monitoring portion of the project while USU works on the coyote collaring. Since early June, Freeman and several colleagues have been roaming Monroe Mountain, waving antennas, tracking collared does and waiting for VITs to change their tone. Once it happens, they use the radio signal from the new mother and the location of the VIT to home in on the right area. "It's like looking for an 8-pound loaf of bread with spots," says Freeman while scouring the brush for the fawn or twin fawns of a doe that picked a spot at 10,000 feet to give birth. In this instance, even after seeing the doe and locating the expelled VIT, Freeman and two helpers fail to find a fawn. They climb on all-terrain vehicles for the 20-mile ride back to camp in the dark. Five hours later, they do it all over again. The study's goal is to collar 240 fawns in four years. The team had tagged 65 through the end of June, surpassing the first-year goal of 60. Freeman confirmed two fawn kills by predators (one mountain lion and one coyote). Brock McMillan, an associate professor at BYU, also witnessed a cougar taking down a doe while he was looking for fawns. Mule deer populations across the West have been dropping for decades. The issue made headlines at the Utah Legislature this year with passage of two bills aimed at helping to stem the decline. SB245 appropriated $500,000 to DWR to reduce coyote populations in areas where deer herds have suffered significant losses. Part of the Mule Deer Protection Act raised the bounty on coyotes from $20 for each animal to $50 and took effect July 1. SB87 added a $5 fee on big-game hunting permits for predator-control programs. The Monroe Mountain study, however, was organized long before the Legislature acted. "DWR and conservation groups felt like we needed better information of fawn mortality and what is causing chronically low fawn production," says Jim Karpowitz, DWR director and lead researcher in the last fawn mortality study conducted in Utah in 1984. "This is probably the biggest and best-funded study of its kind at any time in Utah. At the end of the day, we expect to have better information about fawn mortality and how predator control may impact fawn production." Vance Mumford, a wildlife biologist from DWR's Cedar City office, says the recent low fawn-to-doe ratios on the Monroe hunting unit could be due to several factors, adding that this study should help pinpoint causes and possible remedies. "Is the decline because of habitat loss, poor nutrition for the doe and young fawns or is it depredation? All three may play a role," Mumford says. "Mule deer can have high production rates. If everything lines up and there is a lack of predation and good habitat conditions, population can grow quite quickly. The potential is there, the question is what can we do to increase that survival if anything?" In 1999, the post-hunting season ratio on the Monroe Unit was 68 fawns to 100 does. The number plunged to 38 per 100 in 2010. Anis Aoude, DWR's chief of big game, says any ratio above 60 signals a growing population. If the numbers drops below that level, it becomes a concern. "It can be as low as about 50 and the population can still be OK," Aoude says, "but anything below 50 and it gets in the critical range." For the study, the Monroe Mountain area was split. Half the fawns were collared on the north end and half on the south. Twenty-five coyotes will be collared in each half. The halves are important because the study is being done in "an experimental cross-over design." "We will have two years of coyote control on one half and, after two years, we will switch and control coyotes on the other half," Mumford says. "By using control on the coyotes, we kind of have a control for any mitigating factors." USU researchers started collaring coyotes over the winter. Capturing the wild canines proved difficult, and the goal of collaring 25 coyotes on each end of the Monroe Mountain study area fell a little short before federal hunters began killing the predators on the north side. (The U.S. Department of Agriculture reduces the coyotes by shooting them from the air or trapping them on the ground. ) "We probably overestimated the number of adult resident coyotes on that mountain range," says USU assistant professor Julie Young, a co-principal investigator on the study and a biologist for the National Wildlife Research Center. "We knew nothing about the coyotes there." Young says more than 50 coyotes have been killed this year. Interestingly, her team of researchers found at least one coyote possibly two had been killed by mountain lions. One of them was also partially eaten by the cougar. Although lions are not part of this study, Young says her team will monitor the cats during the study using a strong collection of data on cougars from previous DWR research. "Although we are studying coyotes and mule deer, there are a lot of other factors that could be important in how that relationship plays out," Young says. "It seems silly, given the radio collars already on the mountain lions and the information we already have on them, not to collect what information we can on them for this study." Aoude is eager to see the results of the fawn study and then adapt management practices accordingly on Monroe Mountain and, possibly, across the state. "It may tell us specific things we can do on that unit," he says. "If fawn survival is weather-dependent, we won't be able to do much. If it is predation, we can do more control. But we may see, like many other studies have shown, that malnutrition or diseases are a major killer of fawns early on. Predation usually comes in third." Online • Photo gallery and video O To view more photos and a video of the fawn tagging. > sltrib.com If you see a fawn all alone ... leave it alone Mule deer does typically give birth to two fawns sometime in June. About that time each year, state wildlife officials get reports from the public about "orphaned fawns." The fawns are rarely orphaned, but are left alone by their mothers in an effort to protect them from predators. Elk also leave young calves alone for long periods. The best thing to do is leave fawns and calves alone and leave the area without disturbing them.	<urn:uuid:ff4fea39-cd36-4177-b1ec-d31239bb8389>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://archive.sltrib.com/printfriendly.php?id=54378254&itype=cmsid	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00194-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962189	1,935	3.21875	3
Design by doing is architectural beta-testing. Build 1:1 models in the public domain that function as immediate site analysis, architectural test case and social condenser. Put your practice to theory. Do the unthinkable: build a manifest, write a building. 2. MAKE IT BEAUTIFUL People like pretty things. 3. USE NEW OLD MATERIALS Celebrate mass consumption. Reveal the beauty of the everyday, by using ordinary objects in a different manner. Look beyond traditional construction materials, and re-introduce old crafts with new fabrics. Create social value from worthless stuff. Food is social construction material. It unites people. Cook, drink and dine together. A mere cookie can be the answer to a big brief. 5. CREATE A PUBLIC Shakespeare said it: "all the world's a stage". Architects have the world's largest audience. Discover for whom you are designing and respond to the res publica with the proper act. Public architecture is the staging of all events of life, and our tools can be those of performance artists. 6. MIND THE DETAILS All details contribute to the architectural atmosphere. If you want people to meet, tie the drinks together and hand them out in pairs. A piece of rope is architecture too. 7. ACT UNSOLICITED Reprogram the brief, the building and the profession. Consider re-use of vacant office buildings rather than designing new ones. Use your own office 24/7 and program the space as club at night. Partake in society, rather than architecture competitions. 8. BE PERSONAL Establish human relationships. This social construction material is just as important as bricks and mortar. Communicate and educate. Host an excursion and exemplify the unknown. Step onto the street and speak the language of those who will live in your buildings. 9. PUT EVERYONE AROUND ONE TABLE Different people have different agendas. Place the client, manager, municipality, resident and neighbour around one table and they will communicate. Everyone is amateur and professional. An amateur can be a true expert at "residing", and a professional client may have no knowledge of architecture. Make the architecture at the table the subject of conversation and catalyst for the process. This creates mutual understanding, and speeds up the design process remarkably. 10. DESIGN THE RULES AND THE GAME Arrive early. Architectural decisions are made in the urban planning process. Design this process and ensure a great outcome. 11. PLAY THE CITY Play the city, don't plan it. Cities are shifting. Incorporate existing bottom-up initiatives and let these inform the top-down. Design a script rather than a blueprint; be the director. Reserve space for change and celebrate the informal. 12. SHOW THE GENIUS OF THE LOCI Reveal the potential of the place by building a temporary building overnight. Hand it over to the public, accompanied by one simple rule: a free stay in exchange for a personal contribution to the building. The qualities will show on site. Create architecture that is mutable and open to multiple interpretations. People will discover it and thereby make it their own. Architecture that confronts each person's imagination creates opportunities for communication between the private and public domain, and between individuals. 14. BE BIASED Carry a strong signature and be opinionated. Who wants to listen to someone with no ideas? 15. ABSTAIN FROM AUTHORSHIP Celebrate change. See architecture as an open source; a gift in which others are challenged to participate. In order to bring about social relationships through architecture, one has to give up copyright claims. 16. BE THE CURATOR Urban renewal is the future. Within extant city layouts, new architecture is about reprogramming; about social planning, temporary events, sports, education, art, and media. Find the right experts in these fields and curate the environment in which they can act together. 17. BE AN URBAN ARCHITECT The public domain is the future. Real architectural quality often does not lie in the building, but in the public domain. Design this domain as if you would a facade. 18. BUILD MENTAL MONUMENTS There's always a need for places for people to gather. Combine the real with the virtual in pop-up buildings; like an analogue facebook or a physical webforum. Make momentary monuments: one-day events can last a lifetime in the collective memory of the visitor. Enjoy what you do and have fun.	<urn:uuid:75954245-b8ea-4e56-90cb-53f13eb2815e>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.dusarchitects.com/officeprofile.php?menuid=manifesto	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.908801	945	2.703125	3
When you or someone you know has a sudden cardiac emergency, the first step is always seeking medical attention. Picking up the phone and calling 911 in emergency situations should be your first priority, but what should you do in the time until help arrives, and how should you handle an emergency situation when you’re far away from the nearest treatment center? Learning how to handle cardiac emergencies safely and properly could save a life. The best way to handle a cardiac arrest is to prevent it, if possible. Most cardiac arrests are associated with the onset of a heart attack so that the recognition of symptoms of a heart attack are crucial. Chest pressure or pain, the sudden onset of shortness of breath, severe indigestion-like symptoms especially when associated with sweating, light headedness, or palpitations should prompt a 911 call so that a defibrillator will be available should a cardiac arrest occur. “Sudden cardiac arrest can be reversed if it is treated within the first minutes of it occurring, which is why it is so important for the general public to understand the appropriate steps to take in a cardiac emergency situation if and when they should ever encounter one,” explains Lankenau Heart Institute cardiologist Irving M. Herling, MD. Dr. Herling reiterates that the first step to take in an emergency is to dial 911 yourself or ask another person at the scene to do it as you begin to take action and treat the individual using one of two recommended response tactics: CPR and AED. CPR, which stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, is the most widely-known way to respond to a variety of medical emergencies, including sudden cardiac arrest. CPR is an emergency technique that is used to help an individual whose heart or breathing has stopped. “When the heart stops beating, blood ceases to circulate through the body, which can cause brain damage within the first few minutes,” says Dr. Herling. “However, CPR can keep oxygenated blood flowing to the brain and vital organs, providing the victim’s body a service it cannot necessarily provide itself.” Although CPR cannot restart a beating heart that has stopped, it can save a life until emergency help arrives to provide more aggressive treatment. Many organizations, including Main Line Health and the American Red Cross, offer free CPR training and certification programs to prepare you for emergencies and educate the public on the proper CPR technique. Unlike CPR, an AED (automatic external defibrillator) is a device rather than a technique that is used to treat a victim. An AED has a built-in computer that can assess a person’s heart rhythm, judge whether defibrillation is needed, and administer an electric shock if it is. For the person administering the AED, the device provides audio or visual prompts to aid them through the process. “AED devices are not designed to be used by medical professionals or emergency responders. What makes them so helpful is that they are designed for non-medical people who are simply responding to an emergency at that moment,” says Dr. Herling. An AED is not guaranteed to save a life, especially in certain medical situations. However, it can improve chances for survival. After administering the shock from an AED, you should continue to provide CPR until medical help arrives. But where can you find an AED in an emergency? Thanks to increased awareness of their importance and benefits, the answer is plenty of public places, including offices, shopping centers, airports, restaurants, hotels, sports complexes and local schools and universities. Most public access AED devices and signs designating their location are brightly colored and easy to locate. Although the device provides cues and instructions, it is also a good idea to find local AED training classes or opportunities so that you are prepared to use one, should the need ever arise. “In instances of cardiac emergencies, every minute matters,” says Dr. Herling. “Educating yourself as to the tactics and techniques to use in these situations can save a life.”	<urn:uuid:07ec471e-8c84-4a4b-8fcf-3377ab98f67d>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://blog.mainlinehealth.org/community/how-to-handle-heart-emergencies/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00184-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.937016	840	2.90625	3
Re: A pk is both a physical and a logical object. Date: Wed, 25 Jul 2007 21:32:19 GMT "JOG" <jog_at_cs.nott.ac.uk> wrote in message >> "The right front tire on my car is going flat." No, these are not necessarily the same thing. "Different" is absolute, and >> "The tire with serial number BC324J5367 is going flat." > Ok, first let me say i totally understand what you are saying. Second > let me add that we advocate the same solution of using a surrogate key > to solve any ensuing problems, we just argue about /why/ we are doing > Let me consider the propistions you stated: > Construct identified in the first proposition - "Right Front Tyre" > Construct identified in the second proposition - "Tyre BC324j5637" > These are different things. >> "The right front tire on my car is going flat." No, these are not necessarily the same thing. "Different" is absolute, andincorrect because it may be the case that they are the same thing. You speak below of "constructs" overlapping, but that just doesn't make sense. Can there be two different "constructs" that occupy exactly the same space at exactly the same time? > "What", you no doubt cry, "of course > they're the same bloody thing". Well, consider that I also tell the > "The right front tyre on my car always goes flat" > What do I mean: The tyre that is on now, or whatever tyre I put there. > It could be either. One bit of rubber, which I'm continually > repairing, or new tyres that I keep changing. Its probably going to be > the latter in this case, and the mechanic might check my suspension. Actually, in this case it is the tire that is currently on your car, since you didn't say, "The right front tire on my car has always gone flat." But I see what you mean. Clearly "The right front tire on my car has always gone flat." is ambiguous, because it could mean "Every tire that has been on the right front of my car has gone flat." or "The tire that is on the right front of my car has always gone flat." In either case, you can expect the tire that is on the right front of your car to go flat. This illustrates what happens when the only key on a relation schema permits updates. It can't be determined if a new individual is being selected, or if the state of the current individual is now different. The problem I have is with the assumption that it is always the case that a new individual is being selected. This implies that there is a requirement for all keys to be rigid, which is clearly not the case. > The current overlap I have with tyre BC324j5637 is lost. The two > constructs are not the same thing over time, and hence should not be > encoded in a database as such. The design should consider which is > appropriate - the construct of a tyre with a code identifier, or the > construct of a tyre with a position identifier. Are you saying, then, that whenever a key can be updated, there must also be another that can't? That's certainly one way to solve the problem of identification across database values. > Note that change over time is not the only example of this being an >> Both of these statements state that a particular tire is going flat; >> however, the first depends upon the current state of affairs to identify >> tire, whereas the second does not. The first employs a non-rigid >> description, and the second a rigid definite description, since the >> number is part of the physical makeup of the tire. >> Obviously, the first >> statement is what I would tell my mechanic, not the second. Who in their >> right mind would get out of the car and clean off all of the mud so that >> tire can be examined to determine what the serial number is? > Well noone. We as humans can flick to different overlapping constructs > with ease because of contextual and situational knowledge, in a way > that differs from the needs of a formal database encoding. >> Now, I >> understand that as soon as the tire is replaced, or as soon as the tires >> rotated, or as soon as I trade in my car, "the right front tire on my >> denotes a different tire. >> The point is that a description need not be rigid to be definite. It may >> also be the case that the serial number of the tire is not relevant to >> problem at hand. Its absence from the database schema does not >> mean that it does not exist. It certainly doesn't mean that "the right >> front tire on my car" denotes the same tire in all possible states of >> >> Here each individual has >> >> two sets of identifying properties: one that identifies the individual >> >> at >> >> all possible states of affairs and one that identifies the individual >> >> at >> >> a >> >> particular state of affairs. >> > Utterly and totally incorrect. A construct that is one thing (i.e. has >> > the same identity) "over all its possible states" is a completely >> > different kettle of fish to an item which is only the "same thing in >> > one state". They are different constructs, with different identifiers >> > - even if they overlap. >> I beg to differ. The combination of a non-rigid definite description and >> the rest of the information about a particular state of affairs rigidly >> designates a particular individual. One alternative to using surrogates >> where keys can be updated is to record for each tuple in a separate set >> attributes the key value that identified an individual when it was >> originally inserted along with the transaction time of the original >> Since only one tuple can have a particular key value at a particular >> in time, the original key value when combined with the original insertion >> time permanently identifies the individual. > Yes that would be fine in terms of uniqueness - There is a symmettric > functional dependency between a tyre id and its position at a > specified time. > However in the real world, the "position at a specified time" key > would be impossible to determine if you just found a tyre on the > floor. The attribute is not an adequate identifier because it requires > historical knowledge that one might not possess. Identity occurs > outside of the database. >> In this case the original key >> value represents the non-rigid definite description that identified the >> individual at the state of affairs denoted by the original insertion >> Once an individual is identified, everything else that is true about it >> be determined, including other rigid designators. >> > (This explains how I am both the same person _and_ a different person >> > to the picture of me as a ten year old. The concept of a person type >> > has two different constructions, with different identifers. I can >> > quickly flick between the two interpretations in real life by >> > assessing the context of any particular question) >> > Which of these constructs is applicable depends on the context, >> > situation and application. If you have picked the wrong one when you >> > are designing a schema, well then, eventually your database will break >> > (as I know you have seen and remedied yourself in the past). >> > I think this is pretty much the whole sticking point so for now i have >> > snipped the rest. >> > Regards, Jim. >> >> [huge snip] Received on Wed Jul 25 2007 - 23:32:19 CEST	<urn:uuid:4b282714-5841-48d3-879e-07ee71b6f05d>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.orafaq.com/usenet/comp.databases.theory/2007/07/25/0507.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00131-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.942808	1,680	2.609375	3
During World War II, Wisconsinites contributed to the war effort in many ways. Wisconsin’s shipbuilding industry flourished in communities along the shores of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior, where manufacturers such as the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company and Globe Shipbuilding of Superior built submarines, cargo ships, and other vessels for the United States military. In 1941, the Kewaunee Shipbuilding and Engineering Company was founded in the small community of Kewaunee, Wisconsin, located on the Lake Michigan side of the base of the Door County Peninsula. Between 1941 and 1946, Kewaunee Shipbuilding employed more than 400 workers and delivered 80 vessels to the United States government for war use. The company, now know as Kewaunee Fabrications, continues to operate in the community as a subsidiary of Oshkosh Corporation. In addition to its significant contribution to World War II, Kewaunee Shipbuilding also played a small role in the Cold War. In 1944, the company completed FS-344, an 850-ton Army cargo ship. Beginning in 1967, the ship was used by the U.S. Navy for intelligence gathering under a new name, the USS Pueblo. In January 1968, while surveilling Soviet and North Korean communications, Pueblo was captured by North Korean forces. The ship’s crew was held as prisoners of war for nearly a year, and the ship itself remains in North Korea, now on view as part of the Victorious Fatherland Liberation War Museum. The Kewaunee Public Library has recently made available online nearly 300 photographs from three albums donated to the library by John Robillard, a former employee of Kewaunee Fabrications. The photos, known as the Kewaunee Ships of War collection, document the history of the Kewaunee Shipbuilding and Engineering Company from 1941-1946, including ships under construction, ship christening events, and the interiors of completed ships. The library collaborated with numerous community partners to complete the Kewaunee Ships of War project. Local partners included Tom Schueller of the Kewaunee County Historical Society; Nathan Roets, social studies teacher at Kewaunee High School; and the InfoSoup Memory Project sponsored by Outagamie Waupaca Library System. On October 16, 2013, more than 70 community members and 150 local high school students attended a public presentation about the project at Kewaunee High School, which featured a panel of former Kewaunee Shipbuilding employees and WWII veterans. The Kewaunee Ships of War project was funded in part by a $2,000 grant from the Wisconsin Humanities Council’s Greater Green Bay Area Humanities Fund. Scanning of the photographs was completed by Northern Micrographics of La Crosse.	<urn:uuid:c8a2a9f7-ccd9-4e7b-836d-fe24d7e3099e>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://recollectionwisconsin.org/kewaunee-ships-of-war	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00090-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.955285	572	3.484375	3
Welcome to the \| ALPHA version of the ASL to English Dictionary There are a growing number of ASL dictionaries available in print, CDROM and on the web. Each of these efforts takes advantage of the growing technological capabilities in video, imaging and data processing, as well as the growing availability of computers as well as the Internet itself. However, most of these resources seem to be "hearing-centric", meaning they allow the reader to look up a word (usually English) and see the corresponding "sign" for that word. There are many discussions and debates on how accurate, appropriate and useful such tools are and a lot of the difference depends on where within the Deaf Community one falls. Several years ago, I attempted (with limited success) to learn ASL and realized even then that several of us were missing the point. The need for an English-to-ASL dictionary is there (and being met) but it seemed to me that a much greater (and obvious?) need was the reverse case: An ASL to English dictionary. How, I asked myself, would a Deaf person, attempting to learn English, go about looking up a word? (It reminded me of how ridiculous I thought my parents were when I asked them how to spell a word and their reply was "Look it up in the dictionary." If I could do that, I wouldn't need to know how to spell it!) A serious chicken-and-egg problem there, but nothing compared to the idea of looking up a gesture-based concept. However, with the advent of new technology and a lot of help from people across the Internet, maybe we can change that. This project presents a web-based, database-driven ASL dictionary that describes the starting and ending hand positions in common ASL signs and produces a list of corresponding English words, suitable for looking up in a dictionary or thesaurus. This is a prototype with very limited vocabulary but there are works in progress to allow for user registration and adding to the dictionary. Could not connect: php_network_getaddresses: getaddrinfo failed: Name or service not known	<urn:uuid:88355ef1-3572-45fe-b66a-a4e39a9ca33c>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://asl.jinkle.com/about.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00051-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.967364	444	2.671875	3
In this section The open air meerkat enclosure at The Royal Children’s Hospital was developed in partnership with Zoos Victoria, with the support of the Hugh Williamson Foundation. The enclosure is home to a mob of cheeky and inquisitive meerkats, looked after by zoo keepers from the nearby Melbourne Zoo.Learn about the enclosure, the meerkats, and the people who take care of them in the Create Explore Learn app. Discover how meerkats live at The Royal Children’s Hospital (RCH). Improve your meerkat knowledge with interesting meerkat facts. See how the zoo keepers from Melbourne Zoo prepare special meals for the meerkats and deliver them to the hospital on bicycle. Learn how artist Robert Ingpen and weavers at the Australian Tapestry Workshop created this stunning tapestry and discover the Renaissance-era painting that inspired it. See the skilful weavers at work and explore games of the past that are still played today. Dive into the RCH aquarium and discover the different species of tropical fish that swim inside it. See the specialist divers feed the fish and clean the aquarium to keep the fish healthy and happy. Learn interesting facts about marine creatures from the world’s oceans. Learn how artist Jade Oakley transformed the “Sky Garden” mobile from a small-scale prototype made with feathers and paper into a huge sculpture made of spray-painted aluminium. Watch Jade and her team of assistants hang the magnificent "Sky Garden" at The Royal Children's Hospital. See how artist Alexander Knox and his team of construction workers used cranes to hoist the enormous sculpture "Creature" into place at The Royal Children's Hospital. Discover other "big things" in Australia and around the world.	<urn:uuid:ac2bb8c0-f143-44f3-bb94-b55a3ef9b26e>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.rch.org.au/education/rchcreate/meerkat/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00163-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.936208	365	2.515625	3
On June 14, 1972, a large area of disturbed weather was identified over Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula. It became a tropical depression that day while drifting eastward into the far northern Caribbean Sea. On 16 June after turning to the north, the depression became the first tropical storm of the 1972 hurricane season and was named Agnes. It was a very large storm, extending over 3215 km (2,000 mi) outward from its center. Agnes developed into a hurricane on 17 June over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. The hurricane did not strengthen any higher than Category 1 status, peaking at 137 km/h (85 mph), before making landfall on June 19 on Florida’s Panhandle near Cape San Blas with winds of 119 km/h (74 mph). Storm tides 1.5-1.8 m (5-6 ft) above normal caused erosion and flooding along the coast of the Panhandle that resulted in $12 million (1972 USD) in property damage. Fifteen tornadoes spawned by the hurricane also produced damage in the state. After its Florida landfall, the hurricane turned to the northeast and began weakening. For much of its travel across the southeastern United States, Agnes was a tropical depression. On 21 June, while over North Carolina, the storm reintensified into a tropical storm due to its interaction with an approaching trough. Tropical storm Agnes approached hurricane intensity after moving off the Virginia coast into the Atlantic Ocean, however it did not reach hurricane status as it had been so severely weakened previously. On 22 June, the storm made its final landfall near New York City, NY. The next day the remnants of Tropical Storm Agnes merged with the afore mentioned low-pressure system over Connecticut, creating rainfall as it passed over the northeastern United States until 25 June. Tropical Depression Agnes dumped less than 100 mm (4 in) of rain while moving over the state of Georgia. The interaction with the low over North Carolina, however, caused a sharp increase in rainfall. The system dropped about 150-250 mm (6-10 in) of rain over that state with much higher amounts farther north. Between 250-350 mm (10-14 in) fell over a broad area that included Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania and New York. The highest amount of occurred in Western Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania where 480 mm (19 in) was measured. This large amount of rain caused severe flooding throughout the region. The worst urban flooding occurred in Elmira, New York and Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. In Elmira, 20,000 people were forced out of their homes by rising waters, and downstream flooding caused a dike to be breached in Wilkes-Barre resulting in the near destruction of the entire town. In the Pennsylvania capital of Harrisburg, the governor’s mansion was submerged in floodwaters. As rivers crested to record levels, homes, businesses, factories, bridges and other infrastructure saw very significant damage. Freshwater flooded Chesapeake Bay killing large numbers of freshwater intolerant species causing losses for the local seafood industry, as product that would normally be harvested, recovered. Hurricane Agnes took 130 lives along its path, 113 of which were a direct result of flooding. Total damages from Hurricane Agnes amounted to about $2.1 billion (1972 USD) making it the most costly U.S. hurricane at the time. The vast majority of the damage was due to flooding, especially in the state of Pennsylvania, where $2 billion in damage occurred. An additional $700,000 (1972 USD) of damage occurred in New York, and the Category 1 status of the storm as it passed over Florida largely spared the state. Hurricane Agnes is a good example of how destructive weak storms can be.	<urn:uuid:394eac86-edd4-4aa5-95f5-5c6f9d4457ff>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://hurricanescience.org/history/storms/1970s/agnes/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394937.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00197-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.965935	770	3.234375	3
Barbour Receives Grant for HCl Emission Research Posted by Pengxeu Thao '15, Roseville on Friday, Aug. 8, 2014 James Barbour, biomass energy scientist and lecturer in chemistry, received a grant from the Minnesota Corn Research and Promotion Council (MCR&PC) for research on hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas emissions and mitigation agents. This project will benefit the Morris campus’s biomass gasification plant and contribute to research on alternative fuels. Morris’s biomass gasification plant uses corn cobs as a biomass fuel source, utilizing locally obtained resources to displace 8,000 tons of CO2 a year and provide heat to the campus. However, the corn cobs possess a high chlorine content that forms HCl gas, a hazardous air pollutant. The HCL concentrations have resulted in faster degradation of the emission system, requiring the campus to switch to a more acid resistant scrubbing system. Mitigating the production of HCL would reduce costs in future biomass thermal plants. Barbour will attempt to mitigate HCl emissions from corn cob use and increase the value of cobs as a fuel. This pilot study will test the effectiveness of lime, kaolin, and dolomite as potential HCl mitigation agents. These dry sorbents will be mixed with fuel to trap chlorine released by the gasification plant. Each sorbent will be laboratory-tested before shifting to full-scale tests and plant implementation. “The first few weeks of this project will be focused on methodology,” says Barbour. “First, we want to do a lab study to see if these sorbents will trap hydrogen chloride gas, which will take six to seven months. If we see promising results with these sorbents, then we will move to full-scale tests.” Barbour will work with Melissa Anderson ’16, Saint Paul, on the project. Their research will continue through the school year, and they will present their laboratory results at the Minnesota Ag Expo in January 2015. If the full-scale tests are successful in reducing HCl emissions, the biomass gasification plant will implement Barbour’s mitigation processes. This work was supported, in part, by the farm families of Minnesota and their corn check-off investment. Additional information is available online at mncorn.org.	<urn:uuid:5ccb24d2-add6-4062-b811-5488c45c36d1>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.morris.umn.edu/grants/view.php?itemID=13037	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00116-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.911262	483	2.546875	3
Saying "climate change happened naturally in the past, and therefore human's can't cause it" is like saying "forest fires occurred naturally in the past. So there can't be arson." Variation: Arson and camper carelessness can't cause fires, because forest fires often occurred naturally before people even existed! Notes: Just because something occurred naturally in the past, doesn't mean people can't cause it now. According to the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC), in 2010 90% of fires in national forests were human-caused, vs. 10% caused by lightning strikes. However, the lightning fires burned far more acres, because they started in remote areas. See NIFC table in file link to right. Bite Source: inspired by Haydn Washington & John Cook, Climate Change Denial (2011), p 50. Also, Richard Alley, CLEAN workshop, June 7, 2011. Image Source: Tammy Bruce	<urn:uuid:ea6713a5-ba55-49d7-bde6-25812f5ee1f1>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.climatebites.org/climate-communication-metaphors-and-soundbites/basic-climate-science/human-activity-is-the-cause/forest-fires-occur-naturally-so-humans-cant-cause-them	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394937.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00041-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962791	196	2.609375	3
Racism and tolerance: teaching our childen “Racism isn’t born, folks, it’s taught. I have a two-year-old son. You know what he hates? Naps! End of list.” – Dennis Leary It is troubling to hear, particularly in the U.S., of a backlash against Muslims because of the terrorist attacks. Attacks against mosques remind me of attacks against synagogues. We should be equally appalled and equally outspoken against this kind of persecution against our fellow citizens who happen to be Muslim. I have personally known many Muslims over the years and without exception have found them to be gentle, thoughtful, peaceful and wise. They are family-centered and compassionate. Certainly every cultural group or religion has its radicals, but we should be against terrorism, not roughly 25 per cent of the world who are Islamic. As parents, we may think that because our children are not exposed to racism in our home that we are doing our job. While the absence of racism is definitely a positive, it is not the same as teaching tolerance. In fact, we must move beyond tolerance (how would you feel knowing you were tolerated?) to teaching our children multi-cultural appreciation. How different it would be if our children were taught in school about different cultures and religions, their beliefs, traditions and practices. Perhaps though, there is one small problem to overcome. If we believe that our way is better, or the only way, that we are chosen ones and that those who believe differently are somehow lesser beings, how can we possibly teach understanding and acceptance of others? When I was about eight years old the boy next door told me I was going to burn in Hell because I was not Catholic! Of course I was terrified, and wondered “What kind of world is this that I live in?” To my mind I cannot conceive of any God that would punish children, or anyone, for the particular culture or belief system into which they were born. So before we can educate our children into this multicultural world we all live in, we may have to clean house of our own prejudicial thoughts. We have to find a way to honor our own spiritual path in a way that does not dishonour others. There may be roughly 6,866,600,000 of us on this planet, but we are all members of the same human family. Maybe it is time we started acting like one. Gwen Randall-Young is an author and award-winning psychotherapist.For permission to reprint this article, or to obtain books or CDs, visit www.gwen.ca.	<urn:uuid:0912af21-462c-4f15-bdb9-3d6ff82882af>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.cumberlandnewsnow.com/Opinion/Columns/2010-09-09/article-1736875/Psychology-for-Living/1	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00035-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.976868	547	2.734375	3
But then Napoleon of France stole New Orleans and all of the attendant Louisiana territory from Spain. The Emperor soon discovered it was more trouble than it was worth and asked Jefferson (via diplomats) if the United States would like to buy it for $15 million. The dollar was still worth something back in 1803, but even so, the offer was a real estate bargain. With nary a glance at his Constitutional scruples, Jefferson said yes, and with the stroke of a pen, $3 million in gold downpayment, and $12 million in bonds (government debt), the United States doubled its recognized territory. (Legal territory was then determined by European governments and bore no relationship to the people who had lived in a place long before the Europeans showed up to claim it as their own.) Jefferson had no idea what the United States had bought; neither did France know what it had sold. Within weeks of the purchase, Jefferson had Congress appropriate $2500 for an expedition to find out. He commissioned the “Corps of Discovery” as a scientific and military expedition to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase. The expedition was “to explore the Missouri River and such principal stream of it as by its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean whether the Columbia, Oregon, Colorado or any other river that may offer the most direct and practicable water communication across this continent for the purpose of commerce.” He further directed the expedition to learn more about the Northwest's natural resources, inhabitants and possibilities for settlement. They were also to watch out for potential interference of British and French Canadian hunters and trappers who were already well established in the area. \|William Clark (l) - Meriwether Lewis (r)\| In May, 1804, Captains Lewis and Clark set out with a party of thirty-three men. Their journey up the Missouri River, on to the Pacific Ocean and back lasted 28 months. The expedition documented over 100 species of animals and approximately 176 plants. Specimens were collected, described, and catalogued and brought home to the ever-curious Jefferson. The expedition even sent a caged prairie dog, which had never been seen before in the East, to the President. It was a stunning scientific expedition. Indeed, it was successful in every way. Meriwether Lewis has a step up on me (in myriad ways I am sure); my life list does not include his woodpecker. Hopefully someday I can come back and write about his woodpecker. But my life list does include the nutcracker named for William Clark. He “discovered” the bird in Idaho in 1805. Clark noted its bounding, jerking flight, and referred to it as “a new species of woodpecker.” Many observers since Clark have reported this first impression of Clark's bird. Given everything Clark was doing, and did, we can forgive him this mis-reporting. Clark's Nutcracker is, in fact, a Corvid related to crows, jays, and magpies. During my recent travels in the Canadian Rockies, I watched many of these handsome gray-white-black birds. They exhibited the Corvid personality: noisy, curious, and opportunistic. Less than a minute later, the bird was back: “kraaa, kraaa, kraaa.” The girl held a peanut in her fingers and stretched her arm. The nutcracker made a grab for the peanut. Surprised, the girl dropped it. The bird dashed in, grabbed the peanut and flew. In moments, it was back again, having again cached the peanut for later consumption. \|Clark's Nutcracker - juvenile\| Clark’s Nutcracker shares with the Gray Jay the folk name, Camp Robber: “especially in winter when other food is scarce, it comes freely to the camps to pick up whatever scraps of food it can find, and almost anything edible is welcome; at such times it becomes quite bold, frequenting the open-air kitchen and even occasionally entering the tent or cabin. It invades the vicinity of farms and houses, looking for kitchen hand-outs or picking up crumbs of bread or waste grain in the streets.” (Bent) William Clark first saw the nutcracker along a tributary near the Columbia River; its species name commemorates this location: columbiana. Establishing its Genus took longer. Its old generic name was picicorvus, suggesting its similarity to woodpeckers and crows. It has also been classified with the crows in the genus, Corvus. It is now firmly Nucifraga, “nutcracker,” a relationship which it shares with the Spotted Nutcracker of Eurasia. The Lewis and Clark Expedition was a remarkable undertaking led by a pair of remarkable men, and made possible by a politician who could compromise his principles. Their achievement has been honored in the common names of two birds. In the case of William Clark, Clark’s Nutcracker is exceptionally appropriate; the bird is bold, daring, resourceful, and adventurous, qualities which Captain Clark exhibited in abundance.	<urn:uuid:6c9f1ffe-ef44-4d32-abfc-ea853ae416bc>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://tailsofbirding.blogspot.com/2010/09/clarks-nutcracker.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00096-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.97405	1,074	2.890625	3
CONTACT: Stanford University News Service (650) 723-2558 Stanford geophysicists find new evidence for a horizontal fault below San Francisco Bay STANFORD -- "San Francisco has its faults," observe tourist T-shirts in Bay Area airports. Despite the fame of earthquake faults like the San Andreas, surprisingly little is known about their actual structure. Conventional wisdom says that the cracks we see at the surface continue unimpeded through the earth's crust. But this notion has been overturned by a study performed by geophysicists at the U.S. Geological Survey, Stanford and other research institutions. Using sound waves to make a three-dimensional image of the crust, for the first time they have mapped the three-dimensional structure of the Bay Area to a depth of 20 miles. The result, published in the Sept. 2 issue of the journal Science, shows that the familiar San Andreas and Hayward vertical faults are undercut by a fundamentally different type of fault - a horizontal break that slashes across the earth's crust 9 miles below San Francisco Bay. That slash may directly link the vertical strike-slip faults on either side of the Bay and transfer stress between them, meaning that a quake on the San Andreas fault could influence the risk of a quake on the Hayward fault, and vice versa. In addition, the horizontal break may be a prime breeding ground for thrust faults similar to those that caused the 1994 Northridge earthquake in Los Angeles. The finding shows that an earthquake is not an isolated event that occurs on one fault, at least not in a region like the Bay Area, said Simon Klemperer, Stanford associate professor of geophysics, and a co- author of the study. "We live in a plate boundary zone, where earthquakes occur on a system of faults which are interlinked," Klemperer said. Although it was dubbed a "superfault" in news headlines, scientists are wary about calling the newly mapped horizontal fracture a fault, Klemperer said - at least until they have evidence that it moves. Regardless of what the break is called, this new proof of its presence has updated scientists' assumptions about what earthquake faults look like below the surface. "The result is interesting because it hints that the horizontal structure goes underneath the San Andreas and Hayward faults," said geophysicist Tom Brocher of the U.S. Geological Survey, who is principal author of the Science article. "This means that the San Andreas and Hayward faults are limited to the upper crust. They are superficial features in that they only cut the top 9 miles of a 60-mile-thick lithosphere." Previously it had been assumed that major faults cut all the way through the crust. "It means that the ground we walk around on is not attached deep down - the earth is really mobile," Brocher said. Klemperer said the finding also confirms evidence that seismic imagers have been collecting in similar regions where the massive plates of the earth's crust are sliding past each other. In the Aleutian Islands and Tibet, for example, Klemperer and his colleagues have seen other strike-slip faults that stop in the mid-crust. The fieldwork for this study, known as the Bay Area Seismic Imaging Experiment (BASIX), was carried out in September 1991. A U.S. Geological Survey ship traversed the major East Bay faults and the San Andreas fault as it sailed from the mouth of the Sacramento River through the Bay and out beyond the Golden Gate Bridge. The ship generated controlled explosions by releasing a compressed air charge each minute during its travel. Sound waves generated by the underwater explosions were reflected off rock layers in the earth's crust and collected by receivers, called geophones, both in the ship's path and at remote land sites. It took teams of scientists, graduate students and volunteers from five research institutions to collect all the BASIX field data. The Stanford team's task, for example, was to tramp over the Bay Area hills and place the land geophones in a carefully chosen array 40 and 60 miles from the ship's path. In the three years since the ship's voyage, researchers from the five institutions - the U.S. Geological Survey, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Stanford, the University of California-Berkeley, and Pennsylvania State University - have coordinated their efforts to analyze the complex patterns of acoustical signals and interpret what they see. The discovery of the horizontal break beneath Bay Area faults is one of several new findings expected to come from that data. The scientists use the sound waves that were reflected vertically back to the ship's path to determine the echo time to the deep horizontal break, which acts as a reflector to such waves. They use the wide-angle data collected at the land stations as complementary information to calculate the depth of the break and determine the composition of the crust at various depths over a wide geographical area. Stanford's contribution to the project included analyzing that wide-angle data. Klemperer and John Hole, a postdoctoral fellow, led one of several geophysical teams that worked to identify the underground change in rock composition, and therefore the presence of the potential fault. In addition, the measurements made by the Stanford team were critical in defining the geographical extent of the deep horizontal break. It extends beneath San Francisco Bay, north to San Pablo Bay and perhaps beyond. The wide-angle data are recordings of sound waves that are refracted or bent as they pass through the earth's crust and eventually travel back to the earth's surface. Since the sound waves travel at different speeds in different rock types, the travel time of the sound waves to the geophones enabled Klemperer, Hole and their colleagues to construct a velocity profile of the rock layers. They saw a sharp contrast in sound wave velocity above and below the break. The waves traveled at 5.5 to 6.2 kilometers per second in the upper rock and 6.5 kilometers per second in the lower rock. The wave speeds suggest that the rock above the apparent fault is silicon-rich Franciscan rock, which is exposed at the earth's surface throughout the Bay Area. The rock below appears to be iron- and magnesium-rich rock, similar to that found in the ocean's crust. Although there are competing explanations for the origin of the horizontal break and the presence of the oceanic rock below it, each has similar implications for earthquake hazard. One model suggests that the lower crust below the break was formed when the oceanic crust dove under the continental plate 10 million years ago as the North American and Pacific tectonic plates slid past each other. If this occurred, the actual deep boundary between the two plates would have shifted eastward and the horizontal fault would represent a physical connection between the old plate boundary, marked by the San Andreas fault system, and the new plate boundary, marked by the newer, inshore faults on the East Bay. Stress may be transferred more readily between the San Andreas and the Hayward fault systems if such a horizontal connection exists. This would explain the phenomenon of earthquake "pairing" observed over the last 160 years, in which three pairs of earthquakes of magnitude 6.5 or greater occurred on opposite sides of the Bay within two to six years of each other. Whether the horizontal surface connects the vertical faults or not, it is under some degree of compression that can lead to buckling of the crust above the fault. This force could cause the deep break to sprout new thrust faults similar to those which were responsible for the 1994 Northridge earthquake in Los Angeles. While quakes generated by thrust faults in the Bay area have been smaller in magnitude and less frequent than quakes on strike-slip faults, they still pose a substantial hazard because a thrust fault is often unknown until it moves. The horizontal fault is just one structural feature to be identified by the BASIX team. Klemperer and Hole plan to look at their deep crustal reflection data again to elucidate other aspects of the Bay Area's three-dimensional fault structures. One project aims to look at the reflections of the sound waves off the vertical San Andreas fault in an attempt to image it more accurately. Currently, knowledge of the San Andreas and other vertical faults is built up largely from data collected at the time of earthquakes. Seismically inactive parts of the fault have not been extensively mapped, particularly at depth. The BASIX study already has confirmed that it is very hard to look at features on the surface of the earth and extrapolate to guess what they look like at depth. "That's an important lesson for the field geologist," Klemperer said. Brocher said the researchers cannot be sure that the new data will someday make it easier to predict earthquakes. "It does help us understand the framework that earthquakes work in," he said. "It is another piece of the puzzle." Jennifer Howard is a science writing intern with Stanford News Service This is an archived release. This release is not available in any other form. Images mentioned in this release are not available online. © Stanford University. All Rights Reserved. Stanford, CA 94305. (650) 723-2300.	<urn:uuid:1839a3d7-797f-4733-a4ec-8a155eeb7434>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://news.stanford.edu/pr/94/940920Arc4128.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.942144	1,887	3.546875	4
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recently launched the NIH 3D Print Exchange, a public website that enables users to share, download, and edit 3D print files related to health and science. These files can be used, for example, to print custom laboratory equipment and models of bacteria and human anatomy. The NIH 3D Print Exchange also provides video tutorials and additional resources with instruction on 3D modeling software to enable users to customize and create 3D prints. Creating a model for print can take hours, even for an experienced user. 3D Print Exchange has created novel, web-based tools that allow users to generate high-quality and scientifically-relevant 3D-printable models in only minutes, simply by uploading a file or typing in a database accession code. Users can submit models to the 3D Print Exchange database and openly share tips and software tricks in the discussion forum.	<urn:uuid:111ea279-ede0-4167-8564-38a5674fcfd5>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.lsuhsc.edu/library/news/?tag=nih	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00084-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.886501	181	2.875	3
Visser, Fleur and Roth, C.H. and Wasson, R.J. and Prosser, I.P. (2002) Quantifying Sediment Sources in Lowlying Sugarcane Land: A Sediment Budget Approach. In: Structure, Function and Management Implications of Fluvial Sedimentary Systems. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication (276). IAHS Press, Wallingford, pp. 169-175. ISBN 1-901502-96-1Full text not available from this repository. (Request a copy) The flood plain of the Herbert River basin is predominantly used for sugarcane cultivation. Although flood plains are generally considered depositional areas, high sediment concentrations have been observed in the water draining from cane land. Erosion control measures have reduced erosion from cane fields, but other landscape elements (e.g. drains) could still be important sediment sources. For this study the total sediment output from a cane area was gauged and the contribution of a range of landscape elements was quantified with traditional erosion measurement methods. A sediment budget is used to both present and check the measurement results. The study indicates that this tropical flood plain area is a net source of sediment. Sediment loss from the cultivated cane land was 3.9 t ha(-1) between I December 1999 and 31 May 2000. \|Item Type:\|\|Book Section\| Proceedings of a Symposium held at Alice Springs, Australia as a contribution to UNESCO IHP.V Project 2.1 : Vegetation, Land Use and Erosion. \|Uncontrolled Keywords:\|\|sugarcane cultivation, sediment sources, flood plains, erosion\| \|Subjects:\|\|G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GB Physical geography\| \|Divisions:\|\|Academic Departments > Institute of Science and the Environment\| \|Depositing User:\|\|Fleur Visser\| \|Date Deposited:\|\|16 Jan 2009 11:13\| \|Last Modified:\|\|26 Jul 2015 17:06\| Actions (login required)	<urn:uuid:78239110-bb0d-4f00-8696-1cf2b2e4d079>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://eprints.worc.ac.uk/550/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00095-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.825567	430	2.890625	3
Wednesday, June 02 2010 @ 03:37 pm EDT Contributed by: dgrosvold Starting on Thursday evening, Mars is within 3° of Regulus in the constellation Leo. They're almost the same brightness, and make a striking color-contrast pair high in the west after dark. Follow them each evening until they reach conjunction on Sunday, June 6th, when they will be only 0.8° apart. The bright Evening Star shining in the west-northwest during and after twilight is Venus. The twins of Gemini, Pollux and Castor, are above it. Venus is about as high in twilight as it will get this year in this part of the world. Venus is still a small gibbous disk in a telescope. It's so dazzlingly bright that you'll have the best telescopic views of it in the bright blue sky before sunset when the contrast is lower. After sunset, you may want to use a polarizing or neutral density filter to cut the glare. Later in the summer, Venus will be closer to Earth, and easier to view when larger and in its crescent phase. Also this week, the faint comet C/2009 R1 (McNaught) is nearing its period of best visibility in mid-June at magnitude 7.8. Look for it low in the northeast just before the start of dawn with binoculars or a small telescope. Saturn glows high in the southwest during the evening this week. In a telescope, Saturn's rings are tilted a mere 1.7° from edge-on, their minimum tilt for the next 15 years. Look for the thin black shadow-line cast by the rings across Saturn's bright globe. The ISS (International Space Station) will make several overhead passes during the early morning hours this week. The brightest of these will occur on Sunday and Tuesday mornings, both near magnitude -3.5. On Sunday morning, look for the ISS to rise in the SW at 5:31 AM, and pass overhead at a maximum altitude of 83° at 5:33 AM in the SE before setting in the NE at 5:36 AM. A bit earlier on Tuesday morning, the ISS will rise at 4:44 AM in the SW, reach a maximum altitude of 82° in the SE at 4:45 AM, and then set in the NE at 4:48 AM. The ISS will also make passes on Saturday and Monday mornings but will only reach a maximum brightness of magnitude -1.3 on these passes. There will also be several bright Iridium Flares this week in the early morning hours, with several reaching fairly bright magnitudes. But if you’re out and about in the evening on Thursday, June 3rd, try to catch Iridium 18 at an altitude of 63° in the eastern sky at 9:06 PM. Check the Heavens Above website for times and positions of Iridium Flares, the ISS, and other satellites in the nighttime sky. You can also view a current finder chart for comet C/2009 R1 (McNaught) on the Heavens Above website.	<urn:uuid:13b446f3-2de4-4cd9-a2b6-e9bd241bf367>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.aoas.org/index.php?page=9	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00075-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.936446	639	2.84375	3
A smartphone cradle and app make a handheld biosensor that uses the phone’s own camera and processing power to detect molecules or cells. As smartphones catch up to dedicated digital cameras in their imaging capabilities, researchers are devising ways to use the popular devices to supplement or replace expensive, dedicated lab equipment. Scientists at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (U.S.A.) have devised a custom cradle to convert a smartphone into a photonic crystal biosensor (Lab on a Chip 13, 2124). Electrical engineering professor Brian T. Cunningham and his colleagues created a photonic crystal from a polymer grating coated with silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide. The photonic crystal, with a center wavelength of 565 nm, sits on a standard glass microscope slide for ease of handling. The team designed the system surrounding the photonic crystal to measure shifts in the peak wavelength value of the minimum transmission efficiency of light from a biological sample. To align the smartphone with the rest of the optical system, the researchers designed a handheld cradle for the device and other optical components, such as a collimating lens and polarizer. The touchscreen interface remains uncovered so that the end user can control the system through the customized app. The spectrum of light passed through the photonic crystal covers a region about 750 × 100 pixels on the smartphone’s sensor. The user must focus the smartphone at infinity in order to get the best spectral resolution. The app captures the incoming spectrum of light and analyzes it to find the shift in the spectral “line” or resonant reflection between a bare photonic crystal and a biological sample. The Illinois team used a sample of porcine immunoglobulin G to test the detection limits of the system. The biosensing smartphone system avoids the need for fluorescent labeling or tagging of the substances of interest. The prototype system could herald the development of home-based “personalized medicine” applications or of diagnostic tools to be used in resource-poor regions of the world.	<urn:uuid:686e4cae-95c6-433d-812b-21034895b1c2>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.osa-opn.org/home/newsroom/2013/june/from_smartphone_to_label-free_biosensor/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00169-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.875225	412	3	3
The German city of Munich, where the Nazis raided gay bars in the early days of the Third Reich, is to have a new memorial dedicated to the gay and lesbian victims of the holocaust. The location of the memorial is significant, as on 20 October 1934, the Nazis undertook a raid on the city’s gay bars. It was one of the first such incidents in what would become a full-scale systematic persecution of gay people under Hitler’s rule. The memorial will form part of a new pedestrian development in the center of Munich and will be placed at the crossroads of Oberanger and Dultstrasse outside what was the Scwharzfischer (The Black Fisherman), one of the city’s most popular gay bars in the 1930s. It is estimated that more than 50,000 gay people were eventually arrested. The majority were men, although the Third Reich did also arrest and imprison lesbians, contrary to an earlier belief they were spared. Many of those arrested were interned in concentration camps, though the true number of how many met that fate will probably never be known. Gay men were forced to wear pink triangles, lesbians black triangles. Many gay people who survived the camps were re-imprisoned, as homosexuality remained criminalised. Paragraph 175 – that which criminalised homosexuality in Germany – remained in effect until 1969 The man behind the monument is Thomas Niederbuhl, a Councillor for the Rosa List Party. His project has broad political support from both parties currently in power in Munich. However, Richard Quaas, spokesman for the opposition party, the Christian Democrats said: “Until now, there was a consensus not to establish differentiation of victims on monuments or monuments. Other groups of victims of Nazism have no specific memorial in the public arena in Munich.” It was not until 1995, after a decade of campaigning, that gay men and lesbians were given a memorial in recognition of their suffering under the Nazis – a pink triangle plaque at the Dachau Memorial Museum. A memorial in Berlin was unveiled in 2008.	<urn:uuid:d3b9e94c-3f09-4564-b985-055be212ebf6>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/05/31/new-memorial-to-gay-holocaust-victims-to-be-built-in-munich/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396224.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00153-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.977094	429	3.078125	3

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