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2 Cups of Milk a Day Optimal for Most Preschoolers
By Salynn Boyles
WebMD Health News
Reviewed By Laura J. Martin, MD
Dec. 17, 2012 -- Milk is an important source of vitamin D and calcium in young children's diets. But drinking more than two glasses a day may lower how much iron is stored in their bodies, raising the risk for anemia, a new study suggests.
When researchers looked at daily milk intake as it related to iron and vitamin D levels in about 1,300 preschoolers, they found that drinking 2 cups of milk a day seemed optimal for most children, says lead researcher and pediatrician Jonathon L. Maguire, MD, of St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto.
Vitamin D and iron are important nutrients for growing children. Iron plays a critical role in brain development. Iron deficiency has been linked to problems in movement. Vitamin D is important for many reasons, including bone health.
Milk is one of the best sources of vitamin D and calcium, while iron-fortified cereals and meats are among the best sources of iron.
Drinking 3 cups or more of milk was associated with slightly lower ferritin levels in the blood, but the levels were still within the normal range for most children. Ferritin levels indicate how much iron is stored in the body.
The more milk the children drank, the lower their ferritin levels tended to be.
“Milk is an important source of nutrition for young children, but the message to parents is that too much of a good thing may come with a trade-off,” Maguire says.
Iron and Milk
Though parents of preschoolers often ask how much milk their young children should be drinking, Maguire says the answer is not that clear.
He points out that the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limiting cow's milk to about 2 cups a day for preschoolers, but the group's committee on nutrition also calls for vitamin D supplements for children who drink less than about 4 cups a day (1,000 mL).
It isn't clear if drinking milk directly blocks iron absorption or if its impact is less direct.
“Cow's milk doesn't have much iron, and it may be that kids who drink a lot of it are not eating other foods that are rich sources of iron,” Maguire says. “We really don't know.”
In the study, published in the journal Pediatrics, each 8-ounce cup of milk a child drank was associated with a 3.5% drop in ferritin levels.
“That may not sound like a lot, but it can add up, especially in children with other risk factors for iron deficiency,” Maguire says.
Supplements Needed for Some
The researchers noted that vitamin D supplements may be important for darker-skinned children or for children who get little vitamin D from the sun. The body makes vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.
Pediatrician Steven Abrams, MD, a member of the AAP committee on nutrition, says parents shouldn't stress too much about exactly how much of a certain food their child eats, as long as the child is eating a variety of healthy foods.
“Most of the children in this study who drank a lot of milk were not iron deficient,” he says. “The effect of milk on iron status was pretty small.”
In a statement addressing the study, the National Dairy Council pointed out that it is not clear if drinking milk has a direct impact on iron levels.
“This study supports the role and importance of milk in helping children meet their nutrient needs, specifically vitamin D, when following recommended guidelines for milk consumption,” the statement reads.
Maguire, J.L. Pediatrics, Dec. 17, 2012.
Jonathon L. Maguire, MD, MSc, pediatrician, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Steven Abrams, MD, professor of pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine; member, American Academy of Pediatrics committee on nutrition.
News release, American Academy of Pediatrics.
© 2012 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.
Parenting and Pregnancy
Get tips for baby and you.
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Teaching The Civil War
The first public school in North Carolina was created in 1840. Before the Civil War, those schools were reserved only for Whites. And then, four years after the war ended, the system was revived.
Segregated schools were the law in the state for much of the 20th century. And as you might imagine, the Civil War was taught much differently depending on the color of the students’ skin.
It’s about an hour into a hot, dusty school group tour of Stagville plantation, the historic site in Durham County. To this point, the juniors at Liberty Christian School have been polite, if a little bored and distracted, looking at the houses and grounds once owned by the Bennehan-Cameron family.
And then they come to the slave quarters. At the dawn of the Civil War, 900 slaves lived on this plantation in buildings like this one, a dark two-story wood and stone structure. The students are standing outside, staring at the bricks in the chimney. They were made by the slaves themselves, and the tour guide points out five small depressions in one of the bricks… the toes of a slave child’s foot.
Tour Guide: "There’s one right here, y’all can get a little closer if you want. You can touch it."
For a moment, the students stop sucking on the rock candy lollipops they bought earlier at the gift shop and fixate on the spot…
Student: "That’s cool."
And just like that, an accidental footprint made a century and a half ago brings Stagville alive for these students.
Hassan Everett is one of them. He says studying the Civil War helps him feel closer to his African-American ancestors, especially the slaves who fought for the Union.
Hassan Everett: "I’ll say we, weren’t paid as much. We still showed dedication and we still fought for what we believed in even though we were enslaved people. So that’s something that I took from that."
Hassan says he and his teacher got into a healthy in-class debate earlier in the year over which group – African-Americans or native Americans – were more persecuted by Whites.
That kind of classroom environment is a world away from what went on in Southern schools throughout much of the 20th century.
Howard Lee is the Executive Director of the Governor’s Education Cabinet. He’s also a graduate of Lithonia Colored High School in Georgia, later named the Bruce Street School, class of 1953.
Howard Lee: "I never sat at a new desk the entire 12 years I went to that school because we always got the hand-me-down desks from the white school. I never had a new textbook, because we always got the hand-me-down text books."
Lee says his school had great teachers, but he laments just the one week they spent each year on African-American history. His most memorable Civil War lesson came when his class visited the Cyclorama in nearby Atlanta.
Lee: "The upshot of that whole experience was that this war was fought to ensure that blacks remained in slavery. And that of course was the central understanding that left to looking at the Civil War."
Across town, the white students were likely learning something very different. Fitzhugh Brundage is a history professor at UNC Chapel Hill. He explains the narrative taught to white students across the south between 1920 and 1960.
Fitzhugh Brundage: "Well, they typically were taught the civil war was an unfortunate war brought about by the extremism of northern abolitionists and southern fire-eaters. And that if cooler minds had prevailed there never needed to be a civil war because slavery was pretty benign and it would have died out anyways out over time. And then the United States could have gotten on with the business of being a stronger more powerful nation without having to have endured the civil war."
Those narrow, parallel narratives of the Civil War existed until desegregation and school reform in the 1960s and 70s. And while textbooks are no longer filled with propaganda, the students are still not all that much closer to understanding the complex truth, the true brutality, the economic realities, and the longterm effects of the Civil War.
Brundage says it’s not really their fault.
Brundage: "We in the United States haven’t really come to grips with the Civil War anyway. Speaking more broadly. We prefer to have what I would call a very saccharine and even sanitized narrative of what the civil war was and what its consequences were."
Any help the public schools could offer to deepen students’ understanding of the Civil War is unlikely to come any time soon. To put it simply, in the race to reform education, US history is getting left behind.
In March, the North Carolina State Legislature eliminated the end—of-course test in US History, citing cost concerns. The federal government doesn’t ask for it to be tested, either, preferring to focus on science, technology and math.
That bothers Howard Lee.
Lee: "We have a saying in the educational arena, if it’s not tested, it’s not taught. I think we the legislature having made the unfortunate decision to no longer test in history, we’ll find it to be less emphasized going forward in the subject area."
The de-emphasis on history literacy will actually suffer a double hit. Recent budget cuts are likely to shrink the number of school field trips. And that means fewer chances for today’s students to put their own hands on history… like the footprint of a slave child, generations after she left it.
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ARCH 22A Delineation and Rendering (3)
Lec-35, Lab-70, field trips
Credit, Degree Applicable
Basic drawing techniques in graphic communication. Two and three-dimensional representations with various media expressing architectural ideas and concepts.
After successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
- Outcome 1: Produce fundamental and related architectural drawings, choosing appropriate types that are relevant and credible.
- Outcome 2: Create drawn representations of architectural ideas and concepts that incorporate the use of plans, sections, elevations, perspectives, conceptual sketches, and diagrams.
- Outcome 3: Choose from a palette of colors to best represent and communicate qualities of architectural forms and space using various color media and techniques.
- Outcome 4: Arrange a series of drawn representations into a visual composition that communicates major design intentions into a visual and multi-layered formal presentation.
- Outcome 5: Appraise the efficacy of an architectural graphic presentation against the design intentions.
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1Place (a picture or photograph) in a new frame.
- Here, I've created a display you can make for your shop that can motivate your customer to reframe family pictures that already decorate their office or home.
- I want to reframe this lithograph and put it on display.
- ‘Because reframing the portraits is a preventative measure, without the grant the project might have been put on hold,’ Paisley said.
2Frame or express (words or a concept or plan) differently.
- More than merely instilling a positive attitude, cognitive-behavioral therapy teaches patients to reframe their expectations about what will happen if they exert themselves.
- Intellectually, I've also reframed my strategy.
- It reframes the notion of risk by discussing the socio-economic, philosophical and metaphysical risks associated with GMOs.
For editors and proofreaders
Definition of reframe in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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Today, we visit Colonial America. The University of
Houston's College of Engineering presents this
series about the machines that make our
civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity
The mood of Colonial America was a
special mix of self-assurance and a passionate belief in
freedom. For me that mood is embodied in an image from the
spring of 1786. It is the sight of John Fitch's steamboat
laboring earnestly up the Delaware River propelled by an
array of Indian canoe paddles. Twenty-one years before
Fulton, those paddles boldly proclaimed Fitch's amateur but
functional freedom from any canon of engineering design.
To understand colonial technology and invention we need to
understand the intensity of the Colonial impulse to be
free. Freedom was a much-used word that swept in more than
just political independence from England. It included
cultural freedom from Europe. America's first
notable poet, Joel Barlow, repeatedly asserted our cultural
independence. He brashly called America a
"theatre for the display of merit of every kind." Sometimes this impulse
toward freedom was downright arrogant. A typical anonymous
Revolutionary War song, set to the skirl of fife and drum,
ends with the lines:
And we'll march
up the Heav'nly streets,
And ground our arms at Jesus' feet.
Other times it resulted in gentler expressions of the same
sentiment. Francis Hopkinson gave us a widely-sung, lilting
melody with the title, My Days Have Been so Wondrous
Free. But always present was a direct, innocent,
homemade, and somehow completely engaging quality. It
captures our imagination. It is strong and affecting, and
(most important) it is completely amateur.
Again and again the mood of Revolutionary America touches
us with that direct, simple-but-brilliant intensity.
Historian Kenneth Clark visits Jefferson's Monticello, and
He had to invent a great deal of it himself ... . Doors
that open as one approaches them, a clock that tells the
days of the week, a bed so placed that one gets out of it
into either of two rooms -- all this suggests the quirky
ingenuity of a creative man working alone outside any
accepted body of tradition.
We find self-taught Ben Franklin giving us basic insights
into the nature of electricity. We find a small band of
homegrown intellectuals inventing a new kind of government
of and by the people.
The engineering of this new land had the mind-set of people
who knew that they could do whatever they wanted to do.
They knew they could do it better than, and without
reference to, what'd been done before. Whether it was
designing the perfect capital city, building the Erie
Canal, or marching their armies "right up the heavenly street,"
they knew nothing was beyond them.
The worm of self-doubt afflicts so much we do. We've been
to the mountaintop of technological accomplishment. Edison,
Ford, Bell have subsequently come and passed on, leaving us
to feel disconnected from those embryonic years of
That worm did not eat into the heart of the people who
built this country. With clear, childlike self-assurance,
those people quite simply did do the impossible.
I'm John Lienhard, at the University of Houston, where
we're interested in the way inventive minds work.
This episode is based on fragments of many sources. See,
for example, Silverman, K., A Cultural History of the
American Revolution: PAINTING, MUSIC, LITERATURE and the
THEATRE in the Colonies and the United States from the
Treaty of Paris to the Inauguration of George Washington,
1763-1789. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.
This is a revised version of Episode
From the 1832 Edinburgh
Fitch's First Steamboat Propelled with Indian Canoe
The Engines of Our Ingenuity is Copyright
© 1988-1998 by John H. Lienhard.
Previous Episode |
| Index |
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From the Publisher
August 1, 2014
Doctors have selected around 600 patients suffering from obesity, anemia, hypertension, and type 1 diabetes. For this group, scientists have produced special juices, cookies, bread, dessert concentrates, jellies, instant soups, pate, bread, pasta, and groats. Provided with all these products, the patients were asked to prepare their own dishes to suit their taste. These patients are part of a project that aims to develop a new form of bioactive food designed to help patients with specific diseases. The project is being managed by Prof. Józef Korczak, head of the Department of Human Nutrition at the Poznań University of Life Sciences in western Poland. After nine weeks of this diet therapy, it will be possible to determine if these special foods help improve the condition of the patients.
“Although it is not yet possible to draw definitive conclusions, the doctors are already signaling that the patients’ medical indicators have improved,” says Korczak. He adds, “After completing all testing and certification, we will be looking for companies [to produce this special food] with which we will establish commercial contacts.”
According to Korczak, “the research project has confirmed that patients and their friends and contacts are interested in these products. Patients are actually worried about what they will be eating when they stop taking part in the project.”
The project is close to the mass production stage and there is a chance that the new foods will soon be put on the market. The project team has already submitted over 20 patent applications. “We want our innovative line of food products to enrich the range of products available on the market and to broaden the range of Polish food industry export products and increase their international competitiveness. This is the first such project in Poland,” says Korczak. He adds, “Our program could significantly contribute to the promotion of those sectors of Polish industry and agriculture that are responsible for producing good ingredients rich in bioactive compounds.”
Meanwhile, Poland is a major producer of fruit such as apples. It is the largest exporter of apples in the European Union. Polish apple growers will now be able to use a new, unique technology for sorting this fruit developed by a sorting machine manufacturer from the central city of Radom. The new technology selects the best fruit, groups apples according to color, shape and size, and packs them. It turns out that if you place a bunch of top-caliber scientists between the orchard and the marketplace, you will achieve spectacular business results surpassing all expectations.
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Cognitive therapy study hope for hypochondria patients
- 18 October 2013
- From the section Health
Cognitive behavioural therapy is more effective than standard care for people with hypochondria or health anxiety, say researchers writing in The Lancet.
In their study, 14% of patients given CBT regained normal anxiety levels against 7% given the usual care of basic reassurance.
It said nurses could easily be trained to offer the psychological therapy.
Between 10% and 20% of hospital patients are thought to worry obsessively about their health.
Previous studies have shown that CBT, which aims to change thought patterns and behaviour, is an effective treatment for other anxiety disorders.
But there is a shortage of specialists trained to deliver CBT, and as a result waiting lists can be long.
In this study, 219 people with health anxiety received an average of six sessions of cognitive behavioural therapy while 225 received reassurance and support, which is standard.
After periods of six months and 12 months, patients in the CBT group showed "significantly greater improvement in self-rated anxiety and depression symptoms" compared with standard care, the study showed.
There was also a particularly noticeable reduction in health anxiety in the CBT group straight after treatment began.
The therapy was delivered by non-CBT experts who had been trained in only two workshops.
Study author Prof Peter Tyrer, head of the Centre for Mental Health at Imperial College London, said the results showed that hypochondria could be successfully treated, in a "relatively cheap" way, by general nurses with minimal training in a hospital setting.
Reducing the anxiety levels of 14% of the CBT group might not seem a high figure, he said, but these were often people with serious problems who had sometimes spent thousands of pounds on private health assessments because of fears about their health.
"Health anxiety is costly for healthcare providers and an effective treatment could potentially save money by reducing the need for unnecessary tests and emergency hospital admissions," Prof Tyrer said.
Writing about the study in The Lancet, Chris Williams from the University of Glasgow and Allan House from the University of Leeds, said the findings were "intriguing" but translating them into services was "problematic".
They also questioned the cost-effectiveness of screening patients for health anxiety and CBT.
They wrote: "Health anxiety is only one of the problems noted in medical outpatients - depression, hazardous alcohol use, poor treatment adherence, and other forms of medically unexplained presentation all press for recognition and intervention.
"To develop multiple parallel services makes no sense, especially since the common emotional disorders overlap substantially."
But Prof Tyrer said health anxiety was a hidden epidemic that required the correct treatment, not just reassurance.
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Noise is produced by almost everything we humans do. It makes sense, then, that we would get used to it. But unfortunately this attitude also leads us to accept excessive and damaging amounts of noise. Exposure to noise no louder than people shouting for eight hours a day, five days a week can lead to substantial hearing loss in a matter of a few years, yet we continue to work and allow others to work amidst heavy machinery, impact tools, and screaming turbofan jet engines. And we live along approach paths to the major airports of the world (view image). We accept hearing loss as a part of the normal aging process, even though in many cases it doesn't have to be.
Many of the problems discussed here are the result of ignorance, and that is where this website fits into the scheme of things. Ignorance may be bliss, but it is a lonely, frustrating bliss when you can't hear a word spoken to you unless it's shouted. Educating oneself may not guarantee a lifetime of good hearing, but it certainly gives a person better odds. And the people around them, too. A parent educated in safe auditory practices has kids who will grow up in a safe environment and who will learn safe auditory practices themselves. And maybe with enough educated parents, teachers, co-workers, and policy-makers our children and our children's children won't have to grow up in an annoying world, a world where it is difficult to communicate, a world where noise-induced hearing loss is accepted as part of the normal aging process.
The interested reader is encouraged to consult the abundance of other websites on the topic of noise pollution and related issues. . . .
On to Links
Return to Noise Pollution Main Page
Return to Audition and Music Main Page
View Noise Pollution References
On to Links
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Graffiti art- From the street to the museum [May 07]
This article has been reprinted from artprice.com, the leader in the art market:
Historically, graffiti was a underground movement, born to the Hip-Hop rhythm in the American ‘hoods of the 1970s. It is people’s art, rough and ephemeral. Rough because it was created illegally in public spaces. Ephemeral because its lifespan, subject to external constraints, is necessarily limited. The prohibitions which hit this urban art right from its beginnings in Europe could not stop its expansion during the 1980s. At the end of the decade it had become a veritable fashion phenomenon, in the press and on museum walls. Aside from urban buildings, street furniture and public transport, the graffiti artists created works on canvas, paper or street hoardings which are now prized by a growing number of collectors.
The unquestioned star of the genre is Jean-Michel BASQUIAT who is racking up million-ticket sales (more than forty). On 15 May last, a mixed-medium 1981 work smashed the artist's record in crossing the 10 million dollar mark! Initially estimated at between 6 million and 8 million dollars, the hammer went down on the lot at 13 million dollars (more than 9.6 million euros, Sotheby’s NY). Warhol’s friend with the fleeting destiny (he died at 27 years) signed his first works in the street under the pseudonym Samo. Today a small pencil or graphite drawing changes hands for between 10,000 and 20,000 euros on average and you'll need between 50,000 and 100,000 euros for a paper-based work in crayon. Prices are higher still for large formats in ink or oil pastel.
Another Warhol accolyte, Keith HARING, is also a key graffiti name. He doesn’t reach the heights of Basquiat but has shown steady growth over the last four years. On 8 February last, you'd have needed not less than £56,000 to secure a small 1984 acrylic (50x50 cm) at Sotheby’s London. The same day, Sotheby’s competitor set a new record of £440,000 for a 1983 canvas (Christie’s London).
The more affordable FUTURA 2000 is one of the pioneers of urban painting which he created instinctively on the walls of Brooklyn as of the 1970s. Only 3 works from the graffiti artist have been put up for auction in ten years! The latest, an untitled acrylic and aerosol painting on a plank of wood, found a buyer for 4,000 euros in October at Artcurial who will auction a spray-painted graffiti canvas entitled Bar code (1983, 137 x 181 cm) for an estimate of between 4,000 and 5,000 euros.
above: A 1963 John Perello acrylic painting, All Are One
Graffiti art becomes sought after in France
The auction house Artcurial will auction around twenty works by American and French graffiti artists on 6 June. The sale catalogue lists the works together in a section called ‘Graffiti and post-graffiti art’: never before has a French auction house given the genre so much credit! The sale’s headline piece is the large-scale Match Point, Ephemeral Hospital, 1993 (214.5 x 190 cm) by John PERELLO, aka Jonone estimated at between 15,000 and 20,000 euros. Highly vibrant and colourful, this work takes liberties with the masters of abstract art such as Kandinsky, Pollock and de Kooning.
With these twenty lots going for estimates averaging between 5,000 and 10,000 euros, the art lover can set his or her heart on the large canvases with cartoon references signed John Matos CRASH or ASH II. There is a wide choice of works for between 1,000 and 5,000 euros: a Jonone sized at close to a metre, the abstract graffitis by SHARP, Chris Ellis DAZE, KOOR or a surreal graphic canvas by Alex/Mac-Crew. For less than 1,000 euros, one might hope to secure the spray-painted canvases by Sonic or Hondo and for a low-end estimate of 100 euros an untitled work combining several media on a plywood panel signed Thierry CHEVERNEY.
In two years, graffiti artists have seen their prices double: is the street phenomenon moving to the auction room?
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Scientists image brain structures that deteriorate in Parkinsonís
New MRI technique could help doctors track how patients respond to treatment.
A new imaging technique developed at MIT offers the first glimpse of the degeneration of two brain structures affected by Parkinsonís disease.
The technique, which combines several types of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), could allow doctors to better monitor patientsí progression and track the effectiveness of potential new treatments, says Suzanne Corkin, MIT professor emerita of neuroscience and leader of the research team. The first author of the paper is David Ziegler, who received his PhD in brain and cognitive sciences from MIT in 2011.
The study, appearing in the Nov. 26 online edition of the Archives of Neurology, is also the first to provide clinical evidence for the theory that Parkinsonís neurodegeneration begins deep in the brain and advances upward.
ďThis progression has never been shown in living people, and thatís what was special about this study. With our new imaging methods, we can see these structures more clearly than anyone had seen them before,Ē Corkin says.
Parkinsonís disease currently affects 1 to 2 percent of people over 65, totaling five million people worldwide. The disease gradually destroys the brain cells that control movement, leaving most patients wheelchair-bound and completely dependent on caregivers. ďA major obstacle to research on the causes and progression of this disease has been a lack of effective brain imaging methods for the areas affected by the disease,Ē Ziegler says.
In 2004, Heiko Braak, an anatomist at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt, Germany, classified Parkinsonís disease into six stages, based on the appearances of the affected brain structures. He proposed that during the earliest stages, a structure deep inside the brain, known as the substantia nigra, begins to degenerate. This structure is critical for movement and also plays important roles in reward and addiction.
Later, Braak proposed, degeneration spreads outward to a brain region known as the basal forebrain. This area, located behind the eyes, includes several structures that produce acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter important for learning and memory.
Neuropathologists (scientists who study the brains of deceased patients) had found evidence for this sequence of events, but it had never been observed in living patients because the substantia nigra, deep within the brain, is so difficult to image with conventional MRI.
To overcome that, the MIT team used four types of MRI scans, each of which uses slightly different magnetic fields, generating different images. By combining these scans, the researchers created composite images of each patientís brain that clearly show the substantia nigra and basal forebrain. ďOur new MRI methods provide an unparalleled view of these two structures, allowing us to calculate the precise volumes of each structure,Ē Ziegler says.
After scanning normal brains, the researchers studied 29 early-stage Parkinsonís patients. They found significant loss of volume in the substantia nigra early on, followed by loss of basal forebrain volume later in the disease, as predicted by Braak.
The findings appear to correlate with the appearance of symptoms in Parkinsonís patients, says Joel Perlmutter, a professor of neurology at the Washington University School of Medicine. ďThis suggests that two different systems of the brain ó one dopaminergic and associated with motor control, and one cholinergic and associated with cognitive function ó have different timing,Ē Perlmutter says.
In future studies, this MRI technique could be used to follow patients over time and measure whether degeneration of the two areas is correlated or if they deteriorate independently of one another, Corkin says.
This approach could also give doctors a new way to monitor how their patients are responding to treatment, she says. (Most patients are treated with dopamine, which helps to overcome the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra.) Researchers could also use the new imaging tools to determine the effects of potential new treatments.
This news content was configured by WebWire editorial staff. Linking is permitted.
News Release Distribution and Press Release Distribution Services Provided by WebWire.
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The PE ratio of a stock (also called its "earnings multiple", just "multiple", or "P/E") is used to measure how cheap or expensive share prices are. It is probably the single most consistent red flag to excessive optimism and over-investment. It also serves, regularly, as a marker of business problems and opportunities. By relating price and earnings per share for a company, one can analyze the market's valuation of a company's shares relative to the wealth the company is actually creating. A PE ratio is calculated as:
The price per share (numerator) is the market price of a single share of the stock. The earnings per share (denominator) is the net income of the company for the most recent 12 month period, divided by number of shares outstanding.
The PE of a stock describes the price of a share relative to the earnings of the underlying asset. The lower the PE, the less you have to pay for the stock, relative to what you can expect to earn from it. The higher the PE the more over-valued the stock is.
For example, if a stock is trading at $24 and the Earnings per share for the most recent 12 month period is $3, then the PE ratio is 24/3=8. The stock is said to have a PE of 8 (or a multiple of 8). Put another way, you are paying $8 for every one dollar of earnings.
The main reason to calculate PEs is for investors to compare the value of stocks, one stock with another. If one stock has a PE twice that of another stock, it is probably a less attractive investment. But comparisons between industries, between countries, and between time periods are dangerous. To have faith in a comparison of PE ratios, you should be comparing comparable stocks.
Determining share prices
Share prices are determined by market demand and thus built on expectations of:
The rest will reflect prevailing moods, fashions, and sentiments.
By relating share prices to their actual profits, the P/E ratio highlights the connection between share prices and recent company performance. If earnings move up with share prices the ratio stays the same. But if stock prices gain in value and earnings remain the same or go down, the P/E rises. For example, if a stock price was $70 and it got $2 in earnings, the P/E is 35, historically high.
A P/E of:
The Averages
The average U.S. equity P/E ratio is 14, meaning it takes about 14 years for a company you purchase to earn back your full purchase price for you.
A P/E ratio of 14 corresponds to an average annual return of 7% (1/14ths).
An example
An easy and perhaps intuitive way to understand the concept is with an analogy:
If a stock has a relatively high PE ratio, let's say, 100, what does this tell you? The answer is that it depends. A few reasons a stock might have a high PE ratio are:
In practice, decisions must be made as to exactly how to specify the inputs used in the calculations. Does the current market price accurately value the organization? How is income to be calculated and for what periods? How do we calculate total capitalization? Can these values be trusted? What are the revenue and earnings growth prospects over the time frame one is investing in? Was there special one time charges which artificially lowered (or artificially raised) the earnings used in the calculation, and did those charges cause a drop in stock price or were they ignored? What kind of PE ratios is the market giving to similar companies, and also the PE ratio of the entire market?
A distinction has to be made between the fundamental (or intrinsic) PE and the way we actually compute PEs. The fundamental or intrinsic PE examines earnings forecasts. That is what was done in the analogy above. In reality, we actually compute PEs using the latest 12 month corporate earnings. Using past earnings introduces a temporal mismatch, but it is felt that having this mismatch is better than using future earnings, since future earnings estimates are notoriously inaccurate and susceptible to deliberate manipulation.
Back to Fundamental Analysis
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ANA Hall of Fame Inductee
A leader in the care of the mentally ill, Sara Elizabeth Parsons steadfastly worked for the advancement of psychiatric nursing throughout her career and established nurse training schools in hospitals and asylums during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. She advocated autonomy for nurses and took part in professional activities at state and national levels.
|Parsons was born in Northboro, Massachusetts, on April 24, 1864, and received her early education in the town of Oxford, Massachusetts. In 1884, she entered the Boston City Hospital Training School for Nurses, but returned home shortly thereafter to care for her dying mother. She remained at home for the following seven years to look after her two young siblings and entered the Boston Training School at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1891. Following graduation in 1893, Parsons held various positions in nursing, including head nurse, supervisor, and superintendent, and established a nurse training school in Rhode Island in 1896. During the Spanish-American War, Parsons volunteered for service on the "Bay State," a hospital ship used to evacuate sick and wounded military personnel from Cuba and Puerto Rico. After an eight-month trip abroad to recover from typhoid fever, she was employed as superintendent of nurses at Adams Nervine Hospital in Massachusetts, a position she held for three years. At this time, Parsons completed a one-year certificate course in hospital economics at Teachers College, Columbia University, and a six-month course in hospital administration at Massachusetts General Hospital. From 1910 to 1920, she occupied the position of superintendent of Massachusetts General, but took a two-year leave in 1917 to serve as chief nurse of Base Hospital #6 in France.
Parsons initiated considerable change for the student nurses at Massachusetts General Hospital. She implemented a probationary period, higher admission requirements, and a school library. Living conditions were improved and provisions were made for extra-curricular activities. A publication for the alumnae association was begun and plans for an endowment fund for the nursing school were introduced. Parsons served as president of the Massachusetts Nurses Association during this period and was a staunch supporter of the association's legislative goals with respect to licensure and registration for nurses.
A prolific writer, Parsons produced many articles for nursing journals. Her book, Nursing Problems and Obligations, was published in 1916. Her best known work, the History of the Massachusetts General Hospital Training School for Nurses, was published in 1922, and remains a valuable resource for historians. Actively involved in the struggle for full military rank for army nurses, Parsons presented her position in hearings conducted by the United States Senate. She retired in 1926, traveled extensively, and died on October 25, 1949. Sara E. Parsons is remembered as a vigorous opponent of the exploitation of student nurses and as a crusader for improvement in the care of mental illness.
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Cancel out factors: . Since 35ths aren't common then division will be necessary to get the necessary numbers of decimal places.
Hello i apoligise if this is in the wrong forum but, i was wondering could anyone be kind enough to explain how i would work out the following problem on paper
if i had 70 calls and 24 of those were loan applications, what % of my calls were loan applications?
I think using a calculator i would 24/70=0.34 x100 =34% for my answer.
However how would i do this without a calculator? im not sure how i would work this division out on paper.
thanks in advance
24 out of 70 calls were loan applications, so your fraction is
You want to write this fraction as a percentage.
Percent means "per century" or "per hundred".
For instance, exam results are typically given as a percentage,
which is a fraction.
means "80 out of 100", so written as a fraction it's
We want to express your fraction as "something" out of 100, so we write
We want x by itself. We can obtain that by multiplying both sides by 100
which can be simplified by writing this as
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TOPIC: On Sept. 18, 2014, the Scottish people will vote on whether Scotland should be an independent country.
SOURCE: Britt Cartrite, an associate professor of political science at Alma College, can provide commentary and analysis on Scotland’s vote for independence and the possible outcomes of the referendum. Cartrite, who has a Ph.D. from the University of Colorado, has research interests in nationalism, ethnic politics and Scottish identity. He can talk about why some Scots want independence but others are happy remaining British.
On the referendum:
“There are many levels to this very complex issue, with interactions taking place at the Scottish, British and European levels. The people who are pro-independence are focusing on democracy and control, while those opposed are focusing on uncertainty and fear. The two sides aren’t addressing each other; they are talking past each other.”
“Proponents for independence say a yes vote would make Scotland more democratic, bringing power closer to the Scottish people. A yes vote would mean control over Scotland’s oil resources and control over foreign policy — the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were very unpopular in Scotland. A yes vote also would enable Scotland to remove UK’s nuclear forces and missile sites from Glasgow, which also are deeply unpopular in Scotland. In addition, independence would enable the Scots to make decisions consistent with their Scottish/Scandinavian sensitivities. At the British level, proponents say, ‘Why not? Scotland makes up only 6 percent of our population, so their independence won’t impact us.’”
Arguments from the “Better Together Campaign”:
“Those against independence say the country would be too small and the economy not viable or diversified enough. They are skeptical of the politicians who would run an independent Scotland. There also is fear about what would happen to health care and pensions. What would the currency be? Would there be a border with UK with passports? The emphasis for the ‘no’ proponents is uncertainty. At the British level, those opposed to independence say independence could lead to the eventual breakup of the United Kingdom, with Wales mobilizing and fear of conflict in Northern Ireland.”
“If the referendum fails, all the major players have agreed to come together to negotiate expansion of Scottish power in the UK. But many are skeptical that would really happen. Now, Scotland’s power in relation to the UK is less than Michigan’s power in relation to the U.S.”
Prediction and best case scenario:
“Unless something emerges in the next 30 days, the referendum will most likely fail. A 60-40 vote, either way, is a good outcome. However, the worst case is a 51-49 yes vote, which means Scotland is independent, but with almost half of the Scottish population — those who voted no — angry.”
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Almost everywhere in the world women outlive men for many reasons: genetic, social, cultural and behavioural. In most societies women usually drink less alcohol and smoke less; they have fewer major accidents, particularly road accidents, and are less likely to suffer from work-related stress. The global difference averages out at seven years more life for women than for men.
But several Asian countries are exceptions to this overall rule. In India, the difference in life expectancy between the genders is less than a year. Interestingly, this difference is not necessarily poverty-related; it is noteworthy that in sub-Saharan Africa, which is one of the poorest regions in the world, women live two years longer than men on average.
In Vietnam, women outlive men by three years, in Malaysia by six years and in Japan, where both sexes are unusually longlived, by seven years.
In Bangladesh, men and women have a similar average life expectancy of 58 years. In Pakistan, men live just four months longer than women, with an average age of 59.2 years against 58.9 years.
China is closer to the global average as there the life expectancy is three years longer for women; however that is still below the global average of seven years that might be expected if there were no systemic inequalities.
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BONHOMME, dit Beaupré, NOËL, surveyor; b. 13 Nov. 1684 at Lorette (Ancienne-Lorette, Que.) and baptized the same day at Quebec, son of Ignace Bonhomme, dit Beaupré, and Agnès Morin; m. on 29 May 1709 Félicité Hamel at Ancienne-Lorette; d. there 29 May 1755.
It is difficult to know what Noël Beaupré’s professional training was because his certificate of professional competency has not been found. This certificate was normally conferred by the king’s hydrographer or the teacher of hydrography upon pupils who had followed the mathematics courses successfully, or by a recognized surveyor upon candidates who had completed their apprenticeship with good results. In any event, on 15 Dec. 1718 Noël Beaupré received official papers as surveyor and geometrician from the intendant, Michel Bégon; he was 34 at the time. He styled himself royal surveyor in his deeds from 4 June 1731 until the end of his life but he does not seem to have received any official appointment confirming this title.
The surveyors’ role, clearly defined in the official papers they received from the intendant, consisted of “surveying and measuring of every sort, [and] drawing up the written reports . . . as is the practice in the provost court and viscounty of Paris, for the allotted fees and emoluments.” Surveyors were required to place plainly visible boundary marks and to use only compasses, lodestones, and other instruments that had been duly inspected by the king’s hydrographer. Noël Beaupré mentions specifically in his reports that for his boundary marks he used stones, earthenware shards, or cinder blocks. In addition to measuring newly granted lands, the surveyors, thanks to their work of setting boundaries and making their reports, often put an end to the numerous lawsuits that arose over land boundaries between neighbours, even between seigneurs, and especially among heirs. They settled definitively disputes which had lasted for years.
Noël Beaupré’s qualities and capabilities were speedily recognized, and people had recourse to his good offices on the Beaupré shore and Île d’Orléans, on the south as well as the north shore of the St Lawrence River, throughout the territory of the government of Quebec and even outside it. Between 1718 and 1752 he drew up close to 900 deeds and reports. Among the reports are two of special importance: one on the survey done in December 1737 and January 1738 on the lands in Nouvelle-Beauce recently granted to Thomas-Jacques Taschereau, and another on the setting of the boundaries of the fiefs of Beaumont, Vincennes, and Saint-Gilles, done in 1743 at the request of Jacques-Hugues Péan de Livaudière, Charles-Marie Couillard de Beaumont, and Marguerite Forestier. The second report put an end to a difficult division of the seigneury of Beaumont after the sale of the seigneury by the heirs.
Noël Beaupré died at Ancienne-Lorette and was buried there on 29 May 1755. His reports demonstrate his attention to detail and accuracy, qualities that account for his great popularity everywhere in the government of Quebec.
AJQ, Registre d’état civil, Notre-Dame de Québec, 13 nov. 1684. ANQ, Greffe de J.-É. Dubreuil, 12 juill. 1722; Greffe de Florent de La Cetière, 2 mai 1709; NF, Coll. de pièces jud. et not., 2975, 3125; NF, Ord. int., 15 déc. 1718; 31 mai 1730; 8 juin 1731; 13 août 1738; 16 mars, 26 août, 8 sept. 1743; 12 avril, 18 déc. 1745; 19 févr. 1746. ASQ, Fonds Verreau, XIII, 22; Polygraphie, III, 107c. Tanguay, Dictionnaire.
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Kids and Diabetes: How to prepare for emergencies, disasters
2014-04-08 16:58:45 by Janet Haas, RN, CDE, as posted on the inside.akronchildrens.org blog.
Water and non-perishable snacks should be part of an emergency kit. Flickr/ Rachel Larue
As the parent of a child with diabetes, you may occasionally worry about emergencies or disaster scenarios.
What if you're without power for an extended period of time? What if your child's school goes into lockdown? What if there's a tornado or flood and you need to evacuate your home? With some planning, you can ease your worries.
To be prepared, follow these tips:
- Assemble a kit with extra medical supplies, such as blood glucose meter, test strips, syringes, alcohol swabs, Glucagon kit and ketone strips. Include a note in the kit as a reminder to take a supply of insulin if you are evacuated.
- Place the kit, along with the items listed below, in a designated, easy-to-find location so they can be easily gathered.
- Keep emergency medical information - such as doctors' names and phone numbers - handy.
- Identify staff members who will help your child in case of an emergency at school and make sure the school has a copy of your child's medical orders.
- During an emergency situation, try to maintain your child's meal plan and keep him hydrated to the best of your ability.
- Make sure your child wears shoes and examines her feet regularly.
- If you are evacuated to a new location, try to touch base with your child's doctors as soon as possible.
- If you are placed in an evacuation center, let authorities know your child has diabetes.
Keep these items handy, along with the medical kit described above:
- Cooler and ice packs for storing insulin while without refrigeration
- Sharps container for syringe and lancet disposal
- Copies of health insurance cards and prescriptions
- Glucagon emergency kit (if using insulin) and fast-acting carbohydrates like glucose tablets
- Non-perishable snacks like hard candies, juice boxes, granola bars and packages of peanut butter and crackers
- Bottled water
- First aid kit
- Flashlight, matches and candles
- Radio with batteries
Let's hope that an emergency never arises, but if one does, you will be prepared after following these steps.
Post or read comments about this story on inside.akronchildrens.org >>
Share your story!
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Blue whale sightings near Bruny Island
Bruny Island is a popular getaway destination for many Tasmanian's, and for the past three weeks it's been host to a rare endangered blue whale.
Listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) the blue whale is a rare sighting in Tasmania but for the past three weeks Bruny Island has attracted one of the rare mammals to its waters.
The distinctly slender bodied mammal is an unusual sight in Tasmania today but in the past it called these same waters home, and in large numbers.
The early 1800s was a particularly profitable time for whaling in Tasmania and by the 1840s the numbers had declined dramatically with the last whaling ship returned to Hobart in 1900.
Since then, the numbers have been in recovery, but at an incredibly slow rate.
Rachael Alderman from the marine conservation section of the department of primary industries, parks, water and environment (DPIPWE) says there have been good signs recently for the whale population.
"We had our first two confirmed calves last year which is a 100-year record for Tasmania.
"It's early days but people are really getting some fantastic opportunities to sight them and hopefully that will increase," she says.
With the whale in the area Ms Alderman says it's been a good opportunity for DPIPWE to record information to help paint a snapshot of population data.
"Blue whales like all large baleen whales have been hunted to virtual extinction and they're recovering.
"Populations are still really small we're still trying to learn so much around their population numbers, their biology and their behaviour so this is a really good opportunity to learn more about these whales," she says.
While whales aren't new to the area, the recent sighting of a blue whale is exciting news for Ms Alderman.
"Undoubtedly blue whales do travel through Tasmanian waters but certainly this is the first time we've had such sustained residency in close, putting on a bit of a show for people so it's fantastic.
"It's quite an exciting thing that's going on, this blue whale's been sighted probably for about three weeks now off Bruny Island," she says.
Other than the predictable migration season Ms Alderman says there's no other evidence to link to the sightings.
"Certainly there's a lot of krill around at the moment, it's quite possible that might be something keeping the whale in the area but we just don't know and we're keen to extract as much information as we can while the whale's around," she says.
All whale and dolphin viewing guidelines can be found on the DPIPWE website along with the number to report any sighting or strandings.
Racheal Alderman spoke with Ryk Goddard on 936 Breakfast
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- Step inside Gippsland'sRadiation Oncology facility at the Latrobe Regional Hospital
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Useful for quick information on artists, art movements and the visual arts in general. Includes "Grove Art Online", "The Oxford Companion to Western Art", "Encyclopedia of Aesthetics" and "The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms."
MET: TimeLine of Art History - both chronological and geographical. Each timeline page includes representative art from the Museum's collection, a chart of time periods, a map of the region, an overview, and a list of key events.
Google - Art Project is a collaboration between Google and some of the world's most acclaimed and diverse art institutions.
Museums large and small, classic and modern, world-renowned and community-based from over 40 countries have contributed more than 40,000 high-resolution images of works ranging from oil on canvas to sculpture and furniture. Some paintings are available in ‘gigapixel’ format, allowing you to zoom in at brushstroke level to examine incredible detail.
Web Gallery of Art is a virtual museum and searchable database of Western (European) fine arts of the Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, and Impressionism periods (1000-1900), currently containing over 33.900 reproductions. Artist biographies, commentaries, guided tours, period music provided.
Smarthistory a leading open educational resource for art history. High-quality introductory art history content is freely available. They offer nearly 500 videos.
World Wide Arts Resources provides a site for contemporary art, art news, art history, contemporary artists and gallery portfolios.
This guide has been produced by staff at Sweet Briar College, Virginia, since 1995.
ArtSource "a gathering point for networked resources on Art and Architecture. The content is diverse and includes pointers to resources around the net as well as original materials submitted by librarians, artists, and art historians, etc.
Netdiver Operating as a links page for new media art and artists, graphic designers, illustrators and photographers, netdiver calls itself a "design + digital culture magazine that uncovers, reviews and publishes outstanding work by the international design community". The emphasis is on commercial applications of digital and new media, but these are contemporary and fresh.
SCAN : journal of media arts culture a peer-reviewed ejournal for the media arts. Interdisciplinary in approach, it draws on visual arts, critical theory, media and communication studies and philosophy to consider developments in new media culture. Published three times a year, the journal embraces its electronic format, offering video clips as illustrations to essays, a gallery section featuring new media art, and a variety of non-refereed articles in the 'magazine' section.
CAMEO: Conservation & Art Material Encyclopedia Online is a searchable information center developed by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. The MATERIALS database contains chemical, physical, visual, and analytical information on over 10,000 historic and contemporary materials used in the production and conservation of artistic, architectural, archaeological, and anthropological materials. Searchable by both English and non-English synonyms in the MATERIALS database.
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"Our results indicate that intact tropical forests are taking up a large amount of carbon," Stephens explains. "They are helping to offset industrial carbon emissions and the atmospheric impacts of clearing land more than we realized."
Most of the computers models produced incorrect estimates because, in relying on ground-level measurements, they had failed to accurately simulate the movement of carbon dioxide vertically in the atmosphere.
The computer models tended to move too much carbon dioxide down toward ground level in the summer, when growing trees and other plants take in the gas, and not enough carbon dioxide up from ground level in the winter.
As a result, scientists believed that there was less carbon in the air above mid-latitude and upper-latitude forests, presumably because trees and other plants were absorbing high amounts.
Conversely, scientists had assumed a large amount of carbon was coming out of the tropics and moving through the atmosphere to be taken up in other regions.
The new analysis of aircraft samples shows that this is not the case.
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Schools aren’t getting much bang for millions of technology bucks, concludes the Center for American Progress. Education leaders buy the latest technology — whiteboards, laptops, e-readers — without thinking through how digital devices will help meet learning goals.
Across the nation, we found that many schools were using technology in the same way that they have always used technology; students are using drill and practice programs to hone basic skills. Students are passively watching videos and DVDs. Too many students do not have access to hands-on science projects.
. . . schools are not using technology to do things differently.
Technology may be widening the digital divide, the report warns. In many schools, “students from disadvantaged backgrounds are being given the least engaging, least promising technology-facilitated learning opportunities.”
School leaders lack “the tools and incentives needed to connect spending to outcomes and reorganize programs in ways that take full advantage of school technology,” the report finds. No state is looking at technology return on investment.
As policymakers and other stakeholders invest billions of dollars in school technology each year, we should be asking ourselves: Are these investments the best use of our limited dollars? Is technology allowing us to do things that we do not—or cannot—already do? How are we ensuring that students have the skills that they need to succeed?
In some cases, technology is improving learning and widening access to courses, CAP concludes. Technology has the potential to “kickstart the process of leveraging new reforms and learning strategies.” But, so far, it’s usually an add-on to the same old, same old.
President Obama’s ConnectED proposal would revamp the federal E-rate program to fund high-speed Internet access at 99 percent of schools within five years.
The Leading Education by Advancing Digital, or LEAD, commission has released a plan to expand digital learning, reports Education Week. Updating school wiring to support high-speed Internet is #1. In addition, LEAD recommends putting digital devices in the hands of all students by 2020, accelerating the adoption of digital curricula, investing in technology-rich schools of innovation and giving teachers training and support to use technology effectively.
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Free Gas And Electric Safety Materials Available To Kids, Educators And Parents Through PG&E's "Safe Kids" Program
Release Date: September 6, 2012
Contact: PG&E External Communications (415) 973-5930
SAN FRANCISCO, Calif. – With the new school year now underway, Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) reminds educators and parents about the availability of popular safety lessons that aim to inform kids about gas and electric safety and emergency preparedness – free of charge. Easy-to-use, online safety lessons and standards-based materials for elementary and middle school teachers can be found on PG&E's Safe Kids website at www.pge.com/safekids.
Over the past 12 years, PG&E has provided free safety education materials to teachers in schools throughout our service area. Teachers regularly comment that the materials are fun and effective in helping them teach their students the importance of gas and electric safety.
PG&E offers these important safety tips for children and adults:
- Never go near downed power lines. Treat all downed lines as if they are energized and extremely dangerous. If you encounter a downed line, keep others away and call 911 and PG&E at 1-800-743-5000 immediately.
- Remind children that only safety caps and plugs should go into electrical outlets.
- Remind children to keep electrical cords and appliances away from water.
- If you smell or hear gas escaping inside your home, get everyone outside to a location upwind where you no longer can smell natural gas. Do not use electrical switches, appliances or telephones, because sparks can ignite gas from broken gas lines. Do not check for a gas leak with a match or an open flame. Once outside, use your phone from a safe distance to call 911 and PG&E at 1-800-743-5000.
- Children should not play near natural gas appliances or equipment like ovens, water heaters and furnaces.
- Children should remember the three important messages about natural gas. Smell, Leave and Tell!
Pacific Gas and Electric Company, a subsidiary of PG&E Corporation (NYSE:PCG), is one of the largest combined natural gas and electric utilities in the United States. Based in San Francisco, with 20,000 employees, the company delivers some of the nation’s cleanest energy to 15 million people in Northern and Central California. For more information, visit http://www.pge.com/about/newsroom/ and www.pgecurrents.com.
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Music History #8: "New York Mining Disaster 1941"
“New York Mining Disaster 1941 (Have You Seen My Wife, Mr. Jones)”
Written by Barry and Robin Gibb (1967)
Performed by Bee Gees
When the Bee Gees debut US single was released in April 1967, a lot of people thought it was The Beatles masquerading as another band. Even the name Bee Gees was read as code for “Beatles Group.” But within a year, brothers Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb established themselves not only as hit makers in their own right, but as chart rivals to the Fabs. “New York Mining Disaster 1941,” the first of thirty-some hits, is one of those rare pop songs in which the title never appears in the lyrics. Most people still refer to it by its subtitle “Have you seen my wife, Mr. Jones.” Inspired by the Aberfan mining disaster of 1966, the song was an international hit, reaching #14 on the US Charts. It has since been covered by David Essex, Chumbawumba and Martin Carthy.
On the morning of October 21, 1966, a massive heap of coal waste tumbled down a mountainside into the small village of Aberfan, South Wales, demolishing an elementary school and several houses, and burying three hundred townsfolk, most of them children.
As word of the disaster spread, hundreds of people from neighboring towns came to Aberfan, picks and shovels in hand, hoping to help with the rescue. 145 children were pulled and rescued from the rubble. Local miners continued to work around the clock for days to clear the debris.
In the end, 144 people died. 116 of them were kids, mostly between the ages of 7 and 10.
Coal and Water Don’t Mix
Coal mining in Aberfan began around 1869. A hundred years later, one of the biggest problems the town faced was how to dispose of the waste material generated from the mining. Their solution, as in many coal mining towns, was to pile it in trash heaps – or “tips,” as they’re called in the UK – close to the mines. In Aberfan, the tips were situated on the slopes of the mountains surrounding the town. It was a painstaking process to transfer tons of coal waste up the side of the mountain. A series of trolley cars hauled it to a crane, which then dumped the waste on the tip.
There was a problem though. South Wales has a generally wet climate, which keeps the soil moist. On top of that, many of the coal tips were placed over underground springs. In the years before the disaster, water from the slopes had been a perennial issue for Aberfan. Regular floods caused much damage, leaving behind slimy black deposits of coal sludge. The townspeople repeatedly asked the National Coal Board, who owned the mine, for help in addressing the water problem, but nothing was done.
The resulting wet ground made for an unstable base, and that’s ultimately what caused thousands of tons of coal sludge to break free of the tip and rush into the town below. The landslide was described as moving like water, but with twice the density.
After the disaster, Aberfan’s flooding problem was solved through the construction of a simple culvert.
Aberfan Then and Now
On October 25, 1966, a mass funeral was held for the children. The Aberfan Disaster Fund raised over $1 million with donations from around the world. The money was used to help rebuild the town and compensate the grieving families. (Shamefully, the National Coal Board demanded that a large chunk of the funds be used to pay for removal of the tips that they had built.) As a result of the disaster, The Mines and Quarries Act of 1969 was passed, which helped to ensure that no disused tips would pose a danger to other mining towns.
For Aberfan, it’s been a slow rebuilding process. After the tragedy, a sense of guilt settled over the town for not taking stronger measures to address the problem with the tips. Over half the survivors of the disaster have been diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. As of 2011, all of the coal mines are closed. But that has robbed the town of its main source of income.
In April 2012, forty-six years after the disaster, Queen Elizabeth visited Aberfan to open a new primary school. Back in 1966, the Queen was criticized for waiting eight days to visit the scene of the catastrophe. She has called it her “biggest regret” in her sixty years on the throne.
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What's up with the strange colors of these dunes? Mars isn't really blue and gold, it's just that this picture was taken in infrared wavelengths to better show the composition of the sand here. But these dunes, known as "barchans," would look striking in any light: they often form cool horns or notches on their steep leeward sides.
Though they look like tree rings, these formations are actually layers of bedrock in a small crater inside of Schiaparelli Crater. In some places, a dark sand covers the layers, sitting atop ridges that no one is quite sure how to explain.
The curvy lines seen here form what is called "brain terrain." It forms atop ice at the base of a small hill, though scientists still don't know exactly why it creates this cantaloupe-like texture.
Mars is so cold that frozen carbon dioxide, or dry ice, remains from season to season at is south pole. The white areas of this image are this residual dry ice cap while the darker parts are water ice with dust and particles trapped in it. As to why that formation on the lower right looks like North America, who knows?
Water is thought to exist in large deposits beneath the Martian surface. When it disappears, the ground sinks and creates scallop-shaped depressions and polygonal troughs. The formations are known as "thermokarsts," a variety of which can be seen here.
The ceaseless winds of Mars create sand dunes all across its surface. But beneath these dunes in Syria Planum are bright deposits with steep faces and sharp, weathered ridges. These lower deposits are evidence that in Mars' past the winds were much more ferocious.
At first glance, you might mistake this for a close-up of human skin. It's actually a bunch of polygonal shapes that would normally indicate some sort of subsurface water processes. Instead, scientists realize that they are simply intersecting sand dunes.
One of the best images from Mars ever taken was a 2009 pic showing the tracks of dust devils on the sand. HiRISE here provides an updated shot of the same area, showing completely different tracks, indicating that at least one dust storm has wiped the slate clean in the meantime and new dust devils have run over the ground.
These odd and tortured raised ridges both look strange and leave scientists without any good explanation as to how they formed. Some say they might have been left behind by an ancient ocean or perhaps ancient glaciers. For now, the formations remain a mystery.
And the more we explore our near planetary neighbor, the weirder the things we find get. NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, which has been circling Mars since 2006, provides the clearest and highest-resolution images of the planet’s surface. Looking through the image archive of its HiRISE camera, which can resolve things about a meter wide on the ground, reveals a vast supply of strange and wonderful things.
Here we share some of the orbiter’s most recent weird sightings from the last few months. The images provide incredible scientific insights into Mars. But, perhaps just as important, they are beautiful, fascinating, and reflective of the alien world that sits not too far from our own.
Just a note on the colors in these images: HiRISE has cameras that see in slightly different wavelengths than our own eyes. Many of the photos it produces are in “false color,” meaning the different wavelengths have been assigned colors for purposes of clarity or to highlight an important feature. There are no actual turquoise dunes on Mars. But the false color pictures do allow scientists to differentiate various textures and materials on Mars.
We get it: Ads aren’t what you’re here for. But ads help us keep the lights on. So, add us to your ad blocker’s whitelist or pay $1 per week for an ad-free version of WIRED. Either way, you are supporting our journalism. We’d really appreciate it.
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Scientists in Point Lees University, Keele, have developed a new plastic that is biodegradable, made from renewable sources and versatile.
"This is the ultimate plastic," said Teresa Plant, lead materials science officer at Point Lees's chemistry lab. "We can make it as hard or as pliable as we like. We imagine that pretty soon all plastics we use from sandwich wrappers to car parts will be made of this plastic."
Ligneous Plastic, as it has been termed, can be made using organic waste material, making it another ideal use of the waste that society produces in copious amounts.
"Ligneous plastic is made using a proprietary system," said Plant. "People can rest assured though, we don't have to use harsh chemicals to extract the plastic, nor do we use excessive amounts of energy. We can almost make it by hand."
By varying amounts of a secondary plastic that is produced alongside Ligneous Plastic, celluloid, the properties of Ligneous Plastic can be adjusted to make it more or less pliable.
"The only thing we've not been able to produce," said Plant, "is a transparent plastic. Even with mostly celluloid and only added ligneous plastic for strength, we couldn't make it completely see-through so we'll be carrying on looking."
"So far, they've been keeping this close to their chests," said Paul Looter, an environmentalist with Greenpeas. "I'd like to see more than words. I'd like to see the product and the manufacturing process to see if it is as green as they say."
In response, Plant produced a plank of the new plastic.
"It's wood," said Looter.
"It's like wood," said Plant. "It grows on trees and we can make any shape we like with it. It's definitely plastic though. This one also smells of pine."
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Over the next few decades, emerging markets will come to dominate the global economy. By 2050, China will be the largest economy and six of today’s emerging markets will be among the world’s seven largest economies, along with the United States. This economic sea change, as well as the rebalancing of political and military power that will likely accompany it, will pose significant challenges for international coordination.
In no area are these challenges greater than in managing the global commons, starting with climate change but also including essential resources and preventing global pandemics. Differences in income, technological capacity, and the capability of institutions can complicate arriving at deals to preserve the global commons. Going forward, such deals will require agreement by a core group of advanced and developing countries; they are unlikely to be reached by universal assemblies.
The following excerpt is adapted from Juggernaut: How Emerging Markets Are Reshaping Globalization (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2011), which explores the implications of the rise of emerging markets for the main channels of global integration—trade, finance, migration, and the global commons.
Climate Change: The Weight of History
Negotiations over mitigating climate change illustrate most clearly how differences in income levels among countries affect discussions, as well as the ethical dilemmas that can arise during the process. Developing countries, home to about 1 billion chronically hungry people, face the urgent task of providing for the basic human needs of a large part of their population. Understandably, they are likely to value marginal changes in short-term income more than countries with much higher incomes; for them, a small decline in income could drive many people into extreme poverty, while in rich countries, it could mean many people foregoing a vacation or settling for less fashionable clothes. Thus poor countries may be more willing to risk long-term damage to the environment and their economies than to forgo part of their meager income today.
China (now the largest source of carbon emissions) and India—with per capita incomes only 6 percent and 2 percent of U.S. levels, respectively—are likely to resist binding emissions limits, which could hinder GDP growth, particularly in the short run (even as they argue for much greater reductions in rich countries). The tradeoffs involved are made even more difficult by the uncertainty surrounding the timing and nature of climate change’s effects.
Moreover, serious ethical issues arise in allocating emissions limits between developing and industrial countries. Developing countries should not bear a proportionate share of reducing emissions, since they have contributed a relatively small share of the stock of emissions now in the atmosphere (which is what drives climate change) and the welfare cost for them to meet emissions targets would be higher than that for rich countries.
Despite these practical and ethical considerations, the participation of developing countries in agreements to limit carbon emissions is essential to reducing climate change, since they now produce more than half of new global emissions and their share is set to rise sharply over the coming decades. Involving developing countries also is essential to reduce emissions efficiently—that is, at the lowest cost to the world as a whole. Because their economic interests will be proportionately greater in the future (due to their faster growth in population and incomes), their preferences must play a more important role than the size of their economies suggests today.1
While industrial and developing countries tend to adopt opposing positions on climate change, some potential exists for coalitions across the two groups, based on the expected impact on the countries. For example, the poorer island nations and tropical countries, bound to suffer disproportionately from climate change, may argue for stricter limits.
But the potential for conflict between developing and industrial countries over climate change is enormous. Disputes concerning carbon emissions could endanger the global trading system (as rich countries attempt to impose tariffs on polluting exporters) or conceivably threaten world peace as rich countries take more direct action to suppress emissions in developing countries that seek to achieve rich-country lifestyles.
Why Differences in Know-How Matter
Differences in technological capacity can also complicate international policy coordination. In the third Law of the Sea Conference (1973–1982), developing countries with limited technological capacity and capital to engage in deep sea mining argued that such mining should be supervised by an international organization and the revenues distributed among all countries. By contrast, industrial countries wanted to organize an international claims registry to avoid boundary disputes, but otherwise leave deep sea mining to private exploitation.
These differing positions raised an important ethical issue: Are resources outside the geographical border of any country the “common heritage of mankind,” and thus all countries should enjoy their benefits? Or do they simply belong to whomever has the technology and finance to reach them first?
For deep sea mining, a compromise was struck. The final treaty recognized that seabed resources were the “common heritage of mankind” and established an international regulatory regime. However, requirements that mining firms pay high licensing fees to the regulatory agency and provide technology to developing countries were dropped. As with any compromise, all parties disliked parts of this agreement, but it created a framework to allow mining by private firms while recognizing the rights of the global community to seabed resources.
Thus, while developing countries may have made reaching an agreement more problematic than if negotiations had been limited to the advanced countries, the outcome could be seen as both more equitable and more conducive to sustainable exploitation than a result that entirely ignored their interests.
Differences in technological capacity have also complicated global coordination when poor and fast-growing countries have laid claim to a larger share of resources than their present capabilities and economic weight suggest they should be entitled to. For example, in 1979, developing countries claimed radar frequencies based on their future, not current, needs, for fear the frequencies would no longer be available when they achieved the ability to use them. While complicating negotiations, these claims can make outcomes more equitable and more efficient in the future, as a larger share will go to countries that will need, and will be better placed to use, these resources.
Advances in technology can also create frictions between industrial and developing countries, as has happened in fisheries. “Factory ships” that can harvest and process very large quantities of fish have threatened the sustainability of many traditional fishing areas. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that almost 30 percent of global fish stocks are overexploited, depleted, or recovering, and that 50 percent are fully exploited. Setting and enforcing limits on fish harvests is therefore essential, but balancing the interests of industrial-scale and traditional fishing when forming an international agreement is problematic—particularly given the limited information on fish stocks and the administrative weaknesses of regional fishery organizations in many developing countries.
The Role of Institutions and Governance
Sustainable management of migratory fish species is not the only arena in which weaknesses in public administration make it difficult for developing countries to deliver commitments, even when they want to do so. Limited resources also make it difficult to control land use and deforestation, administer the distribution of condoms and treat AIDS, react quickly and effectively to signs of a possible flu epidemic, and enforce pollution standards, for example.
While administrative capacity varies greatly among developing countries, the average value of some indicators of developing countries’ administrative capacity (bureaucratic quality and corruption) in the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) is about half the average value of that of high-income countries.
Although the fastest-growing and more successful developing countries (including those likely to have the largest environmental imprint) tend to have better administrative capacity than very poor countries, their capacity may be uneven across the national territory and across sectors—making them reluctant to undertake commitments. Examples include the differences in incomes and public administration between Moscow and rural areas of the Caucusus, Shanghai and western China, and Mumbai and Orissa.
Authoritarian and unaccountable governments in developing countries have also sometimes made global coordination more difficult. For example, during the 1970 cholera epidemic when the World Health Organization (WHO) was working to limit the spread of the disease, Iran and Egypt dismissed cholera reports as “summer diarrhea,” while Guinea denounced WHO findings on the incidence of cholera and withdrew from the organization. More recently, China notified the WHO of the SARS outbreak four-and-a-half months after the first known case.
Additionally, the control of information and the press in some developing countries makes withholding information easier than in the more open societies of rich countries.2 But economic progress in developing countries has made it more difficult to enforce controls. By 2003, the Internet, e-mail, and mobile phones made it impossible for the Chinese authorities to bottle up information on SARS for long.
To be sure, the elaborate checks and balances in democracies, beginning with the United States, can also make global cooperation difficult. For example, several international treaties—including the Kyoto Protocol—as well as numerous trade agreements, have failed or been executed less successfully because the United States did not ratify them. Many other potential agreements, such as the Doha Round of trade negotiations, have been slowed or stopped because congressional approval seemed unlikely.
Cultural differences and social norms affect global coordination as well. A U.S. nonprofit organization, operating under a memorandum of understanding with the U.S. Commerce Department (although with an international board), controls the assignment of domain names and Internet Protocol numbers, for example, while other countries (including other rich countries) question why a single country should enjoy such influence over a critical international communications vehicle. Meanwhile, advocates of an open Internet fear that some developing countries that are particularly concerned about objectionable material (Islamic societies that abhor Internet pornography) or that control Internet access to protect a particular regime (such as China) will limit the content available online.
In short, although the impact of developing countries on global public goods has grown, differences with industrial countries make agreements to improve global coordination more difficult to reach than they were when only advanced countries were involved. Yet ignoring the interests of developing countries is bound to make outcomes not just inequitable by definition, but also inefficient. Increasingly, finding durable solutions to the challenges of managing the global commons requires the participation of developing countries. It is highly unlikely that such solutions will be hammered out in universal assemblies, however; instead a critical mass of countries, developed and developing, will need to negotiate core agreements that can gradually be extended to cover a broader group.
Uri Dadush is the director of Carnegie’s International Economics Program. William Shaw is a visiting scholar in Carnegie’s International Economics Program.
1. The Stern Report’s review of climate change defines an efficient reduction in carbon emissions when the marginal cost of the measures taken equals the marginal social cost of carbon emissions. If the discount rate used in these calculations is set too low (reflecting the time preferences of high-income consumers), the policies adopted will not be efficient, since developing country interests will be proportionately greater in the future.
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This pest is in New Zealand.
This plant is a vigorous evergreen (semievergreen in cold districts) climber. Young stems are purple and hairy. As the plant ages the stems become woody. Stems are long and tough and twine clockwise. Leaves (3-12 x 2-6 cm) sit in opposite pairs on the stems. Upper surfaces of leaves are shiny dark-green (occasionally yellowish) and lighter-green on the underside. Pairs of two-lipped sweetly scented tubular white flowers (2-5 cm long) that age to yellow are produced from September to May. Flowers are followed by egg-shaped glossy black berries (5-7 mm in diameter).
The vine climbs over and smothers most plants from the ground to the medium canopy. It can cause canopy collapse and subsequent invasion of grasses or ground vines. It also provides support for faster-growing weedy vines (for example, morning glory and mothplant). Most spread is by the movement of stem fragments, such as the dumping of garden rubbish, rather than by seed.
What to do
Contact your regional council to determine the status of this species and responsibility for control and/or advice on control.
- Global Invasive Species Database
- Greater Wellington Regional Council
- Environment Bay of Plenty
- Christchurch City Council
- New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
Page last updated: 22 April 2016
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Drought is creeping back into the country, proving that it will take more than one or two wet systems to get rid of persistent dryness.
According to the latest “Drought Monitor” report released on Thursday, nearly one-third of the contiguous U.S. is in moderate or worse drought as of Dec. 17. As has been the case for the past several months, the worst of the drought continues in many western states.
In California, 94 percent of the state is in moderate to extreme drought. Drought has dominated the state since late April, when conditions jumped from 48 percent in moderate or severe drought to 63 percent. Within two weeks, the drought intensity spread to 98 percent.
Now, officials from four San Joaquin Valley (Calif.) water agencies have joined state and federal lawmakers to pressure the president and governor to declare a drought emergency as the state faces another dry winter, according to The Bakersfield Californian.
However, Nancy Vogel, spokeswoman for the state Department of Water Resources, said it's too soon to do that.
"We'll take January's and February's precipitation into account, and then consider whether we feel a proclamation or a declaration is in order," Vogel said. "I think the last time there was a federal drought emergency drought proclamation was in the 1980s. That's because you don't get a federal proclamation until a state has exhausted its own resources."
Other states further to the east are also facing persistent drought. Though conditions were cooler than average, the Texas panhandle and southwestern Oklahoma in particular are battling drought conditions.
“Scattered pockets of increases and/or introductions of [moderate to extreme drought] are noted in both states given the continued dryness of late on top of long-term (12- to 36-months) dryness, which has left behind dry stock ponds and slowed winter wheat and pasture growth/recovery,” the report said.
The National Weather Service’s Seasonal Drought Outlook shows that for many areas currently battling the drought won’t be seeing relief soon. Even pockets of Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin – caught earlier this year in a so-called “flash drought” – may see a return to dryness. See the outlook here.
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Kamae: A posture
or stance of readiness. In each kamae there are different positions for the hands or weapon. Jodan β" high position; Chudan β" middle position; Gedan β" lower position.
or stance either with or without a weapon. kamae may also connote proper distance (ma ai) with respect to one's partner. Although ``kamae'' generally refers to a physical stance, there is an important parallel in aikido between one's physical and one's psychological bearing. Adopting a strong physical stance helps to promote the correlative adoption of a strong psychological attitude. It is important to try so far as possible to maintain a positive and strong mental bearing in aikido.
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Kamae (ζ§γ?) is a Japanese term used in martial arts and traditional theater. It translates approximately to "posture".
The Kanji of this word means "base".
Kamae is to be differentiated from the word tachi (η«γ‘?), used in Japanese martial arts to mean stance. While tachi (pronounced dachi when used in a compound) refers to the position of the body from the waist down, kamae refers to the posture of the entire body, as well as encompassing one's mental posture (i.e., one's attitude).
These connected mental and physical aspects of readiness may be referred to individually as kokoro-gamae (εΏζ§γ?) and mi-gamae (θΊ«ζ§γ?), respectively.
Well, you can use "kamae" in the sense of "posture" if the sense of the usage is "take an aggressive posture" - "take an aggressive stance".
OTOH, you wouldn't normally use it in the sense of the shape of your back or "I have lousy posture".
They're not interchangeable.
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During one of our class sessions in the Interreligious Dialogue and Leadership course, at Claremont Lincoln University last year, one classmate inquired about the gender of Allah in the Islamic tradition. Then, the instructor needed to correct another student who reputed that Muslims believe Muhammad was immortal. The last question was no less shocking, "Do you, Muslims, worship Muhammad or Allah?"
I realized how significant misconceptions about the Islamic tradition exist among people who were prospective religious leaders, from other traditions. And I firmly understood one more time the importance of dialogue and friendship between different traditions to provide mutual understanding and solve possible conflicts before they exist.
I will try to summarize a few important essentials of Islamic tradition I believe are crucial for people from other traditions to know about Islam: Tawhid, prophethood, the role of the prophets, the Quran and the main framework of Islam.
Derived from wahda (oneness), it means unifying, regarding as one, believing in God's oneness or unity, and sincerely accepting the reality that God is beyond all duality and association, beyond the differences of gender and of all qualities that distinguish beings from each other in this world. So he has no mates, nothing is like him, nor does he beget nor is he begotten. Nothing – neither matter nor space or time – can restrict or contain him.
Starting from these principles, a believer is saved from falling into errors such as, while observing his manifestations, going to the extreme of likening God in any respect to the creation or, while interpreting his attributes, going to another extreme of likening him to the created or attributing to him a body and being that are contained in time and space.
Although the Quran mentions only 25 prophets by name, God makes it clear he has sent many prophets to humanity, and there is no nation, tribe or race to which God has not sent his guidance.
An outstanding aspect of the Islamic belief in prophethood is that Muslims believe in and respect all the messengers of God, with no exceptions. Since all of the prophets came from the same one God, for the same purpose, belief in them is essential and logical.
Islam emphatically rejects the concept of the "divinity" of the prophets. The prophets were all human. They had the same human qualities such as eating, sleeping, finding a partner in marriage, and falling ill. However, at the same time, Muslims believe they are created unique and they are completely infallible in their prophethood mission.
The prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, did not solely convey messages from God. He also clarified and established religious matters with his sunnah (tradition) through words, practices, or silent approval. The Quran contains general principles that are explained by the messenger and then applied by him to daily life.
Role of prophet
The messengers (prophets) are not only the message carrier like the postal carriers, but also they have a very critical mission to demonstrate the practical teachings of divine message for humans' daily lives. In other words, we cannot talk about Islam without considering the prophetic tradition (the sunnah).
Another essential of Islamic faith is believing in all the divine books God sent to his different messengers throughout history. Muslims believe that among the books that were revealed are the Torah of Moses; the Psalms of David; the tablets of Abraham; the gospel of Jesus, and finally, the Quran.
The Quran is the miraculous word of God revealed piecemeal to the prophet Muhammad during his prophethood in 23 years, not all at once. It was written down and transmitted to succeeding generations by many reliable channels, and its recitation is an act of worship and obligatory in daily prayers.
The Quran is unique among scriptures in two respects. First, the Quran exists in Arabic, its original language and one that is still widely spoken today. Second, its text is entirely reliable. It has not been altered, edited or tampered with since it was revealed. So the Quran we hold in our hands today is the same Quran the prophet received from God.
Another important point is that no translation of the Quran can be called the Quran; instead, a translation is simply called "an examination of the meaning of the Quran." So, no translation is identical with the original Arabic, and that's why translations cannot be recited in prescribed daily prayers.
Finally, the religion of Islam does not consist only of theology. It gives the believers a whole lifestyle. Because of this, the Quran is not only a book of worship and service to God but also a book of law, a book of commands, a book of mediation, and a book of wisdom for all the needs of mankind.
– Abdurrahim Ozcan received his bachelor's degree in Islamic theology from Marmara University in Istanbul. He is a graduate student at Claremont Lincoln University.
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NASA's Pleiades Supercomputer Gets A Little More Oomph
WASHINGTON -- NASA's flagship Pleiades supercomputer just received a boost to help keep pace with the intensive number-crunching requirements of scientists and engineers working on some of the agency's most challenging missions.
Pleiades is critical for the modeling, simulation and analysis of a diverse set of agency projects in aeronautics research, Earth and space sciences and the design and operation of future space exploration vehicles. The supercomputer is located at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility at Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif.
An expansion completed earlier this month has increased Pleiades' sustained performance rate by 14 percent to 1.24 petaflops -- or a quadrillion floating-point operations per second. To put this enormous number into perspective, if everyone in the world did one calculation per second for eight hours a day, it would take about 370 days to complete what this supercomputer can calculate in 60 seconds.
"As we move toward NASA's next phase in advanced computing, Pleiades must be able to handle the increasing requirements of more than 1,200 users across the country who rely on the system to perform their large, complex calculations," said Rupak Biswas, chief of the NAS division at Ames. "Right now, for example, the system is being used to improve our understanding of how solar flares and other space weather events can affect critical technologies on Earth. Pleiades also plays a key role in producing high-fidelity simulations used for possible vehicle designs such as NASA's upcoming Space Launch System."
Since Pleiades' installation in 2008, NAS has performed eight major upgrades to the system. The latest expansion adds 24 of the newest generation systems containing advanced processors. More than 65 miles of cabling interconnects Pleiades nodes with data storage systems and the hyperwall-2 visualization system.
Recently, scientists have counted on Pleiades for generating the "Bolshoi" cosmological simulation -- the largest simulation of its kind to date -- to help explain how galaxies and the large-scale structure of the universe have evolved over billions of years. The system also has proven essential for processing massive amounts of star data gathered from NASA's Kepler spacecraft, leading to the discovery of new Earth-sized planets in the Milky Way galaxy. The upgraded capability of Pleiades will enable NASA scientists to solve challenging problems like these more quickly, using even larger datasets.
For more information about NASA Advanced Supercomputing, visit: http://www.nas.nasa.gov
For more information about Pleiades, visit: http://go.nasa.gov/MJ4NvN
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NASA Image Policies
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MIT: Regional storage facilities could handle nuclear waste
CAMBRIDGE, Mass.--The Bush administration is eagerly pushing nuclear power as a way to help solve the U.S. energy crisis. But in its new plan for nuclear waste management, the administration is taking the wrong approach, says an MIT professor who studies the nuclear energy industry.
"My hope is that over time, the administration will rethink its priorities in this area," says Richard Lester, professor of nuclear engineering and director of the Industrial Performance Center.
In a recent article published in Issues in Science and Technology, Lester argued that the Bush administration's plan, known as GNEP (Global Nuclear Energy Partnership), is not the best way to encourage further development of nuclear energy.
GNEP, which President Bush announced earlier this year, is meant to stimulate the nuclear industry by coming up with better ways to manage spent nuclear fuel. The plan focuses on reprocessing spent fuel, but Lester believes the administration should focus on finding regional storage facilities for the nuclear waste.
Right now, uncertainty over how to deal with spent fuel, which remains radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years, is one of the major obstacles to the construction of new plants. Thousands of spent fuel rods are now stored in secure pools or concrete casks located near nuclear plants, which is not considered a long-term solution.
The administration has been pushing a plan to move all of the nation's spent fuel to a repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, but that facility is not scheduled to open until at least 2017. Many years and billions of dollars have gone into planning for the repository there, over the protests of Nevada residents, and success is still not assured. If the project fails, an alternative will be needed. And even if it succeeds, spent fuel will remain at nuclear power plants for decades before it can be removed.
Several nuclear energy companies have sued the federal government for failing to fulfill its contractual obligation to remove spent nuclear fuel from their plants. That failure does not bode well for construction of new plants, Lester said.
"If electric power companies can't believe the government is going to fulfill its obligations, it's going to be a real deterrent for them to go ahead with new power plants," he said.
In the meantime, the Bush plan calls for developing new technology to reprocess spent fuel to recover usable plutonium and uranium and eliminate other long-lived radioactive elements known as actinides. But according to Lester, the government's efforts would be better focused on other solutions, such as establishing a small number of regional facilities, where nuclear plants could send their spent fuel to be stored safely for several decades.
GNEP does not address the utilities' spent fuel storage problem. Instead, it "is being sold as a technical fix for three other problems," Lester said, but "each of these problems is either not as serious as the administration suggests or could be solved in a different way that is less costly and less risky."
Those perceived problems are lack of space at Yucca Mountain; the long life of radioactive material; and a potential shortage of uranium.
Yucca Mountain, a ridgeline geological formation about 100 miles northwest of Las Vegas, has already been tunneled in preparation for waste storage. When Congress approved the Yucca Mountain site, it put a 70,000-metric-ton limit on the amount of waste that could be stored there, but there is room for much more if Congress wants to raise the limit, Lester said.
Any effort to remove the long-lived radioactivity from the waste would require construction of reprocessing plants, special "burner" reactors and other nuclear facilities, which would be costly and difficult to site. And even if these plants were successfully built, it would be nearly impossible to eliminate all of the long-lived radioisotopes in the waste, Lester says.
"When you really look at the technical feasibility of reducing the toxic lifetime of waste, it has less potential than the administration is claiming, and the costs and shorter-term risks of doing it are significant," he said. Moreover, according to Lester, there are other, less costly ways to reduce the long-term risks of nuclear waste disposal that the administration has ignored.
Supporters of GNEP also say that reprocessing spent fuel could be necessary in the future if uranium becomes scarce, but according to the 2003 MIT report, "The Future of Nuclear Power," there is enough uranium to last for several decades, even if many new nuclear plants are built.
Lester said he is not opposed to research on new fuel cycle technologies, but he argues that reprocessing will not be needed for several decades, if then, and that to spend billions of dollars over the next few years on demonstrating reprocessing and related technologies, as the administration is proposing, would not be a wise use of resources.
Written by Anne Trafton
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 30 Apr 2016
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
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The retina is the light-sensitive tissue that lines the inside wall of the eye and enables sight. The macula is the central part of the retina that is responsible for seeing straight ahead. A macular pucker is scar tissue that forms on the surface of the macula. Other names for this condition include: epiretinal membrane, pre-retinal membrane, cellophane maculopathy, and surface wrinkling retinopathy.
Macular pucker can cause blurry and distorted central vision. This can be a significant problem because a healthy macula is needed to see the fine detail required for reading and driving. A macular pucker is not related to macular degeneration, these are two different problems. A macular pucker should not be considered a precursor to a macular hole.
Causes and Associations
We know that development of macular pucker is often related to age. They are most common in patients over 50. The most common cause of macular pucker relates to traction from the vitreous, which is a gel-like substance that fills the center of the eye. The vitreous gel is normally clear and is mildly adherent to the retina lining the back of the eye. As we age, the vitreous gradually shrinks and pulls away from the back of the eye wall. This is a normal process and the eye produces natural, clear fluid that fills the areas where the vitreous has contracted. Sometimes patients see floaters when the vitreous begins to pull away from the retina.
Sometimes when the vitreous pulls away from the retina there is microscopic damage to the retinal surface. The retina may respond to this insult by forming scar tissue or an epiretinal membrane on the surface of the retina. When this scar tissue contracts, it causes the retina to wrinkle or pucker, which distorts central vision.
In addition, development of macular pucker can be more likely in patients who have had trauma, retinal tears or detachments, retinal vein occlusion, diabetic retinopathy or inflammation in the eye.
Problems from a macular pucker usually occur gradually. The first symptoms are often blurry and distorted central vision. Straight lines might look wavy, distorted or have missing segments. There may be a gray area in the central vision. Sometimes a patient does not notice a problem for some time because they do not cover their good eye and realize that they have a problem looking with the eye containing the macular pucker. Reading often becomes difficult.
Examination & Testing
It is important to be examined by an ophthalmologist who can often diagnosis a macular pucker by examining the eye.
- Visual Acuity
Testing visual acuity is one way to measure the functional severity of macular pucker. An Amsler grid is similar to a piece of graph paper that patients can use to detect subtle changes in their central vision. Patients look at the grid with each eye individually and report to their doctor if there are any missing areas or the lines look distorted or wavy.
2. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
In addition, the ophthalmologist may obtain a scan using optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT uses light to produce images of the retina. The resolution of the images is very fine, and doctors can see problems that exist above, below, and within the retina. During an OCT, a patient will sit and place their head in a chin rest while looking into a machine. The patient will see lights moving around. Nothing touches the patient and there is no pain. Doctors can use the OCT images to determine the presence and severity of macular pucker.
What the Doctor Sees
When a doctor examines the patient, he or she will use a slit lamp thatprojects a bright light into the eye and use a lens to focus the light on the macula. Usually the doctor can see the macular pucker. The doctor may note swelling of the retina that can result from macular pucker.
For most people, visual problems from macular pucker progress slowly and vision can remain stable for a long time. Most instances of macular pucker require no treatment. People often adapt to the mild visual distortion and can continue to perform their usual activities of daily living. Occasionally, the scar tissue forming the macular pucker can lift off the retina, permitting the retina to smooth out with improvement of visual symptoms.
Because peripheral vision remains intact, patients will not go completely blind from a macular pucker alone. If one eye has a macular pucker, there is only a small chance that pucker will develop in the other eye. Some patients wonder if the “strain” placed on the good eye can contribute to poor vision in that eye, but this is not the case. When vision worsens to the point that a patient is very bothered by the macular pucker, the treatment is surgical.
Generally, there is nothing that can be done to avoid developing macular pucker. Diet and exercise do not contribute to the formation of macular pucker. There are no eye drops or vitamins that can prevent macular pucker. Occasionally covering each eye to test the fellow eye alone is the best way of detecting a change in central vision. In addition, having a regular, annual eye exam is the best way to catch macular pucker in its early stages.
The treatment is surgical. Surgeons will perform a vitrectomy, a procedure in which the vitreous gel is removed from the center of the eye. During a vitrectomy the surgeon makes three small ports in the eye wall: one for an infusion of fluid to maintain the eye’s shape, one for a small fiber-optic light, and one for an instrument such as forceps, a laser probe, or a vitrector which removes the vitreous gel. The surgeon uses an operating microscope and lenses to look through the patient’s pupil to the retina. After the vitreous is removed, the surgeon will peel away the scar tissue on the surface of the retina. The procedure is normally performed under local anesthesia and as an outpatient. There is usually very little postoperative pain. Many surgeons employ 23- or 25-gauge instrumentation which does not require any sutures.
Most patients appreciate an improvement in vision after the surgery, but few would say that their vision returned to “normal”. Often the most significant improvement is a reduction in central visual distortion, rather than in measured visual acuity. Visual recovery usually occurs gradually and can take up to three months. It is important to note that having a vitrectomy accelerates the formation of a cataract. Sometimes, it is not until after a patient has had their cataract removed months after surgery that the patient realizes his or her best vision.
Risks of any eye surgery include infection, retinal detachment, and worse vision than before the surgery. It is possible that the scar tissue on the retinal surface will not be completely removed. Because this type of surgery is delicate and challenging, many doctors will wait until visual acuity is 20/50 or worse before suggesting surgical treatment.
Author: Allen C. Ho, M.D.
Andrew Lam, MD
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Traditional Karate-do is the pathway of inner development which grows from the study of the science of Karate-do. Students come to practice Karate-do for many reasons, such as; weight loss, self improvement, health improvement and of course self defense. Many have found deeper meaning than originally sought in the training. Far more than a fighting art, traditional Karate-do is the study of life.
The Literal Meaning - What is it?
The term "Karate-do" applies to the art of empty hand combat. It is a system of self-defense developed in Okinawa, off the Ryukyu Islands near the coast of Japan and China. Its origins are from the indigenous Okinawan form of Tode and Chinese Kung Fu. The words, "kara" and "te" literally mean “empty hand”, which describes the effectiveness of this
art with just the bare hands and feet. Karate-do teaches the use of distance, evasive movement, and blocking to evade an adversary's attack and respond with powerful accurate strikes.
The principles of traditional Karate-do are those of physical science. As with any science,
there are basic laws that are integral to its application. In training, the primary intention is to mold the body to accord these physical laws. By repetition of movement, it is the goal to master the correct mechanics so that techniques are executed without
conscious effort. At this level, the body has been trained into an instrument of offensive and defensive potential.
When the aim is directed towards something beyond physical prowess, traditional Karate-do becomes an art. The practical and philosophical aim of training is to unite the mind and the body together as one. We cannot achieve perfection in our body without achieving perfection in our mind. Conditioning our movements to the correct standards of execution requires tremendous physical effort and concentration of will. Individuals will encounter obstacles in Karate-do training which they must overcome; thus, committing to a pathway until success is achieved.
The History of Shito Ryu Karate-do
Shito Ryu Karate-do is one of the four major styles of Karate in Japan. The other three styles are Shotokan, Wado Ryu and Goju Ryu. Shito Ryu was founded by Kenwa Mabuni, a direct descendant of a samurai clan. Mabuni began his training at the age of 13 under a Karate master in the Shuri area of Okinawa named, Yasutsune (Anko) Itosu. Itosu was not only highly skilled as a martial artist but also an innovator in teaching the Martial Arts. Itosu was credited as the first instructor to introduce Karate into the Okinawan public school system in 1905. Itosu was responsible for the creation of the Pinan (Heian) kata which are still being practiced today as introductory to intermediate forms in many schools. Kenwa Mabuni trained with Itosu for over 13 years until his death in 1915. Mabuni was so saddened by the death of Itosu that he built a shrine in front of his teacher's grave and stayed near by for a full year. From Itosu, Mabuni learned the Shuri form of Karate which is composed of quick, linear techniques.
Mabuni also trained with another Martial Arts master named, Kanryo Higaonna. He was introduced to Higaoanna by his friend, Chojun Miyagi, the founder of Goju Ryu Karate-do, in 1909. From Higaonna he learned the Naha form of Karate which is composed of soft, circular techniques.
After the death of Higaonna in 1916, Mabuni united with his friend Miyagi and several other notables, and formed a research group aimed at practicing and spreading Karate. During this time he also trained in the art of Okinawan weapons or "Ryukyu Kobudo". In 1929 Mabuni left Okinawa and relocated to Osaka, Japan. There he opened a small dojo and called his system "Hanko-Ryu" or half hard style. He later changed the name of his style to "Shito Ryu" in honoring his two Sensei; Itosu and Higaonna. The characters "Shi" and "To" were from the first character of the names of Itosu and Higaonna. Mabuni worked tirelessly to teach Karate throughout Japan until his death on May 23, 1952. His contribution to the Karate world can be traced to so many groups with lineage back to hime. For his contribution to the Japanese society and culture, the Emperor of Japan bestowed upon the Mabuni family with he family crest (mon) of the circle and four bars. This family crest is now recognized world-wide as the symbol for Shito Ryu Karate-do.
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
|Classification and external resources|
My eyes at the moment of the apparitions by August Natterer, a German artist who created many drawings of his hallucinations.
A hallucination is a perception in the absence of apparent stimulus which has qualities of real perception. Hallucinations are vivid, substantial, and located in external objective space. They are distinguished from the related phenomena of dreaming, which does not involve wakefulness; illusion, which involves distorted or misinterpreted real perception; imagery, which does not mimic real perception and is under voluntary control; and pseudohallucination, which does not mimic real perception, but is not under voluntary control. Hallucinations also differ from "delusional perceptions", in which a correctly sensed and interpreted stimulus (i.e. a real perception) is given some additional (and typically bizarre) significance.
A mild form of hallucination is known as a disturbance, and can occur in any of the senses above. These may be things like seeing movement in peripheral vision, or hearing faint noises and/or voices. Auditory hallucinations are very common in paranoid schizophrenia. They may be benevolent (telling the patient good things about themselves) or malicious, cursing the patient etc. Auditory hallucinations of the malicious type are frequently heard like people talking about the patient behind their back. Like auditory hallucinations, the source of their visual counterpart can also be behind the patient's back. Their visual counterpart is the feeling of being looked-stared at, usually with malicious intent. Frequently, auditory hallucinations and their visual counterpart are experienced by the patient together.
Hypnagogic hallucinations and hypnopompic hallucinations are considered normal phenomena. Hypnagogic hallucinations can occur as one is falling asleep and hypnopompic hallucinations occur when one is waking up.
- Main article: Epidemiology of hallucinations
One study from as early as 1895 reported that approximately 10% of the population experienced hallucinations. A 1996-1999 survey of over 13,000 people reported a much higher figure, with almost 39% of people reporting hallucinatory experiences, 27% of which were daytime hallucinations, mostly outside the context of illness or drug use. From this survey, olfactory (smell) and gustatory (taste) hallucinations seem the most common in the general population.
Hallucinations may be manifested in a variety of forms. Various forms of hallucinations affect different senses, sometimes occurring simultaneously, creating multiple sensory hallucinations for those experiencing them.
- Main article: Closed-eye hallucination
- Main article: Auditory hallucination
Auditory hallucinations (also known as paracusia) are the perception of sound without outside stimulus. Auditory hallucinations can be divided into two categories: elementary and complex. Elementary hallucinations are the perception of sounds such as hissing, whistling, an extended tone, and more. In many cases, tinnitus is an elementary auditory hallucination. However, some people who experience certain types of tinnitus, especially pulsatile tinnitus, are actually hearing the blood rushing through vessels near the ear. Because the auditory stimulus is present in this situation, it does not qualify as a hallucination.
Complex hallucinations are those of voices, music, or other sounds which may or may not be clear, may be familiar or completely unfamiliar, and friendly or aggressive, among other possibilities. Hallucinations of one or more talking voices are particularly associated with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, and hold special significance in diagnosing these conditions. However, many people not suffering from diagnosable mental illness may sometimes hear voices as well. One important example to consider when forming a differential diagnosis for a patient with paracusia is lateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Despite the tendency to associate hearing voices, or otherwise hallucinating, and psychosis with schizophrenia or other psychiatric illnesses, it is crucial to take into consideration that even if a person does exhibit psychotic features, they do not necessarily suffer from a psychiatric disorder on its own. Disorders such as Wilson's disease, various endocrine diseases, numerous metabolic disturbances, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosis, porphyria, sarcoidosis, and many others can present with psychosis.
Musical hallucinations are also relatively common in terms of complex auditory hallucinations and may be the result of a wide range of causes ranging from hearing-loss (such as in musical ear syndrome, the auditory version of Charles Bonnet syndrome), lateral temporal lobe epilepsy, arteriovenous malformation, stroke, lesion, abscess, or tumor.
The Hearing Voices Movement is a support and advocacy group for people who hallucinate voices, but do not otherwise show signs of mental illness or impairment.
High caffeine consumption has been linked to an increase in the likelihood of experiencing auditory hallucinations. A study conducted by the La Trobe University School of Psychological Sciences revealed that as few as five cups of coffee a day could trigger the phenomenon.
Command hallucinations Edit
Command hallucinations are hallucinations in the form of commands; they can be auditory or inside of the persons mind and / or consciousness. The contents of the hallucinations can range from the innocuous to commands to cause harm to the self or others. Command hallucinations are often associated with schizophrenia. People experiencing command hallucinations may or may not comply with the hallucinated commands, depending on circumstances. Compliance is more common for non-violent commands.
Command hallucinations are sometimes used in defense of a crime, often homicides. It is essentially a voice one hears and it tells them what to do. Sometimes they are quite benign directives such as "Stand up." or "Shut the door." Whether it is a command for something simple or something that is a threat, it is still considered a "command hallucination." Some helpful questions that can assist one in figuring out if they may be suffering from this includes: "What are the voices telling you to do?","When did your voices first start telling you to do things?, "Do you recognize the person who is telling you to harm yourself (others)?", "Do you think you can resist doing what the voices are telling you to do?".
Phantosmia is the phenomenon of smelling odors that aren't really present. The most common odors are unpleasant smells such as rotting flesh, vomit, urine, feces, smoke, or others. Phantosmia often results from damage to the nervous tissue in the olfactory system. The damage can be caused by viral infection, brain tumor, trauma, surgery, and possibly exposure to toxins or drugs. Phantosmia can also be induced by epilepsy affecting the olfactory cortex and is also thought to possibly have psychiatric origins. Phantosmia is different from parosmia, in which a smell is actually present, but perceived differently from its actual smell.
Olfactory hallucinations can also appear in some cases of associative imagination, for example, while watching a romance movie, where the man gifts roses to the woman, the viewer senses the roses' odor (which in fact does not exist).
Tactile hallucinations are the illusion of tactile sensory input, simulating various types of pressure to the skin or other organs. One subtype of tactile hallucination, formication, is the sensation of insects crawling underneath the skin and is frequently associated with prolonged cocaine or amphetamine use or with withdrawal from alcohol or benzodiazepines. However, formication may also be the result of normal hormonal changes such as menopause, or disorders such as peripheral neuropathy, high fevers, Lyme disease, skin cancer, and more.
This type of hallucination is the perception of taste without a stimulus. These hallucinations, which are typically strange or unpleasant, are relatively common among individuals who have certain types of focal epilepsy, especially temporal lobe epilepsy. The regions of the brain responsible for gustatory hallucination in this case are the insula and the superior bank of the sylvian fissure.
General somatic sensationsEdit
General somatic sensations of a hallucinatory nature are experienced when an individual feels that his body is being mutilated i.e. twisted, torn, or disembowelled. Other reported cases are invasion by animals in the person's internal organs such as snakes in the stomach or frogs in the rectum. The general feeling that one's flesh is decomposing is also classified under this type of hallucination.
- See also: Psychosis#Causes
Hallucinations can be caused by a number of factors.
- Main article: Hypnagogia
These hallucinations occur just before falling asleep, and affect a surprisingly high proportion of the population (in one survey 37% of the respondents experienced them twice a week ). The hallucinations can last from seconds to minutes, all the while the subject usually remains aware of the true nature of the images. These may be associated with narcolepsy. Hypnagogic hallucinations are sometimes associated with brainstem abnormalities, but this is rare.
- Main article: Peduncular hallucinosis
Peduncular means pertaining to the peduncle, which is a neural tract running to and from the pons on the brain stem. These hallucinations usually occur in the evenings, but not during drowsiness, as in the case of hypnagogic hallucination. The subject is usually fully conscious and then can interact with the hallucinatory characters for extended periods of time. As in the case of hypnagogic hallucinations, insight into the nature of the images remains intact. The false images can occur in any part of the visual field, and are rarely polymodal.
- Main article: Delirium tremens
One of the more enigmatic forms of visual hallucination is the highly variable, possibly polymodal delirium tremens. Individuals suffering from delirium tremens may be agitated and confused, especially in the later stages of this disease. Insight is gradually reduced with the progression of this disorder. Sleep is disturbed and occurs for a shorter period of time, with rapid eye movement sleep.
Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementiaEdit
Parkinson's disease is linked with Lewy body dementia for their similar hallucinatory symptoms. The symptoms strike during the evening in any part of the visual field, and are rarely polymodal. The segue into hallucination may begin with illusions where sensory perception is greatly distorted, but no novel sensory information is present. These typically last for several minutes, during which time the subject may be either conscious and normal or drowsy/inaccessible. Insight into these hallucinations is usually preserved and REM sleep is usually reduced. Parkinson's disease is usually associated with a degraded substantia nigra pars compacta, but recent evidence suggests that PD affects a number of sites in the brain. Some places of noted degradation include the median raphe nuclei, the noradrenergic parts of the locus coeruleus, and the cholinergic neurons in the parabrachial area and pedunculopontine nuclei of the tegmentum.
This type of hallucination is usually experienced during the recovery from a comatose state. The migraine coma can last for up to two days, and a state of depression is sometimes comorbid. The hallucinations occur during states of full consciousness, and insight into the hallucinatory nature of the images is preserved. It has been noted that ataxic lesions accompany the migraine coma.
Charles Bonnet syndromeEdit
Charles Bonnet syndrome is the name given to visual hallucinations experienced by blind patients. The hallucinations can usually be dispersed by opening or closing the eyelids until the visual images disappear. The hallucinations usually occur during the morning or evening, but are not dependent on low light conditions. These prolonged hallucinations usually do not disturb the patients very much, as they are aware that they are hallucinating. A differential diagnosis are opthalmopathic hallucinations.
Visual hallucinations due to focal seizures differ depending on the region of the brain where the seizure occurs. For example, visual hallucinations during occipital lobe seizures are typically visions of brightly colored, geometric shapes that may move across the visual field, multiply, or form concentric rings and generally persist from a few seconds to a few minutes. They are usually unilateral and localized to one part of the visual field on the contralateral side of the seizure focus, typically the temporal field. However, unilateral visions moving horizontally across the visual field begin on the contralateral side and move towards the ipsilateral side.
Temporal lobe seizures, on the other hand, can produce complex visual hallucinations of people, scenes, animals, and more as well as distortions of visual perception. Complex hallucinations may appear real or unreal, may or may not be distorted with respect to size, and may seem disturbing or affable, among other variables. One rare but notable type of hallucination is heautoscopy, a hallucination of a mirror image of one's self. These "other selves" may be perfectly still or performing complex tasks, may be an image of a younger self or the present self, and tend to be only briefly present. Complex hallucinations are a relatively uncommon finding in temporal lobe epilepsy patients. Rarely, they may occur during occipital focal seizures or in parietal lobe seizures.
Distortions in visual perception during a temporal lobe seizure may include size distortion (micropsia or macropsia), distorted perception of movement (where moving objects may appear to be moving very slowly or to be perfectly still), a sense that surfaces such as ceilings and even entire horizons are moving farther away in a fashion similar to the dolly zoom effect, and other illusions. Even when consciousness is impaired, insight into the hallucination or illusion is typically preserved.
- Main article: Hallucinogen
Drug-induced hallucinations are caused by the consumption of psychoactive substances such as deliriants, psychedelics, certain stimulants, and opiates, which are known to cause visual and auditory hallucinations. Some psychedelics such as Lysergic acid diethylamide, cannabis, and psilocybin can cause hallucinations that range from a spectrum of mild to severe. Opiates are also a popular drug used to induce hallucinations, especially in larger doses. This as well as other drugs that induce hallucinations can cause severe mental and physical damage. Some of the most common opiates are opium, heroin and morphine. Despite the addictive properties of some of these drugs (mainly opiates and mental dependencies in some cannabis users), others can be used in psychotherapy to treat mental disorders, addiction and even experiments.
Sensory deprivation hallucinationEdit
Hallucinations can be caused by sense deprivation when it occurs for prolonged periods of time, and almost always occur in the modality being deprived (visual for blindfolded/darkness, auditory for muffled conditions, etc.)
Experimentally-induced hallucinations Edit
Main article : Hallucinations in the sane
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Please improve this article if you can. (April 2013)
Sometimes internal imagery can overwhelm the sensory input from external stimuli when sharing neural pathways, or if indistinct stimuli is perceived and manipulated to match one's expectations or beliefs, especially about the environment. This can result in a hallucination, and this effect is sometimes exploited to form an optical illusion.
There are 3 pathophysiologic mechanisms thought to account for complex visual hallucinations. These mechanisms consist of the following:
The first mechanism involves irritation of cortical centers responsible for visual processing (e.g., seizure activity). The irritation of the primary visual cortex causes simple elementary visual hallucinations.
The second mechanism involves lesions that cause deafferentation of the visual system may lead to cortical release phenomenon, which includes visual hallucination.
The third mechanism is the reticular activating system, which has been linked to the genesis of visual hallucinations.
Some specific classifications include: elementary hallucinations, which may entail flicks, specks, and bars of light (called phosphenes). Closed eye hallucinations in darkness, which are common to psychedelic drugs (i.e., LSD, mescaline). Scenic or "panoramic" hallucinations, which are not superimposed but vividly replace the entire visual field with hallucinatory content similarly to dreams; such scenic hallucinations may occur in epilepsy (in which they are usually stereotyped and experimental in character), hallucinogen use, and more rarely in catatonic schizophrenia (cf. oneirophrenia), mania, and brainstem lesions, amongst others.
Another thing that may cause visual hallucinations is prolonged visual deprivation. In a study where 13 healthy people were blindfolded for 5 days, 10 out of the 13 subjects reported visual hallucinations. This finding lends strong support to the idea that the simple loss of normal visual input is sufficient to cause visual hallucinations.
Various theories have been put forward to explain the occurrence of hallucinations. When psychodynamic (Freudian) theories were popular in psychology, hallucinations were seen as a projection of unconscious wishes, thoughts and wants. As biological theories have become orthodox, hallucinations are more often thought of (by psychologists at least) as being caused by functional deficits in the brain. With reference to mental illness, the function (or dysfunction) of the neurotransmitters glutamate and dopamine are thought to be particularly important. The Freudian interpretation may have an aspect of truth, as the biological hypothesis explains the physical interactions in the brain, while the Freudian deals with the origin of the theme of the hallucination. Psychological research has argued that hallucinations may result from biases in what are known as metacognitive abilities.
Information processing perspectiveEdit
These are abilities that allow us to monitor or draw inferences from our own internal psychological states (such as intentions, memories, beliefs and thoughts). The ability to discriminate between internal (self-generated) and external (stimuli) sources of information is considered to be an important metacognitive skill, but one which may break down to cause hallucinatory experiences. Projection of an internal state (or a person's own reaction to another's) may arise in the form of hallucinations, especially auditory hallucinations. A recent hypothesis that is gaining acceptance concerns the role of overactive top-down processing, or strong perceptual expectations, that can generate spontaneous perceptual output (that is, hallucination).
Stages of hallucinationEdit
- Emergence of surprising or warded-off memory or fantasy images
- Frequent reality checks
- Last vestige of insight as hallucinations become "real"
- Fantasy and distortion elaborated upon and confused with actual perception
- Internal-external boundaries destroyed and possible pantheistic (or personally felt or believed, possibly profound, internal spiritual or religious) experience
The most common modality referred to when people speak of hallucinations. These include the phenomena of seeing things which are not present or visual perception which does not reconcile with the physical, consensus reality. There are many different causes, which have been classed as psychophysiologic (a disturbance of brain structure), psychobiochemical (a disturbance of neurotransmitters), psychodynamic (an emergence of the unconscious into consciousness), and psychological (e.g. meaningful experiences consciousness), this is also the case in Alzheimer's disease. Numerous disorders can involve visual hallucinations, ranging from psychotic disorders to dementia to migraine, but experiencing visual hallucinations does not in itself mean there is necessarily a disorder. Visual hallucinations are associated with organic disorders of the brain and with drug- and alcohol-related illness, and not typically considered the result of a psychiatric disorder.
Hallucinations may be caused by schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder in which there is an inability to tell the difference between real and unreal experiences, to think logically, have contextually appropriate emotions, and to function in social situations.
During hallucination induced by schizophrenia there are many abnormalities in the brain, particularly in the region that processes voices and sounds (for those who experience auditory hallucinations) and visual processing (visual hallucinations). Researchers found that a possible cause for these hallucinations were abnormalities in gray matter and general functioning that combines interpreting sounds, voices and visuals, as well as regulating emotions.
- Main article: Neuroscience of hallucinations
Normal everyday procedures like getting an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) have been used to find out more about auditory and verbal hallucinations. "Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) were used to explore the pathophysiology of auditory/verbal hallucinations (AVHs)" Throughout the exploring through MRI's of patients,there were "lower levels of hallucination-related activation in Broca’s area strongly predicted greater rate of response to left temporoparietal rTMS." What these findings could suggest is that "dominant hemisphere temporoparietal areas are involved in expressing AVHs, with higher levels of coactivation and/or coupling involving inferior frontal regions reinforcing underlying pathophysiology."
Also through fMRI's, it is found that there can be better understandings on why hallucinations happen in the brain, by understanding emotion's and cognition and how it can prompt physical reactions that can help result in a hallucination. It suggests the theory that "motivations in the body and mind can drive us to certain behaviors that we act in, such as survival instinct and intuition" and that they can work in a hand in hand like fashion. It can also be viewed as a symbolic "homeostasis" that can have adverse effects by having these hallucinations and / or mental illnesses. The amygdala has also been seen to relate to this finding by contributing a "declarative judgement of emotional salience" as well as affecting both "efferent and afferent representational levels of affective autonomic responses in the brain".
"The left superior temporal cortex, which supports linguistic functions, has consistently been reported to activate during auditory–verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia patients" The Charles Bonnet Syndrome supports the visual cortex deafferentiation proposal. There is irritation in the visual cortex when hallucination occur, which could suggest why it is reported that images that are not real are seen. Although many sufferers of the Charles Bonnet Syndrome are elderly, it can occur in anyone. The reticular activation system can be used to support the neurotransmitters (dopamine and norepinephrine) effect on hallucinations.
There are few treatments for many types of hallucinations. However, for those hallucinations caused by mental disease, a psychologist or psychiatrist should be alerted, and treatment will be based on the observations of those doctors. Antipsychotic and atypical antipsychotic medication may also be utilized to treat the illness if the symptoms are severe and cause significant distress. For other causes of hallucinations there is no factual evidence to support any one treatment is scientifically tested and proven. However, abstaining from hallucinogenic drugs, managing stress levels, living healthily, and getting plenty of sleep can help reduce the prevalence of hallucinations. In all cases of hallucinations, medical attention should be sought out and informed of one's specific symptoms.
See also Edit
- Apparitional experience
- Closed-eye hallucination
- Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
- Drug induced hallucinations
- Focal seizures
- Folie à deux
- Form constant
- Hallucinations in everyday life
- Hearing Voices Movement
- Hypnagogic hallucinations
- Near death experience
- Phantom eye syndrome
- Psychedelic experience
- Salvia Divinorum
- Simulated reality
- Vision (spirituality)
- ↑ Leo P. W. Chiu (1989). Differential diagnosis and management of hallucinations. Journal of the Hong Kong Medical Association 41 (3): 292–7.
- ↑ Francis Nagaraya, Myers FWH et al. (1894). Report on the census of hallucinations. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 34: 25–394.
- ↑ Ohayon MM (Dec 2000). Prevalence of hallucinations and their pathological associations in the general population. Psychiatry Res 97 (2–3): 153–64.
- ↑ Chen E., Berrios G.E. (1996). Recognition of hallucinations: a multidimensional model and methodology. Psychopathology 29 (1): 54–63.
- ↑ Ffytche, Dominic http://www.acnr.co.uk/pdfs/volume4issue2/v4i2reviewart3.pdf. URL accessed on 23 December 2012.
- ↑ Medical dictionary.
- ↑ Thompson, Andrea Hearing Voices: Some People Like It. LiveScience.com. URL accessed on 2006-11-25.
- ↑ Engmann, Birk; Reuter, Mike: Spontaneous perception of melodies – hallucination or epilepsy? Nervenheilkunde 2009 Apr 28: 217-221. ISSN 0722-1541
- ↑ Murat Ozsarac, Ersin Aksay, Selahattin Kiyan, Orkun Unek, F. Feray Gulec, De Novo Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation: Pink Floyd's Song 'Brick in the Wall' as a Warning Sign, The Journal of Emergency Medicine, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 13 August 2009, ISSN 0736-4679, DOI:10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.05.035 .
- ↑ Rare Hallucinations Make Music In The Mind. ScienceDaily.com. URL accessed on 2006-12-31.
- ↑ Medical News Today: "Too Much Coffee Can Make You Hear Things That Are Not There"
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 (1997). Acting on command hallucinations: A cognitive approach. The British journal of clinical psychology / the British Psychological Society 36 ( Pt 1): 139–48.
- ↑ (2004). Command hallucinations among Asian patients with schizophrenia. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie 49 (12): 838–42.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Shea, Sean Christopher M.D.
- ↑ Phantom smells
- ↑ Wolberg FL, Zeigler DK (1982). Olfactory Hallucination in Migraine. Archives of Neurology 39 (6).
- ↑ Sacks, Oliver (1986). Migraine, 75–76, Berkeley: University of California Press.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Berrios G E (1982). Tactile Hallucinations. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 45 (4): 285–293.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Panayiotopoulos, Chrysostomos P. A clinical guide to epileptic syndromes and their treatment: based on the ILAE classification and practice parameter guidelines. 2. ed. London: Springer, 2007.
- ↑ Barker, P. 1997. Assessment in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing In the Search of the Whole Person. UK: Nelson Thornes Ltd. p245.
- ↑ Barker, P. 1997. Assessment in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing in Search of the Whole Person. UK: Nelson Thornes Ltd. P245.
- ↑ Maurice M. Ohayon, Robert G. Priest, Malija Caulet, and Christian Guilleminault (1996). Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Hallucinations: Pathological Phenomena?. The British Journal of Psychiatry 169 (4): 459–67.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Manford M, Andermann F (Oct 1998). Complex visual hallucinations. Clinical and neurobiological insights. Brain 121 ((Pt 10)): 1819–40.
- ↑ Mark Derr (2006) Marilyn and Me, "The New York Times" February 14, 2006
- ↑ Engmann, Birk (2008). Phosphenes and photopsias - ischaemic origin or sensorial deprivation? - Case history. Z Neuropsychol. 19 (1): 7–13.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 (2009). Visual Hallucinations: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 11 (1): 26–32.
- ↑ Bien CG, Benninger FO, Urbach H, Schramm J, Kurthen M, Elger CE (2000). Localizing value of epileptic visual auras. Brain 123 (2): 244–253.
- ↑ Frood, Arran Drug Hallucinations Look Real in the Brain. newscientist.com. URL accessed on October 25, 2011.
- ↑ Horowitz, M. (1975). Hallucinations: An information-processing approach, 163–194, New York: Wiley.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Blom, Jan (2010). A Dictionary of Hallucinations, Springer. URL accessed July 11, 2012.
- ↑ Casey, Patricia (2007). Fish's Clinical Psychopathology: Signs and Symptoms in Psychiatry, RCPsych Publications. URL accessed July 11, 2012.
- ↑ (2009) Localization of Clinical Syndromes in Neuropsychology and Neuroscience, Springer. URL accessed July 11, 2012.
- ↑ Erick Messias, ed. "Schizophrenia". Medopedia. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
- ↑ (1915) Smith Ely Jelliffi Journal of nervous and mental disease, Volume 42, 30–31. URL accessed July 11, 2012.
- ↑ DOI:10.4103/0253-7176.85399
- ↑ Urbán, Péter (2011). Brainstem Disorders, Springer. URL accessed July 11, 2012.
- ↑ Kapur S (Jan 2003). Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 160 (1): 13–23.
- ↑ Bentall RP (Jan 1990). The illusion of reality: a review and integration of psychological research on hallucinations. Psychol Bull 107 (1): 82–95.
- ↑ Grossberg S (Jul 2000). How hallucinations may arise from brain mechanisms of learning, attention, and volition. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 6 (5): 583–92.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 Horowitz MJ (1975). "Hallucinations: An Information Processing Approach" West LJ, Siegel RK Hallucinations; behavior, experience, and theory, New York: Wiley.
- ↑ semple,David."oxford hand book of psychiatry" oxford press.2005.
- ↑ Visual Hallucinations: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment (2009)
- ↑ Stannard, Lia. "Schizophrenia Types of Hallucinations." LiveStrong. Demand Media, Inc., 11 May 2011. Web. 14 Dec 2011.
- ↑ -Bonmatí,, Luis Martí Hallucinations In Schizophrenia Linked To Brain Area That Processes Voices. M.D., Ph.D.,. ScienceDaily. URL accessed on oct, 30 2012.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Hoffman, Ralph E. Probing the pathophysiology of auditory/verbal hallucinations by combining functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation. from Cereb Cortex. 2007. November.17(11): 2733–2743..
- ↑ Critchley, Hugo D. (2009). Psychophysiology of neural, cognitive and affective integration: fMRI and autonomic indicants. International Journal of Psychophysiology 73 (2): 88–94.
- ↑ Plaze et al., Bartes-Faz, Martinot, Januel, Belliever, De Beaurepraire, Chanraud, Andoh, Lefaucher,Artiges, Pallier, Martinot (2006). Schizophrenia Research. Science Direct: 109–115.
- ↑ Charles Bonnet Syndrome. URL accessed on 13 November 2012.
Further reading Edit
- Johnson FH (1978). The anatomy of hallucinations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Co. ISBN 0-88229-155-6.
- Bentall RP, Slade PD (1988). Sensory deception: a scientific analysis of hallucination. London: Croom Helm. ISBN 0-7099-3961-2.
- Aleman A, Larøi F (2008). Hallucinations: The Science of Idiosyncratic Perception. American Psychological Association (APA). ISBN 1-4338-0311-9.
- Sacks O (2012). Hallucinations. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0307957245
- Hearing Voices Network
- Visual hallucinations during migraine
- "Anthropology and Hallucinations", chapter from The Making of Religion
- "The voice inside: A practical guide to coping with hearing voices"
- Johnson, Fred H. (1978). The Anatomy of Hallucinations. Nelson-Hall.
- Slade, P.D. and Bentall, R.P. (1988). Sensory Deception: a scientific analysis of hallucination. London: Croom Helm.
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|Palmetto Printer (Version 2)
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The chemical compound acetylcholine has the chemical formula C7H16NO2 and molecular mass 146.21 g/mol. It is (often abbreviated ACh) is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) in many organisms including humans. Acetylcholine is one of many neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the only neurotransmitter used in the somatic nervous system. It is also the neurotransmitter in all autonomic ganglia.
Acetylcholine has functions both in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and in the central nervous system (CNS) as a neuromodulator.In the PNS, acetylcholine activates muscles, and is a major neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system. In the CNS, acetylcholine and the associated neurons form a neurotransmitter system, the cholinergic system, which tends to cause excitatory actions.
In the peripheral nervous system, acetylcholine activates muscles, and is a major neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system.When acetylcholine binds to acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle fibers, it opens ligand gated sodium channels in the cell membrane. Sodium ions then enter the muscle cell, stimulating muscle contraction. Acetylcholine, while inducing contraction of skeletal muscles, instead induces decreased contraction in cardiac muscle fibers. This distinction is attributed to differences in receptor structure between skeletal and cardiac fibers.
In the autonomic nervous system, acetylcholine is released in the following sites: all pre- and post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons; all preganglionic sympathetic neurons; preganglionic sympathetic fibers to suprarenal medulla, the modified sympathetic ganglion; on stimulation by acetylcholine, the suprarenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline and some postganglionic sympathetic fibers -- sudomotor neurons to sweat glands.
In the central nervous system, ACh has a variety of effects as a neuromodulator, e.g., for plasticity and excitability. Other effects are arousal and reward.
|ACh is involved with synaptic plasticity, specifically in learning and short-term memory. Acetylcholine has been shown to enhance the amplitude of synaptic potentials following long-term potentiation in many regions, including the dentate gyrus, CA1, piriform cortex, and neocortex. This effect most likely occurs either through enhancing currents through NMDA receptors or indirectly by suppressing adaptation. The suppression of adaptation has been shown in brain slices of regions CA1, cingulate cortex, and piriform cortex, as well as in vivo in cat somatosensory and motor cortex by decreasing the conductance of voltage-dependent M currents and Ca2+-dependent K+ currents.|
Acetylcholine also has other effects on excitability of neurons. Its presence causes a slow depolarization by blocking a tonically-active K+ current, which increases neuronal excitability. It appears to be a paradox, however, that ACh increases spiking activity in inhibitory interneurons while decreasing strength of synaptic transmission from those cells. This decrease in synaptic transmission also occurs selectively at some excitatory cells: For instance, it has an effect on intrinsic and associational fibers in layer Ib of piriform cortex, but has no effect on afferent fibers in layer Ia. Similar laminar selectivity has been shown in dentate gyrus and region CA1 of the hippocampus. One theory to explain this paradox interprets acetylcholine neuromodulation in the neocortex as modulating the estimate of expected uncertainty, acting counter to norepinephrine (NE) signals for unexpected uncertainty. Both would then decrease synaptic transition strength, but ACh would then be needed to counter the effects of NE in learning, a signal understood to be 'noisy'.
There are two main classes of acetylcholine receptor (AChR), nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR). They are named for the ligands used to activate the receptors.
Nicotinic AChRs are ionotropic receptors permeable to sodium, potassium, and chloride ions. They are stimulated by nicotine and acetylcholine. They are of two main types, muscle type and neuronal type. The former can be selectively blocked by curare and the latter by hexamethonium. The main location of nicotinic AChRs is on muscle end plates, autonomic ganglia (both sympathetic and parasympathetic), and in the CNS.
Muscarinic receptors are metabotropic, and affect neurons over a longer time frame. They are stimulated by muscarine and acetylcholine, and blocked by atropine. Muscarinic receptors are found in both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system, in heart, lungs, upper GI tract, and sweat glands. Extracts from the plant Deadly nightshade included this compound (atropine), and the blocking of the muscarinic AChRs increases pupil size as used for attractiveness in many European cultures in the past. Now, ACh is sometimes used during cataract surgery to produce rapid constriction of the pupil. It must be administered intraocularly because corneal cholinesterase metabolizes topically-administered ACh before it can diffuse into the eye. It is sold by the trade name Miochol-E (CIBA Vision). Similar drugs are used to induce mydriasis (dilation of the pupil) in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and many other situations. References
- Katzung, B.G. (2003). Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-07-141092-9
- Eubanks LM, Rogers CJ, Beuscher AE 4th, Koob GF, Olson AJ, Dickerson TJ, Janda KD. "A molecular link between the active component of marijuana and Alzheimer's disease pathology." Molecular Pharmaceutics. 2006 Nov-Dec; 3(6):773-7. PMID 17140265
- Brenner, G. M. and Stevens, C. W. (2006). Pharmacology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company (Elsevier). ISBN 1-4160-2984-2
- Canadian Pharmacists Association (2000). Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties (25th ed.). Toronto, ON: Webcom. ISBN 0-919115-76-4
- Carlson, NR (2001). Physiology of Behavior (7th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 0-205-30840-6
- Gershon, Michael D. (1998). The Second Brain. New York, NY: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-018252-0
- Hasselmo, ME. "Neuromodulation and cortical function: Modeling the physiological basis of behavior." Behavioral Brain Research. 1995 Feb; 67(1):1-27. PMID 7748496
- Yu, AJ & Dayan, P. "Uncertainty, neuromodulation, and attention." Neuron. 2005 May 19; 46(4):681-92. PMID 15944135
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By Adina Campbell
UV rays cause the yellow band to turn pink before burning
Sunbathers could soon be able to wear a wristband that turns pink when they're in danger of burning their skin.
It's the first of its kind in the UK and could be on the market in a couple of months.
Researchers in Scotland have spent more than £50,000 developing the band over the past year.
It works when UV rays react to chemicals inside the material which causes them to change from a yellow to a pink colour.
Professor Andrew Mills led the further chemistry team at the University of Strathclyde.
He says the UV-driven reaction with the dye acts as an "intelligent ink".
He told Newsbeat: "People think of chemical reactions as happening in test tubes but here you have a reaction in a very thin layer of ink film that produces a colour change.
And he says it's that colour change that can help you stay safe in the sun.
"As soon as the indicator turns pink, you should get out of the sun because if you stay you'll burn."
His team's hoping to get a company making the wristbands in bulk and on the market as soon as possible.
''Our plan is to start a company that will make products out of this technology, such as wristbands or clothing labels," he said.
The team behind the band say it could lead to other technologies
"We've already been approached by a number of skincare product manufacturers who are interested in the technology."
Doctor Mike McFarlen, who also helped develop the band, says this breakthrough could lead to other new technologies.
He said: ''Now that we've come up with this idea, we're pretty sure we'll be able to develop more indicators that let you know, for example, when you have bad breath or how much carbon dioxide is around you."
But not everyone's convinced. 25-year-old Danny Westcarr from Glasgow reckons it's a gimmick.
He said: ''When I go on holiday I wouldn't be thinking about buying one for the beach.
"Most of us have enough common sense to realise what the sun can do our skin and how we should protect it. I believe it's a waste of money."
Twenty-four-year-old Amy Samuels also feels the same.
She said: ''I really wouldn't think about wearing one. I wouldn't want to get the tan lines and I'm cautious about being in the sun for too long anyway.''
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1A person employed to maintain the outer fences of a cattle or sheep station.
- Charles came to Australia in 1869 and eventually found employment as a boundary rider at Mount Gipps Station near Silverton.
- He pegged the first mineral lease at Broken Hill, NSW, while working as a boundary rider in September 1883.
- The reason for the speedy growth was mining - a boundary rider was checking the fences and found silver, zinc and lead.
1.1 Australian Rules Football A roving reporter at a football game, especially one who is based on the playing field boundary and has specialist knowledge of the game: Channel 7's boundary rider interviewed him up close and personal
More example sentences
- After footy he became a TV and later radio sport reporter and was Channel Seven's boundary rider at AFL games in Perth.
- But if there was an award for most words in 10 seconds, it surely went to the Irish "Dipper" post match boundary rider as he questioned players immediately after Ireland won the second of the International Rules Tests overnight at Croke Park.
- Incensed with Seven's coverage of the Blues' loss to Sydney, he took his criticisms to boundary rider Cameron Ling at the half-time break.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: bound|ary rider
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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Report Food Poisoning
If you think you have food poisoning or an allergic reaction to food, call your doctor. If it’s an emergency, call 911.
If you believe you or someone you know became ill from eating a certain food, contact your county or city health department. For more information about how to contact your local health department, refer to the State Agencies page.
Why It's Important to Report Food Poisoning
When two or more people get the same illness from the same contaminated food or drink, the event is called a foodborne outbreak. Reporting illnesses to your local health department helps them identify potential outbreaks of foodborne disease. Public health officials investigate outbreaks to control them, so more people do not get sick in the outbreak, and to learn how to prevent similar outbreaks from happening in the future.
For more information on how public health officials investigate foodborne outbreaks, see A Step-by-Step Guide to Investigating Foodborne Outbreaks.
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NASA, in cooperation with TIME and Google, has unveiled startling timelapse images of Earth from orbit collected by NASA's Landsat program since 1984. This program, created not for spycraft but for monitoring the way in which humans are rapidly altering the surface of the planet, consists of eight satellites that have collected millions of pictures in the course of two generations. When sifted through, cleaned up and stitched together, these pictures come together to create a high-definition slideshow that reveals some of the drastic changes our planet is undergoing - most notably through widespread urbanization.
The story of the past century has been the not-so-gradual migration of people from the rural countryside to the city, first in the West and now in South America, the Middle East, Africa and Asia. It is in the developing world that these migrations can be seen and felt the most, with villagers moving into continuously-expanding megacities that swell with skyscrapers and slums alike.
2008 was the first year in which more than half of the world's population lived in cities, and that number is quickly rising. Right now 3% to 5% of the world’s surface qualifies as urban, but urban territories are expected to expand by more than 463,000 sq. miles (1.2 million sq. km) by the year 2030, eventually covering about 10% of the planet. More than 75% of that increase is expected to occur in Asia alone, especially in countries like China which already has more than 160 cities with at least 1 million people. The urbanization wave will be even larger in Africa, where urban area - which amounted to only 16,000 sq. miles (41,000 sq. km) in 2000 - is predicted to grow by 590% (Google Timelapse).
Shanghai, featured in the above timelapse, is probably the best example of out-of-control growth. The city's population has grown from 13.3 million in 1990 to over 23 million in 2010 with new urban settlements sprawling out from the historic city center in every direction, most famously across the river where futuristic skyscrapers dot the landscape. With limitless urbanization, however, come consequences: air pollution, traffic and water contamination.
In Dubai's timelapse, we see a metropolis rising out of the desert sands, growing in population from a mere 300,000 in the 1980's to more than 2.1 million today. With the construction of the tallest skyscraper in the world and even artificial, palm-tree shaped islands out into the sea, Dubai has become a city of glamor and grandeur not only for the Middle East but for the entire globe. But, as always, the show comes with a cost: inefficient waste treatment, scarcity of electricity and the negative effects of water desalination.
Another desert city that is eating up resources is the US's very own Las Vegas, also featured in the timelapse. Its population growth is very similar to that of Dubai's, expanding from a little under 500,000 in 1980 to about 2 million now. From 2000 to 2010, the city’s population grew by nearly 50% and in the outward direction as more and more housing developments popped up, many of which suffered foreclosure in the recession. In addition to being economically unsustainable, Vegas is also one of the least environmentally sustainable cities in America, receiving almost no rainfall and relying entirely on nearby Lake Mead, where water level has fallen from over 1,200 ft. (365 m) to 1,125 ft. (343 m). The lake's shrinkage can be clearly seen in the timelapse.
As frightening as this urbanization and densification may seem, it can have its benefits if handled correctly. As cities become more compact, people use less energy and should have a much lower carbon footprint. They are also less likely to have large families, curbing overpopulation. If anything, Google's Timelapse sequences can help everyone from the average college student to the megacity planner better understand the positive and negative effects of recent case studies and the potential betterment of future cities on our planet.
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EP Hemicycle in Strasbourg – © European Parliament - Audiovisual Unit
The Commission: a policy based upon consultations
The Commission’s legislative proposals are published online. They must necessarily be preceded by a public consultation. Every citizen can be part of those. In fact, federations, associations and companies do it on a more active way than the lambda citizen. But it doesn’t mean there is no transparency. Let’s take a basic example, the directive on airport charges. In this document the Commission had to sum-up the consultation and opinions of the participants before issuing its proposal. EUR-LEX website publishes every document of this kind.
The European Parliament: always in direct
The European Parliament, like its national counterparts, works in plenary sessions and parliamentary commissions. Every session where the proposals from the Commission are debated is broadcasted on the Internet and can be watched a few days later in the EU’s 23 official languages.
Citizens thus have access to everything that is happening in the European Parliament and can find information about the position and ideas of their representatives in Brussels. We can mention the associative website Votewatch that publishes the votes made by every MEP on every text. Years later one can see who voted what.
Progresses to be made… by Member States
This transparency isn’t perfect (no institutional functioning is) and as it is the case in our national States, progresses can be made. It is for example inadmissible and incomprehensible that summits behind closed doors between the heads of State and government multiply themselves, as the one that was hold on the 21st of July about the debt crisis. It is necessary to know who thinks what. With this in mind, the national parliaments or the European Parliament should be examples.
The EU doesn’t work in a more transparent way than other institutions. Just like the others, it must be constantly reformed to adapt and become more democratic. The first condition to do so still is a greater involvement from the citizens. The frame for this exists even if it can be improved.
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Analysis: What’s Up With the Title?
Let’s start by stating the obvious: Purgatory is not only the setting, but also the subject matter of the second cantica of Dante’s Divine Comedy. The idea behind Purgatory is that no matter how badly a person sins in life, he can still save his soul by repenting before death.
Instead of going to Hell and suffering eternal damnation, the saved soul thus gets a ticket to Purgatory, where it remains until purged of all its vices. Here’s where the idea of cleanliness comes in. The word “purgatory” is related to the verb “to purge,” meaning to clean or purify. “Purge” has its roots in the word “pure.” So Purgatory is above all a place of education, where the saved souls learn to purify their souls of all the vices they have picked up in life. When the soul is perfectly clean, the gates of Heaven open for it.
As you read through the text, you’ll find that many of the penitents (inhabitants of Purgatory, as opposed to the “sinners” of Hell) have repented prior to their arrival in Purgatory. Ironically, many of the characters inhabiting Purgatory are people that medieval readers would likely have considered completely evil and would’ve expected to find in the Inferno. Scandalous.
Seriously, Dante is known for thwarting expectations; this is his way of showcasing his greatness as a poet and logician. He can take these depraved figures, speculate about their repentance, save them, and then show off their good aspects in Purgatorio.
Theatrics aside, Purgatorio is ultimately about hope. More than the other part of the Divine Comedy, it speaks to living readers because it shows imperfect individuals striving in good faith to become virtuous. Which is really what many of us are trying to do in our own lives here on earth. Unlike the hopelessly corrupt souls in Hell or the perfect souls in Heaven, Purgatory allows for the possibility of self-improvement, showing that against all odds, man really can change for the better. This promise of salvation is ultimately what keeps us coming back to Purgatorio.
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What is virtualization?
Virtualization is the concept that turns physical computer systems, like servers and applications, into multiple systems. “Big data” analysis requires large data set analysis and the creation of advanced analytic algorithms that are designed to identify insights, patterns, and trends that aren’t understood yet. The advanced analytics requires lots of processing power and memory. By adopting virtualization, software frameworks become more efficient. The hardware component of computers, including the random access memory (or RAM), central processing unit (or CPU), hard drive, and network controller can be virtualized into a series of virtual machines. Each of them runs its own applications and operating system.
The previous chart shows the market share of leading virtualization vendors in the market. According to Data Center and Readers’ Choice 2013, VMware (VMW) leads the market with its 47% market share, followed by Microsoft’s (MSFT) Hyper-V virtualization platform share at 24%, and Citrix XenServer (CTXS) at 8% market share. IBM (IBM) and HP (HPQ) are other leading vendors in this market. VMware leads the bring our own device (or BYOD) revolution. BYOD lets employees access corporate information through their own devices. The current time workforce should be in contact on a regular basis. It’s View Mobile Secure Desktop offers a safe and secure environment for mobile virtualization.
Virtualization’s importance for “big data”
Virtualization has three distinct characteristics to support the scalability and operating efficiency required for the “big data” climate.
Virtualization of servers, storage, applications, processor, memory, and network ensures effective sharing of resources. For instance, using server virtualization, processing power utilization increases by ~65%. Virtualization isn’t considered a technical requirement of “big data.” However, software frameworks seem to display more efficiency in a virtualized environment.
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If vaccines are so beneficial, everyone must be in Universal agreement about how good they are, right? Wrong!
Millions have begun to question what they have been told about vaccines and are asking, “Why so many shots?” Parents want to know which vaccines – if any – are necessary. Questions such as, “Are vaccines safe? What are the potential side effects? Have vaccines been tested for purity, or are they contaminated with stray viruses? What about all those ingredients in the shots – can injecting them into babies really be harmless?” Adults are rightfully concerned about what’s coming through that needle. They are raising eyebrows about not only about injecting chemicals, heavy metals and animal cells into their children – but are concerned about the effects on their own body.
Convinced that Vaccines are Unsafe but Need Scientific Proof? You need information that gives you “The Other Side of the Story.”
Pro-vaccine information is as abundant and as easy to find as ice in Antarctica. But there is a large body of overlooked medical and scientific research that shows the other side – and chronicles the heartbreaking disasters and long-term health consequences caused by vaccines. The problem is that locating this information can be challenging, difficult to interpret and very time consuming to dig out.
The Vaccine Research Library is a one-of-a-kind collection of medical and scientific studies revealing truth about vaccine dangers. The information has been amassed by sifting through tens of thousands of medical abstracts and full text articles hosted in Pubmed, Scholar, Quertle, Biomed Central and more. Complex information has been extracted from scientific journals such as Nature and Science, and from releases by the CDC, FDA, NIH, HHS, and Pharmcast. The evidence has been examined and categorized. The Vaccine Research Library is a no-nonsense, sobering collection of the actual clinical studies and papers telling “The Other Side of the Story.”
Now, all in one place, is the irrefutable science you need to defend your position against vaccines. You will be able to prove your point, protect your health and that of your children, write balanced news stories, or support legal cases.
In light of the nationally publicized bird flu and swine flu vaccine scandals over the last several years, (and others that were not as widely publicized), parents, non-parents, grandparents, teachers, nurses, healthcare providers, journalists, serious and casual researchers, and even military personnel are questioning the safety and necessity of vaccines.
Around the world, people are fed up with accepting the Vaccine Industry’s propaganda as “scientific proof” of efficacy. Intelligent and inquiring minds want to examine the science for themselves. They want evidence to support what they intuitively know: The Party Line about vaccines is a charade, perpetuated to bolster profits and expand Big Pharma’s cartel.
A repository of compelling information, this research library like no other!
Dr. Sherri Tenpenny, physician, vaccine expert, educator and health freedom advocate, and her team, have assembled an ever-growing collection of scientific and medical references that debunk the conventional, pro-vaccine stance. The information has been organized into an easy-to-navigate repository.
The Vaccine Research Library was created so that hard-to-find science can be quickly identified. The Library includes Dr. Tenpenny’s personal vaccine research article collection she has gathered over more than a decade while working to educate parents about the hazards that can be associated with vaccines.
Everyone needs this knowledge because everyone needs to be informed on the truth about vaccines:
- Consumers will find the Vaccine Research Library a priceless resource for scientific material that supports their decision to avoid vaccinations.
- Parents will find the tools in the vaccine exemptions section to support their right to refuse and to fire back at faultfinders who criticize their choices to not vaccinate.
- Lawyers will want to access this special library to add scientific depth to vaccine injury cases.
- Journalists who discover that CDC, NIH, FDA and a long list of medical establishment journals have only pro-vaccine information will find scientific material to give stories a truly balanced perspective.
The Vaccine Research Library has links to thousands of articles, collected together, all for easy review. Look at these categories… and you’ll have an idea of what you will find:
- Category — Additives
- Category — Adjuvants
- Category — Animal reagents and cell lines
- Category — Chemicals
- Category — Preservatives
- Category — Stabilizers
- Category — Adolescent vaccines
- Category — Individual vaccines
- Category — Vaccination Exemptions
- Category — Vaccination in Special Circumstances
- Category — Vaccination Legal Issues
- Category — Vaccine Industry
- Category — Vaccine Side Effects
This is a living, growing library that adds information every day. You’ll want to check back continually. The conventional medical and scientific literature publishes new research on the problems, side effects and complications caused by vaccines every month. We’re tracking it – and capturing it all in one place under the New This Week tab. Members will have access to new information as it becomes available published articles, references and releases.
It’s shocking to know that nearly every day, we find conclusions and hidden admissions that vaccines are not safe and do cause harm. Many of these discoveries are absolutely over-the-top and egregious. You’ll find yourself screaming at the computer phrases like, “HOW DO THEY GET AWAY WITH THAT?”
To shed light on this quickly, the home page of the Library has free access to an area called the Scream of the Week.You can post these links on your Facebook page and share through other forms of social media, educating and alerting your friends to the preposterous information promoted by the “vaccine industry.” Be sure to share these links with your doctor and your boss, persons who often only parrot the Party Line about vaccine safety and efficacy.
The Scream of the Week allows you to rank the information. You can let us know how loud you screamed:
- 1 Star Scream — Sigh/eyes rolling
- 2 Star Scream — Aggravating
- 3 Star Scream — Gut wrenching and sad
- 4 Star Scream — Unbelievable — what’s next?
- 5 Star Scream — I’m outraged! Take Action!
The 5-star screams will be posted far and wide, sent out to radio, print, journalists and television outlets. You will help us determine what information needs to be broadcast to the world. The nonsense that there “is no proof” that vaccines cause harm will be quashed once and for all.
Concerned that reviewing all this information will be time consuming? “Pre-search” takes the “grunt work” out of your research.
How much time do you spend on the Internet searching and researching…, searching and researching…, and searching and researching…..for reliable scientific facts about the problems associated with vaccines?
Because browsers and web crawlers deliver a large number of results, it can take hours to troll through page after page…after page…after page of search results. Then clicking on link after link. Then skimming through reams of material to find a particular fact. What’s worse is the exasperation you feel when you come up empty-handed – after investing so much time, you didn’t find what you were looking for.
But thanks to the Vaccine Research Library’s “pre-search,” the hard-hitting facts have already been extracted for your easy review. Key words from the article or abstract are black, bold and italicized, so you can identify exactly what you’re looking for. The material is presented in chronological order and some articles also contain comments and commentary in brown/maroon, bold, italics to help the lay reader understand the medical terminology. With the black, bold, italics, you can skim the selection and can quickly see if this is the morsel you are looking for. All you do is scan the listings, then “click and read.”
Access to this highly selective, hard-to-find information must be very expensive, right?
It costs a lot of money to build and maintain a database with highly specialized information. Do a little checking on the cost to access conventional online medical libraries, such as MDConsult.com or EurekAlert.com or FeedInfo.com. Check out the cost of reading only ONE full text article from a medical journal – it can cost $25, $37 or $57 – or more, making access to these services cost-prohibitive. Many times, you’ll find the title of the article and the conclusion of the research were very incongruent.
It’s easy to see that access to the thousands of article links supporting your right to refuse vaccines should be worth a LOT of money.
Now think about how much you are paid per hour in your Day Job. Take that dollar amount times the hundreds, even thousands, of hours you spend on the Internet, searching for information that can be frustratingly difficult to find.
What is the dollar amount you came up with? Eye-opening, isn’t it?
While the value of the Vaccine Research Library is extraordinarily high, we have made the membership cost extraordinarily low.
The annual membership rate has been drastically reduced: A one year membership to the Library is worth thousands of dollars and hundreds of hours of your time, you can have full access to thousands of references for only $9.98 per month (for quick research of a specific topic) or only $99 – for a full year!
Can you imagine? That’s the cost of 2 video rentals or two large Starbucks coffee drinks.
For less than $10 per month – the cost of two Starbucks coffees – you will have access to an ever-growing collection of information from conventional medical and scientific literature that proves, once and for all, that vaccines are not all the government, medical and pharmaceutical industries would have us believe. The savings in time ALONE, is worth many times that amount when you need a time-sensitive fact or explanation.
There’s not much more to say that hasn’t already been said! For an overview and A FREE TRAIL, go here.
Ready to join? Go here now
.…more features and videos will be forthcoming to the library~
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Understanding food labelsTo be effective, labelling policies should provide measures to advise and educate consumers to help them to understand the information on the label. Click here for more details.
Understanding the framework of rights that protect consumers is important for supporting an informed public. More details can be found here.
Labels provide information that is important for protecting human health. You can find more details on this here.
References and Resources
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Adaptive Management in the Great Lakes – St Lawrence River System
Public Comment Period: July 31 – August 30, 2013.
The International Joint Commission is inviting comments on an Adaptive Management Plan for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River System.
Climate change poses new challenges for adapting to fluctuating Great Lakes water levels. Although the future is not certain, increases in temperature and alterations in patterns of precipitation are likely to affect water levels in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River system. There is strong evidence that in the future we will likely experience more extreme water levels – both high and low – that are outside the historical range experienced over the past century.
Collaborative, integrated adaptive management offers an approach that helps address the uncertainties of an evolving future associated with climate change and the potential for extreme water levels and associated impacts. Adaptive management is a structured, iterative process for continually improving management results by learning from the outcomes of previous policies and practices.
The International Joint Commission established the International Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Task Team to develop an Adaptive Management Plan for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River System. The Commission is inviting comment on the final report of the Task Team before making recommendations to the governments of Canada and the United States.
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Oct. 8, 1996
A Man of Words and Not of Deeds
Today's Reading:"A Man of Words and Not of Deeds" from MOTHER GOOSE'S NURSERY RHYMES, published by Longmeadow Press (1996).
It was on this day in 1970 that Soviet writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of that year's Nobel Prize for Literature, excused himself from attending the award ceremony in Stockholm.
In 1957 Jerry Lee Lewis recorded the rock & roll classic "Great Balls of Fire."
On this day in 1956 New York Yankees pitcher Don Larson pitched the only perfect game ever in a World Series.
Ozzie Nelson and his wife Harriet started a new radio show on this day in 1944, THE ADVENTURES OF OZZY AND HARRIET.
It's the birthday today of Reverend Jesse Jackson, born in Greenville, South Carolina, 1941.
It's the birthday of molecular biologist Cesar Milstein, who won the 1984 Nobel after producing antibodies that could immunize people against specific diseases. He was born in Argentina in 1926.
On this day in 1924 Virginia Woolf finished her novel MRS DALLOWAY.
Novelist Meyer Levin (COMPULSION) was born on this day in Chicago in 1905.
Financial journalist and founder of the WALL STREET JOURNAL, Charles Henry Dow, began charting trends on Wall Street in 1897, later to become known as the Dow Jones Average.
Film director Rouben Mamoulian was born in Russia on this day in 1897.
The Great Chicago Fire began on this day in 1871.
It's the birthday of Jean-Rodolphe Perronet, famous for his stone arch bridges, born in Suresnes, France, in 1708.
Be well, do good work, and keep in touch.®
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But that's the Old Testament
"But that's the Old Testament" is an argument used by Christians when they wish to ignore or glaze over specific Old Testament laws and stories. (This is a form of cherry-picking). It is often used when counter-apologetics bring up:
The numerous massacres performed by or under the direction of God as written in the old testament, Laws regarding the keeping and treatment of slaves, The requirement of animal sacrifices, The punishment of stoning to death, As well as any individual laws they do not wish to follow e.g.: dietary laws or the prohibition of wearing blended fabrics.
Most Christians will claim that when Jesus was died, it nullified the Old Testament laws.
This argument is flawed in two respects:
1. They continue to quote the Old Testament laws that they do wish to follow.
2. According to the New Testament (Matthew 5:19) Jesus is quoted as saying "Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be called the least in the kingdom of heaven: but whosoever shall do and teach them, the same shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven."
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Macular Degeneration: Blind from the Western Diet
By: John McDougall M.D.
Like other degenerative diseases – heart disease,
stroke, arthritis – age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is due
primarily to our diet and secondarily to our lifestyle – therefore easily
preventable, and to some extent reversible. This form of eye disease is
the leading cause of blindness in people age 64 or older living in Western
countries. The severe form with impairment of vision affects 1.7 million
people in the United States, with 200,000 new cases annually.
Characteristically, this is a disease of progressive, painless, loss of
the central vision in the macula of both eyes simultaneously. The macula
is the part of the retina which provides our most acute and detailed
vision, and is used for visual activities, like reading, driving,
recognizing faces, watching television, and other fine work.
Multiple studies clearly show that the same risk factors
that predict the development and progression of coronary artery disease
(heart disease) also predict the chance of you losing your eyesight from
* Overweight people have more than twice the risk of
progression of this disease from the mild form, which affects nearly 8
million people in the United States, to the severe blinding form over the
next 5 years.1 Other common risk factors shared by both diseases are
cigarette smoking, lack of exercise, high cholesterol, and hypertension.1
* A Diet high in all kinds fats, including animal,
trans-fats (margarines, shortenings), monounsaturated fats (olive oil),
and other vegetable fats, increases the risk of developing AMD by two to
three times compared to a diet low in fat.2,3
* A diet low in fruits and vegetables is associated with
an increased risk of AMD.4
* Vigorous physical activity decreases the risk of AMD.1
* As people in underdeveloped countries, for example
Japan, Taiwan and China, switch from their native diets based on starches
(like rice) to Western diets their risk of AMD increases parallel to their
risk of heart disease.5
AMD is a Form of Atherosclerosis from the Western
Disease of the arteries, known as atherosclerosis, is so
common in Western societies that it is considered a normal part of aging.
However, this disease is rare or unknown in parts of the world where
people consume a diet based on starches, vegetables and fruits. The
underlying mechanism involves the depositing of cholesterol and fat from
the diet into the walls of the arteries.6 In smaller vessels, such as in
the eye, this process results in stiffening of the walls, inflammation of
the vessels, a decrease in blood flow, and finally leakage of fluids
through the vessel walls into surrounding tissues. The average blood flow
reduction in people with AMD is 37% compared to people without this
disease.7 The end result is deprivation of oxygen and nutrients to the
visual tissues of the eye found in the retina and concentrated in the
macula – and the receptors of light and color (rods and cones) soon become
nonfunctional and die.
Preserving Your Sight
The commercial solution to AMD is to take vitamin and
mineral supplements. One recent study found supplements containing
vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc resulted in a 25% reduction in
the risk of the intermediate stages of AMD progressing to the advanced
stages within 5 years.8 Despite this one study, a more honest conclusion
is: in the face of intensive marketing, high profits, doctors’
recommendations, and widespread use, no supplement has been found to be
effective at preventing AMD or delaying its complications.6 (A related
story of supplements failing heart disease patients is found in my August
2003 Newsletter article, “Plants, not Pills, for Vitamins and Minerals.”)
The simple, cost-free, side-effect-free, non-profitable
solution for preserving your sight for a lifetime is the same one you
should be presently using to preserve the circulation to your heart,
brain, kidneys, etc. – a healthy low-fat, no-cholesterol diet, moderate
exercise, and clean habits. As a secondary therapeutic approach for some
people with elevated blood cholesterol levels (above 150 mg/dl), I
recommend cholesterol-lowering medications. (More information on this
subject can be found in my September 2002 newsletter article, “Cholesterol
- When and How to Treat” and my June 2003 Newsletter article “Cleaning out
Even if you have already started to lose your vision it
is not too late. Treatment of blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels
has been shown to improve vision in a person with very high levels of
blood fat (triglycerides).9 Circulation to the eye and the rest of the
body is improved immediately after switching from a high-fat to a low-fat
diet.10,11 The underlying disease, atherosclerosis, is also reversible in
time.12 Inflammation subsides and cholesterol and fat deposits are removed
from the artery walls. The damage left from meat- and dairy-laden forks
and spoons is the scarred tissue (sclerosis) that has forever lost its
ability to distinguish light. The sooner you make long overdue changes in
your diet the better sight you will have in your later years.
1) Seddon JM. Progression of age-related macular
degeneration: association with body mass index, waist circumference, and
waist-hip ratio. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003 Jun;121(6):785-92.
2) Seddon JM. Progression of age-related macular
degeneration: association with dietary fat, transunsaturated fat, nuts,
and fish intake. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003 Dec;121(12):1728-37.
3) Cho E. Prospective study of dietary fat and the risk
of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001
4) Mozaffarieh M. The role of the carotenoids, lutein
and zeaxanthin, in protecting against age-related macular degeneration: A
review based on controversial evidence.
Nutr J. 2003 Dec 112:20-30.
5) Bird AC. What is the future of research in
age-related macular disease? Arch Ophthalmol. 1997 Oct;115(10):1311-3.
6) Friedman E. The role of the atherosclerotic process
in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol.
7) Grunwald JE. Foveolar choroidal blood flow in
age-related macular degeneration.
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998 Feb;39(2):385-90.
8) Seddon JM. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E,
and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control
Study Group. JAMA. 1994 Nov 9;272(18):1413-20.
9) Nagra PK. Lipemia retinalis associated with branch
retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003 Apr;135(4):539-42.
10) Friedman M. Serum Lipids and conjunctival
circulation after fat ingestion in men exhibiting type-A behavior pattern.
Circulation 29:874 874-86, 1964.
11) Kuo P. The effect of lipemia upon coronary and
peripheral arterial circulation in patients with essential hyperlipemia.
Am J Med. 26:68, 1959.
12) Ornish D . Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal
of coronary heart disease.
JAMA. 1998 Dec 16;280(23):2001-7.
You may subscribe to this free McDougall Newsletter at
2003 John McDougall All Rights Reserved
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After Santa Maria de la Concepcion, Fernandina, and after Fernandina the most beautiful of islands, Isabella, where we lay three days. People upon this island seemed to us more civilized than the Salvador folk. The cotton was woven, loin cloths were worn, they had greater variety of calabashes, the huts were larger, the villages more regular. They slept in “hamacs” which are stout and wide cotton nets slung between posts, two or three feet above earth. Light, space-giving, easy of removal, these beds greatly took our fancy.
Here we sought determinedly for spice-giving trees and medicinal herbs and roots. It was not a spicery such as Europe depended upon, but still certain things seemed valuable! We gathered here and gathered there what might be taken to Spain. There grew an emulation to find. The Admiral offered prizes for such and such a commodity come upon.
We sailed from Isabella and after three days came
CUBA! At first he called it Juana, but we came afterwards still to use the Indian name. Cuba! We saw it after three days, and it was little enough like Isabella, Fernandina, Concepcion, San Salvador and the islets the Admiral called Isles de Arena. It covered all our south, no level, shining thing that masthead could see around, but a mighty coast line, mountainous, with headlands and bays and river mouths. Now after long years, I who outlive the Admiral, know it for an island, but how could he or I or any know that in November fourteen hundred and ninety-two? He never believed it an island.
He stood on deck watching. “Cuba—Cuba! Have you not read of Cublai Khan? The sounds chime!”
“Cublai Khan. He lives in Quinsai.”
“Ay. His splendid, capital city. Buildings all wonderful, and gardens like Mahound’s paradise!”
“But if it is Cipango?”
“Ay. It may be Cipango. We have no angel here to tell us which. I would one would fly down and take us by the hand! Being men, we must make guesses.”
Beautiful to us, splendid to us, was this coast of Cuba! We sailed by headlands and deep, narrow-necked bays, river mouths and hanging forests and bold cliffs. We sailed west and still headland followed headland, and still the lookout cried, “It stretched forever like the main!”
We came to a river where ships might ride. Sounding, we found deep water, entered river mouth and dropped anchor, then went ashore in the boats. Palms and their water doubles, and in the grove a small abandoned village. We had seen the people flee before us, and they were no more nor other kind of people than had showed in Concepcion or Fernandina. Yet were they a little wealthier. We found parrots on their perches, and two dogs, small and wolf-like that never barked. In one hut lay a harpoon tipped with bone, and a net for fishing. In another we found a wrought block of wood which Fray Ignatio pronounced their idol.
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Without appropriate precautions being taken, essentially all elements of a building are open to attack and manipulation through a BAS or an ICS.
The promise of interoperability long touted by manufacturers of building-automation and industrial control systems became a reality through the use of Internet protocols, but incorrect assumptions have led to serious consequences for systems and buildings.
Using drivers in network controllers or the Extensible Markup Language (XML) layer as translators, disparate protocols from BACnet to LON to OPC and Modbus have been marshaled through Web-based dashboards to offer complete building control from any place with an Internet connection. Recently, researchers discovered shortcomings that make these systems and the buildings they control vulnerable to attack by hackers and other malicious parties. Without appropriate precautions being taken, essentially all elements of a building, including HVAC, thermostats, automated identification- (ID-) card systems, doors, lights, elevators, and even the corporate local area network (LAN), are open to attack and manipulation through a building-automation system (BAS) or an industrial control system (ICS).
BAS and ICS networks relying on Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity for interoperability once were viewed as too unique to be vulnerable. Even if a network were breached, the hacker would be unable to make sense of it, the thinking went. Thus, a philosophy of “security through obscurity” prevailed in the controls industry. The result was networks with weak, default, or nonexistent log-in-credential requirements and limited deployment of firewalls.
For years, information-technology (IT) networks were the primary target of hackers and, thus, the recipient of the lion’s share of network-defense effort. Today, network defense is relatively mature, and hackers are less discriminatory as to entry points to an organization, looking for any weak links that still exist. As a result, control systems are receiving more attention from network-security professionals.
Many wonder: Why would someone attack a control system, and what is the real risk to business and industry? In some cases, hackers may not understand what they have accessed and inadvertently cause damage, creating a significant financial hardship for a company. Or a hacker may intend to damage critical equipment or infrastructure—for example, damage chillers to elevate the temperature in a data center and destroy servers containing crucial information. A more likely scenario is that hackers are looking for a backdoor through which to access a corporate LAN. This could allow them to obtain proprietary company information or steal customer data. Hackers also could take over computers in a network, converting them to botnets used in a large-scale distributed-denial-of-service (DDoS) attack against another company.
Awareness of these threats is growing. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has expressed concern about ICS vulnerabilities and how they could impact water supplies and the power grid. The DHS also is concerned about the security of government buildings and military installations with Internet-connected BAS. Other entities at risk are banks and financial institutions, data centers, and hospitals, which hold large amounts of personal data on computer networks. Meanwhile, oil, gas, and petrochemical processors are vulnerable to sabotage. High-profile companies that are potential targets of hackers are starting to question the security of the automation systems in their buildings.
Recently, a security firm connected a series of fake ICS to the Internet to mimic the ICS/supervisory-control-and-data-acquisition (SCADA) devices used to help run many power and water plants. The objective was to test the vulnerability of the systems. Over a 28-day period, researchers detected 25 sustained attacks from 11 countries. These were not automated attacks targeting any Internet-connected system, but, rather, specific attempts to compromise Internet-facing ICS/SCADA systems, the researchers said.
Today, control systems for all types of buildings and industries have a public IP address that can be accessed by anyone or from any internal corporate IP address. A significant number of these Internet-facing systems are largely unpatched and easily accessible because of faulty password protections.
Older BAS and ICS technologies are especially vulnerable because they were not designed to handle rigorous security measures, such as encryption. Additionally, systems integrators (SI) are not trained in IT-network configuration, and security is not part of a typical BAS service agreement. Furthermore, system patches for older equipment are rare because manufacturers seldom produce a patch for anything other than the latest update of their BAS. Unlike patches for desktop computers, which happen automatically and quickly, patching a control system usually requires a technician/programmer to spend several hours on site. Patching a BAS requires the following of sequences and careful scheduling. Also, the system, including all components and controllers, must be recycled, which, if not handled properly, can cause a BAS to crash. For these reasons, patching control systems likely will remain a highly manual—and expensive—process for many years to come.
Fortunately, there are solutions to the critical issue of BAS and ICS vulnerability. Some work in the short term and need to be implemented immediately to provide protection:
Get behind the wall. Web-facing control systems need to be behind a firewall or virtual private network (VPN), if online access is required. Typically, these customers are using a public IP in the supervisory personal computer (PC). Firewalls and VPN are created to be put on the Internet; supervisory PC and other industry hardware were not.
Implement user-ID/password policies. Often, SI share a single user ID/password companywide so any technician can get into any system for any customer. In such cases, the password should be changed at least periodically and especially after an employee leaves the company. If a system still has the user account of a former employee, perform audits to identify the system, and monitor its use. Remove or change vendor passwords when changing vendors. Lastly, policy must dictate the creation of complex passwords and be strictly enforced.
Educate the on-site workforce. It is not uncommon for members of a facility’s staff to surf the Web using the BAS supervisory PC. Instruct them that this puts the entire system at risk. Also, be sure they adhere to the user-ID/password policy. User-account maintenance needs to be a key part of cyber-security policy.
Thinking long term, additional measures to optimize the safety of a BAS and network can be taken:
Patching. As noted earlier, patching a BAS involves more than a couple of mouse clicks. Beware of the pitfalls: Patching sometimes requires a reboot of the supervisory PC, which could negatively impact downstream field controllers. Also, it could require a full system upgrade. Key to the success of any patching program is careful strategizing:
• Make sure system elements can run in standalone mode.
• Have a clear backout plan.
• Monitor systems to confirm patches are performing as expected.
• Build a test environment, if possible.
Upgrade. The life cycle of an IT system usually is three to five years, while that of a control system often is a decade or more. Thus, while companies typically budget for IT-system replacement, funding rarely is available for BAS replacement. As a result, older systems remain in place, vulnerable to cyber attack. Upgrading sometimes creates problems, but these can be avoided with a well-thought-out process:
• Review the current system for compatibility with the planned upgrade.
• Avoid control-system-sequence interruption.
• Include a backout procedure.
Protect. It may be necessary to restructure a network and associated hardware to provide customer-required functionality while maintaining system and network security. Following are some control-system-network configurations a SI may encounter in the field:
• The control system is set up on an independent LAN and connected to the corporate LAN and possibly the Internet, but protected by corporate IT security measures (Figure 1).
• The control system is not connected to the corporate LAN, but has a digital-subscriber-line (DSL) connection and is accessed remotely using a static public IP or port forwarding from static public IP to private IP (Figure 2).
• The control system is connected to the corporate LAN and can be accessed internally using a private IP and externally using a static public IP (Figure 3).
• The control system is connected to the corporate LAN and can be accessed internally using a private IP and externally using port forwarding to a static public IP (Figure 4).
These configurations offer varying levels of security and vulnerability, and none is ideal. The following configurations offer the greatest security and are recommended for customers requiring Internet access for their control systems:
• Control system connected to the corporate LAN and accessible internally using a private IP and externally via a VPN to the private IP (Figure 5).
• Control system connected to the corporate LAN and accessible internally using a private IP and externally using a secure remote control method (Figure 6).
Unlike legacy IT-network professionals, SI are not educated on cyber threats and how an attack can happen, let alone how to prevent an attack. Things SI do routinely and take for granted signal red flags and set off alarms for IT-network professionals. For example:
• Suspicious traffic—Information in the BAS goes back and forth between the controller and field devices. To IT-network professionals, this traffic is suspicious and appears to be a threat to their systems.
• Too many chiefs—SI tend to install most control software as “administrator.” IT-network professionals see a relatively large number of administrators as a vulnerability.
Communication between SI and IT staffs throughout BAS projects can resolve these conflicts. When an IT staff understands the purpose of BAS communications, it will not try to shut down the system. Likewise, by implementing strict password control and authentication practices, SI can assure IT staffs that administration computers are protected.
The threat to BAS and ICS is growing by the day, as would-be attackers learn more about the critical infrastructure these systems control and the systems’ inherent security weaknesses. Owners and operators need to educate their staffs on cyber threats and secure and monitor BAS the same way they do IT systems. SI must recognize the threats posed to the systems they install and maintain, implement security procedures, and make best practices a priority. Fortunately, vendors are developing security programs, and their products are becoming more secure. Although the threats of today likely will persist, and new threats will emerge, with cooperation and communication between all parties, control systems can be secured while still providing the benefits building operators have come to expect.
Mark Balent, president and chief executive officer of LONG Building Technologies in Littleton, Colo., a full-service HVAC representative and building-automation-, security-, energy-, and mechanical-services company, and Fred Gordy, technology evangelist, Enterprise Intelligence Group/ACS, for McKenney’s Inc. in Atlanta, provider of facility-construction, operation, and maintenance solutions, hold leadership positions in InsideIQ Building Automation Alliance, an international organization of independent building-automation contractors. They can be reached at email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org, respectively.
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Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, vol. 4, 2009, p. 300-311
This review integrates published research in English and examines the educational and social outcomes of care leavers. Young people in care have a number of crucial educational needs which, if unmet, lead to adverse adult outcomes. Child protection services need to include the child's educational progress in their long-term planning. Services should prioritise educational continuity, consistency and appropriateness, with consideration given to optimising the child's educational pathway and encouraging schools to play a pivotal community support role.
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The Luzon tropical pine forests are a tropical coniferous forest ecoregion of the Philippines in the western Pacific Ocean. These pine forests are home to a large number of the island's endemic plants and animals.
Luzon is the largest island in the Philippines and lies at the north of the group of islands. These pine forests are found at elevations over 1000m in the Cordillera Central mountains in the north of the island, where they are mixed in with areas of Luzon montane rain forests especially at the northern end of the range. The Cordillera Central includes Luzon's highest peak Mount Pulag along with other high peaks such as Mount Puguis, Mount Polis and Mount Data. Pine forests are also found in the Zambales Mountains of west-central Luzon, particularly in Mount Tapulao and Mount Redondo near Subic, Zambales.
Rainfall is high (over 2500mm per year) but concentrated in the July/August monsoon with a long dry season from November to April.
Luzon has long been isolated from other land masses so a unique flora has developed. In this ecoregion Benguet pine (Pinus insularis) trees are thinly spread over the grasslands that cover the slopes. Regular fires in the dry season maintain the balance of pines and grassland and prevent other deciduous trees and shrubs from taking hold.
There are a number of mammals endemic to the Cordillera Central, mainly species of mice and rats including large squirrel-like cloud rats. Three larger mammals of the forest are the Philippine long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), Philippine warty pig (Sus philippensis), and Malayan civet (Viverra tangalunga) all of which are vulnerable to forest clearance while the pig and the macaque are prey for hunters. Birds of the pine forest include the pine-nut eating common crossbill, which is found in pine forests all over the world.
Pine trees have been cut down for timber, firewood and turpentine production for centuries and today this is intensified as forest is cleared for agriculture and copper and gold mining projects as the population of the Philippines grows and remains impoverished in these rural areas. In the dry season it is a straightforward process to set fires for forest clearance. Protected areas include Mount Pulag, home to a number of endemic plants and birds.
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Port-Au-Prince, Haiti (CNN) -- A cholera outbreak in Haiti continues to spread to previously unaffected areas in rural communities, killing 442 people and hospitalizing 6,742 others, the Pan American Health Organization said Wednesday.
Health authorities are concerned that the situation may worsen as Tropical Storm Tomas approaches the impoverished nation, still recovering from a devastating January earthquake that killed 250,000 people and left 1 million homeless. Tomas is projected to pass over Haiti on Friday.
Health officials set up six cholera treatment centers in Port-au-Prince, the nation's capital. Four of the centers are fully operational, the Pan American Health Organization said. Four more are planned.
Officials hope to create 2,000 beds in the treatment centers, the health agency said.
In addition, the agency said, cholera treatment tents will be established at 14 hospitals in Port-au-Prince as soon as Tomas clears the island nation.
Cholera is an intestinal infection caused by ingestion of bacteria-contaminated food or water. The infection causes watery diarrhea and vomiting, which can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if not treated promptly. About 80 percent of cases can be cured by rehydrating the patient, the Pan American Health Organization said.
The disease is one of the leading causes of death in the world, particularly in developing countries. There are an estimated 3 million to 5 million cholera cases and 100,000 to 120,000 deaths every year worldwide, the health agency said.
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Genetics: Live better longer!
[ Retour à la liste des news
Biologists at the University of Fribourg have been looking at a threadworm gene which also occurs in humans. This gene could be central to a genetic system which is responsible for development, reproduction and the ageing process.
Ageing involves a deterioration in physiological functions which inevitably leads to death. The risk of contracting age-related diseases such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders is increased by the body’s deterioration. Latest advances in research permit the isolation of genetic factors which control not only ageing but also the occurrence of age-related diseases.
Prof. Fritz Müller, Dr. Chantal Wicky and their research team have highlighted the importance of the gene let-418/Mi2 in the Caenorhabditis elegans worm because it regulates ageing and stress resistance as well as being essential for development and reproduction. The researchers have discovered that when the gene is deactivated in adult worms in the laboratory, they live longer and are considerably more resistant to stress. The gene forms part of a genetic system which plays a key beneficial role in growth and reproduction. But as soon as these stages are over, the effects become harmful.
Thanks to their collaboration with Prof. Simon Sprecher’s recently formed research team at the University of Fribourg, the researchers were able to establish that this gene also operates as an ageing and stress regulator in the case of flies and plants. This indicates that the mechanism of action of this gene has been preserved over the course of evolution and may function similarly in humans. Deactivating the gene after the reproductive stage is over would enable the human body to enjoy a significant increase in life expectancy since its level of resilience would rise and the occurrence of age-related illnesses would diminish. The study of such factors – which have negative as well as positive effects according to the stage of life – represents a huge potential for human medicine.
These results were published in the scientific periodical Aging Cell:
Prof. Fritz Müller, Department of Biology, 026 300 88 96, email@example.com
Chantal Wicky, Department of Biology, 026 300 88 65, firstname.lastname@example.org
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Definition of Opuntia tuna
1. Noun. Tropical American prickly pear of Jamaica.
Opuntia Tuna Pictures
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Opuntia Tuna Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Opuntia Tuna
Literary usage of Opuntia tuna
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. The Cactaceae: Descriptions and Illustrations of Plants of the Cactus Family by Nathaniel Lord Britton, Joseph Nelson Rose (1919)
"Opuntia tuna, however, is one of the commonest Opuntia names in our botanical ... Opuntia tuna. FIG. 142.—Opuntia tuna. Xo.5. common Mexican name for ..."
2. Biennial Report by South Dakota, California State Board of Horticulture, State Athletic Commission (1890)
"The common tuna produces an abundance of a sweet, luscious fruit, greenish in color, and is what I suppose to be the Opuntia tuna, a native of Mexico. ..."
3. Chambers's Encyclopædia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge by ed Andrew Findlater, John Merry Ross (1868)
"The fruit of Opuntia tuna affords a valuable pigment of the richest carmine colour. The cultivation of the C. in green-houses and hothouses has been much in ..."
4. A Manual Flora of Madeira and the Adjacent Island of Porto Santo and the by Richard Thomas Lowe (1868)
"in vast profusion on the wild rocky cliffs of the ravine; in Lan- zarote in beds of Opuntia tuna L. at a village called El Valle on the middle road from ..."
5. American Gardening (1890)
"Equally as famous as Opuntia tuna is Opuntia Ficus- Indica, the "Indian fig" ... The fruits are larger than those of Opuntia tuna, and are yellow in color. ..."
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Scrabble word: HILL
In which Scrabble dictionary does HILL exist?
Definitions of HILL in dictionaries:
- noun - a local and well-defined elevation of the land
- noun - structure consisting of an artificial heap or bank usually of earth or stones
- noun - United States railroad tycoon (1838-1916)
- noun - risque English comedian (1925-1992)
- noun - (baseball) the slight elevation on which the pitcher stands
- verb - form into a hill
- A well-defined natural elevation smaller than a mountain.
- A small heap, pile, or mound.
- A mound of earth piled around and over a plant.
- A plant thus covered.
- An incline, especially of a road; a slope.
- Capitol Hill.
- The U.
- To form into a hill, pile, or heap.
- To cover (a plant) with a mound of soil.
- verb - to form into a hill (a rounded elevation)
There are 4 letters in HILL: H I L L
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to HILL
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word HILL plus a wildcard: HILL?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word HILL
Images for HILL
SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.
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Hibernating black bears can dramatically lower their metabolism with only a moderate drop in body temperature, a surprising new study says.
The North American mammals generally slumber about five to seven months without eating, drinking, urinating, or defecating, and then emerge from their dens in the spring none the worse for wear.
Scientists have long known that to survive this lengthy fast, the bears drop their metabolism, the chemical process that converts food to energy.
But it was thought that, like most animals, the bears would have to drop their body temperatures to put the brakes on metabolism—each 18-degree Fahrenheit (10-degree Celsius) drop in temperature should equal a 50-percent reduction in the chemical activity.
Not so, according to the new study. A black bear in Alaska can lower its temperature—generally about 91 degrees Fahrenheit (33 degrees Celsius)—by only about 9 to 11 degrees Fahrenheit (5 or 6 degrees Celsius), yet bring its metabolism almost to a grinding halt, at 25 percent of the normal rate.
The scientists also recorded that the bears' heart rates dropped from 55 to 9 beats a minute. During intervals when the bears were not breathing, there were also as many as 20 seconds between beats. That's because when metabolism slows, so does the need for the heart to pump oxygen through the body.
"If we had that kind of longer interval within our heartbeats, we would probably faint," said study co-author Øivind Tøien, a zoophysiologist at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
Black Bear Metabolism Another "Amazing" Feat
For the study, Tøien and colleagues rescued four "nuisance" bears that had been recently captured by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Such bears, which live too close to people, are usually euthanized.
The scientists fitted the bears with various devices to record their temperatures, heartbeats, and other factors before placing the animals into artificial dens. The dens were located in an undisturbed forest near Fairbanks that mimicked the animals' natural habitats.
How the bear's body can create the unexpected drop in metabolism is still poorly understood, but Tøien has a few theories. For instance, bears could be like marmots, a hibernating mammal that regulates metabolism by shrinking the mass of its digestive system and then bulking back up when spring comes.
In general, the bear's uncoupling of metabolism from temperature "is yet another amazing thing that black bears can do," noted Bryan Rourke, a biologist at California State University, Long Beach, who has studied how bears' hearts can withstand hibernation.
Rourke also pointed to the new study's finding that bears can regulate their temperatures to suit individual needs. (See bear pictures.)
For instance, a pregnant female black bear in the study did not allow her body temperature to fluctuate as much as other hibernating bears, presumably to protect the fetus.
Bear Study May Help Humans
Both scientists emphasized that the bear research—published tomorrow in the journal Science—could offer practical applications for humans.
"A lot of what hibernating mammals can accomplish addresses ways that maybe we could treat things like muscle disease or heart disease," Rourke said.
For instance, understanding how bears can survive with such low amounts of oxygen may help stroke victims who temporarily lose oxygen flow to the brain.
Or, unlocking how bears can control their metabolism without dropping their temperatures may provide clues to how people can lose weight.
"Nearly every organ system in the hibernating mammal," Rourke said, "demonstrates some fascinating but contrasting physiology to humans."
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On July 17, 1996, Trans World Airlines (TWA) Flight 800, a Boeing 747-131 jetliner, took off from John F. Kennedy airport and gradually ascended along the Long Island shore. It was on its way to Rome via a stop in Paris.
About 12 minutes into the flight, an explosion occurred, followed by several others. The jetliner, blasted to pieces, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York. All 230 people onboard died — 212 passengers and 18 crewmembers.
Several investigations led by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the National Transportation Safety Board, and private groups, such as the Associated Retired Aviation Professionals were started to determine the cause of the explosion. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) called the investigation of TWA Flight 800 "the most extensive, complex, and costly air disaster investigation in U.S. history."
Various theories were presented as to why the plane exploded, and in 2000, the Transportation Safety Board reported that the most plausible cause for the explosion was that air-conditioning units on the plane vaporized residual fuel in the central fuel tank. A short circuit caused a high energy spark in the fuel tank and ignited the fuel, which led to the fatal explosion. Others believe that the reason for the explosion was missile attacks by terrorists or a misfire by the U.S. Navy.
This Sunday marks the 15th anniversary of the tragedy. The TWA Flight 800 International Memorial at Smith Point County Park in Shirley, New York will be open in remembrance of the crash. A memorial service will be held on 8 P.M. on Sunday, July 17.
(TWA Flight 800 International Memorial at Smith Point County Park in Shirley, New York. Credit: Joe Shlabotnik)
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Jupiter's trademark Great Red Spot may be shrinking, but it's not going down without a fight.
Amazing new maps of the Jupiter by the Hubble Space Telescope reveal that the Great Red Spot, a massive storm about twice the diameter of Earth, is slowing the speed at which it shrinks. The Jupiter maps, first in series of annual portraits of the outer planets, also reveal rare wave structures that scientists haven't seen for nearly 40 years.
NASA used the new Hubble images to create a stunning video of Jupiter's changing atmosphere. The images, taken over a 10-hour period, created two massive maps of the entire planet, allowing scientists to measure the speeds of Jupiter's winds, identify different events in its atmosphere, and track changes in the outer layers of the planet. [Watch our narrated look at Jupiter's shrinking Great Red Spot]
Jupiter's Great Red Spot, arguably its most famous feature, has been studied for about 300 years. For some time, the planet-size storm has been shrinking at a more rapid clip. Though it continues to grow smaller, it appears to be doing so at a slower rate than in previous years. The new images show the spot to be about 150 miles (240 kilometers) smaller than it was in 2014.
In addition to changes in size, Hubble also snapped images of an unusual wispy filament spanning almost the entire length of the spot. Through the 10-hour sequence of images, the streamer moves and turns due to winds that reach about 335 miles (540 km) per hour.
The spot isn't the only star in Jupiter's show. Just north of the planet's equator, researchers identified a rare wave structure that has been seen only once before on the planet. The Voyager 2 mission, launched in 1977, spotted a similar structure that was barely visible. Since then, the lack of other similar features led scientists to think the wave structure was a fluke.
The current feature lies in an area filled with cyclones and anticyclones. On Earth, similar structures, known as baroclinic waves, can appear in the atmosphere when cyclones are forming. According to the researchers, the unusual feature on Jupiter may form in a clear layer beneath the clouds, becoming visible only as it moves upward into the cloud deck.
The new maps of Jupiter are the first created under the outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program, which will provide Hubble with time each year to study the outer planets. Neptune and Uranus have already been observed; their maps will be placed in the public archives in the near future. Saturn will be imaged and added, as well. The collection will help scientists to better understand not only how the atmospheres of the outer planets function, but also the atmospheres of Earth and planets beyond the solar system.
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Thomas Nast: The Father of Modern Political Cartoons
By Fiona Deans Halloran
University of North Carolina Press, 2012
For those of us who work on American religion and politics, Thomas Nast’s late nineteenth-century cartoons for Harper’s Weekly are iconic. We pull them out especially as an illustration of anti-Catholicism and the fierce fights over religion in the public schools. It is hard to forget his “American River Ganges” (1871) in which those mitered bishops are coming up out of the water as crocodiles to devour public-school children. Other images are equally memorable: say, his portrayal of the Pope atop the dome of St. Peter’s in Rome, gesturing toward the United States as “The Promised Land,” ripe for conquest; or his depiction of the Catholic Church and the Mormon Church as two “foreign” reptiles bent on destroying American liberties. Nast’s cartoons are so familiar that we rarely pause to consider the man who produced them and the dense circumstances in which he drafted them. His images have taken on a life of their own; in becoming utterly recognizable, they have been rendered strangely decontextualized.
Fiona Deans Halloran’s new biography, Thomas Nast: The Father of Modern Political Cartoons, lets us see Nast’s caricatures with fresh eyes by returning them to the thick of the artist’s life and times. The surprises come early and often. A glance at any number of his anti-Irish cartoons would suggest that Nast was a garden-variety nativist eager to defend old-stock Protestants from immigrant incursions. Yet, he himself was a German immigrant; his mother brought him as a six-year-old child into New York City’s multiethnic cauldron in 1846; his father, a sympathizer with the revolutions of 1848, was only able to join them in 1850. Struggling with English and bullied by older boys, the young Nast failed in school, took to the streets with a sketchpad, worked his way into an apprenticeship at an art studio, and then landed a job as an illustrator at Frank Leslie’s at the ripe age of fifteen.
His inveterate contempt for the Irish had its roots not in Anglo-Saxon nativism but in the rough-and-tumble of New York streets, including the gangs of hooligans who ruled over his neighborhood with what Nast saw as lawless terror. And then there was the race factor: Nast, whose anti-slavery views were formed early and whose commitment to the freedmen after Emancipation was resolute, especially blamed the Irish for violence against the city’s African Americans. His ethnic antagonisms were visceral, built on youthful perceptions of a fractious urban environment that were redoubled through subsequent upheavals, especially the Draft Riots of 1863 in which working-class and predominantly Irish mobs took out their grievances on black citizens in particular.
Nast was a striver. Having gotten his foot in the door of New York’s literary establishment, he quickly made the most of it. The New York Illustrated News gave him a plum assignment covering a major boxing match in London in 1860, and Nast parlayed that trip into a grand European tour covering political events in Italy and reacquainting himself with his German roots and relatives. His literary connections widened his social circles considerably, and he hobnobbed his way into the company of George and Sarah Edwards. They collected an artsy group of New Yorkers around them and their daughter Sallie attracted Nast’s eye. The two married in 1861, and Nast thus became part of an extended family boasting the biographer James Parton and the novelist Fannie Fern. With surprising rapidity—he was only twenty-one at this point, after all—Nast had achieved artistic success and moved into middle-class respectability.
The Civil War left Nast little time to bask in his new home life. His illustrations of the conflict for Harper’s Weekly made him a political force, a fiercely pro-Union Republican with a gift for producing emotionally resonant images that kindled patriotism and hallowed sacrifice. Nast had been drawn to politics all along, Halloran makes plain, but it was the events of the Civil War, including the Emancipation Proclamation and Lincoln’s bid for reelection, that turned party politics into his central preoccupation. His “Compromise with the South” (1864), which hammered the Democrats as threatening to dishonor the Union dead through conciliating the Confederates, made him famous as a Republican polemicist and gave Lincoln a needed campaign boost.
After the war Nast took an adoring view of one Union hero above all the rest: Ulysses S. Grant. The artist proved indefatigable in cartooning in support of Grant’s political ambitions and presidency. Seeing Grant as matchless in stature and valor, Nast ridiculed the Democratic opposition as the party of Irish slum-dwellers and Lost-Cause worshiping Confederates, the joined enemies of Reconstruction and the freedmen. In fiercely supporting Grant’s reelection bid against Horace Greeley in 1872, Nast continued to ridicule the Democratic vote, depicting it as an unruly donkey (a symbol, Halloran notes, he borrowed from others), while personifying the Republican vote as a “sacred” elephant (an emblem, Halloran suggests, was Nast’s own invention). Nast never dwelled on his role in creating these party mascots, but they proved to be an unusually enduring contribution.
The immense admiration Nast had for Grant, the singular “Hero of our Age,” mirrored the colossal disdain he had for the Democratic machine in New York and its control of city finances. Thwarting Boss Tweed and his ring of co-conspirators became Nast’s most famous campaign and his crowning success. Many of his most celebrated cartoons, including an image of the rotund Tweed with a moneybag for a head, come from his unremitting battle against Tammany Hall. Nast’s hard-hitting caricatures earned Tweed’s famed lament that it was not the avalanche of journalistic exposés that was burying him but instead all those “damned pictures.”
Nast’s star began to dim in the late 1870s as his editor at Harper’s, George William Curtis, asserted himself at the expense of the cartoonist’s artistic license. Curtis wanted Nast to fall into line with his editorial opinions and genteel temperament, and Nast bristled at any suggestion that he soften his satire or pull his punches. After two-and-a-half decades of participating in presidential campaigns as well as the internecine battles within Republican ranks, Nast’s long career at Harper’s sputtered to an end in 1887. For a man who had accrued considerable wealth through his illustrations as well as on the lecture circuit, his fortunes went precipitously downhill, surprisingly so. Two major investments failed completely, and, when he launched his own illustrated weekly, that too went belly up. Nast faced ever worsening financial straits over the last decade of his life. By the end he felt compelled to call in his political chits to get an appointment at an American consulate. He hoped for Germany or England; instead, he became Consul General in Guayaquil, Ecuador, in July 1902 where, within months, he was swept to his death in a yellow fever epidemic. Back in Morristown, New Jersey, his wife was left to auction off his belongings, including his library and original cartoons, to make ends meet.
Deftly narrating the twists and turns in Nast’s colorful career, Halloran offers primarily a political biography. She leaves the religious dimensions of Nast’s life in the shadows, and that is in fair measure because the cartoonist seemed disinclined to divulge very much about his faith. Nast’s initial biographer, Albert Bigelow Paine, had the advantage of conversing at length with Nast in preparing his portrait, and yet Paine also offered only a hazy account of his subject’s religious convictions. Paine loosely implied that Nast was born into a Catholic family (and baptismal records from Germany, now available online, confirm that), but he was hardly definitive about Nast’s ecclesial background. Instead, he opened his discussion with the observation that the cartoonist’s “early religious impressions were confusing” and was then largely content to leave it at that. Aside from a stray anecdote about a very young Nast, still living in Germany, taking offense when some Catholics treated two little Protestant girls roughly for saying the wrong prayers, Paine had very little to offer by way of explaining how a cradle Catholic had become in his new homeland a notorious anti-Catholic propagandist. Indeed, Paine left Nast’s familial faith so nebulous that Morton Keller, another major interpreter of Nast’s art and politics, simply presumed that the cartoonist’s anti-Catholicism must have had its “roots in his German Protestant upbringing,” even when there was no evidence for that religious rearing.
Halloran pushes the discussion much farther along by considering Nast’s anti-Catholicism in essentially political terms. She speculates that Nast’s animus against papal power—of the ultramontanist variety—may well have been fueled initially by his father’s revolutionary politics. His father certainly did what he could to nurture in his son a reverence for the patriots of 1848, including taking him to a parade honoring the Hungarian freedom fighter Lajos Kossuth in 1851. When Nast was on his European journalistic tour in 1860, he immediately identified with the Italian patriot Guiseppe Garibaldi, a notorious enemy of the papacy’s temporal reach. The artist effused in his diary that Garibaldi’s “religion” could be summed up “in the one word, ‘Liberty.’”
Nast’s anti-Catholicism was aimed at “political Romanism”; it was nationalistic, pro-Republican, and anti-Irish; it was premised as much on liberal secularism—as an ideal of strict church-state separation—as it was on Protestantism. To be sure, Fletcher Harper, Nast’s employer, was Methodist, and his firm’s Protestant-heavy textbooks stood to lose market share if Irish Catholics called the shots in New York’s schools. Still, that fact made Nast’s anti-Catholic cartoons as much about the economics of publishing as it did dyed-in-the-wool Protestant apologetics. Nast’s anti-Catholicism flared brightly in the early 1870s, but it was hardly as thorough-going as one might think in glancing at his cartoons from this period. Nast remained, as Paine related, “always attracted by Catholic forms and ceremonies.” One sure sign of that: he and his family joined St. Peter’s Episcopal Church in Morristown, a congregation widely known for its Anglo-Catholic sensibilities, even when several low-church alternatives were close at hand on the town green.
Among the things that deeply moved Nast, Protestant Christianity does not appear to have been one of them. Love of liberty, love of country, love of Lincoln’s Republican Party, love of art—certainly, all of those things motivated him, and one more: love of family, in the full glory of Victorian domesticity. The last was on resplendent display in what may well be Nast’s most lasting set of illustrations, his stocking full of Christmas pictures. Halloran treats that holiday repertoire as distinct from his “political work,” suggesting that these sentimental images occupy “a cultural space separate from his political cartoons.” They certainly lack the blood-sport belligerence of his pictorial interventions in party politics, but there is no doubt that the cultural work these Christmas illustrations performed was political.
Nast shared with his wife a doting affection for their five children and a consistent aversion to women’s rights activism. They looked down their noses at novelist Fannie Fern, the family feminist, whose demeanor they considered anything but feminine, and Nast underlined that disdain in depicting the radical marriage reformer Victoria Woodhull as Satan in one of his more enduring and biting cartoons. His Christmas illustrations enshrined the holidays as a wonderland for children, while disguising the women’s work that made these domesticated festivals possible (all the presents, for example, are delivered magically by Santa Claus). To Nast, home and family were certainly havens in a heartless world, but that did not make the middle-class Christmas any less shot through with the politics of gender. All those cozy hearths he pictured were swipes at women who sought public lives and at working-class revelers who continued to imagine the season as a street carnival available for their own license. As the children Nast pictured offered their bedtime prayers to Santa Claus, they certainly looked the part of innocents, and yet Santa’s pack was laden, too, with its own politics—the burgeoning politics of consumption.
Halloran’s biography allows us to see Nast’s career as fully encompassed in his politics. Immersed in the conflicts of New York’s immigrant communities, Nast imagined transcending those divisions through his devotion to the Union, Republican reforms, robust public schools, and middle-class family life. “Come one, come all,” he beckoned, holding out a vision of equality that would ultimately enfold evangelical Protestant and liberal Catholic, African American and Chinese, into a free and tolerant republic. Nast always believed in that American promise, even as he served as a divisive, acrimonious, and party-minded cartoonist with an unstinting devotion to the art of caricature.
Leigh Eric Schmidt is Edward C. Mallinckrodt University Professor in the Humanities at Washington University in St. Louis. Part of the faculty in the Danforth Center on Religion & Politics, he serves on the Editorial Advisory Board of Religion & Politics.
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type SmallInt = ShortInt;
SmallInt is a signed integer type which is not larger than Integer. On some platforms it is 16 bits wide and thus has a range of -32768 .. 32767. It is the same as ShortInt (see ShortInt).
There are lots of other integer types in GPC, see Integer Types.
SmallInt is a Borland Delphi 2.0 extension.
program SmallIntDemo; var a: SmallInt; begin a := 42; WriteLn (a) end.
ShortInt, Integer Types, Subrange Types.
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ARCHIVED - Lighting up tomorrow's office
Information identified as archived is provided for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. It is not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards and has not been altered or updated since it was archived. Please contact us to request a format other than those available.
December 07, 2009 — Ottawa, Ontario
They already light up Christmas trees, traffic signals, crosswalks and vehicle brakes. And they may someday completely displace incandescent lighting from the marketplace. This is because light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are at least four times more energy efficient than standard incandescent bulbs and about 25-50 times longer-lasting; other solid state lighting, such as flat panel organic LEDs (OLEDs) are not far behind.
"The lighting industry is ‘gung ho' about LED technology," says Dr. Guy Newsham, who leads lighting research at the NRC Institute for Research in Construction (NRC-IRC) in Ottawa. "They see LEDs as the light source of the future and have invested vast amounts of money into it."
NRC-IRC's lighting group is working with an industry consortium to study the potential applications of LEDs and OLEDs in office environments — possibly the single most important commercial lighting market. "Cost is the biggest barrier," says Dr. Newsham. "This market is currently dominated by fluorescent lighting, which is just as efficient as white LEDs and much cheaper. However, the U.S. Department of Energy predicts that LED prices will eventually come down substantially and their efficiency will practically double."
"Although it may be a while before solid-state lighting competes with fluorescent lighting on a cost-benefit basis," he adds, "this gives us an opportunity to start identifying office applications where they could provide extra value for occupants that fluorescents can't."
Customize your colours
For example, unlike fluorescent lighting, it's easy to control the colour emitted by LEDs. And, LEDs and OLEDs come in more flexible forms than standard fluorescent tubes. "This means you could use solid-state lighting in creative ways," says Dr. Newsham. "An office ceiling could glow and change colour as the outside sky goes from blue to sunset. A cubicle could change colour if an email arrives. Or, if there's a fire, all of the cubicles on the evacuation route could turn red to guide people toward the exit." He and his colleagues will explore whether such functionality is beneficial for occupants.
So far, the NRC-IRC team has completed an LED colour preference experiment, which involved a detailed one-sixth scale model of an office. "The participants were allowed to choose any mix of red, green, blue, warm white or cool white to see if there's any variation in the lighting colours that people prefer," explains Dr. Erhan Dikel, who designed the model. "We also exposed them to a set of fixed spectra to see how they would react. People generally want a shade of white, but do they want a bluer, redder or yellower white? LEDs would allow individuals to select their own preference."
"In future, we may study whether a person's ability to choose a preferred lighting colour has a measurable effect on their well-being or task performance over a full day of exposure," says Dr. Newsham. "We might also explore whether varying the spectrum throughout the day using LEDs can improve the health of office workers, a potential mechanism suggested by early explorations into the effect of light on human physiology."
- Combo of total darkness and bright daylight may make you healthier
- New network – better buildings
- Personal controls save energy
- Wireless sensors for smart buildings
Enquiries: Media relations
National Research Council of Canada
- Date modified:
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Integrated Circuit, Very High Speed (VHSIC)
This is an example of an integrated circuit that was produced as a result of a U.S. Air Force sponsored program, ca. mid-1980s. The program was intended to produce circuits for aerospace applications, which both switched at high speeds and also were resistant to radiation, either cosmic as might be encountered by a satellite in space, or man-made as a result of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) from a nuclear explosion.
Gift of Honeywell, Inc.
- Country of Origin
- United States of America
- Honeywell Inc.
- Various materials, possibly Silicon, Gallium Arsenide, Sapphire, ceramic or plastic package.
- Overall: 3/8 in. tall x 2 1/2 in. wide x 1 1/2 in. deep (1 x 6.4 x 3.8cm)
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The periodic table of the elements with metallic elements colored in green, nonmetallic in orange and metalloids in blue.
Click on image for full size
L.Gardiner/Windows to the Universe
Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids
The periodic table on the left separates the elements into three groups: the metals (green in the table), nonmetals (orange), and metalloids (blue).
Most elements are metals. They are typically shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, have a high density, and only melt at high temperatures. Metals are ductile and malleable, so their shape can be easily changed into thin wires or sheets. Metals will corrode, gradually wearing away like rusting iron.
Nonmetals, on the right side of the periodic table, are very different from metals. Their surface is dull and they are poor conductor of heat and electricity. As compared to metals, they have low density and will melt at low temperatures. The shape of a nonmetal cannot be changed easily as they tend to be brittle and will break.
Elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals are called metalloids. They can be shiny or dull and their shape is easily changed. Metalloids typically conduct heat and electricity better than nonmetals but not as well as metals.
Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store!
The Fall 2010 issue of The Earth Scientist
, focuses on rocks and minerals, including articles on minerals and mining, the use of minerals in society, and rare earth minerals, and includes 3 posters!
You might also be interested in:
Everything you see around you is made of tiny particles called atoms, but not all atoms are the same. Different combinations of protons , neutrons and electrons make different types of atoms and these...more
An element (also called a "chemical element") is a substance made up entirely of atoms having the same atomic number; that is, all of the atoms have the same number of protons. Hydrogen, helium, oxygen,...more
Density is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given unit volume (density = mass/volume). It is usually expressed in kg/m^3, so you would say that a cube 2 meters on each side with a mass of 16...more
Solid is one of the four common states of matter. The three others are gas, liquid, and plasma. There are also some other exotic states of matter that have been discovered in recent years. Unlike liquids...more
Each type of mineral is made of a unique group of elements that are arranged in a unique pattern. However, to identify minerals you don’t need to look at the elements with sophisticated chemical tests....more
Quartz is the second most common mineral in Earth’s crust. It is a member of the quartz group, which includes less common minerals such as opal, crystobalite, and coesite. Silica (Si) and Oxygen (O) are...more
Mica minerals make some rocks sparkle! They are often found in igneous rocks such as granite and metamorphic rocks such as schist. They sparkle because light is reflected on their flat surfaces, which...more
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Consider the following figure:
To find the area of the shaded region, use the parameters in the figure.
First, find the points of intersections of the parabola and the line by solving the equations, simultaneously.
Therefore, the required region between lines and.
The points of intersections are
The area of the region bounded by the curves and the lines, , where the curves, and are continuous and for all in is as follows:
Here, the area of the shaded region bounded by the curves and .
The region between and , where the functions and are continuous and for all in is as follows:
Hence, the area of the shaded region in the figure is
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Facts and Events
Henry Knox (July 25, 1750 – October 25, 1806) was a military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, and also served as the first United States Secretary of War from 1789–1794.
Born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts, he owned and operated a bookstore there, cultivating an interest in military history and joining a local artillery company. When the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, he befriended General George Washington, and quickly rose to become the chief artillery officer of the Continental Army. In this role he accompanied Washington on most of his campaigns, and had some involvement in many major actions of the war. He established training centers for artillerymen and manufacturing facilities for weaponry that were valuable assets to the fledgling nation.
Following the adoption of the United States Constitution, he became President Washington's Secretary of War. In this role he oversaw the development of coastal fortifications, worked to improve the preparedness of local militia, and oversaw the nation's military activity in the Northwest Indian War. He was formally responsible for the nation's relationship with the Indian population in the territories it claimed, articulating a policy that established federal government supremacy over the states in relating to Indian nations, and called for treating Indian nations as sovereign. Knox's idealistic views on the subject were frustrated by ongoing illegal settlements and fraudulent land transfers involving Indian lands.
He retired to what is now Thomaston, Maine in 1795, where he oversaw the rise of a business empire built on borrowed money. He died in 1806 from an infection received after swallowing a chicken bone, leaving an estate that was bankrupt.
In April 1918, the area south of West Point, Kentucky used by field artillery units for military maneuvers for the Regular Army and the National Guards of several states since 1903, became a permanent training center and known as Camp Knox in honor of Henry Knox. Following the end of World War I and the cuts to the Army in 1921 after the National Defense Act of 1920, the camp mission was greatly reduced and became a semi-permanent Reserve Officer training center, the National Guard, and Citizen's Military Training Camps (CMTC). For a short while, from 1925 to 1928, the area was designated as "Camp Henry Knox National Forest." It was renamed Fort Knox in 1928. Another historic Army fort in Maine, now known as Fort Knox State Historic Site, built between 1844 and 1869, close to where he lived during his latter years, was also named after him.
There are towns and cities in Maine, Indiana, Iowa, Illinois, and Tennessee are named Knox or Knoxville in his honor. There are also counties named for Knox in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Tennessee, and Texas. The house he used as a headquarters in New Windsor, New York, during the Revolution has been preserved as Knox's Headquarters State Historic Site, and is a listed National Historic Landmark. Knox Township, Illinois, is named after Knox, as is Knox Place in the Bronx, New York. He has been honored by the U.S. Postal Service with an 8¢ Great Americans series postage stamp. His papers have been preserved at the Massachusetts Historical Society, and his personal library resides in the Boston Athenaeum in proximity to that of his friend, George Washington.
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Common Name: Ozark chinquapin
Scientific Name: Castanea pumila, variety ozarkensis
Range: Southern Missouri
To learn more about endangered species: see links listed below.
The Ozark chinquapin is a small- to medium-sized tree with edible nuts that look like spiny sea urchins when still in their hulls. It does best in acid soils on dry upper slopes and ridges. Its name comes from the Algonquin Indian word for chestnut. Like the American chestnut, the Ozark chinquapin fell prey to a fungal disease brought to the United States from Asia in 1904. When the blight reached the Ozarks in the 1960s it virtually wiped out chinquapins. A few survive in extreme south-central and southwest Missouri. They cling precariously to life by sprouting from the roots of trees that formerly stood as much as 60 feet tall. The sprouts eventually become infected with the fungus and die. The Northern Nut Growers Association has put up money to establish orchards aimed at cultivating Ozark chinquapin, and several other groups have launched the Ozark Chinquapin Initiative. For more information, see the links listed below or contact Louise A. “Skip” Mourglia at (417) 732-6485, firstname.lastname@example.org.
How do wild animals cope with winter? Dozens of raccoons pile into den trees to pool warmth. Some salamanders’ blood has natural antifreeze that allows them to survive sub-zero temperatures. Ruffed grouse burrow into snow banks at night to escape the cold. The hollow shafts of deer’s outer guard hairs insulate them and conduct warming sunlight directly to their skin. Their dense underfur retains heat so well that snow accumulates on their backs without melting.
Hawks are vagabonds in winter, traveling north and south in response to changes in weather and food supplies. Extreme cold or heavy snow in more northerly states can send waves of raptors rippling up and down North America like soaring tides, pushing large numbers of hawks into Missouri. So can cyclic declines in rabbit or squirrel numbers to our north. At times, it seems that every other tree along Missouri highways holds a bird of prey. Red-tailed hawks are most commonly seen, but rough-legged hawks often appear in northern and western Missouri. Fairly large numbers of northern goshawks turn up in forested parts of the Show-Me State in years when Canadian snowshoe hare populations crash.
Editor in Chief - Ara Clark
Managing Editor - Nichole LeClair
Art Director - Cliff White
Writer/editor - Tom Cwynar
Staff Writer - Bonnie Chasteen
Staff Writer - Jim Low
Staff Writer - Arleasha Mays
Photographer - Noppadol Paothong
Photographer - David Stonner
Designer - Stephanie Ruby
Artist - Dave Besenger
Artist - Mark Raithel
Circulation - Laura Scheuler
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The Smithsonian American Art Museum's main building, a dazzling showcase for American art and portraiture, is a National Historic Landmark and is considered one of the finest examples of Greek Revival architecture in the United States. Several important early American architects were involved in the original design of the building, including Robert Mills (1781-1855) and Thomas U. Walter (1804-1887). Begun in 1836 and completed in 1868, it is one of the oldest public buildings constructed in early Washington. The Smithsonian American Art Museum's branch for craft and decorative arts, the Renwick Gallery, is steps from the White House in the heart of historic federal Washington. Its Second Empire-style building, also a National Historic Landmark, was designed by architect James Renwick Jr. in 1859 and completed in 1874.
Renovation of a Glorious Landmark Building
The Smithsonian American Art Museum shares its historic main building with the Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery. The museums are the centerpiece of a revitalized downtown Washington, D.C. with a shared main entrance at 8th and F Streets, on the south side of the building. In the 1990s, the Smithsonian embarked on a plan to restore the building, and to create innovative new public facilities through a public-private partnership. The recent renovation (2000-2006) revealed the full magnificence of the building's exceptional architectural features, such as the porticos modeled after the Parthenon in Athens, a curving double staircase, colonnades, vaulted galleries, large windows, and skylights as long as a city block. Full circulation on all three floors for the public has been restored. Extraordinary effort was made to use new preservation technologies to restore the historic fabric of the building and re-use historic materials. Check out the renovation of our grand building in this slide show feature!
A 19th-century Landmark with 21st-century Enhancements
Two innovative and bold new public spaces are open to museum visitors: the Lunder Conservation Center and the Luce Foundation Center for American Art. In addition, the Nan Tucker McEvoy Auditorium and the Robert and Arlene Kogod Courtyard are major enhancements that make this a destination museum for the 21st century.
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3 Answers | Add Yours
Slim is not the owner or manager of the barley ranch at which George and Lennie work. In John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men, Slim is the mule skinner, capable of driving twenty mules with a single rein. He is described as having a quality of majesty
only achieved by royalty and master craftsmen. He was a jerkline skinner, the prince of the ranch....His authority was so great that his word was taken on any subject, be it politics or love....His ear heard more than was said to him, and his slow speech had overtones not of thought, but of understanding beyond thought.
Clearly Slim is a superior being, with his "god-like eyes" and his sublime qualities. And, yet, he is able to communicate with the men, understanding their conflicts and desires. For, it is Slim who consoles George after his shooting of Lennie, "You hadda, George."
I think you are talking about Slim. Among migrant workers, the owner or manager had supreme authority. He was harsh and even cruel to the men. He did not associate with them, laugh or joke with them, or live near them. He is more educated than the workers, and sometimes talks above their heads.
One of the most salient descriptors that Steinbeck uses to describe Slim can be found when he first enters the story and is described as "the prince of the farm." Those are highly contrasting words, when compared to the atmosphere of dirt, heat, poverty, and desolation that Steinbeck effectively creates as a background for the story.
Steinbeck makes Slim stick out from the rest of the farm hands by awarding him the ability to adapt, and excel. He is the most dedicated of all farm hands, presumably the most precise and hard-working, and he displays a positive attitude even towards the end when he has to console George for killing Lennie.
Slim also dedicated his time effectively to the other farmhands. He had a versatility of conversation, a capacity to listen to others, and "god-like eyes" that seemed to enthrall those who spoke to him. What Slim really had was a lot of charisma: It is not that he spoke better than anyone, or knew more (although it is said in his description that his ears had heard more than the average ear). It is the fact that his charisma made others listen to him, and come to him as they would come to a leader.
The charms and eloquence of Slim are a welcome and refreshing change of pace to the otherwise dull and heavy daily life of the farm. He is the folio of just about every character, and he represents the hope and faith that everyone else seems to lack.
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Vaccination of calves using the BRSV nucleocapsid protein in a DNA prime-protein boost strategy stimulates cell-mediated immunity and protects the lungs against BRSV replication and pathology.
; Boxus, Mathieu ; et al
in Vaccine (2008), 26(37), 4840-8
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in both cattle and young children. Despite the development of vaccines against bovine (B)RSV, incomplete protection and ... [more ▼]
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in both cattle and young children. Despite the development of vaccines against bovine (B)RSV, incomplete protection and exacerbation of subsequent RSV disease have occurred. In order to circumvent these problems, calves were vaccinated with the nucleocapsid protein, known to be a major target of CD8(+) T cells in cattle. This was performed according to a DNA prime-protein boost strategy. The results showed that DNA vaccination primed a specific T-cell-mediated response, as indicated by both a lymphoproliferative response and IFN-gamma production. These responses were enhanced after protein boost. After challenge, mock-vaccinated calves displayed gross pneumonic lesions and viral replication in the lungs. In contrast, calves vaccinated by successive administrations of plasmid DNA and protein exhibited protection against the development of pneumonic lesions and the viral replication in the BAL fluids and the lungs. The protection correlated to the cell-mediated immunity and not to the antibody response. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 61 (11 ULg)
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Published: Jan 1947
| ||Format||Pages||Price|| |
|PDF (752K)||17||$25|| ADD TO CART|
|Complete Source PDF (3.5M)||70||$55|| ADD TO CART|
In the field of automobile engineering, engine bearings have demanded a great deal of attention. The trend of automobile engine development has been towards higher horsepower, higher speeds, greater efficiencies, and smoother operation. This has, in general, meant higher bearing loads and higher operating temperatures. Added to this has been the objective of lifting engine bearings from the classification of “service replacement parts” to that of “parts lasting the life of the automobile.” How successful we have been in accomplishing this latter aim is shown by the following: In 1931 high-speed engine testing showed an average bearing life of about 250 hr. at 3200 rpm.; in 1941, making allowance for the higher test speeds prevailing, but making no allowance for the increase of 49 per cent in unit load which had occurred in the interval, tests averaged approximately 750 hr. before producing a comparable degree of fatigue failure in the bearings—an increase of roughly 200 per cent (see Fig. 1).
Johnson, E. T.
Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich
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The available software has been divided into the following categories:
Console - These are editors with a command-line interface (CLI). A significant number of users prefer to use CLI as they feel that they offer improve productivity. Furthermore, knowledge of a good console based editor could get you out of a tight fix e.g. if you are unable to boot X, a console based editor will enable you to correct the relevant configuration file. Emacs and vi are, of course, console based editors, but their popularity warrants them having their own category.
Emacs - In the distant past Emacs was sometimes referred to as Eight Megabytes and Constantly Swapping, a dig by vi lovers of the high memory requirements of this editor. The name Emacs are originally chosen as an abbreviation of Editor MACroS. However, Emacs is so much more than merely an editor to create macros. It is highly extensible through the Emacs Lisp language, has support for many different languages, and has a HUGE number of extensions that add other functionality including Emacs/W3 (a web browser), AUC TeX (fancy typesetting support), calc (a desktop calculator), email, newsgroups and so much more. The massive number of available packages has meant that some users have jokingly referred to emacs as being almost an operating system in itself!
GNOME - The GNOME desktop environment is an attractive desktop for users. Software in this category runs under GNOME or requires the GTK+ toolkit.
Hex - A hex editor is a type of computer program that allows a user to manipulate binary (normally non-plain text) computer files. Using a hex editor a user can see or edit the raw and exact contents of a file, as opposed to the interpretation of the same content that other, higher level application software may associate with the file format. There are two main reasons why you might need to use a hex editor. Firstly, they allow you to analyse the structure of a file, and also to edit the contents of that file.
KDE - KDE is the main desktop rival to GNOME.
Other_X11 - This is the home of GUI based editors that use different types of graphical libraries/widgets including Athena Text Widgets, wxPython and Motif.
Tcl_Tk - Tcl is a simple-to-learn yet very powerful language. Its syntax is described in just a dozen rules, but it has all the features needed to rapidly create useful programs in almost any field of application - on a wide variety of international platforms. Tk is a graphical toolkit for Tcl. Here you'll find editors that require this graphical toolkit.
vi - Vi is an advanced text editor that is found on all distributions. For system administrators, vi may be one of the most essential programs to learn, as it may be the only editor installed on a machine. It is a powerful editor that does take some time to get used to, and is famous for provoking flame wars when discussed with emacs enthusiasts.
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Situated on a mountainous plateau in western China, the autonomous region of Tibet, known as 'Xizang' in Mandarin
Chinese, is often referred to as the "Shangri La", or 'the roof of the world'. Tibet presents an amazing,
and mysterious civilization to outsiders, offering such spectacles as natural, snow-capped peaks of Mount Everest,
Tibetan Buddhist architecture such as the Potala Palace in Lhasa, the Jokhang Temple, several sacred Buddhist places,
Tibetan festivals and customs, and much more.
In the past, farmers often settled in small villages with barley as their main crop. While roaming nomads earned their
living by herding yaks and sheep, those Tibetans dwelling within cities made a living as craftsmen. However, presently
Tibetan society is witnessing an influx of people into the field of business.
Since China's Family Planning Program is not enforced among the Tibetan people, the Tibetan population continues to
expand. According to a census conducted in 2000, there are 2,616,300 people in Tibet, with Tibetans totaling 2,411,100
or 92.2% of the current regional population. The census also revealed that Tibetan's average lifespan has increased to
68 due to improved standards of living and greater access to medical services. Illiteracy has additionally decreased
With a way of life that stayed the same for centuries, Tibet is so high up and far away that few visitors ever reached
its borders until last century. Interrupting the ancient peace of the Buddhist mountain kingdom came first the British and
Indian traders. Coupled with their interest was that of China and Russia who asserted their influence and sovereignty over
the region. Now, as an autonomous province of China, religious Tibet has entered the modern world, and is trying with
the help of its allies to keep apace with developments of the rest of the country.
Most Tibetans are devout Buddhists while a few believe in the old Bon. Islam and Catholicism also have a few followers
in Lhasa and Yanjing. In its early years, Tibetan Buddhism was greatly influenced by Indian Buddhism, but after years of
evolution, Tibetan Buddhism has developed its own distinctive qualities and practices. A well-known example is the belief
that there is a living Buddha, who is the reincarnation of the first.
Dalai Lama & Panchen Lama
The Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama, both of the Gelugpa lineage of Tibetan Buddhism, are at the top of the lama
hierarchy in old Tibet. The title "Dalai Lama", meaning Ocean Of Wisdom, was first conferred on Sonam Gyatso by the
Mongol King Altan Khan who was converted to Tibetan Buddhism in 1578. Sonam Gyatso is the third Dalai Lama since
his two predecessors were posthumously conferred as the first and the second Dalai Lamas.
The practice of conferring the title "Dalai Lama" became established when Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty bestowed
the same title on the Great Fifth (the fifth Dalai Lama, Ngawang Losang Gyatso) in 1653. The Dalai Lama is considered the
incarnation of Chenrezi (Avalokiteshvarra), Bodhisattva of Compassion and the patron deity of Tibet by Tibetan people.
There have been fourteen Dalai Lamas, each one considered a reincarnation of the former.
The title of Panchen, Great Scholar, was conferred on Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen by Qosot Mongol Gushri Khan in 1645.
Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen was the fourth Panchen Lama and the three abbots before him were conferred the title posthumously.
In 1713, Emperor Kangxi conferred the title of Panchen Erdeni (Erdeni, in Manchurian, means treasure) to the fifth Panchen
Lama. The Panchen Lama is esteemed as the incarnation of Amitayus, Buddha of Infinite Light. Tashilungpo Monastery is the
traditional seat of the Panchen Lamas. Till now there have been eleven Panchen Lamas. The eleventh Panchen, identified in
1995, now lives in China.
Monks in Drepung, Tibet
This distinct form of Tibetan Buddhism, also called Lamaism, developed during the 10th century and was firmly
established from this time onwards. As the years passed and Tibetan Buddhism spread into neighboring provinces and
countries, a number of different sects evolved which were to develop both political and religious influence. The
following five are the most influential.
Nyingmapa, meaning "old", is the oldest Buddhist sect. The Nyingmapa lamas wear red robes and hats, thus this sect
is additionally referred to as the Red Sect. It has a loose organization and focuses on mantra practice. Its lamas
may marry and usually live in small groups. This sect retains more of the aspects of the Bon religion than the
other sects. Nyingmapa lamas believe that the mind is pure, and that by cultivating one's being in such a way as
to reject all outside influences, it is possible to become one with Buddha. This sect has a greater number of
deities than the other four. The major Nyingmapa monasteries are the Mindroling Monastery and the Dorje Drak
Monastery. The former is particularly renowned for its collection of Tibetan calligraphy.
The Kahdampa sect believes that Buddha's acts and teachings should be the doctrines of cultivation. It is based
on the teachings of Atisha, who arrived from India in 1042. The tradition stresses scriptures and discipline,
emphasizing that Tantra can be imparted to only a select few. Kahdampa preaches samsara and retribution. The
main monastery is the Nechung Monastery.
The Kagyupa sect originated by two great teachers: Marpa and Milarepa. Kagyupa means "to teach orally" and focuses
on Tantric teaching. Since Marpa and Milarepa wore white robes, this sect is also called the White sect. Kagyupa
doctrines are unique and stress a combination between quasi-qigong and Buddhist satori practices. It also advocates
asceticism and obedience as the source of enlightenment. An important contribution of Kagyupa was the creation of
tulku (reincarnating lamas) system, in which an existing lama can show evidence of his prior incarnations. Kagyupa's
principal shrine is the Tsurphu Monastery, the traditional seat of the Karmapa lama.
The Sakyapa sect dates from 1073 and was founded at the Sakya Monastery after which it was named. Due to the
beautifully painted red, white, and black striped on the monastery, the order became known colloquially as the
Colorful Sect. Sakyapa's doctrines persuade people to do good deeds in order to gain a good incarnation in their
next samsara and to discard all temporal desires to ensure relief from pain.
The Gelugpa sect is the order of Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama and is also called the Yellow Sect since they wear yellow hats. It was founded by
Tsong Khapa, a great Buddhist reformer, in 1407. It absorbed Kahdampa and carried on Atisha's tradition. It stresses strict discipline
and the study of scriptures. Its successful reform made it dominant in Tibet after the 17th century and left other sects to play a minor
role. Its six main monasteries are the Ganden Monastery, Ta'er Monastery, Drepung Monastery, Labrang Monastery, Sera Monastery and
Tibet lies on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau of China. Known as the world's highest region, the Tibetan region averages more than 4,500
meters (16,000 feet) above sea level with its highest peak claiming 8.846.27 meters (29,029 ft) above sea level. This peak known as
Everest Peak is also the highest peak in the world.
Tibet is to the south of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province, to the west of Sichuan, to the northwest of Yunnan
and to the north of India and Nepal. Its population of 2.3 million people consists of a variety of ethnic groups including Tibetan,
Han, Monba and Lhota. Its capital city is Lhasa.
Tibet's Physical Features primarily consists of a plateau, known as "the roof of the world"; a small area in the southeast descends
to the Brahmaputra River Valley; north of the Gangdise Range and south of the Kunlun Range is the vast Northern Tibet Plateau with
hills, basins, lakes, and snow-covered peaks: the southern valleys between the Gangdise and the Himalayas are Tibet's principal farming
and pastoral lands; in the east is a region of parallel mountains and valleys, which are the northern half of the Hengduan Mountains.
The Himalaya Mountains in southern Tibet have an average elevation of 6,000 meters; in the north are the Kunlun and Tanggula Ranges;
in the central southwest lies the Gangdise Range, the Hengduan Mountains are to the immediate east of the Nyainqentanglha Range.
The Tibetan economy is dominated by subsistence agriculture. Due to limited arable land, livestock farming is the primary occupation
mainly on the Tibetan Plateau, among them are sheep, cattle, goats, camels, yaks and horses. However, the main crops grown are barley,
wheat, buckwheat, rye, potatoes and assorted fruits and vegetables.
Tibet is also rich in water, geothermal, solar, and wind energy. It produces approximately 200 million kw of natural hydro-energy
annually (about 30% of the nation's total). It has 354.8 billion cubic meters of surface water resources (13.5% of the nation's total);
and 330 billion cubic meters of glacial water resources. Tibet has 56.59 million kilowatt exploitable hydro-energy resources, (15% of
the nation's total). Tibet also leads China in geothermal energy production. The Yangbajain geothermal field in Damxung County, Lhasa,
is China's largest high temperature steam geothermal field, and also one of the largest geothermal fields in the world. Since the
1980s Tibet has launched a series of projects to encourage the wider use of solar energy. The region's location on a plateau some
4,000 meters above sea level puts it closer to the sun than any other place on earth, and therefore, it has an average of 3,400 hours
of sunshine annually. Tibet is China's leading source of solar power, with considerable potential for further development in this
Tibet is a giant plant kingdom with more than 5,000 species of high grade plants. It is also one of China's largest forest areas
with preserved intact primeval forests. Almost all known, main plant species from tropical to frigid zones of the northern hemisphere
can be found here.
In recent years, due to the increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism tourism has become an increasingly important sector, and is
actively promoted by the authorities. The Tibetan economy is heavily subsidized by the Central government and government cadres
received the second highest salaries in China. Tourism brings in the most income from the sale of handicrafts. These include
Tibetan hats, jewelry (silver and gold), wooden items, clothing, quilts, fabrics, Tibetan rugs and carpets.
Tibet's GDP grew 14 percent to a total of 25.1 billion RMB in 2005. In the first half of 2006, the economy grew by 12.5 percent.
The rapid pace of economic growth can be credited to the financial support given by both the central and local government to major
infrastructure projects in the region. The region's staple exports are traditional items such as goat's wool, serge, herbal medicines
and carpets. Imports are mainly electrical goods, steel products, vehicles, pesticides and textiles.
The climate and altitude are extremes in Tibet. Temperature variation between day and night is huge. Be careful not to catch cold,
Mountain Sickness, which could possibly be fatal in Tibet. One should prepare an aid kit before arriving with necessities to treat the
following: diarrhea, giardiasis, hepatitis, respiratory tract infections (colds, influenza and bronchitis). Bring along oxygen tanks
to aid breathing in higher elevations. Medicine can be obtained from pharmacies beforehand, most of them on Yuthok Lu Road in Lhasa.
The sun is much stronger at this elevation because there is little atmosphere to filter its rays, and is more likely to injure
travelers' skin and eyes. Sunscreen, sunglasses and a hat are recommended. Moreover, the boiling point of water is somewhat lower
in Tibet. Therefore it is better to boil water for a longer period of time. Drinking water should be purified with iodine or other
purification tablets before consumption to prevent intestinal discomfort.
Packs of wild dogs roaming around monasteries and villages are common and can be a potential threat. Get a rabies vaccination
(human diploid cell vaccine or purified chick embryo culture vaccine) in advance and stay away from them. Visitors to remote areas
may see wild animals, such as wild yaks, Tibetan antelopes and such. For safety's sake it's advised to keep one's distance.
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Bob Titmus The lore of Bigfoot has been the topic of many stove front discussions in Willow Creek in the past quarter century. The story began with the local Native Americans and their lore regarding a huge manlike creature and his family that dwelled in the Bluff Creek area along Hie Klamath River. The earliest known report of this man-animal was probably recorded in Crescent City in 1886. There were numerous reports from the area between Willow Creek and Happy Camp of large human-like creatures seven to eight feet tall and weighing from 350 to 800 lbs. These creatures were reported to be man-like, with a light covering of hair on their bodies.These prehistoric-looking man-apes faded away for many years only to appear again in 1935 when huge tracks were found in snow on a nearby mountain.
In 1958, in the Bluff Creek area, an entire new epic of Bigfoot was begun. Heavy equipment was moved, loaded drums were tossed about, foot prints were everywhere, and workers were followed about through the dense underbrush by foul-smelling, haunting visages. In 1960, there were sightings by reliable people and over 50 sightings have taken place since that time. Out of respect to the legend of Bigfoot, the community of Willow Creek has erected a large Bigfoot statue in the heart of town. Willow Creek is known as "The Gateway to Bigfoot Country".
Bigfoot's Roots in Willow Creek (As described in the book "Traveling the Trinity Highway" by Ben Bennion and Jerry Rohde)
Mike Gordon pulled his dusty brown Ford van into the Gray's Falls campground late one night in 1974. He had just drifted off to sleep when his van began to sway and then rock. He rubbed the sleep from his eyes, struggling to focus as fingernails scratched along one side of the vehicle. Someone was trying to get in. Assuming it was just another camper playing a trick on him, Gordon peered through the van's curtains. What he saw was no camper!
Mike stared then blinked, hoping he was dreaming. Just outside stood a giant animal seven feet tall and covered with hair, it looked like a human crossed with a gorilla. The creature circled the van as if trying to find out what it held. In the moonlight, Gordon could make out a big torso, broad shoulders, and a big face. By this time, he felt like a big bowl of Jell-O during an earthquake. When the figure jostled the van a few more times, Mike knew he had to do something. He fumbled with the ignition key and, after a few tries, managed to start the engine and begin blowing the horn. Looking as startled as Gordon felt, the animal fled into the tangled forest below the campground. Grinding gears, Mike headed for the nearby Salyer Ranger Station with his unbelievable story.
Did some Trinity County prankster play a joke on Mike Gordon? Did he lie about what he saw? Or did Bigfoot, the most mysterious denizen of the Pacific Northwest, actually visit him?
Jerry Crew Logger Jerry Crew coined the name Bigfoot in August 1958 while cutting roads with a bulldozer near Bluff Creek, a Klamath River tributary 20 miles north of Willow Creek. Crew's crew started seeing footprints in the freshly dug earth of the new road. They had the shape of a human foot but measured 16 inches long and 7 inches wide. Whatever made them had a stride that varied from 4 to 10 feet and made impressions 2 inches deep in the hard soil that barely showed the mark of a logger's heavy boot. The footprints, appearing almost nightly and in widely separated areas, baffled the normally reserved road builders enough that they went to the Eureka newspaper with their tale. Wire services soon picked up the story and passed it on, making Bigfoot a national household name.
The first written account of giant human-beasts in California appeared in Crescent City's Del Norte Record in 1886. Several men reported seeing a "wild man" seven feet tall with "a bulldog head" near Happy Camp, 60 miles north of Willow Creek. One of them refused to shoot because it looked so human.
While most reported sightings have occurred in Klamath country, Bigfoot has raised its hairy head now and then all along the Trinity, especially in more remote areas. Willow Creek alone has enough tales to back its claim to being the "Gateway to Bigfoot Country." In 1967, a visitor from Ventura, California saw a Bigfoot along Highway 299 just half a mile west of town. While seeking shade from the afternoon sun, the startled man watched a creature 8 or 9 feet tall stroll along the road for 50 feet before it vanished into the forest.
... It is easy to scoff at the Bigfoot mystery in the bright light of midday. The shadows retreat into deep draws far from the river as the sun illuminates the landscape. But as night falls, vision fails. With a moonless sky and clouds of mist above the treetops, every sound from the forest makes muscles quiver and skin crawl. People stay inside or look over their shoulders as they hurry from one well-lit place to another. In flesh or in fantasy, at night Bigfoot walks!
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Next: A last note
Calculus from Graphical, Numerical, and Symbolic
Points of View
Arnold Ostebee and Paul Zorn, St. Olaf College
About this book: notes for students
All authors want their books to be used:
read, studied, thought about, puzzled over, reread, underlined, disputed,
understood, and, ultimately, enjoyed. So do we.
That might go without saying for some books-beach novels, user
manuals, field guides, etc.-but it may need repeating for a calculus
textbook. We know as teachers (and remember as students) that
mathematics textbooks are too often read backwards: faced
with Exercise 231(b) on page 1638, we've all
shuffled backwards through the pages in search of something
similar. (Very often, moreover, our searches were rewarded.)
A calculus textbook isn't a novel.
It's a peculiar hybrid of encyclopedia, dictionary, atlas,
anthology, daily newspaper, shop manual,
and novel-not exactly light reading, but essential
reading nevertheless. Ideally, a calculus
book should be read in all directions:
left to right, top to bottom, back to front, and even front to back. That's
a tall order. Here are some suggestions for coping with it.
In short: read the book.
- Read the narrative.
Each section's narrative is designed to be read from beginning
to end. The examples, in particular, are supposed to illustrate
ideas and make them concrete-not just serve
as templates for homework exercises.
- Read the examples.
Examples are, if anything, more important
than theorems, remarks, and other ``talk.'' We use examples
both to show already-familiar calculus ideas ``in action,'' and
to set the stage for new ideas.
- Read the pictures.
We're serious about the ``graphical points of view'' mentioned
in our title. The pictures in this book are not ``illustrations''
or ``decorations.'' Pictures
are everywhere in this book, even in
the middle of sentences. That's intentional: graphs are an
important part of the language of calculus. An ability
to think ``pictorially''-as well
as symbolically and numerically-about mathematical ideas may
be the most important benefit calculus can offer.
- Read with a calculator and pencil.
This book is full of requestsOften
they're put in margin notes, like this one.
to check a calculation, sketch a graph, or ``convince yourself'' that
something makes sense. Take these ``requests'' seriously.
Mastering mathematical ideas takes more than
reading; it takes doing, drawing, and thinking.
- Read the language.
Mathematics is not a ``natural language'' like English or French, but it
has its own vocabulary and usage rules. Calculus, especially, relies
on careful use of technical language. Words like rate, amount,
concave, stationary point, and root
have precise, agreed-upon mathematical meanings. Understanding
such words goes a long way toward understanding the
mathematics they convey; misunderstanding the words
leads inevitably to confusion. Whenever in doubt, consult the index.
- Read the appendices.
The human appendix generally lies unnoticed-unless trouble
starts, when it's taken out and thrown away. Don't
treat our appendices that way. Though
perhaps slightly enlarged, they're full of healthy matter:
reviews of precalculus topics, help with ``story problems,'' proofs
of various kinds, even a graphical ``atlas'' of functions.
Used as directed the appendices will help appreciably in
digesting the material.
- Read the instructors' preface (if you like).
Get a jump on your teacher.
Next: A last note
Click here to return to our homepage.
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On view now in the medieval gallery, is the newly conserved statue of Saint Rictrudis (1996.19.1). Due to its fragile condition, the work had remained in storage for years, but now cleaned and restored by Jane and Mark Bynon of Bynon Art Services, Rictrudis has come back into the light!
Dressed in dark nun’s robes, the sweet-faced figure holds a shepherd’s crook in her right hand and a small chapel in her left. Her name is abbreviated on the base of the statue as “Ste RICTRU” followed on the second line by “R P NOU,” an abbreviation for “pray for us.” Formerly known around the museum as “The Abbess” (the role suggested by the objects she holds), new research has revealed a fascinating story about a remarkable woman.
Rictrudis was born in the early 7th century in Gascony, a region in the south of France bordering Spain and the Basque territories. At the time of Rictrudis’ birth and childhood, northern Frankish kings were attempting to exert their rule over the area. Their occasional armed incursions into Gascony to subdue lawless brigands met with hostility from the local nobility who looked on it as unwelcome interference and a power-grab. Rictrudis’ eye seems to have been caught by Adalbald, one of these Frankish knights, and against her family’s wishes she married him and returned with him to his family estate in Flanders. It’s tempting (although completely unfounded), in true romance novel fashion, to imagine their eyes meeting across a large crowded hall, and a night-time escape on horseback. Rictrudis appears to have settled very happily in her new life producing four children in quick succession, one boy followed by three girls. She and Adalbald became known for their good works among the poor and pious contributions to the work of the church, such as founding a monastery in Marchiennes.
Unfortunately, her family’s hostility towards Franks and Adalbald remained strong. On a subsequent return journey to Gascony, Adalbald was murdered by his in-laws. Rictrudis seems to have been broken-hearted but stalwart, and she defied the command of the Frankish king to remarry, instead preferring to take holy orders and enter a convent. The establishment at Marchiennes was expanded to become a double monastery, an institution with separate communities for monks and nuns, and Rictrudis became the first Abbess of the new convent where she spent the remainder of her long life, dying on May 12, 688. Eventually, all her children followed her into religious life, and the entire family, including Adalbald, were sainted.
Although May 12 is a Monday this year and the Nasher Museum is closed to the public, everyone should come soon to celebrate Saint Rictrudis. With rosy cheeks and soft smile now revealed by the recent cleaning and restoration, one can easily imagine the faithful praying to Rictrudis for the kind of strong and happy marriage she and Adalbald shared, or for the inner strength to overcome opposition and follow one’s own path.
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Once again, our world will be turning blue on Wednesday, April 2nd in light of World Autism Awareness Day. Thousands of people from all walks of life will be purchasing blue light bulbs to display inside and outside their homes, offices, and even international monuments to show that they care.
Scary statistics have revealed that autism prevalence has increased 78% in just the past five years. It is continuously rising as we speak. Part of the increase has to do with the increase in awareness thanks to greater concentration on the topic.
The public has four ways in which they can get involved:
1. Light a building blue
2. Host a blue event
3. Make a donation to Autism Speaks
4. Become a corporate sponsor
The Light It Up Blue’s inaugural launch began in 2010 and is celebrated each and every April 2nd. The great thing about this campaign is that it is celebrated internationally; bringing the world together for one purpose on at least this one day a year!
The unique global initiative was derived to kick-off World Autism Awareness Day, or what is now commonly referred to as WAAD. WAAD helps to raise awareness about autism. To make a long story short, in order to exemplify their support in this very important project, many iconic landmarks, hotels, sporting venues, concert halls, museums, bridges and retail establishments get involved, too; lighting their entire buildings up the bold and brilliant blue that demonstrates this solitary cause.
WAAD was adopted by the United Nations in 2007, three years before this new visible campaign began. The original goal goes hand-in-hand with this campaign in that the founders wanted to ‘shine a bright light on autism as a growing global health crisis.’ It is a proven fact that people will remember that which they pay attention to (the bright blue lights), as well as materials that cause them to think or reflect (articles, brochures and other literature devices). The information imparted helps acknowledge the autism crisis and displays how important early diagnosis and intervention truly are.
Did you realize that autism is one of only three major health issues that is recognized by the United Nations with its very own celebratory day? That is why it is so important to for you, too, to Light It Up Blue! Every light helps – even one single bulb on a street draws the question as to why you have a blue bulb out? When the question is asked, it opens the door to the knowledge others need to know about autism.
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Length: 1.5 – 1.9 m (5 - 6’)
Weight: 85 - 180 kg (180 – 400 lbs)
Population size in Canada: 4.6 – 7.2 million (Northwest Atlantic population)
Population size in World: < 9.5 million
Conservation status in Canada: Not listed (COSEWIC/SARA)
Conservation status in World: Low-risk of least concern (IUCN)
Latin Name: Pagophilus groenlandicus
Other Names: Greenland Seal, Saddle Seal, Saddleback Seal
Order: Pinnipedia (“fin-footed carnivores” which includes seals, fur seals, sea lions and walrus)
Family: Phocidae (true seals)
- Up to 1.9 m (~ 6’) in length and 180 kg (~ 400 lbs)
- Relatively small broad, flat head
- Narrow snout
- Short, narrow flippers
- Coloration varies with age:
- Young pups have a thick white coat.
- Older pups have a short silvery coat with black spots along the sides and back.
- Adults have light grey coat with a black face and a large black horseshoe or harp-shaped marking along their sides and back. The black face and harp-shaped pattern develops with age, therefore younger adults may not have a black face and may have scattered black spots on the sides and back and only a partially developed harp-shaped marking.
Harp seals are a moderate sized seal, averaging 1.6 m (~ 5’) in length and 130 kg (~ 287 lbs). Males and females are of similar size and weight, with males being generally only slightly larger than females. They have a thick, robust body with a relatively small broad and flat head, short narrow flippers, and a narrow muzzle that can appear upturned in adults. The most distinctive feature of harp seals is their coloration/marking pattern, which changes as the seals grow and mature. Newborn seals are born with a thick yellow fur and are known as “yellowcoats”. After about three days their fur becomes bleached and turns white, at which point the seals become known as “whitecoats”. The pups start to shed their white fur after they are about 12 days old, and are referred to as “raggedy jackets” due to the appearance of the much darker and shorter coat underneath patches of their white fur. After about 18 days, the pups have completely lost their white fur to reveal a short silvery coat with small black spots along the sides and back. These seals are known as “beaters”. Once the seals turn one year old they become known as “bedlamers” and start to undergo annual molts. As the seals grow and continue to molt each year, their spots become larger and start to form a distinctive horseshoe or harp-shaped marking along their sides and back. Adult harp seals are light grey with a black face (often including a black chin, upper-neck and top of the head), and have wide black bands with irregular edges that dip along their sides and fuse above the shoulders (the harp-shaped marking). Younger adults may not have a black face and may have scattered black spots on their sides and back with only a partially developed harp-shaped marking.
Harp seals undergo long seasonal migrations between feeding and breeding grounds. Each fall (by late September), the seals of the Northwest Atlantic population travel from summer feeding grounds off the western coasts of Greenland and within the Canadian Arctic, to their winter breeding grounds in pack-ice regions off the eastern coasts of Newfoundland and within the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
Females congregate in large whelping herds on the pack-ice in the breeding grounds by late February or early March and give birth to their pups. New born pups are typically about 85 cm (~ 33”) in length and weigh about 11 kg (~ 24 lbs). The pups feed profusely on their mothers’ rich milk for about two weeks, at which time the mothers abandon their pups. Upon weaning the pups have more than tripled their weight to about 35 kg (~ 77 lbs). The pups remain in the whelping patches until the ice begins to melt in April or early May, at which time they start to travel north towards summer feeding grounds.
A mating period occurs immediately after the females have weaned their pups. Females reach sexual maturity at 4-6 years of age, while males become sexually mature at 7-8 years of age. The seals mate promiscuously without any long-term pair bonding. The gestation period is approximately 11.5 months.
After breeding, the adults gather with immature seals to molt (usually starting in early April). The molting period lasts about four weeks (until late April or early May), at which time the ice begins to melt and the seals begin to migrate back to their summer feeding grounds.
Harp seals have a life span of about 30 years.
Harp seals are found distributed throughout the arctic and sub-arctic waters of the North Atlantic Ocean from Newfoundland and the Canadian Arctic to northern Russia. There are three distinct harp seal breeding populations: the White Sea (or Barents Sea) population, the West Ice (Jan Mayen Island) population, and the Northwest Atlantic population which breeds off the coasts of Newfoundland (the Front herd) in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence (the Gulf herd). Harp seals migrate annually from these winter breeding grounds to northern feeding grounds off of eastern Greenland, northern Iceland and northern Norway (West Ice and White Sea populations) and the Canadian Arctic and waters off of western Greenland (Northwest Atlantic population). Harp seals of the Northwest Atlantic population are occasionally observed farther south than the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and sightings have been reported as far south as Virginia, USA, while vagrant harp seals of the eastern Atlantic populations have been observed in Scotland, Germany and France.
Harp seals are opportunistic predators feeding primarily on pelagic fish such as polar and artic cod at their summer feeding grounds, and capelin and herring while migrating in the spring and fall winter. They are also known to forage on ground fish (e.g., redfish, cod, halibut) and invertebrates (e.g., krill, shrimp).
Harp seals are gregarious and pagophilic (or “ice-loving”) animals that gather annually on pack-ice in large, dense herds consisting of thousands of animals to give birth to their pups, mate and molt. The seals may also feed and travel together in large groups during their extensive seasonal migrations. Harp seals are very vocal animals and make a variety of underwater calls in conjunction with herd formation at the breeding grounds and courtship behavior.
The total world population size of harp seals may be as many as 9.5 million animals, with the largest population being the Northwest Atlantic population. The most recent population estimates made from aerial surveys of pup production (pup counts) are as follows:
- Northwest Atlantic population = 4.6 - 7.2 million seals
- White Sea/Barents Sea population = 1.5 - 2 million seals
- West Ice/Jan Mayen Island population = ~ 300,000 seals
Harp seals are the target of large commercial hunts for oil and fur in Canada, Greenland, Norway and Russia. The Canadian harp seal hunt occurs each year at the breeding grounds off of Newfoundland and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The total number of harp seal kills reported for the Northwest Atlantic population (including both the Canadian seal hunt, the Greenland hunt and fisheries by-catch) averaged 468,000 seals/year from 1996-2004.
Due to their large numbers harp seals are not considered endangered or threatened in Canada and are not listed by either COSEWIC or SARA. At the world conservation status level, they are listed as a low-risk species of least concern by the IUCN.
DFO (2005) Stock assessment of Northwest Atlantic harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus). DFO Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Science Advisory Report. 2005/07.
DFO (2006) The harp seal. Retrieved February 27, 2007 from Underwater World. Website: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/zone/underwater_sous-marin/hseal/seal-phoque_e.htm.
Pagophilus groenlandicus, Harp Seal. Retrieved February 27, 2007 from MarineBio.org. Website: http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=302.
Reeves, R.R., Stewart, B.S., Clapham, P.J. & Powell, J.A. (2002) National Audubon Society guide to marine mammals of the world. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. New York, NY.
Seal Specialist Group (1996). Pagophilus groenlandicus. Retrieved February 27, 2007 from 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Website: http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/41671/summ.
Photo’s taken by Dr. J. Terhune.
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- App Store Info
DescriptionJapanese Hiragana 1.2 will be updated!
* added hiragana katakana mode
* listing 5 characters
Hiragana (平仮名, ひらがな or ヒラガナ ?) is a Japanese syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system, along with katakana, kanji, and the Latin alphabet (Rōmaji.) Hiragana and katakana are both kana systems, in which each character represents one mora. Each kana is either a vowel such as "a" (あ); a consonant followed by a vowel such as "ka" (か); or "n" (ん): a nasal sonorant which, depending on the context, sounds either like English m, n, or ng (IPA: [ŋ]), or like the nasal vowels of French.
Hiragana are used for words for which there are no kanji, including particles such as kara から "from", and suffixes such as ~san さん "Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms." Hiragana are also used in words for which the kanji form is not known to the writer or readers, or is too formal for the writing purpose. Verb and adjective inflections, as, for example, be-ma-shi-ta (べました) in tabemashita (食べました ?, "ate"), are written in hiragana. In this case, part of the root is also written in hiragana. Hiragana are also used to give the pronunciation of kanji in a reading aid called furigana. The article Japanese writing system discusses in detail when the various systems of writing are used.
What's New in Version 1.2* added Hiragana Katakana mode
* changed table colors
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Lewis H. Latimer's father, George W. Latimer, was the first fugitive slave whose emancipation guided and influenced the American abolitionists of the 1850s. His flight to Boston, arrest, imprisonment, trial, and emancipation, as well as the numerous public meetings held all over Massachusetts on his behalf,1 made his a cause celebre, fifteen years before the famous Dred Scott Decision. His supporters called it a "war on slavery."
Supporters of the Latimer cause included Dr. Henry Bowditch, William Francis Channing, and Frederick Cabot. These men, described as "gentlemen of property and standing," founded a newspaper called the Latimer Journal and North Star, which first appeared in Boston on November 11, 1842. Its purpose was "to meet the urgency of the first enslavement in Boston" and to rescue a fugitive slave from the custody in which he was detained. The editors of the Journal were determined to "discourage all intemperate and violent measures, even for the rescue of our citizens from enslavement."
Critics claimed that the Latimer Journal "greatly excited and alarmed the credulous, vexed the irritable, inflamed the passionate, and exasperated those whose sympathies ran beyond their judgments." Six issues appeared subsequently from November 11, 1842 to May 16, 1843, with a circulation of 20,000. The journal responded to a chain of events that had begun on October 4, 1842, when George Latimer, along with his wife Rebecca, ran away from slavery in Norfolk, Virginia, and fled to the North. Four days later, Latimer was recognized by William R. Carpenter, a former employee of Latimer's owner, James B. Gray. Carpenter immediately communicated the information to Gray. On October 15th, the following ad appeared in the local newspaper:
RANAWAY on Monday night last my Negro Man George, commonly called George Latimer. He is about 5 feet 3 or 4 inches high, about 22 years of age, his complexion a bright yellow, is of a compact, well made frame, and is rather silent and slow spoken.—I suspect that he went North Tuesday, and will give Fifty Dollars reward and pay all necessary expenses, if taken out of the State. Twenty Five Dollars reward will be given for his apprehension within the State. . . .
James B. Gray2
Another ad confirms the fact that his wife, also a slave, ran away with him.
RANAWAY from the subscriber last evening, negro Woman REBECCA, in company (as is supposed) with her husband, George Latimer, belonging to Mr. James B. Gray, of this place. She is about 20 years of age, dark mulatto or copper colored, good countenance, bland voice and self-possessed and easy in her manners when addressed.—She was married in February last and at this time obviously enciente [pregnant]. She will in all probability endeaver to reach some one of the free States. All persons are hereby cautioned against harboring said slave, and masters of vessels from carrying her from this port. The above reward [$50] will be paid upon delivery to
Mary D. Sayer3
On October 18, James B. Gray arrived in Boston and caused Latimer, without legal process, to be arrested by police officers on a charge of larceny, and placed in the Leverett Street jail, where he began procedures to return Latimer to Virginia. On Sunday, October 30, a tumultuous meeting took place in Faneuil Hall "to provide additional safeguards for the protection of those claimed as fugitives from other states, or as slaves." The excitement of the public meeting spread far and wide and the tone of indignation was deep and loud. This agitation, or "stimulants of popular passion," not only excited the public mind in favor of Latimer, but also increased the determination of the abolitionists to demand new legislative measures to protect the fugitive slave.
Free blacks were not simply bystanders to the affair. We see evidence of their "sense of freedom" and empathy for Latimer when a day after his arrest, nearly 300 black males assembled around the court house "to prevent the slave from being moved out of the city until word was pledged that Mr. Gray would take no steps not authorized by law."4 After a number of disquisitions from various courts, interventions by a number of people (i.e., Samuel Sewall, W. L. Garrison, and J. W. Hutchinson), and after several weeks of incarceration, Latimer was cleared of the larceny charge and finally freed. A week before he was manumitted, the following interview was recorded between Latimer and one of the editors of the Latimer Journal:
I asked Latimer if he had ever expressed to Gray, or anyone else, a willingness to go back to Norfolk. He said "no, never, I would rather die than go back. Gray had just been there, trying to get me to say I will go back willingly. I turned my back on him and would not speak to him. He said if I would go back peacefully there would be no more trouble—he would like me out of jail and serve me well. I then turned toward him and said "Mr. Gray when you get me back to Norfolk you may kill me."5
On November 18, 1842, Latimer was finally manumitted for $400 and forbidden from being returned to Virginia by Judge Shaw, following an evening of intense negotiations. Consider the following statement:
The early part of this week, two petitions were gotten up and signed by many abolitionists, requesting Sheriff Eveleth6 to order Cooledge7 to discharge Latimer from the jail, and containing several threats to cause C's removal from office for his abuse of power. This alarmed Cooledge, and on Wednesday evening, he notified Gray that he could not act as his agent any longer, and frankly states his reasons, viz: the prejudice these abolitionists were creating against him. Of this step the latter party must have been aware, for on that evening, Sewall8 called at the jail and directed Latimer how to act, should Gray attempt to take him into his own custody—to scream and raise an outcry, and then the negroes would rescue him. Fifteen or twenty negroes, too, watched the jail thro' the night of Wednesday, to prevent Gray from removing his property. On Thursday morning, the counsel for the negroes in the riot case in the Municipal Court obtained a writ of habeas corpus to have L brought to the Court as a witness for the defence. On that day [November 17], an agreement was negotiated between a negro and Cooledge, for the purchase of the slave, and $800 was fixed as the price.
This was refused by the negro, who offered $650 for him, and upon Dr. Bowditch9 agreeing to pay that sum for George. Gray accepted it, and the parties were to meet at the jail office at 7 o'clock, to adjust the business. The hour came and brought the parties, but Dr. Bowditch stated that he had seen an order of the Sheriff directing Cooledge to discharge Latimer at 12 o'clock on Friday, and as Gray could not find a place strong enough to keep him from the negroes till the day of the hearing—and as he would of necessity be rescued, he should not pay any thing for him; and thus backed out of his contract, and boasted on that evening to a friend of ours, that he had failed to fulfill his agreement. A negro minister, however, offered Austin10 $400 for Latimer, which was accepted; and at 10 o'clock on Thursday evening, the money was paid, and the slave was made a free man.11
The case did not end here however. After lauding Latimer for running away from slavery, the Latimer Journal summoned:
Men of Massachusetts! Come up by the thousands to the city on Monday next. The victim is ready for the altar. His garlands are chains! His bracelets handcuffs! His crown is a crown of thorns! Come ye up by myriads to see your brother.
A petition signed by more than 65,000 citizens of the state of Massachusetts was presented to the legislature of Massachusetts demanding three things: (1) that a law should be passed, forbidding all persons who hold office under the government of Massachusetts from aiding in or abetting the arrest or detention of any person who may be claimed as a fugitive from slavery; (2) that a law should be passed forbidding the use of the jails or other public property of the state, for the detention of any such person before described; (3) that such amendments to the Constitution of the United States be proposed by the legislature of Massachusetts to the other states of the Union, as may have the effect of forever separating the people of Massachusetts from all connection with slavery.12 Subsequently, an act was passed for "the protection of personal liberty," stipulating that "all judges, justices of the peace, and officers of the commonwealth, are forbidden, under heavy penalties, to aid, or act in any manner in the arrest, detention, or delivery of any person claimed as a fugitive slave."13
The episode is a benchmark in the black struggle for freedom and a pivotal event in American history for another reason than its success in Massachusetts. A second petition proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, signed by nearly an equal number to the one mentioned, was sent to each of the senators and members of the Massachusetts House and also was forwarded to Washington. It stipulated that "direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states . . . according to their numbers of free persons . . ." and that "the number of representatives shall not exeed one for every 30,000." After repeated attempts by John Quincy Adams to present it to the House, the petition was finally given over to the Speaker of the House, who referred it to the Judiciary Committee; there it remained until the close of the session when Barnard, the chairman, was unable to assemble a quorum of the committee to consider it.
Despite these significant episodes, there are few accounts of George W. Latimer's life as a whole. The reasons for this are severalfold. First, although the events surrounding George Latimer's life are fascinating, they are also complex and, because of a paucity of sources, difficult to piece together. Moreover, the few sources available do not project back to the years before he fled Virginia in 1842. The passage of the Fugitive Slave Law (1850) and the Dred Scott Decision (1857) attracted comparatively more attention from scholars because of their direct impact on the events that led up to the Civil War. However, less than two months after Latimer was arrested, he provided some significant information about himself.
Late in November of 1842, George W. Latimer dictated a short autobiographical sketch to one of the editors of the Latimer Journal.14 To the author's knowledge, this information has not previously been referred to by historians. Fifty-one years later, when he was seventy-five, George Latimer dictated another autobiographical sketch to J. W. Hutchinson, one of the direct descendants of the first governor of Massachusetts.15 Both autobiographical fragments have a character and importance that justify joint publication.16 I have preserved the orthography and internal punctuation as originally taken from the author's dictation in 1842 and 1893, but felt free to make emendations that give meaning to the texts.
"I am 23 years old last 4th of July. I was born in Norfolk, Va. My father was Mitchell Latimer—a white man—who was a stone mason in the Navy Yard at Norfolk. My mother was a slave, named Margaret Olmsted, who was owned by my father's brother, Edward A. Latimer, of same trade as his brother, and to him my father was apprentice. Mr. Edward Mallery married the widow of Edward A. Latimer,17 but I was quite small at the time [italics mine], and was boarded out. I was treated with tenderness when under Edward Mallery's care. I was a domestic [house] servant until 16 years of age, and afterwards, with his consent, went out and worked for them—drove a dray, etc., was a laboring man, and paid a quarter of a dollar a day to my master, and found myself in food—was clothed by my master. Continued working in this way for about one year, then I was hired out to a colored man, named Mich Johnson,18 by the year, and he treated me as he liked, and was a very hard master. He used to hit me frequently across the head with a stick of wood.19 I continued with him for 14 months. Had good bedding, etc. but only two meals a day, that is, a breakfast at 12, and dinner at night, sometimes at nine o'clock. One beside myself had the same fare. He used to keep me rubbing horses until nine o'clock.20
"During these fourteen months, I was arrested by the Sheriff, for a debt of my master, Mallery, was put in jail, and staid there two weeks—had herring and bread for breakfast, and sage tea, and beef alternately, with molasses for dinner every other day. I was flogged once severely, by the jailor, for making noise in my cell. The noise was only the word Ehue!, an Indian cry, and I only said it three times. Mallery finally bought me out of jail, and returned me back to Mich Johnson, but in a fortnight I was again taken to jail for my master's debts. Staid there four weeks short of two days. Got on very well, except for food. At end of that time, the debt was paid, and I was released as if I was owned by John Dunson,21 though he did not have a bill of sale.22 I worked for him for two years and nine months. He was a watchman at Virginia Bank, and a coal measurer. After that I was hired out to Peter Slichen,23 for nine months as a storekeeper. Tended in his store, where he kept groceries and liquor—Peter Slichen was a very fine man—and treated me well—but his mother, Mrs. Brown, was very disagreeable. She struck me once over the head with a shovel, because she claimed that I was slow in getting some water. She frequently would make her husband beat me with a stick.24 Otherwise, I fared very well. Next year, I was hired out to a colored man, named Edward White. I drove a dray for him. Got along very well with him for twelve months—I got none but one whipping, with a barrel hoop, for letting the horse trip.
"The next year, following, I was hired out to the firm of Howeyear and Brown,25 to tend store groceries, meal, etc. One of them was of a religious character, and I was treated very well. Served there twelve months and that was the last of belonging to Dunson, and my first master, Edward Mallery, got me again. He put me into William Mallery's hand, his brother, as if William M. owned me. James B. Gray about the same time bargained with Edward and William. William Mallery gave bill of sale to Gray, in his name.26 This was in December 1839.27 J. B. Gray was a store keeper. I manned his store as a clerk, and did everything but reading and writing. He treated me very badly—as I was knocked and kicked about by him—beaten with a stick and cowhides. About two months before I left he thumped me with his fists about my head several times, for not going to the store early enough. About a month ago as I was returning from my wife, early in morning, half an hour before sunrise—I met him in the market—where he struck me with a stick across my jaw, which bruised the skin, so I had to cover my jaw. He did this because he said it was late. He followed me to store, and ordered me upstairs—beat me with stick across arm and back, fifteen or twenty times. He ordered me to store in Roanoke Square, after beating me with stick, in order to beat me with a cowhide. I would not go. I did not go to Roanoke Square until evening, and he sent for me round to help hoist up meal. Did not say anything about the scrape in morning. He was a very passionate man, and would strike a white man as soon as a colored. He has made all his money by selling liquor to colored people. He has bought stolen goods from colored people. I know this. Mr. Gray knows I know it. I first ran away about two years ago—overtaken before arriving in Baltimore. Gray put me up for auction, but he then bought me in for $750. Treated me same as ever, or with rather more severity as he had a dislike for me. On 4th last month [October] I started to run away again with my wife. I had been saving for some time. I arrived in Boston 7th last month [October]—and on the same day I met William Carpenter, who had lived with Gray as tender in his store. I think he sent word to Gray. He [Carpenter] kept a rum shop in Norfolk. I was married nine months ago [i.e., January]. I have thought frequently of running away even when I was a little boy. I have frequently rolled up my sleeve, and asked—'Can this flesh belong to any man as horses do?' Very few others would stay if they could get away. Some few, however, say they did not wish to leave their masters. I expected if I was carried back, I would beaten and whipped 39 lashes, and perhaps to be washed in pickle afterwards."
Fifty years later, on November 24, 1894, in Lynn, Massachusetts, George Latimer, described as "an oldish man, looking perhaps sixty" but who was really seventy-three years old and "paralysed on one side and carrying a cane," called at the residence of J. W. Hutchinson "to congratulate him on the near completion of the family history" the latter was writing. According to Hutchinson, Latimer "gladly dictated" the following sketch of his life to Hutchinson, whom he had known for more than fifty years.
"I have known John W. Hutchinson since 1842.28 That was the year I came North. I started in September from my home in Norfolk, Virginia. With my wife, also a slave, I secreted myself under the fore-peak of the vessel, we lying on stone ballast in the darkness for nine weary hours. As we lay concealed in the darkness we could peek through the cracks of the partition into the bar-room of the vessel, where men who would have gladly captured us were drinking. When we went aboard the vessel at Frenchtown a man stood in the gangway who was a wholesaler of liquors. He knew me, for my master kept a saloon and was his customer. But I pulled my Quaker hat29 over my eyes and passed him unrecognized. I had purchased a first-class passage and at once went into the cabin and stayed there. Fortunately he did not enter. From Baltimore to Philadelphia I travelled as a gentleman, with my wife as a servant. After that, it being a presumably free country, we travelled as man and wife. I was twenty-one when married. Eleven days after leaving my home I was arrested as a fugitive slave in Boston.30 William Lloyd Garrison was living then, and took great interest in my case.31 I well remember the exciting scenes which finally culminated in the decision of Chief Justice Shaw that my master had a right to reclaim me.32 I recall with gratitude the generous act of Rev. Dr. Caldwell, of the Tremont Temple Baptist Society, who raised the money with which I was redeemed.33 My wife belonged to another master, Mr. DeLacy, and he sent a requisition to take her if I was taken. During my incarceration in Leverett Street jail she was secreted at the house of a friendly Abolitionist on High Street.34 Her whereabouts were never disclosed, and her master made no further trouble after I was released. A short time after this my first child was born, on Newhall Street, in Lynn.35
"Immediately after my release I began to attend anti-slavery conventions and appeal for signatures to the famous "Latimer" petitions, to be presented to the Legislature and to Congress.36 These asked the respective bodies to erase from the statute books every enactment making a distinction on account of complexion, and the enactment of law to protect citizens from insult by alleged arrest. That to the Legislature bore more than" 60,000 names37 and was borne into the Senate on inauguration day on the shoulders of four men. It was presented by Charles Francis Adams. That to Congress was presented by his father, John Quincy Adams, and bore 43,000 names.38 It was at this time I began to see a good deal of the Hutchinson family. I not only knew John but Jesse, Judson, Asa, and Abby. For forty years I did not see Abby. Two years ago she called me, a few months before her death. I did not know her, she had changed so much from the fresh young girl I knew in 1842. The family all did noble work for the cause of the slave. I am now in my seventy-fourth year. For forty-five years I pursued the trade of a paperhanger in Lynn. My days in Virginia seem like a dream to me. I am glad to add these few words in recognition of the services to liberty of the Hutchinson Family, and to speak again my sense of gratitude to those who with them aroused the North in an agitation that made freedom possible for me and mine.
GEORGE W. LATIMER"
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Definitions for quettaˈkwɛt ə
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word quetta
A city in the Balochistan Province of Pakistan and capital of the district by that name.
Quetta is the largest city in, and the provincial capital of, the Balochistan province of Pakistan. Known as the Fruit Garden of Balochistan due to the diversity of its plant and animal wildlife, Quetta is situated at an average elevation of 1,680 meters above sea level, making it Pakistan's only high-altitude major city. The population of the city is between 896,090 and 2.8 million, which makes it the 6th largest city in Pakistan. Sitting in northern Balochistan near the Durand Line border with Afghanistan and close to Kandahar province, Quetta is a trade and communication center between the two countries as well as an important military location which occupies a strategic position for the Pakistani Armed Forces. The city lies on the Bolan Pass route which was once the only gateway to and from South Asia.
The Nuttall Encyclopedia
a strongly fortified town in the N. of Beluchistan, commanding the Bolan Pass, and occupied by a British garrison. It is also a health resort from the temperate climate it enjoys.
The numerical value of quetta in Chaldean Numerology is: 3
The numerical value of quetta in Pythagorean Numerology is: 3
Images & Illustrations of quetta
Translations for quetta
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
Get even more translations for quetta »
Find a translation for the quetta definition in other languages:
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French and Italian | French Morphology
F678 | 25740 | Prof. Julie Auger
Morphology is the study of word structure. In this course, which
introduces morphology from the perspective of the structure of
French, we will be concerned both with basic questions that must be
answered in any theory (such as the elusive definitions of
morpheme and word ) and with the various approaches to
morphology taken within Generative Linguistics in the last 25 years.
Among the questions particular to French that we will investigate
are the structure of verb endings and the role of the paradigm
(inflectional morphology), the status of the feminine desinence
(inflection & derivation), the building up of words from roots and
suffixes or prefixes (derivation, e.g. emploi+eur), the
process of compounding (e.g. la porte-parole, le cessez-le-
feu), the role of clitics (e.g. me, y) in the grammar,
and the "grammaticalization" of certain lexical forms over time.
Because issues in generative morphology interact so crucially with
both syntactic and phonological theory, the course affords an
opportunity for students to solidify their understanding of
generative theory as a whole.
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Tower Of Hanoi
In the great temple of Benares, beneath the dome that marks the centre of the world, rests a brass plate in which are fixed three diamond needles, each a cubit high and as thick as the body of a bee. On one of these needles, at the creation, God placed 64 discs of pure gold, the largest resting on the brass plate, and the others getting smaller up to the top one.
This is the Tower of Bramah. Day and night unceasingly the priests transfer the discs from one diamond needle to another according to the fixed and immutable laws of Bramah, which require that the priest on duty must not move more than one disc at a time and that he must place this disc on a needle so that there is no smaller disc below it.
When the 64 discs have thus been transferred from the needle on which at the creation God placed them to one of the other needles, tower, temple, and Brahmins alike will crumble into dust and with a thunderclap the world will vanish.
This is the story of the Tower Of Hanoi, created by Eduard Lucas under the name of M. Claus in 1883. It is interesting to note that the Brahmin priests would require 264 - 1 moves to complete their task. If they moved one disc per second, all day, every day, the task would take nearly 600 billion years.
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The Daily Almanac : Start each day the smart way!
Jump start every day with Slim Goodbody's Daily Almanac. It's the 365 day educational series that builds character, recalls historic events, finds the world's science extremes, teaches a word a day and provides tips for healthier living for you and the planet! Recommended for grade levels K-5.
Slim Goodbody's Daily Almanac is loaded with high-interest information presented in a lively format that combines music, archival visuals, original artwork, photos and animation.
Each daily program relates to the current day and runs approximately five minutes divided into unique curriculum related segments:
|Episode Segments||Theme Subject|
This Day in History
|Civics and Character|
We the People
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People also participate directly in the community through a wide range of social and other types of groups. In 2010, 63% of people had actively participated in one or more social groups during the last 12 months, 35% in community support groups and 19% in civic and population groups. There was some variation in participation according to age (see graph 4.2). The rate of participation in social groups was between 60% and 65% for all age groups up to 65-74 years, declining to 56% for those aged 75-84 and 47% of those aged 85 years and over. Participation in civic and political groups generally increased with age until the age group 55-64 years where participation peaked at 24% (table 29).
4.2 Active participation in groups in the last 12 months,
The most popular types of social participation that adults took part in were sport and recreation groups (35%), followed by social clubs providing restaurants or bars (20%) and religious or spiritual groups (18%). Sport and recreation groups were the most common form of community participation in the younger age groups, with participation in clubs and religious groups increasing in relative significance for older age groups.
4.3 Types of groups participated in, in the last 12 months,
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From bacterial traps to defective primary cilia to the rapid decline of female fertility, the attendees of the 2011 American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) meeting , held in Denver, Colorado from December 3 to 7, were buzzing with the cutting-edge research in cell biology. Here are some of the highlights of the meeting.
Illuminating the mouth microbiome
Researchers at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, unveiled a new fluorescent labeling technology last Tuesday (December 6) for visualizing in full color the microbial communities found in human dental plaque—a biofilm that develops naturally on teeth. The technology, called combinatorial labeling and spectral imaging (CLASI), overcomes the difficulty of simultaneously analyzing multiple fluorescent tags by using novel "unmixing" algorithms capable of processing more than 20 differentially labeled microbes in a single image. Already, CLASI has revealed that bacteria from the Prevotella and Actinomyces genera are keenest to interact with other bacterial species, suggesting they may play a key role in the production and maintenance of the microbiota in our mouths.
Bacterial septin trap
When the intracellular bacterium Shigella dysenteriae infect a cell, host proteins called septins aggregate in thin fibers and corral the pathogen, researchers led by Pascale Cossart of the Institut Pasteur reported last Sunday (December 4). By trapping Shigella in septin cages, the cell prevents the bacteria from accessing the structural protein actin, which the bacteria use to form tails that propel them around the cell and into neighboring cells. The immobilized microbes are also eventually targeted for degradation. This is a novel role for septins, which are known to function in cell division and cytoskeletal structure.
Ras’s Achilles’ heel
Despite being the most frequently mutated oncogene in human tumors, the ras protein product, first discovered in the early 1980s, has remained an undruggable target. The main obstacle is ras’s compact structure, which has prevented researchers from finding a functional pocket for a drug to bind to. But after analyzing the interaction of ras with a library of 3,300 small-molecule compounds, scientists at Genentech zeroed in on a binding pocket that, when blocked, interferes with ras’s oncogenic activation. The researchers presented their findings at the ASCB meeting on Sunday, December 4.
When cilia go wrong
Over the past five years, defects in primary cilia—microtubular structures that jut out of nearly every vertebrate cell type—have been linked to an ever growing list of diseases collectively known as ciliopathies. The first of these ciliopathies to be discovered was polycystic kidney disease (PKD), a genetic disorder that results in the formation of fluid-filled kidney cysts. Many of the proteins involved in PKD and other cystic diseases localize to the cilia. Experimenting with a vasodilator hormone called relaxin to treat poor blood flow in a PKD rat model, researchers led by Heather Ward at the University of New Mexico found that the hormone not only improved circulation, but also shrunk kidney cysts. A closer look at the rats’ gene expression revealed that relaxin affects the transcription of genes involved in ciliary trafficking, thus making relaxin a promising candidate for PKD treatment.
Meanwhile, down the hall, scientists led by Nicolas F. Berbari from the University of Alabama presented new data from their lab suggesting that mutations in primary cilia may be an important trigger of obesity. Specifically, they found that in a mouse model of Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS)—a rare genetic disease characterized by obesity and malfunctioning cilia—the mutated primary cilia in the hypothalamus are unable to anchor the melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor—an act necessary for the regulation of appetite in normal mice. The results suggest that obesity may be yet another ciliopathy, the researchers said.
Why reproductive cells age faster
In humans, as in biologists’ favorite aging model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans, female fertility declines about halfway through an organism’s lifespan, due to the deterioration of oocyte quality. Signs of general somatic aging, in contrast, seem to kick in much later in life. Working with a C. elegans model of extended lifespan that involves the insulin signaling pathway, Coleen T. Murphy from Princeton University and colleagues found that although both somatic and oocyte aging are intimately tied to insulin regulation, the set of genes involved in the two forms of aging are actually different—suggesting that somatic aging is mechanistically different from reproductive aging. “It seems that maintaining protein and cell quality is the most important component of somatic longevity in worms,” Murphy said in an ASCB press release, “while chromosomal/DNA integrity and cell cycle control are the most critical factors for oocyte health.”
The French-Canadian malady
A team of researchers from Montreal have identified the molecular mechanism behind a rare genetic disorder that commonly affects certain groups of French Canadians. First discovered in the 1970s, autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) has been linked to mutations in the gene known as sacsin, but the detailed mechanisms of ARSACS have remained a mystery. Presenting last Wednesday (December 7), researchers reported that a group of neurons known as Purkinje cells had abnormally shaped and defective mitochondria in sacsin-knockout mice, which resulted in neuronal death. The results suggest that ARSACS is a neurodegenerative disease driven by mitochondrial dysfunction or misplacement.
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Skip to content
Date posted: 21 March 2012
As many as 9 out of ten Aboriginal inmates in Northern Territory (NT) jails suffer significant hearing loss, according to recent research to be published in the Indigenous Law Bulletin.
The research, which tested the hearing of 134 indigenous inmates aged 20 to 60 in jails in Darwin and Alice Springs (13 per cent of the Top End Indigenous prison population), was presented to Deputy Chief Magistrate, Jelena Popovic, and Federal Court judge, Peter Gray, at a meeting of Victorian barristers in early March. Other speakers included Children's Court president, Judge Paul Grant, and Judge John Smallwood, who presides over the County Court Koori list.
The concerning rate of hearing disability in the Aboriginal inmate population was first highlighted in 2010, during a Senate inquiry into the general hearing health of Australians.
The inquiry cites one NT example of a murder conviction involving an Aboriginal man who was later diagnosed as clinically deaf. He had been through the court process using two words, 'good' and 'yes'.
‘Widespread hearing loss among Aboriginal adults arose from endemic childhood ear disease', researcher, Dr Damien Howard said.
‘With hundreds of tribal dialects spoken in remote and regional areas and many accused Indigenous Australians not fluent in English, the poor hearing of Aboriginal adults added to communication woes when they faced police and courts', said National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Legal Services chief executive, Shane Duffy.
‘It becomes a miscarriage of justice when our people fail to understand the language used in the courts,' he said.
Michael Cahill, of the Victorian Criminal Bar Association, said there was ‘a real risk of injustice' when an accused did not understand a trial.
‘There is a real difficulty for lawyers representing indigenous clients because they are often non-responsive and appear not to properly understand information given to them or asked of them,' he said.
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, there were 29,106 adult prisoners in Australia on 30 June 2011; and, of these, more than one-quarter were Indigenous Australians or Torres Strait Islanders.
Source: The Age
Dr Damien Howard
PO Box 793
Nightcliff, Darwin NT 0814
Ph: (08) 8948 4444
Fax: (08) 8948 3838
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A powerful earthquake in the South Pacific generated a tsunami Wednesday that damaged dozens of homes in the Solomon Islands.Please bookmark!
Wave warnings that were issued earlier for distant coasts have been cancelled.
The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center said a tsunami of about a meter (3 feet) was measured in Lata wharf, in the Solomon Islands. The center said a 12-centimeter (4.8-inch) wave was observed in neighboring Vanuatu.
The tsunami formed after an 8.0-magnitude earthquake near Lata in Temotu province, the easternmost province of the Solomons, about a 3-hour flight from the capital, Honiara. The region has a population of around 30,000 people.
In Honiara, the warning prompted residents to flee for higher ground.
Wednesday, February 06, 2013
Tsunami Hits Solomon Islands
From the Detroit Free Press:
Posted by Aurelius
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Now that you’ve gone through an entire season of seed starting, you need to take some time to sit down and review your successes and failures. Taking stock of what worked and what didn’t is an important part of being successful year after year at seed starting. By doing this you’ll learn from your mistakes and hopefully not make them again. It will also help you understand the exact needs of your garden and climate. You’ll also start to develop techniques that work well for you and you’ll start to figure out which methods you prefer.
If you make the extra effort each to experiment with a few types of plants each year, you’ll develop your own successful techniques much quicker. Perhaps you can try germinating a flat of peppers with a seedling heat mat and without, see if it’s worth the extra money to invest in a few heating mats to ensure better germination. You could try direct seeding some onions and starting some in flats indoors to see which option works best in your garden. For example this year I didn’t start my lettuce until February. Now I know, I need to start lettuce in January each year so I have nice seedlings to transplant into the cold frame as early as I can.
Since each area garden is essentially it’s own microclimate you will learn more and more about it each year. You may find that because your garden is sheltered by large trees and you live on top of a hill, this allows you to plant things out a week or two earlier than those that live in low-lying areas nearby. Or you may find that your garden collects cold air and you need to plant a week or two later than those around you. This is a great time to start planning your seed starting calendar for next year so you remember what you want to start earlier or later.
Spending some time thinking about the seed starting season will also help you identify your limits and boundaries. Perhaps moving 15 trays of large plants in and out of cover during weather changes was more work than you are willing to put in. From now on you can start your tomatoes a few weeks later so you only have to move a couple trays of small seedlings. Then you can plant them directly in the garden when the weather is warm. Maybe after a year of seed starting you’ll realize that it’s not for you, that you want to purchase your seedlings at a local greenhouse. If you don’t time to sit down and think about these things after the seed starting season is over you may forget by the time planting season rolls around next spring.
What lessons have you learned throughout your seed starting career be it only 1 season or 60?
The rest of the Seed Starting 101 Series
Why Start from Seed
The Needs of Seeds
Diseases and Problems
Learn More Each Season
Visit my Amazon store to see what seed starting supplies I like.Filed under Seed Sowing | Comments (14)
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Between 2007 and 2009, roughly 7 million Americans lost their long-term and often highly skilled jobs. Many of these workers remain unemployed and those who have found new jobs generally earn substantially less than they did in their previous positions. Recent research suggests that on average, these dislocated workers will lose approximately $112,000 over the remainder of their careers. Therefore as a group, these seasoned workers will lose about $775 billion in lifetime earnings as a consequence of losing their jobs during the Great Recession. In new Hamilton Project research, Michael Greenstone and Adam Looney explore the long-term impacts of the recent recession on American workers. Their findings highlight the importance of directing resources toward successful training programs to help workers build new skills for the jobs of the future. Read full report here.
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Edited: August 31st, 2014
While reading Genesis 33:4 from the Hebrew Bible, I noticed the occurrence of several dots above one of the verbs -- specifically וַיִּשָּׁקֵהוּ "and he kissed him." The addition of these dots above the letters in the Hebrew Text is known as the Punctum Extraordinarium meaning extra ordinary punctuation.
Because the Biblical Text was considered sacred, there was one over arching rule: the consonantal text of the scroll was NEVER altered. The copying process was slow and meticulous. Only a slight number of errors were tolerated and if the occurrence of errors rose above a predetermined threshold, the scroll was destroyed. (This explains in part why the number of textual variants in the Hebrew Bible are so few). Typically, the corrections of the text were done through a system which is now known as qere and ketiv -- two Hebrew words meaning "what is written" and "what is read."
Fifteen times in the entire Hebrew Bible text an additional system is used to signify special attention. In these cases dots are placed over certain letters to indicate to the reader that the text is raised to a level of uniqueness when compared to the surrounding text. On some uses of this extra punctuation only a single letter is marked. On some uses on a couple of letters are marked. On some cases all letters of a word are marked.
Here is a list of the 15 verses which contain Puncta Extraordinaria.
- Genesis 16:5; 18:9; 19:33; 33:4; 37:12
- Numbers 3:39; 9:10; 21:30; 29:15
- Deuteronomy 29:28
- 2 Samuel 19:20
- Isaiah 44:9
- Ezekiel 41:20; 46:22
- Psalms 27:13
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NEPĀLI,1 now the chief language of literature, administration, and general intercourse in the Kingdom of Nepal, has from time to time received various other appellations. These are (1) Gorkhāli, as the language of the Gorkhās (or Gūrkhās) who from their seat about the town of Gorkhā, under their king Prithwi Narain Sah (Pr̥thivī Nārāyaṇ Sāh) in the year 1769, finally made themselves masters of the Valley of Nepal and the present capital Kathmandu; (2) Khas-kurā or 'language of the Khas', to whom may have been due the introduction of this particular form of Indo-Aryan;2 (3) Parbatiyā or 'mountain-language', as opposed to the Newārī of the Valley or the Aryan languages spoken on the Plains of Hindustan.
Nepali belongs to the Indo-Aryan family, that is to say, like most of the other languages of Northern India and of certain outlying parts, 3 it is derived from a form of speech, of which our earliest document is the R̥gveda. This language or group of closely related dialects, which it is convenient to call Sanskrit (a name more strictly speaking proper to the form in which it was later stereotyped and employed for more than a thousand years as the chief literary medium of the whole of India), was brought into that sub-continent by the Aryans, probably during the latter half of the second millennium B.C.
Sanskrit in its turn forms part of a larger group, called Indo-Iranian or Aryan. In this the other member, Iranian, includes among its most ancient forms the language of the Zend Avesta and the Old Persian of the Inscriptions of Darius, and to-day is spoken under different forms from the Caucasus to the Western borders of India, where it appears as Pashto and Baluchi.
Lastly Indo-Iranian was itself derived from an earlier form of speech, which, known to us only from comparison of its descendants, is commonly termed Indo-European or Indo-Germanic. From this Indo-European language are descended also the ancient Tocharian of Chinese Turkestan, the Slavonic and Baltic languages, Armenian, Greek, Italic (with Latin and its modern Romance descendants), Keltic, and Germanic; to which is probably now to be added the ancient pseudo-Hittite.
The proof that Nepali is descended from Sanskrit rests upon the fact that many details of its grammatical structure find their explanation only in the corresponding forms of the earlier language, and that much of its vocabulary, allowing for a regular correspondence of sounds between the two languages, is identical with that of Sanskrit. Thus the opposition between the 2nd singular hos 'thou art' and the 3rd singular ho 'he is' (earlier hoi, as in the negative hoi-na) has its counterpart in Sanskrit bhávasi: bhávati (which became in Prakrit hosi: hoi); or that between 3rd singular ho and 3rd plural hun in Sk. bhávati: bhávanti (Pk. hoi: honti). The present participle jã ̄do 'going' corresponds with the stem of the Sk. present participle yāˊnt-, the past gayo 'went' with Sk. gatá-. In the adjective the masculine termination -o: feminine -i corresponds with Sk. -ako: -ikā (Pk. -ao: -iā). In the pronoun the nominatives jo and ko have oblique forms jas and kas: in Sanskrit these are yó and kó: yásya and kásya. Even more striking is the opposition in the correlative pronoun between nominative só and oblique tas which corresponds exactly with that of Sk. só: tásya.
The etymological notes which follow in the dictionary show that about five thousand of the words there collected are descended from corresponding words in Sanskrit. These words display a quite regular correspondence between the sounds of Nepali and the sounds of Sanskrit: thus words beginning with gh in Sanskrit will, if they survive, begin with gh in Nepali; Sk. ṣṭ = N. ṭh, Sk. rm = N. m, Sk. intervocalic -ṭ- = N. -r-, etc., etc.4
1Sir G. A. Grierson uses the Sanskrit form Naipālī in LSI. 2See Lévi, Le Népal, p. 259; LSI., vol. ix. pt. iv, p. 2 ff. 3The chief of these are Romani (i.e. the Gypsy dialects of Europe, Armenia, and Asia), the Dardic dialects of the Hindu Kush, Kashmiri, Western and Central Pahari, Eastern Pahari (Kumaoni and Nepali), Assamese, Bengali, Oriya, Bihari, Hindi, Panjabi, Lahnda, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Singhalese. 4Examples: Sk. ghr̥tá-: ghiu, gharmá-: ghām; kāṣṭhá-: kāṭh, piṣṭá-: piṭho; kárman-: kām, cárman-: cām; kīṭá-: kiro, caṭaka-: caro, etc., etc.
Whereas the derivation of Nepali from Sanskrit cannot be in dispute, its exact position within the Indo-Aryan family is more open to discussion. With which of the modern Indo-Aryan languages is Nepali most closely allied? Indisputably its nearest relative is its western neighbour Kumaoni, a group of dialects spoken in the British Indian District of Kumaon. And in fact all the Indo-Aryan languages along the southern face of the Himalayas have certain features in common. This is intelligible if these languages were carried into their present habitats by the migration of the Khas (Sk. khaśa-) from their earlier home in the North-West.1
The most reliable linguistic evidence for the original close connection between two dialects of one language lies in the existence in both of common innovations not shared by other members of the whole group. The phonetic changes which differentiate the modern Indo-Aryan languages from Sanskrit are for the most part common to the great majority of them. There is one, however, which is of importance for establishing the earlier connections of Nepali.
In the group nasal + unvoiced consonant, the majority of the Indo-Aryan languages have preserved the consonant unchanged: thus Sk. dánta- becomes Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Gujarati dã ̄t, Oriya dānt, Marathi dāt, Singhalese data. But in one group, that of the North-West, the consonant has been voiced: thus Kashmiri dand, Panjabi dand, Sindhi ḍ ̠andu. This change is shared by nearly all the Pahari languages, and runs into Nepali, e.g. dã ̄de 'harrow', kāmnu 'to tremble' from *kã ̄bnu from Sk. kámpate, kã ̄ṛo 'thorn' from Sk. káṇṭaka-.
At the time when this phonetic change took place we cannot say where exactly those who spoke the dialect which was to become Nepali were situated; but probably they were far to the west of their present home. For the change is comparatively ancient, since it has affected the Gypsy languages.2 The original location of the Khaśas in the North-West would therefore explain their sharing in this change.
Of the other phonetic innovations important for determining early dialectal connections there is not much to be found in Nepali. In its treatment of Sk. kṣ > kh it agrees with Gujarati, Sindhi, Lahnda, Panjabi, Hindi, and the Eastern group: contrary examples with ch < kṣ, as churi 'knife', chār 'ashes' from Sk. kṣurá-, kṣārá- are found as loans with ch in all these languages. In its treatment of the t of r̥t as a dental (subsequently disappearing) it agrees with the same group (except perhaps the Eastern languages): for of the contrary examples, moro 'corpse' (< *maro < maṭaka- < mr̥tá-) occurs in this specialized sense with a cerebral as early as Pali maṭaka- 'corpse' beside mata- 'dead', and māṭo 'earth' < mŕ̥ttikā is found everywhere with a cerebral, except in Marathi and one dialect of West Pahari.
In its treatment of Sk. -īya- > Middle Indian -īa- (as opposed to -ijja-), as in the passive suffix -i-, it agrees with Sindhi, Lahnda, Gujarati, and Hindi.
Nepali appears, then, to have belonged originally to a dialect-group which included the ancestors of Gujarati, Sindhi, Lahnda, Panjabi, and Hindi. In one particular it was closely associated with the most northern and western of these, namely Sindhi, Lahnda, and Panjabi. It is differentiated from the Dardic group (in which kṣ > c̣c̣h and probably r̥t > aṭ or īya > ijja), from Rajasthani (Marwari -īj- < -īya-); from Marathi (in which kṣ > ch > s, and r̥ a, and -īya- > -ijja-); from the southern group, Ardhamagadhi Prakrit and Singhalese (in which r̥t > aṭ); and perhaps from the Eastern, Bengali etc. (in which rt > ṭṭ).
The close resemblance, noted by Grierson,3 of the Pahari languages with the Rajasthani is due rather to the preservation of common original features than to the introduction of common innovations.
But once the speakers of these languages which were carried eastwards along the foothills of the Himalayas had settled in their new homes and had lost touch with their linguistic relatives of the North-West Panjab, their subsequent development was independent. Being brought into close contact with the dialects of the Plains to the south, they shared with them subsequent important sound-changes. Thus whereas in the Panjab the Middle Indian group, short vowel + double consonant, remained unchanged, further east and south the consonant was shortened and the vowel lengthened: Sk. mattá- became Panjabi mattā, but Hindi mātā. This change the ancestor of Nepali now shared (N. māt).
Whereas in the North-West and West (Lahnda, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi) MI. -ṇ- (< Sk. -n- or -ṇ-) remained, in the Centre and East it became -n-: so too in Nepali (though not in the Pahari languages to its west).
1LSI., vol. ix, pt. iv, p. 8. 2Turner, Position of Romani in Indo-Aryan, p. 23 ff. 3LSI., vol. ix, pt. iv, p. 2.
Immediately to the south in East Hindi and Bihari dialects MI. -ḍ- and -ḍḍ- are distinguished as r and ṛ: so too in Nepali.1
The same influence was felt in grammatical innovations of a comparatively late date: thus the genitive affix ko is the same as the Hindi kā.
Despite the fact that Nepal has for long been an independent kingdom, this predominating influence of the language of the Plains has continued, and is even increasing in force. Hindustani, in vocabulary and idiom, is affecting the spoken, as its written form of High Hindi is affecting the written, language -- all the more that the majority of Nepali printed books are either translations from, or imitations of, Hindi works.
Whether when the speakers of Nepali arrived in their present country, there were already spoken there other Indo-Aryan dialects, is not known. But it is at least probable: for Indo-Aryan languages occupied the plains to the south from the time of Aśoka, and intercourse with the Valley, despite the obstacles of jungle and mountain, had been carried on. If there were such an Indo-Aryan language, it was probably closely akin to the ancestor of Bhojpuri and Maithili. The court language of Pāṭan about 1650 B.C. appears to have been of this type.2 We shall see later that a not inconsiderable number of Bihari words are to be found in Nepali.
Open as Nepali has been to the influences, for the most part cultural and literary, of the Indo-Aryan languages to the South, it has been still more exposed to the action of non-Aryan languages, and especially of those belonging to the Tibeto-Burman family. For a great many of those who learnt to speak Nepali had originally as their native tongues Tibeto-Burman or other languages.3
It is possible that Nepali has to some extent been influenced by this, and that certain idioms, as for example the honorific conjugation and the use of the agent postposition with the subject of transitive verbs even in the present, may have been, as suggested by Grierson,4 imported into the language by original Tibeto-Burman speakers. But such influence can be exaggerated; and most of these idioms have parallels elsewhere, and might be explicable within the language itself even if there were no question at all of foreign influence.
It is with the vocabulary that the dictionary is chiefly concerned. Six main streams have contributed to its formation.
1. At its core is the vocabulary it received, through the slow process of linguistic evolution, from the original Sanskrit or Indo-Aryan: the pronouns, the numerals, many adjectives and substantives, especially those expressing concrete ideas, and a large proportion of its verbs. But it by no means follows that, because a given Nepali word is descended from Sanskrit, it has come down, as it were, in the direct line of descent. From the time of the R̥gveda onwards there is ample evidence of the extensive inter-dialectal borrowing that has proceeded in the Indo-Aryan languages. If in Nepali we have kāṭnu 'to cut' < Sk. kártati and kātnu 'to spin' also from a *kartati (cf. Sk. kárttum, kr̥ṇátti), only one can be the legitimate Nepali form: the other (in this case probably kāṭnu) was at some period borrowed from a dialect in which Sk. rt became ṭṭ (and not tt). This must hold good of very large numbers of the Indo-Aryan words in Nepali (as in all the other Indo-Aryan languages); but it is only occasionally that we can glimpse the process. For in the case of most old loanwords from connected dialects any differentiation that existed at the time of borrowing has since been overlaid.
2. In addition to the words received eventually from the period of Indo-European or at least of Indo-Iranian unity, there is a large body of words, common to many of the Indo-Aryan languages, but not traceable to that earlier source. Some of these, of the onomatopoeic type, may have been new creations; but most, without doubt, have
1Festschrift Jacobi, p. 43. 2LSI., vol. ix, pt. iv, p. 17. 3It is possible that some of the native languages of Nepal are of Muṇḍā origin: see Les Langues du Monde, p. 399; LSI., vol. iii, pt. i, pp. 179 ff.; Turner, in The Gurkhas, p. 66. 4LSI., vol. ix, pt. iv, p. 15.
been imported from the languages with which Aryan came into contact. They include notably the names of plants and animals, and of articles hitherto unknown to the invaders. But there are also in this category words of more general import.
Some of these words appear in the oldest Indo-Aryan texts, in the R̥gveda, and especially in a text of more popular character, the Atharvaveda. In subsequent texts, both of Sanskrit and its later forms of Pali and Prakrit, they occur in ever-increasing number.
It is now almost certain that the invading Aryans found established in India at least two other great families of languages, the Muṇḍā (belonging to a larger whole, the Austro-Asiatic) and the Dravidian. The Muṇḍā languages, which survive in certain isolated parts of India to-day,1 were perhaps at one time spread over the whole of Northern and Central India.2 The Dravidian lay to the West and South.
The researches of Przyluski have shown it to be not unlikely that Muṇḍā-speaking populations maintained themselves till a late date in the North-West of India,3 and that the origin of some at least of the non-Indo-European vocabulary of Indo-Aryan is to be sought in the Muṇḍā languages.4
The etymologies, particularly of the words referred to in the Index beginning on p. 657, reveal a certain phonetic peculiarity. They show, from language to language, an interchange of sounds -- dental with cerebral, aspirate with non-aspirate, voiced with unvoiced -- which cannot be accounted for by the normal correspondences of Indo-Aryan. This may indicate the borrowing of words either from languages with sounds unfamiliar to the borrowers -- such, for example, as the unvoiced mediae, which might well be reproduced either as unvoiced or as voiced -- or from different dialects of the same language, in which these correspondences were regular.
3. It has been suggested above that many of the words of Nepali, although derived from a Sanskrit source, have not come down in the direct line of descent, but must at one time or another have been incorporated from other Indo-Aryan dialects. In more recent times Nepali has borrowed a very great number of words from neighbouring Indo-Aryan languages.
The chief source for these has been, and still is, Hindustani. From it have come not only words of common Indo-Aryan origin (as, e.g., ghoṛā 'horse' from Sk. ghoṭaka-, which in Nepali would have had the form *ghoro, or paṛnu 'to read' from Sk. páṭhati, beside parnu, the form proper to Nepali, but confused with parnu 'to fall'); but also a very great number of words -- substantives, adjectives, and adverbs -- which Hindustani itself has received from Persian or from Arabic through the medium of Persian. One class in particular, that of legal terms, belongs here.
A smaller number of words in Nepali have forms proper to the East Hindi and Bihari dialects immediately to the South. Those which contain an original Sanskrit intervocalic -l- are most easily identified as loans of this sort. For Sk. -l- remains unchanged in Nepali, but becomes r in East Hindi and Bihari dialects. Thus hori beside holi, barad 'ox' < Sk. balivarda- (H. B. balad), hardi beside haldi, haris 'beam of plough' < Sk. halīṣā (L. haleh, M. haḷas), and in general a considerable number of agricultural terms.
4. The existence in the country of many Tibeto-Burman languages, one of which, Newari, produced a considerable literature in the Valley of Nepal, added to the fact that a large proportion of Nepali-speakers originally used these other languages, might at first sight make it probable that Nepali should have borrowed largely from the vocabulary of these languages (it has already been shown that the idiom was perhaps influenced by them). But in fact the number of words of Tibeto-Burman origin appears to be small, and to be confined almost entirely to names of specific objects. This is in accordance with general linguistic experience.5
5. A certain number of English words have been, and are being, adopted. They are brought in both by the literate classes either directly or through the medium of Hindustani, and by the soldiers recruited for the Gurkha regiments of the Indian Army.
1LSI., vol. iv, p. 7. 2S. Lévi, J A. 203, p. 56; J. Przyluski, J A. 208, p. 53. 3J A. 1926, p. 54. 4MSL. 1921, p. 208; BSL. 1922, p. 119, 1924, p. 69. 5Speaking at the Seventeenth International Congress of Orientalists in Oxford in 1928 Professor H. Lüders noted the observation he had made on Gurkha prisoners of war in Germany that, whereas Nepalese speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages used large numbers of Indo-Aryan (Nepali) words, the converse was not true.
6. Finally, the greatest source of borrowing, as with all the modern Indo-Aryan languages spoken by Hindu populations, has been Sanskrit itself. Such borrowing has without doubt proceeded in these languages from the earliest times when Sanskrit had acquired prestige as the language of culture and was preserved as such in an archaic form, differentiated in ever increasing measure from the languages to which it had given birth. Some of the earlier borrowings of this sort have in their subsequent evolution lost all trace of their borrowing; and many words which as far as their sounds are concerned might be inherited in unbroken transmission, may in actual fact have been borrowed from Sanskrit. Even when the inherited word exists or existed, there has been a tendency to replace it with the equivalent Sanskrit word, to use which is a mark of culture. Such loanwords may appear either in their complete Sanskrit form (losing only in certain cases a final short -a of the Sanskrit stem) or, when widely used by all classes, may have been made to conform to the general phonetic system of Nepali. Thus the forms vidyā and bidde, or the words saṁtoṣaṇā and santok are equally loans from Sanskrit; but the former in each case is confined to learned circles, who may be presumed to have some knowledge of Sanskrit, while the latter is used by the people generally. In some cases, where phonetically both the borrowed and the inherited word would have the same form, it is difficult to make a decision. Are the words dos 'fault' and ban 'forest' inherited or borrowed from Sanskrit? Sometimes light may be gained from comparison with other modern Indo-Aryan languages. In this case, for example, the Sindhi forms (and, in one case, the meaning) -- ḍ ̠ohu 'fault' and vaṇu 'tree' -- show them to be inherited in that language.
The two main channels for the entry of borrowed Sanskrit words into Nepali have been literature and religion. Sanskrit is the one inexhaustible source for all words of a learned character. The translations of works like the Rāmāyaṇa and the Mahābhārata, which are filled with Sanskrit loanwords of this sort and are freely read and recited, have greatly helped to popularize large numbers of these borrowings.
In the etymological notes, which are included in square brackets at the end of the articles in the dictionary, the words borrowed from Sanskrit are clearly distinguished from those inherited or descended from Sanskrit.
A borrowed word is indicated always by the letters lw. (loanword) followed by the Sanskrit word from which it is borrowed.
For an inherited word first is given the Sanskrit word from which it is derived, then such Middle Indian forms (Pali, Prakrit, etc.) as can be ascertained, and lastly, following always the same order,1 cognate forms from the other modern Indo-Aryan languages. In some cases only a Middle Indian form can be given (and even when a Sanskrit word is quoted it may often be only a late sanskritization of a Middle Indian word). In other cases no ancient form at all may be available, but only cognate forms from other modern languages. With words of this class it has sometimes seemed advisable to reconstruct, from what is known of the phonological equations of Indo-Aryan, a hypothetical form which may carry the history of the word in question a little further back, and perhaps enable some other investigator to establish its origin from another source.
As has been indicated, many Nepali words are borrowed from Indo-Aryan languages other than Sanskrit, especially from Hindustani. When the borrowing is clear, in this case also it is indicated by the letters lw.; and if the Hindustani (or other) word from which it is borrowed is itself of Indo-Aryan origin, notes on its etymology follow as in the case of original Nepali words.
But if it, in its turn, has been borrowed from some non-Indo-Aryan source, usually that source is simply stated without further discussion of its original form. Thus under muluk the statement '[lw. H. mulk fr. Ar.]' indicates that this word has been borrowed from Hindustani mulk, which in its turn has been borrowed from Arabic. Such loanwords from Hindustani, which have their ultimate origin in Persian or Arabic, are very numerous.
The Devanāgarī alphabet, as finally developed for writing Sanskrit, was admirably phonetic. Its chief weakness was the principle by which, unless otherwise indicated, the vowel a was always understood with each consonant. This led to the clumsy and often intricate use of conjunct consonants. For a consonant could be written by itself, without
1This order will be found on p. 655 and is followed in the indexes.
any following vowel, only if it were attached to a following consonant, or were marked with the virām (Sanskrit virāma-), an oblique stroke placed below the consonant-symbol. In practice the former method was followed wherever possible. Nevertheless, despite this drawback, Sanskrit was in this way written approximately as it was pronounced.
As in other countries, earlier generations were less conservative in their spelling than those of to-day; and spelling, even if it lagged somewhat behind, was in general changed to meet changed pronunciation. For the most part the medieval forms of the Indo-Aryan languages were, when written in Devanāgarī, phonetically spelt. A Sanskrit word हस्तो hasto, which in course of time had become, say, in Hindi hātha, was spelt हाथ, or an earlier (Prakrit) sarantao, which had become saratā, was spelt सरता. But, this stage reached, spelling became much more conservative. One of the most important phonetic changes, differentiating the modern Indo-Aryan languages from the medieval, has been the loss of short vowels in the final position or in the interior (especially in this case short a) between consonants. Thus, in Hindi, hātha has become hāth in pronunciation, but it is still written हाथ, i.e. hātha, not हाथ्; saratā has become sartā, but it is still written सरता, i.e. saratā, not सर्ता or सर्ता.
Nepali, however, because it had not, like Hindi, a long literary tradition behind it, was less conservative. For more than a hundred years use has been made of the more simple conjunct consonants for writing real Nepali words: thus spellings like सर्दा, बोल्दा, भान्सा for sardā, boldā, bhānsā (from earlier saradā, boladā, bhānasā) are frequent. The virām was used both in the interior of words in avoiding awkward combinations of letters, and finally. Thus सन्कु or सक्नु saknu, छन् chan, हुन् hun, हवस् hawas, etc., etc.
In the final position, however, the use of the virām is generally confined to verbal forms. The reason is this: whereas very few verbs are borrowed from Sanskrit, innumerable nouns are. The Nepali verbs therefore have in writing been free from the clogging conservatism of Sanskrit spelling. On the other hand a noun borrowed from a Sanskrit noun ending in -a (such as sthāna-), although in Nepali the final -a is no longer pronounced, is still usually written as in Sanskrit, that is to say with final -a (i.e. स्थान, sthāna, not स्थान् sthān, as actually pronounced). This principle has been extended to inherited Nepali nouns; and generally, for example, हात (i.e. hāta) is written for hāt. This has the added inconvenience that both forms -- hāt and hāta -- which may have different signification (see, for example, s.v. hāt) exist, without being distinguished in the current form of writing.
The first to break free from this conservative tradition was A. Turnbull, who in his grammar employed the virām whenever a word, whether verb or noun, did in pronunciation end in a consonant; and he rightly used it not only with inherited but also with Sanskrit loanwords, when so pronounced, writing, e.g., स्थान् sthān, but अन्त anta.
This is the principle that I have adopted throughout the dictionary. In the middle of the word I have used the simplest forms of conjunct consonants1 and the virām where such are not available; at the end of the word the virām is always used.
It is this practice more than any other that the Sanskrit-educated reader will find repugnant. But let him consider that we are writing Nepali, not Sanskrit; and that Nepali is a language worthy to possess its own system of spelling.
As in Bengali, and perhaps in Gujarati, there is in spoken Nepali no longer any distinction of quantity or quality between long ī and short i, or between long ū and short u. i represents equally Sanskrit i, i before two or more consonants, and ī. So too with u. There is no difference in actual pronunciation between uni 'they' (from older unhi) and uni 'woollen' (from older ūnī). There is in consequence, as in Bengali and Gujarati, much hesitation in the use of the long and short forms in writing. Of late years there has been a certain tendency to write the short forms in the interior of words, the long when they are final. But there is no justification for such a practice. And since there is no distinction in pronunciation I have uniformly used the short forms.
The only exception to this has been in the case of words borrowed from Sanskrit which are, as far as I could ascertain, at present used only in learned circles. If the Sanskrit word, however, has been thoroughly adopted, I have used the short vowel, because, however shocking it may be to the Sanskrit scholar, it is actually so pronounced in Nepali. Thus git or gid and bhut are loanwords from Sk. gīta-, bhūta-.
Intervocalic -h-, being no longer generally pronounced, has been omitted in writing, except in certain cases in which, forming a syllabic boundary between two similar vowels, it is still pronounced.
1See the note at the end of the Introduction on p. xix.
Similarly r and ṛ are written for rh and ṛh, in which the aspirate is no longer to be heard.
Under certain conditions, especially in the final syllable, an earlier yā has become e. Thus गनर्या garnyā has become garne, and is quite generally so written (or by Turnbull as ye). I have in such cases chosen the more
Similarly ya has become ε (open e). This is sometimes written ए e, but inaccurately. Since there is no symbol for ε, I have retained the spelling य ya, which always has this new value except initially. I have chosen therefore the spelling त्यस् tyas, not तेस् tes.
It is a frequent, if slipshod, practice to write anuswār (Sk. anusvāra-) instead of the appropriate nasal consonant in front of another consonant: thus अंत aṁta for अन्त anta. Here in all cases the nasal consonant has been written in full.
A vowel preceding or following a nasal is usually nasalized. This is sometimes indicated by writing the anunāsik (candrabindu) ँ or ¨ (and Turnbull followed this practice, writing दिंनु dĩnu, मां mã ̄, etc.); but it is often omitted. And since in this position the vowel is always nasalized, I have omitted it in writing: thus दिनु, म, मा, मास्, which can only be pronounced as dĩnu, mã, mã ̄, mã ̄s. In all other cases nasalization has been indicated by the anunāsik ँ written over the nasalized vowel. Only in the case of two vowels, either of which or both may apparently be nasalized, has it normally been written only over the second: thus आउँ āũ (which may also be pronounced ã ̄u or even ã ̄ũ).
It is probable that when a nasalized vowel is followed by a voiced consonant a full nasal consonant is developed after the vowel: thus dã ̄de is pronounced dã ̄nde, as opposed to dã ̄t which remains unchanged. In some words, e.g. sambhārnu, the nasal consonant has been written. But this knowledge came to me at a time when it was no longer possible to test the pronunciation by personal experiment. Consequently the dictionary will show some confusion in these spellings.
Greater difficulty was felt in deciding the spelling of words borrowed from Sanskrit (tatsamas). It has already been indicated that where the final -a is not pronounced, it is not in this dictionary written, the final consonant being given the virām. But popular pronunciation has considerably altered also the body of the word, especially in regard to certain combinations of consonants. Thus, for example, initial v- is pronounced b-, kṣ is pronounced ch or cch, ṣ (ष) is pronounced kh or k, jñ is pronounced gy or gg, r̥ is pronounced ri or ir, and so on. In these cases I have freely deserted the Sanskrit spelling, and adopted one phonetically representing the actual pronunciation of an ordinary educated man. Thus I spell bidyā, not vidyā; santok, not saṁtoṣ; chetri, not kṣatriya; āgyā, not ājñā; kirpā, t kr̥pā. Such spellings are frequent in Nepali works; nevertheless in a dictionary they may horrify the learned. Once again, let these reflect that this is a dictionary not of Sanskrit, but of Nepali. In the case of words still confined to purely learned circles, I have, as in the matter of long ī and ū, preserved the Sanskrit spelling, with the exception of adding the virām where necessary.
In most cases variant or learned spellings are included in the dictionary in their appropriate place, with references to that which is considered preferable and under which the meaning is given.
Lest I be accused of wanton innovation, let it be noted that no new spelling has been invented: only out of those varying systems already found in use has been chosen that which most nearly represents in writing the actual pronunciation of the spoken word. That is the aim of writing; and in so far as it moves away from that, it fails in its purpose.
The general adoption of the system of spelling advocated in this dictionary would, without any violent break with tradition, give Nepali a practical and phonetic system of spelling and would lessen the difficulties of teaching children and others to read and write.
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Stay Organized Using Countifs
Tutorials Shared by the Internet Community
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Category - MS Excel/Functions
Submitted By - Donna Johnson
Submitted on - 2013-03-20 22:12:27
Have you ever been faced with the task of keeping a running tally of items that may have a change in status over time? Here is a scenario: Let’s say your company has implemented a policy that requires all employees to attend a training session on safety and then to pass the safety exam that follows. Let’s say that employees are expected to attend the required training session, which will be offered over a five-month period during the year. Additionally, the exam must be taken and passed by the end of the calendar year.
If your company has different departments and wants to see how many people have attended one of the training sessions and also wants to find out how many people from the various departments have passed the exam, someone will need to go through the data periodically and determine who has attended by department and who has passed by department. This is not hard to do if you have a few employees, but let’s say there are over 200 people who work in the company, and remember they work in different departments! So much for tick marks!
The COUNTIFS function can let you look at multiple conditions at once. If you want to determine (1) who has attended by department and (2) who has actually passed the exam by department, the COUNTIFS (not to be confused with the COUNTIF function, which only looks at one condition) can be a life saver if you have large amounts of data to analyze.
For this scenario, we would have first name in column A, last name in column B, department in column C, date attended safety session in column D, and a “Yes” in column E if the test was passed. For this example, we used 27 rows, with our data in each column in rows 2 through 27. In an area below the data, (row 31) you would have the departments listed in a column with a space in the next column where you would put the count for each.
You would use the following formula in the cell next to the HR department: =COUNTIFS($C$2:$C$27,”HR”,$E$2:$E$27,”Yes”). The formula would do a count only if the employee had attended the class and completed the exam. You could follow up with a simple division to do the percentage in the next cell, too.
However, there are two important guidelines that must be observed-(1) the ranges you are examining must be consistent in terms of the way data is entered, e.g., use the same case and wording-if you use HR once, then be consistent and type the same wording for this item-don’t type “Hr” or “hr” the next time; (2) the Criteria Ranges should be made absolute ranges, e.g., $C$3:$C$350 or the ranges should be given specific names so they remain constant when copied.
You will find as you update your data-in this example the date a session was attended and if a person passed the exam, you can get your updated information by totals for each department.
Now go COUNT something! More detail...
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Definition of Right hepatic duct
Right hepatic duct: The duct that drains bile from the right half of the liver and joins the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct.
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List
Need help identifying pills and medications?
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WINNIPEG — A U.S. plan to cut carbon dioxide emissions at power plants by as much as 30 per cent could be a boon to Manitoba Hydro, the province says.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency said Monday existing power plants are the largest source of the U.S.’s greenhouse gas emissions at 38 per cent, with much of it coming from aging, coal-fired power plants.
The minister responsible for Manitoba Hydro said the EPA proposal is “a golden opportunity” for Hydro, which already has a number of firm power export contracts with utilities in Minnesota and Wisconsin.
“We intend to make the most of this for Manitobans,” Stan Struthers said Monday.
Minnesota Power will buy 250 megawatts of hydropower from Hydro beginning in 2020 and will achieve an energy mix of one-third renewable from hydro and wind, one-third from natural gas and one-third from coal by 2025.
Hydro wants to begin construction on its newest generating station, Keeyask, this summer and build a new transmission line into Minnesota by 2020. A decision on the next dam, Conawapa, isn’t needed for four years.
The EPA wants each state to design its own plan to meet emission targets for power plants, which could include plant upgrades, switching from coal to natural gas, more energy efficiency and using more renewable energy like wind, solar and hydro.
It’s predicted the EPA push will see several older coal plants in the U.S. Midwest close, opening the door for Hydro to export more power.
» Winnipeg Free Press
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Soy products like tempeh, tofu, and edamame are an affordable part of an optimal diet, and are included in the USDA dietary guidelines. Soy provides protein and magnesium, and arginine (which may stimulate fat-burning). This may help explain why soy may suppress fat storage, preventing increases in abdominal fat.
Soy is the #1 source of isoflavones and may provide protection against ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma, and breast cancer – starting in childhood as well as prolonging breast cancer survival. Soy food intake also helps inhibit the enzyme TOR, which may increase cancer risk.
Soy products appear to help lower cholesterol (though not as much as other beans), which is why a soy-based Atkins diet does not have the same adverse impact. Soy ”bacon” does not appear to emit carcinogens when cooked, unlike regular bacon. Soy protein may be better for our kidneys than animal protein, and contains low amounts of the amino acid methionine, which may improve our lifespan.
Soy consumption may also be good for lung health as it may reduce allergy risk, prevent and improve asthma symptoms, and protect against COPD. Soy may also prevent and improve osteoarthritis symptoms, protect against skin wrinkles, and has been associated with lower risk of depression.
Phytoestrogen intake through soy consumption in menopausal adult women may help to reduce hot flashes, while for young girls it may help delay the onset of premature menarche and puberty. Soy foods do not reduce male fertility.
Soymilk, like cow’s milk, may interfere with the benefits of tea such as chai. But as long as it’s shaken, it can provide the same amount of calcium as cow’s milk. Soymilk also has twice the antioxidant content than that of cow’s milk.
To maintain the low IGF-1 levels associated with a plant-based diet, one should probably eat no more than 3-5 servings of soy foods a day, as high IGF-1 levels have been associated with increased cancer risk.
Soy is one of the largest crops in America, and has been subsidized to make cheap animal feed. Most of the soy grown is GMO, but, so far, there is limited data suggesting eating GMO soy is harmful to human health. Research on human placental tissue, though, does suggest pesticides on GMO soy may have toxic effects, and GMO soybeans are known to have more pesticide residues than conventional and organic soybeans.
Topic summary contributed by Randy.
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Neurodegeneration is the main feature for the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including degeneration of neurons. Examples of neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s disease. Neurodegenerative diseases are incurable and debilitating conditions that result in progressive degeneration and / or death of nerve cells. This causes problems with movement (called ataxias), or mental functioning (called dementias).
Related Journals of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Brain Disorders Journal, Neuroinfectious Diseases, Neurological Disorders Journal, NeurologyJournal, Neurophysiology Journal, Neurosciences Journal,Neurodegenerative Diseases, Journal of Neurodegenerative Diseases, American Journal of Neurodegenerative Disease, Neurodegenerative Diseases Journal, Neurodegenerative Disease Management, Molecular Neurodegeneration
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Jolly Old Saint Nick they call him. Belly shakes like a bowl full of jelly. He gives presents to children all over the world, but did you ever wonder how he got to be Santa Claus?
Groundbreaking evidence, in the form of ancient parchments, has just been discovered in the North Pole region dating Santa Claus back to the beginnings of civilization. These are now considered the oldest manuscripts known to mankind. They are instruction manuals on how to make thousands of different presents, all current to the popular gifts of the time. Several of these parchments were found all throughout different regions in the North Pole dating back to every single century where mankind has been in existence.
The curious thing is that all are in the same handwriting with the grammar of the century it is from. Carbon-14 dating and expert scientists reveal that these are in fact real documents, all signed Santa Claus.
The greatest discovery is a parchment describing how Santa came to be. Santa Claus is apparently a fallen angel who unlike the devil, wanted to redeem himself after falling. His brother is the devil but Santa refuses to give up hope and hopes to one day enter heaven again.
Until then, he is stuck in the purgatory of making children all over the world happy every year by personally making them their presents and punishing the bad children by not making them any. He does not have little elves as helpers. No, it's just him in an eternity of purgatory slaving all alone.
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