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-3064086919220674644	when did the great plague of london start and end	[ "1665 to 1666", "1665 to 1666", "1665 to 1666", "1665", "1666", "from 1665 to 1666" ]	{ "0": "Great plague of London - wikipedia Great plague of London Jump to : navigation , search Collecting the dead for burial during the Great Plague The Great Plague , lasting from 1665 to 1666 , was the last major epidemic of the bubonic plague to occur in England . It happened within the centuries - long time period of the Second Pandemic , an extended period of intermittent bubonic plague epidemics which began in Europe in 1347 , the first year of the Black Death , an outbreak which included other forms such as pneumonic plague , and lasted until 1750 . The Great Plague killed an estimated 100,000 people -- almost a quarter of London 's population -- in 18 months . The plague was caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium , which is usually transmitted through the bite of an infected rat flea . The 1665 -- 66 epidemic was on a far smaller scale than the earlier Black Death pandemic ; it was remembered afterwards as the `` great '' plague mainly because it was the last widespread outbreak of bubonic plague in England during the 400 - year timespan of the Second Pandemic . Contents ( hide ) 1 London in 1665 2 The recording of deaths 3 Preventative measures 4 Outbreak 4.1 Early days 4.2 Exodus from the city 4.3 Height of the epidemic 5 Aftermath 6 Impact 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links London in 1665 ( edit ) Map of London by Wenceslas Hollar , c. 1665 As in other European cities of the period , the plague was endemic in 17th century London . The disease periodically erupted into massive epidemics . There were 30,000 deaths due to the plague in 1603 , 35,000 in 1625 , and 10,000 in 1636 , as well as smaller numbers in other years . During the winter of 1664 , a bright comet was to be seen in the sky and the people of London were fearful , wondering what evil event it portended . London at that time consisted of a city of about 448 acres surrounded by a city wall , which had originally been built to keep out raiding bands .", "1": "There were gates at Ludgate , Newgate , Aldersgate , Cripplegate , Moorgate and Bishopsgate and to the south lay the River Thames and London Bridge . In the poorer parts of the city , hygiene was impossible to maintain in the overcrowded tenements and garrets . There was no sanitation , and open drains flowed along the centre of winding streets . The cobbles were slippery with animal dung , rubbish and the slops thrown out of the houses , muddy and buzzing with flies in summer and awash with sewage in winter . The City Corporation employed `` rakers '' to remove the worst of the filth and it was transported to mounds outside the walls where it accumulated and continued to decompose . The stench was overwhelming and people walked around with handkerchiefs or nosegays pressed against their nostrils . Some of the city 's necessities such as coal arrived by barge , but most came by road . Carts , carriages , horses and pedestrians were crowded together and the gateways in the wall formed bottlenecks through which it was difficult to progress . The nineteen - arch London Bridge was even more congested . The better - off used hackney carriages and sedan chairs to get to their destinations without getting filthy . The poor walked , and might be splashed by the wheeled vehicles and drenched by slops being thrown out and water falling from the overhanging roofs . Another hazard was the choking black smoke belching forth from factories which made soap , from breweries and iron smelters and from about 15,000 houses burning coal . Outside the city walls , suburbs had sprung up providing homes for the craftsmen and tradespeople who flocked to the already overcrowded city . These were shanty towns with wooden shacks and no sanitation . The government had tried to control this development but had failed and over a quarter of a million people lived here . Other immigrants had taken over fine town houses , vacated by Royalists who had fled the country during the Commonwealth , converting them into tenements with different families in every room . These properties were soon vandalised and became rat - infested slums . Administration of the City of London was organised by the Lord Mayor , Aldermen and common councillors , but not all of the inhabited area generally comprising London was legally part of the City .", "2": "Both inside the City and outside its boundaries there were also Liberties , which were areas of varying sizes which historically had been granted rights to self - government . Many had been associated with religious institutions , and when these were abolished in the Dissolution of the Monasteries , their historic rights were transferred along with their property to new owners . The walled City was surrounded by a ring of Liberties which had come under its authority , contemporarily called ' the City and Liberties ' , but these were surrounded by further suburbs with varying administrations . Westminster was an independent town with its own liberties , although it was joined to London by urban development . The Tower of London was an independent liberty , as were others . Areas north of the river not part of one of these administrations came under the authority of the county of Middlesex , and south of the river under Surrey . The `` Woodcut '' map of London , dating from the 1560s At that time , bubonic plague was a much feared disease but its cause was not understood . The credulous blamed emanations from the earth , `` pestilential effluviums '' , unusual weather , sickness in livestock , abnormal behaviour of animals or an increase in the numbers of moles , frogs , mice or flies . It was not until 1894 that the identification by Alexandre Yersin of its causal agent Yersinia pestis was made and the transmission of the bacterium by rat fleas became known . Although the Great Plague in London had long been believed to be bubonic plague caused by Yersinia pestis , this was only definitively confirmed by DNA analysis in 2016 . The recording of deaths ( edit ) In order to judge the severity of an epidemic , it is first necessary to know how big the population was in which it occurred . There was no official census of the population to provide this figure , and the best contemporary count comes from the work of John Graunt ( 1620 -- 1674 ) , who was one of the earliest Fellows of the Royal Society and one of the first demographers , bringing a scientific approach to the collection of statistics . In 1662 , he estimated that 384,000 people lived in the City of London , the Liberties , Westminster and the out - parishes , based on figures in the bills of mortality published each week in the capital .", "3": "These different districts with different administrations constituted the officially recognised extent of London as a whole . In 1665 , he revised his estimate to ' not above 460,000 ' . Other contemporaries put the figure higher , ( the French Ambassador , for example , suggested 600,000 ) but with no mathematical basis to support their estimates . The next largest city in the kingdom was Norwich , with a population of 30,000 . Infected Oriental rat flea . Yersinia pestis bacteria appear as a dark mass in the gut . The bacteria block the flea 's digestive system , leaving it hungry but unable to eat . Instead , when it tries to feed , it regurgitates Yersinia into the wound . There was no duty to report a death to anyone in authority . Instead , each parish appointed two or more ' searchers of the dead ' , whose duty was to inspect a corpse and determine the cause of death . A searcher was entitled to charge a small fee from relatives for each death they reported , and so habitually the parish would appoint someone to the post who would otherwise be destitute and would be receiving support from the parish poor rate . Typically , this meant searchers would be old women who were illiterate , might know little about identifying diseases and who would be open to dishonesty . Searchers would typically learn about a death either from the local sexton who had been asked to dig a grave , or from the tolling of a church bell . Anyone who did not report a death to their local church , such as Quakers , Anabaptists , other non-Anglican Christians or Jews , frequently did not get included in the official records . Searchers during times of plague were required to live apart from the community and stay indoors except when performing their duties , for fear of spreading the diseases . Outside they should avoid other people and always carry a white stick to warn of their occupation . Searchers reported to the Parish Clerk , who made a return each week to the Company of Parish Clerks in Brode Lane . Figures were then passed to the Lord Mayor and then to the Minister of State once plague became a matter of national concern . The reported figures were used to compile the Bills of Mortality , which listed total deaths in each parish and whether by plague .", "4": "The system of Searchers to report the cause of death continued until 1836 . Graunt recorded the incompetence of the Searchers at identifying true causes of death , remarking on the frequent recording of ' consumption ' rather than other diseases which were recognised then by physicians . He suggested a cup of ale and a doubling of their fee to two groats rather than one was sufficient for Searchers to change the cause of death to one more convenient for the householders . No one wished to be known as having had a death by plague in their household , and Parish Clerks , too , connived in covering up cases of plague in their official returns . Analysis of the Bills of Mortality during the months plague took hold shows a rise in deaths other than by plague well above the average death rate , which has been attributed to misrepresentation of the true cause of death . As plague spread , a system of quarantine was introduced , whereby any house where someone had died from plague would be locked up and no one allowed to enter or leave for 40 days . This frequently led to the deaths of the other inhabitants , by neglect if not from plague , and provided ample incentive not to report the disease . The official returns record 68,596 cases of plague , but a reasonable estimate suggests this figure is 30,000 short of the true total . A plague house was marked with a red cross on the door with the words `` Lord have mercy upon us '' , and a watchman stood guard outside . Preventative measures ( edit ) Reports of plague around Europe began to reach England in the 1660s , causing the Privy Council to consider what steps might be taken to prevent it crossing to England . Quarantining of ships had been used during previous outbreaks and was again introduced for ships coming to London in November 1663 , following outbreaks in Amsterdam and Hamburg . Two naval ships were assigned to intercept any vessels entering the Thames estuary . Ships from infected ports were required to moor at Hole Haven on Canvey Island for a period of 30 days before being allowed to travel upriver . Ships from ports free of plague or completing their quarantine were given a certificate of health and allowed to travel on . A second inspection line was established between the forts on opposite banks of the Thames at Tilbury and Gravesend with instructions only to pass ships with a certificate .", "5": "The duration of quarantine was increased to forty days in May 1664 as the continental plague worsened , and the areas subject to quarantine changed with the news of the spread of plague to include all of Holland , Zeeland and Friesland ( all regions of the Dutch Republic ) , although restrictions on Hamburg were removed in November . Quarantine measures against ships coming from the Dutch Republic were put in place in 29 other ports from May , commencing with Great Yarmouth . The Dutch ambassador objected at the constraint of trade with his country , but England responded that it had been one of the last countries introducing such restrictions . Regulations were enforced quite strictly , so that people or houses where voyagers had come ashore without serving their quarantine were also subjected to 40 days quarantine . Outbreak ( edit ) Plague was one of the hazards of life in Britain from its dramatic appearance in 1347 with the Black Death . The Bills of Mortality began to be published regularly in 1603 , in which year 33,347 deaths were recorded from plague . Between then and 1665 , only four years had no recorded cases . In 1563 , a thousand people were reportedly dying in London each week . In 1593 , there were 15,003 deaths , 1625 saw 41,313 dead , between 1640 and 1646 came 11,000 deaths , culminating in 3,597 for 1647 . The 1625 outbreak was recorded at the time as the ' Great Plague ' , until 1665 surpassed it . These official figures are likely to under - report actual numbers . Early days ( edit ) Rattus rattus , the Black Rat . Smaller than the Norwegian rat , which later supplanted it , it is also keener to live near to humankind . Timber houses and overcrowded slums provided great homes . The link between the rat as reservoir of infection and host to fleas which could transfer to man was not understood . Efforts were made to eliminate cats and dogs but not rats . If anything , this encouraged the rats .", "6": "Although plague was known , it was still sufficiently uncommon that medical practitioners might have had no personal experience of seeing the disease ; medical training varied from those who had attended the college of physicians , to apothecaries who also acted as modern doctors , to simple charlatans . Other diseases abounded , such as an outbreak of smallpox the year before , and these uncertainties all added to difficulties identifying the true start of the epidemic . Contemporary accounts suggest cases of plague occurred through the winter of 1664 / 5 , some of which were fatal but a number of which did not display the virulence of the later epidemic . The winter was cold , the ground frozen from December to March , river traffic on the Thames twice blocked by ice , and it may be that the cold weather held back its spread . This outbreak of bubonic plague in England is thought to have spread from the Netherlands , where the disease had been occurring intermittently since 1599 . It is unclear exactly where the disease first struck but the initial contagion may have arrived with Dutch trading ships carrying bales of cotton from Amsterdam , which was ravaged by the disease in 1663 -- 1664 , with a mortality given of 50,000 . The first areas to be struck are believed to be the dock areas just outside London , and the parish of St Giles in the Fields . In both of these localities , poor workers were crowded into ill - kept structures . Two suspicious deaths were recorded in St. Giles parish in December 1664 and another in February 1665 . These did not appear as plague deaths on the Bills of Mortality , so no control measures were taken by the authorities , but the total number of people dying in London during the first four months of 1665 showed a marked increase . By the end of April , only four plague deaths had been recorded , two in the parish of St. Giles , but total deaths per week had risen from around 290 to 398 . Although there had been only three official cases in April , which level of plague in earlier years had not induced any official response , the Privy Council now acted to introduce household quarantine . Justices of the Peace in Middlesex were instructed to investigate any suspected cases and to shut up the house if it was confirmed . Shortly after , a similar order was issued by the King 's Bench to the City and Liberties .", "7": "A riot broke out in St. Giles when the first house was sealed up ; the crowd broke down the door and released the inhabitants . Rioters caught were punished severely . Instructions were given to build pest - houses , which were essentially isolation hospitals built away from other people where the sick could be cared for ( or stay until they died ) . This official activity suggests that despite the few recorded cases , the government was already aware that this was a serious outbreak of plague . With the arrival of warmer weather , the disease began to take a firmer hold . In the week 2 -- 9 May , there were three recorded deaths in the parish of St Giles , four in neighbouring St Clement Danes and one each in St Andrew , Holborn and St Mary Woolchurch Haw . Only the last was actually inside the city walls . A Privy Council committee was formed to investigate methods to best prevent the spread of plague , and measures were introduced to close some of the ale houses in affected areas and limit the number of lodgers allowed in a household . In the city , the Lord Mayor issued a proclamation that all householders must diligently clean the streets outside their property , which was a householder 's responsibility , not a state one ( the city employed scavengers and rakers to remove the worst of the mess ) . Matters just became worse , and Aldermen were instructed to find and punish those failing their duty . As cases in St. Giles began to rise , an attempt was made to quarantine the area and constables were instructed to inspect everyone wishing to travel and contain inside vagrants or suspect persons . People began to be alarmed . Samuel Pepys , who had an important position at the Admiralty , stayed in London and provided a contemporary account of the plague through his diary . On 30 April he wrote : `` Great fears of the sickness here in the City it being said that two or three houses are already shut up . God preserve us all ! '' Another source of information on the time is a fictional account , A Journal of the Plague Year , which was written by Daniel Defoe and published in 1722 .", "8": "He had been only six when the plague struck but made use of his family 's recollections ( his uncle was a saddler in East London and his father a butcher in Cripplegate ) , interviews with survivors and sight of such official records as were available . Exodus from the city ( edit ) By July 1665 , plague was rampant in the City of London . King Charles II of England , his family and his court left the city for Salisbury , moving on to Oxford in September when some cases of plague occurred in Salisbury . The aldermen and most of the other city authorities opted to stay at their posts . The Lord Mayor of London , Sir John Lawrence , also decided to stay in the city . Businesses were closed when merchants and professionals fled . Defoe wrote `` Nothing was to be seen but wagons and carts , with goods , women , servants , children , coaches filled with people of the better sort , and horsemen attending them , and all hurrying away '' . As the plague raged throughout the summer , only a small number of clergymen , physicians and apothecaries remained to cope with an increasingly large number of victims . Edward Cotes , author of London 's Dreadful Visitation , expressed the hope that `` Neither the Physicians of our Souls or Bodies may hereafter in such great numbers forsake us '' . The poorer people were also alarmed by the contagion and some left the city , but it was not easy for them to abandon their accommodation and livelihoods for an uncertain future elsewhere . Before exiting through the city gates , they were required to possess a certificate of good health signed by the Lord Mayor and these became increasingly difficult to obtain . As time went by and the numbers of plague victims rose , people living in the villages outside London began to resent this exodus and were no longer prepared to accept townsfolk from London , with or without a certificate . The refugees were turned back , were not allowed to pass through towns and had to travel across country , and were forced to live rough on what they could steal or scavenge from the fields . Many died in wretched circumstances of starvation and thirst in the hot summer that was to follow .", "9": "Height of the epidemic ( edit ) A bill of mortality for the plague in 1665 In the last week of July , the London Bill of Mortality showed 3,014 deaths , of which 2,020 had died from the plague . The number of deaths as a result of plague may have been underestimated , as deaths in other years in the same period were much lower , at around 300 . As the number of victims affected mounted up , burial grounds became overfull , and pits were dug to accommodate the dead . Drivers of dead - carts travelled the streets calling `` Bring out your dead '' and carted away piles of bodies . The authorities became concerned that the number of deaths might cause public alarm and ordered that body removal and interment should take place only at night . As time went on , there were too many victims , and too few drivers , to remove the bodies which began to be stacked up against the walls of houses . Daytime collection was resumed and the plague pits became mounds of decomposing corpses . In the parish of Aldgate , a great hole was dug near the churchyard , fifty feet long and twenty feet wide . Digging was continued by labourers at one end while the dead - carts tipped in corpses at the other . When there was no room for further extension it was dug deeper until ground water was reached at twenty feet . When finally covered with earth it housed 1,114 corpses . Plague doctors traversed the streets diagnosing victims , although many of them had no formal medical training . Several public health efforts were attempted . Physicians were hired by city officials and burial details were carefully organized , but panic spread through the city and , out of the fear of contagion , people were hastily buried in overcrowded pits . The means of transmission of the disease were not known but thinking they might be linked to the animals , the City Corporation ordered a cull of dogs and cats . This decision may have affected the length of the epidemic since those animals could have helped keep in check the rat population carrying the fleas which transmitted the disease . Thinking bad air was involved in transmission , the authorities ordered giant bonfires to be burned in the streets and house fires to be kept burning night and day , in hopes that the air would be cleansed .", "10": "Tobacco was thought to be a prophylactic and it was later said that no London tobacconist had died from the plague during the epidemic . Trade and business had completely dried up , and the streets were empty of people except for the dead - carts and the desperate dying victims , as witnessed and recorded by Samuel Pepys in his diary : `` Lord ! How empty the streets are and how melancholy , so many poor sick people in the streets full of sores ... in Westminster , there is never a physician and but one apothecary left , all being dead . '' That people did not starve was down to the foresight of Sir John Lawrence and the Corporation of London who arranged for a commission of one farthing to be paid above the normal price for every quarter of corn landed in the Port of London . Another food source was the villages around London which , denied of their usual sales in the capital , left vegetables in specified market areas , negotiated their sale by shouting , and collected their payment after the money had been left submerged in a bucket of water to `` disinfect '' the coins . Records state that plague deaths in London and the suburbs crept up over the summer from 2,000 people per week to over 7,000 per week in September . These figures are likely to be a considerable underestimate . Many of the sextons and parish clerks who kept the records themselves died . Quakers refused to co-operate and many of the poor were just dumped into mass graves unrecorded . It is not clear how many people caught the disease and made a recovery because only deaths were recorded and many records were destroyed in the Great Fire of London the following year . In the few districts where intact records remain , plague deaths varied between 30 % and over 50 % of the total population . Though concentrated in London , the outbreak affected other areas of the country as well . Perhaps the most famous example was the village of Eyam in Derbyshire . The plague allegedly arrived with a merchant carrying a parcel of cloth sent from London , although this is a disputed point . The villagers imposed a quarantine on themselves to stop the further spread of the disease . This prevented the disease from moving into surrounding areas but the cost to the village was the death of around 80 % of its inhabitants over a period of fourteen months .", "11": "Aftermath ( edit ) See also : Great Fire of London By late autumn , the death toll in London and the suburbs began to slow until , in February 1666 , it was considered safe enough for the King and his entourage to come back to the city . With the return of the monarch , others began to return : The gentry returned in their carriages accompanied by carts piled high with their belongings . The judges moved back from Windsor to sit in Westminster Hall , although Parliament , which had been prorogued in April 1665 , did not reconvene until September 1666 . Trade recommenced and businesses and workshops opened up . London was the goal of a new wave of people who flocked to the city in expectation of making their fortunes . Writing at the end of March 1666 , Lord Clarendon , the Lord Chancellor , stated `` ... the streets were as full , the Exchange as much crowded , the people in all places as numerous as they had ever been seen ... '' . Plague cases continued to occur sporadically at a modest rate until the summer of 1666 . On the second and third of September that year , the Great Fire of London destroyed much of the City of London , and some people believed that the fire put an end to the epidemic . However , it is now thought that the plague had largely subsided before the fire took place . In fact , most of the later cases of plague were found in the suburbs , and it was the City of London itself that was destroyed by the Fire . According to the Bills of Mortality , there were in total 68,596 deaths in London from the plague in 1665 . Lord Clarendon estimated that the true number of mortalities was probably twice that figure . The next year , 1666 , saw further deaths in other cities but on a lesser scale . Dr Thomas Gumble , chaplain to the Duke of Albermarle , both of whom had stayed in London for the whole of the epidemic , estimated that the total death count for the country from plague during 1665 and 1666 was about 200,000 . The Great Plague of 1665 / 1666 was the last major outbreak of bubonic plague in Great Britain .", "12": "The last recorded death from plague came in 1679 , and it was removed as a specific category in the Bills of Mortality after 1703 . It spread to other towns in East Anglia and the southeast of England but fewer than ten percent of parishes outside London had a higher than average death rate during those years . Urban areas were more affected than rural ones ; Norwich , Ipswich , Colchester , Southampton and Winchester were badly affected , while the West of England and areas of the Midlands escaped altogether . The population of England in 1650 was approximately 5.25 million , which declined to about 4.9 million by 1680 , recovering to just over 5 million by 1700 . Other diseases , such as smallpox , took a high toll on the population even without the contribution by plague . The higher death rate in cities , both generally and specifically from the plague , was made up by continuous immigration , from small towns to larger ones and from the countryside to the town . There were no contemporary censuses of London 's population , but available records suggest that the population returned to its previous level within a couple of years . Burials in 1667 had returned to 1663 levels , Hearth Tax returns had recovered , John Graunt contemporarily analysed baptism records and concluded they represented a recovered population . Part of this could be accounted for by the return of wealthy households , merchants and manufacturing industries , all of which needed to replace losses amongst their staff and took steps to bring in necessary people . Colchester had suffered more severe depopulation , but manufacturing records for cloth suggested that production had recovered or even increased by 1669 , and the total population had nearly returned to pre-plague levels by 1674 . Other towns did less well : Ipswich was affected less than Colchester , but in 1674 , its population had dropped by 18 % , more than could be accounted for by the plague deaths alone . As a proportion of the population who died , the London death toll was less severe than in a number of other towns . The total of deaths in London was greater than in any previous outbreak for 100 years , though as a proportion of the population , the epidemics in 1563 , 1603 and 1625 were comparable or greater . Perhaps around 2.5 % of the English population died .", "13": "Impact ( edit ) The plague in London largely affected the poor , as the rich were able to leave the city by either retiring to their country estates or residing with kin in other parts of the country . The subsequent Great Fire of London , however , ruined many city merchants and property owners . As a result of these events , London was largely rebuilt and Parliament enacted the Rebuilding of London Act 1666 . Although the street plan of the capital remained relatively unchanged , some improvements were made : streets were widened , pavements were created , open sewers abolished , wooden buildings and overhanging gables forbidden , and the design and construction of buildings controlled . The use of brick or stone was mandatory and many gracious buildings were constructed . Not only was the capital rejuvenated , but it became a healthier environment in which to live . Londoners had a greater sense of community after they had overcome the great adversities of 1665 and 1666 . Rebuilding took over ten years and was supervised by Robert Hooke as Surveyor of London . The architect Sir Christopher Wren was involved in the rebuilding of St Paul 's Cathedral and more than fifty London churches . King Charles ll did much to foster the rebuilding work . He was a patron of the arts and sciences and founded the Royal Observatory and supported the Royal Society , a scientific group whose early members included Robert Hooke , Robert Boyle and Sir Isaac Newton . In fact , out of the fire and pestilence flowed a renaissance in the arts and sciences in England . Plague pits have been archaeologically excavated during underground construction work . Between 2011 and 2015 , some 3,500 burials from the ' New Churchyard ' or ' Bethlam burial ground ' were discovered during the construction of the Crossrail railway at Liverpool Street . Yersinia pestis DNA was found in the teeth of individuals found buried in pits at the site , confirming they had died of bubonic plague . See also ( edit ) Loimologia , a first - hand account of the 1665 plague by Dr. Nathaniel Hodges Plague doctor costume Black Death in England Derby plague of 1665 Great Plague of Vienna of 1679 Plague doctor contract Old St. Paul 's , A Tale of the Plague and the Fire , novel by Harrison Ainsworth Plague !", "14": "The Musical , a musical loosely based on the 1665 plague Ring a Ring o ' Roses , a nursery rhyme , commonly believed to have arisen at this time Year of Wonders , novel by Geraldine Brooks based on the 1665 plague References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Haensch , Stephanie ; et al. ( 2010 ) , `` Distinct Clones of Yersinia pestis Caused the Black Death '' , PLoS Pathogens , 6 ( 10 ) : e1001134 , doi : 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 1001134 , PMC 2951374 , PMID 20949072 Jump up ^ `` The Great Plague of London , 1665 '' . Contagion , Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics . Harvard University . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` DNA in London Grave May Help Solve Mysteries of the Great Plague '' . 2016 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` DNA confirms cause of 1665 London 's Great Plague '' . BBC News . 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Backgrounder : Plague '' . AVMA : Public Health . American Veterinary Medical Association . 2006 - 11 - 27 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Spread of the Plague '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2002 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ibeji , Mike ( 2011 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Black Death '' . BBC . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Moote ( 2004 ) pp. 60 - 61 Jump up ^ Porter , Stephen ( 2001 ) . `` 17th Century : Plague '' . Gresham College . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Moote ( 2004 ) pp.", "15": "10 - 11 Jump up ^ Pepys , Samuel ( 1665 ) . `` March 1st '' . Diary of Samuel Pepys . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22167 - 2 . Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 18 -- 19 ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 24 -- 27 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) p. 42 Jump up ^ Bockemühl J ( 1994 ) . `` 100 years after the discovery of the plague - causing agent -- importance and veneration of Alexandre Yersin in Vietnam today '' . Immun Infekt. 22 ( 2 ) : 72 -- 5 . PMID 7959865 . ^ Jump up to : Stanbridge , Nicola ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) . `` DNA confirms cause of 1665 London 's Great Plague '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. p. 7 Jump up ^ Bell Folio ed. , p. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Bell folio ed. , p. 10 -- 11 ^ Jump up to : Bell , Folio ed. , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Bell , Folio ed. p. 13 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 116 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 117 -- 119 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , p. 3 -- 5 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. p. 10 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , pp. 7 , 8 Jump up ^ Appleby , Andrew B. ( 1980 ) . `` The Disappearance of Plague : A Continuing Puzzle '' . The Economic History Review .", "16": "33 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 173 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1980. tb01821. x . Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 46 -- 50 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , p. 14 , 15 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , p. 16 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 60 -- 62 Jump up ^ Pepys , Samuel ( 1665 ) . `` April 30th '' . Diary of Samuel Pepys . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22167 - 2 . Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 47 , 62 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) p. 103 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 66 -- 69 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 141 -- 145 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 174 -- 175 Jump up ^ Moote , Lloyd and Dorothy : The Great Plague : the Story of London 's most Deadly Year , Baltimore , 2004 . p. 115 . Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 166 -- 169 Jump up ^ Porter , Stephen ( 2009 ) . The Great Plague . Amberley Publishing . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84868 - 087 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pepys , Samuel ( 1996 ) . The Concise Pepys . Wordsworth Editions Ltd . pp. 363 , 16 September 1665 . ISBN 978 - 1853264788 . ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 99 -- 101 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 155 -- 156 Jump up ^ Coleman , Michel P. ( 1986 ) . `` A Plague Epidemic in Voluntary Quarantine '' .", "17": "International Journal of Epidemiology. 15 ( 3 ) : 379 -- 385 . doi : 10.1093 / ije / 15.3. 379 . ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 193 -- 196 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 250 -- 251 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 155 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 154 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 148 -- 150 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 155 -- 156 Jump up ^ `` An Act for rebuilding the City of London '' . Statutes of the Realm : volume 5 - 1628 - 80 , pp. 603 -- 612 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 269 -- 271 Jump up ^ The Rebuilding of London After the Great Fire . Thomas Fiddian. 1940 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hart , Vaughan ( 2002 ) . Nicholas Hawksmoor : Rebuilding Ancient Wonders . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09699 - 6 . Bibliography ( edit ) Arnold , Catherine ( 2006 ) . Necropolis : London and its dead . London : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 0248 - 7 . Bell , Walter George ( 1924 ) . The Great Plague in London in 1665 . Michigan : AMS Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85891 - 218 - 9 . Bell , Walter George ( 1951 ) . Belinda Hollyer , ed . The great Plague in London ( folio society ed . ) . Folio society by arrangement with Random House . Leasor , James ( 1962 ) . The Plague and the Fire . London : George Allen and Unwin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7551 - 0040 - 8 .", "18": "Moote , A. Lloyd ( 2008 ) . The Great Plague : The Story of London 's Most Deadly Year . London : JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9230 - 1 . Porter , Stephen ( 2012 ) . The Great Plague of London . Gloucestershire : Amberley Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4456 - 0773 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Death . History of the Plague in London by Daniel Defoe History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo - Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th - century London 19th - century London 1900 -- 39 The Blitz 1945 -- 2000 21st century Events Peasants ' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco - British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup Final 7 / 7 bombings Olympic Games ( 1908 1948 2012 ) 2012 Summer Paralympics Grenfell Tower fire Government Metropolitan Board of Works London County Council Greater London Council Greater London Authority London Assembly Mayor of London London independence Services Bow Street Runners Metropolitan Police Service London Ambulance Service London Fire Brigade Port of London Authority London sewerage system London Underground City of London City of London Corporation Lord Mayor of the City of London Wards of the City of London Guildhall Livery Companies Lord Mayor 's Show City of London Police Bank of England Structures St Paul 's Cathedral Tower of London Palace of Whitehall Westminster Hall London Bridge Tower Bridge Westminster Abbey Big Ben The Monument Fortifications Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "19": "php?title=Great_Plague_of_London&oldid=819516144 '' Categories : Second plague pandemic Health disasters in the United Kingdom Disasters in London 17th - century deaths from plague ( disease ) 17th - century health disasters 17th century in London 1665 in England 1666 in England 1666 natural disasters Death in London Epidemics Health in London Social history of London Hidden categories : Good articles Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 20 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8264694320615277520	delhi is on the banks of which river	[ "Yamuna", "Yamuna", "Yamuna", "Yamuna", "Yamuna" ]	{ "0": "List of indian cities on rivers - wikipedia List of indian cities on rivers Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of the cities in India through which major rivers flow . City River State Gangakhed Godavari Maharashtra Agra Yamuna Uttar Pradesh Ahmedabad Sabarmati Gujarat Allahabad At the confluence of Ganga , Yamuna and Saraswati Uttar Pradesh Ayodhya Saryu Uttar Pradesh Badrinath Alaknanda Uttarakhand Banki Mahanadi Odisha Brahmapur Rushikulya Odisha Chhatrapur Rushikulya Odisha Bhagalpur Ganges Bihar Kolkata Hooghly West Bengal Cuttack Mahanadi Odisha New Delhi Yamuna Delhi Dibrugarh Brahmaputra Assam Ferozpur Sutlej Punjab Guwahati Brahmaputra Assam Haridwar Ganges Uttarakhand Hyderabad Musi Telangana Jabalpur Narmada Madhya Pradesh Kanpur Ganges Uttar Pradesh Kota Chambal Rajasthan Kottayam Meenachil Kerala Jaunpur Gomti Uttar Pradesh Patna Ganges Bihar Rajahmundry Godavari Andhra Pradesh Srinagar Jhelum Jammu & Kashmir Surat Tapi Gujarat Varanasi Ganges Uttar Pradesh Vijayawada Krishna Andhra Pradesh Vadodara Vishwamitri , Mahi , Narmada Gujarat Mathura Yamuna Uttar Pradesh Mirzapur Ganga Uttar Pradesh Auraiya Yamuna Uttar Pradesh Etawah Yamuna Uttar Pradesh Bangalore Vrishabhavathi Karnataka Farrukhabad Ganges Uttar Pradesh Rangpo Teesta Sikkim Gaya Falgu ( Neeranjana ) Bihar Fatehgarh Ganges Uttar Pradesh Kannauj Ganges Uttar Pradesh Mangalore Netravati ,", "1": "Gurupura Karnataka Shimoga Tunga River Karnataka Bhadravathi Bhadra Karnataka Hospet Tungabhadra Karnataka Karwar Kali Karnataka Bagalkot Ghataprabha Karnataka Honnavar Sharavathi Karnataka Gwalior Chambal Madhya Pradesh Gorakhpur Rapti Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Gomti Uttar Pradesh Kanpur Cantonment Ganges Uttar Pradesh Shuklaganj Ganges Uttar Pradesh Chakeri Ganges Uttar Pradesh Malegaon Girna River Maharashtra Sambalpur Mahanadi Odisha Rourkela Brahmani Odisha Pune Mula , Mutha Maharashtra Daman Daman Ganga River Daman Madurai Vaigai Tamil Nadu Thiruchirapalli Kaveri Tamil Nadu Chennai Cooum , Adyar Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Noyyal Tamil Nadu Erode Kaveri Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli Thamirabarani Tamil Nadu Bharuch Narmada Gujarat Karjat Ulhas Maharashtra Nashik Godavari Maharashtra Mahad Savitri Maharashtra Nanded Godavari Maharashtra Kolhapur Panchaganga Maharashtra Nellore Pennar Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Tungabhadra Andhra Pradesh Nizamabad Godavari Telangana Sangli Krishna Maharashtra Karad Krishna , Koyna Maharashtra Hajipur Ganges Bihar Ujjain Shipra Madhya Pradesh Ashta Parwati Madhya Pradesh Kanchipuram Vegavathi , Palar Tamil Nadu Thanjavur Vennaaru ,", "2": "Vadavaaru Tamil Nadu Murshidabad Hooghly West Bengal Munger Ganges Bihar Jamalpur Ganges Bihar Purnia Koshi Bihar Golegaon Godavari Maharashtra Budaun Sot Uttar Pradesh Amaravati Krishna Andhra Pradesh bhopal morhar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shipra River Jump up ^ Shipra River Jump up ^ turkaul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_cities_on_rivers&oldid=837215866 '' Categories : Lists of cities in India Lists of rivers of India Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 12 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4264042861372788408	three major provisions of the age discrimination in employment act of 1967	[ "forbids employment discrimination against anyone at least 40 years of age in the United States", "provides equal employment opportunity under conditions that were not explicitly covered in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964", "applies to the standards for pensions and benefits provided by employers, and requires that information concerning the needs of older workers be provided to the general public" ]	{ "0": "Age discrimination in employment Act of 1967 - wikipedia Age discrimination in employment Act of 1967 Jump to : navigation , search The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 ( 29 U.S.C. § 621 to 29 U.S.C. § 634 ) is a US labor law that forbids employment discrimination against anyone at least 40 years of age in the United States ( see 29 U.S.C. § 631 ) . In 1967 , the bill was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson . The ADEA prevents age discrimination and provides equal employment opportunity under conditions that were not explicitly covered in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . It also applies to the standards for pensions and benefits provided by employers , and requires that information concerning the needs of older workers be provided to the general public . Contents ( hide ) 1 Scope of protection 2 Amendments 3 Case law 4 Remedies 5 Defenses 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links Scope of Protection ( edit ) The ADEA includes a broad ban against age discrimination against workers over the age of forty , and also specifically prohibits : Discrimination in hiring , promotions , wages , and termination of employment and layoffs . Statements of specifications in age preference or limitations . Denial of benefits to older employees : an employer may reduce benefits based on age only if the cost of providing the reduced benefits to older workers is the same as the cost of providing full benefits to younger workers . Since 1986 , it has prohibited mandatory retirement in most sectors , with phased elimination of mandatory retirement for tenured workers , such as college professors , in 1993 . Mandatory retirement based on age is permitted for : Executives over age 65 in high policy - making positions who are entitled to a pension over a minimum yearly amount . The ADEA applies to employers who employ at least twenty employees on a regular basis within the current or prior calendar year . Amendments ( edit ) The ADEA was first amended in 1986 , and then again in 1991 by the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act ( Pub . L. 101 - 433 ) and the Civil Rights Act of 1991 ( Pub . L. 102 - 166 ) .", "1": "Case law ( edit ) The ADEA differs from the Civil Rights Act in that the ADEA applies to employers of 20 or more employees ( see 29 U.S.C. § 630 ( b ) ) rather than 15 or more employees . Both acts do , however , only apply to employers in industries affecting interstate commerce . The 20 employees can include overseas employees . The ADEA protects US citizens working for US employers operating abroad except where it would violate the laws of that country . An age limit may be legally specified in the circumstance where age has been shown to be a `` bona fide occupational qualification ( BFOQ ) reasonably necessary to the normal operation of the particular business '' ( see 29 U.S.C. § 623 ( f ) ( 1 ) ) . In practice , BFOQs for age are limited to the obvious ( hiring a young actor to play a young character in a movie ) or when public safety is at stake ( for example , in the case of age limits for pilots and bus drivers ) . The ADEA does not stop an employer from favoring an older employee over a younger one , even when the younger one is over 40 years old . The United States Supreme Court , in Meacham v. Knolls Atomic Power Lab , 554 U.S. 84 ( 2008 ) , held that the employer , not the employee , bears the burden of proving that a layoff or other action that hurts older workers more than others was based not on age but on some other `` reasonable factor . '' In Gomez - Perez v. Potter ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court allowed federal workers who experience retaliation as a result of reporting age discrimination under the law to sue for damages . In Kimel v. Florida Bd. of Regents , 528 U.S. 62 ( 2000 ) , the Supreme Court held that state employees can not sue states for monetary damages under the ADEA in federal court . The EEOC may still enforce the ADEA against states , and state employees may still sue state officials for declaratory and injunctive relief . Remedies ( edit ) ADEA remedies include compensatory and punitive damages for employee or damages if reinstatement is not feasible and / or employer 's violation is intentional .", "2": "Defenses ( edit ) Statutory defenses to ADEA claims include : Employers may enforce waivers of age discrimination claims made without EEOC or court approval if the waiver is `` knowing or voluntary . '' Valid arbitration agreements between employers and employees covering the dispute are subject to compulsory arbitration and no court action can be brought . Employers can discharge or discipline an employee for `` good cause , '' regardless of the employee 's age . Employers can take an action based on `` reasonable factors other than age . '' Bona fide occupational qualifications , seniority systems , employee benefit or early retirement plans . Voluntary early retirement incentives . See also ( edit ) US labor law Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Glenn , Jeremy J. ; Little , Katelan E. ( November 2014 ) . `` A Study of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 '' . GPSolo. 31 ( 6 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Larson , Aaron ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` Age Discrimination Law '' . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thresholds for Coverage Under Employment - Related Laws '' . Texas Workforce Commission . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Morelli v. Cedel 141 F. 3d 39 , 45 ( 2nd Cir. 1998 ) '' . Google Scholar . Google . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : See subsection ( f ) ( 1 ) , `` 29 U.S. Code Sec. 623 - Prohibition of age discrimination '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell Law School . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mahoney v. RFE / RL , Inc. , 47 F. 3d 447 , 449 ( DC Cir. 1995 ) '' . Google Scholar . Google . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ General Dynamics Land Sys. , Inc. v. Cline , 540 U.S. 581 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 20 , 2008 ) .", "3": "`` A Supreme Court Victory for Older Workers '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Feder , Jody . `` The Age Discrimination in Employment Act ( ADEA ) : A Legal Overview '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service , June 23 , 2010 , p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blakeney v. Lomas Information Systems , Inc. 65 F3d 482 , 484 ( 5th Cir. 1995 ) '' . Google Scholar . Google . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ilmer v. Interstate / Johnson Lane Corporation 500 US 20 , 26 , 111 S. Ct. 1647 , 1652 ( 1991 ) '' . Google Scholar . Google . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) EEOC : Age Discrimination Text of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 U.S. Department of Labor : Age Discrimination VIAF : 181843470 LCCN : n79019999 GND : 4307026 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_Discrimination_in_Employment_Act_of_1967&oldid=802856898 '' Categories : 1967 in law 90th United States Congress Ageism Anti-discrimination law in the United States United States federal civil rights legislation United States federal labor legislation 1967 in labour relations Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers United States federal legislation articles without infoboxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 22 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "4": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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420079414272131921	when was the book pride and prejudice written	[ "1813", "28 January 1813", "1813", "1813" ]	{ "0": "Pride and Prejudice - wikipedia Pride and Prejudice Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For other uses , see Pride and Prejudice ( disambiguation ) . Pride and Prejudice Author Jane Austen Country United Kingdom Language English Publisher T. Egerton , Whitehall Publication date 28 January 1813 Media type Print ( Hardback , 3 volumes ) OCLC 38659585 Dewey Decimal 823.7 Preceded by Sense and Sensibility Followed by Mansfield Park Pride and Prejudice is a romantic novel by Jane Austen , first published in 1813 . The story charts the emotional development of the protagonist , Elizabeth Bennet , who learns the error of making hasty judgments and comes to appreciate the difference between the superficial and the essential . The comedy of the writing lies in the depiction of manners , education , marriage , and money during the British Regency period . Mr. Bennet of the Longbourn estate has five daughters , but his property is entailed , meaning that none of the girls can inherit it . His wife has no fortune , so it is imperative that at least one of the girls marry well in order to support the others on his death . Jane Austen 's opening line , `` It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife '' is a sentence filled with irony and playfulness . The novel revolves around the importance of marrying for love , not simply for money , despite the social pressures to make a good ( i.e. wealthy ) match . Pride and Prejudice retains the fascination of modern readers , consistently appearing near the top of lists of `` most - loved books '' among both literary scholars and the general public . It has become one of the most popular novels in English literature , with over 20 million copies sold , and paved the way for many archetypes that abound in modern literature . Continuing interest in the book has resulted in a number of dramatic adaptations and an abundance of novels and stories imitating Austen 's memorable characters or themes .", "1": "The 2005 film , Pride and Prejudice , starring Keira Knightley and Matthew Macfadyen is the most recent Hollywood adaption of the book . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Main characters 3 Major themes 3.1 Marriage 3.2 Wealth 3.3 Class 3.4 Self knowledge 3.5 Style 4 Development of the novel 5 Publication history 6 Reception 6.1 At first publication 6.2 Late 19th to 21st centuries 7 Adaptations 7.1 Film , television and theatre 7.2 Literature 8 References 9 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The novel opens with Mrs. Bennet trying to persuade Mr. Bennet to visit Mr. Bingley , an eligible bachelor who has arrived in the neighborhood . After some verbal sparring with Mr. Bennet baiting his wife , it transpires that this visit has already taken place at Netherfield , Mr. Bingley 's rented house . The visit is followed by an invitation to a ball at the local assembly rooms that the whole neighbourhood will attend . At the ball , Mr. Bingley is open and cheerful , popular with all the guests , and appears to be very attracted to the beautiful Miss Jane Bennet . His friend , Mr. Darcy , is reputed to be twice as wealthy ; however , he is haughty and aloof . He declines to dance with Elizabeth , suggesting that she is not pretty enough to tempt him . She finds this amusing and jokes about the statement with her friends . Mr. Bingley 's sister , Caroline , later invites Jane to visit . When Jane visits Miss Bingley , she is caught in a rain shower on the way and comes down with a serious cold . Elizabeth visits the ill Jane at Netherfield . There Darcy begins to be attracted to Elizabeth , while Miss Bingley becomes jealous , since she has designs on Darcy herself . Illustration by Hugh Thomson representing Mr. Collins , protesting that he never reads novels Mr. Collins , a cousin of Mr. Bennet and heir to the Longbourn estate , visits the Bennet family .", "2": "He is a pompous and obsequious clergyman , who expects each of the Bennet girls to wish to marry him due to his inheritance . He quickly decides to propose to Elizabeth when he is led to believe Jane is taken . Elizabeth and her family meet the dashing and charming George Wickham , who singles out Elizabeth and tells her a story of the hardship that Mr. Darcy has caused him by depriving him of a living ( position as clergyman in a prosperous parish with good revenue that , once granted , is for life ) promised to him by Mr. Darcy 's late father . Elizabeth 's dislike of Mr. Darcy is confirmed . At a ball at Netherfield , Elizabeth reluctantly dances with Mr. Darcy . Other than Jane and Elizabeth , several members of the Bennet family show a distinct lack of decorum . Mrs. Bennet hints loudly that she fully expects Jane and Bingley to become engaged and the younger Bennet sisters otherwise expose the family to ridicule . Mr. Collins proposes to Elizabeth , who rejects him , to the fury of her mother and the relief of her father . Shortly thereafter , they receive news that the Bingleys are suddenly leaving for London , with no intention to return . After his humiliating rejection by Elizabeth , Mr. Collins proposes to Charlotte Lucas , a sensible young woman and Elizabeth 's friend . Charlotte is slightly older and is grateful to receive a proposal that will guarantee her a comfortable home . Elizabeth is aghast at such pragmatism in matters of love . Heartbroken , Jane goes to visit her Aunt and Uncle Gardiner at an unfashionable address in London . Miss Bingley clearly does not want to continue the friendship and Jane is upset though very composed . In the spring , Elizabeth visits Charlotte and Mr. Collins in Kent . Elizabeth and her hosts are invited to Rosings Park , the imposing home of Lady Catherine de Bourgh , patroness of Mr. Collins and Mr. Darcy 's extremely wealthy aunt . She expects Mr. Darcy to marry her daughter . Mr. Darcy and his cousin , Colonel Fitzwilliam , are also visiting at Rosings Park . Colonel Fitzwilliam tells Elizabeth how Mr. Darcy managed to save a friend from a bad match .", "3": "Elizabeth realizes the story must refer to Jane and is horrified that Darcy has interfered and caused her sister so much pain . Mr. Darcy , meanwhile , has fallen in love with Elizabeth and proposes to her . She rejects him angrily , stating that she could not love a man who has caused her sister such unhappiness and further accuses him of treating Mr. Wickham unjustly . The latter accusation seems to anger Mr. Darcy , and he accuses her family of wanting propriety and suggests he has been kinder to Bingley than himself . They part , barely speaking . Later , Mr. Darcy gives Elizabeth a letter , explaining that Mr. Wickham had refused the living he claimed he was deprived of , and was given money for it instead . Wickham proceeded to waste the money and , then impoverished , demanded the living again . After being refused , he tried to elope with Darcy 's 15 - year - old sister , Georgiana , for her great dowry . Darcy also writes that he believed Jane , because of her reserved behavior , did not love Mr. Bingley . Darcy apologizes for hurting Jane and Elizabeth begins to change her opinion of Mr. Darcy . Elizabeth tells her father that Darcy was responsible for uniting Lydia and Wickham , one of the two earliest illustrations of Pride and Prejudice . The clothing styles reflect the time the illustration was engraved ( the 1830s ) , not the time in which the novel was written or set . Some months later , Elizabeth and her Aunt and Uncle Gardiner visit Darcy 's estate in Derbyshire , Pemberley . On a tour there , Elizabeth hears the housekeeper describe him as being kind and generous . When Mr. Darcy returns unexpectedly , he is overwhelmingly kind and later invites Elizabeth and the Gardiners to meet his sister and go fishing . Elizabeth is surprised and delighted by the kindness to herself and her aunt and uncle . She then suddenly receives news from Longbourn that her sister Lydia had eloped with Mr. Wickham . She tells Mr. Darcy immediately and departs in haste , believing she will never see him again , since Lydia 's disgrace has ruined the family 's good name . After an agonizing wait , Mr.", "4": "Wickham is somehow persuaded to marry Lydia . With some degree of decency restored , Lydia visits her family and tells Elizabeth that Mr. Darcy was at her wedding . Mrs. Gardiner informs Elizabeth that it is Mr. Darcy who has made the match at great expense , and hints that he may have `` another motive '' for doing so . At this point , Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy return to Netherfield . Shortly thereafter , Bingley proposes to Jane and is accepted . Lady Catherine , having heard rumors that Elizabeth intends to marry Darcy , visits Elizabeth and demands that she promise not to accept his proposal . Elizabeth makes no such promise and Lady Catherine leaves , outraged by Elizabeth 's perceived insolence . Darcy , heartened by Elizabeth 's refusal to promise that she would n't accept such a proposal , again proposes to Elizabeth and is accepted . He visits Longbourn to ask Mr. Bennet for his permission . Elizabeth wants her father to understand that she is not marrying for money , and it is only after she speaks about Mr. Darcy 's true worth that he is happy about the wedding . Main characters ( edit ) Scenes from `` Pride and Prejudice '' , by C.E. Brock ( show ) Character genealogy Mr. Hurst Mrs. Louisa Hurst Mr. Philips Caroline Bingley Mrs. Philips Mr. Charles Bingley Mrs. Gardiner Jane Bennet Mr. Edward Gardiner Elizabeth Bennet Mrs. Bennet Mary Bennet Mr. Bennet Catherine `` Kitty '' Bennet Mr. William Collins Lydia Bennet Charlotte Lucas Mr. George Wickham ( Old ) Mr. Darcy Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy Lady Anne Darcy Georgiana Darcy Lady Catherine de Bourgh Anne de Bourgh Earl of Matlock Colonel Fitzwilliam Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy by Hugh Thomson , 1894 Elizabeth Bennet -- the second of the Bennet daughters , she is twenty years old and intelligent , lively , playful , attractive , and witty -- but with a tendency to judge on first impressions .", "5": "As the story progresses , so does her relationship with Mr. Darcy . The course of Elizabeth and Darcy 's relationship is ultimately decided when Darcy overcomes his pride , and Elizabeth overcomes her prejudice , leading them both to surrender to their love for each other . Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy -- the wealthy friend of Mr. Bingley . A newcomer to the village , he is ultimately Elizabeth Bennet 's love interest . Mr. Darcy is the wealthy , twenty - eight year old owner of the renowned family estate of Pemberley in Derbyshire , and is rumoured to be worth at least £ 10,000 a year . While being handsome , tall , and intelligent , Darcy lacks ease and social graces , and so others frequently mistake his aloof decorum and rectitude as further proof of excessive pride ( which , in part , it is ) . Mr. Bennet -- A late - middle - aged landed gentleman of a modest income of £ 2000 per annum , and the dryly sarcastic patriarch of the now - dwindling Bennet family ( a family of Hertfordshire landed gentry ) , with five unmarried daughters . His estate , Longbourn , is entailed to the male line . Mrs. Bennet -- the middle - aged wife of her social superior , Mr. Bennet , and the mother of their five daughters . Mrs. Bennet is a hypochondriac who imagines herself susceptible to attacks of tremors and palpitations ( `` ( her ) poor nerves '' ) , whenever things are not going her way . Her main ambition in life is to marry her daughters off to wealthy men . Whether or not any such matches will give her daughters happiness is of little concern to her . In a letter to Cassandra dated May 1813 , Jane Austen describes a picture she saw at a gallery which was a good likeness of `` Mrs. Bingley '' -- Jane Bennet . Deirdre Le Faye in The World of Her Novels suggests that `` Portrait of Mrs. Q - '' is the picture Austen was referring to . ( pp. 201 -- 203 ) Jane Bennet -- the eldest Bennet sister .", "6": "Twenty - two years old when the novel begins , she is considered the most beautiful young lady in the neighbourhood and is inclined to see only the good in others . She falls in love with Charles Bingley , a rich young gentleman recently moved to Hertfordshire and a close friend of Mr. Darcy . Mary Bennet -- the middle Bennet sister , and the plainest of her siblings . Mary has a serious disposition and mostly reads and plays music , although she is often impatient to display her accomplishments and is rather vain about them . She frequently moralises to her family . According to James Edward Austen - Leigh 's A Memoir of Jane Austen , Mary ended up marrying one of her Uncle Philips ' law clerks and moving into Meryton with him . Catherine `` Kitty '' Bennet -- the fourth Bennet daughter at 17 years old . Though older than Lydia , she is her shadow and follows her in her pursuit of the officers of the militia . She is often portrayed as envious of Lydia and is described a `` silly '' young woman . However , it is said that she improved when removed from Lydia 's influence . According to James Edward Austen - Leigh 's A Memoir of Jane Austen , Kitty later married a clergyman who lived near Pemberley . Lydia Bennet -- the youngest Bennet sister , aged 15 when the novel begins . She is frivolous and headstrong . Her main activity in life is socializing , especially flirting with the officers of the militia . This leads to her running off with George Wickham , although he has no intention of marrying her . Lydia shows no regard for the moral code of her society ; as Ashley Tauchert says , she `` feels without reasoning . '' Charles Bingley -- a handsome , amiable , wealthy young gentleman who leases Netherfield Park , an estate three miles from Longbourn , with the hopes of purchasing it . He is contrasted with Mr. Darcy for having more generally pleasing manners , although he is reliant on his more experienced friend for advice . An example of this is the prevention of Bingley and Jane 's romance because of Bingley 's undeniable dependence on Darcy 's opinion . He lacks resolve and is easily influenced by others ; his two sisters , Miss Caroline Bingley and Mrs.", "7": "Louisa Hurst , both disapprove of Bingley 's growing affection for Miss Jane Bennet . Caroline Bingley -- the vainglorious , snobbish sister of Charles Bingley , with a dowry of £ 20,000 . Miss Bingley harbours designs upon Mr. Darcy , and therefore is jealous of his growing attachment to Elizabeth . She attempts to dissuade Mr. Darcy from liking Elizabeth by ridiculing the Bennet family and criticising Elizabeth 's comportment . Miss Bingley also disapproves of her brother 's esteem for Jane Bennet , and is disdainful of society in Meryton . Her wealth and her expensive education seem to be the two greatest sources of Caroline Bingley 's vanity and conceit . The dynamic between Caroline Bingley and her sister , Louisa Hurst , seems to echo that of Lydia and Kitty Bennet 's ; that one is a no more than a follower of the other , with Caroline Bingley in the same position as Lydia , and Louisa Hurst in Kitty 's . George Wickham -- Wickham has been acquainted with Mr. Darcy since infancy , being the son of Mr. Darcy 's father 's steward . An officer in the militia , he is superficially charming and rapidly forms an attachment with Elizabeth Bennet . He later runs off with Lydia with no intention of marriage , which would have resulted in her complete disgrace , but for Darcy 's intervention to bribe Wickham to marry her by paying off his immediate debts . Mr. William Collins -- Mr. Collins , aged 25 years old as the novel begins , is Mr. Bennet 's distant second cousin , a clergyman , and the current heir presumptive to his estate of Longbourn House . He is an obsequious and pompous man who is excessively devoted to his patroness , Lady Catherine de Bourgh . Lady Catherine de Bourgh -- the overbearing aunt of Mr. Darcy . Lady Catherine is the wealthy owner of Rosings Park , where she resides with her daughter Anne and is fawned upon by her rector , Mr. Collins .", "8": "She is haughty , pompous , domineering , and condescending , and has long planned to marry off her sickly daughter to Darcy , to ' unite their two great estates ' , claiming it to be the dearest wish of both her AND her late sister , Lady Anne Darcy ( née Fitzwilliam ) . Mr. Edward and Mrs. M Gardiner -- Edward Gardiner is Mrs. Bennet 's brother and a successful tradesman of sensible and gentlemanly character . Aunt Gardiner is genteel and elegant , and is close to her nieces Jane and Elizabeth . The Gardiners are instrumental in bringing about the marriage between Darcy and Elizabeth . Georgiana Darcy -- Georgiana is Mr. Darcy 's quiet , amiable ( and shy ) younger sister , with a dowry of £ 30,000 , and is aged barely 16 - years - old when the story begins . When still 15 , Miss Darcy almost eloped with Mr. Wickham , but was saved by her brother , whom she idolises . Thanks to years of tutorage under masters , she is accomplished at the piano , singing , playing the harp , and drawing , and modern languages , and is therefore described as Caroline Bingley 's idea of an `` accomplished woman '' . Charlotte Lucas -- Charlotte is Elizabeth 's friend who , at 27 years old ( and thus past prime marriage age ) , fears becoming a burden to her family and therefore agrees to marry Mr. Collins to gain financial security . Though the novel stresses the importance of love and understanding in marriage , Austen never seems to condemn Charlotte 's decision to marry for money . She uses Charlotte to convey how women of her time would adhere to society 's expectation for women to marry even if it is not out of love , but convenience . Charlotte is the daughter of Sir William Lucas and Lady Lucas , friends of Mrs. Bennet . A comprehensive web showing the relationships between the main characters in Pride and Prejudice Major themes ( edit ) Many critics take the novel 's title as a starting point when analysing the major themes of Pride and Prejudice ; however , Robert Fox cautions against reading too much into the title because commercial factors may have played a role in its selection .", "9": "`` After the success of Sense and Sensibility , nothing would have seemed more natural than to bring out another novel of the same author using again the formula of antithesis and alliteration for the title . It should be pointed out that the qualities of the title are not exclusively assigned to one or the other of the protagonists ; both Elizabeth and Darcy display pride and prejudice . '' The title is very likely taken from a passage in Fanny Burney 's popular 1782 novel Cecilia , a novel Austen is known to have admired : The whole of this unfortunate business , '' said Dr Lyster , `` has been the result of PRIDE and PREJUDICE ... Yet this , however , remember : if to PRIDE and PREJUDICE you owe your miseries , so wonderfully is good and evil balanced , that to PRIDE and PREJUDICE you will also owe their termination ... ( capitalisation as in the original . ) A major theme in much of Austen 's work is the importance of environment and upbringing in developing young people 's character and morality . Social standing and wealth are not necessarily advantages in her world , and a further theme common to Austen 's work is ineffectual parents . In Pride and Prejudice , the failure of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet as parents is blamed for Lydia 's lack of moral judgment ; Darcy , on the other hand , has been taught to be principled and scrupulously honourable , but he is also proud and overbearing . Kitty , rescued from Lydia 's bad influence and spending more time with her older sisters after they marry , is said to improve greatly in their superior society . American novelist Anna Quindlen observed , in an introduction to an edition of Austen 's novel in 1995 : Pride and Prejudice is also about that thing that all great novels consider , the search for self . And it is the first great novel that teaches us this search is as surely undertaken in the drawing room making small talk as in the pursuit of a great white whale or the public punishment of adultery . Marriage ( edit ) The opening line of the novel famously announces : `` It is a truth universally acknowledged , that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife . ''", "10": "This sets marriage as a central subject -- and really , a central problem -- for the novel generally . Readers are poised to question whether or not these single men are , in fact , in want of a wife , or if such desires are dictated by the `` neighbourhood '' families and their daughters who require a `` good fortune '' . Marriage is a complex social activity that takes political economy , and economy more generally , into account . In the case of Charlotte Lucas , for example , the seeming success of her marriage lies in the comfortable economy of their household , while the relationship between Mr. and Mrs. Bennet serves to illustrate bad marriages based on an initial attraction and surface over substance ( economic and psychological ) . The Bennets ' marriage is one such example that the youngest Bennet , Lydia , will come to re-enact with Wickham , and the results are far from felicitous . Though the central characters , Elizabeth and Darcy , begin the novel as hostile acquaintances and unlikely friends , they eventually work to understand each other and themselves so that they can marry each other on compatible terms personally , even if their `` equal '' social status remains fraught . When Elizabeth rejects Darcy 's first proposal , the argument of only marrying when one is in love is introduced . Elizabeth only accepts Darcy 's proposal when she is certain she loves him and her feelings are reciprocated . Austen 's complex sketching of different marriages ultimately allows readers to question what forms of alliance are desirable , especially when it comes to privileging economic , sexual , companionate attraction . Wealth ( edit ) Money plays a key role in the marriage market , not only for the young ladies seeking a well - off husband , but also for men who wish to marry a woman of means . Two examples are George Wickham , who tried to elope with Georgiana Darcy , and Colonel Fitzwilliam . Marrying a woman of a rich family also ensured a linkage to a high family , as is visible in the desires of Bingley 's sisters to have their brother married to Georgiana Darcy . Mrs. Bennet is frequently seen encouraging her daughters to marry a wealthy man of high social class . In chapter 1 , when Mr. Bingley arrives , she declares `` I am thinking of his marrying one of them . ''", "11": "Inheritance was by descent , but could be further restricted by entailment , which would restrict inheritance to male heirs only . In the case of the Bennet family , Mr. Collins was to inherit the family estate upon Mr. Bennet 's death and his proposal to Elizabeth would have ensured her future security . Nevertheless , she refuses his offer . Inheritance laws benefited males because most women did not have independent legal rights until the second half of the 19th century . As a consequence , women 's financial security at that time depended on men . For the upper - middle and aristocratic classes , marriage to a man with a reliable income was almost the only route to security for the woman and her future children . The irony of the novel 's opening line , therefore , is that generally within this society it would be a woman who would be looking for a wealthy husband in order to have prosperous life . Class ( edit ) Lady Catherine and Elizabeth by C.E. Brock , 1895 Lady Catherine confronts Elizabeth about Darcy , on the title page of the first illustrated edition . This is the other of the first two illustrations of the novel . Austen might be known now for her `` romances , '' but the marriages that take place in her novels engage with economics and class distinction . Pride and Prejudice is hardly the exception . When Darcy proposes to Elizabeth , he cites their economic and social differences as an obstacle his excessive love has had to overcome , though he still anxiously harps on the problems it poses for him within his social circle . His aunt , Lady Catherine , later characterises these differences in particularly harsh terms when she conveys what Elizabeth 's marriage to Darcy will become : `` Will the shades of Pemberley be thus polluted ? '' Though Elizabeth responds to Lady Catherine 's accusations that hers is a potentially contaminating economic and social position ( Elizabeth even insists she and Darcy are `` equals '' ) , Lady Catherine refuses to accept Darcy 's actual marriage to Elizabeth even as the novel closes . Meanwhile , the Bingleys present a particular problem for navigating social class . Though Caroline Bingley and Mrs.", "12": "Hurst behave and speak of others as if they have always belonged in the upper echelons of society , Austen makes a point to explain that the Bingleys acquired their wealth by trade rather than through the gentry 's and aristocracy 's methods of inheritance and making money off their tenants as landlords . The fact that Bingley rents Netherfield Hall -- it is , after all , `` to let '' -- distinguishes him significantly from Darcy , whose estate belonged to his father 's family , and who , through his mother , is the grandson and nephew of an Earl . Bingley , unlike Darcy , does not own his property , but has portable and growing wealth that makes him a good catch on the marriage market for poorer daughters of the gentility , like Jane Bennet , ambitious cits ( merchant class ) , etc . Class plays a central role in the evolution of the characters , and Jane Austen 's radical approach to class is seen as the plot unfolds . In addition , there is an undercurrent of the old Anglo - Norman upper class hinted at in the story , as suggested by the names of Fitzwilliam Darcy and his aunt , Lady Catherine de Bourgh ; Fitzwilliam , D'Arcy , and de Bourgh ( Burke ) are all traditional Norman surnames . Self knowledge ( edit ) Through their interactions and their critiques of each other , Darcy and Elizabeth come to recognise their own faults and work to correct them . Elizabeth meditates on her own mistakes thoroughly in chapter 36 : `` How despicably have I acted ! '' she cried ; `` I , who have prided myself on my discernment ! I , who have valued myself on my abilities ! who have often disdained the generous candour of my sister , and gratified my vanity in useless or blameable distrust . How humiliating is this discovery ! yet , how just a humiliation ! Had I been in love , I could not have been more wretchedly blind . But vanity , not love , has been my folly . Pleased with the preference of one , and offended by the neglect of the other , on the very beginning of our acquaintance , I have courted prepossession and ignorance , and driven reason away , where either were concerned . Till this moment I never knew myself . ''", "13": "Other characters rarely exhibit this depth of self - reflection -- or at least are not given the space within the novel for this sort of development . Tanner notes that Mrs. Bennet in particular , `` has a very limited view of the requirements of that performance ; lacking any introspective tendencies she is incapable of appreciating the feelings of others and is only aware of material objects . '' Mrs. Bennet 's behaviour reflects the society in which she lives , as she knows that her daughters will not succeed if they do n't get married : `` The business of her life was to get her daughters married : its solace was visiting and news . '' This proves that Mrs. Bennet is only aware of `` material objects '' and not of her own feelings and emotions . Style ( edit ) Pride and Prejudice , like most of Austen 's other works , employs the narrative technique of free indirect speech , which has been defined as `` the free representation of a character 's speech , by which one means , not words actually spoken by a character , but the words that typify the character 's thoughts , or the way the character would think or speak , if she thought or spoke '' . Austen creates her characters with fully developed personalities and unique voices . Though Darcy and Elizabeth are very alike , they are also considerably different . By using narrative that adopts the tone and vocabulary of a particular character ( in this case , Elizabeth ) , Austen invites the reader to follow events from Elizabeth 's viewpoint , sharing her prejudices and misapprehensions . `` The learning curve , while undergone by both protagonists , is disclosed to us solely through Elizabeth 's point of view and her free indirect speech is essential ... for it is through it that we remain caught , if not stuck , within Elizabeth 's misprisions . '' The few times the reader is allowed to gain further knowledge of another character 's feelings , is through the letters exchanged in this novel . Darcy 's first letter to Elizabeth is an example of this as through his letter , the reader and Elizabeth are both given knowledge of Wickham 's true character . Austen is known to use irony throughout the novel especially from viewpoint of the character of Elizabeth Bennet .", "14": "She conveys the `` oppressive rules of femininity that actually dominate her life and work , and are covered by her beautifully carved trojan horse of ironic distance . '' . Beginning with a historical investigation of the development of a particular literary form and then transitioning into empirical verifications , it reveals Free Indirect Discourse as a tool that emerged over time as practical means for addressing the physical distinctness of minds . Seen in this way , Free Indirect Discourse is a distinctly literary response to an environmental concern , providing a scientific justification that does not reduce literature to a mechanical extension of biology , but takes its value to be its own original form . Development of the novel ( edit ) Page 2 of a letter from Jane Austen to her sister Cassandra ( 11 June 1799 ) in which she first mentions Pride and Prejudice , using its working title First Impressions . ( NLA ) Austen began writing the novel after staying at Goodnestone Park in Kent with her brother Edward and his wife in 1796 . It was originally titled First Impressions , and was written between October 1796 and August 1797 . On 1 November 1797 Austen 's father sent a letter to London bookseller Thomas Cadell to ask if he had any interest in seeing the manuscript , but the offer was declined by return post . The militia were mobilised after the French declaration of war on Britain in February 1793 , and there was initially a lack of barracks for all the militia regiments , requiring the militia to set up huge camps in the countryside , which the novel refers to several times . The Brighton camp for which the militia regiment leaves for in May after spending the winter in Meryton was opened in August 1793 , and the barracks for all the regiments of the militia were completed by 1796 , placing the events of the novel between 1793 and 1795 . Austen made significant revisions to the manuscript for First Impressions between 1811 and 1812 . As nothing remains of the original manuscript , we are reduced to conjecture . From the large number of letters in the final novel , it is assumed that First Impressions was an epistolary novel .", "15": "She later renamed the story Pride and Prejudice around about 1811 / 1812 , which she sold the rights to publish the manuscript to Thomas Egerton for £ 110 ( equivalent to £ 6,724 in 2016 ) . In renaming the novel , Austen probably had in mind the `` sufferings and oppositions '' summarised in the final chapter of Fanny Burney 's Cecilia , called `` Pride and Prejudice '' , where the phrase appears three times in block capitals . It is possible that the novel 's original title was altered to avoid confusion with other works . In the years between the completion of First Impressions and its revision into Pride and Prejudice , two other works had been published under that name : a novel by Margaret Holford and a comedy by Horace Smith . Publication History ( edit ) Title page of a 1907 edition illustrated by C.E. Brock Austen sold the copyright for the novel to Thomas Egerton from the Military Library , Whitehall in exchange for £ 110 ( Austen had asked for £ 150 ) . This proved a costly decision . Austen had published Sense and Sensibility on a commission basis , whereby she indemnified the publisher against any losses and received any profits , less costs and the publisher 's commission . Unaware that Sense and Sensibility would sell out its edition , making her £ 140 , she passed the copyright to Egerton for a one - off payment , meaning that all the risk ( and all the profits ) would be his . Jan Fergus has calculated that Egerton subsequently made around £ 450 from just the first two editions of the book . Egerton published the first edition of Pride and Prejudice in three hardcover volumes on 27 January 1813 . It was advertised in The Morning Chronicle , priced at 18s . Favourable reviews saw this edition sold out , with a second edition published in November that year . A third edition was published in 1817 . Foreign language translations first appeared in 1813 in French ; subsequent translations were published in German , Danish , and Swedish . Pride and Prejudice was first published in the United States in August 1832 as Elizabeth Bennet or , Pride and Prejudice .", "16": "The novel was also included in Richard Bentley 's Standard Novel series in 1833 . RW Chapman 's scholarly edition of Pride and Prejudice , first published in 1923 , has become the standard edition on which many modern published versions of the novel are based . The novel was originally published without Austen 's name . It was instead written `` By the Author of Sense and Sensibility '' . This carried responsibility for Austen , unlike when Sense and Sensibility was released as being written `` By A Lady '' . Reception ( edit ) Main article : Reception history of Jane Austen At first publication ( edit ) The novel was well received , with three favourable reviews in the first months following publication . Anne Isabella Milbanke , later to be the wife of Lord Byron , called it `` the fashionable novel '' . Noted critic and reviewer George Henry Lewes declared that he `` would rather have written Pride and Prejudice , or Tom Jones , than any of the Waverley Novels '' . Charlotte Brontë , however , in a letter to Lewes , wrote that Pride and Prejudice was a disappointment , `` a carefully fenced , highly cultivated garden , with neat borders and delicate flowers ; but ... no open country , no fresh air , no blue hill , no bonny beck '' . Late 19th to 21st centuries ( edit ) You could not shock her more than she shocks me , Beside her Joyce seems innocent as grass . It makes me most uncomfortable to see An English spinster of the middle class Describe the amorous effects of ' brass ' , Reveal so frankly and with such sobriety The economic basis of society . W.H. Auden ( 1937 ) on Austen In 2003 the BBC conducted a poll for the `` UK 's Best - Loved Book '' in which Pride and Prejudice came second , behind The Lord of the Rings . In a 2008 survey of more than 15,000 Australian readers , Pride and Prejudice came first in a list of the 101 best books ever written . The 200th anniversary of Pride and Prejudice on 28 January 2013 was celebrated around the globe by media networks such as the Huffington Post , The New York Times , and The Daily Telegraph , among others .", "17": "Adaptations ( edit ) Film , television and Theatre ( edit ) See also : Jane Austen in popular culture -- Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice has engendered numerous adaptations . Some of the notable film versions include that of 1940 , starring Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier ( based in part on Helen Jerome 's 1936 stage adaptation ) and that of 2005 , starring Keira Knightley ( an Oscar - nominated performance ) and Matthew Macfadyen . Notable television versions include two by the BBC : a 1980 version starring Elizabeth Garvie and David Rintoul and the popular 1995 version , starring Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth . A 1936 stage version was created by Helen Jerome played at the St James 's Theatre in London , starring Celia Johnson and Hugh Williams . First Impressions was a 1959 Broadway musical version starring Polly Bergen , Farley Granger , and Hermione Gingold . In 1995 , a musical concept album was written by Bernard J. Taylor , with Claire Moore in the role of Elizabeth Bennet and Peter Karrie in the role of Mr. Darcy . A new stage production , Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice , The New Musical , was presented in concert on 21 October 2008 in Rochester , New York , with Colin Donnell as Darcy . The Swedish composer Daniel Nelson based his 2011 opera Stolthet och fördom on Pride and Prejudice . Literature ( edit ) Main article : List of literary adaptations of Pride and Prejudice The novel has inspired a number of other works that are not direct adaptations . Books inspired by Pride and Prejudice include the following : Mr. Darcy 's Daughters and The Exploits and Adventures of Miss Alethea Darcy by Elizabeth Aston ; Darcy 's Story ( a best seller ) and Dialogue with Darcy by Janet Aylmer ; Pemberley : Or Pride and Prejudice Continued and An Unequal Marriage : Or Pride and Prejudice Twenty Years Later by Emma Tennant ; The Book of Ruth by Helen Baker ( author ) ; Jane Austen Ruined My Life and Mr.", "18": "Darcy Broke My Heart by Beth Pattillo ; Precipitation -- A Continuation of Miss Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice by Helen Baker ( author ) ; Searching for Pemberley by Mary Simonsen and Mr. Darcy Takes a Wife and its sequel Darcy & Elizabeth : Nights and Days at Pemberly by Linda Berdoll . In Gwyn Cready 's comedic romance novel , Seducing Mr. Darcy , the heroine lands in Pride and Prejudice by way of magic massage , has a fling with Darcy and unknowingly changes the rest of the story . Abigail Reynolds is the author of seven Regency - set variations on Pride and Prejudice . Her Pemberley Variations series includes Mr. Darcy 's Obsession , To Conquer Mr. Darcy , What Would Mr. Darcy Do and Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy : The Last Man in the World . Her modern adaptation , The Man Who Loved Pride and Prejudice , is set on Cape Cod . Helen Fielding 's 1996 novel Bridget Jones 's Diary is also based on Pride and Prejudice and spawned a feature film of the same name , released in 2001 . In March 2009 , Quirk Books released Pride and Prejudice and Zombies , which takes Austen 's actual , original work and mashes it up with zombie hordes , cannibalism , ninja and ultraviolent mayhem . In March 2010 , Quirk Books published a prequel that deals with Elizabeth Bennet 's early days as a zombie hunter , Pride and Prejudice and Zombies : Dawn of the Dreadfuls . In 2016 , a movie of the aforementioned contemporary literature adaptation was released starring Lily James and Matt Smith . In 2011 , author Mitzi Szereto expanded on the novel in Pride and Prejudice : Hidden Lusts , a historical sex parody that parallels the original plot and writing style of Jane Austen . Marvel has also published their take on this classic by releasing a short comic series of five issues that stays true to the original storyline . The first issue was published on 1 April 2009 and was written by Nancy Hajeski . It was published as a graphic novel in 2010 with artwork by Hugo Petrus .", "19": "Pamela Aidan is the author of a trilogy of books telling the story of Pride and Prejudice from Mr. Darcy 's point of view : Fitzwilliam Darcy , Gentleman . The books are An Assembly Such as This , Duty and Desire and These Three Remain . Detective novel author P.D. James has written a book titled Death Comes to Pemberley , which is a murder mystery set six years after Elizabeth and Darcy 's marriage . Sandra Lerner 's sequel to Pride and Prejudice , Second Impressions , develops the story and imagined what might have happened to the original novel 's characters . It is written in the style of Austen after extensive research into the period and language and published in 2011 under the pen name of Ava Farmer . Jo Baker 's 2013 novel Longbourn imagines the lives of the servants of Pride and Prejudice . In the novel Eligible , Curtis Sittenfeld sets the characters of Pride and Prejudice in modern - day Cincinnati , where the Bennet parents , erstwhile Cincinnati social climbers , have fallen on hard times . Elizabeth , a successful and independent New York journalist , and her single older sister Jane must intervene to salvage the family 's financial situation and get their unemployed adult sisters to move out of the house and onward in life . In the process they encounter Chip Bingley , a young doctor and reluctant reality TV celebrity , and his medical school classmate , Fitzwilliam Darcy , a cynical neurosurgeon . Pride and Prejudice has also inspired works of scientific writing . In 2010 , scientists named a pheromone identified in male mouse urine darcin , after Mr. Darcy , because it strongly attracted females . In 2016 , a scientific paper published in the Journal of Inherited Metabolic Diseases speculated that Mrs. Bennet may have been a carrier of a rare genetic disease , explaining why the Bennets did n't have any sons , and why some of the Bennet sisters are so silly . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Monstersandcritics.com '' . Monstersandcritics.com. 7 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2009 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 .", "20": "^ Jump up to : Austen , Jane ( 1993 ) . Pride and Prejudice . Hertfordshire : Wordsworth Editions Limited . ISBN 9781853260001 . Jump up ^ Janet M. Todd ( 2005 ) , Books.Google.com , Jane Austen in Context , Cambridge University Press p. 127 ^ Jump up to : Tauchert , Ashley ( 2003 ) . `` Mary Wollstonecraft and Jane Austen : ' Rape ' and ' Love ' as ( Feminist ) Social Realism and Romance '' . Women . Oxford , England . 14 ( 2 ) : 144 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ No love for Lydia : The fate of desire in Pride and Prejudice Allen DW 1985 . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the Feminist Heroine : Elizabeth in Pride and Prejudice '' by Hui - Chun Chang , International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature , vol. 3 , no . 3 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Fox , Robert C. ( September 1962 ) . `` Elizabeth Bennet : Prejudice or Vanity ? '' . Nineteenth - Century Fiction . University of California Press . 17 ( 2 ) : 185 -- 187 . doi : 10.2307 / 2932520 . JSTOR 2932520 . ^ Jump up to : Dexter , Gary ( 10 August 2008 ) . `` How Pride And Prejudice got its name '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Burney , Fanny ( 1782 ) . Cecilia : Or , Memoirs of an Heiress . T. Payne and son and T. Cadell . pp. 379 -- 380 . ^ Jump up to : Pinion , FB ( 1973 ) . A Jane Austen . Companion . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 12489 - 8 . Jump up ^ Austen , Jane . Pride and Prejudice , Ch 61 . Jump up ^ Quindlen , Anna ( 1995 ) . `` Introduction '' .", "21": "Pride and Prejudice . New York : Modern Library . p. vii . ISBN 0 - 679 - 60168 - 6 . Jump up ^ Austen , Jane . Pride and Prejudice , Ch 1 . Jump up ^ Gao , Haiyan ( February 2013 ) . `` Jane Austen 's Ideal Man in Pride and Prejudice '' . Theory and Practice in Language Studies : 384 -- 388 -- via ProQuest Literature Online . Jump up ^ Austen , Jane ( 1813 ) . Pride and Prejudice . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Chung , Ching - Yi ( July 2013 ) . `` Gender and class oppression in Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice '' . IRWLE. 9 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Michie , Elsie B. `` Social Distinction in Jane Austen , Pride and Prejudice , 1813 , edited by Donald Gray and Mary A. Favret , fourth Norton critical edition ( 2016 ) . pp. 370 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Tony ( 1986 ) . Knowledge and Opinion : Pride and Prejudice . Macmillan Education Ltd. p. 124 . ISBN 0333323173 -- via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Austen , Jane ( 2016 ) . Pride and Prejudice . W.W. Norton & Company Inc. p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 26488 - 3 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Tony ( 1986 ) . Knowledge and Opinion : Pride and Prejudice . Macmillan Education Ltd. p. 124 . ISBN 0333323173 -- via JSTOR . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Robert ( 2003 ) . Jane Austen . Writers and Their Work . Tavistock : Northcote House in association with the British Council . ISBN 0 - 7463 - 0876 - 0 . Jump up ^ Baker , Amy .", "22": "`` Caught In The Act Of Greatness : Jane Austen 's Characterization Of Elizabeth And Darcy By Sentence Structure In Pride and Prejudice . '' Explicator 72.3 ( 2014 ) : 169 -- 178 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 16 Feb. 2016 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Angus ( 2013 ) . `` A Scientific Justification for Literature : Jane Austen 's Free Indirect Style as Ethical Tool '' . Journal of Narrative Theory : JNT. 43 : 13 -- via Literature Online . Jump up ^ `` History of Goodnestone '' . Goodnestone Park Gardens . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Le Faye , Deidre ( 2002 ) . Jane Austen : The World of Her Novels . New York : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3285 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Pat , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Jane Austen : Pride and Prejudice . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82514 - 6 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Robert Jane Austen , London : Routledge , 2005 page 57 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Robert Jane Austen , London : Routledge , 2005 , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ This theory is defended in `` Character and Caricature in Jane Austen '' by DW Harding in Critical Essays on Jane Austen ( BC Southam Edition , London 1968 ) and Brian Southam in Southam , B.C. ( 2001 ) . Jane Austen 's literary manuscripts : a study of the novelist 's development through the surviving papers ( New ed . ) . London : the Athlone press / Continuum . pp. 58 -- 59 . ISBN 9780826490704 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Robert Jane Austen , London : Routledge , 2005 page 56 . ^ Jump up to : Stafford , Fiona ( 2004 ) . `` Notes on the Text '' . Pride and Prejudice .", "23": "Oxford World 's Classics ( ed . James Kinley ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280238 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Fergus , Jan ( 1997 ) . `` The professional woman writer '' . In Copeland , E. ; McMaster , J. The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 49867 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Anniversaries of 2013 '' . Daily Telegraph . 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Cossy , Valérie ; Saglia , Diego ( 2005 ) . Todd , Janet , ed . Translations . Jane Austen in Context . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82644 - 6 . Jump up ^ Tandon , Bharat ( 2003 ) . Jane Austen and the Morality of Conversation . Anthem Press . p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Southam , B.C. ( ed ) ( 1995 ) . Jane Austen : The Critical Heritage . 1 . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 13456 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read -- Top 100 Books '' . May 2003 . Retrieved 12 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Aussie readers vote Pride and Prejudice best book '' . thewest.com.au . Jump up ^ `` 200th Anniversary of Pride And Prejudice : A HuffPost Books Austenganza '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Schuessler , Jennifer ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Austen Fans to Celebrate 200 Years of Pride and Prejudice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Jane Austen celebrated on 200th anniversary of Pride and Prejudice publication '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ ABC News . `` ' Pride and Prejudice ' 200th Anniversary '' . ABC News .", "24": "Jump up ^ `` Queensbridge Publishing : Pride and Prejudice 200th Anniversary Edition by Jane Austen '' . queensbridgepublishing.com . Jump up ^ `` TED Talks to celebrate the 200th anniversary of Pride and Prejudice '' . TED Blog . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily . `` Happy 200th Birthday , Pride & Prejudice ... and Happy Sundance , Too : The writer / director of the Sundance hit ' Austenland ' talks to TIME about why we still love Mr. Darcy centuries years later '' . Time . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ Pride and Prejudice ( 2005 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ `` ' ' First Impressions ' ' the Broadway Musical '' . Janeaustensworld.wordpress.com. 6 November 2008 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Pride and Prejudice ' ' ( 1995 ) '' . Bernardjtaylor.com . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PRIDE AND PREJUDICE , the Musical '' . prideandprejudicemusical.com . Jump up ^ Stolthet och fördom / Pride and Prejudice ( 2011 ) , work details Jump up ^ `` Abigail Reynolds Author Page '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ( April 2009 ) . `` Pride and Prejudice , Now with Zombies '' . TIME Magazine . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Quirkclassics.com '' . Quirkclassics.com . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel.com '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Aidan , Pamela . An Assembly Such as This . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 9134 - 7 . Jump up ^ Aidan , Pamela . Duty and Desire . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9728529 - 1 - 3 . Jump up ^ Aidan , Pamela .", "25": "These Three Remain . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 9137 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hislop , Victoria . `` Death Comes to Pemberley : Amazon.co.uk : Baroness P.D. James : 9780571283576 : Books '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Ava ( 2011 ) . Second Impressions . Chawton , Hampshire , England : Chawton House Press . ISBN 1613647506 . Jump up ^ Baker , Jo ( 8 October 2013 ) . Longbourn . Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0385351232 . Jump up ^ Sittenfeld , Curtis ( 19 April 2016 ) . Eligible . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1400068326 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sarah A. ; Simpson , Deborah M. ; Armstrong , Stuart D. ; Davidson , Amanda J. ; Robertson , Duncan H. ; McLean , Lynn ; Beynon , Robert J. ; Hurst , Jane L. ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Darcin : a male pheromone that stimulates female memory and sexual attraction to an individual male 's odour '' . BMC biology . 8 : 75 . doi : 10.1186 / 1741 - 7007 - 8 - 75 . ISSN 1741 - 7007 . PMC 2890510 . PMID 20525243 . Jump up ^ Stern , William ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Pride and protein '' . Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease . 39 ( 2 ) : 321 -- 324 . doi : 10.1007 / s10545 - 015 - 9908 - 7 . ISSN 1573 - 2665 . PMID 26743057 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pride and Prejudice .", "26": "Wikisource has original text related to this article : Pride and Prejudice Download as ePub from Wikisource Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pride and Prejudice Digital resources relating to Jane Austen from the British Library 's Discovering Literature website Pride and Prejudice ( Chapman edition ) at Project Gutenberg Annotated HTML hypertext of Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice public domain audiobook at LibriVox Jane Austen portal Literature portal Novels portal Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice Characters Bennet family Elizabeth Bennet Fitzwilliam Darcy William Collins Lady Catherine de Bourgh Mr. Wickham Films Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Pride & Prejudice : A Latter - Day Comedy ( 2003 ) Bride and Prejudice ( 2004 film ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2016 ) Television Pride and Prejudice ( 1958 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1967 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1980 ) Trishna ( 1985 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1995 ) Lost in Austen ( 2008 ) Death Comes to Pemberley ( 2013 ) Novels Darcy 's Story ( 1995 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 1996 ) Mr. Darcy 's Daughters ( 2003 ) Fitzwilliam Darcy , Gentleman An Assembly Such as This ( 2003 ) Duty and Desire ( 2004 ) These Three Remain ( 2005 ) Austenland ( 2007 ) Love ,", "27": "Lies and Lizzie ( 2009 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2009 parody ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies : Dawn of the Dreadfuls ( 2010 parody ) Death Comes to Pemberley ( 2011 ) Other First Impressions ( 1959 musical ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1993 musical ) `` Beyond a Joke '' ( 1997 ) Stolthet och fördom ( 2011 opera ) The Lizzie Bennet Diaries ( 2012 web series ) Austenland ( 2013 film ) See also Pride & Prejudice ( soundtrack ) Pemberley List of literary adaptations Jane Austen Timeline Works Major Sense and Sensibility ( 1811 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1813 ) Mansfield Park ( 1814 ) Emma ( 1815 ) Northanger Abbey ( 1817 ) Persuasion ( 1817 ) Minor Lady Susan Sanditon ( unfinished ) The Watsons ( unfinished ) Plan of a Novel Juvenilia Love and Freindship The Beautifull Cassandra The History of England Catherine , or The Bower Places Jane Austen Centre Jane Austen 's House Museum Chawton House Chawton House Library People Cassandra Austen Charles Austen Francis Austen Henry Thomas Austen Edward Austen Knight Edward Knight George Thomas Knight Henry Knight Eliza Hancock Catherine Hubback Thomas Langlois Lefroy Martha Lloyd Analysis Janeite Jane Austen in popular culture Styles and themes of Jane Austen Georgian society in Jane Austen 's novels Reception history of Jane Austen A Memoir of Jane Austen Book Portal BNF : cb11960594n ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pride_and_Prejudice&oldid=821966401 '' Categories : 1813 British novels British novels adapted into films Love stories Novels by Jane Austen Novels set in Hertfordshire Pride and Prejudice British novels adapted into plays Novels about nobility", "28": "Novels adapted into television programs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use British English from January 2012 Use dmy dates from January 2012 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk", "29": "ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 17 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3206386096607228268	who sang buddy can you spare a dime	[ "Bing Crosby", "Rudy Vallee", "Bing Crosby", "Rudy Vallee" ]	{ "0": "Brother , Can You Spare a Dime ? - Wikipedia Brother , Can You Spare a Dime ? Jump to : navigation , search For the 1975 documentary film , see Brother , Can You Spare a Dime ? ( film ) . `` Brother , Can You Spare a Dime ? '' Sheet music cover for Americana Song by Jay Gorney and E.Y. `` Yip '' Harburg Written 1930 Genre American pop Composer ( s ) Jay Gorney Lyricist ( s ) E.Y. `` Yip '' Harburg `` Brother , Can You Spare a Dime ? '' Rudy Vallee 's recording is one of the most famous versions . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Brother , Can You Spare a Dime ? '' , also sung as `` Buddy , Can You Spare a Dime ? '' , is one of the best - known American songs of the Great Depression . Written in 1930 by lyricist E.Y. `` Yip '' Harburg and composer Jay Gorney , `` Brother , Can You Spare a Dime ? '' was part of the 1932 musical revue Americana ; the melody is based on a Russian - Jewish lullaby Gorney 's mother had sung to him as a child . It was considered by Republicans to be anti-capitalist propaganda , and almost dropped from the show ; attempts were made to ban it from the radio . The song became best known , however , through recordings by Bing Crosby and Rudy Vallee . They were released right before Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's election to the presidency . The Brunswick Crosby recording made on October 25 , 1932 with Lennie Hayton and his Orchestra became the best - selling record of its period , and came to be viewed as an anthem to the shattered dreams of the era . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Musical structure 3 Update 4 Other recordings 5 Notes 6 External links Summary ( edit ) In the song a beggar talks back to the system that stole his job . Gorney said in an interview in 1974 `` I did n't want a song to depress people . I wanted to write a song to make people think .", "1": "It is n't a hand - me - out song of ' give me a dime , I 'm starving , I 'm bitter ' , it was n't that kind of sentimentality '' . The song asks why the men who built the nation -- built the railroads , built the skyscrapers -- who fought in the war ( World War I ) , who tilled the earth , who did what their nation asked of them should , now that the work is done and their labor no longer necessary , find themselves abandoned and in bread lines . Asking for an act of charity , the singer requests a Dime ( equivalent to $1.46 in 2017 ) . It refers to `` Yankee Doodle Dum '' , a reference to patriotism , and the evocation of veterans also recalls protests about military bonuses payable only after 21 years , which were a topical issue . Musical structure ( edit ) The song has unusual structure for a Broadway song . Firstly , rather than starting in a major key , as most Broadway songs do , it begins in a minor key , which is darker and more appropriate for the Depression . When discussing the prosperous past and building the railroads , the song jumps an octave and moves briefly into a major key , evoking energy and optimism . It then reverts to the augmented dominant of the minor key in the word `` time '' in the line `` Once I built a railroad , made it run / Made it race against time , '' marking the end of prosperous times , and changing to a wistful mood . The song then ends , not on a note of resignation , but with anger -- repeating the beginning ( as is usual for Broadway songs ) , an octave higher , but with a significant change : the friendly `` Brother , can you spare a dime ? '' is replaced with the more assertive `` Buddy , can you spare a dime ? '' Update ( edit ) During the malaise of the 1970s stagflation , the New York Times asked Harburg to update `` Brother '' for a new age , and he responded with : Once we had a Roosevelt Praise the Lord ! Life had meaning and hope . Now we 're stuck with Nixon , Agnew , Ford , Brother , can you spare a rope ?", "2": "Other recordings ( edit ) The Dave Brubeck Quartet released a jazz instrumental arrangement of the piece on their 1955 album , Brubeck Time ; Brubeck plays main phrase on piano in many styles including rag and baroque . Peter , Paul & Mary recorded a studio version under the title `` Buddy , Can You Spare A Dime ? '' for their 1965 album See What Tomorrow Brings . The Youngbloods released a version of the song on their 1967 debut album , Jesse Colin Young & The Youngbloods . Spanky and Our Gang , on the group 's 1967 album of the same name , featuring lead singer Elaine MacFarlane . Judy Collins recorded a studio version of this song in her 1975 Judith ( album ) . Ronnie Lane recorded a version in 1975 , which was released as a single . Abbey Lincoln sang this jazz standard on her album You Gotta Pay the Band ( 1991 ) accompanied by prestigious jazz musicians as Stan Getz , Hank Jones and Charlie Haden . Les Deux Love Orchestra recorded a version in 2009 which appeared on The Huffington Post . George Michael recorded a version for his 1999 album Songs from the Last Century and his live album Symphonica . A recording by Walker Edmiston is featured during the Great Depression scene of The American Adventure attraction at Epcot within Walt Disney World Resort . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Information from playbill on musical `` Americana '' , Belknap Playbill and Program Collection Jump up ^ Forward : review of Yip Harburg : Legendary Lyricist and Human Rights Activist , Harriet Hyman Alonso , Wesleyan University Press , 2012 ^ Jump up to : American Dreamers : How the Left Changed a Nation , Michael Kazin , pub . Random House , p176 . Extracts Jump up ^ Songwriters Hall of Fame : EY Harburg biography Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giddins , G. ( 2001 ) . Bing Crosby : A Pocketful of Dreams , The Early Years , 1903 - 1940 . Little , Brown , p. 305 .", "3": "Jump up ^ Said by Gorney in a 1974 interview , an excerpt of which was transmitted on BBC2 television programme `` The Story of the Jews '' part 4 by Simon Schama on 22 September 2013 at 21 : 00 Jump up ^ Marching on Washington : The Forging of an American Political Tradition , Lucy G. Barber , 2004 p. 104 Jump up ^ The Twentieth Century : A People 's History , by Howard Zinn , p. 116 Jump up ^ A Depression - Era Anthem For Our Times National Public Radio 's Weekend Edition ( November 15 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Song by song : the lives and work of 14 great lyric writers , Caryl Brahms , Ned Sherrin , p. 125 -- 126 Jump up ^ Cutting edge , or , `` Back in the knife - box , Miss Sharp '' : Ned Sherrin 's anthology of wit , Ned Sherrin , 1984 , p. 140 ( rope , dime ) Jump up ^ Edwards , Bob ( 2011 ) . A voice in the box my life in radio . ( S.l. ) : The University Press of Kentucky . p. 109 . ISBN 0813140455 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` See What Tomorrow Brings - Peter , Paul and Mary '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ The Youngbloods , Jesse Colin Young & The Youngbloods Retrieved June 12 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Spanky and Our Gang - Spanky & Our Gang '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Judith - Judy Collins '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ . Discogs http://www.discogs.com/Ronnie-Lane-Brother-Can-You-Spare-A-Dime/master/553284 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` You Gotta Pay the Band - Abbey Lincoln , Stan Getz '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Woods , Bobby ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Brother , Can You Spare a Dime ? '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Songs from the Last Century '' .", "4": "AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` The American Adventure '' . WDWMagic.com . External links ( edit ) Songs of the Great Depression -- lyrics , prepared by Professor Catherine Lavender for courses in The Department of History , The College of Staten Island of The City University of New York . Explanation of lyrics There are multiple videos of this song on YouTube . Included at the time of this note are the Bing Crosby & Rudy Vallee recordings and at least one Spanish language version . ( hide ) Bing Crosby Discography Filmography Albums Music of Hawaii ( 1939 ) Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . One ( 1939 ) Patriotic Songs for Children ( 1939 ) Cowboy Songs ( 1939 ) Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . Two ( 1939 ) George Gershwin Songs , Vol . One ( 1939 ) Ballad for Americans ( 1940 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs ( 1940 ) Christmas Music ( 1940 ) Star Dust ( 1940 ) Hawaii Calls ( 1941 ) Small Fry ( 1941 ) Crosbyana ( 1941 ) Under Western Skies ( 1941 ) Song Hits from Holiday Inn ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1942 ) Merry Christmas ( 1945 ) Selections from Going My Way ( 1945 ) Selections from The Bells of St. Mary 's ( 1946 ) Do n't Fence Me In ( 1946 ) The Happy Prince ( 1946 ) Selections from Road to Utopia ( 1946 ) Bing Crosby -- Stephen Foster ( 1946 ) What We So Proudly Hail ( 1946 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . One ( 1946 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . Two ( 1946 ) Blue Skies ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1946 ) Bing Crosby -- Jerome Kern ( 1946 ) St.", "5": "Patrick 's Day ( 1947 ) Bing Crosby -- Victor Herbert ( 1947 ) Selections from Welcome Stranger ( 1947 ) Our Common Heritage ( 1947 ) El Bingo ( 1947 ) The Small One ( 1947 ) The Man Without a Country ( 1947 ) Drifting and Dreaming ( 1947 ) Blue of the Night ( 1948 ) Selections from Showboat ( 1948 ) The Emperor Waltz ( 1948 ) St. Valentine 's Day ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Al Jolson , Bob Hope , Dick Haymes and the Andrews Sisters ( 1948 ) Selections from Road to Rio ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Judy Garland , Mary Martin , Johnny Mercer ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Lionel Hampton , Eddie Heywood , Louis Jordan ( 1948 ) Auld Lang Syne ( 1948 ) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1949 ) Bing Crosby Sings Songs by George Gershwin ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1949 ) Christmas Greetings ( 1949 ) Ichabod -- The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ( 1949 ) Top o ' the Morning / Emperor Waltz ( 1949 ) Songs from Mr. Music ( 1950 ) Go West Young Man ( 1950 ) Le Bing : Song Hits of Paris ( 1953 ) Some Fine Old Chestnuts ( 1954 ) Selections from White Christmas ( 1954 ) Bing : A Musical Autobiography ( 1954 ) High Tor ( 1956 ) A Christmas Sing with Bing Around the World ( 1956 ) High Society ( w / Frank Sinatra , Grace Kelly , and Louis Armstrong ) ( 1956 ) Songs I Wish I Had Sung the First Time Around ( 1956 ) Bing Sings Whilst Bregman Swings ( 1956 ) Bing with a Beat ( 1957 ) A Christmas Story ( 1957 ) Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves ( 1957 ) Never Be Afraid ( 1957 ) Jack B.", "6": "Nimble -- A Mother Goose Fantasy ( 1957 ) New Tricks ( 1957 ) Fancy Meeting You Here ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1958 ) How the West Was Won ( 1959 ) Bing & Satchmo ( w / Louis Armstrong ) ( 1960 ) 101 Gang Songs ( 1960 ) Holiday in Europe ( 1960 ) The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) On the Happy Side ( 1962 ) On the Sentimental Side ( 1962 ) I Wish You a Merry Christmas ( 1962 ) Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre ( 1963 ) Return to Paradise Islands ( 1963 ) Bing Crosby Sings the Great Country Hits ( 1963 ) America , I Hear You Singing ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) 12 Songs of Christmas ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) That Travelin ' Two - Beat ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1965 ) Bing ' n ' Basie ( w / Count Basie ) ( 1972 ) A Couple of Song and Dance Men ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1975 ) Seasons ( 1977 ) Bing Crosby : The Voice of Christmas ( 1998 ) Family Dixie Lee ( first wife ) Gary Crosby ( son ) Dennis Crosby ( son ) Phillip Crosby ( son ) Lindsay Crosby ( daughter ) Kathryn Crosby ( second wife ) Harry Crosby ( son ) Mary Crosby ( daughter ) Nathaniel Crosby ( son ) Denise Crosby ( granddaughter ) Larry Crosby ( brother ) Bob Crosby ( brother ) Related Songs Bing Crosby recorded multiple times A Tribute to Bing Crosby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brother,", "7": "_Can_You_Spare_a_Dime%3F&oldid=833731156 '' Categories : 1931 songs Bing Crosby songs The Youngbloods songs Songs from musicals Songs with lyrics by Yip Harburg Songs with music by Jay Gorney Great Depression songs Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית Norsk Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 03 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6048120691051566410	when was the last time that the eagles were at the super bowl	[ "2017 season", "2017" ]	{ "0": "2004 Philadelphia Eagles season - wikipedia 2004 Philadelphia Eagles season Jump to : navigation , search 2004 Philadelphia Eagles season Head coach Andy Reid Owner Jeffrey Lurie Home field Lincoln Financial Field Results Record 13 -- 3 Division place 1st NFC East Playoff finish Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 27 -- 14 Won NFC Championship ( Falcons ) 27 -- 10 Lost Super Bowl XXXIX ( Patriots ) 21 -- 24 ← 2003 Eagles seasons 2005 → The 2004 Philadelphia Eagles season was the 72nd season for the team in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Eagles had been one of the most successful teams in the league after the Andy Reid and Donovan McNabb era began in 1999 , making it to the playoffs for four straight seasons and to the NFC Championship Game in 2001 , 2002 , and 2003 . However , the team could not reach the Super Bowl , despite being favored in the final two NFC title games . In the offseason , this already championship - level team was reinforced on both sides of the ball by the free agent additions of wide receiver Terrell Owens , defensive end Jevon Kearse , and middle linebacker Jeremiah Trotter , their third round draft pick in 1998 . The Eagles had far and away the best team in the NFC and proved that right from the start . Possessing a high - powered offense which featured McNabb , Owens , and Brian Westbrook , as well as a bruising defense led by Pro Bowlers Trotter , Brian Dawkins , Lito Sheppard , and Michael Lewis , they steamrolled opponents on the way to a 13 -- 1 start to the season . After resting starters for the final two games , the 13 -- 3 Eagles soared past the Minnesota Vikings and the Atlanta Falcons in the playoffs , earning a trip to Super Bowl XXXIX in Jacksonville against the defending champion New England Patriots . The game was hard fought , but the Eagles fell 24 -- 21 , ending their magical season one score short of the ultimate goal . This season was considered the franchise 's most successful until their Super Bowl LII - winning 2017 season .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Staff 2 Schedule 2.1 Regular season 2.2 Playoffs 3 Regular season 3.1 Week 1 : vs. New York Giants 3.2 Week 2 : vs. Minnesota Vikings 3.3 Week 3 : at Detroit Lions 3.4 Week 4 : at Chicago Bears 3.5 Week 6 : vs. Carolina Panthers 3.6 Week 7 : at Cleveland Browns 3.7 Week 8 : vs. Baltimore Ravens 3.8 Week 9 : at Pittsburgh Steelers 3.9 Week 10 : at Dallas Cowboys 3.10 Week 11 : vs. Washington Redskins 3.11 Week 12 : at New York Giants 3.12 Week 13 : vs. Green Bay Packers 3.13 Week 14 : at Washington Redskins 3.14 Week 15 : vs. Dallas Cowboys 3.15 Week 16 : at St. Louis Rams 3.16 Week 17 : vs. Cincinnati Bengals 4 Standings 5 Playoffs 5.1 Divisional Playoffs : vs. Minnesota Vikings 5.2 NFC Championship : vs. Atlanta Falcons 5.3 Super Bowl XXXIX : vs.", "2": "New England Patriots 6 Final roster 7 References 8 External links Staff ( edit ) 2004 Philadelphia Eagles staff Front office Chairman / Chief Executive Officer -- Jeffrey Lurie President -- Joe Banner Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Andy Reid Vice President of Player Personnel -- Tom Heckert Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Jason Licht Director of Pro Personnel -- Scott Cohen Head coaches Head Coach -- Andy Reid Assistant Head Coach / Offensive Coordinator -- Marty Mornhinweg Assistant to the Head Coach -- James Urban Offensive coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Brad Childress Quarterbacks -- Pat Shurmur Running Backs -- Ted Williams Wide Receivers -- David Culley Tight Ends -- Tom Melvin Offensive Line -- Juan Castillo Offensive Assistant / Quality Control -- Bill Shuey Statistical Analysis Coordinator -- Mike Frazier Defensive coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Jim Johnson Defensive Line -- Tommy Brasher Linebackers -- Steve Spagnuolo Secondary -- Trent Walters Safeties -- Sean McDermott Defensive Assistant / Quality Control -- Mike Reed Special teams coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- John Harbaugh Special Teams Quality Control -- Ted Daisher Strength and conditioning Head Athletic Trainer -- Rick Burkholder Strength and Conditioning -- Mike Wolf Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Tom Kanavy Assistant Trainer -- Eric Sugarman Schedule ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Week Date Opponent Result Venue TV Attendance September 12 , 2004 New York Giants W 31 -- 17 Lincoln Financial Field FOX 67,532 September 20 , 2004 Minnesota Vikings W 27 -- 16 Lincoln Financial Field ABC 67,676 September 26 , 2004 at Detroit Lions W 30 -- 13 Ford Field FOX 62,472 October 3 , 2004 at Chicago Bears W 19 -- 9 Soldier Field FOX 61,894 5 Bye 6 October 17 , 2004 Carolina Panthers W 30 -- 8 Lincoln Financial Field FOX 67,707 7 October 24 , 2004 at Cleveland Browns W 34 -- 31 ( OT ) Cleveland Browns Stadium FOX 73,", "3": "394 8 October 31 , 2004 Baltimore Ravens W 15 -- 10 Lincoln Financial Field CBS 67,715 9 November 7 , 2004 at Pittsburgh Steelers L 3 -- 27 Heinz Field FOX 64,975 10 November 15 , 2004 at Dallas Cowboys W 49 -- 21 Texas Stadium ABC 64,190 11 November 21 , 2004 Washington Redskins W 28 -- 6 Lincoln Financial Field FOX 67,720 12 November 28 , 2004 at New York Giants W 27 -- 6 Giants Stadium FOX 78,830 13 December 5 , 2004 Green Bay Packers W 47 -- 17 Lincoln Financial Field FOX 67,723 14 December 12 , 2004 at Washington Redskins W 17 -- 14 FedExField ESPN 90,089 15 December 19 , 2004 Dallas Cowboys W 12 -- 7 Lincoln Financial Field FOX 67,723 16 December 27 , 2004 at St. Louis Rams L 7 -- 20 Edward Jones Dome ABC 66,129 17 January 2 , 2005 Cincinnati Bengals L 10 -- 38 Lincoln Financial Field CBS 67,074 Playoffs ( edit ) Round Date Opponent Result Venue TV Attendance Divisional January 16 , 2005 Minnesota Vikings ( 6 ) W 27 -- 14 Lincoln Financial Field FOX 67,722 NFC Championship January 23 , 2005 Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) W 27 -- 10 Lincoln Financial Field FOX 67,717 Super Bowl XXXIX February 6 , 2005 vs. New England Patriots ( A2 ) L 21 -- 24 Alltel Stadium FOX 78,125 Regular season ( edit ) Week 1 : vs.", "4": "New York Giants ( edit ) Total Giants 7 0 7 17 Eagles 14 10 7 0 31 weather = 77 ° F ( Sunny ) The highly anticipated Eagles ' season began with a convincing rout of the division - rival New York Giants in a game that was not as close as the 31 -- 17 score . New York scored the first points when Ron Dayne finished a first quarter drive with a 3 - yard touchdown run . Then it was all Eagles for a while . Brian Westbrook 's 50 - yard run was followed up by a 20 - yard touchdown pass from Donovan McNabb to his new weapon -- Terrell Owens . McNabb acrobatically scrambled and threw for Owens in the end zone on the Eagles ' next possession , and it was 14 -- 7 Philadelphia . In the second quarter , the Eagles added a touchdown reception from tight end L.J. Smith and a 45 - yard David Akers field goal to take a commanding 24 -- 7 lead . Steve Christie booted a 53 - yarder before the half , but in the third quarter , McNabb found Owens surprisingly wide open in the end zone , making it 31 -- 10 . Tiki Barber ran for a long touchdown late in the game to make the score more respectable for New York . Rookie Giant quarterback Eli Manning was put in the game for New York 's last possession , but he was rocked hard by the Eagles ' defense as he was christened into the NFL . McNabb threw for 330 yards and four scores , while Owens did not disappoint in his Philadelphia debut , hauling in three touchdowns . The only negative for the Eagles was the loss of rookie starting offensive guard Shawn Andrews . Week 2 : vs. Minnesota Vikings ( edit ) Total Vikings 7 16 Eagles 7 7 10 27 weather = 63 ° F ( Clear ) A Monday Night Football matchup against the Minnesota Vikings was touted as a potential playoff preview . A war of words between outspoken receivers Terrell Owens and Randy Moss dominated the media coverage during the week prior to the game . A 22 - yard reception by Moss helped Minnesota take a 3 -- 0 early lead .", "5": "Donovan McNabb marched the Eagles down the field on their first possession and finished the drive with an 11 - yard touchdown pass to L.J. Smith . The Vikings drove the ball and had first and goal from the Eagles ' 2 - yard line , but the defense made a goal - line stand , holding the Vikings to another field goal . David Akers capped the Eagles ' next possession with a 37 - yard field goal , making it 10 -- 6 Philadelphia . Later in the quarter , the Vikings again had first and goal from the Eagles 2 - yard line , but linebacker Mark Simoneau met Daunte Culpepper at the goal line and stripped him , with Brian Dawkins recovering the fumble . McNabb bootlegged for a 20 - yard touchdown in the third quarter to give the Eagles breathing room . Morten Andersen kicked his third field goal to make it 17 -- 9 . However , McNabb found Owens deep for a 34 - yard touchdown , increasing the Philadelphia lead to 24 -- 9 . Moss scored a late - touchdown on a short fade route , but the night belonged to the Eagles . McNabb passed for 245 yards and two scores , while running for another , and the defense allowed only one touchdown to the highly regarded Minnesota offense . The 27 -- 16 win allowed Philadelphia to seize early control of their division and established them as the team to beat in the NFC . Week 3 : at Detroit Lions ( edit ) Total Eagles 14 7 6 30 Lions 0 7 0 6 13 With two home wins under their belt , the Eagles played their first away game of the year at Ford Field against the lowly Detroit Lions . The Eagles broke through during the first quarter when Donovan McNabb arced a 48 - yard bomb to third receiver Freddie Mitchell setting up a first and goal . McNabb finished the drive with a 1 - yard quarterback sneak . After recovering a Detroit fumble , McNabb hit Terrell Owens in stride for a 29 - yard score . The next touchdown was scored by long - snapper / tight end Mike Bartrum on a 1 - yard pass , his first touchdown since 2001 , making it 21 -- 0 Eagles .", "6": "Emerging Detroit receiver Roy Williams had two touchdown receptions over the rest of the game , but three second half field goals by David Akers kept the score a lopsided 30 -- 13 . McNabb had 356 passing yards , with Owens owning 107 of those yards . Week 4 : at Chicago Bears ( edit ) Total Eagles 13 0 19 Bears 0 0 6 9 Playing in extraordinarily windy conditions at Soldier Field , the Eagles air attack was somewhat hindered in its 19 -- 9 win over the Chicago Bears . David Akers , facing his most challenging conditions of the season , connected on a 51 - yard field goal in the first quarter . He made another field goal in the second quarter to double Philadelphia 's lead to 6 -- 0 . Capitalizing on a turnover , Donovan McNabb hit his favorite target Terrell Owens for an 11 - yard touchdown in the second quarter . With another Akers field goal , the Eagles led 16 -- 0 . The Bears got on the board with a field goal before the half ended , but Akers ' fourth field goal made it 19 -- 3 . Akers missed his next two field goals in the increasingly windy conditions , but the Eagles hung on for the 19 -- 9 victory . Brian Westbrook had a career - high 23 rushes for 115 yards and Owens caught his sixth touchdown in just four games . With the victory , the Eagles completed a four - game sweep of their schedule preceding their Week 5 bye . Week 6 : vs. Carolina Panthers ( edit ) Total Panthers 0 0 0 8 8 Eagles 10 10 7 30 weather = 56 ° F ( Mostly Cloudy ) Undefeated and fresh off of an early season bye , the Eagles sought to take revenge against a wounded Carolina Panthers team that had beaten them in the 2003 NFC Championship Game . A long kick return by J.R. Reed set up a 48 - yard field goal by David Akers to begin things for the Eagles . A 53 - yard catch and run to Terrell Owens led to a 1 - yard plunge by veteran running back Dorsey Levens .", "7": "Another long completion to Owens set the stage for another field goal , and it was 13 -- 0 Eagles . Akers kicked his third field goal in the third quarter before Lito Sheppard 's exciting 64 - yard interception return for a touchdown . Panthers quarterback Jake Delhomme , who was picked off four times by the Eagles defense , threw a late - touchdown to Muhsin Muhammad . However , Brian Westbrook answered right back with a 42 - yard scamper to the end zone , his first touchdown of the year , which made it 30 -- 8 . Despite failing to catch a touchdown reception for the first time all season , Owens had 123 receiving yards and the Eagles were 5 -- 0 . Week 7 : at Cleveland Browns ( edit ) OT Total Eagles 14 7 0 10 34 Browns 7 10 7 7 0 31 After five relatively easy wins , the Eagles were drawn into a dogfight against the Cleveland Browns . The Browns were led by quarterback Jeff Garcia , former teammate to Terrell Owens . The Eagles roared to an early lead when Donovan McNabb completed a 65 - yard bomb to Todd Pinkston before a 10 - yard strike to veteran tight end Chad Lewis . Cleveland answered the Eagles with a touchdown , but McNabb struck quickly again on his next possession by tossing a 39 - yard touchdown to Owens , who fired the football at a Cleveland fan 's sign accusing him of having body odor . After a Browns field goal , McNabb found Owens again , this time for 40 yards , and this time with Owens pulling down a sign which implied he was a homosexual . The Eagles were up 21 -- 10 , but the Browns did not quit , scoring before the half ended on a Lee Suggs touchdown and after the half on a Garcia touchdown pass to Steve Heiden . Suddenly , the Browns were leading 24 -- 21 , the first time the Eagles had trailed in the second half all season . Early in the fourth , McNabb found L.J. Smith in the end zone to retake the lead and after Cleveland fumbled the kickoff , David Akers booted a 38 - yarder to make it 31 -- 24 .", "8": "However , the resilient Garcia rushed it into the end zone himself with less than a minute left in regulation , sending the game into overtime . In the overtime , both teams punted before the Eagles , helped by a 28 - yard McNabb scramble , got into field goal range . With five minutes left in the overtime , Akers barely cleared the uprights on a 50 - yard game - winning kick . McNabb had 376 passing yards and four touchdowns , while Owens and Pinkston each collected over 100 receiving yards . The Eagles went to 6 -- 0 and continued to pull away from the rest of the conference . This was the Eagles first 6 - 0 start since 1981 . Week 8 : vs. Baltimore Ravens ( edit ) Total Ravens 0 0 7 10 Eagles 0 9 15 weather = 75 ° F ( Sunny ) The Eagles put their undefeated record on the line at home against the Baltimore Ravens . In what had become a weekly event , controversial receiver Terrell Owens had a war of words in the days leading up to the game , this time against Ravens superstar linebacker Ray Lewis . The game would prove to be a battle between the dominating Philadelphia and Baltimore defenses . Almost right off the bat , Deion Sanders was hit hard by Eagles defenders as he flipped over one and was hit in midair . After getting good field position , David Akers put the Eagles up with a short field goal , but the Ravens matched that before the end of the quarter . A Donovan McNabb fumble near the Baltimore goal line erased a possible scoring chance in the second quarter , but he drove the team to a field goal on the Eagles ' next possession . The defenses dominated the third quarter , and the score remained a close 6 -- 3 as the final quarter began . Akers added a field goal early in the quarter , but the Ravens remained less than a touchdown behind . Ravens running back Chester Taylor fumbled in Eagles territory , with Hollis Thomas making the recovery . The Eagles took advantage , ending the possession in an 11 - yard third down touchdown pass to Owens , who broke a tackle on his way to the score . The two - point conversion failed , but it was now 15 -- 3 Eagles .", "9": "The points proved necessary as Kyle Boller completed a touchdown to Daniel Wilcox on Baltimore 's next possession . The Philadelphia defense held strong the rest of the game and the Eagles won by a final of 15 -- 10 . Owens again had over 100 yards , and scored his ninth touchdown of the year . The Eagles , at 7 -- 0 , were off to their best start ever . Week 9 : at Pittsburgh Steelers ( edit ) Total Eagles 0 0 0 Steelers 14 7 27 In a possible Super Bowl preview , the 7 -- 0 Eagles travelled across the state to take on the 6 -- 1 Pittsburgh Steelers , who had just knocked off the defending champion New England Patriots . However , the Eagles would not have one of their better days in this major test . The Steelers scored early and often , driving two touchdowns on their first three drives . In a rare 21 -- 0 hole , the Eagles offense could only muster a field goal before the end of the half . The offense continued to sputter in the second half , and the Steelers fed the Eagles a steady diet of Jerome Bettis rushes . The final score was an embarrassing 27 -- 3 . The Eagles high - octane offense only mustered 113 yards , while the Pittsburgh ground attack amassed 252 yards . Making matters worse , a frustrated Terrell Owens was caught on camera yelling at quarterback Donovan McNabb . After the game , Eagles defensive coordinator Jim Johnson made Jeremiah Trotter the Eagles ' starting middle linebacker in an effort to better defend against the run . Week 10 : at Dallas Cowboys ( edit ) Total Eagles 7 28 7 7 49 Cowboys 0 14 7 0 21 In a Monday Night Football game that is probably more remembered for a controversial pre-game promotion featuring Terrell Owens and Desperate Housewives actress Nicollette Sheridan , the Eagles avenged their loss to the Steelers by throttling the Dallas Cowboys in Texas Stadium 49 -- 21 . On the first play of their third possession , Donovan McNabb completed a pass over the middle to Owens . The two nearest Cowboy defenders ran into each other , freeing Owens to run for a 59 - yard touchdown .", "10": "A muffed punt put the Eagles in position to score their second touchdown on a 4 - yard run by Dorsey Levens in the second quarter . A touchdown reception by Dallas tight end Jason Witten cut the Philadelphia lead to 14 -- 7 as the game turned into a shootout . McNabb completed another touchdown to Owens , and then a 59 - yarder to Todd Pinkston for Pinkston 's first score of the season . Cowboys quarterback Vinny Testaverde found Witten again a few minutes later , making it 28 -- 14 Philadelphia . On the next Eagles ' possession , McNabb , in a famous play , scrambled for a record 14.1 seconds before launching a 60 - yard bomb to Freddie Mitchell . The drive ended in a 1 - yard Brian Westbrook run , padding the Eagles ' lead to 35 -- 14 . Dallas running back Eddie George scored on the Cowboys ' first possession of the third quarter , keeping Dallas in the game . But they would not score again , while McNabb and Owens hooked up for another touchdown . In the fourth quarter , Lito Sheppard intercepted Testaverde in the end zone and went the distance , returning the pick 101 yards for a touchdown as he outran Cowboy receiver Keyshawn Johnson . Owens had his biggest game as an Eagle , catching six passes for 134 yards and three touchdowns . McNabb 's equally fantastic season continued with 345 passing yards , four touchdowns , and zero interceptions . The Eagles went to 8 -- 1 , with a division title already in sight . Week 11 : vs. Washington Redskins ( edit ) Total Redskins 0 0 6 Eagles 7 0 7 14 28 weather = 54 ° F ( Cloudy ) In Week 11 , the Eagles faced the Washington Redskins for the first time all season . Using a steady rushing attack , the Redskins opened the scoring with a 35 - yard Ola Kimrin field goal . The Eagles answered back with a touchdown -- a 2 - yard pass to a wide open Chad Lewis in the end zone . The Redskins got another field goal to make it 7 -- 6 , keeping pace with an Eagles team that had a sluggish first half .", "11": "In the third quarter , the Eagles put together an impressive drive that ended with Donovan McNabb firing a bullet over the middle to Terrell Owens in the end zone . Brian Westbrook added two short yardage receiving touchdowns in the fourth quarter , breaking the game open and making the final score 28 -- 6 , prompting the Redskins to accuse the Eagles of running up the score after the game . It was not the Eagles ' best offense performance , but McNabb , who fumbled and was intercepted , threw four touchdowns . Overshadowed receiver Todd Pinkston had 106 receiving yards , which led the team . Week 12 : at New York Giants ( edit ) Total Eagles 0 7 13 7 27 Giants 0 0 6 The 9 -- 1 Eagles travelled up the New Jersey Turnpike to take on the New York Giants on November 28 , 2004 . Eli Manning 's 50 - yard bomb to Jamaar Taylor allowed New York to take a first quarter lead after a field goal . Donovan McNabb took it in himself as the Eagles ' answered with a touchdown . Steve Christie got another field goal in the second quarter , and it was a 7 -- 6 game . McNabb was sacked and fumbled near midfield on the Eagles ' next possession . Manning promptly arced another rocket to Taylor , putting the ball on the Philadelphia 3 - yard line . On the next play , Manning underthrew a fade to the end zone and rookie Quintin Mikell made a clutch interception . The game was still tight as the second half began , but the Eagles defense would not allow the Giants to score again . Philadelphia used a 24 - yard reception by Terrell Owens to set up a 47 - yard David Akers field goal . Then , a Brian Dawkins interception of Manning led to another field goal , pushing the Philadelphia lead to 13 -- 6 . Later in the quarter , Jevon Kearse blocked a New York punt , and the offense was able to capitalize , with Brian Westbrook taking it in from 1 - yard out , and putting the Eagles ahead 20 -- 6 .", "12": "Early in the fourth quarter , Westbrook took a screen from McNabb and rumbled 34 yards to paydirt , breaking the game open at 27 -- 6 . Westbrook had 127 combined yards and both a rushing and receiving touchdown . The defense gave up 110 yards to Tiki Barber and two long Manning - Taylor passes , but otherwise kept the Giants muzzled , while making key interceptions . With the victory , the Eagles locked up an NFC East division title earlier than any team had before . They had also won their tenth game quicker than any team in franchise history . Week 13 : vs. Green Bay Packers ( edit ) Total Packers 0 0 14 17 Eagles 7 28 9 47 The Eagles turned in perhaps their best performance of the entire season when the 7 -- 4 Green Bay Packers , who had won six straight , travelled to Lincoln Financial Field . The Eagles offense completely gashed the Packers ' defense , and Brett Favre could do nothing with the stubborn Eagles ' defense . Donovan McNabb continued his hot streak from the previous week 's win against the Giants . Having completed his last 10 pass attempts of that game , and his first 14 attempts against the Packers , McNabb became the sole owner of the record for most consecutive passes complete -- with 24 over two games . In the first quarter , Terrell Owens broke a tackle and raced away for a 41 - yard touchdown . In the second quarter , Donovan McNabb fed Brian Westbrook a short pass that Westbrook took in a for a score . On the next series , Westbrook lined up in the slot and beat the coverage as he reeled in a 41 - yard touchdown reception . McNabb gave L.J. Smith a turn on the next possession , completing a 6 - yard touchdown to him . Dexter Wynn made a big punt return later in the quarter , leading to McNabb finding Westbrook over the middle . It was Westbrook 's third touchdown of the quarter , and McNabb 's fifth of the half -- and the Eagles were leading the Packers 35 -- 0 with time left in second quarter . Green Bay got a field goal before halftime . However , long completions by McNabb to Owens and Westbrook led to three third - quarter field goals by David Akers .", "13": "A 45 - yard run by Dorsey Levens set up Akers ' fourth field goal at the start of the final quarter , which made it 47 -- 3 . Packers ' backup quarterback Craig Nall led Green Bay to two touchdown drives in the fourth quarter , long after the Eagles had called off the dogs . The win was an example of just how good the Eagles were . The Packers won their division that season , but were totally dismantled by Philadelphia . The Eagles offense clicked on all cylinders , with McNabb recording five touchdowns passes and a team - record 464 passing yards . Owens and Westbrook both had over 150 receiving yards . Meanwhile , the Eagles defense registered five sacks and held the Packers ' offense to three points while the starters remained in . The win put the Eagles at 11 -- 1 and proved conclusively that they were light years ahead of the rest of the conference . Week 14 : at Washington Redskins ( edit ) Total Eagles 7 0 10 0 17 Redskins 7 0 0 7 14 A mere three weeks after pasting the Washington Redskins at home , the Eagles traveled to play them in a Sunday night game at FedExField . The Redskins were fired up all night , and Ladell Betts took the opening kickoff inside the Eagles 10 - yard line . Two plays later Clinton Portis rushed it in for an early Washington lead . On a drive highlighted by receiver Todd Pinkston seemingly breaking off a route to shy away from a hit , the Eagles managed to score a game - tying touchdown with L.J. Smith making a 2 - yard reception after a long pass interference penalty against Washington . At the end of the quarter , McNabb launched his longest pass of the season , an 80 - yard bomb to Pinkston , which he caught before stumbling up to the four - yard line . Owens caught the next pass and tried to make a move to score his 15th touchdown of the year , but instead lost the football . Each side would miss a field goal before halftime arrived with the score knotted 7 -- 7 .", "14": "The Eagles posted a 38 - yard field goal by David Akers on the opening drive of the third quarter , then got a short Dorsey Levens touchdown at the end of the quarter , putting Philadelphia ahead 17 -- 7 . However , the Redskins defense intercepted McNabb near midfield , and Portis finished the drive with his second touchdown , making it a 17 -- 14 game . With only a few minutes left , Washington quarterback Patrick Ramsey drove his team to the Eagles ' 27 - yard line . His next pass was to the end zone , and both Brian Dawkins and Lito Sheppard had a play on the ball , but Sheppard prudently allowed Dawkins to make the interception and end the Redskin threat . It was not the Eagles ' prettiest game , but they survived a scare and escaped with another victory , improving their overall record to 12 -- 1 . Week 15 : vs. Dallas Cowboys ( edit ) Total Cowboys 0 7 0 0 7 Eagles 0 6 0 6 12 weather = 39 ° F ( Light rain ) After their scoring fest in Week 10 , the Eagles and Dallas Cowboys played a defensive struggle in a Week 15 game that would mean home - field advantage throughout the playoffs if the Eagles were to win . The teams had long drives , but could not get into field goal range in the first quarter . In the second , the Eagles broke through with a drive capped by a 2 - yard touchdown pass from Donovan McNabb to Chad Lewis . David Akers missed the extra point , making it a 6 -- 0 game . McNabb was later sacked and fumbled the ball away to Dallas , with Vinny Testaverde taking advantage by firing a 7 - yard touchdown pass to Keyshawn Johnson . The missed extra point now seemed more critical as the Eagles trailed 7 -- 6 going into halftime . On the opening drive of the third quarter , McNabb found his favorite target , Terrell Owens for a 20 - yard gain , but Dallas safety Roy Williams , made a horse - collar tackle on Owens , breaking his ankle . The play would prompt a new NFL rule the next season , barring horse - collar tackles .", "15": "McNabb was intercepted two plays later and again later in the quarter as neither offense could score . Cowboys kicker Billy Cundiff missed a 46 - yarder in the fourth quarter , giving the Eagles new life . McNabb , going back to one of his old tricks in the absence of Owens , made scrambles of 12 yards and 19 yards , setting up an eventual Dorsey Levens touchdown run from 2 - yards out . The two - point conversion failed and it remained 12 -- 7 Eagles . However , Lito Sheppard picked off Testaverde on the next series to end the game . Proving again that they could win a close game , the Eagles prevailed under adversity and in improving their record to 13 -- 1 , completed a sweep of their NFC East opponents while locking up home - field advantage throughout the playoffs . Unfortunately , the word after the game was that Owens , the Eagles ' sharpest offensive weapon , would be out until at least the Super Bowl . Week 16 : at St. Louis Rams ( edit ) Total Eagles 7 0 0 0 7 Rams 7 7 20 With nothing left to play for until the playoffs and in the wake of the disastrous injury to Terrell Owens , Eagles ' head coach Andy Reid decided to only play his starters for one series in a Monday Night Football game against the St. Louis Rams . The Rams ran ten rushing plays , split between Steven Jackson and Marshall Faulk , in the opening drive as they scored a touchdown . The Eagles offense , also playing without Brian Westbrook who was a healthy scratch , efficiently marched down the field , with Freddie Mitchell , who was now a starter , receiving a 7 - yard touchdown pass from McNabb . At that point , most of the Eagles ' starters left the game . The second - string Philadelphia defense limited a St. Louis team that needed the game to help secure a playoff spot . The Rams offense only scored 20 points , but backup quarterbacks Koy Detmer and Jeff Blake could do little to score on St. Louis . Week 17 : vs.", "16": "Cincinnati Bengals ( edit ) Total Bengals 0 17 14 7 38 Eagles 0 0 7 10 weather = 45 ° F ( Cloudy ) The 7 -- 8 Cincinnati Bengals rolled over the Philadelphia reserve players . Donovan McNabb and Brian Westbrook were among the many starters that did not play for the Eagles , who were clearly preparing for a run to the Super Bowl . Koy Detmer and Jeff Blake were again mostly unimpressive while Bengals running back Rudi Johnson torched the Eagles ' backup defense for three touchdowns to give Cincinnati a 38 -- 3 lead by the middle of the fourth quarter . Blake was able to connect with Freddie Mitchell , who had six catches for 76 yards , for a touchdown late . Meanwhile , Terrell Owens continued to rehab his ankle , guaranteeing that if the Eagles made it to the Super Bowl , he would be ready to play in it . The Eagles , not trying to win their last two games , finished with a franchise best 13 -- 3 record . Standings ( edit ) NFC East view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Philadelphia Eagles 13 0 . 813 6 -- 0 11 -- 1 386 260 L2 New York Giants 6 10 0 . 375 3 -- 3 5 -- 7 303 347 W1 Dallas Cowboys 6 10 0 . 375 2 -- 4 5 -- 7 293 405 L1 Washington Redskins 6 10 0 . 375 1 -- 5 6 -- 6 240 265 W1 Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : NFL playoffs , 2004 - 05 Divisional playoffs : vs. Minnesota Vikings ( edit ) Total Vikings 0 7 0 7 14 Eagles 7 14 0 6 27 weather = 32 ° F ( Sunny ) With expectations high , the Eagles ' playoff run began with the Minnesota Vikings coming to town .", "17": "Minnesota had backed into the playoffs with an 8 -- 8 record and losses in four of their final five regular season games , but they had upset the Green Bay Packers in the Wild Card round . On the Eagles ' second possession , Brian Westbrook , who had missed the 2003 -- 2004 playoffs with an injury , gained 48 total yards , setting up Donovan McNabb 's two - yard touchdown pass to Freddie Mitchell . At the end of the quarter , McNabb found third receiver Greg Lewis for a 52 - yard completion . Two plays later , Westbrook caught a short pass over the middle and put Philadelphia up 14 -- 0 . A long completion to Marcus Robinson by Daunte Culpepper led to a quarterback bootleg for a touchdown , keeping Minnesota in the game . J.R. Reed returned the kickoff into Viking territory , and a few plays later , McNabb hit L.J. Smith with a pass over the middle and inside the Minnesota ten - yard line . Smith pushed for the score , but was hit hard , popping the ball into air towards the goal line . Freddie Mitchell was in the neighborhood and caught the derelict fumble in the end zone for an amazing touchdown that proved it would be the Eagles ' day . The Vikings got the ball to the Eagles ' 4 - yard line , but a botched fake field goal attempt left them with nothing to show for the drive and put a dent in their hopes . Interceptions by Ike Reese and Jeremiah Trotter in the third quarter kept Minnesota at bay , while Freddie Mitchell 's luck was reversed when he fumbled a near - touchdown out of the end zone , resulting in a touchback . Two David Akers field goals in the fourth quarter put the game at 27 -- 7 and out of reach . Culpepper added a 32 - yard touchdown pass to Robinson , but the Eagles were going to their fourth straight NFC Championship Game . McNabb had 286 passing yards and two touchdowns , Westbrook had over 100 all - purpose yards , and Mitchell caught five balls and had two touchdowns filling in for Terrell Owens . NFC Championship : vs.", "18": "Atlanta Falcons ( edit ) Total Falcons 0 10 0 0 10 Eagles 7 7 6 7 27 weather = 12 ° F ( Clear ) The Eagles hoped that the fourth time would be a charm for them against the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Championship Game after losing the past three title games . The game would be played in post-blizzard , 17 - degree weather , with swirling frigid winds nearing 30 MPH . Atlanta had gone 11 -- 5 over the year , and were the second best team in the conference , behind Philadelphia . Atlanta 's quarterback and star player Michael Vick would basically be the Falcons ' main hope of upsetting the Eagles . He tried to run twice on the opening drive , but the Eagles ' defense , using a mush rush , stopped him both times . Later in the quarter , Brian Westbrook broke a 36 - yard run to the right side , followed by a completion to L.J. Smith for 21 yards . Dorsey Levens , with some help from his teammates , pushed his way in for a 4 - yard touchdown , giving Philadelphia a 7 -- 0 lead . Atlanta took the ball back and began a long drive , which featured many Warrick Dunn and T.J. Duckett rushes , that took them to first and goal from the Eagles ' two - yard line . Duckett was stuffed on first down , Vick threw incomplete on second , then looked to have room to run on third , but big Hollis Thomas emerged and leveled Vick at the 3 - yard line . The Falcons settled for a field goal , making it 7 -- 3 . The Eagles moved towards the end zone again , the big blow coming when Greg Lewis came back and hauled in a 45 - yard pass from Donovan McNabb , setting up first and goal from the Falcons ' four - yard line . Two plays later , McNabb passed in the corner of the end zone to veteran tight end Chad Lewis , with Lewis catching the pass while making a spectacular effort to stay in bounds . On Atlanta 's next possession , in the middle of the second quarter , Vick went deep over the middle for tight end Alge Crumpler , who made the catch but was absolutely crushed by safety Brian Dawkins on the play .", "19": "Dunn went in for the 10 - yard score on the next play and it was 14 -- 10 Eagles . Philadelphia took the kickoff in the third quarter and marched down the field , setting up a 31 - yard field goal by David Akers in the wind . Defensive end Derrick Burgess had his first of two sacks on Vick to kill Atlanta 's next drive . Later in the quarter , a low pass by Vick was intercepted by Dawkins , leading to another Akers field goal and increasing the Eagles ' advantage to 20 -- 10 . As the game moved into the fourth quarter and Atlanta 's passing offense could do little against the Philadelphia secondary , a Super Bowl berth looked more and more likely . A six - and - a-half minute drive that ended in another short Chad Lewis touchdown reception kicked off the celebration in Philadelphia . Victorious by a score of 27 -- 10 , the Eagles were NFC Champions for the first time since 1980 . McNabb threw for a modest 180 yards in the windy weather , but had two touchdowns and no interceptions . Westbrook came up with 96 yards on the ground , while Chad Lewis made two critical touchdown receptions . It was later learned that Lewis broke his ankle on the second touchdown catch , and he would be left off the Super Bowl roster . Meanwhile , the defense held Vick to 136 passing yards and 26 rushing yards , and kept Atlanta off the scoreboard in the second half . Super Bowl XXXIX : vs. New England Patriots ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl XXXIX Total Patriots 0 7 7 10 24 Eagles 0 7 7 7 21 In their first Super Bowl appearance since Super Bowl XV , the Eagles met the New England Patriots on February 6 , 2005 at ALLTEL Stadium in Jacksonville , Florida . The Patriots , led by Tom Brady had won two of the past three Super Bowls and a win against the Eagles would likely lead to `` dynasty status '' . They had cruised to a 14 -- 2 regular season record , and taken down the Indianapolis Colts and 15 -- 1 Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC playoffs . Meanwhile , the Eagles , considered heavy underdogs , had star wide receiver Terrell Owens miraculously returning , against doctor 's orders , from injury .", "20": "A third - down sack and subsequent fumble by Donovan McNabb on the Eagles ' first possession nearly led to a turnover in Eagles ' territory , but Andy Reid challenged the play and the Eagles were able to punt . Both offenses struggled in general until McNabb hit Owens on a 30 - yard catch and run to inside the New England 10 - yard line . Unfortunately , Patriot safety Rodney Harrison picked off McNabb 's pass to the end zone . After a New England punt , the Eagles had good field position , but L.J. Smith was hit and fumbled after a completion , giving the ball back to the Patriots . New England 's offense continued to struggle and the Eagles took back over , with McNabb finding maligned wide receiver Todd Pinkston for a 17 - yard completion then a spectacular leaping 40 - yard catch . On third and goal , McNabb hit Smith in the end zone and the Eagles had drawn first blood 7 -- 0 . Brady led the Patriots to the Eagles 4 - yard line , but he was sacked and fumbled , with Darwin Walker recovering for the Eagles . Things were looking good for Philadelphia , but they went three and out , giving New England the ball back at the Eagles ' 37 - yard line . Brady did not waste this opportunity , and led the Patriots to a touchdown with 1 : 21 left in the half , with David Givens catching a 4 - yard scoring strike and celebrating by mocking Owens ' wing flap celebration . Brady connected with eventual game MVP Deion Branch four times on the opening drive of the third quarter . Mike Vrabel caught the short touchdown pass and New England had its first lead 14 -- 7 . In the middle of the third , the Eagles drove to the New England 10 - yard line , before McNabb fired a bullet to Brian Westbrook between two Patriot defenders for a game - tying score . The Patriots answered back with a scoring drive capped by a two - yard touchdown rush by Corey Dillon early in the fourth quarter , giving New England the lead back 21 -- 14 . On their next possession , the Patriots got good field position and ended the drive with a short Adam Vinatieri field goal , pushing the lead to 24 -- 14 . Tedy Bruschi intercepted McNabb on the next series and it looked like the Eagles might be finished .", "21": "However , they forced a three - and - out and got the ball back with 5 : 40 to play . They drove down the field , but there was an alarming lack of urgency and the clock kept ticking . A sudden 30 - yard touchdown pass from McNabb to Greg Lewis gave the Eagles new life , but less than two minutes remained . The Eagles failed to get the onside kick , then burned their timeouts on New England 's possession . Philadelphia got the ball back at their 4 - yard line with : 46 seconds left down 24 -- 21 , but Rodney Harrison got his second interception of McNabb three plays later and the season was over . McNabb threw for 357 yards and three touchdowns , but his three interceptions were devastating . Owens had nine catches and 122 yards on his partially healed ankle , while Pinkston hauled in 82 receiving yards . The Eagles had done better than most expected and were in the game until the end , but they had made too many first half mistakes , when the Patriots were playing poorly , and left too many points on the field . Nevertheless , the 2004 Eagles had done better than any Eagles team had done since the 1960 NFL Championship . Final roster ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles 2004 final roster Quarterbacks 11 Jeff Blake 10 Koy Detmer 5 Donovan McNabb Running Backs 25 Dorsey Levens 34 Reno Mahe 22 Eric McCoo 49 Josh Parry FB 36 Brian Westbrook Wide Receivers 83 Greg Lewis 80 Billy McMullen 84 Freddie Mitchell 81 Terrell Owens 87 Todd Pinkston Tight Ends 82 L.J.", "22": "Smith 85 Jeff Thomason Offensive Linemen 79 Ian Allen T 66 Trey Darilek G / T 76 Alonzo Ephraim C 63 Hank Fraley C 77 Artis Hicks G 71 Jermane Mayberry G 69 Jon Runyan T 68 Steve Sciullo G 72 Tra Thomas T Defensive Linemen 56 Derrick Burgess DE 53 Hugh Douglas DE 96 Paul Grasmanis DT 65 Jamaal Green DE 93 Jevon Kearse DE 95 Jerome McDougle DE 91 Sam Rayburn DT 90 Corey Simon DT 78 Hollis Thomas DT 97 Darwin Walker DT Linebackers 57 Keith Adams OLB 55 Dhani Jones OLB 59 Mike Labinjo MLB 58 Ike Reese OLB 50 Mark Simoneau OLB 54 Jeremiah Trotter MLB 51 Nate Wayne OLB Defensive Backs 24 Sheldon Brown CB 20 Brian Dawkins FS 29 Roderick Hood CB 32 Michael Lewis SS 46 Quintin Mikell SS 30 J.R. Reed FS / KR 26 Lito Sheppard CB 21 Matt Ware CB 31 Dexter Wynn CB / PR Special Teams 2 David Akers K 88 Mike Bartrum LS / TE 8 Dirk Johnson P Reserve Lists 73 Shawn Andrews G ( IR ) 28 Correll Buckhalter RB ( IR ) 61 Adrien Clarke G ( IR ) 75 Dominic Furio C ( IR ) 67 Jamaal Jackson C ( IR ) 94 N.D.", "23": "Kalu DE ( IR ) 89 Chad Lewis TE ( IR ) 35 Bruce Perry RB ( IR ) 48 Jon Ritchie FB ( IR ) 52 Jason Short OLB ( IR ) 41 Thomas Tapeh FB ( IR ) Practice Squad 9 Andy Hall QB 74 Branden Hall G 16 Justin Jenkins WR 17 Carlos Perez WR 62 Ifo Pili DT 86 Casey Poppinga TE 98 Greg Richmond LB 64 Drew Strojny OT Rookies in italics Roster updated 2005 - 02 - 06 53 Active , 11 Inactive , 8 PS References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) 2004 Philadelphia Eagles at Pro-Football-Reference.com Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . Dan Baker Cheerleaders Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles `` Happy Hundred '' Miracle at the Meadowlands Buddy Ball Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Washington Redskins Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 13 ) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2006 2013 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1960", "24": "1980 2017 League championships ( 4 ) 1948 1949 1960 2017 ( LII ) Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WTEL WIP - FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000", "25": "2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Philadelphia Eagles seasons 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013", "26": "2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Bold indicates NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 69 ) or Super Bowl ( 1966 -- ) victory Italics indicates NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 69 ) or Super Bowl ( 1966 -- ) appearance 2004 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina St. Louis New England Cleveland Jacksonville Oakland Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee San Diego Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle 2004 NFL Draft NFL Playoffs Pro Bowl Super Bowl XXXIX Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Philadelphia_Eagles_season&oldid=833206894 '' Categories : 2004 National Football League season by team National Football Conference championship seasons Philadelphia Eagles seasons NFC East championship seasons 2004 in sports in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 07 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7543221882873643810	who is the all time leading scorer in ncaa tournament history	[ "Pete Maravich", "Pete Maravich", "Pete Maravich" ]	{ "0": "List of NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball career scoring leaders - wikipedia List of NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball career scoring leaders Jump to : navigation , search Pete Maravich , who averaged 44.2 points per game over three seasons for LSU , holds the NCAA Division I scoring record with 3,667 points In basketball , points are the sum of the score accumulated through free throw or field goal . In National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I basketball , where a player 's career is at most four seasons long , it is considered a notable achievement to reach the 1,000 - points scored threshold . In even rarer instances , players have reached the 2,000 - and 3,000 - point plateaus ( no player has ever scored 4,000 or more points at the Division I level ) . The top 25 highest scorers in NCAA Division I men 's basketball history are listed below . The NCAA did not split into its current divisions format until August 1973 . From 1906 to 1955 , there were no classifications to the NCAA nor its predecessor , the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States ( IAAUS ) . Then , from 1956 to spring 1973 , colleges were classified as either `` NCAA University Division ( Major College ) '' or `` NCAA College Division ( Small College ) '' . Some of the top 25 scorers in Division I history played before the three - point line was officially instituted in 1986 -- 87 . All of the players with a dash through the three - point field goals made column were affected by this rule . Hank Gathers of Loyola Marymount is the only three - point shot era player on this list who did not make a single three - point shot . From the 1986 -- 87 season through the 2007 -- 08 season , the three - point perimeter was marked at 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) for both men 's and women 's college basketball .", "1": "On May 3 , 2007 , the NCAA men 's basketball rules committee passed a measure to extend the distance of the men 's three - point line back to 20 ft 9 in ( 6.32 m ) ; the women 's line would remain at the original distance until it was moved to match the men 's distance effective in 2011 -- 12 . Additionally , several of the players on this list played during an era when college freshmen were ineligible to compete at the varsity level and were forced to participate on either freshman or junior varsity teams . Since freshman and junior varsity points do not count toward official NCAA records , three players -- Pete Maravich , Oscar Robertson and Elvin Hayes -- only had three seasons to compile their totals . Larry Bird redshirted ( sat out ) his freshman year , and therefore , like Maravich , Robertson , and Hayes , his totals also cover only three seasons ( though in Bird 's case , unlike the others , it was his own choice not to play a fourth season at the college level ) . With the added benefits of a three - point line and a full extra year of varsity eligibility , their already - historical statistics would have been much higher . Maravich , a guard from LSU , not only owns the three highest single season averages in Division I history , but also the highest career total . Remarkably , he scored 3,667 points ( over 400 more than the next closest player ) in a mere 83 games . His record is considered nearly unbreakable ; the only player who could have potentially overtaken him as the top scorer in Division I history is Stephen Curry of Davidson , who had scored 2,635 points through his first three seasons of college basketball . However , Curry opted to forgo his final year of NCAA eligibility and moved on to the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) following his junior season in 2008 -- 09 . Five players on this list are enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame : Pete Maravich , Oscar Robertson , Elvin Hayes , Larry Bird and David Robinson . Key ( edit ) Pos . Ref .", "2": "Position Guard Forward Center References * Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Team ( X ) Denotes the number of times a player from that team appears on the list Career scoring leaders ( edit ) Elvin Hayes finished with 2,884 points . J.J. Redick is also second all - time in three - point field goals made ( 457 ) . Player Pos . Team Career start Career end Games played Field goals made 3 - point field goals made Free throws made Points PPG Ref . Maravich , Pete Pete Maravich * LSU 1967 1970 83 1,387 -- 893 3,667 44.2 Williams , Freeman Freeman Williams F / G Portland State 1978 106 1,369 -- 511 3,249 30.7 Simmons , Lionel Lionel Simmons La Salle 1986 1990 131 1,244 56 673 3,217 24.6 Ford , Alphonso Alphonso Ford Mississippi Valley State 1989 1993 109 1,121 333 590 3,165 29.0 McDermott , Doug Doug McDermott Creighton 2014 145 1,141 274 594 3,150 21.7 Kelly , Harry Harry Kelly Texas Southern 1979 110 1,234 -- 598 3,066 27.9 Clark , Keydren Keydren Clark Saint Peter 's 2002 2006 118 967 435 689 3,058 25.9 Hawkins , Hersey Hersey Hawkins Bradley 1984 1988 125 1,100 118 690 3,008 25.5 Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson * Cincinnati 1957 1960 88 1,052 -- 869 2,", "3": "973 33.8 Manning , Danny Danny Manning Kansas 1984 1988 147 1,216 10 509 2,951 20.1 Hughes , Alfredrick Alfredrick Hughes Loyola ( IL ) 1981 1985 120 1,226 -- 462 2,914 24.3 Hayes , Elvin Elvin Hayes * C / F Houston 1965 1968 93 1,215 -- 454 2,884 31.0 Hansbrough , Tyler Tyler Hansbrough North Carolina 2005 2009 142 939 12 982 2,872 20.2 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * Indiana State 1976 1979 94 1,154 -- 542 2,850 30.3 Birdsong , Otis Otis Birdsong Houston ( 2 ) 1973 1977 116 1,176 -- 480 2,832 24.4 Bradshaw , Kevin Kevin Bradshaw Bethune - Cookman / U.S. International 1991 111 1,027 132 618 2,804 25.3 Houston , Allan Allan Houston G / F Tennessee 1989 1993 128 902 346 651 2,801 21.9 Redick , J.J. J.J.", "4": "Redick Duke 2002 2006 139 825 457 662 2,769 19.9 Gathers , Hank Hank Gathers F / C Southern California / Loyola Marymount 1985 1990 117 1,127 0 469 2,723 23.3 Haws , Tyler Tyler Haws BYU 2009 2015 139 917 162 724 2,720 19.6 Lewis , Reggie Reggie Lewis Northeastern 122 1,043 30 592 2,709 22.2 Queenan , Daren Daren Queenan G / F Lehigh 1984 1988 118 1,024 29 626 2,703 22.9 Larkin , Byron Byron Larkin Xavier 1984 1988 121 1,022 51 601 2,696 22.3 McCalebb , Bo Bo McCalebb New Orleans 2003 2008 128 977 115 610 2,679 20.9 Robinson , David David Robinson * Navy 127 1,032 604 2,669 21.0 All - time Conference scoring leaders ( edit ) The following list contains current and defunct Division I conferences ' all - time scoring leaders . The `` conference founded '' column indicates when each respective conference first began intercollegiate athletic competition , not necessarily when they began basketball . For example , the Great West Conference was established as a football - only conference in 2004 but became an all - sports conference in 2008 ( with basketball actually beginning in 2009 -- 10 ) . Also note that some of the schools on this list are no longer in the conference in which they are identified . Utah , for instance , is currently a member of the Pac - 12 Conference , but when Keith Van Horn set the scoring record they were still a member of the Western Athletic Conference .", "5": "Similarly , BYU is currently in the West Coast Conference , but their final four seasons in the Mountain West Conference were the years in which Jimmer Fredette played at the school and set that conference 's scoring record . Tyler Hansbrough amassed an ACC - record 2,872 points at North Carolina . Bill Bradley , the Ivy League 's all - time leading scorer , is also in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Conference Conference founded Conference disbanded Player School Career start Career end Points Ref . America East 1979 -- Lewis , Reggie Reggie Lewis Northeastern 2,709 American Athletic 2013 -- Gray , Rob Rob Gray Houston 2015 2018 1,710 American South 1991 Brooks , Kevin Kevin Brooks Southwestern Louisiana 1991 2,294 Atlantic 10 1976 -- Macon , Mark Mark Macon Temple 1991 2,609 ACC 1953 -- Hansbrough , Tyler Tyler Hansbrough North Carolina 2005 2009 2,872 Atlantic Sun 1978 -- Jackson , Willie Willie Jackson Centenary 1980 1984 2,535 Big 12 -- Hield , Buddy Buddy Hield Oklahoma 2012 2016 2,291 Big East 1979 -- Bell , Troy Troy Bell Boston College 1999 2003 2,632 Big Eight 1907 Manning , Danny Danny Manning Kansas 1984 1988 2,951 Big Sky 1963 -- Bliznyuk , Bogdan Bogdan Bliznyuk Eastern Washington 2014 2018 2,169 Big South -- Williams , Reggie Reggie Williams VMI 2008 2,556 Big Ten 1896 -- Cheaney , Calbert Calbert Cheaney Indiana 1990 1993 2,613 Big West 1969 -- Harris ,", "6": "Lucious Lucious Harris Long Beach State 1989 1993 2,312 CAA 1982 -- Robinson , David David Robinson * Navy 2,669 C - USA 1995 -- Jackson , Stefon Stefon Jackson UTEP 2005 2009 2,456 East Coast 1958 1994 Queenan , Daren Daren Queenan Lehigh 1984 1988 2,703 Great Midwest 1990 1995 Claggett , Erwin Erwin Claggett Saint Louis 1991 1995 1,910 Great West 2013 Flores , Chris Chris Flores NJIT 2009 2013 1,726 Horizon 1979 -- Hughes , Alfredrick Alfredrick Hughes Loyola ( IL ) 1981 1985 2,914 Ivy 1901 -- Bradley , Bill Bill Bradley * Princeton 1962 1965 2,503 MAAC 1980 -- Simmons , Lionel Lionel Simmons La Salle 1986 1990 3,217 Metro 1995 Coles , Bimbo Bimbo Coles Virginia Tech 1986 1990 2,484 MAC 1946 -- Wells , Bonzi Bonzi Wells Ball State 1994 1998 2,485 MEAC 1970 -- Davis , Tom Tom Davis Delaware State 1991 2,275 Missouri Valley 1907 -- Hawkins , Hersey Hersey Hawkins Bradley 1984 1988 3,008 Mountain West 1999 -- Fredette , Jimmer Jimmer Fredette BYU 2007 2011 2,599 NEC 1981 -- Bailey , Terrance Terrance Bailey Wagner 2,591 OVC 1948 -- Domercant , Henry Henry Domercant Eastern Illinois 1999 2003 2,", "7": "602 Pac - 12 1959 -- MacLean , Don Don MacLean UCLA 1988 2,608 Patriot 1986 -- McCollum , C.J. C.J. McCollum Lehigh 2009 2013 2,361 SEC 1933 -- Maravich , Pete Pete Maravich * LSU 1967 1970 3,667 Southern 1921 -- Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry Davidson 2006 2009 2,635 Southland 1963 -- Dumars , Joe Joe Dumars * McNeese State 1981 1985 2,607 Summit 1982 -- Green , Caleb Caleb Green Oral Roberts 2003 2007 2,504 Sun Belt 1976 -- McCalebb , Bo Bo McCalebb New Orleans 2003 2008 2,679 Southwest 1914 Rencher , Terrence Terrence Rencher Texas 1991 1995 2,306 SWAC 1920 -- Ford , Alphonso Alphonso Ford Mississippi Valley State 1989 1993 3,165 West Coast 1952 -- Gathers , Hank Hank Gathers Loyola Marymount 1990 2,490 WAC 1962 -- Van Horn , Keith Keith Van Horn Utah 1993 2,542 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ After playing as a freshman in 2009 -- 10 , Haws spent two years on a Mormon mission and did not play his sophomore season until 2012 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : The original Big East Conference , founded in 1979 with basketball competition starting at that time , split along football lines in July 2013 . The seven schools that did not sponsor Division I FBS football reorganized as a new Big East Conference , while the FBS football schools that had not left for other conferences , plus several new members , began operating as the American Athletic Conference .", "8": "The American now considers its basketball history to have begun with the 2013 split , while the current Big East maintains the basketball history of the original Big East . Jump up ^ The Big East Conference recognizes Lawrence Moten , who played at Syracuse between 1991 and 1995 , as its all - time conference scoring leader , using the criterion of points scored in regular - season conference games only . Moten scored 1,405 points in games that counted toward the record . Troy Bell , who is technically second on the list with 1,388 points , scored more career points than Moten when all games are taken into account . The above conference scoring leaders list uses overall career totals , not conference - career totals , as its criterion . Jump up ^ The Southland Conference recognizes Dwight `` Bo '' Lamar , who played at Southwestern Louisiana ( now Louisiana ) between 1968 and 1972 , as their all - time conference scoring leader , using the criterion of points scored against conference opponents only . He scored 1,054 points in conference games . Additionally , Southwestern Louisiana did not join the Southland Conference until 1971 , so all of Lamar 's points prior to then do not count toward Southland Conference scoring . Joe Dumars , who is technically second on the list with 819 points , actually scored more career points than Lamar since McNeese State was a member of the Southland Conference for the duration of Dumars ' career . The above conference scoring leaders list uses overall career totals , not conference - career totals , as its criterion . Jump up ^ Hank Gathers ' scoring total in this table includes only games played for WCC member Loyola Marymount ; he played his freshman season of 1985 -- 86 at USC in what was then known as the Pacific - 10 Conference . He transferred from USC after that season ; after sitting out the 1986 -- 87 season due to NCAA transfer rules , he played at Loyola Marymount until his death during his senior season in 1990 . References ( edit ) General `` 2017 -- 18 NCAA Men 's Basketball Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Basketball glossary '' . FIBA.com .", "9": "Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the NCAA '' . NCAA.org . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 -- 10 NCAA Men 's Basketball Records '' ( PDF ) . 2009 -- 10 NCAA Men 's Basketball Media Guide . National Collegiate Athletic Association . 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Andy ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` Committee extends men 's 3 - point line to 20 - 9 '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Peter P. `` Pete '' Maravich `` . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . hoophall.com. 2009 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar P. Robertson '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . hoophall.com. 2009 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Elvin E. Hayes '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . hoophall.com. 2009 . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Bird '' . hoophall.com . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . 2009 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Robinson '' . hoophall.com . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . 2009 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Maravich '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 .", "10": "Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freeman Williams '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Simmons '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alphonso Ford '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doug McDermott '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2014 . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nance , Roscoe ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` Harry `` Machine Gun '' Kelly `` . SWAC Men 's Basketball Profiles . Southwestern Athletic Conference . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2010 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Keydren Clark '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hersey Hawkins '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Robertson '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Manning '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alfredrick Hughes '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2010 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Elvin Hayes '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Hansbrough '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Bird '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC.", "11": "2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Otis Birdsong '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Allan Houston '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Redick '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maurer , Matthew ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` Honorable Draftee : The Case for Hank Gathers '' . TheDraftReview.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Haws '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC . March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reggie Lewis '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lehigh 's Hall of Famer : Daren Queenan '' . history.lehighsports.com . Lehigh University . 2010 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2005 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Byron K. Larkin '' . Player profile . Xavier University . 2010 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bo McCalebb '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Robinson '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About the Great West '' . greatwestconference.org . Great West Conference . 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 America East Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' . Career leaders . America East Conference . 2010 .", "12": "Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 -- 15 American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . American Athletic Conference . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . See especially `` Miscellaneous Records '' , p. 90 , in which year - by - year conference standings only include 2013 -- 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 -- 15 BIG EAST Men 's Basketball Guide '' ( PDF ) . Big East Conference . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . See , e.g. , `` Year - By - Year Standings '' , pp. 109 -- 112 , which have entries for all Big East seasons starting with the creation of the original conference in 1979 . Jump up ^ Duarte , Joseph ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` UH 's Rob Gray becomes AAC 's all - time scoring leader '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Atlantic 10 Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Career records . Atlantic 10 Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Hansbrough Bio Page '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Centenary Places Two on Atlantic Sun 's List of 30 Shining Moments '' . GoCentenary.com . Centenary College of Louisiana . September 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Buddy Hield becomes Big 12 's all - time leading scorer '' . SI.com . Sports Illustrated . April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders : Points '' ( PDF ) . 2014 - 15 BIG EAST Men 's Basketball Guide . Big East Conference . p. 89 .", "13": "Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Troy Bell player biography '' . Boston College . 2003 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Douchant , Mike ( 1998 ) . Inside sports college basketball . Visible Ink Press . ISBN 1 - 57859 - 009 - 4 . pg. 598 Jump up ^ Allen , Jim ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Bogdan Bliznyuk becomes Big Sky 's all - time leading scorer while leading Eastern Washington to title game '' . The Spokesman - Review . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Big South Conference Basketball Media Guide '' . Men 's basketball career records . Big South Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . 2,000 Point Club ( All Games ) . Big Ten Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Big West Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Career Records : Points Scored . Big West Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CAA names Robinson , Smith among its 25 Silver Stars '' . The Baltimore Sun . February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Conference USA Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Individual Career Records . Conference USA . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nine to be Inducted into Billiken Hall of Fame '' . Saint Louis University . January 16 , 2001 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Horizon League Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Men 's Basketball Individual Records . Horizon League . 2010 .", "14": "Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Ivy League Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Men 's Individual Records . Ivy League . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 MAAC Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Points . Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Douchant , Mike ( 1998 ) . Inside sports college basketball . Visible Ink Press . ISBN 1 - 57859 - 009 - 4 . pg. 599 Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 MAC Men 's Basketball Record Book '' ( PDF ) . Most Points in a Career . Mid-American Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Donald ( March 25 , 1991 ) . `` Tom Davis Sets Sights On NBA '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . philly.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 MVC Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' . All - Time Scorers and Rebounders . Missouri Valley Conference . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fredette Breaks Mountain West Scoring Record in BYU Win '' . Sporting News . February 2011 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Northeast Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . NEC Coaching & Individual Records . Northeast Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 OVC Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Records and Awards . Ohio Valley Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 .", "15": "Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Pac - 10 Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . History . Pacific - 10 Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` McCollum breaks record in 91 -- 77 win at Sacred Heart '' . Sports . Lehigh University . November 25 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Southeastern Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Individual Records -- Points Scored . Southeastern Conference . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Southern Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' . Individual Record Book . Southern Conference . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records ( page 103 ) '' . 2011 -- 12 Southland Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide . Southland Conference . 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 McNeese State Cowboys Basketball Media Guide '' . Records . McNeese State University . 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Summit League Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Career Leaders : Points . The Summit League . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Sun Belt Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Sun Belt Records -- Top 25 ( Scoring ) . Sun Belt Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Douchant , Mike ( 1998 ) . Inside sports college basketball .", "16": "Visible Ink Press . ISBN 1 - 57859 - 009 - 4 . pg. 600 Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders : All Games '' ( PDF ) . 2012 -- 13 West Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Record Book . West Coast Conference . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 WAC Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' . Career Records . Western Athletic Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . NCAA Division I men 's basketball statistical leaders Career Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Three - point field goals Free throws Games 2,000 points and 1,000 rebounds Season Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Three - point field goals Game Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Three - point field goals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_career_scoring_leaders&oldid=833175935 '' Categories : NCAA Division I men 's basketball statistical leaders Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2015 Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 02 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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6865159725523998591	by 1914 which of the following african countries were still independent	[ "Ethiopia", "Liberia" ]	{ "0": "Scramble for Africa - wikipedia Scramble for Africa Jump to : navigation , search For information on the colonisation of Africa prior to the 1880s , including Carthaginian and early European colonisation , see Colonisation of Africa . For the book by Thomas Pakenham , see The Scramble for Africa .", "1": "Areas of Africa controlled by European colonial powers in 1913 , shown along with current national boundaries Belgian Italian British Portuguese French Spanish German Independent Part of a series on the New Imperialism History Western imperialism in Asia `` The Great Game '' The `` Scramble for Africa '' Historiography of the British Empire Theory The Expansion of England Gentlemanly capitalism The Imperialism of Free Trade Imperialism : A Study Imperialism , the Highest Stage of Capitalism Porter -- MacKenzie debate See also Imperialism Colonialism Decolonization Scramble for Africa Boer War ( 1880 ) Tunisia ( 1881 ) Sudan ( 1881 ) Egypt ( 1882 ) Wassoulou ( 1883 ) Eritrea ( 1887 ) Dahomey ( 1890 ) Mashonaland ( 1890 ) Dahomey ( 1892 ) Matabeleland ( 1893 ) Wassoulou ( 1894 ) Ashanti ( 1895 ) Ethiopia ( 1895 ) Matabeleland ( 1896 ) Zanzibar ( 1896 ) Benin ( 1897 ) Wassoulou ( 1898 ) Chad ( 1898 ) ( Kousséri ) Fashoda ( 1898 ) South Africa ( 1899 ) Namibia ( 1904 ) Tanganyika ( 1905 ) Morocco ( 1905 ) South Africa ( 1906 ) Ouaddai ( 1909 ) Morocco ( 1911 ) Morocco ( 1911 ) Tripolitania ( 1911 ) South Africa ( 1914 ) Exploration of Africa Nero expedition Roman expeditions The search for the source of the Nile First Zambesi expedition Second Zambesi expedition First trans - Africa exploration Scramble for Africa Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913 The Scramble for Africa was the occupation , division , and colonisation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism , between 1881 and 1914 .", "2": "It is also called the Partition of Africa and by some the Conquest of Africa . In 1870 , only 10 percent of Africa was under European control ; by 1914 it had increased to almost 90 percent of the continent , with only Ethiopia ( Abyssinia ) , the Dervish state ( a portion of present - day Somalia ) and Liberia still being independent . The Berlin Conference of 1884 , which regulated European colonisation and trade in Africa , is usually referred to as the starting point of the scramble for Africa . Consequent to the political and economic rivalries among the European empires in the last quarter of the 19th century , the partitioning , or splitting up of Africa was how the Europeans avoided warring amongst themselves over Africa . The later years of the 19th century saw the transition from `` informal imperialism '' ( hegemony ) , by military influence and economic dominance , to direct rule , bringing about colonial imperialism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Causes 2.1 Africa and global markets 2.2 Strategic rivalry 2.2. 1 Germany 's Weltpolitik 2.2. 2 Italy 's expansion 3 Crises prior to World War I 3.1 Colonisation of the Congo 3.2 Suez Canal 3.3 Berlin Conference ( 1884 -- 85 ) 3.4 Britain 's administration of Egypt and South Africa 3.5 Moroccan Crisis 3.6 Dervish resistance 3.7 Herero Wars and the Maji - Maji Rebellion 4 Colonial encounter 4.1 Colonial consciousness and exhibitions 4.1. 1 Colonial lobby 4.1. 2 Colonial propaganda and jingoism 4.1.", "3": "2.1 Colonial exhibitions 4.2 Countering disease 5 Colonialism leading to World War I 6 African colonies listed by colonising power 6.1 Belgium 6.2 France 6.3 Germany 6.4 Italy 6.5 Portugal 6.6 Spain 6.7 United Kingdom 6.8 Independent states 6.9 Modern Scramble for Africa 6.10 Petro - states 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) David Livingstone , early explorer of the interior of Africa and fighter against the slave trade The Portuguese established the first firm post-Middle Ages European settlements , trade posts , permanent fortifications and ports of call along the coast of the African continent , from the beginning of the Age of Discovery during the 15th century . But Europeans showed comparatively little interest in ( and less knowledge of ) the interior for some two centuries thereafter . European exploration of the African interior began in earnest at the end of the 18th century . By 1835 , Europeans had mapped most of northwestern Africa . In the middle decades of the 19th century , famous European explorers included David Livingstone and H.M. Stanley , each of whom mapped vast areas of Southern Africa and Central Africa . Arduous expeditions in the 1850s and 1860s by Richard Burton , John Speke and James Grant located the great central lakes and the source of the Nile . By the end of the 19th century Europeans had charted the Nile from its source , traced the courses of the Niger , Congo and Zambezi Rivers , and realised the vast resources of Africa . Even as late as the 1870s , European states still controlled only ten percent of the African continent , with all their territories located near the coast . The most important holdings were Angola and Mozambique , held by Portugal ; the Cape Colony , held by the United Kingdom ; and Algeria , held by France .", "4": "By 1914 , only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent of European control . Technological advances facilitated European expansion overseas . Industrialisation brought about rapid advancements in transportation and communication , especially in the forms of steam navigation , railways and telegraphs . Medical advances also played an important role , especially medicines for tropical diseases . The development of quinine , an effective treatment for malaria , made vast expanses of the tropics more accessible for Europeans . Causes ( edit ) Africa and global markets ( edit ) Sub-Saharan Africa , one of the last regions of the world largely untouched by `` informal imperialism '' , was also attractive to Europe 's ruling elites for economic , political and social reasons . During a time when Britain 's balance of trade showed a growing deficit , with shrinking and increasingly protectionist continental markets due to the Long Depression ( 1873 -- 96 ) , Africa offered Britain , Germany , France , and other countries an open market that would garner them a trade surplus : a market that bought more from the colonial power than it sold overall . In addition , surplus capital was often more profitably invested overseas , where cheap materials , limited competition , and abundant raw materials made a greater premium possible . Another inducement for imperialism arose from the demand for raw materials unavailable in Europe , especially copper , cotton , rubber , palm oil , cocoa , diamonds , tea , and tin , to which European consumers had grown accustomed and upon which European industry had grown dependent . Additionally , Britain wanted the southern and eastern coasts of Africa for stopover ports on the route to Asia and its empire in India . However , in Africa -- excluding the area which became the Union of South Africa in 1910 -- the amount of capital investment by Europeans was relatively small , compared to other continents . Consequently , the companies involved in tropical African commerce were relatively small , apart from Cecil Rhodes 's De Beers Mining Company . Rhodes had carved out Rhodesia for himself ; Léopold II of Belgium later , and with considerable brutality , exploited the Congo Free State . These events might detract from the pro-imperialist arguments of colonial lobbyists such as the Alldeutscher Verband , Francesco Crispi and Jules Ferry , who argued that sheltered overseas markets in Africa would solve the problems of low prices and over-production caused by shrinking continental markets .", "5": "John A. Hobson argued in Imperialism that this shrinking of continental markets was a key factor of the global `` New Imperialism '' period . William Easterly of New York University , however , disagrees with the link made between capitalism and imperialism , arguing that colonialism is used mostly to promote state - led development rather than `` corporate '' development . He has stated that `` imperialism is not so clearly linked to capitalism and the free markets ... historically there has been a closer link between colonialism / imperialism and state - led approaches to development . '' Strategic rivalry ( edit ) Contemporary illustration of Major Marchand 's trek across Africa in 1898 The rivalry between Britain , France , Germany , and the other European powers accounts for a large part of the colonization . While tropical Africa was not a large zone of investment , other overseas regions were . The vast interior between Egypt and the gold and diamond - rich southern Africa had strategic value in securing the flow of overseas trade . Britain was under political pressure to secure lucrative markets against encroaching rivals in China and its eastern colonies , most notably India , Malaya , Australia and New Zealand . Thus , it was crucial to secure the key waterway between East and West -- the Suez Canal . However , a theory that Britain sought to annex East Africa during the 1880 onwards , out of geostrategic concerns connected to Egypt ( especially the Suez Canal ) , has been challenged by historians such as John Darwin ( 1997 ) and Jonas F. Gjersø ( 2015 ) . The scramble for African territory also reflected concern for the acquisition of military and naval bases , for strategic purposes and the exercise of power . The growing navies , and new ships driven by steam power , required coaling stations and ports for maintenance . Defense bases were also needed for the protection of sea routes and communication lines , particularly of expensive and vital international waterways such as the Suez Canal . Colonies were also seen as assets in `` balance of power '' negotiations , useful as items of exchange at times of international bargaining . Colonies with large native populations were also a source of military power ; Britain and France used large numbers of British Indian and North African soldiers , respectively , in many of their colonial wars ( and would again be utilised in the coming World Wars ) .", "6": "In the age of nationalism there was pressure for a nation to acquire an empire as a status symbol ; the idea of `` greatness '' became linked with the sense of duty underlying many nations ' strategies . In the early 1880s , Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza was exploring the Kingdom of Kongo for France , at the same time Henry Morton Stanley explored it on behalf of Léopold II of Belgium , who would have it as his personal Congo Free State ( see section below ) . France occupied Tunisia in May 1881 , which may have convinced Italy to join the German - Austrian Dual Alliance in 1882 , thus forming the Triple Alliance . The same year , Britain occupied Egypt ( hitherto an autonomous state owing nominal fealty to the Ottoman Empire ) , which ruled over Sudan and parts of Chad , Eritrea , and Somalia . In 1884 , Germany declared Togoland , the Cameroons and South West Africa to be under its protection ; and France occupied Guinea . French West Africa ( AOF ) was founded in 1895 , and French Equatorial Africa in 1910 . Germany 's weltpolitik ( edit ) The Askari colonial troops in German East Africa , circa 1906 Germany was hardly a colonial power before the New Imperialism period , but would eagerly participate in this race . Fragmented in various states , Germany was only unified under Prussia 's rule after the 1866 Battle of Königgrätz and the 1870 Franco - Prussian War . A rising industrial power close on the heels of Britain , Germany began its world expansion in the 1880s . After isolating France by the Dual Alliance with Austria - Hungary and then the 1882 Triple Alliance with Italy , Chancellor Otto von Bismarck proposed the 1884 -- 85 Berlin Conference , which set the rules of effective control of a foreign territory . Weltpolitik ( world policy ) was the foreign policy adopted by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1890 , with the aim of transforming Germany into a global power through aggressive diplomacy , the acquisition of overseas colonies , and the development of a large navy . Some Germans , claiming themselves of Friedrich List 's thought , advocated expansion in the Philippines and Timor ; others proposed to set themselves up in Formosa ( modern Taiwan ) , etc .", "7": "At the end of the 1870s , these isolated voices began to be relayed by a real imperialist policy , backed by mercantilist thesis . In 1881 , Hübbe - Schleiden , a lawyer , published Deutsche Kolonisation , according to which the `` development of national consciousness demanded an independent overseas policy '' . Pan-Germanism was thus linked to the young nation 's imperialist drives . In the beginning of the 1880s , the Deutscher Kolonialverein was created , and got its own magazine in 1884 , the Kolonialzeitung . This colonial lobby was also relayed by the nationalist Alldeutscher Verband . Generally , Bismarck was opposed to widespread German colonialism , but he had to resign at the insistence of the new German Emperor Wilhelm II on 18 March 1890 . Wilhelm II instead adopted a very aggressive policy of colonisation and colonial expansion . Germany 's expansionism would lead to the Tirpitz Plan , implemented by Admiral von Tirpitz , who would also champion the various Fleet Acts starting in 1898 , thus engaging in an arms race with Britain . By 1914 , they had given Germany the second - largest naval force in the world ( roughly three - fifths the size of the Royal Navy ) . According to von Tirpitz , this aggressive naval policy was supported by the National Liberal Party rather than by the conservatives , implying that imperialism was supported by the rising middle classes . Germany became the third - largest colonial power in Africa . Nearly all of its overall empire of 2.6 million square kilometres and 14 million colonial subjects in 1914 was found in its African possessions of Southwest Africa , Togoland , the Cameroons , and Tanganyika . Following the 1904 Entente cordiale between France and the British Empire , Germany tried to isolate France in 1905 with the First Moroccan Crisis . This led to the 1905 Algeciras Conference , in which France 's influence on Morocco was compensated by the exchange of other territories , and then to the Agadir Crisis in 1911 . Along with the 1898 Fashoda Incident between France and Britain , this succession of international crises reveals the bitterness of the struggle between the various imperialist nations , which ultimately led to World War I .", "8": "Italy 's expansion ( edit ) Tapestry depicting the Battle of Adwa between Ethiopian and Italian forces . Italy took possession of parts of Eritrea in 1870 and 1882 . Following its defeat in the First Italo -- Ethiopian War ( 1895 -- 1896 ) , it acquired Italian Somaliland in 1889 -- 90 and the whole of Eritrea ( 1899 ) . In 1911 , it engaged in a war with the Ottoman Empire , in which it acquired Tripolitania and Cyrenaica ( modern Libya ) . In 1919 Enrico Corradini -- who fully supported the war , and later merged his group in the early fascist party ( PNF ) -- developed the concept of Proletarian Nationalism , supposed to legitimise Italy 's imperialism by a mixture of socialism with nationalism : We must start by recognizing the fact that there are proletarian nations as well as proletarian classes ; that is to say , there are nations whose living conditions are subject ... to the way of life of other nations , just as classes are . Once this is realised , nationalism must insist firmly on this truth : Italy is , materially and morally , a proletarian nation . The Second Italo - Abyssinian War ( 1935 -- 36 ) , ordered by the Fascist Benito Mussolini , would actually be one of the last colonial wars ( that is , intended to colonise a foreign country , as opposed to wars of national liberation ) , occupying Ethiopia -- which had remained the last independent African territory , apart from Liberia . Crises prior to World War I ( edit ) Colonisation of the Congo ( edit ) Henry Morton Stanley David Livingstone 's explorations , carried on by Henry Morton Stanley , excited imaginations with Stanley 's grandiose ideas for colonisation ; but these found little support owing to the problems and scale of action required , except from Léopold II of Belgium , who in 1876 had organised the International African Association ( the Congo Society ) . From 1869 to 1874 , Stanley was secretly sent by Léopold II to the Congo region , where he made treaties with several African chiefs along the Congo River and by 1882 had sufficient territory to form the basis of the Congo Free State .", "9": "Léopold II personally owned the colony from 1885 and used it as a source of ivory and rubber . Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza in his version of `` native '' dress , photographed by Félix Nadar While Stanley was exploring Congo on behalf of Léopold II of Belgium , the Franco - Italian marine officer Pierre de Brazza travelled into the western Congo basin and raised the French flag over the newly founded Brazzaville in 1881 , thus occupying today 's Republic of the Congo . Portugal , which also claimed the area due to old treaties with the native Kongo Empire , made a treaty with Britain on 26 February 1884 to block off the Congo Society 's access to the Atlantic . By 1890 the Congo Free State had consolidated its control of its territory between Leopoldville and Stanleyville , and was looking to push south down the Lualaba River from Stanleyville . At the same time , the British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes was expanding north from the Limpopo River , sending the Pioneer Column ( guided by Frederick Selous ) through Matabeleland , and starting a colony in Mashonaland . To the west , in the land where their expansions would meet , was Katanga , site of the Yeke Kingdom of Msiri . Msiri was the most militarily powerful ruler in the area , and traded large quantities of copper , ivory and slaves -- and rumors of gold reached European ears . The scramble for Katanga was a prime example of the period . Rhodes and the BSAC sent two expeditions to Msiri in 1890 led by Alfred Sharpe , who was rebuffed , and Joseph Thomson , who failed to reach Katanga . Leopold sent four CFS expeditions . First , the Le Marinel Expedition could only extract a vaguely worded letter . The Delcommune Expedition was rebuffed . The well - armed Stairs Expedition was given orders to take Katanga with or without Msiri 's consent . Msiri refused , was shot , and the expedition cut off his head and stuck it on a pole as a `` barbaric lesson '' to the people . The Bia Expedition finished the job of establishing an administration of sorts and a `` police presence '' in Katanga .", "10": "Native Congo Free State laborers who failed to meet rubber collection quotas were often punished by having their hands cut off Thus , the half million square kilometers of Katanga came into Leopold 's possession and brought his African realm up to 2,300,000 square kilometres ( 890,000 sq mi ) , about 75 times larger than Belgium . The Congo Free State imposed such a terror regime on the colonised people , including mass killings and forced labour , that Belgium , under pressure from the Congo Reform Association , ended Leopold II 's rule and annexed it in 1908 as a colony of Belgium , known as the Belgian Congo . The brutality of King Leopold II of Belgium in his former colony of the Congo Free State , now the Democratic Republic of the Congo , was well documented ; up to 8 million of the estimated 16 million native inhabitants died between 1885 and 1908 . According to the former British diplomat Roger Casement , this depopulation had four main causes : `` indiscriminate war '' , starvation , reduction of births and diseases . Sleeping sickness ravaged the country and must also be taken into account for the dramatic decrease in population ; it has been estimated that sleeping sickness and smallpox killed nearly half the population in the areas surrounding the lower Congo River . Estimates of the total death toll vary considerably . As the first census did not take place until 1924 , it is difficult to quantify the population loss of the period . Casement 's report set it at three million . William Rubinstein wrote : `` More basically , it appears almost certain that the population figures given by Hochschild are inaccurate . There is , of course , no way of ascertaining the population of the Congo before the twentieth century , and estimates like 20 million are purely guesses . Most of the interior of the Congo was literally unexplored if not inaccessible . '' See Congo Free State for further details including numbers of victims . A similar situation occurred in the neighbouring French Congo . Most of the resource extraction was run by concession companies , whose brutal methods , along with the introduction of disease , resulted in the loss of up to 50 percent of the indigenous population . The French government appointed a commission , headed by de Brazza , in 1905 to investigate the rumoured abuses in the colony .", "11": "However , de Brazza died on the return trip , and his `` searingly critical '' report was neither acted upon nor released to the public . In the 1920s , about 20,000 forced labourers died building a railroad through the French territory . Suez Canal ( edit ) Main article : Suez Canal Port Said entrance to Suez Canal , showing De Lesseps ' statue French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps had obtained many concessions from Isma'il Pasha , the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan , in 1854 -- 56 , to build the Suez Canal . Some sources estimate the workforce at 30,000 , but others estimate that 120,000 workers died over the ten years of construction due to malnutrition , fatigue and disease , especially cholera . Shortly before its completion in 1869 , Khedive Isma'il borrowed enormous sums from British and French bankers at high rates of interest . By 1875 , he was facing financial difficulties and was forced to sell his block of shares in the Suez Canal . The shares were snapped up by Britain , under its Prime Minister , Benjamin Disraeli , who sought to give his country practical control in the management of this strategic waterway . When Isma'il repudiated Egypt 's foreign debt in 1879 , Britain and France seized joint financial control over the country , forcing the Egyptian ruler to abdicate , and installing his eldest son Tewfik Pasha in his place . The Egyptian and Sudanese ruling classes did not relish foreign intervention . During the 1870s , European initiatives against the slave trade caused an economic crisis in northern Sudan , precipitating the rise of Mahdist forces . In 1881 , the Mahdist revolt erupted in Sudan under Muhammad Ahmad , severing Tewfik 's authority in Sudan . The same year , Tewfik suffered an even more perilous rebellion by his own Egyptian army in the form of the Urabi Revolt . In 1882 , Tewfik appealed for direct British military assistance , commencing Britain 's administration of Egypt . A joint British - Egyptian military force ultimately defeated the Mahdist forces in Sudan in 1898 . Thereafter , Britain ( rather than Egypt ) seized effective control of Sudan .", "12": "Berlin Conference ( 1884 -- 85 ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Berlin Conference Otto von Bismarck at the Berlin Conference , 1884 The occupation of Egypt , and the acquisition of the Congo were the first major moves in what came to be a precipitous scramble for African territory . In 1884 , Otto von Bismarck convened the 1884 -- 85 Berlin Conference to discuss the African problem . The diplomats put on a humanitarian façade by condemning the slave trade , prohibiting the sale of alcoholic beverages and firearms in certain regions , and by expressing concern for missionary activities . More importantly , the diplomats in Berlin laid down the rules of competition by which the great powers were to be guided in seeking colonies . They also agreed that the area along the Congo River was to be administered by Léopold II of Belgium as a neutral area , known as the Congo Free State , in which trade and navigation were to be free . No nation was to stake claims in Africa without notifying other powers of its intentions . No territory could be formally claimed prior to being effectively occupied . However , the competitors ignored the rules when convenient and on several occasions war was only narrowly avoided . Britain 's administration of Egypt and South Africa ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Boer child in a British concentration camp during the Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Britain 's administration of Egypt and the Cape Colony contributed to a preoccupation over securing the source of the Nile River .", "13": "Egypt was overrun by British forces in 1882 ( although not formally declared a protectorate until 1914 , and never an actual colony ) ; Sudan , Nigeria , Kenya and Uganda were subjugated in the 1890s and early 20th century ; and in the south , the Cape Colony ( first acquired in 1795 ) provided a base for the subjugation of neighboring African states and the Dutch Afrikaner settlers who had left the Cape to avoid the British and then founded their own republics . Theophilus Shepstone annexed the South African Republic ( or Transvaal ) in 1877 for the British Empire , after it had been independent for twenty years . In 1879 , after the Anglo - Zulu War , Britain consolidated its control of most of the territories of South Africa . The Boers protested , and in December 1880 they revolted , leading to the First Boer War ( 1880 -- 81 ) . British Prime Minister William Gladstone signed a peace treaty on 23 March 1881 , giving self - government to the Boers in the Transvaal . The Jameson Raid of 1895 was a failed attempt by the British South Africa Company and the Johannesburg Reform Committee to overthrow the Boer government in the Transvaal . The Second Boer War , fought between 1899 and 1902 , was about control of the gold and diamond industries ; the independent Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic ( or Transvaal ) were this time defeated and absorbed into the British Empire . The French thrust into the African interior was mainly from the coasts of West Africa ( modern day Senegal ) eastward , through the Sahel along the southern border of the Sahara , a huge desert covering most of present - day Senegal , Mali , Niger , and Chad . Their ultimate aim was to have an uninterrupted colonial empire from the Niger River to the Nile , thus controlling all trade to and from the Sahel region , by virtue of their existing control over the Caravan routes through the Sahara . The British , on the other hand , wanted to link their possessions in Southern Africa ( modern South Africa , Botswana , Zimbabwe , Lesotho , Swaziland , and Zambia ) , with their territories in East Africa ( modern Kenya ) , and these two areas with the Nile basin .", "14": "Muhammad Ahmad , leader of the Mahdists . This fundamentalist group of Muslim dervishes over-ran much of Sudan and fought British forces . The Sudan ( which in those days included most of present - day Uganda ) was the key to the fulfillment of these ambitions , especially since Egypt was already under British control . This `` red line '' through Africa is made most famous by Cecil Rhodes . Along with Lord Milner , the British colonial minister in South Africa , Rhodes advocated such a `` Cape to Cairo '' empire , linking the Suez Canal to the mineral - rich Southern part of the continent by rail . Though hampered by German occupation of Tanganyika until the end of World War I , Rhodes successfully lobbied on behalf of such a sprawling African empire . If one draws a line from Cape Town to Cairo ( Rhodes 's dream ) , and one from Dakar to the Horn of Africa ( now Ethiopia , Eritrea , Djibouti and Somalia ) , ( the French ambition ) , these two lines intersect somewhere in eastern Sudan near Fashoda , explaining its strategic importance . In short , Britain had sought to extend its East African empire contiguously from Cairo to the Cape of Good Hope , while France had sought to extend its own holdings from Dakar to the Sudan , which would enable its empire to span the entire continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea . A French force under Jean - Baptiste Marchand arrived first at the strategically located fort at Fashoda , soon followed by a British force under Lord Kitchener , commander in chief of the British Army since 1892 . The French withdrew after a standoff and continued to press claims to other posts in the region . In March 1899 , the French and British agreed that the source of the Nile and Congo Rivers should mark the frontier between their spheres of influence . Moroccan Crisis ( edit ) Main articles : First Moroccan Crisis and Second Moroccan Crisis The Moroccan Sultan Abdelhafid , who led the resistance to French expansionism during the Agadir Crisis Although the 1884 -- 85 Berlin Conference had set the rules for the Scramble for Africa , it had not weakened the rival imperialists .", "15": "The 1898 Fashoda Incident , which had seen France and the British Empire on the brink of war , ultimately led to the signature of the Entente Cordiale of 1904 , which countered the influence of the European powers of the Triple Alliance . As a result , the new German Empire decided to test the solidity of such influence , using the contested territory of Morocco as a battlefield . Thus , Kaiser Wilhelm II visited Tangiers on 31 March 1905 and made a speech in favor of Moroccan independence , challenging French influence in Morocco . France 's influence in Morocco had been reaffirmed by Britain and Spain in 1904 . The Kaiser 's speech bolstered French nationalism , and with British support the French foreign minister , Théophile Delcassé , took a defiant line . The crisis peaked in mid-June 1905 , when Delcassé was forced out of the ministry by the more conciliation - minded premier Maurice Rouvier . But by July 1905 Germany was becoming isolated and the French agreed to a conference to solve the crisis . Both France and Germany continued to posture up until the conference , with Germany mobilizing reserve army units in late December and France actually moving troops to the border in January 1906 . The 1906 Algeciras Conference was called to settle the dispute . Of the thirteen nations present , the German representatives found their only supporter was Austria - Hungary . France had firm support from Britain , the US , Russia , Italy and Spain . The Germans eventually accepted an agreement , signed on 31 May 1906 , whereby France yielded certain domestic changes in Morocco but retained control of key areas . However , five years later the Second Moroccan Crisis ( or Agadir Crisis ) was sparked by the deployment of the German gunboat Panther to the port of Agadir on 1 July 1911 . Germany had started to attempt to surpass Britain 's naval supremacy -- the British navy had a policy of remaining larger than the next two naval fleets in the world combined . When the British heard of the Panther 's arrival in Morocco , they wrongly believed that the Germans meant to turn Agadir into a naval base on the Atlantic . The German move was aimed at reinforcing claims for compensation for acceptance of effective French control of the North African kingdom , where France 's pre-eminence had been upheld by the 1906 Algeciras Conference .", "16": "In November 1911 a convention was signed under which Germany accepted France 's position in Morocco in return for territory in the French Equatorial African colony of Middle Congo ( now the Republic of the Congo ) . France and Spain subsequently established a full protectorate over Morocco ( 30 March 1912 ) , ending what remained of the country 's formal independence . Furthermore , British backing for France during the two Moroccan crises reinforced the Entente between the two countries and added to Anglo - German estrangement , deepening the divisions that would culminate in the First World War . Dervish resistance ( edit ) Statue of Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan ( the `` Mad Mullah '' ) , leader of the Dervish State . Following the Berlin Conference at the end of the 19th century , the British , Italians , and Ethiopians sought to claim lands owned by the Somalis such as the Warsangali Sultanate , the Ajuran Sultanate and the Gobroon Dynasty . The Dervish State was a state established by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , a Somali religious leader who gathered Muslim soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and united them into a loyal army known as the Dervishes . This Dervish army enabled Hassan to carve out a powerful state through conquest of lands sought after by the Ethiopians and the European powers . The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region . Due to these successful expeditions , the Dervish State was recognised as an ally by the Ottoman and German empires . The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation , and the Germans promised to officially recognise any territories the Dervishes were to acquire . After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay , the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 as a direct consequence of Britain 's use of aircraft . Herero wars and the Maji - Maji rebellion ( edit ) Main articles : Herero Wars and Maji - Maji Rebellion Between 1904 and 1908 , Germany 's colonies in German South - West Africa and German East Africa were rocked by separate , contemporaneous native revolts against their rule .", "17": "In both territories the threat to German rule was quickly defeated once large - scale reinforcements from Germany arrived , with the Herero rebels in German South - West Africa being defeated at the Battle of Waterberg and the Maji - Maji rebels in German East Africa being steadily crushed by German forces slowly advancing through the countryside , with the natives resorting to guerrilla warfare . German efforts to clear the bush of civilians in German South - West Africa then resulted in a genocide of the population . Surviving Herero , emaciated , after their escape through the Omaheke desert . In total , as many as 65,000 Herero ( 80 % of the total Herero population ) , and 10,000 Namaqua ( 50 % of the total Namaqua population ) either starved , died of thirst , or were worked to death in camps such as Shark Island Concentration Camp between 1904 and 1908 . Characteristic of this genocide was death by starvation and the poisoning of the population 's wells whilst they were trapped in the Namib Desert . Colonial encounter ( edit ) Colonial consciousness and exhibitions ( edit ) Pygmies and a European . Some pygmies would be exposed in human zoos , such as Ota Benga displayed by eugenicist Madison Grant in the Bronx Zoo . Colonial lobby ( edit ) In its earlier stages , imperialism was generally the act of individual explorers as well as some adventurous merchantmen . The colonial powers were a long way from approving without any dissent the expensive adventures carried out abroad . Various important political leaders , such as Gladstone , opposed colonisation in its first years . However , during his second premiership between 1880 and 1885 he could not resist the colonial lobby in his cabinet , and thus did not execute his electoral promise to disengage from Egypt . Although Gladstone was personally opposed to imperialism , the social tensions caused by the Long Depression pushed him to favor jingoism : the imperialists had become the `` parasites of patriotism '' ( John A. Hobson ) .", "18": "In France , then Radical politician Georges Clemenceau also adamantly opposed himself to it : he thought colonisation was a diversion from the `` blue line of the Vosges '' mountains , that is revanchism and the patriotic urge to reclaim the Alsace - Lorraine region which had been annexed by the German Empire with the 1871 Treaty of Frankfurt . Clemenceau actually made Jules Ferry 's cabinet fall after the 1885 Tonkin disaster . According to Hannah Arendt in The Origins of Totalitarianism ( 1951 ) , this expansion of national sovereignty on overseas territories contradicted the unity of the nation state which provided citizenship to its population . Thus , a tension between the universalist will to respect human rights of the colonised people , as they may be considered as `` citizens '' of the nation state , and the imperialist drive to cynically exploit populations deemed inferior began to surface . Some , in colonising countries , opposed what they saw as unnecessary evils of the colonial administration when left to itself ; as described in Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness ( 1899 ) -- published around the same time as Kipling 's The White Man 's Burden -- or in Louis - Ferdinand Céline 's Journey to the End of the Night ( 1932 ) . Colonial lobbies emerged to legitimise the Scramble for Africa and other expensive overseas adventures . In Germany , France , and Britain , the middle class often sought strong overseas policies to ensure the market 's growth . Even in lesser powers , voices like Enrico Corradini claimed a `` place in the sun '' for so - called `` proletarian nations '' , bolstering nationalism and militarism in an early prototype of fascism . Colonial propaganda and jingoism ( edit ) Colonial exhibitions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Poster for the 1906 Colonial Exhibition in Marseilles ( France ) However , by the end of World War I the colonial empires had become very popular almost everywhere in Europe : public opinion had been convinced of the needs of a colonial empire , although most of the metropolitans would never see a piece of it .", "19": "Colonial exhibitions had been instrumental in this change of popular mentalities brought about by the colonial propaganda , supported by the colonial lobby and by various scientists . Thus , the conquest of territories were inevitably followed by public displays of the indigenous people for scientific and leisure purposes . Karl Hagenbeck , a German merchant in wild animals and a future entrepreneur of most Europeans zoos , thus decided in 1874 to exhibit Samoa and Sami people as `` purely natural '' populations . In 1876 , he sent one of his collaborators to the newly conquered Egyptian Sudan to bring back some wild beasts and Nubians . Presented in Paris , London , and Berlin these Nubians were very successful . Such `` human zoos '' could be found in Hamburg , Antwerp , Barcelona , London , Milan , New York City , Paris , etc. , with 200,000 to 300,000 visitors attending each exhibition . Tuaregs were exhibited after the French conquest of Timbuktu ( visited by René Caillié , disguised as a Muslim , in 1828 , thereby winning the prize offered by the French Société de Géographie ) ; Malagasy after the occupation of Madagascar ; Amazons of Abomey after Behanzin 's mediatic defeat against the French in 1894 . Not used to the climatic conditions , some of the indigenous exposed died , such as some Galibis in Paris in 1892 . Geoffroy de Saint - Hilaire , director of the Parisian Jardin d'acclimatation , decided in 1877 to organise two `` ethnological spectacles '' , presenting Nubians and Inuit . The public of the Jardin d'acclimatation doubled , with a million paying entrances that year , a huge success for these times . Between 1877 and 1912 , approximately thirty `` ethnological exhibitions '' were presented at the Jardin zoologique d'acclimatation .", "20": "`` Negro villages '' would be presented in Paris ' 1878 and 1879 World 's Fair ; the 1900 World 's Fair presented the famous diorama `` living '' in Madagascar , while the Colonial Exhibitions in Marseilles ( 1906 and 1922 ) and in Paris ( 1907 and 1931 ) would also display human beings in cages , often nudes or quasi-nudes . Nomadic `` Senegalese villages '' were also created , thus displaying the power of the colonial empire to all the population . In the US , Madison Grant , head of the New York Zoological Society , exposed Pygmy Ota Benga in the Bronx Zoo alongside the apes and others in 1906 . At the behest of Grant , a prominent scientific racist and eugenicist , zoo director Hornaday placed Ota Benga in a cage with an orangutan and labeled him `` The Missing Link '' in an attempt to illustrate Darwinism , and in particular that Africans like Ota Benga are closer to apes than were Europeans . Other colonial exhibitions included the 1924 British Empire Exhibition and the successful 1931 Paris `` Exposition coloniale '' . Countering disease ( edit ) From the beginning of the 20th century onward , the elimination or control of disease in tropical countries became a driving force for all colonial powers . The sleeping sickness epidemic in Africa was arrested due to mobile teams systematically screening millions of people at risk . In the 20th century , Africa saw the biggest increase in its population due to lessening of the mortality rate in many countries due to peace , famine relief , medicine , and above all , the end or decline of the slave trade . Africa 's population has grown from 120 million in 1900 to over 1 billion today . Colonialism leading to World War I ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "21": "( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) German Cameroon , painting by R. Hellgrewe , 1908 During the New Imperialism period , by the end of the 19th century , Europe added almost 9,000,000 square miles ( 23,000,000 km ) -- one - fifth of the land area of the globe -- to its overseas colonial possessions . Europe 's formal holdings now included the entire African continent except Ethiopia , Liberia , and Saguia el - Hamra , the latter of which would be integrated into Spanish Sahara . Between 1885 and 1914 , Britain took nearly 30 % of Africa 's population under its control ; 15 % for France , 11 % for Portugal , 9 % for Germany , 7 % for Belgium and 1 % for Italy . Nigeria alone contributed 15 million subjects , more than in the whole of French West Africa or the entire German colonial empire . It was paradoxical that Britain , the staunch advocate of free trade , emerged in 1914 with not only the largest overseas empire thanks to its long - standing presence in India , but also the greatest gains in the `` scramble for Africa '' , reflecting its advantageous position at its inception . In terms of surface area occupied , the French were the marginal victors but much of their territory consisted of the sparsely populated Sahara . The political imperialism followed the economic expansion , with the `` colonial lobbies '' bolstering chauvinism and jingoism at each crisis in order to legitimise the colonial enterprise . The tensions between the imperial powers led to a succession of crises , which finally exploded in August 1914 , when previous rivalries and alliances created a domino situation that drew the major European nations into World War I. Austria - Hungary attacked Serbia to avenge the murder by Serbian agents of Austrian crown prince Francis Ferdinand , Russia would mobilise to assist allied Serbia , Germany would intervene to support Austria - Hungary against Russia . Since Russia had a military alliance with France against Germany , the German General Staff , led by General von Moltke decided to realise the well prepared Schlieffen Plan to invade and quickly knock France out of the war before turning against Russia in what was expected to be a long campaign . This required an invasion of Belgium which brought Britain into the war against Germany , Austria - Hungary and their allies .", "22": "German U-Boat campaigns against ships bound for Britain eventually drew the United States into what had become World War I . Moreover , using the Anglo - Japanese Alliance as an excuse , Japan leaped onto this opportunity to conquer German interests in China and the Pacific to become the dominating power in the Western Pacific , setting the stage for the Second Sino - Japanese War ( starting in 1937 ) and eventually World War II . African colonies listed by colonising power ( edit ) Belgium ( edit ) Congo Free State and Belgian Congo ( today 's Democratic Republic of the Congo ) Ruanda - Urundi ( comprising modern Rwanda and Burundi , 1922 -- 62 ) France ( edit ) Further information : List of French possessions and colonies § In Africa French West Africa : Mauritania Senegal Albreda ( 1681 -- 1857 , now part of Gambia ) French Sudan ( now Mali ) French Guinea ( now Guinea ) Ivory Coast Niger French Upper Volta ( now Burkina Faso ) French Dahomey ( now Benin ) French Togoland ( 1916 -- 60 , now Togo ) Enclaves of Forcados and Badjibo ( in modern Nigeria ) French Equatorial Africa : Gabon French Cameroun ( 1922 -- 60 ) French Congo ( now Republic of the Congo ) Oubangui - Chari ( now Central African Republic ) Chad French North Africa : French Algeria French Protectorate of Tunisia French Morocco Fezzan - Ghadames ( 1943 -- 1951 ) ( administration given by the UNO after its conquest by Charles de Gaulle ) Egypt ( ownership ( 1798 -- 1801 ) ) ( Condominium of France and the United Kingdom ) ( 1876 -- 1882 ) French East Africa : French Madagascar Comoros Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean French Somaliland ( now Djibouti ) Isle de France ( 1715 - 1810 ) ( now Mauritius ) The Senegalese Tirailleurs , led by Colonel Alfred - Amédée Dodds , conquered Dahomey ( present - day Benin ) in 1892 Germany ( edit ) German Kamerun ( now Cameroon and part of Nigeria ,", "23": "1884 -- 1916 ) German East Africa ( now Rwanda , Burundi and most of Tanzania , 1885 -- 1919 ) German South - West Africa ( now Namibia , 1884 -- 1915 ) German Togoland ( now Togo and eastern part of Ghana , 1884 -- 1914 ) After the First World War , Germany 's possessions were partitioned among Britain ( which took a sliver of western Cameroon , Tanzania , western Togo , and Namibia ) , France ( which took most of Cameroon and eastern Togo ) and Belgium ( which took Rwanda and Burundi ) . Italy ( edit ) Italian Libya Italian Eritrea Italian Somaliland Later , during the Interwar period , with the Second Italo - Ethiopian War Italy would annex Ethiopia , which formed together with Eritrea and Italian Somaliland the Italian East Africa ( A.O.I. , `` Africa Orientale Italiana '' , also defined by the fascist government as L'Impero ) . Portugal ( edit ) Marracuene in Portuguese Mozambique was the site of a decisive battle between Portuguese and Gaza king Gungunhana in 1895 Portuguese West Africa ( now Angola ) Mainland Angola Portuguese Congo ( now Cabinda Province of Angola ) Portuguese East Africa ( now Mozambique ) Portuguese Guinea ( now Guinea - Bissau ) Portuguese Cape Verde Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé Island Príncipe Island Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá ( now Ouidah , in Benin ) Spain ( edit ) Spanish North Africa Northern Spanish Morocco Chefchaouen ( Chauen ) Jebala ( Yebala ) Kert Loukkos ( Lucus ) Rif Spanish West Africa Southern Spanish Morocco Cape Juby Ifni Spanish Sahara ( now Western Sahara ) Río de Oro Saguia el - Hamra Spanish Guinea ( now Equatorial Guinea ) Fernando Pó Río Muni Annobón United Kingdom ( edit ) Opening of the railway in Rhodesia , 1899 Following the Fourth Anglo - Ashanti War in 1896 , the British proclaimed a protectorate over the Ashanti Kingdom .", "24": "The British were primarily interested in maintaining secure communication lines to India , which led to initial interest in Egypt and South Africa . Once these two areas were secure , it was the intent of British colonialists such as Cecil Rhodes to establish a Cape - Cairo railway and to exploit mineral and agricultural resources . Control of the Nile was viewed as a strategic and commercial advantage . Egypt Anglo - Egyptian Sudan ( 1899 -- 1956 ) British Somaliland ( now part of Somalia ) British East Africa : Kenya Colony Uganda Protectorate Tanzania : Tanganyika Territory ( 1919 -- 61 ) Zanzibar British Mauritius Bechuanaland ( now Botswana ) Southern Rhodesia ( now Zimbabwe ) Northern Rhodesia ( now Zambia ) British Seychelles British South Africa South Africa : Transvaal Colony Cape Colony Colony of Natal Orange River Colony South - West Africa ( from 1915 , now Namibia ) British West Africa Gambia Colony and Protectorate Sierra Leone Nigeria British Togoland ( 1916 -- 56 , today part of Ghana ) Cameroons ( 1922 -- 61 , now parts of Cameroon and Nigeria ) Gold Coast ( British colony ) ( now Ghana ) Nyasaland ( now Malawi ) Basutoland ( now Lesotho ) Swaziland Independent states ( edit ) Liberia was the only nation in Africa that was a colony and a protectorate of the United States . Liberia was founded , colonised , established and controlled by the American Colonization Society , a private organisation established in order to relocate freed African - American and Caribbean slaves from the United States and the Caribbean islands in 1821 . Liberia declared its independence from the American Colonization Society on July 26 , 1847 . Liberia is Africa 's oldest democratic republic , and the second - oldest black republic in the world ( after Haiti ) . Ethiopia maintained its independence from Italy after the Battle of Adwa which resulted in the Treaty of Addis Ababa . With the exception of the occupation between 1936 and 1941 by Benito Mussolini 's military forces , Ethiopia is Africa 's oldest independent nation .", "25": "Modern Scramble for Africa ( edit ) Oil and gas concessions in Sudan -- 2004 The new scramble for Africa began with the emergence of the Afro - Neo-Liberal capitalist movement in Post-Colonial Africa . When African nations began to gain independence during the Post World War II Era , their post colonial economic structures remained undiversified and linear . In most cases , the bulk of a nation 's economy relied on cash crops or natural resources . The decolonisation process kept independent African nations at the mercy of colonial powers due to structurally - dependent economic relations . Structural Adjustment Programs led to the privatization and liberalization of many African political and economic systems , forcefully pushing Africa into the global capitalist market . The economic decline in the 1990s fostered democratization by the World Bank intervening in the political and economic affairs of Africa once again . All of these factors led to Africa 's forced development under Western ideological systems of economics and politics . Petro - states ( edit ) In the era of globalization , many African countries have emerged as petro - states ( for example Sudan , Cameroon , Nigeria , Angola ) . These are nations with an economic and political partnership between transnational oil companies and the ruling elite class in oil - rich African nations . Numerous countries have entered into a neo-imperial relationship with Africa during this time period . Mary Gilmartin notes that `` material and symbolic appropriation of space ( is ) central to imperial expansion and control '' ; nations in the globalization era who invest in controlling land internationally are engaging in neo-imperialism . Chinese ( and other Asian countries ) state oil companies have entered Africa 's highly competitive oil sector . China National Petroleum Corporation purchased 40 % of Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company . Furthermore , Sudan exports 50 -- 60 % of its domestically produced oil to China , making up 7 % of China 's imports . China has also been purchasing equity shares in African oil fields , invested in industry related infrastructure development and acquired continental oil concessions throughout Africa .", "26": "See also ( edit ) Chronology of colonialism Civilizing mission Decolonisation of Africa Economic history of Africa French colonial empire Historiography of the British Empire Impact and evaluation of colonialism and colonisation International relations ( 1814 -- 1919 ) List of French possessions and colonies List of former sovereign states # Pre-colonial Africa Scientific racism White African References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jihad in the Arabian Sea 2011 , Camille Pecastaing , In the land of the Mad Mullah : Somalia Jump up ^ Brantlinger , Patrick ( 1985 ) . `` Victorians and Africans : The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent '' . Critical Inquiry. 12 ( 1 ) : 166 -- 203 . doi : 10.1086 / 448326 . JSTOR 1343467 . Jump up ^ R. Robinson , J. Gallagher and A. Denny , Africa and the Victorians , London , 1965 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin Shillington , History of Africa . Revised second edition ( New York : Macmillian Publishers Limited , 2005 ) , 301 . Jump up ^ Compare : Killingray , David ( 1998 ) . `` 7 : The War in Africa '' . In Strachan , Hew . The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War : New Edition ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford : Oxfors University Press ( published 2014 ) . p. 101 . ISBN 9780191640407 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . In 1914 the only independent states in Africa were Liberia and Abyssinia . Jump up ^ Lynn Hunt , The Making of the West : volume C , Bedford : St. Martin , 2009 . Jump up ^ Easterly , William ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` The Imperial Origins of State - Led Development '' . New York University Blogs . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Langer , William A ; Bureau of International Research of Harvard University and Radcliffe College ( 1935 ) .", "27": "The Diplomacy of Imperialism , 1890 - 1902 . 1 . New York and London : Alfred A Knopf . Jump up ^ Robinson , Ronald ; Gallagher , John ; Denny , Alice ( 1961 ) . Africa and the Victorians : The Official Mind of Imperialism . The University of California : Macmillan . Jump up ^ Darwin , John . `` Imperialism and the Victorians : The dynamics of territorial expansion . '' English Historical Review ( 1997 ) 112 # 447 pp : 614 -- 642 . http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXII/447/614.full.pdf+html Jump up ^ Gjersø , Jonas Fossli ( 2015 ) . `` The Scramble for East Africa : British Motives Reconsidered , 1884 - 95 '' . Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . Taylor & Francis . 43 ( 5 ) : 831 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086534.2015. 1026131 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : H.R. Cowie , Imperialism and Race Relations . Revised edition , Nelson Publishing , Vol. 5 , 1982 . Jump up ^ Thomas Pakenham , The Scramble for Africa : White Man 's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Aldrich , Greater France : A history of French overseas expansion ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ German colonial imperialism : a late and short - term phenomenon ( PDF ) by Bernard Poloni , in `` Imperialism , hegemony , leadership '' , 26 March 2004 Conference in the Sorbonne University , Paris ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Alfred von Tirpitz , Erinnerungen ( 1919 ) , quoted by Hannah Arendt , The Origins of Totalitarianism , section on Imperialism , chapter I , part 3 . Jump up ^ Ullendorff , Edward . The Ethiopians : An Introduction to Country and People 2nd ed. , p. 90 . Oxford University Press ( London ) , 1965 .", "28": "ISBN 0 - 19 - 285061 - X . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Eritrea '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 9 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 747 . Jump up ^ Enrico Corradini , Report to the First Nationalist Congress , Florence , 3 December 1919 . Jump up ^ Bourne , Henry Richard Fox ( 1903 ) . Civilisation in Congoland : A Story of International Wrong - doing . London : P.S. King & Son . p. 253 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Forbath , Peter ( 1977 ) . The River Congo : The Discovery , Exploration and Exploitation of the World 's Most Dramatic Rivers. ( Harper & Row ) . p. 374 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 122490 - 1 . Jump up ^ Michiko Kakutani ( 30 August 1998 ) . `` '' King Leopold 's Ghost `` : Genocide With Spin Control '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Hochschild 2006 , pp. 226 -- 32 . Jump up ^ John D. Fage , The Cambridge History of Africa : From the earliest times to c. 500 BC , Cambridge University Press , 1982 , p. 748 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22803 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Report of the British Consul , Roger Casement , on the Administration of the Congo Free State '' . Jump up ^ Rubinstein , W.D. ( 2004 ) . Genocide : a history . Pearson Education . pp. 98 -- 99 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 50601 - 8 Jump up ^ Vansina , Jan ( 1966 ) . Paths in the Rainforest . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . p. 239 . Jump up ^ Hochschild 2006 , pp.", "29": "280 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Coquéry - Vidrovitch , Catherine ( 1971 ) . Le Congo au temps des grandes compagnies concessionaires 1898 -- 1930 . Paris : Mouton . p. 195 . Jump up ^ L'Aventure Humaine : Le canal de Suez , Article de l'historien Uwe Oster Archived 2011 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ BBC News website : The Suez Crisis -- Key maps . Jump up ^ Domke , D. Michelle ( November 1997 ) . `` ICE Case Studies ; Case Number : 3 ; Case Identifier : Sudan ; Case Name : Civil War in the Sudan : Resources or Religion ? '' . Inventory of Conflict and Environment ( via the School of International Service at the American University ) . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ch. 18 : Colonial Encounters , Indian Responses & the Scramble for Africa '' . Reflections on World History . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kevin Shillington , Encyclopedia of African History ( CRC Press , 2005 ) , p. 1406 . Jump up ^ I.M. Lewis , The Modern History of Somaliland : from nation to state ( Weidenfeld & Nicolson : 1965 ) , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Thomas P. Ofcansky , Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia ( The Scarecrow Press , Inc. : 2004 ) , p. 405 . Jump up ^ Samatar , Said Sheikh ( 1982 ) . Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism . Cambridge University Press . pp. 131 & 135 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 23833 - 1 . Jump up ^ John A. Hobson , Imperialism , 1902 , p. 61 ( quoted by Arendt ) . Jump up ^ Pascal Blanchard , Nicolas Bancel , and Sandrine Lemaire , `` From human zoos to colonial apotheoses : the era of exhibiting the Other '' . Jump up ^ `` These human zoos of the Colonial Republic '' , Le Monde diplomatique , August 2000 ( in French ) .", "30": "( Translation ( in English ) ) Jump up ^ `` February 2003 , the end of an era '' . Discoverparis.net . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Conquest and Disease or Colonialism and Health ? Archived 2008 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Gresham College Lectures and Events . Jump up ^ WHO Media centre ( 2001 ) . `` Fact sheet N ° 259 : African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness '' . Jump up ^ John Iliffe , `` The Origins of African Population Growth '' , The Journal of African History , Vol. 30 , No. 1 ( 1989 ) , pp. 165 -- 169 . Jump up ^ R. Cameron , Concise Economic History of the World ( New York : OUP , 1993 ) , p. 193 . Jump up ^ `` Africa 's population now 1 billion '' Archived 2011 - 04 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... AfricaNews . August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 40 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 41 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 42 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ?", "31": ": Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 43 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 45 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 46 / 47 Jump up ^ Gallaher , Carolyn et al. `` Key Concepts in Political Geography , '' London : Sage Printing Press , 2009 : 123 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 192 Further reading ( edit ) Aldrich , Robert . Greater France : A History of French Overseas Expansion ( 1996 ) Atkinson , David . `` Constructing Italian Africa : Geography and Geopolitics . '' Italian colonialism ( 2005 ) : 15 -- 26 . Axelson , Eric . Portugal and the Scramble for Africa : 1875 -- 1891 ( Johannesburg , Witwatersrand UP , 1967 ) Boddy - Evans , Alistair . `` What Caused the Scramble for Africa ? '' African History ( 2012 ) . online Brantlinger , Patrick . `` Victorians and Africans : The genealogy of the myth of the dark continent . '' Critical Inquiry ( 1985 ) : 166 -- 203 . online Chamberlain , Muriel Evelyn . The scramble for Africa ( 4th ed . Routledge , 2014 ) excerpt and text search Curtin , Philip D. Disease and empire : The health of European Troops in the Conquest of Africa ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) Darwin , John . `` Imperialism and the Victorians : The dynamics of territorial expansion . ''", "32": "English Historical Review ( 1997 ) 112 # 447 pp : 614 -- 642 . Finaldi , Giuseppe . Italian National Identity in the Scramble for Africa : Italy 's African Wars in the Era of Nation - building , 1870 -- 1900 ( Peter Lang , 2009 ) Gifford , Prosser and William Roger Louis . France and Britain in Africa : Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule ( 1971 ) Gifford , Prosser and William Roger Louis . Britain and Germany in Africa : Imperial rivalry and colonial rule ( 1967 ) . Gjersø , Jonas Fossli ( 2015 ) . `` The Scramble for East Africa : British Motives Reconsidered , 1884 - 95 '' . Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . Taylor & Francis . 43 ( 5 ) : 831 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086534.2015. 1026131 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Hammond , Richard James . Portugal and Africa , 1815 -- 1910 : a study in uneconomic imperialism ( Stanford University Press , 1966 ) Henderson , W.O. The German Colonial Empire , 1884 -- 1919 ( London : Frank Cass , 1993 ) Hinsley , F.H. ed . The New Cambridge Modern History , Vol. 11 : Material Progress and World - Wide Problems , 1870 - 98 ( 1962 ) contents pp 593 - 40 . Hochschild , Adam ( 2006 ) ( 1998 ) . King Leopold 's Ghost : A Story of Greed , Terror , and Heroism in Colonial Africa . London : Pan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 44198 - 8 . Klein , Martin A. Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) Lovejoy , Paul E. Transformations in slavery : a history of slavery in Africa ( Cambridge University Press , 2011 ) Lloyd , Trevor Owen . Empire : the history of the British Empire ( 2001 ) . Mackenzie J.M.", "33": "The Partition of Africa , 1880 -- 1900 , and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century ( London 1983 ) . Oliver , Roland , Sir Harry Johnston and the Scramble for Africa ( 1959 ) online Pakenham , Thomas ( 1992 ) ( 1991 ) . The Scramble for Africa . London : Abacus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 10449 - 2 . Penrose E.F. , ed . European Imperialism and the Partition of Africa ( London 1975 ) . Perraudin , Michael , and Jürgen Zimmerer , eds . German colonialism and national identity ( London : Taylor & Francis , 2010 ) Robinson R ,. and J. Gallagher , `` The partition of Africa '' , in The New Cambridge Modern History vol XI , pp 593 -- 640 ( Cambridge , 1962 ) . Rotberg , Robert I . The Founder : Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power ( 1988 ) excerpt and text search ; online Sanderson G.N. , `` The European partition of Africa : Coincidence or conjuncture ? '' Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History ( 1974 ) 3 # 1 pp 1 -- 54 . Sparrow - Niang , J. , Bath and the Nile Explorers : In commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Burton and Speke 's encounter in Bath , September 1864 , and their ' Nile Duel ' which never happened ( Bath : Bath Royal Literary & Scientific Institution , 2014 ) Stoecker , Helmut . German imperialism in Africa : From the beginnings until the Second World War ( Hurst & Co. , 1986 . ) Thomas , Antony . Rhodes : The Race for Africa ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search Thompson , Virginia , and Richard Adloff . French West Africa ( Stanford University Press , 1958 ) Wesseling , H.L. and Arnold J. Pomerans . Divide and rule : The partition of Africa , 1880 -- 1914 ( Praeger , 1996 . ) online External links ( edit ) `` Belgium exhumes its colonial demons '' . The Guardian .", "34": "13 July 2002 . Gülstorff , Torben ( 2016 ) . `` Trade follows Hallstein ? Deutsche Aktivitäten im zentralafrikanischen Raum des Second Scramble '' . Berlin . Africa articles History Chronology Antiquity North Africa Archaeology Pre-colonial kingdoms Bantu expansion Arab conquest Exploration European colonisation Slavery Atlantic Arab Scramble for Africa Decolonisation By topic Economy Empires Historiography Military conflicts By region Central East North South West Geography Countries and territories Highest points Impact craters Islands Natural history Regions Central East North South West Rivers Politics African Union Elections Heads of government Heads of state Human rights LGBT rights Linguistic rights Religious rights Women 's rights International organisations Pan-African Parliament Pan-Africanism Politics parties United States of Africa Economy Central banks and currencies Countries by GDP ( nominal ) Countries by GDP ( PPP ) Countries by HDI Education Internet Millionaires Natural resources Poverty Renewable energy Stock exchanges Society Caste systems Etiquette Health Circumcision Infrastructure Languages Philosophy Culture Architecture Art contemporary Cinema films film festivals Cuisine Literature writers by country Media Newspapers", "35": "Radio TV Music musicians guitarists Religion Irreligion World Heritage Sites Sport African Cricket Association African Games Afro - 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German naval arms race Dreadnought Fashoda Incident Annexation of Hawaii First Moroccan Crisis Algeciras Conference Agadir Crisis Bosnian crisis Wars Russo - Turkish First Sino - Japanese Spanish -- American Banana Wars Philippine -- American Boxer Rebellion Second Boer Russo - Japanese Italo - Turkish Balkan Wars World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria -", "37": "Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of", "38": "Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 --", "39": "20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos --", "40": "Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scramble_for_Africa&oldid=834233397 '' Categories : 19th century in Africa 19th century in international relations 20th century in international relations European colonisation in Africa Geopolitical rivalry Partition ( politics ) Political geography History of Africa History of international relations New Imperialism David Livingstone 20th century in Africa Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles needing additional references from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with images not understandable by color blind users Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans", "41": "Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Bân - 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6069686966346900698	when was the day that the pubs ran dry in the poem 9-3	[ "31 October 1972", "31 October 1972", "31 October 1972", "31 October 1972", "31 October 1972" ]	{ "0": "Llanelli RFC - wikipedia Llanelli RFC Jump to : navigation , search Llanelli RFC Union Welsh Rugby Union Nickname ( s ) Bois Sospan Turks Founded 1875 Location Llanelli , Wales Ground ( s ) Parc y Scarlets ( Capacity : 14,870 ) President Derek Quinnell Coach ( es ) Kevin George League ( s ) Welsh Premier Division 2011 -- 12 2nd 1st kit 2nd kit Official website www.llanellirfc.co.uk Llanelli Rugby Football Club ( Welsh : Clwb Rygbi Llanelli ) is a Welsh rugby union club founded in 1875 ( though often recorded as 1872 ) Since the regionalisation of Welsh rugby Llanelli are now a feeder club to the Scarlets regional team . The club began the 2008 -- 09 season at their historic home ground of Stradey Park in Llanelli , but moved in November 2008 to the new Parc y Scarlets in adjacent Pemberton . Sosban Fach ( Welsh for `` little saucepan '' ) is a nickname of Llanelli RFC ; `` Sosban Fach '' is the name of a Welsh song , which is sometimes sung by the club 's fans during matches as the club anthem . The team colours are scarlet and white . Contents ( hide ) 1 Club history 1.1 The early years 1.2 The Scarlets 1.3 The Day the Pubs Ran Dry 1.4 Cup success 1.5 The regional era 1.6 Match traditions 2 Ground 3 Club honours 4 Current squad 5 British and Irish Lions 6 Wales International Captains 7 Other notable former Llanelli players 8 Games played against international opposition 9 Bibliography 10 References 11 External links Club History ( edit ) The early years ( edit ) Llanelli RFC was founded on 11 November 1875 when a group of local gentlemen met at the Athenaeum in Llanelli to form a rugby football club .", "1": "Several sources state that Llanelli formed in 1872 , and the club officially celebrated its centenary in 1972 ; though more recent information suggests that the centenary year was chosen to coincide with the visit of the 1972 touring All Blacks . The first recorded match was played on 1 January 1876 , against Cambria , a team based in Swansea . The result was a draw , but Llanelli were declared winners as they had grounded the ball defensively fewer times than their opponents . Their second match was against Swansea on 5 February 1876 , another draw , played at Felinfoel . During this early period the team played in blue shirts and blue caps at Peoples Park . Llanelli RFC moved to Stradey Park in 1879 , switching their colours to blue and white in the same year . The team switched their colours three more times before 1884 , adopting black , then rose before switching to red and chocolate quarters . The Scarlets ( edit ) In 1884 Llanelli played an Irish XV who stopped off in the town , having played Wales in Cardiff a couple of days previously . In this match the team played in scarlet shirts , and this has remained the club 's first colour ever since ; it also led to the club 's nickname `` The Scarlets '' and the name of the regional team ( Scarlets ) nearly 120 years later . Their first major trophies came in 1884 and 1886 with the South Wales Challenge Cup , the forerunner of the modern Welsh Cup . December 1888 saw the team beat a touring New Zealand Natives team by 3 -- 0 with a dropped goal from Harry Bowen . The team claimed their first full international scalp in 1908 when they beat Australia 8 -- 3 . This would be the first of many famous victories over touring international sides . Players that wore the Scarlet jersey in this pre-war era included Albert Jenkins , who scored over 121 tries for the club as a centre . After the war Lewis Jones was one of the stars of the game . He was capped by Wales aged just 18 in 1950 , and was instrumental in their Grand Slam win that year .", "2": "However just two years later , he switched codes from the then amateur rugby union to the professional rugby league and signed for Leeds for a then record amount of £ 6,000 . Success was however not away from Stradey for long , a victory over Australia came in 1967 and the club was about to enter what many would argue was its strongest era . Players at Llanelli during the 1970s included Ray Gravell , Gareth Jenkins , Delme Thomas , Phil Bennett , and Derek Quinnell ; and the team was coached by Carwyn James and assisted by former captain and Wales international hooker Norman Gale . The day the pubs ran dry ( edit ) `` 9 -- 3 '' is a poem by Welsh comedian and singer Max Boyce and refers to the match between Llanelli and the New Zealand All Blacks at Stradey Park in front of 26,000 supporters on 31 October 1972 . Llanelli took a 6 -- 0 lead through a converted try but New Zealand struck back to make it 6 -- 3 . A long distance Andy Hill penalty ensured Llanelli emerged victors by 9 -- 3 and the crowd famously ran onto the pitch at the end and carried off players such as Delme Thomas . The poem is best known for the line `` The day the pubs ran dry '' , as huge celebrations followed and many pubs in the town sold out of all alcoholic drinks . Cup success ( edit ) The next notable period for Llanelli RFC was during the late 1980s and early 1990s . With players such as Ieuan Evans amongst the squad , Llanelli won the Welsh Cup five times in eight years between 1985 and 1993 including in consecutive seasons in 1991 , 1992 and 1993 . They achieved their most recent success against international opponents when they beat Australia , the world champions at the time , in 1992 . Rupert Moon was captain when they won the cup and league which earned Llanelli the title of Best Team in Britain for the 1992 -- 1993 season as well as the nickname `` Cup Kings of Wales '' due to their success in the Welsh Cup .", "3": "The late 1990s and early years of the 21st century also produced many Welsh internationals including Rupert Moon , Ricky Evans , Wayne Proctor , Scott Quinnell and Stephen Jones . The side reached the semi-finals of the Heineken Cup three times : in 2000 against Northampton Saints who went on to win the trophy , in 2002 against Leicester Tigers and in 2007 against Leicester Tigers again . In the first match against Leicester , Llanelli appeared to be going to their first final as they led 12 -- 10 in injury time . But Leicester were awarded a penalty 8 metres inside their own half ; Tim Stimpson 's kick for goal bounced off both the post and crossbar before just falling over the post to deny Llanelli . Prior to the regional era , Llanelli RFC were considered the third most successful team in European club rugby , having played the third largest number of games ( behind Toulouse and Munster ) in the Heineken Cup due to the club 's consistency in qualifying for the knockout stages of the tournament . However , they have never won the competition . The regional era ( edit ) Top - level professional rugby changed at Llanelli RFC in 2003 when Llanelli 's first team rebranded , as part of the WRU 's move to 5 professional teams , to Llanelli Scarlets and Llanelli RFC became the club 's premiership brand . The Llanelli RFC team plays in the Welsh Premier Division and Welsh Cup . They won the cup in 2005 , their first silverware in their new format during which time they were coached by Scott Quinnell . Match traditions ( edit ) As a link to the club 's team anthem Sosban Fach , there were sosbenni on top of the uprights of both sets of posts at Stradey Park . The saucepans were installed at Parc y Scarlets . When Llanelli RFC play Bath , it is tradition that a rag doll is hung from the crossbar , which the winning team then keeps until their next encounter . Llanelli RFC won the doll in 2002 and successfully defended it when they played Bath in the Powergen Cup semi-final in 2006 .", "4": "Bath reclaimed the prize in a pre-season game in August 2007 and have won three further fixtures . Ground ( edit ) The Scarlets play at Parc y Scarlets in Pemberton . From 1879 to 2008 they played at Stradey Park in Llanelli . Planning for the new stadium began in 2004 . Club honours ( edit ) Welsh Premier Division : 1992 / 1993 , 1998 / 1999 , 2001 / 2002 , 2010 / 2011 Welsh Cup : 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1985 , 1988 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2010 Snelling Sevens : 1960 , 1971 , 1973 , 1979 , 1988 Current squad ( edit ) Note : Flags indicate national union as has been defined under WR eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-WR nationality .", "5": "Player Position Union Gareth Havard Prop Wales Tom Kaijaks Prop Wales Ben Leung Prop Wales Sam Martin Prop Wales Rhys Thomas Prop Wales Taylor Davies Hooker Wales Torin Myhill Hooker Wales Rhydian Gierat Lock Wales Jack Jones Lock Wales Chris Long Lock Wales Josh Cuggy Lock Wales Adam Powell Lock Wales Liam Puckett Lock Wales Owain Morgan Flanker Wales Tom Phillips Flanker Wales Jack Condy Number 8 Wales Trystan Lloyd Number 8 Wales Elliott Rees Number 8 Wales Player Position Union Joshua Guy Scrum - half Wales Justin James Scrum - half Wales Connor Salter Scrum - half Wales Josh Lewis Fly - half Wales Billy McBryde Fly - half Wales Paul Davies Centre Wales Nathan Edwards Centre Wales Steffan Hughes Centre Wales Jonny Lewis Centre Wales Matthew Owen Centre Wales Gareth Walters Centre Wales Elliot Dawe Wing Wales Sam Evans Wing Wales Andrew Spowart Wing Wales Ryan Davies Fullback Wales Dion Jones Fullback Wales British and Irish Lions ( edit ) The following former players were selected for the British and Irish Lions touring squads whilst playing for Llanelli RFC . Phil Bennett 1974 , 1977 Roy Bergiers 1974 Bill Clement 1938 Tom David 1974 Ieuan Evans 1989 , 1993 , 1997 Ray Gravell 1980 Dafydd James 2001 Elvet Jones 1938 Ivor Jones 1930 Lewis Jones 1950 Robin McBryde 2001 Peter Morgan 1980 Terry Price 1966 Derek Quinnell 1971 , 1977 , 1980 Scott Quinnell 1993 , 2001 Keith Rowlands 1962 AG Thomas 1955 , 1974 ( manager ) Delme Thomas 1966 , 1971 J.J.", "6": "Williams 1974 , 1977 Rhys H. Williams 1955 , 1959 Wales international captains ( edit ) The following former players captained the Wales national rugby union team while playing for Llanelli RFC . See also Wales rugby union captains Willie Thomas 1891 Rev J Alban Davies 1914 Albert Jenkins 1923 -- 1928 Idris Jones 1925 Ivor Jones 1927 -- 30 Rhys H Williams 1960 Onllwyn Brace 1960 -- 61 Terry Davies 1960 -- 61 Norman Gale 1967 -- 68 Delme Thomas 1972 Phil Bennett 1977 -- 78 David Pickering 1986 -- 87 Jonathan Davies 1987 -- 88 Ieuan Evans 1991 -- 95 Nigel Davies 1996 Scott Quinnell 2000 -- 02 Stephen Jones 2003 -- 07 Other notable former Llanelli players ( edit ) Former Llanelli RFC players who have at some time represented Wales or toured with the British Lions . See also Category : Llanelli RFC players Owen Badger -- Welsh International Neil Boobyer -- Welsh International Matt Cardey -- Welsh International Howard Davies -- Welsh International John `` Jack '' Evans -- Welsh International Isaac `` Ike '' John Fowler -- Welsh International Rhys Gabe -- Welsh International , British Lion Andrew Gibbs -- Welsh International Clive Griffiths -- Welsh International Ray Hopkins -- Welsh International , British Lion Bryn Howells -- Welsh rugby union and League International Carwyn James -- Welsh International , British Lions coach , broadcaster Barry John -- Welsh International , British Lion Ken Jones -- Welsh International ,", "7": "British Lion Frederick Margrave -- Welsh International Rupert Moon -- Welsh International Mark Perego -- Welsh International Wayne Proctor -- Welsh International Paul Ringer -- Welsh International Mark Taylor -- Welsh International Watcyn Thomas -- Welsh International Hopkins Dai -- Hong Kong International 1952 Tour of Japan Games played against international opposition ( edit ) Year Date Opponent Result Score Tour 1888 19 December Māori Win 3 -- 0 1888 New Zealand Native tour 1903 15 January Canada Won 11 -- 9 1903 Canada rugby tour of the British Isles 1906 29 December South Africa Loss 3 -- 16 1906 South Africa rugby union tour 1908 17 October Australia Won 8 -- 3 1908 Australia tour of British Isles and France 1912 19 October South Africa Loss 7 -- 8 1912 - 13 South Africa rugby union tour 1924 2 December New Zealand Lost 3 -- 8 1924 -- 25 New Zealand tour 1926 13 November Māori Win 3 -- 0 1926 - 27 New Zealand Māori rugby union tour 1931 24 November South Africa Loss 0 -- 9 1931 - 32 South Africa rugby union tour 1935 22 October New Zealand Loss 8 -- 16 1935 -- 36 New Zealand rugby union tour 1951 23 October South Africa Loss 11 -- 20 1951 - 52 South Africa rugby union tour 1953 17 November New Zealand Loss 3 -- 17 1953 / 54 All Blacks tour of the British Isles ,", "8": "France and North America 1957 August Czechoslovakia Win 35 -- 9 Llanelli tour of Russia 1960 13 December South Africa Loss 0 -- 21 1960 - 61 South Africa rugby union tour 1963 31 December New Zealand Loss 8 -- 22 1963 / 64 All Blacks tour of the British Isles , France and Canada 1967 17 January Australia Won 11 -- 0 1966 -- 67 Australia rugby union tour 1970 20 January South Africa Loss 9 -- 10 1969 - 70 South Africa rugby union tour 1972 31 October New Zealand Win 9 -- 3 1972 - 73 New Zealand rugby union tour of the British Isles , France and North America 17 September Tonga Win 24 -- 15 1974 Tonga Tour to the British Isles 4 November Australia Draw 28 -- 28 1975 - 76 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland 1980 21 October New Zealand Loss 10 -- 16 1980 All Blacks tour 1982 6 November New Zealand Māori Win 16 -- 9 1982 New Zealand Māori rugby union tour of Wales 1984 20 November Australia Win 19 -- 16 1984 Australia tour of Britain and Ireland 1985 5 November Fiji Win 31 -- 28 1985 Fiji rugby union tour of British Isles 1986 16 August Fiji Loss 12 -- 16 Llanelli at the National Stadium , Suva ,", "9": "Fiji 28 October New Zealand Loss 0 -- 11 1989 New Zealand rugby union tour 14 November Australia Win 13 -- 9 1992 Australia rugby union tour of Europe 1995 7 November Fiji Loss 12 -- 38 1995 Fiji rugby union tour of Wales and Ireland 8 November New Zealand Loss 3 -- 81 1997 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland Bibliography ( edit ) Bevan , Alun Wyn ( 2005 ) . Stradey Stories . Llandysul : Gomer Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84323 - 570 - 5 . Hughes , Gareth ( 1983 ) . One hundred years of Scarlet . Llanelli Rugby Football Club . ISBN 0 - 9509159 - 0 - 4 . Hughes , Gareth ( 1986 ) . The Scarlets : A History of Llanelli Rugby Club . Llanelli : Llanelli Borough Council . ISBN 0 - 906821 - 05 - 3 . Smith , David ; Williams , Gareth ( 1980 ) . Fields of Praise : The Official History of The Welsh Rugby Union . Cardiff : University of Wales Press . ISBN 0 - 7083 - 0766 - 3 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ WRU Official Site -- Sourced 4 July 2012 Jump up ^ The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales John Davies , Nigel Jenkins , Menna Baines and Peredur Lynch ( 2008 ) pp782 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 1953 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Bevan ( 2005 ) , pg 66 . ^ Jump up to : Bevan ( 2005 ) , pg 67 . Jump up ^ The Rugby Clubs of Wales pp76 - 77 , David Parry - Jones ( 1989 ) ISBN 0 - 09 - 173850 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Day the pubs ran dry '' . BBC News . 31 October 2002 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 .", "10": "Jump up ^ `` Scarlets home in on stadium site '' . BBC . 1 July 2004 . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Fiji Rugby.com Archived 11 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fiji Rugby.com Archived 11 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Robert Cole ( 10 October 1995 ) . `` Wales brace themselves for the giants of Fiji '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 June 2008 . External links ( edit ) Llanelli RFC Llanelli Scarlets Welsh Rugby Union Scarlets Players Coaches Current season Grounds Stradey Park Parc y Scarlets Teams Llanelli RFC Rivalries West Wales derby Related articles Sosban Fach Judgement Day All articles Welsh Premier Division 2015 - 16 Aberavon Bedwas Bridgend Ravens Cardiff Carmarthen Quins Cross Keys Ebbw Vale Llandovery Llanelli Neath Newport Pontypridd British and Irish Cup 2017 -- 18 Teams English Bedford Blues Bristol Cornish Pirates Doncaster Knights Ealing Trailfinders Hartpury College Jersey Reds London Scottish Nottingham Rotherham Titans Richmond Yorkshire Carnegie Irish Connacht Eagles Leinster A Munster A Ulster A Welsh Cardiff Blues PS Dragons PS Ospreys PS Scarlets PS Former clubs English Birmingham & Solihull 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 Coventry 2009 -- 10 Esher 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 Exeter Chiefs 2009 -- 10 Newcastle Falcons 2012 -- 13 Plymouth Albion 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 Worcester Warriors 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 15 Scottish Ayr 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 ,", "11": "2013 -- 14 Currie 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 Dundee HSFP 2012 -- 13 Edinburgh Academicals 2013 -- 14 Gael Force 2009 -- 10 Gala 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 Heriot 's FP 2009 -- 10 Melrose 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 Stirling County 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 Welsh Aberavon 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 Bedwas 2012 -- 13 Bridgend Ravens 2012 -- 13 Cardiff 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 13 Carmarthen Quins 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 Cross Keys 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 Llandovery 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Llanelli 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 Neath 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 Newport 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Pontypridd 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 Swansea 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 ,", "12": "2012 -- 13 Seasons 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Winners 2010 : Cornish Pirates 2011 : Bristol 2012 : Munster A 2013 : Leinster A 2014 : Leinster A 2015 : Worcester Warriors 2016 : London Welsh 2017 : Munster A Rugby union in Wales Governing body Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) National teams Men 's Wales 7 's U-20 U-18 Schoolboys British and Irish Lions Women 's Wales 7 's National team competitions World Cup Six Nations Championship Women 's Six Nations Championship Rugby World Cup Sevens World Rugby Sevens Series Commonwealth Games Sevens Grand Prix Series Regional and club teams Cardiff Blues Dragons Ospreys Scarlets RGC 1404 Celtic Warriors ( disbanded ) Welsh rugby union teams Regional and club competitions European Rugby Champions Cup European Rugby Challenge Cup Pro14 Anglo - Welsh Cup Welsh Premier Division British and Irish Cup WRU Challenge Cup WRU National Leagues Glamorgan County Silver Ball Trophy Mid District Cup Premiership Rugby Sevens Series Previous competitions Heineken Cup European Challenge Cup Celtic Cup Cardiff Sevens Snelling Sevens ( Welsh seven - a-side tournament ) Related articles Welsh rugby union system List of Wales national rugby union team captains Welsh rugby union players Millennium Stadium National Stadium , Cardiff Arms Park London Welsh RFC Wales international players Prince William Cup James Bevan Trophy History Judgement Day Founding Clubs of the WRU Founding Clubs Swansea C & FC Pontypool RFC Newport RFC Merthyr RFC Llanelli RFC Bangor RFC Brecon RFC Cardiff RFC Lampeter RFC", "13": "Llandovery RFC Llandeilo RFC Pro14 Teams Benetton Cardiff Blues Cheetahs Connacht Dragons Edinburgh Glasgow Warriors Leinster Munster Ospreys Scarlets Southern Kings Ulster Zebre Former Bridgend Caerphilly Cardiff Ebbw Vale Llanelli Neath Newport Pontypridd Swansea Defunct Aironi Border Reivers Celtic Warriors Grounds Aviva Stadium Cardiff Arms Park Galway Sportsgrounds Irish Independent Park Kingspan Stadium Liberty Stadium Mapei Stadium -- Città del Tricolore Murrayfield Stadium Myreside Stadium Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium Parc y Scarlets RDS Arena Rodney Parade Scotstoun Stadium Stadio Comunale di Monigo Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi Thomond Park Toyota Stadium Seasons Celtic League 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 Pro12 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 Pro14 2017 -- 18 Grand Finals 2011 2012 2013", "14": "2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Winners 2002 : Leinster 2003 : Munster 2004 : Scarlets 2005 : Ospreys 2006 : Ulster 2007 : Ospreys 2008 : Leinster 2009 : Munster 2010 : Ospreys 2011 : Munster 2012 : Ospreys 2013 : Leinster 2014 : Leinster 2015 : Glasgow Warriors 2016 : Connacht 2017 : Scarlets Player movements 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Llanelli_RFC&oldid=818916080 '' Categories : Rugby clubs established in 1872 Welsh rugby union teams Sport in Llanelli Llanelli RFC Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Use British English from March 2014 Use dmy dates from December 2010 Articles containing Welsh - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 10 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-480770051139847590	where does aarp fall on the political spectrum	[ "non-partisan" ]	{ "0": "AARP - Wikipedia AARP Jump to : navigation , search This article reads like a press release or a news article or is entirely based on routine coverage . Please expand this article with properly sourced content to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards , event notability guideline , or encyclopedic content policy . ( November 2017 ) AARP , Inc . AARP logo , effective January 2007 Headquarters in Washington , D.C. Predecessor National Retired Teachers Association Formation 1958 ; 60 years ago ( 1958 ) ( as American Association of Retired Persons ) Founder Ethel Percy Andrus Tax ID no . 95 - 1985500 Headquarters Washington , D.C. , U.S. Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 48 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 15 '' W / 38.896769 ° N 77.020826 ° W / 38.896769 ; - 77.020826 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 48 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 15 '' W / 38.896769 ° N 77.020826 ° W / 38.896769 ; - 77.020826 Membership 37,000,000 + Chief Executive Officer Jo Ann Jenkins Foundation President Lisa Marsh Ryerson Board Chair Joan R. Ruff Subsidiaries AARP Foundation ; AARP Institute ; Legal Counsel for the Elderly ; AARP Experience Corps ; AARP Insurance Plan ; AARP Financial Services Corporation ; AARP Services Inc Revenue ( 2014 ) $1,486,310,000 Expenses ( 2014 ) $1,468,824,000 Staff 1,986 Volunteers 17,499 Website www.aarp.org Formerly called American Association of Retired Persons AARP , Inc. ( formerly American Association of Retired Persons ) is a United States - based interest group that focuses on the elderly , especially on how they can continue to live well after retirement . In 2016 , it had a membership of over 37 million people .", "1": "AARP was founded in 1958 by Ethel Percy Andrus ( a retired educator from California ) and Leonard Davis ( later the founder of the Colonial Penn Group of insurance companies ) . It is a 501c4 non-profit organization which aims to `` enhance the quality of life for all as they age , '' according to its website . It also has members who are less than 50 years of age . The association advocates for social change and provides information , advocacy , and service to its members . It is an important lobbying group in the United States . It updates special money related information and a `` fraudwatch '' on its website , to warn people of scams . Its fraudwatch includes write ups by Frank Abagnale from the FBI . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Activities 2.1 Overview 3 Affiliates 3.1 AARP Services , Inc. and AARP Financial Incorporated 3.2 AARP Foundation 3.3 AARP Driver Safety 3.4 AARP publications and broadcasts 3.4. 1 English language 3.4. 2 Spanish language 4 AARP Awards 5 Health care 5.1 Health insurance 5.2 Single payer 6 Social Security 7 Criticism 7.1 Executive compensation , benefits , and travel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links 11 Further reading History ( edit ) According to the group 's official history , Dr. Ethel Percy Andrus founded AARP in 1958 . AARP evolved from the National Retired Teachers Association ( NRTA ) , which Andrus had established in 1947 to promote her philosophy of productive aging , and to promote health insurance for retired teachers . After ten years , she opened the organization to all Americans over 50 , creating AARP . Today , the NRTA is a division within AARP . Critics of AARP offer an alternative version of the group 's origins . 60 Minutes reported in a 1978 exposé that AARP had been established as a marketing device by Leonard Davis , founder of the Colonial Penn Group insurance companies , after he met Ethel Percy Andrus .", "2": "According to critics , until the 1980s AARP was controlled by Davis , who promoted its image as a non-profit advocate of retirees in order to sell insurance to members . Possibly as a result of this report , AARP conducted a competitive bidding process , and , in 1980 , shifted the insurance contracts available to members to Prudential Financial . In the 1990s , the United States Senate investigated AARP 's non-profit status , with Republican Senator Alan K. Simpson , then chairman of the United States Senate Finance Subcommittee on Social Security , Pensions , and Family Policy , questioning the organization 's tax - exempt status in congressional hearings . According to Charles Blahous , the investigations did not reveal sufficient evidence to change the organization 's status , though in an interview years later by the Des Moines Register , Senator Simpson remained `` troubled by AARP 's practices '' , calling AARP `` the biggest marketing operation in America and money - maker '' and an organization whose practices are `` the greatest abuse of American generosity I witnessed in my time in the U.S. Senate '' . The organization was originally named the American Association of Retired Persons , but in 1999 it officially changed its name to `` AARP '' ( pronounced one letter at a time , `` ay ay ar pee '' ) to reflect that its focus was no longer American retirees . AARP no longer requires that members be retired , but they must be at least age 50 ( although a membership includes free membership for a spouse or partner who may not yet be 50 ) . All people age 50 and older are eligible for full membership with AARP . For those under the age of 50 , AARP offers associate memberships that automatically convert to full membership at the age of 50th birthday . Activities ( edit ) Former United States Secretary of Labor Perez at AARP 's Life@50 + event in 2015 . Overview ( edit ) AARP addresses issues affecting older Americans through lobbying efforts at the state and national governmental level , an activity permitted by its 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) status . The organization says that it is non-partisan and does not support , oppose or give money to any candidates or political parties . The total revenue for 2006 was approximately $1 billion and it spent $23 million on lobbying .", "3": "Middle - class security has been a major focus for the organization in recent years . AARP also provides extensive consumer information , volunteer opportunities , and events including the annual National Event & Expo ( 2013 in Las Vegas from May 30 -- June 1 and in Atlanta from October 3 -- 5 ) . AARP volunteers packing food for older Americans in need at packing event in Miami . AARP launched Life Reimagined in May 2013 , calling it a `` first - of - its - kind series of online and offline experiences that guide people through life transitions by helping them discover new possibilities and connect with a community of people pursuing similar passions and goals '' . USA Today called the iniative `` the latest step for the AARP ... as it continues to rebrand itself and become the go - to address for feeling good about aging . Affiliates ( edit ) AARP has several affiliated organizations including : AARP Foundation , a 501c3 non-profit charity that helps people over age 50 who are at social and economic risk ; It includes AARP Experience Corps , a 501c3 non-profit charity that encourages people over age 50 to mentor and tutor school children ; AARP Institute , a non-profit charity that holds some of AARP 's charitable gift annuity funds ; AARP Services Inc. , a for - profit corporation that provides quality control and research , Legal Counsel for the Elderly , a 501c3 non-profit charity that provides legal assistance to seniors in Washington , D.C. AARP Financial Services Corporation , a for - profit corporation that holds AARP 's real estate ; AARP Insurance Plan , an organization that holds some of AARP 's group health insurance policies ; Because of AARP 's vast membership , it is able to generate its own income without being dependent on government grants or private donors , though it receives both of these for specific programs . According to its 2015 Consolidated Financial Statement , the largest sources of income were : royalties for the rights to use AARP 's intellectual property ( name , logo , etc . ) paid by commercial providers of products , services and discounts for AARP members ( $838,649,000 ) ; membership dues ( $295,180,000 ) ; and advertisements placed in its publications ( $149,604,000 ) . AARP services , Inc.", "4": "and AARP Financial Incorporated ( edit ) AARP Services , Inc. , founded in 1999 , is a wholly owned taxable subsidiary of AARP that manages the range of products and services offered as benefits to members . Its offers include Medicare supplemental insurance ; member discounts on rental cars , cruises , vacation packages and lodging ; special offers on technology and gifts ; pharmacy services ; legal services ; and long - term care insurance . AARP Services founded AARP Financial Incorporated , a subsidiary that manages AARP - endorsed financial products including AARP Funds . In a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission in June 2010 , AARP Financial announced the discontinuation of AARP Funds AARP Services develops new products , manages and markets products and services , and creates and maintains partnership and sponsorship relationships . AARP Foundation ( edit ) AARP Foundation is AARP 's affiliated charity . Foundation programs provide security , protection and empowerment for older persons in need . Low - income older workers receive the job training and placement they need to re-join the workforce . Free tax preparation is provided for low - and moderate - income individuals , with special attention to those 60 and older . The Foundation 's litigation staff protects the legal rights of older Americans in critical health , long - term care , consumer and employment situations . Additional programs provide information , education , and services to ensure that people over 50 lead lives of independence , dignity , and purpose . Foundation programs are funded by grants , tax - deductible contributions and AARP . The AARP Foundation 's website claims the nonprofit `` wants to win back opportunity for those now in crisis , so thousands of vulnerable low - income Americans 50 + can regain their foothold , continue to serve as anchors for their families and communities and ensure that their best life is still within reach . '' Key areas of focus are hunger , income , housing , and isolation . The Foundation 's vision is `` a country that is free of poverty where no older person feels vulnerable . '' One of the goals of the AARP Foundation is its Drive to End Hunger . In 2011 , AARP and AARP Foundation formed a relationship with NASCAR driver Jeff Gordon and Hendrick Motorsports to increase awareness of hunger in America with the No. 24 Drive to End Hunger race car and related food drives .", "5": "Through the Drive to End Hunger program , AARP also sponsored Hendrick driver Kasey Kahne , beginning in 2016 . AARP Driver Safety ( edit ) In 1979 , AARP introduced the nation 's first driver safety course geared towards older adults . AARP Driver Safety , which can be completed in a classroom setting or online , teaches defensive driving techniques and provides `` added information on age - related cognitive and physical changes that affect driving . '' The course is instructed and promoted by volunteers throughout the U.S. In addition to course fees , the program is supported by a grant from the automobile manufacturer , Toyota . Over half million drivers completed the course in 2012 and over 15 million people completed the courses since 1979 . AARP publications and broadcasts ( edit ) English language ( edit ) AARP The Magazine with their approximately 37 million readers and the AARP Bulletin with 29.7 million , are the two largest - circulation publications in the United States . The organization publishes AARP The Magazine ( known until 2002 as Modern Maturity ) , a lifestyle magazine for people 50 + . Established in 1958 , the magazine is distributed bi-monthly to AARP members . AARP Bulletin , subtitled `` The Newspaper for 50 - Plus America '' , is published monthly , 10 times per year , and requires membership and an additional subscription fee . The Journal , released by AARP 's International Office , is a policy publication on health and financial security issues facing a global population . The AARP Booth at the 2017 Boston Pride Festival . The organization also produces radio and television programs and has a book division . Inside E Street , hosted by broadcast journalist Lark McCarthy , takes a `` nonpartisan , civil look into issues critical to Americans '' Movies for Grownups , is a weekly two - minute program hosted and produced by Bill Newcott , creator of AARP 's Movies for Grownups franchise , heard on stations nationwide and online at the radioprimetime website . Prime Time Focus , hosted by Alyne Ellis , is a 90 - second daily feature with a five - minute weekend edition heard on more than 500 stations . Prime Time Radio , hosted by broadcaster Mike Cuthbert , is a one - hour weekly interview program that focuses on the interests and concerns of Americans aged 50 and older .", "6": "The program is heard on radio stations mainly in the United States . Spanish language ( edit ) AARP en Español is the AARP 's Spanish - language multimedia platform . Offerings include a Spanish - language website , a Spanish - language YouTube channel , and informational resources . AARP Awards ( edit ) The Inspire Awards `` honor 10 people over age 50 each year who continue to make a significant impact . '' Past recipients include : Maya Angelou , Caroline Kennedy , Jane Goodall , Steve Jobs , Daniel Inouye , Emilio Estefan , Toby Keith , Joy Behar , Henry Winkler , Elizabeth Warren , and Tony Danza . The Movies for Grownups Awards `` recognizes achievements of those in the entertainment industry age 50 and over , and the films that speak to that vast audience , '' as well as supports the overall goals of the AARP . Past recipients include : Denzel Washington , Annette Bening Jeff Bridges , Viola Davis , Morgan Freeman , Michael Douglas , and Lily Tomlin . Health care ( edit ) AARP has been active in health care policy debates since the 1960s , and its recent engagement is a reflection of this long - standing involvement . AARP 's public stances influenced the United States Congress ' passage of the Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act , which created Medicare Part D , in 2003 , and also influenced the Congress by resisting radical changes to Social Security in 2005 . AARP also addressed health care issues in their campaign targeting the 2008 elections with Divided We Fail . In an editorial in the Los Angeles Times , critic Dale Van Atta wrote that AARP does unauthorized lobbying for its membership , and lobbies against the best interests of its membership . He says that by lobbying for the Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act , AARP leaders betrayed the membership . In early 2017 , AARP strongly opposed the American Health Care Act of 2017 , believing that older Americans would be unfairly burdened with higher premiums and smaller tax credits . Health insurance ( edit ) Approximately seven million people have AARP - branded health insurance , including drug coverage and Medigap , as of April 2007 This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information .", "7": "( November 2017 ) and the association earns more income from selling insurance to members than from membership dues . In 2008 , AARP began offering new health insurance products : an HMO for Medicare recipients , in partnership with UnitedHealth Group ; and a PPO and `` a high - deductible insurance policy that could be used with a health savings account '' to people aged 50 -- 64 , in partnership with Aetna . While AARP is not an insurer , it allows its name to be used by insurance companies in the sale of products , for which it is paid a commission . Senator Charles E. Grassley ( R - Iowa ) , senior Republican on the Senate Finance Committee , said in 2008 that the `` limited benefit '' insurance plans offered by AARP through UnitedHealth provided inadequate coverage and were marketed deceptively . One plan offered $5,000 for surgery that may cost two or three times that amount . AARP conducts a thriving business in marketing branded Medigap policies . As of October 2009 , Medical care reform contained a proposal to trim an associated program Medicare Advantage , which was expected to increase demand for Medigap policies . However , as cited above , AARP also brands a Medicare Advantage plan ( MedicareComplete ) , and would also be subject to cuts under health care reform . According to an Annenberg Public Policy Center report , critics have said AARP had a conflict of interest in supporting the Act , because it `` derives income from the sale of health and life insurance policies '' , by licensing its brand to insurance dealers such as New York Life , and would benefit financially from passage of the legislation . In 2004 BusinessWeek said questions have arisen in the past about whether AARP 's commercial interests may conflict with those of its membership , and characterizes many of the funds and insurance policies that AARP markets as providing considerably less benefit than seniors could get on their own . Single payer ( edit ) Single - payer advocates have criticized AARP for not supporting the single - payer or public option during the health care debate . Single - payer advocates supported H.R. 676 , proposed by Rep. John Conyers ( D - MI ) . AARP released a statement explaining to its members why the organization was not supporting H.R.", "8": "676 : Starting over with a new , `` single - payer '' program will not eliminate the problems Medicare , Medicaid , and SCHIP currently face , such as the spiraling costs of procedures and prescription medications , as well as technological advances that are often not comprehensively tested to be proven safe or effective before marketing . H.R. 676 does not address the problem of increasing health - care costs . Rather , it allows costs to continue to grow , which will result in unaffordable coverage . John Rother , AARP 's former chief lobbyist , said the single - payer model would `` disrupt the system that is currently in place '' and `` require a very significant tax increase . '' But Rother admitted that it would be possible to design a system that would avoid these problems . Since AARP 's priorities now are to protect the current programs and implement the Affordable Care Act , Rother said that any effort to promote single payer would be undercutting health reform . Rother said . `` To go to a single - payer you do have to trust government . The climate we 're in right now is a very hostile climate for something like that . '' Rother also thought that an educational effort on the benefits of single payer would undercut the ACA . AARP has not published any material relating to single - payer health insurance on its website , in its several hundred page policy book , or through its Public Policy Institute . Approximately 60,000 AARP members quit AARP between July 1 and August 18 , 2009 , in a controversy that arose over AARP 's support for U.S. health care reform . FOX News stated , `` The Atlanta - based American Seniors Association , which is opposed to President Obama 's health care plan , is trying to capitalize on growing public dissatisfaction with the AARP . '' AARP spokesman Drew Nannis responded that AARP loses about 300,000 members a month on average , and the controversial 60,000 of those that had left had specified leaving over the health care debate . Nannis also stated that the AARP gained 400,000 members and that 1.5 million members renewed their memberships within the same period of time . The American Seniors Association is a for - profit organization operated by the American Seniors Association Holding Group , Inc ( ASAHG , Inc ) .", "9": "Social Security ( edit ) Since March 2012 , AARP 's You 've Earned a Say campaign has sought to foster nonpartisan conversations about how to strengthen Social Security and Medicare . The Richmond ( VA ) Times - Dispatch reported , `` AARP took the debate about Medicare and Social Security from what it called behind closed doors in Washington to a series of town hall meetings around the country to make sure retirees have a voice in the discussion . '' In June 2011 , AARP dropped its longstanding opposition to cutting Social Security benefits . A news release emphasized `` AARP has not changed its position on Social Security . '' In 2005 AARP led the effort to kill President George W. Bush 's plan for partial privatization . AARP now has concluded that change is inevitable , and it wants to be at the table to try to minimize the pain . John Rother , AARP 's policy chief and a prime mover for the new position , said `` The ship was sailing . I wanted to be at the wheel when that happens . '' AARP declined to join a coalition of about 300 unions , women 's groups and liberal advocacy organizations created to fight Social Security benefit cuts . Rother said , `` The coalition 's role was to kind of anchor the left , and our role is going to be to actually get something done '' . Criticism ( edit ) In a November 2008 editorial , The Des Moines Register and the Canada Free Press called AARP a strong lobbying group masquerading as a non profit , meanwhile charging high membership fees and selling expensive private healthcare plans . Executive compensation , benefits , and travel ( edit ) Criticism has also been leveled at the high salaries that AARP staff earn , and the use of first class and business class travel for all their short trips . According to AARP 's IRS annual return , Chief Executive Officer Addison B. Rand received $1,698,289 of salary and benefits in 2014 from AARP and its subsidiaries . All board members , officers , and key employees fly first class on flights longer than five hours unless business class is available . The Chief Executive Officer flies first - class on all flights longer than 90 minutes . AARP reported that it had spent $8,694,890 on compensation of its officers , directors , and key employees during 2014 .", "10": "Charity Watch rated the AARP Foundation overall at 81.07 out of 100 possible points for fiscal year 2014 , but gave the organization a Financial score of only 73.53 out of 100 for the same time period . See also ( edit ) AARP / Blue Zones Vitality Project Association of Mature American Citizens International Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Gray Panthers 60 Plus Association Senior citizen References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Form 990 : Return of Organization Exempt from Tax '' ( PDF ) . AARP . Guidestar . December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Statements Together with Report of Independent Certified Public Accountants '' ( PDF ) . AARP . December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Local : Obituary '' . Los Angeles Times . January 23 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` AARP Founder : Philanthropist Leonard Davis , 76 '' . USC News . Jump up ^ `` The 2015 Power & Influence Top 50 '' ( PDF ) . The NonProfit Times . The NonProfit Times . 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Rebecca ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Top Lobbyists 2015 : Grassroots '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Articles about AARP '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ethel Andrus ( 1884 - 1967 ) '' . National Women 's History Museum . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Points of Light Institute Honors Volunteer Leaders for Going the Extra Mile '' . 2010 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Andy ( 1999 ) . Sincerely , Andy Rooney ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Public Affairs . ISBN 1891620347 .", "11": "Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 20 October 1996 ) . `` Demographics and Destiny '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rooney , Andy ( 2009 ) . Sincerely , Andy Rooney . PublicAffairs . ISBN 978 - 0786731350 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Blahaus , Charles P. ( 2000 ) . Reforming Social Security for Ourselves and Our Posterity . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 84 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97044 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Congress right to investigate AARP '' . Editorial . Des Moines Register . April 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . In the mid-1990s , Congress launched an investigation , asking questions about its tax status and business ventures . That was led by former U.S. Sen. Alan Simpson of Wyoming . When The Register interviewed him several years later , he was still troubled by AARP 's practices . Simpson stated the organization was `` the biggest marketing operation in America and money - maker '' . He said that what the organization does `` is the greatest abuse of American generosity I witnessed in my time in the U.S. Senate '' . Jump up ^ `` AARP History '' . AARP. 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Loomis , Carol J. ( 2006 - 05 - 11 ) . `` The AARP is getting younger all the time '' . Fortune . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Jeffrey H. ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` On Issues From Medicare to Medication , AARP 's Money Will Be There '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` AARP : Retirement Security in Doubt for Middle Class '' . Retrieved 28 May 2013 .", "12": "Jump up ^ `` AARP Launches Life Reimagined to Offer Ways for Discovering New Possibilities and Navigating `` What 's Next '' `` . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Sharon . `` AARP to coach aging Boomers ' reimagining ' their lives '' USA Today , 28 May 2013 . Retrieved on 2013 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Kolb , Robert W. ( 2008 ) , Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society , 1 , Sage , p. 1 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 1652 - 3 Jump up ^ `` AARP Consolidated Financial Statements Together with Report of Independent Certified Public Accountants '' ( PDF ) . AARP . AARP.org. 2015 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ AARP news release . `` AARP Financial Announces Discontinuation of AARP Funds '' . Aarp.org . Jump up ^ `` AARP Foundation '' . AARP. 2011 - 03 - 31 . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Drive to End Hunger website '' . Drivetoendhunger.org. 2011 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Kahne 's No. 5 Drive to End Hunger Chevrolet SS revealed '' . Hendrick Motorsports . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AARP.org '' . AARP.org. 2012 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ AARP Driver Safety - from : AARP ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` AARP Driver Safety Program History and Facts '' . Aarp.org . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 .", "13": "Jump up ^ `` 500,000 People Complete AARP Driver Safety '' . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff , Writer ( 2016 - 04 - 16 ) . `` AARP Smart Driver Class set for May 14 in Fairmount '' . Calhoun Times . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Husni , Samir ( 2017 - 01 - 09 ) . `` AARP The Magazine : Relevant , Vibrant & Still The Largest Circulation Magazine In The Country With Over 37 Million Readers '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 U.S. Magazines by Circulation '' ( PDF ) . Public Service Advertising Research Center , . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` AARP The Magazine '' . AARP The Magazine . June 13 , 2012 . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 U.S. Magazines by Circulation '' ( PDF ) . PSA Research Center . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( publication information found in each print issue ) '' . AARP Bulletin . Washington , DC : AARP . July -- August 2009 . ISSN 1044 - 1123 . OCLC 19685775 . Jump up ^ `` The Journal '' . AARP International . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inside E Street - Non-Partisan TV Program , Civil Issues Critical to 50 + Americans '' . AARP . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Time Radio '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Kathleen ( 2007 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Roslyn Hill , `` Queen of Alberta , '' honored by AARP `` . OregonLive.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sachs , Andrea ( 2013 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Maya Angelou 's Lifetime of Influence '' .", "14": "Time . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` AARP Magazine 's 2011 Inspire Awards '' . Getty Images . 2011 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Getty Images : 2008 AARP Inspire Awards '' . Getty Images . 2008 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pat Summitt recipient of AARP Inspire Award '' . WRCB. 2011 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magazine honors 3 in Tucson shooting '' . Arizona Daily Star . 2011 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Maturity Reigns at AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Helen Mirren to Receive Career Achievement Honor at AARP The Magazine 's 17th Annual Movies For Grownups ® Awards '' . PBS . 2017 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Olivier , Ellen ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Denzel Washington , Viola Davis , Ruth Negga , Helen Mirren attend AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Powell , Amy ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hollywood actors head out to AARP Movies for Grownups Awards '' . KABC - TV . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Loving Was Literally 2016 's Best Movie for Grown - Ups '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 .", "15": "^ Jump up to : Lang , Derrik ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Michael Douglas , Lily Tomlin Honored at AARP Movies for Grownups Awards '' . KXAS - TV . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Rand , A. Barry ( 1 December 2009 ) . `` Health Care Reform Marches On ( online title : Why AARP Endorsed the House Health Care Bill ) '' . AARP Bulletin . Where We Stand. 50 ( 10 ) . AARP Publications . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISSN 1044 - 1123 . Archived from the original on 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 18 December 2009 . AARP has been a strong advocate for health care reform for over 50 years ... '' Jump up ^ Barbara Berkman / Sarah D'Ambruoso Handbook of Social Work in Health and Aging , p. 820 , Oxford University Press US , 2006 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517372 - 7 Jump up ^ Larry N. Gerston American Federalism , p. 79 , M.E. Sharpe , 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1672 - 2 Jump up ^ Van Atta , Dale ( 24 November 2003 ) . `` This Is n't the Old AARP '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Chilton , James ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` AARP speaks out on Obamacare replacement bill '' . Wyoming Tribune Eagle . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( 17 April 2007 ) . `` AARP Says It Will Become Major Medicare Insurer While Remaining a Consumer Lobby '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ricardo Alonso - Zaldivar ( March 6 , 2006 ) . `` New Drug Program Is a Benefit for AARP '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Benjamin Lipson JK Lasser 's Choosing the Right Long - term Care Insurance , p.", "16": "140 , John Wiley & Sons , 2002 ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 27349 - 3 Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( 19 November 2008 ) . `` AARP Orders Investigation Concerning Its Marketing '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Dan Eggen ( 2009 - 10 - 27 ) . `` AARP : Reform advocate and insurance salesman '' . Washington Post . pp. A1 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Medicare advantage plans '' . aarpmedicareplans.com . Jump up ^ AARP Life Insurance Program Archived July 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved October 31 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Public Policy Center report on AARP '' . Annenberg Public Policy Center . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ By Raising Its Voice , AARP Raises Questions Archived June 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . BusinessWeek , 14 March 2005 , accessed 7 January 2008 ^ Jump up to : Should universal care advocates bite their tongues on single - payer ? Remapping Debate , June 8 , 2011 , By Mike Alberti Jump up ^ `` AARP , Losing Members Over Health Care , Faces Challenge From Grassroots Senior Advocacy Group '' . Fox News . August 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2009 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AMSA.PK Profile '' . AMSA.PK Profile . Yahoo Finance . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Seniors Association '' . Jump up ^ Hazard , Carol. `` Retirees highlight Social Security , Medicare at AARP meeting '' Richmond Times - Dispatch , Richmond , VA 20 March 2012 . Retrieved on 2013 - 5 - 28 . Jump up ^ from : Press Center - June 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 17 ) .", "17": "`` AARP Has Not Changed Its Position on Social Security '' . AARP.org . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Key Seniors Association Pivots on Benefit Cut By LAURA MECKLER , Wall Street Journal , JUNE 17 , 2011 Jump up ^ Vaadum , Mathew ( 11 November 2008 ) . `` Big Trouble on the Horizon for AARP ? '' . Canada free press / Des moines register . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Form 990 : Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax '' . AARP . Guidestar . December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charity Navigator - Rating for AARP Foundation '' . External links ( edit ) AARP Inspire Award Honorees AARP Movies For Grownups Awards AARP Spanish - language website AARP Spanish - language YouTube channel Further reading ( edit ) Lynch , Frederick R. ( 2011 ) . One Nation Under AARP : The Fight Over Medicare , Social Security , and America 's Future . University of California Press . Morris , Charles R. ( 1996 ) . The AARP : America 's Most Powerful Lobby and the Clash of Generations . Crown . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 2753 - 2 .", "18": "Lobbying in the United States Topics Political action committee 527 organization Campaign finance ( reform ) Major industrial and business lobbies Agricultural Energy Health Insurance Organized labor Software Tobacco Transportation Major single - issue lobbies Administration Abortion Environmental Federal leadership Feminism Foreign policy Guns Immigration LGBT `` Homosexual agenda '' Retirees Taxes Diaspora and ethnic lobbies Arab Egypt Libya Saudi Arabia Armenia China Cuba ( Anti Castro ) Greece Ireland Israel `` Jewish lobby '' Anti-Israel lobby Pakistan Turkey 50 largest magazines in the United States As of June 2016 AARP The Magazine AARP Bulletin AAA Living American Baby American Rifleman Better Homes and Gardens Bon Appétit Cooking Light Cosmopolitan Costco Connection Country Living Entertainment Weekly ESPN The Magazine Every Day with Rachael Ray Family Circle FamilyFun Food Network Magazine Game Informer Glamour Golf Digest Golf Magazine Good Housekeeping Guideposts InStyle Martha Stewart Living Men 's Health Money National Geographic O , The Oprah Magazine Parents People Prevention Reader 's Digest Real Simple Redbook Rolling Stone Self Seventeen Shape Smithsonian Southern Living Sports Illustrated Taste of Home The American Legion Time TV Guide Us Weekly WebMD the Magazine Woman 's Day Women 's Health Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AARP&oldid=837647635 '' Categories : AARP 1958 establishments in Washington , D.C. 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) nonprofit organizations Lobbying organizations in the United States Magazine publishing companies of the United States Organizations established in 1958 Political advocacy groups in the United States Retirement in the United States Seniors ' organizations Organizations with general consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council Organizations based in Washington , D.C.", "19": "Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with a promotional tone from November 2017 All articles with a promotional tone Coordinates not on Wikidata Pages using infobox organization with unsupported parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Română Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 03 : 34 . 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-4429468190913255462	who sang the song tell me something good	[ "Rufus and Chaka Khan", "Rufus and Chaka Khan", "Rufus and Chaka Khan" ]	{ "0": "Tell Me Something Good - wikipedia Tell Me Something Good Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Tell Me Something Good '' A-side label of one of US vinyl releases Single by Rufus from the album Rags to Rufus B - side `` Smokin ' Room '' Released June 1974 Format 7 '' single , 12 '' single Recorded Genre R&B , Soul , Funk Length 4 : 36 ( album ) 3 : 30 ( single ) Label ABC Records Songwriter ( s ) Stevie Wonder Producer ( s ) Bob Monaco and Rufus Rufus singles chronology `` Feel Good '' ( 1973 ) `` Tell Me Something Good '' ( 1974 ) `` You Got the Love '' ( 1974 ) `` Feel Good '' ( 1973 ) `` Tell Me Something Good '' ( 1974 ) `` You Got the Love '' ( 1974 ) `` Tell Me Something Good '' is a song by Rufus and Chaka Khan , written by Stevie Wonder and released in 1974 . The single was a hit in the United States , peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent one week at number one on the Cash Box Top 100 . It was among the earliest hits to use the guitar talk box , by Tony Maiden . The song has been described as having `` ... rude metallic guitar '' ( by Al Ciner ) and `` ... a beautiful bass , clav and heavy breathing groove . '' The song can be difficult to count as there is an off - count into the verse . The first note is on the `` and of four . '' The record was produced by the band with Bob Monaco .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Awards 2 Samples 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Cover versions 4.1 Live covers 5 Pop culture references 6 Personnel 7 References 8 External links Awards ( edit ) Rufus won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo , Group or Chorus for the song at the 17th Annual Grammy Awards in 1975 . Samples ( edit ) The Ronnie Laws version was sampled by the Beastie Boys on their 1989 album Paul 's Boutique . The UGK song `` Something Good '' , from their 1992 debut album Too Hard to Swallow , samples the song - later chopped and screwed by DJ Screw on his 1995 release Volume II : All Screwed Up . The Case song `` Tell Me '' , on his 1999 album Personal Conversation , was based on this song . The chorus is sampled in Bay Area rapper Mac Dre 's song `` Too Hard For The Fuckin ' Radio '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Australia KMR 64 Canada RPM 21 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard R&B U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Australia 186 Canada 89 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 56 U.S. Cash Box 49 Cover versions ( edit ) Yvonne Fair recorded an acclaimed cover of the song on her 1975 album The Bitch is Black . Saxophonist Ronnie Laws recorded a version on his 1975 debut album Pressure Sensitive . Maceo Parker recorded a cover of the song for his album FunkOverload . Lee `` Scratch '' Perry recorded a cover of the song for The Upsetters ' 1978 album Return of the Super Ape . Eric Marienthal included it on his album Sweet Talk . Robbie Nevil recorded a cover on his album Day 1 in 1991 . Lee Aaron recorded a cover on her album Some Girls Do in 1991 .", "2": "Guitarist Steve Fister recorded a cover on his 2006 album Dodgin Bullets . Pink recorded a cover of the song for the 2006 film Happy Feet which was included on the soundtrack album . Guitarist Greg Howe recorded an instrumental version of the song for his 2008 album , Sound Proof . Matthew Morrison performed the song as his Glee character Will Schuester in the first season episode `` Funk '' . The single was released on iTunes . Live covers ( edit ) In 2002 , En Vogue performed the song on their concert DVD , `` Live in the USA '' . Dave Matthews & Friends covered the song live from 2003 to 2005 . Singer Kim Yarbrough successfully auditioned for Season 2 of The Voice with the song , landing a spot on Team Adam . Stevie Wonder has performed this song live on several occasions . Gov 't Mule with Susan Tedeschi and Eric Krasno on guitar on 6 / 7 / 14 at Mt . Jam , Hunter Mountain , NY . The Power Station ( a Duran Duran side project ) performed this song live for `` The Living Fear Tour '' in 1996 / 1997 Pop culture references ( edit ) On the title track of Funkadelic 's 1975 album Let 's Take It to the Stage , the band calls out , `` Hey ' Sloofus , ' tell me something good , '' and antagonizes the singer to `` take it to the stage , sucker . '' The song pokes fun at the sudden surge in prevalence of funk songs . Ray Romano 's character sings a variation of the song while eating his wife 's braciole in the Everybody Loves Raymond episode , `` Debra Makes Something Good . '' On Will & Grace , Karen tells Jack that this is the song to which she and Stan make love . She then walks in on her husband cheating on her with the same song playing . Closed captioning for that episode incorrectly credits the song to Sly and the Family Stone . In That ' 70s Show , in the episode `` Water Tower '' , Eric walks in on his parents having sex , and the song plays every time he has recurring nightmares and thoughts of his parents .", "3": "BET cable network aired and produced a phone - in game show named after the song ( which was also the theme song ). Julie Rogers hosted this show which was a short - lived , live call - in game show where home viewers have to answer one question of the day that was followed by panel of three celebrity judges ranking the best responses for a prize . It aired from 1988 - 89 . Many venues in the NBA , NHL , MLB , and NFL play this song when a play is under review by referees or umpires . New York radio station WCBS - FM had a show in the morning named after the song ( which was also the theme song ) . The host told the listeners about a positive true event that happened that day . The Bobby Bones Show also has a segment named after the song . Personnel ( edit ) source : Chaka Khan - lead vocals , background vocals Dennis Belfield - bass , background vocals André Fischer - drums , percussion Kevin Murphy - organ , clavinet Al Ciner - guitar Ron Stockert - vocals , keyboards Tony Maiden ( uncredited ) - guitar , talk box Nate Morgan ( uncredited ) - keyboards References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Soul Album Spotlight : Rufus ' `` Rags to Rufus @ '' . soultrain.com . May 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , S. , ( 2010 ) `` Music : What Happened ? '' 125 Records , ISBN 0615381960 , ISBN 978 - 0615381961 Jump up ^ `` Remembering Bob Monaco '' . 2 August 2009 . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 .", "4": "Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1974 / Top 100 Songs of 1974 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1974 / Top 100 Songs of 1974 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ https://www.iheart.com/podcast/51-Tell-Me-Something-Good-27457750/episode/1-26-tell-me-something-good-27947113/ Jump up ^ `` Rufus -- `` Tell Me Something Good '' b / w `` Smokin ' Room '' `` . internetfm.com . March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Rufus & Chaka Khan - Tell Me Somethin Good ( Lyrics ) on YouTube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tell_Me_Something_Good&oldid=811755434 '' Categories : 1974 singles Chaka Khan songs Songs written by Stevie Wonder 1974 songs ABC Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 18 : 55 . 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7119324182242279660	french film pioneer who introduced newsreel in 1910	[ "Charles Pathé", "Charles Pathé" ]	{ "0": "Newsreel - wikipedia Newsreel Jump to : navigation , search Play media `` Showdown in Vietnam '' , a February 8 , 1965 war propaganda newsreel by Universal Newsreel . A newsreel is a form of short documentary film , containing news stories and items of topical interest , that was prevalent between the 1910s and the late 1960s . Typically presented in a cinema , newsreels were a source of current affairs , information , and entertainment for millions of moviegoers . Newsreels were typically exhibited preceding a feature film , but there were also dedicated newsreel theaters in many major cities in the 1930s and ' 40s , and some large city cinemas also included a smaller theaterette where newsreels were screened continuously throughout the day . By the end of the 1960s , television news broadcasts had supplanted the format . Newsreels are considered significant historical documents , since they are often the only audiovisual record of certain cultural events . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Retrospectives 3 Effect of television 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) News cameramen , Washington DC , 1938 Created in 1911 by Charles Pathé , this form of film was a staple of the typical North American , British , and Commonwealth countries ( especially Canada , Australia , and New Zealand ) , and throughout European cinema programming schedule from the silent era until the 1960s when television news broadcasting completely supplanted its role . The National Film and Sound Archive in Australia holds the Cinesound Movietone Australian Newsreel Collection , a comprehensive collection of 4,000 newsreel films and documentaries representing news stories covering all major events . The first official British news cinema that only showed newsreels was the Daily Bioscope that opened in London on May 23 , 1909 . In 1929 , William Fox purchased a former Broadway theater called the Embassy ( now a visitor center operated by the Times Square Alliance ) . He changed the format from a $2 show twice a day to a continuous 25 - cent programme , establishing the first newsreel theater in the USA .", "1": "The idea was such a success that Fox and his backers announced they would start a chain of newsreel theaters across the USA . The newsreels were often accompanied by cartoons or short subjects . In some countries , newsreels generally used music as a background for usually silent on - site film footage . In some countries , the narrator used humorous remarks for light - hearted or non-tragic stories . In the U.S. , newsreel series included The March of Time ( 1935 -- 1951 ) , Pathé News ( 1910 -- 1956 ) , Paramount News ( 1927 -- 1957 ) , Fox Movietone News ( 1928 -- 1963 ) , Hearst Metrotone News ( 1914 -- 1967 ) , and Universal Newsreel ( 1929 -- 1967 ) . Pathé News was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures from 1931 to 1947 , and then by Warner Brothers from 1947 to 1956 . An example of a newsreel story is in the film Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , which was prepared by RKO 's actual newsreel staff . Citizen Kane includes a fictional newsreel `` News on the March '' that summarizes the life of title character Charles Foster Kane while parodying The March of Time . On August 12 , 1949 , 120 cinema technicians employed by Associated British Pathé in London went on strike to protest the dismissal of fifteen men on the grounds of redundancy while conciliation under trade union agreements was pending . Their strike lasted through to at least Tuesday August 16 , the Tuesday being the last day for production on new newsreels shown on the Thursday . Events of the strike resulted in over three hundred cinemas across Britain having to go without newsreels that week . Retrospectives ( edit ) A 1978 Australian film , Newsfront , is a drama about the newsreel business . Effect of television ( edit ) On February 16 , 1948 , NBC launched a ten - minute television program called Camel Newsreel Theatre with John Cameron Swayze that featured newsreels with Swayze doing voiceovers . Also in 1948 , the DuMont Television Network launched two short - lived newsreel series , Camera Headlines and I.N.S.", "2": "Telenews , the latter in cooperation with Hearst 's International News Service . On August 15 , 1948 , CBS started their evening television news program Douglas Edwards and the News . Later the NBC , CBS , and ABC news shows all produced their own news film . Newsreel cinemas either closed or went to showing continuous programmes of cartoons and short subjects , such as the London Victoria Station News Cinema , later Cartoon Cinema that opened in 1933 and closed in 1981 . In New Zealand , the Weeky Review was `` the principal film series produced in the 1940s '' . The first television news broadcasts in the country , incorporating newsreel footage , began in 1960 . Newsreels died out because of technological advances such as electronic news - gathering for television news , introduced in the 1970s , rendered them obsolete . Nonetheless , some countries such as Cuba , Japan , Spain , and Italy continued producing newsreels into the 1980s and 1990s . Newsreel - producing companies excluded television companies from their distribution , but the television companies countered by sending their own cameramen to film news events . See also ( edit ) Film portal Journalism portal List of newsreels by country The March of Time newsreel series produced by Time - Life from 1935 to 1951 Universal Newsreel newsreel series produced by Universal Studios from 1929 to 1967 Hearst Metrotone News newsreel series produced by Hearst Corporation from 1914 to 1967 ( distributed by Fox Film Corporation 1929 - 1934 and by MGM 1934 - 1967 ) Fox Movietone News produced by Fox 1928 to 1963 Paramount News newsreel series produced by Paramount Pictures from 1927 to 1957 Pathé News newsreel series produced by Pathé Film from 1910 to 1956 ( distributed by RKO Radio Pictures 1931 - 1947 and by Warner Brothers 1947 - 1956 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ King , Barrie , Newsreels , Oz Film , Culture and Communication Reading Room , Murdoch University Jump up ^ Australian Screen : Cine sound Movie tone Australian Newsreel Collection ( 1929 - 1975 ) Jump up ^ p.", "3": "56 Popple Simon & Kember , Joe Early Cinema : From Factory Gate to Dream Factory Wallflower Press 2004 Jump up ^ Times Square Alliance Business Improvement District Embassy Theater Jump up ^ `` Newsreel Theater '' . Time magazine . November 18 , 1929 . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 . The six or seven minutes of newsreel exhibited in ordinary program houses are selected from many reels of current events . Nowhere could one be sure of seeing all the newsreels made in any one week . In Manhattan , William Fox , in collaboration with Hearst Metro tone , found what to do with the newsreels discarded weekly by their companies . He took over a Broadway theater ( Embassy ) and changed its program from a $2 show twice a day to a continuous 25 ¢ show . He made the program all newsreels , to run for an hour , a full photographic report of the pictorial parts of the week 's news . Jump up ^ `` No Newsreels in 300 Cinemas : Technicians On Strike '' . The Glasgow Herald . August 17 , 1949 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Review Series Short Film NZ On Screen '' . www.nzonscreen.com . NZ On Screen . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Early evening news on TV - Television in New Zealand NZHistory , New Zealand history online '' . nzhistory.govt.nz . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Original Negative of the Noticiero ICAIC Lationamericano Further reading ( edit ) Baechlin , Peter and Maurice Muller - Strauss ( Editors ) , Newsreels across the world , Paris : Unesco , 1952 Barnouw , Erik , Documentary : a history of the non-fiction film , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1993 revised Clyde , Jeavons , Jane Mercer and Daniela Kirchner ( Editors ) , `` The story of the century ! '' An international newsfilm conference , London : BUFVC , 1998 Fielding , Raymond ( 2011 ) . The American Newsreel : A Complete History , 1911 - 1967 . Jefferson , N.C.", "4": ": McFarland . ISBN 0786466103 . Fielding , Raymond , The March of Time , 1935 - 1951 , New York : Oxford University Press , 1978 Imesch , Kornelia ; Schade , Sigrid ; Sieber , Samuel ( Editors ) , Constructions of Cultural Identities in Newsreel Cinema and Television after 1945 , Bielefeld : transcript , 2016 . McKernan , Luke ( Editor ) , Yesterday 's news . The British Cinema Newsreel Reader , London : BUFVC , 2002 Smither , Roger and Wolfgang Klaue ( Editors ) , Newsreels in film archives : a survey based on the FIAF symposium , Wiltshire : Flicks Books , 1996 Vande Winkel , Roel , `` Newsreel series : world overview '' , in : Aitken , Ian ( Editor ) , Encyclopedia of the Documentary Film , New York / London : Routledge , 2006 , pp. 985 -- 991 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Newsreels . The Newsreel Archive News on Screen LCCN : sh85091639 GND : 4190144 - 7 NDL : 00568765 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newsreel&oldid=831519387 '' Categories : Newsreels Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 00 : 26 .", "5": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8049695851713697163	who has won the eurovision song contest the most times	[ "Ireland", "Ireland", "Johnny Logan, who performed \"What's Another Year\" in 1980 and \"Hold Me Now\" in 1987", "Ireland's Johnny Logan", "Ireland" ]	{ "0": "List of Eurovision Song contest winners - wikipedia List of Eurovision Song contest winners Jump to : navigation , search Left : Lys Assia , the first Eurovision winner ( 1956 ) , and Dima Bilan , winner in 2008 . Centre : Johnny Logan , the winning artist in 1980 , winning artist and composer in 1987 and the winning composer in 1992 . Right : Ell & Nikki celebrating Eurovision Song Contest 2011 victory in Düsseldorf . Sixty - five songs have won the Eurovision Song Contest , an annual competition organised by member countries of the European Broadcasting Union . The contest , which has been broadcast every year since its debut in 1956 , is one of the longest - running television programmes in the world . The contest 's winner has been determined using numerous voting techniques throughout its history ; centre to these have been the awarding of points to countries by juries or televoters . The country awarded the most points is declared the winner . The first Eurovision Song Contest was not won on points , but by votes ( two per country ) , and only the winner was announced . There have been 62 contests , with one winner each year except the tied 1969 contest , which had four . Twenty - seven different countries have won the contest . Switzerland won the first contest in 1956 . The country with the highest number of wins is Ireland , with seven . The only person to have won more than once as performer is Ireland 's Johnny Logan , who performed `` What 's Another Year '' in 1980 and `` Hold Me Now '' in 1987 . Logan is also one of only five songwriters to have written more than one winning entry ( `` Hold Me Now '' 1987 and `` Why Me ? '' 1992 , performed by Linda Martin ) . This unique distinction makes Logan the only person to have three Eurovision victories to his / her credit , as either singer , songwriter or both .", "1": "The other four songwriters with more than one winning entry to their credit are , Willy van Hemert ( Netherlands , 1957 and 1959 ) , Yves Dessca ( Monaco , 1971 and Luxembourg , 1972 ) , Rolf Løvland ( Norway , 1985 and 1995 ) and Brendan Graham ( Ireland , 1994 and 1996 ) . Winning the Eurovision Song Contest provides a unique opportunity for the winning artist ( s ) to capitalise on their success and surrounding publicity by launching or furthering their international career . However , throughout the history of the contest , relatively few of these artists have gone on to be huge international stars . The most notable winning Eurovision artists whose career was directly launched into the spotlight following their win were the members of ABBA , who won the 1974 contest for Sweden with their song `` Waterloo '' . ABBA went on to be one of the most successful bands of its time . Another notable winner who subsequently achieved international fame and success was Céline Dion , who won the 1988 contest for Switzerland with the song `` Ne partez pas sans moi '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 By country 3 By language 4 Photogallery 5 See also 6 Notes and references 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 References 6.3 Bibliography List ( edit ) Year Date Host City Winner Song Performer Points Margin Runner - up 1956 24 May Lugano Switzerland `` Refrain '' Lys Assia Never announced 1957 3 March Frankfurt Netherlands `` Net als toen '' Corry Brokken 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 France 1958 12 March Hilversum France `` Dors ,", "2": "mon amour '' André Claveau 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Switzerland 1959 11 March Cannes Netherlands `` Een beetje '' Teddy Scholten 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 United Kingdom 1960 29 March London France `` Tom Pillibi '' Jacqueline Boyer 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 United Kingdom 1961 18 March Cannes Luxembourg `` Nous les amoureux '' Jean - Claude Pascal 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 United Kingdom 1962 18 March Luxembourg France `` Un premier amour '' Isabelle Aubret 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Monaco 1963 23 March London Denmark `` Dansevise '' Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Switzerland 1964 21 March Copenhagen Italy `` Non ho l'età '' Gigliola Cinquetti 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 United Kingdom 1965 20 March Naples Luxembourg `` Poupée de cire , poupée de son '' France Gall 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 United Kingdom 1966 5 March Luxembourg Austria `` Merci ,", "3": "Chérie '' Udo Jürgens 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Sweden 1967 8 April Vienna United Kingdom `` Puppet on a String '' Sandie Shaw 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Ireland 1968 6 April London Spain `` La , la , la '' Massiel 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 United Kingdom 1969 29 March Madrid Spain `` Vivo cantando '' Salomé 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 No runner - up United Kingdom `` Boom Bang - a-Bang '' Lulu Netherlands `` De troubadour '' Lenny Kuhr France `` Un jour , un enfant '' Frida Boccara 1970 21 March Amsterdam Ireland `` All Kinds of Everything '' Dana 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 United Kingdom 1971 3 April Dublin Monaco `` Un banc , un arbre , une rue '' Séverine 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Spain 1972 25 March Edinburgh Luxembourg `` Après toi '' Vicky Leandros 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 United Kingdom 1973 7 April Luxembourg Luxembourg `` Tu te reconnaîtras '' Anne - Marie David 7002129000000000000 ♠ 129 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Spain 6 April Brighton Sweden `` Waterloo '' ABBA", "4": "7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Italy 22 March Stockholm Netherlands `` Ding - a-dong '' Teach - In 7002152000000000000 ♠ 152 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 United Kingdom 1976 3 April The Hague United Kingdom `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' Brotherhood of Man 7002164000000000000 ♠ 164 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 France 1977 7 May London France `` L'oiseau et l'enfant '' Marie Myriam 7002136000000000000 ♠ 136 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 United Kingdom 1978 22 April Paris Israel `` A-Ba - Ni - Bi '' ( א - ב - ני - בי ) Izhar Cohen and the Alphabeta 7002157000000000000 ♠ 157 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Belgium 1979 31 March Jerusalem Israel `` Hallelujah '' ( הללויה ) Gali Atari and Milk and Honey 7002125000000000000 ♠ 125 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Spain 1980 19 April The Hague Ireland `` What 's Another Year '' Johnny Logan 7002143000000000000 ♠ 143 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Germany 1981 4 April Dublin United Kingdom `` Making Your Mind Up '' Bucks Fizz 7002136000000000000 ♠ 136 7000400000000000000", "5": "♠ 4 Germany 1982 24 April Harrogate Germany `` Ein bißchen Frieden '' Nicole 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 Israel 23 April Munich Luxembourg `` Si la vie est cadeau '' Corinne Hermès 7002142000000000000 ♠ 142 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Israel 1984 5 May Luxembourg Sweden `` Diggi - Loo Diggi - Ley '' Herreys 7002145000000000000 ♠ 145 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ireland 1985 4 May Gothenburg Norway `` La det swinge '' Bobbysocks !", "6": "7002123000000000000 ♠ 123 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Germany 1986 3 May Bergen Belgium `` J'aime la vie '' Sandra Kim 7002176000000000000 ♠ 176 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Switzerland 9 May Brussels Ireland `` Hold Me Now '' Johnny Logan 7002172000000000000 ♠ 172 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Germany 1988 30 April Dublin Switzerland `` Ne partez pas sans moi '' Céline Dion 7002137000000000000 ♠ 137 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 United Kingdom 1989 6 May Lausanne Yugoslavia `` Rock Me '' Riva 7002137000000000000 ♠ 137 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 United Kingdom 1990 5 May Zagreb Italy `` Insieme : 1992 '' Toto Cutugno 7002149000000000000 ♠ 149 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Ireland France 1991 4 May Rome Sweden `` Fångad av en stormvind '' Carola 7002146000000000000 ♠ 146 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 France 1992 9 May Malmö Ireland `` Why Me ? ''", "7": "Linda Martin 7002155000000000000 ♠ 155 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 United Kingdom 1993 15 May Millstreet Ireland `` In Your Eyes '' Niamh Kavanagh 7002187000000000000 ♠ 187 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 United Kingdom 1994 30 April Dublin Ireland `` Rock ' n ' Roll Kids '' Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan 7002226000000000000 ♠ 226 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 Poland 1995 13 May Dublin Norway `` Nocturne '' Secret Garden 7002148000000000000 ♠ 148 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Spain 18 May Oslo Ireland `` The Voice '' Eimear Quinn 7002162000000000000 ♠ 162 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 Norway 1997 3 May Dublin United Kingdom `` Love Shine a Light '' Katrina and the Waves 7002227000000000000 ♠ 227 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 Ireland 1998 9 May Birmingham Israel `` Diva '' ( דיווה ) Dana International 7002172000000000000 ♠ 172 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 United Kingdom 1999 29 May Jerusalem Sweden `` Take Me to Your Heaven '' Charlotte Nilsson 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Iceland 2000 13 May Stockholm Denmark `` Fly on the Wings of Love '' Olsen Brothers 7002195000000000000 ♠ 195 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Russia 2001 12 May Copenhagen Estonia `` Everybody '' Tanel Padar , Dave Benton and 2XL 7002198000000000000 ♠ 198", "8": "7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Denmark 2002 25 May Tallinn Latvia `` I Wanna '' Marie N 7002176000000000000 ♠ 176 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Malta 2003 24 May Riga Turkey `` Everyway That I Can '' Sertab Erener 7002167000000000000 ♠ 167 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Belgium 15 May Istanbul Ukraine `` Wild Dances '' Ruslana 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Serbia and Montenegro 2005 21 May Kiev Greece `` My Number One '' Helena Paparizou 7002230000000000000 ♠ 230 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 Malta 2006 20 May Athens Finland `` Hard Rock Hallelujah '' Lordi 7002292000000000000 ♠ 292 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Russia 2007 12 May Helsinki Serbia `` Molitva '' ( Молитва ) Marija Šerifović 7002268000000000000 ♠ 268 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Ukraine 2008 24 May Belgrade Russia `` Believe '' Dima Bilan 7002272000000000000 ♠ 272 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Ukraine 2009 16 May Moscow Norway `` Fairytale '' Alexander Rybak", "9": "7002387000000000000 ♠ 387 7002169000000000000 ♠ 169 Iceland 29 May Oslo Germany `` Satellite '' Lena 7002246000000000000 ♠ 246 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 Turkey 2011 14 May Düsseldorf Azerbaijan `` Running Scared '' Ell & Nikki 7002221000000000000 ♠ 221 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Italy 2012 26 May Baku Sweden `` Euphoria '' Loreen 7002372000000000000 ♠ 372 7002113000000000000 ♠ 113 Russia 2013 18 May Malmö Denmark `` Only Teardrops '' Emmelie de Forest 7002281000000000000 ♠ 281 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 Azerbaijan 2014 10 May Copenhagen Austria `` Rise Like a Phoenix '' Conchita Wurst 7002290000000000000 ♠ 290 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 Netherlands 2015 23 May Vienna Sweden `` Heroes '' Måns Zelmerlöw 7002365000000000000 ♠ 365 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 Russia 2016 14 May Stockholm Ukraine `` 1944 '' Jamala 7002534000000000000 ♠ 534 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Australia 2017 13 May Kiev Portugal `` Amar pelos dois '' Salvador Sobral 7002758000000000000", "10": "♠ 758 7002143000000000000 ♠ 143 Bulgaria 2018 12 May Lisbon For information about the winning songwriters of each year , see List of Eurovision Song Contest winning songwriters Eleven Eurovision winners ( alongside three non-winners ) featured at the Congratulations concert in 2005 , in which ABBA 's `` Waterloo '' was voted the most popular song of the contest 's first fifty years . Ireland has finished first seven times , more than any other country , Ireland also won the contest for three consecutive years ( 1992 , 1993 , 1994 ) , more consecutive years than any other country . Three countries have won twice in a row , Spain ( 1968 and 1969 ) , Luxembourg ( 1972 and 1973 ) and Israel ( 1978 and 1979 ) . Along with Switzerland 's win in the first contest , Serbia is the only other country to win with its debut entry ( in 2007 ) , though Serbia had competed prior as part of Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro . Under the voting system used between 1975 and 2015 , the winner of the contest was decided by the final voting nation on eleven occasions . Changes to the voting system , including a steady growth in the number of countries participating / voting , means that the points earned are not comparable across the decades . Portugal 's Salvador Sobral holds the record of the highest number of points in the contest 's history , earning 758 with the song `` Amar pelos dois '' . Norway 's Alexander Rybak holds the largest margin of victory in absolute points , a 169 - point cushion over second place in 2009 . Italy 's Gigliola Cinquetti holds the record for largest victory by percentage , scoring almost three times as many as second place ( 49 points compared with 17 by the runner - up ) in the 1964 contest . Under the voting system used from 1975 until 2015 , the lowest winning score was Norway 's Bobbysocks !", "11": "123 points earned ( of the 216 available from the 18 other countries ) when winning Eurovision 1985 , while the lowest winning total ever is the 18 points ( of the 160 total votes cast by 16 countries ) scored by each of the four winning countries in 1969 . Under the voting system used from 1975 until 2015 , in which each country gives maximum points to its first place choice , Sweden 's Loreen won Eurovision 2012 with the most ever first place votes earned , receiving first place votes from 18 of 41 countries ( excluding themselves ) . The 1976 United Kingdom entrant , Brotherhood of Man with the song `` Save Your Kisses For Me '' holds the record of the highest average score per participating country , with an average of 9.65 points received per country . 2011 winner Azerbaijan Eldar & Nigar , hold the lowest average score for a winning song under that system , receiving 5.14 points per country . The United Kingdom has finished second fifteen times at Eurovision ( most recently in 1998 ) , more than any other country . The most successful country never to have won the Contest is Malta , having finished second in 2002 and 2005 and third in 1992 and 1998 . Another island nation Iceland has also finished second twice , in 1999 and 2009 . There is no official runner - up for two of the contests -- 1956 and 1969 . In 1956 only the winner , Switzerland , was announced , whilst there were speculative reports that Germany ended up in second place with `` Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück '' by Walter Andreas Schwarz , on account that Germany was chosen to host the 1957 contest . In 1969 four songs shared first place by achieving the same number of points , and the second best result was achieved by Switzerland , who is not considered an official runner - up , because of the draw for first place . By country ( edit ) Map showing each country 's number of Eurovision wins up to and including 2017 .", "12": "Wins Country Years 7 Ireland 1970 , 1980 , 1987 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 6 Sweden 1974 , 1984 , 1991 , 1999 , 2012 , 2015 5 France 1958 , 1960 , 1962 , 1969 , 1977 Luxembourg 1961 , 1965 , 1972 , 1973 , 1983 United Kingdom 1967 , 1969 , 1976 , 1981 , 1997 Netherlands 1957 , 1959 , 1969 , 1975 Denmark 1963 , 2000 , 2013 Israel 1978 , 1979 , 1998 Norway 1985 , 1995 , 2009 Switzerland 1956 , 1988 Italy 1964 , 1990 Austria 1966 , 2014 Spain 1968 , 1969 Germany 1982 , 2010 Ukraine 2004 , 2016 Monaco 1971 Belgium 1986 Yugoslavia 1989 Estonia 2001 Latvia 2002 Turkey 2003 Greece 2005 Finland 2006 Serbia 2007 Russia 2008 Azerbaijan 2011 Portugal 2017 Year 1969 is in italics to indicate joint ( 4 - way ) win .", "13": "By language ( edit ) English ( 46.26 % ) French ( 20.89 % ) Dutch ( 4.48 % ) Hebrew ( 4.48 % ) German ( 2.99 % ) Norwegian ( 2.99 % ) Swedish ( 2.99 % ) Italian ( 2.99 % ) Spanish ( 2.99 % ) Danish ( 1.49 % ) Ukrainian ( 1.49 % ) Croatian ( 1.49 % ) Serbian ( 1.49 % ) Crimean Tatar ( 1.49 % ) Portuguese ( 1.49 % ) Between 1966 and 1973 , and again between 1977 and 1998 , countries were only permitted to perform in their own language ; see the main Eurovision Song Contest article .", "14": "Wins Language Years Countries 31 English 1967 , 1969 , 1970 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1980 , 1981 , 1987 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 United Kingdom , Ireland , Sweden , Netherlands , Denmark , Estonia , Latvia , Turkey , Ukraine , Greece , Finland , Russia , Norway , Germany , Azerbaijan , Austria 14 French 1956 , 1958 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1969 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1977 , 1983 , 1986 , 1988 Switzerland , France , Luxembourg , Monaco , Belgium Dutch 1957 , 1959 , 1969 Netherlands Hebrew 1978 , 1979 , 1998 Israel Italian 1964 , 1990 Italy German 1966 , 1982 Austria , Germany Spanish 1968 , 1969 Spain Swedish 1984 , 1991 Sweden Norwegian 1985 , 1995 Norway Danish 1963 Denmark Croatian 1989 Yugoslavia Ukrainian Ukraine Serbian 2007 Serbia Crimean Tatar 2016 Ukraine Portuguese 2017 Portugal Photogallery ( edit ) Lys Assia , winner of the 1956 contest for Switzerland . Corry Brokken , winner of the 1957 contest for The Netherlands . André Claveau , winner of the 1958 contest for France . Teddy Scholten , winner of the 1959 contest for The Netherlands . Jacqueline Boyer , winner of the 1960 contest for France . Jean - Claude Pascal , winner of the 1961 contest for Luxembourg .", "15": "Isabelle Aubret , winner of the 1962 contest for France . Jørgen & Grethe Ingmann , winners of the 1963 contest for Denmark . Gigliola Cinquetti , winner of the 1964 contest for Italy . France Gall , winner of the 1965 contest for Luxembourg . Udo Jürgens , winner of the 1966 contest for Austria . Sandie Shaw , winner of the 1967 contest for the United Kingdom . Massiel , winner of the 1968 contest for Spain . Lulu , one of the four winners of the 1969 contest for the United Kingdom . Frida Boccara , one of the four winners of the 1969 contest for France . Lenny Kuhr , one of the four winners of the 1969 contest for The Netherlands . Dana , winner of the 1970 contest for Ireland . Vicky Leandros , winner of the 1972 contest for Luxembourg . Anne - Marie David , winner of the 1973 contest for Luxembourg . ABBA , winners of the 1974 and the 50th anniversary contests for Sweden . Teach - In , winners of the 1975 contest for The Netherlands . Brotherhood of Man , winners of the 1976 contest for the United Kingdom Marie Myriam , winner of the 1977 contest for France . Gali Atari , winner ( together with Milk and Honey ) of the 1979 contest for Israel . Johnny Logan , winner of the 1980 and 1987 contests for Ireland . Bucks Fizz , winners of the 1981 contest for the United Kingdom . Nicole Hohloch , winner of the 1982 contest for Germany . Richard Herrey from Herreys , winners of the 1984 contest for Sweden . Bobbysocks ! , winners of the 1985 contest for Norway . Sandra Kim , winner of the 1986 contest for Belgium . Celine Dion , winner of the 1988 contest for Switzerland . Toto Cutugno , winner of the 1990 contest for Italy . Carola Häggkvist , winner of the 1991 contest for Sweden . Linda Martin , winner of the 1992 contest for Ireland .", "16": "Niamh Kavanagh , winner of the 1993 contest for Ireland . Secret Garden , winner of the 1995 contest for Norway . Katrina and the Waves , winners of the 1997 contest for the United Kingdom . Dana International , winner of the 1998 contest for Israel . Charlotte Nilsson , winner of the 1999 contest for Sweden . Olsen Brothers , winners of the 2000 contest for Denmark . Dave Benton , winner ( together with Tanel Padar and 2XL ) of the 2001 contest for Estonia . Marie N , winner of the 2002 contest for Latvia . Sertab Erener , winner of the 2003 contest for Turkey . Ruslana , winner of the 2004 contest for Ukraine . Helena Paparizou , winner of the 2005 contest for Greece . Lordi , winner of the 2006 contest for Finland . Marija Šerifović , winner of the 2007 contest for Serbia . Dima Bilan , winner of the 2008 contest for Russia . Alexander Rybak , winner of the 2009 contest for Norway . Lena , winner of the 2010 contest for Germany . Ell & Nikki , winners of the 2011 contest for Azerbaijan . Loreen , winner of the 2012 contest for Sweden . Emmelie de Forest , winner of the 2013 contest for Denmark . Conchita Wurst , winner of the 2014 contest for Austria . Måns Zelmerlöw , winner of the 2015 contest for Sweden . Jamala , winner of the 2016 contest for Ukraine . Salvador Sobral , winner of the 2017 contest for Portugal .", "17": "See also ( edit ) Eurovision portal List of Eurovision Song Contest winning songwriters Eurovision Song Contest winners discography List of Junior Eurovision Song Contest winners Notes and references ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Since 2004 , the contest has included a televised semi-final : : -- In 2004 held on the Wednesday before the final : -- Between 2005 and 2007 held on the Thursday of `` Eurovision Week '' Jump up ^ Since 2008 the contest has included two semi-finals , held on the Tuesday and Thursday before the final . Jump up ^ 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1991 , 1993 , 1998 , 2002 and 2003 . Jump up ^ the Federal Republic of Germany has two wins , one before , one after German reunification . The map depicts the outline of Germany during both of their wins . Jump up ^ the Federal Republic of Germany has two wins , one before , one after German reunification ^ Jump up to : This song was partially sung in Ukrainian . ^ Jump up to : This song was partially sung in Crimean Tatar . ^ Jump up to : Croatian ( the language of the 1989 winning song ) and Serbian ( the language of the 2007 winning song ) are fully mutually intelligible and often considered varieties of a single language , Serbo - Croatian . However , they are listed separately in Eurovision statistics . Jump up ^ `` Nocturne '' features unaccredited vocals from Norwegian singer Gunnhild Tvinnereim . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Extract from the rules for the 2007 Eurovision Song Contest . Eurovision.tv . Retrieved on 22 August 2007 . Archived May 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Eurovision 1956 . Eurovision.tv . Retrieved on 24 May 2008 . Archived May 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John Kennedy . The Eurovision Song Contest -- The Official History . Carlton Books , UK .", "18": "2007 ISBN 978 - 1 - 84442 - 994 - 3 Jump up ^ BBC News ( 6 December 2005 ) . ABBA 's Bjorn says no to reunion . Retrieved on 15 March 2008 . Jump up ^ ABBA win ' Eurovision 50th ' vote . BBC News ( 23 October 2005 ) . Retrieved on 22 August 2007 . Bibliography ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winners of the Eurovision Song Contest . Eurovision Song Contest history . Eurovision.tv . Retrieved on 19 August 2007 . History . ESCtoday.com . Retrieved on 19 August 2007 . John Kennedy O'Connor ( 2005 ) . The Eurovision Song Contest 50 Years The Official History . London : Carlton Books Limited . ISBN 1 - 84442 - 586 - X . Eurovision Song Contest History Host cities Languages Presenters Rules Voting Winners Winners discography Contests 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008", "19": "2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Countries Active Albania Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Inactive Andorra Bosnia and Herzegovina Luxembourg Monaco Morocco Slovakia Turkey Former Lebanon Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslavia Relations Armenia -- Azerbaijan Russia -- Ukraine National selections Current Albania Armenia Belarus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Malta Moldova Montenegro Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Former Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Estonia Finland Greece Ellinikós Telikós Eurosong - A MAD Show Ireland The Late Late Show You 're a Star Israel Latvia Eirodziesma Dziesma Lithuania Macedonia Malta Montenegro Netherlands Serbia and Montenegro Switzerland", "20": "United Kingdom Yugoslavia Other awards Marcel Bezençon Awards OGAE OGAE Video Contest OGAE Second Chance Contest Television and concerts Eurovision Song Contest Previews Songs of Europe Kvalifikacija za Millstreet Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest Best of Eurovision Eurovision Song Contest 's Greatest Hits Category Portal List of Eurovision Song Contest winners Winning countries 1950s Switzerland Netherlands France Netherlands 1960s France Luxembourg France Denmark Italy Luxembourg Austria United Kingdom Spain France Netherlands Spain United Kingdom 1970s Ireland Monaco Luxembourg Luxembourg Sweden Netherlands United Kingdom France Israel Israel 1980s Ireland United Kingdom Germany Luxembourg Sweden Norway Belgium Ireland Switzerland Yugoslavia 1990s Italy Sweden Ireland Ireland Ireland Norway Ireland United Kingdom Israel Sweden 2000s Denmark Estonia Latvia Turkey Ukraine Greece Finland Serbia Russia Norway 2010s Germany Azerbaijan Sweden Denmark Austria Sweden Ukraine Portugal Winning performers 1950s Lys Assia Corry Brokken André Claveau Teddy Scholten", "21": "1960s Jacqueline Boyer Jean - Claude Pascal Isabelle Aubret Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann Gigliola Cinquetti France Gall Udo Jürgens Sandie Shaw Massiel Frida Boccara Lenny Kuhr Lulu Salomé 1970s Dana Séverine Vicky Leandros Anne - Marie David ABBA Teach - In Brotherhood of Man Marie Myriam Izhar Cohen / Alphabeta Gali Atari / Milk and Honey 1980s Johnny Logan Bucks Fizz Nicole Corinne Hermès Herreys Bobbysocks ! Sandra Kim Johnny Logan Celine Dion Riva 1990s Toto Cutugno Carola Linda Martin Niamh Kavanagh Paul Harrington / Charlie McGettigan Secret Garden Eimear Quinn Katrina and the Waves Dana International Charlotte Nilsson 2000s Olsen Brothers Tanel Padar / Dave Benton / 2XL Marie N .", "22": "Sertab Erener Ruslana Helena Paparizou Lordi Marija Šerifović Dima Bilan Alexander Rybak 2010s Lena Ell & Nikki Loreen Emmelie de Forest Conchita Wurst Måns Zelmerlöw Jamala Salvador Sobral Winning songs 1950s `` Refrain '' `` Net als toen '' `` Dors , mon amour '' `` ' n Beetje '' 1960s `` Tom Pillibi '' `` Nous les amoureux '' `` Un premier amour '' `` Dansevise '' `` Non ho l'età '' `` Poupée de cire , poupée de son '' `` Merci , Chérie '' `` Puppet on a String '' `` La , la , la '' `` Boom Bang - a-Bang '' `` Un jour , un enfant '' `` De troubadour '' `` Vivo cantando '' 1970s `` All Kinds of Everything '' `` Un banc , un arbre , une rue '' `` Après toi '' `` Tu te reconnaîtras '' `` Waterloo '' `` Ding - a-dong '' `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' `` L'oiseau et l'enfant '' `` A-Ba - Ni - Bi '' `` Hallelujah '' 1980s `` What 's Another Year '' `` Making Your Mind Up '' `` Ein bißchen Frieden '' `` Si la vie est cadeau '' `` Diggi - Loo Diggi - Ley '' `` La det swinge '' `` J'aime la vie '' `` Hold Me Now '' `` Ne partez pas sans moi '' `` Rock Me '' 1990s `` Insieme : 1992 '' `` Fångad av en stormvind '' `` Why Me ? ''", "23": "`` In Your Eyes '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Kids '' `` Nocturne '' `` The Voice '' `` Love Shine a Light '' `` Diva '' `` Take Me to Your Heaven '' 2000s `` Fly on the Wings of Love '' `` Everybody '' `` I Wanna '' `` Everyway That I Can '' `` Wild Dances '' `` My Number One '' `` Hard Rock Hallelujah '' `` Molitva '' `` Believe '' `` Fairytale '' 2010s `` Satellite '' `` Running Scared '' `` Euphoria '' `` Only Teardrops '' `` Rise Like a Phoenix '' `` Heroes '' `` 1944 '' `` Amar pelos dois '' Winning songwriters 1950s Géo Voumard / Émile Gardaz Guus Jansen / Willy van Hemert Hubert Giraud / Pierre Delanoë Dick Schallies / Willy van Hemert 1960s André Popp / Pierre Cour Jacques Datin / Maurice Vidalin Claude - Henri Vic / Roland Valande Otto Francker / Sejr Volmer - Sørensen Nicola Salerno / Mario Panzeri Serge Gainsbourg Udo Jürgens / Udo Jürgens , Thomas Hörbiger Bill Martin , Phil Coulter Manuel de la Calva , Ramón Arcusa David Hartsema / Lenny Kuhr Alan Moorhouse / Peter Warne María José de Cerato / Aniano Alcalde Émile Stern / Eddy Marnay 1970s Derry Lindsay , Jackie Smith Jean - Pierre Bourtayre / Yves Dessca Mario Panas , Klaus Munro / Yves Dessca , Klaus Munro Claude Morgan / Vline Buggy Benny Andersson , Björn Ulvaeus , Stig Anderson Dick Bakker / Will Luikinga , Eddy Ouwens Tony Hiller , Lee Sheriden , Martin Lee Jean - Paul Cara / Joe Gracy Nurit Hirsh / Ehud Manor Kobi Oshrat / Shimrit Orr 1980s Shay Healy Andy Hill ,", "24": "John Danter Ralph Siegel / Bernd Meinunger Jean - Pierre Millers / Alain Garcia Torgny Söderberg / Britt Lindeborg Rolf Løvland Jean Paul Furnémon , Angelo Crisci / Rosario Marino Atria Johnny Logan Nella Martinetti , Atilla Şereftuğ Rajko Dujmić / Stevo Cvikić 1990s Toto Cutugno Stephan Berg Johnny Logan Jimmy Walsh Brendan Graham Rolf Løvland / Petter Skavland Brendan Graham Kimberley Rew Svika Pick / Yoav Ginai Lars Diedricson / Marcos Ubeda 2000s Jørgen Olsen Ivar Must / Maian - Anna Kärmas Marija Naumova / Marija Naumova , Marats Samauskis Demir Demirkan , Sertab Erener / Demir Demirkan Ruslana Lyzhychko / Ruslana Lyzhychko , Alexandr Ksenofontov Christos Dantis / Christos Dantis , Natalia Germanou Mr Lordi Vladimir Graić / Saša Milošević Mare Dima Bilan , Jim Beanz Alexander Rybak 2010s Julie Frost , John Gordon ( da ) Stefan Örn , Sandra Bjurman , Iain James Farquharson Thomas G : son , Peter Boström Lise Cabble , Julia Fabrin Jakobsen , Thomas Stengaard Charlie Mason , Joey Patulka , Ali Zuckwoski , Julian Maas Anton Hård af Segerstad , Joy Deb , Linnea Deb Jamala , Art Antonyan Luísa Sobral Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "25": "php?title=List_of_Eurovision_Song_Contest_winners&oldid=818794272 '' Categories : Eurovision Song Contest winners Eurovision Song Contest related lists Lists of award winners Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Interlanguage link template link number Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Беларуская Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 16 : 38 . 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4862534933086123505	when did the revolution begin in the united states	[ "1765", "1765", "1765", "1775", "1765" ]	{ "0": "American Revolution - wikipedia American Revolution Jump to : navigation , search This article is about political and social developments , and the origin and aftermath of the war . For military actions , see American Revolutionary War . For other uses , see American Revolution ( disambiguation ) . In this article , inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies who supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as `` Americans '' or `` Patriots , '' and sometimes as `` Whigs , '' `` Rebels , '' or `` Revolutionaries . '' Colonists who supported the British side are called `` Loyalists '' or `` Tories '' . In accordance with the policy of this encyclopedia , this article uses American English terminology .", "1": "John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence , showing the Committee of Five presenting its plan for independence to Congress on June 28 , 1776 Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783 . The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain , becoming the United States of America . They defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War in alliance with France and others .", "2": "Members of American colonial society argued the position of `` no taxation without representation '' , starting with the Stamp Act Congress in 1765 . They rejected the authority of the British Parliament to tax them because they lacked members in that governing body . Protests steadily escalated to the Boston Massacre in 1770 and the burning of the Gaspee in Rhode Island in 1772 , followed by the Boston Tea Party in December 1773 , during which Patriots destroyed a consignment of taxed tea . The British responded by closing Boston Harbor , then followed with a series of legislative acts which effectively rescinded Massachusetts Bay Colony 's rights of self - government and caused the other colonies to rally behind Massachusetts . In late 1774 , the Patriots set up their own alternative government to better coordinate their resistance efforts against Great Britain ; other colonists preferred to remain aligned to the Crown and were known as Loyalists or Tories . Tensions erupted into battle between Patriot militia and British regulars when the king 's army attempted to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies at Lexington and Concord on April 19 , 1775 . The conflict then developed into a global war , during which the Patriots ( and later their French , Spanish , and Dutch allies ) fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) . Each of the thirteen colonies formed a Provincial Congress that assumed power from the old colonial governments and suppressed Loyalism , and from there they built a Continental Army under the leadership of General George Washington . The Continental Congress determined King George 's rule to be tyrannical and infringing the colonists ' rights as Englishmen , and they declared the colonies free and independent states on July 2 , 1776 . The Patriot leadership professed the political philosophies of liberalism and republicanism to reject monarchy and aristocracy , and they proclaimed that all men are created equal . The Continental Army forced the redcoats out of Boston in March 1776 , but that summer the British captured and held New York City and its strategic harbor for the duration of the war . The Royal Navy blockaded ports and captured other cities for brief periods , but they failed to defeat Washington 's forces . The Patriots unsuccessfully attempted to invade Canada during the winter of 1775 -- 76 , but successfully captured a British army at the Battle of Saratoga in October 1777 .", "3": "France now entered the war as an ally of the United States with a large army and navy that threatened Britain itself . The war turned to the American South where the British under the leadership of Charles Cornwallis captured an army at Charleston , South Carolina in early 1780 but failed to enlist enough volunteers from Loyalist civilians to take effective control of the territory . A combined American -- French force captured a second British army at Yorktown in the fall of 1781 , effectively ending the war . The Treaty of Paris was signed September 3 , 1783 , formally ending the conflict and confirming the new nation 's complete separation from the British Empire . The United States took possession of nearly all the territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes , with the British retaining control of Canada and Spain taking Florida . Among the significant results of the revolution was the creation of the United States Constitution , establishing a relatively strong federal national government that included an executive , a national judiciary , and a bicameral Congress that represented states in the Senate and the population in the House of Representatives . The Revolution also resulted in the migration of around 60,000 Loyalists to other British territories , especially British North America ( Canada ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 1.1 1651 -- 1748 : Early seeds 1.2 1764 -- 1766 : Taxes imposed and withdrawn 1.3 1767 -- 1773 : Townshend Acts and the Tea Act 1.4 1774 -- 1775 : Intolerable Acts and the Quebec Act 2 Military hostilities begin 3 Creating new state constitutions 4 Independence and Union 5 Defending the Revolution 5.1 British return : 1776 -- 1777 5.2 Prisoners 5.3 American alliances after 1778 5.4 The British move South , 1778 -- 1783 5.4.", "4": "1 Surrender at Yorktown ( 1781 ) 5.5 The end of the war 6 Peace treaty 6.1 Impact on Britain 7 Finance 8 Concluding the Revolution 8.1 Creating a `` more perfect union '' and guaranteeing rights 8.2 National debt 9 Ideology and factions 9.1 Ideology behind the Revolution 9.1. 1 Liberalism 9.1. 2 Republicanism 9.1. 2.1 Fusing republicanism and liberalism 9.1. 3 Impact of Great Awakening 9.2 Class and psychology of the factions 9.3 King George III 9.4 Patriots 9.5 Loyalists 9.6 Neutrals 9.7 Role of women 10 Other participants 10.1 France 10.2 Spain 10.3 American Indians 10.4 Black Americans 11 Effects of the Revolution 11.1 Loyalist expatriation 11.2 Interpretations 11.3 Inspiring all colonies 11.4 Status of American women 11.5 Status of African Americans 11.6 Commemorations 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 15.1 Reference works 15.2 Surveys of the era 15.3 Specialized studies 15.4 Historiography 15.5 Primary sources 15.6 Contemporaneous sources : Annual Register 16 External links Origin See also : Thirteen Colonies Eastern North America in 1775 . The British Province of Quebec , the Thirteen Colonies on the Atlantic coast , and the Indian Reserve as defined by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 . The 1763 `` Proclamation line '' comprises the border between the red and the pink areas , while the orange area represents the Spanish claim . Historians typically begin their histories of the American Revolution with the British coalition victory in the Seven Years ' War in 1763 .", "5": "The North American theater of the Seven Years ' War , commonly known as the French and Indian War in the United States , removed France as a major player in North American affairs and led to the cession of the territory of New France to Great Britain . Lawrence Henry Gipson , the historian of the British Empire , states : It may be said as truly that the American Revolution was an aftermath of the Anglo - French conflict in the New World carried on between 1754 and 1763 . The Royal Proclamation of 1763 may have played a role in the separation of the United States from Great Britain , as colonists at the time wanted to continue in the economically beneficial cultural practice of taking land for one 's own livelihood as part of the drive west . The lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny mountains became Indian territory , temporarily barred to settlement . 1651 -- 1748 : early seeds Main articles : Navigation Acts , Dominion of New England , King Philip 's War , and War of the Austrian Succession As early as 1651 , the English government had sought to regulate trade in the American colonies . On October 9 , the Navigation Acts were passed pursuant to a mercantilist policy intended to ensure that trade enriched only Great Britain , and barring trade with foreign nations . Some argue that the economic impact was minimal on the colonists , but the political friction which the acts triggered was more serious , as the merchants most directly affected were most politically active . King Philip 's War ended in 1678 , and much of it was fought without significant assistance from England . This contributed to the development of a unique identity , separate from that of the British people . In the 1680s , King Charles II determined to bring the New England colonies under a more centralized administration in order to regulate trade more effectively . His efforts were fiercely opposed by the colonists , resulting in the abrogation of their colonial charter by the Crown . Charles ' successor James II finalized these efforts in 1686 , establishing the Dominion of New England . Dominion rule triggered bitter resentment throughout New England ; the enforcement of the unpopular Navigation Acts and the curtailing of local democracy angered the colonists .", "6": "New Englanders were encouraged , however , by a change of government in England that saw James II effectively abdicate , and a populist uprising overthrew Dominion rule on April 18 , 1689 . Colonial governments reasserted their control in the wake of the revolt , and successive governments made no more attempts to restore the Dominion . Subsequent English governments continued in their efforts to tax certain goods , passing acts regulating the trade of wool , hats , and molasses . The Molasses Act of 1733 in particular was egregious to the colonists , as a significant part of colonial trade relied on the product . The taxes severely damaged the New England economy , and the taxes were rarely paid , resulting in a surge of smuggling , bribery , and intimidation of customs officials . Colonial wars fought in America were often the source of considerable tension . The British captured the fortress of Louisbourg during the War of the Austrian Succession , but then ceded it back to France in 1748 . New England colonists resented their losses of lives , as well as the effort and expenditure involved in subduing the fortress , only to have it returned to their erstwhile enemy . 1764 -- 1766 : taxes imposed and withdrawn Main articles : Sugar Act , Currency Act , Quartering Acts , Stamp Act 1765 , and Declaratory Act Further information : No taxation without representation and Virtual representation Notice of Stamp Act of 1765 in newspaper In 1764 , Parliament passed the Currency Act to restrain the use of paper money , fearing that otherwise the colonists might evade debt payments . Parliament also passed the Sugar Act , imposing customs duties on a number of articles . That same year , Prime Minister George Grenville proposed direct taxes on the colonies to raise revenue , but he delayed action to see whether the colonies would propose some way to raise the revenue themselves . Parliament finally passed the Stamp Act in March 1765 which imposed direct taxes on the colonies for the first time . All official documents , newspapers , almanacs , and pamphlets were required to have the stamps -- even decks of playing cards . The colonists did not object that the taxes were high ; they were actually low . They objected to the fact that they had no representation in the Parliament , and thus no voice concerning legislation that affected them .", "7": "Benjamin Franklin testified in Parliament in 1766 that Americans already contributed heavily to the defense of the Empire . He said that local governments had raised , outfitted , and paid 25,000 soldiers to fight France -- as many as Britain itself sent -- and spent many millions from American treasuries doing so in the French and Indian War alone . London had to deal with 1,500 politically well - connected British Army soldiers . The decision was to keep them on active duty with full pay , but they had to be stationed somewhere . Stationing a standing army in Great Britain during peacetime was politically unacceptable , so the decision was made to station them in America and have the Americans pay them . The soldiers had no military mission ; they were not there to defend the colonies because there was no threat to the colonies . The Sons of Liberty were formed in 1765 . They used public demonstrations , boycott , violence , and threats of violence to ensure that the British tax laws were unenforceable . In Boston , the Sons of Liberty burned the records of the vice admiralty court and looted the home of chief justice Thomas Hutchinson . Several legislatures called for united action , and nine colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October 1765 . Moderates led by John Dickinson drew up a `` Declaration of Rights and Grievances '' stating that taxes passed without representation violated their rights as Englishmen . Colonists emphasized their determination by boycotting imports of British merchandise . The Parliament at Westminster saw itself as the supreme lawmaking authority throughout all British possessions and thus entitled to levy any tax without colonial approval . They argued that the colonies were legally British corporations that were completely subordinate to the British parliament and pointed to numerous instances where Parliament had made laws binding on the colonies in the past . They did not see anything in the unwritten British constitution that made taxes special and noted that they had taxed American trade for decades . Parliament insisted that the colonies effectively enjoyed a `` virtual representation '' as most British people did , as only a small minority of the British population elected representatives to Parliament . Americans such as James Otis maintained that the Americans were not in fact virtually represented . In London , the Rockingham government came to power ( July 1765 ) and Parliament debated whether to repeal the stamp tax or to send an army to enforce it .", "8": "Benjamin Franklin made the case for repeal , explaining that the colonies had spent heavily in manpower , money , and blood in defense of the empire in a series of wars against the French and Indians , and that further taxes to pay for those wars were unjust and might bring about a rebellion . Parliament agreed and repealed the tax ( February 21 , 1766 ) , but insisted in the Declaratory Act of March 1766 that they retained full power to make laws for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' . The repeal nonetheless caused widespread celebrations in the colonies . 1767 -- 1773 : Townshend Acts and the tea Act Main articles : Townshend Acts and Tea Act Further information : Massachusetts Circular Letter , Boston Massacre , and Boston Tea Party Burning of the Gaspee In 1767 , the Parliament passed the Townshend Acts which placed duties on a number of essential goods , including paper , glass , and tea , and established a Board of Customs in Boston to more rigorously execute trade regulations . The new taxes were enacted on the belief that Americans only objected to internal taxes and not to external taxes such as custom duties . The Americans , however , argued against the constitutionality of the act because its purpose was to raise revenue and not regulate trade . Colonists responded by organizing new boycotts of British goods . These boycotts were less effective , however , as the Townshend goods were widely used . In February 1768 , the Assembly of Massachusetts Bay issued a circular letter to the other colonies urging them to coordinate resistance . The governor dissolved the assembly when it refused to rescind the letter . Meanwhile , a riot broke out in Boston in June 1768 over the seizure of the sloop Liberty , owned by John Hancock , for alleged smuggling . Customs officials were forced to flee , prompting the British to deploy troops to Boston . A Boston town meeting declared that no obedience was due to parliamentary laws and called for the convening of a convention . A convention assembled but only issued a mild protest before dissolving itself . In January 1769 , Parliament responded to the unrest by reactivating the Treason Act 1543 which called for subjects outside the realm to face trials for treason in England . The governor of Massachusetts was instructed to collect evidence of said treason , and the threat caused widespread outrage , though it was not carried out .", "9": "On March 5 , 1770 , a large crowd gathered around a group of British soldiers . The crowd grew threatening , throwing snowballs , rocks , and debris at them . One soldier was clubbed and fell . There was no order to fire , but the soldiers fired into the crowd anyway . They hit 11 people ; three civilians died at the scene of the shooting , and two died after the incident . The event quickly came to be called the Boston Massacre . The soldiers were tried and acquitted ( defended by John Adams ) , but the widespread descriptions soon began to turn colonial sentiment against the British . This , in turn , began a downward spiral in the relationship between Britain and the Province of Massachusetts . A new ministry under Lord North came to power in 1770 , and Parliament withdrew all taxes except the tax on tea , giving up its efforts to raise revenue while maintaining the right to tax . This temporarily resolved the crisis , and the boycott of British goods largely ceased , with only the more radical patriots such as Samuel Adams continuing to agitate . This 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled `` The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor '' ; the phrase `` Boston Tea Party '' had not yet become standard . In June 1772 , American patriots , including John Brown , burned a British warship that had been vigorously enforcing unpopular trade regulations in what became known as the Gaspee Affair . The affair was investigated for possible treason , but no action was taken . In 1772 , it became known that the Crown intended to pay fixed salaries to the governors and judges in Massachusetts . Samuel Adams in Boston set about creating new Committees of Correspondence , which linked Patriots in all 13 colonies and eventually provided the framework for a rebel government . Virginia , the largest colony , set up its Committee of Correspondence in early 1773 , on which Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson served . A total of about 7000 to 8000 Patriots served on `` Committees of Correspondence '' at the colonial and local levels , comprising most of the leadership in their communities . Loyalists were excluded . The committees became the leaders of the American resistance to British actions , and largely determined the war effort at the state and local level .", "10": "When the First Continental Congress decided to boycott British products , the colonial and local Committees took charge , examining merchant records and publishing the names of merchants who attempted to defy the boycott by importing British goods . In 1773 , private letters were published in which Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson claimed that the colonists could not enjoy all English liberties , and Lieutenant Governor Andrew Oliver called for the direct payment of colonial officials . The letters ' contents were used as evidence of a systematic plot against American rights , and discredited Hutchinson in the eyes of the people ; the Assembly petitioned for his recall . Benjamin Franklin , postmaster general for the colonies , acknowledged that he leaked the letters , which led to him being berated by British officials and fired from his job . Meanwhile , Parliament passed the Tea Act to lower the price of taxed tea exported to the colonies in order to help the East India Company undersell smuggled Dutch tea . Special consignees were appointed to sell the tea in order to bypass colonial merchants . The act was opposed by those who resisted the taxes and also by smugglers who stood to lose business . In most instances , the consignees were forced to resign and the tea was turned back , but Massachusetts governor Hutchinson refused to allow Boston merchants to give in to pressure . A town meeting in Boston determined that the tea would not be landed , and ignored a demand from the governor to disperse . On December 16 , 1773 , a group of men , led by Samuel Adams and dressed to evoke the appearance of American Indians , boarded the ships of the British East India Company and dumped £ 10,000 worth of tea from their holds ( approximately £ 636,000 in 2008 ) into Boston Harbor . Decades later , this event became known as the Boston Tea Party and remains a significant part of American patriotic lore . 1774 -- 1775 : Intolerable Acts and the Quebec Act A 1774 etching from The London Magazine , copied by Paul Revere of Boston . Prime Minister Lord North , author of the Boston Port Act , forces the Intolerable Acts down the throat of America , whose arms are restrained by Lord Chief Justice Mansfield , while Lord Sandwich pins down her feet and peers up her robes . Behind them , Mother Britannia weeps helplessly .", "11": "Main articles : Quebec Act and Intolerable Acts The British government responded by passing several Acts which came to be known as the Intolerable Acts , which further darkened colonial opinion towards the British . They consisted of four laws enacted by the British parliament . The first was the Massachusetts Government Act which altered the Massachusetts charter and restricted town meetings . The second act was the Administration of Justice Act which ordered that all British soldiers to be tried were to be arraigned in Britain , not in the colonies . The third Act was the Boston Port Act , which closed the port of Boston until the British had been compensated for the tea lost in the Boston Tea Party . The fourth Act was the Quartering Act of 1774 , which allowed royal governors to house British troops in the homes of citizens without requiring permission of the owner . In response , Massachusetts patriots issued the Suffolk Resolves and formed an alternative shadow government known as the `` Provincial Congress '' which began training militia outside British - occupied Boston . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened , consisting of representatives from each of the colonies , to serve as a vehicle for deliberation and collective action . During secret debates , conservative Joseph Galloway proposed the creation of a colonial Parliament that would be able to approve or disapprove of acts of the British Parliament , but his idea was not accepted . The Congress instead endorsed the proposal of John Adams that Americans would obey Parliament voluntarily but would resist all taxes in disguise . Congress called for a boycott beginning on 1 December 1774 of all British goods ; it was enforced by new committees authorized by the Congress . Military hostilities begin Join , or Die by Benjamin Franklin was recycled to encourage the former colonies to unite against British rule . Further information : Shot heard ' round the world , Boston campaign , Invasion of Canada ( 1775 ) , and American Revolutionary War Massachusetts was declared in a state of rebellion in February 1775 and the British garrison received orders to disarm the rebels and arrest their leaders , leading to the Battles of Lexington and Concord on 19 April 1775 . The Patriots laid siege to Boston , expelled royal officials from all the colonies , and took control through the establishment of Provincial Congresses . The Battle of Bunker Hill followed on June 17 , 1775 .", "12": "It was a British victory -- but at a great cost : about 1,000 British casualties from a garrison of about 6,000 , as compared to 500 American casualties from a much larger force . The Second Continental Congress was divided on the best course of action , but eventually produced the Olive Branch Petition , in which they attempted to come to an accord with King George . The king , however , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion which stated that the states were `` in rebellion '' and the members of Congress were traitors . In the winter of 1775 , the Americans invaded Canada under generals Benedict Arnold and Richard Montgomery . The attack was a complete failure ; many Americans who were n't killed were either captured or died of smallpox . In March 1776 , the Continental Army forced the British to evacuate Boston , with George Washington as the commander of the new army . The revolutionaries were now in full control of all 13 colonies and were ready to declare independence . There still were many Loyalists , but they were no longer in control anywhere by July 1776 , and all of the Royal officials had fled . Creating New state constitutions Following the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775 , the Patriots had control of Massachusetts outside the Boston city limits , and the Loyalists suddenly found themselves on the defensive with no protection from the British army . In all 13 colonies , Patriots had overthrown their existing governments , closing courts and driving away British officials . They had elected conventions and `` legislatures '' that existed outside any legal framework ; new constitutions were drawn up in each state to supersede royal charters . They declared that they were states now , not colonies . On January 5 , 1776 , New Hampshire ratified the first state constitution . In May 1776 , Congress voted to suppress all forms of crown authority , to be replaced by locally created authority . Virginia , South Carolina , and New Jersey created their constitutions before July 4 . Rhode Island and Connecticut simply took their existing royal charters and deleted all references to the crown . The new states were all committed to republicanism , with no inherited offices . They decided what form of government to create , and also how to select those who would craft the constitutions and how the resulting document would be ratified .", "13": "On 26 May 1776 , John Adams wrote James Sullivan from Philadelphia : `` Depend upon it , sir , it is dangerous to open so fruitful a source of controversy and altercation , as would be opened by attempting to alter the qualifications of voters . There will be no end of it . New claims will arise . Women will demand a vote . Lads from twelve to twenty one will think their rights not enough attended to , and every man , who has not a farthing , will demand an equal voice with any other in all acts of state . It tends to confound and destroy all distinctions , and prostrate all ranks , to one common level '' . The resulting constitutions in states such as Maryland , Virginia , Delaware , New York , and Massachusetts featured : Property qualifications for voting and even more substantial requirements for elected positions ( though New York and Maryland lowered property qualifications ) Bicameral legislatures , with the upper house as a check on the lower Strong governors with veto power over the legislature and substantial appointment authority Few or no restraints on individuals holding multiple positions in government The continuation of state - established religion Benjamin Rush , 1783 In Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and New Hampshire , the resulting constitutions embodied : universal manhood suffrage , or minimal property requirements for voting or holding office ( New Jersey enfranchised some property - owning widows , a step that it retracted 25 years later ) strong , unicameral legislatures relatively weak governors without veto powers , and with little appointing authority prohibition against individuals holding multiple government posts The radical provisions of Pennsylvania 's constitution lasted only 14 years . In 1790 , conservatives gained power in the state legislature , called a new constitutional convention , and rewrote the constitution . The new constitution substantially reduced universal male suffrage , gave the governor veto power and patronage appointment authority , and added an upper house with substantial wealth qualifications to the unicameral legislature . Thomas Paine called it a constitution unworthy of America . Independence and union Johannes Adam Simon Oertel . Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 .", "14": "The painting is a romanticized version of the Sons of Liberty destroying the symbol of monarchy following the reading of the United States Declaration of Independence to the Continental Army and residents on the New York City commons by George Washington , July 9th , 1776 . Further information : Lee Resolution , Articles of Confederation , Committee of Five , and United States Declaration of Independence In April 1776 , the North Carolina Provincial Congress issued the Halifax Resolves explicitly authorizing its delegates to vote for independence . In May , Congress called on all the states to write constitutions and eliminate the last remnants of royal rule . By June , nine colonies were ready for independence ; one by one , the last four fell into line : Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , and New York . Richard Henry Lee was instructed by the Virginia legislature to propose independence , and he did so on June 7 , 1776 . On June 11 , a committee was created to draft a document explaining the justifications for separation from Britain . After securing enough votes for passage , independence was voted for on July 2 . The Declaration of Independence was drafted largely by Thomas Jefferson and presented by the committee ; it was unanimously adopted by the entire Congress on July 4 , and each of the colonies became independent and sovereign . The next step was to form a union to facilitate international relations and alliances . The Second Continental Congress approved the `` Articles of Confederation '' for ratification by the states on November 15 , 1777 ; the Congress immediately began operating under the Articles ' terms , providing a structure of shared sovereignty during prosecution of the war and facilitating international relations and alliances with France and Spain . The articles were ratified on March 1 , 1781 . At that point , the Continental Congress was dissolved and a new government of the United States in Congress Assembled took its place on the following day , with Samuel Huntington as presiding officer . Defending the Revolution Main article : American Revolutionary War British return : 1776 -- 1777 Further information : New York and New Jersey campaign , Staten Island Peace Conference , Saratoga campaign , and Philadelphia campaign According to British historian Jeremy Black , the British had significant advantages , including a highly trained army , the world 's largest navy , and a highly efficient system of public finance that could easily fund the war .", "15": "However , the British were seriously handicapped by their misunderstanding of the depth of support for the Patriot position . Ignoring the advice of General Gage , they misinterpreted the situation as merely a large - scale riot . London decided that they could overawe the Americans by sending a large military and naval force , forcing them to be loyal again : Convinced that the Revolution was the work of a full few miscreants who had rallied an armed rabble to their cause , they expected that the revolutionaries would be intimidated ... . Then the vast majority of Americans , who were loyal but cowed by the terroristic tactics ... would rise up , kick out the rebels , and restore loyal government in each colony . Washington forced the British out of Boston in the spring of 1776 , and neither the British nor the Loyalists controlled any significant areas . The British , however , were massing forces at their naval base at Halifax , Nova Scotia . They returned in force in July 1776 , landing in New York and defeating Washington 's Continental Army in August at the Battle of Brooklyn . Following that victory , the British requested a meeting with representatives from Congress to negotiate an end to hostilities . A delegation including John Adams and Benjamin Franklin met Howe on Staten Island in New York Harbor on September 11 , in what became known as the Staten Island Peace Conference . Howe demanded a retraction of the Declaration of Independence , which was refused , and negotiations ended . The British then quickly seized New York City and nearly captured Washington 's army . They made New York their main political and military base of operations in North America , holding it until November 1783 . The city became the destination for Loyalist refugees and a focal point of Washington 's intelligence network . The British also took New Jersey , pushing the Continental Army into Pennsylvania . Washington crossed the Delaware River back into New Jersey in a surprise attack in late December 1776 and defeated Hessian and British armies at Trenton and Princeton , thereby regaining control of most of New Jersey . The victories gave an important boost to Patriots at a time when morale was flagging , and have become iconic events of the war . In 1777 , the British sent Burgoyne 's invasion force from Canada south to New York to seal off New England .", "16": "Their aim was to neutralize the Yankees , whom the British perceived as the primary source of agitators . The British army in New York City went to Philadelphia in a major case of mis - coordination , capturing it from Washington . The invasion army under Burgoyne was much too slow and became trapped in northern New York state . It surrendered after the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 . From early October 1777 until November 15 , a siege distracted British troops at Fort Mifflin , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and allowed Washington time to preserve the Continental Army by safely leading his troops to harsh winter quarters at Valley Forge . Prisoners Main article : Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War In August 1775 , George III declared Americans in arms against royal authority to be traitors to the Crown . Following their surrender at the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 , there were thousands of British and Hessian soldiers in American hands . Although Lord Germain took a hard line , the British generals on the scene never held treason trials ; they treated captured enemy soldiers as prisoners of war . The dilemma was that tens of thousands of Loyalists were under American control and American retaliation would have been easy . The British built much of their strategy around using these Loyalists , and therefore , no Americans were put on trial for treason . The British maltreated the prisoners whom they held , resulting in more deaths to American sailors and soldiers than from combat operations . At the end of the war , both sides released their surviving prisoners . American alliances after 1778 Further information : France in the American Revolutionary War and Spain in the American Revolutionary War The capture of a British army at Saratoga encouraged the French to formally enter the war in support of Congress . Benjamin Franklin negotiated a permanent military alliance in early 1778 , significantly becoming the first country to officially recognize the Declaration of Independence . On February 6 , 1778 , a Treaty of Amity and Commerce and a Treaty of Alliance were signed between the United States and France . William Pitt spoke out in parliament urging Britain to make peace in America and to unite with America against France , while other British politicians who had previously sympathized with colonial grievances now turned against the Americans for allying with Britain 's international rival and enemy .", "17": "Later , Spain ( in 1779 ) and the Dutch ( 1780 ) became allies of the French , leaving the British Empire to fight a global war alone without major allies , and requiring it to slip through a combined blockade of the Atlantic . The American theater thus became only one front in Britain 's war . The British were forced to withdraw troops from continental America to reinforce the valuable sugar - producing Caribbean colonies , which were more lucrative to British investors . British commander Sir Henry Clinton evacuated Philadelphia and returned to New York City . General Washington intercepted Clinton in the Battle of Monmouth Court House , the last major battle fought in the north . After an inconclusive engagement , the British successfully retreated to New York City . The northern war subsequently became a stalemate , as the focus of attention shifted to the smaller southern theater . Hessian troops hired out to the British by their German sovereigns The British move South , 1778 -- 1783 Further information : Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War and Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War The British strategy in America now concentrated on a campaign in the southern states . With fewer regular troops at their disposal , the British commanders saw the `` southern strategy '' as a more viable plan , as the south was perceived as being more strongly Loyalist , with a large population of recent immigrants as well as large numbers of slaves who might be captured or run away to join the British . Beginning in late December 1778 , the British captured Savannah and controlled the Georgia coastline . In 1780 , they launched a fresh invasion and took Charleston , as well . A significant victory at the Battle of Camden meant that royal forces soon controlled most of Georgia and South Carolina . The British set up a network of forts inland , hoping that the Loyalists would rally to the flag . Not enough Loyalists turned out , however , and the British had to fight their way north into North Carolina and Virginia , with a severely weakened army . Behind them , much of the territory that they had already captured dissolved into a chaotic guerrilla war , fought predominantly between bands of Loyalist and American militia , which negated many of the gains that the British had previously made . Surrender at Yorktown ( 1781 ) Main article : Siege of Yorktown The siege of Yorktown ended with the surrender of a second British army , marking effective British defeat .", "18": "The British army under Cornwallis marched to Yorktown , Virginia where they expected to be rescued by a British fleet . The fleet showed up , but so did a larger French fleet , so the British fleet returned to New York for reinforcements after the Battle of the Chesapeake , leaving Cornwallis trapped . In October 1781 , the British surrendered their second invading army of the war , under a siege by the combined French and Continental armies commanded by Washington . The end of the war Historians continue to debate whether the odds for American victory were long or short . John E. Ferling says that the odds were so long that the American victory was `` almost a miracle '' . On the other hand , Joseph Ellis says that the odds favored the Americans , and asks whether there ever was any realistic chance for the British to win . He argues that this opportunity came only once , in the summer of 1776 , and the British failed that test . Admiral Howe and his brother General Howe `` missed several opportunities to destroy the Continental Army ... Chance , luck , and even the vagaries of the weather played crucial roles . '' Ellis 's point is that the strategic and tactical decisions of the Howes were fatally flawed because they underestimated the challenges posed by the Patriots . Ellis concludes that , once the Howe brothers failed , the opportunity for a British victory `` would never come again . '' Support for the conflict had never been strong in Britain , where many sympathized with the Americans , but now it reached a new low . King George III personally wanted to fight on , but his supporters lost control of Parliament and no further major land offensives were launched in the American Theater . It would be three decades until war resumed again with the War of 1812 , which firmly established the permanence of the United States . Washington could not know that the British would not reopen hostilities after Yorktown . They still had 26,000 troops occupying New York City , Charleston , and Savannah , together with a powerful fleet . The French army and navy departed , so the Americans were on their own in 1782 -- 83 . The treasury was empty , and the unpaid soldiers were growing restive , almost to the point of mutiny or possible coup d'état .", "19": "The unrest among officers of the Newburgh Conspiracy was personally dispelled by Washington in 1783 , and Congress subsequently created the promise of a five years bonus for all officers . Peace Treaty Main article : Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) During negotiations in Paris , the American delegation discovered that France would support independence , but no territorial gains . The new nation would be confined to the area east of the Appalachian Mountains . The American delegation opened direct secret negotiations with London , cutting the French out . British Prime Minister Lord Shelburne was in full charge of the British negotiations . He now saw a chance to make the United States a valuable economic partner . The US obtained all the land east of the Mississippi River , south of Canada , and north of Florida . It gained fishing rights off Canadian coasts , and agreed to allow British merchants and Loyalists to try to recover their property . It was a highly favorable treaty for the United States , and deliberately so from the British point of view . Prime Minister Shelburne foresaw highly profitable two - way trade between Britain and the rapidly growing United States , as indeed came to pass . Since the blockade was lifted and the old imperial restrictions were gone , American merchants were free to trade with any nation anywhere in the world , and their businesses flourished . The British largely abandoned the Indian allies living in the new nation . They were not a party to this treaty and did not recognize it until they were defeated militarily by the United States . However , the British did promise to support the Indians . They sold them munitions and maintained forts in American territory until the Jay Treaty of 1795 . Impact on Britain Losing the war and the 13 colonies was a shock to Britain . The war revealed the limitations of Britain 's fiscal - military state when they discovered that they suddenly faced powerful enemies with no allies , and they were dependent on extended and vulnerable transatlantic lines of communication . The defeat heightened dissension and escalated political antagonism to the King 's ministers . Inside parliament , the primary concern changed from fears of an over-mighty monarch to the issues of representation , parliamentary reform , and government retrenchment . Reformers sought to destroy what they saw as widespread institutional corruption . The result was a powerful crisis from 1776 to 1783 .", "20": "The peace in 1783 left France financially prostrate , while the British economy boomed thanks to the return of American business . The crisis ended after 1784 thanks to the King 's shrewdness in outwitting Charles James Fox ( the leader of the Fox - North Coalition ) , and renewed confidence in the system engendered by the leadership of the new Prime Minister William Pitt . Historians conclude that loss of the American colonies enabled Britain to deal with the French Revolution with more unity and better organization than would otherwise have been the case . Britain turned towards Asia , the Pacific and later Africa with subsequent exploration leading to the rise of the Second British Empire . Finance Britain 's war against the Americans , French , and Spanish cost about £ 100 million . The Treasury borrowed 40 % of the money that it needed . Heavy spending brought France to the verge of bankruptcy and revolution , while the British had relatively little difficulty financing their war , keeping their suppliers and soldiers paid , and hiring tens of thousands of German soldiers . Britain had a sophisticated financial system based on the wealth of thousands of landowners , who supported the government , together with banks and financiers in London . The British tax system collected about 12 percent of the GDP in taxes during the 1770s . In sharp contrast , Congress and the American states had no end of difficulty financing the war . In 1775 , there was at most 12 million dollars in gold in the colonies , not nearly enough to cover current transactions , let alone finance a major war . The British made the situation much worse by imposing a tight blockade on every American port , which cut off almost all imports and exports . One partial solution was to rely on volunteer support from militiamen and donations from patriotic citizens . Another was to delay actual payments , pay soldiers and suppliers in depreciated currency , and promise that it would be made good after the war . Indeed , the soldiers and officers were given land grants in 1783 to cover the wages that they had earned but had not been paid during the war . Not until 1781 did the national government have a strong leader in financial matters , when Robert Morris was named Superintendent of Finance of the United States . Morris used a French loan in 1782 to set up the private Bank of North America to finance the war .", "21": "Seeking greater efficiency , Morris reduced the civil list , saved money by using competitive bidding for contracts , tightened accounting procedures , and demanded the national government 's full share of money and supplies from the confederated states . Congress used four main methods to cover the cost of the war , which cost about 66 million dollars in specie ( gold and silver ) . Congress made two issues of paper money -- in 1775 -- 1780 and in 1780 -- 81 . The first issue amounted to 242 million dollars . This paper money would supposedly be redeemed for state taxes , but the holders were eventually paid off in 1791 at the rate of one cent on the dollar . By 1780 , the paper money was `` not worth a Continental '' , as people said . The skyrocketing inflation was a hardship on the few people who had fixed incomes -- but 90 percent of the people were farmers , and were not directly affected by that inflation . Debtors benefited by paying off their debts with depreciated paper . The greatest burden was borne by the soldiers of the Continental Army , whose wages were usually in arrears and declined in value every month , weakening their morale and adding to the hardships of their families . Beginning in 1777 , Congress repeatedly asked the states to provide money . But the states had no system of taxation either , and were little help . By 1780 , Congress was making requisitions for specific supplies of corn , beef , pork , and other necessities -- an inefficient system that kept the army barely alive . Starting in 1776 , the Congress sought to raise money by loans from wealthy individuals , promising to redeem the bonds after the war . The bonds were in fact redeemed in 1791 at face value , but the scheme raised little money because Americans had little specie , and many of the rich merchants were supporters of the Crown . Starting in 1776 , the French secretly supplied the Americans with money , gunpowder , and munitions in order to weaken its arch enemy Great Britain . When France officially entered the war in 1778 , the subsidies continued , and the French government , as well as bankers in Paris and Amsterdam , lent large sums to the American war effort . These loans were repaid in full in the 1790s .", "22": "Concluding the Revolution Main articles : Philadelphia Convention and United States Bill of Rights See also : Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) and The Federalist Papers Creating a `` more perfect union '' and guaranteeing rights See also : Federalist Party , Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) , and United States Bill of Rights The war finally ended in 1783 and was followed by a period of prosperity . The national government was still operating under the Articles of Confederation and was able to settle the issue of the western territories , which were ceded by the states to Congress . American settlers moved rapidly into those areas , with Vermont , Kentucky , and Tennessee becoming states in the 1790s . However , the national government had no money to pay either the war debts owed to European nations and the private banks , or to pay Americans who had been given millions of dollars of promissory notes for supplies during the war . Nationalists led by Washington , Alexander Hamilton , and other veterans feared that the new nation was too fragile to withstand an international war , or even internal revolts such as the Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 in Massachusetts . Calling themselves `` Federalists , '' the nationalists convinced Congress to call the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 . It adopted a new Constitution that provided for a much stronger federal government , including an effective executive in a check - and - balance system with the judiciary and legislature . The Constitution was ratified in 1788 , after a fierce debate in the states over the nature of the proposed new government . The new government under President George Washington took office in New York in March 1789 . Amendments to the Constitution were spearheaded in Congress by James Madison as assurances to those who were cautious about federal power , guaranteeing many of the inalienable rights that formed a foundation for the revolution . The amendments were ratified by the states in 1791 . National debt Further information : United States public debt and Alexander Hamilton The national debt fell into three categories after the American Revolution . The first was the $12 million owed to foreigners , mostly money borrowed from France . There was general agreement to pay the foreign debts at full value . The national government owed $40 million and state governments owed $25 million to Americans who had sold food , horses , and supplies to the revolutionary forces .", "23": "There were also other debts that consisted of promissory notes issued during the Revolutionary War to soldiers , merchants , and farmers who accepted these payments on the premise that the new Constitution would create a government that would pay these debts eventually . The war expenses of the individual states added up to $114 million compared to $37 million by the central government . In 1790 , Congress combined the remaining state debts with the foreign and domestic debts into one national debt totaling $80 million at the recommendation of first Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton . Everyone received face value for wartime certificates , so that the national honor would be sustained and the national credit established . Ideology and factions The population of the 13 Colonies was not homogeneous in their political views and attitudes . Loyalties and allegiances varied widely within regions and communities and even within families , and sometimes shifted during the course of the Revolution . Ideology behind the Revolution Main articles : Age of Enlightenment , American Enlightenment , Liberalism in the United States , and Republicanism in the United States The American Enlightenment was a critical precursor of the American Revolution . Chief among the ideas of the American Enlightenment were the concepts of Natural Law , Natural Rights , Consent of the Governed , Individualism , Property Rights , Self - Ownership , Self - Determination , liberalism , republicanism and fear of corruption . Collectively , the acceptance of these concepts by a growing number of American colonists began to foster an intellectual environment which would lead to a new sense of political and social identity .", "24": "Liberalism Main article : Liberalism in the United States Part of a series on Liberalism Schools ( show ) History of liberalism Contributions to liberal theory Ideas ( show ) Civil and political rights Cultural liberalism Democracy Liberal democracy Economic liberalism Egalitarianism Free market Free trade Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Gender equality Harm principle Internationalism Laissez - faire Liberty Market economy Natural and legal rights Negative / positive liberty Open society Permissive society Private property Rule of law Secularism Separation of church and state Social contract Welfare state Variants ( show ) Anarcho - capitalism Civic nationalism Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Democratic liberalism Geolibertarianism Green liberalism Liberal feminism Equity feminism Liberal internationalism Liberal socialism Libertarianism Muscular liberalism Neoliberalism Ordoliberalism Radical centrism Radicalism Religious liberalism Christian Islamic Jewish Secular liberalism Social liberalism Technoliberalism People ( show ) Rifa'a al - Tahtawi Juan Bautista Alberdi Chu Anping Matthew Arnold Raymond Aron Frédéric Bastiat Simone de Beauvoir Jeremy Bentham Isaiah Berlin Eduard Bernstein William Beveridge Norberto Bobbio Ludwig Joseph Brentano John Bright Edmund Burke Thomas Carlyle Anders Chydenius Richard Cobden Marquis de Condorcet Benjamin Constant Benedetto Croce Jean le Rond d'Alembert Ralf Dahrendorf John Dewey Charles Dickens Denis Diderot Zhang Dongsun Ronald Dworkin Ahmed Lutfi el - Sayed Ralph Waldo Emerson Karl - Hermann Flach Milton Friedman John Kenneth Galbraith William Lloyd Garrison José Ortega y Gasset David Lloyd George William Gladstone Friedrich Hayek Auberon Herbert Thomas Hobbes Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse John A.", "25": "Hobson Qin Hui Wilhelm von Humboldt Piero Gobetti Francisco Luís Gomes John Gray Thomas Hill Green Thomas Jefferson Zef Jubani Immanuel Kant Namık Kemal John Maynard Keynes Will Kymlicka John Locke Salvador de Madariaga James Madison Harriet Martineau Minoo Masani James Mill John Stuart Mill John Milton Ludwig von Mises Donald Barkly Molteno Leo Chiozza Money Charles de Montesquieu José María Luis Mora Dadabhai Naoroji Friedrich Naumann Robert Nozick Bertil Ohlin Thomas Paine Alan Paton Karl Raimund Popper Richard Price Joseph Priestley Guillermo Prieto François Quesnay Ignacio Ramírez Ayn Rand Walther Rathenau John Rawls Joseph Raz David Ricardo Wilhelm Röpke Richard Rorty Carlo Rosselli Murray Rothbard Jean - Jacques Rousseau Jean - Baptiste Say Amartya Sen Li Shenzhi Hu Shih Algernon Sidney Emmanuel Sieyès İbrahim Şinasi Adam Smith Hernando de Soto Herbert Spencer Baruch Spinoza Anne Louise Germaine de Staël William Graham Sumner R.H.", "26": "Tawney Johan Rudolf Thorbecke Henry David Thoreau Alexis de Tocqueville Antoine Destutt de Tracy Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Voltaire Lester Frank Ward Max Weber Mary Wollstonecraft Tao Xingzhi Gu Zhun Organizations ( show ) Liberal parties Africa Liberal Network ( ALN ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDEP ) Arab Liberal Federation ( ALF ) Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats ( CALD ) European Democratic Party ( EDP ) European Liberal Youth ( LYMEC ) European Party for Individual Liberty ( EPIL ) International Alliance of Libertarian Parties ( IALP ) International Federation of Liberal Youth ( IFLRY ) Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America ( RELIAL ) Liberal South East European Network ( LIBSEEN ) Regional variants ( show ) Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe Related topics ( show ) Democratic capitalism Democratic education Liberal bias in academia Liberal conservatism Liberal socialism National liberalism Regressive left Liberalism portal Politics portal In this c. 1772 portrait by John Singleton Copley , Samuel Adams points at the Massachusetts Charter , which he viewed as a constitution that protected the people 's rights .", "27": "John Locke 's ( 1632 -- 1704 ) ideas on liberty influenced the political thinking behind the revolution , especially through his indirect influence on English writers such as John Trenchard , Thomas Gordon , and Benjamin Hoadly , whose political ideas in turn had a strong influence on the American revolutionaries . Locke is often referred to as `` the philosopher of the American Revolution '' due to his work in the Social Contract and Natural Rights theories that underpinned the Revolution 's political ideology . Locke 's Two Treatises of Government published in 1689 were especially influential . He argued that all humans were created equally free , and governments therefore needed the `` consent of the governed . '' In late eighteenth - century America , belief was still widespread in `` equality by creation '' and `` rights by creation '' . The theory of the `` social contract '' influenced the belief among many of the Founders that among the `` natural rights '' of man was the right of the people to overthrow their leaders , should those leaders betray the historic rights of Englishmen . In terms of writing state and national constitutions , the Americans heavily used Montesquieu 's analysis of the wisdom of the `` balanced '' British Constitution ( mixed government ) .", "28": "Republicanism Main article : Republicanism in the United States Part of the Politics series on Republicanism Central concepts ( show ) Anti-monarchism Popular sovereignty Republic Res publica Social contract Schools ( show ) Classical republicanism Neo-republicanism Important thinkers ( show ) Hannah Arendt Cicero James Harrington Thomas Jefferson John Locke James Madison Montesquieu Philip Pettit Polybius Jean Jacques Rousseau Michael Sandel Algernon Sidney Quentin Skinner Cass Sunstein Mary Wollstonecraft History ( show ) Roman Republic Gaṇa sangha Classical Athens Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Republic of Florence Dutch Republic American Revolution French Revolution Spanish American wars of independence Trienio Liberal French Revolution of 1848 5 October 1910 revolution Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Turkish War of Independence Mongolian Revolution of 1921 11 September 1922 Revolution Spanish Civil War Birth of the Italian Republic Egyptian Revolution of 1952 14 July Revolution North Yemen Civil War Zanzibar Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Cambodian coup of 1970 Third Hellenic Republic Iranian Revolution 1987 Fijian coups d'état Nepalese Civil War By country ( show ) Australia Barbados Canada Ireland Jamaica Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States Related topics ( show ) Communitarianism Liberalism Monarchism Politics portal A central motivating force behind the overthrow of monarchy and aristocracy was the American embrace of a political ideology called `` republicanism '' , which was dominant in the colonies by 1775 but of minor importance back in Great Britain . The republicanism was inspired by the `` country party '' in Great Britain , whose critique of British government emphasized that corruption was a terrible reality in Great Britain . Americans feared that the corruption was crossing the Atlantic ; the commitment of most Americans to republican values and to their rights energized the revolution , as Britain was increasingly seen as hopelessly corrupt and hostile to American interests . Britain seemed to threaten the established liberties that Americans enjoyed .", "29": "The greatest threat to liberty was depicted as corruption -- not just in London but at home , as well . The colonists associated it with luxury , and especially with inherited aristocracy , which they condemned . The Founding Fathers were strong advocates of republican values , particularly Samuel Adams , Patrick Henry , John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , Thomas Jefferson , Thomas Paine , George Washington , James Madison , and Alexander Hamilton , which required men to put civic duty ahead of their personal desires . Men had a civic duty to be prepared and willing to fight for the rights and liberties of their countrymen . John Adams wrote to Mercy Otis Warren in 1776 , agreeing with some classical Greek and Roman thinkers in that `` Public Virtue can not exist without private , and public Virtue is the only Foundation of Republics . '' He continued : There must be a positive Passion for the public good , the public Interest , Honour , Power , and Glory , established in the Minds of the People , or there can be no Republican Government , nor any real Liberty . And this public Passion must be Superior to all private Passions . Men must be ready , they must pride themselves , and be happy to sacrifice their private Pleasures , Passions , and Interests , nay their private Friendships and dearest connections , when they Stand in Competition with the Rights of society . For women , `` republican motherhood '' became the ideal , exemplified by Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren ; the first duty of the republican woman was to instill republican values in her children and to avoid luxury and ostentation . Fusing republicanism and liberalism Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense , published in 1776 Some republics had emerged throughout history , such as the Roman Republic of the ancient world , but none ever existed that was based on liberal principles . Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense appeared in January 1776 , after the Revolution had started . It was widely distributed and loaned , and often read aloud in taverns , contributing significantly to spreading the ideas of republicanism and liberalism together , bolstering enthusiasm for separation from Great Britain , and encouraging recruitment for the Continental Army . Paine provided a new and widely accepted argument for independence by advocating a complete break with history . Common Sense is oriented to the future in a way that compels the reader to make an immediate choice .", "30": "It offered a solution for Americans disgusted and alarmed at the threat of tyranny . Impact of Great Awakening Main article : First Great Awakening Dissenting churches of the day ( i.e. , Protestant , non-Church of England ) were , in the words of Patricia Bonomi , the `` school of democracy . '' President John Witherspoon of the College of New Jersey ( now Princeton University ) wrote widely circulated sermons linking the American Revolution to the teachings of the Bible . Throughout the colonies , dissenting Protestant ministers ( Congregationalist , Baptist , and Presbyterian ) preached Revolutionary themes in their sermons , while most Church of England clergymen preached loyalty to the king , the titular head of the English state church . Religious motivation for fighting tyranny transcended socioeconomic lines to encompass rich and poor , men and women , frontiersmen and townsmen , farmers and merchants . The Declaration also referred to the `` Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God '' as justification for the Americans ' separation from the British monarchy . Most eighteenth - century Americans believed that nature , the entire universe , was God 's creation . Therefore , he was `` Nature 's God . '' Everything , including man , was part of the `` universal order of things '' , which began with God and was pervaded and directed by his providence . Accordingly , the signers of the Declaration professed their `` firm reliance on the Protection of divine Providence . '' And they appealed to `` the Supreme Judge ( God ) for the rectitude of ( their ) intentions . '' Like most of his countrymen , George Washington was firmly convinced that he was an instrument of providence , to the benefit of the American people and of all humanity . Historian Bernard Bailyn argues that the evangelicalism of the era challenged traditional notions of natural hierarchy by preaching that the Bible teaches that all men are equal , so that the true value of a man lies in his moral behavior , not in his class . Kidd argues that religious disestablishment , belief in a God as the source of human rights , and shared convictions about sin , virtue , and divine providence worked together to unite rationalists and evangelicals and thus encouraged American defiance of the Empire . Bailyn , on the other hand , denies that religion played such a critical role .", "31": "Alan Heimert argues that New Light antiauthoritarianism was essential to furthering democracy in colonial American society and set the stage for a confrontation with British monarchical and aristocratic rule . See also : List of clergy in the American Revolution Class and Psychology of the factions Looking back , John Adams concluded in 1818 : The Revolution was effected before the war commenced . The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people ... This radical change in the principles , opinions , sentiments , and affections of the people was the real American Revolution . In terms of class , Loyalists tended to have longstanding social and economic connections to British merchants and government ; for instance , prominent merchants in major port cities such as New York , Boston and Charleston tended to be Loyalists , as did men involved with the fur trade along the northern frontier . In addition , officials of colonial government and their staffs , those who had established positions and status to maintain , favored maintaining relations with Great Britain . They often were linked to British families in England by marriage as well . By contrast , Patriots by number tended to be yeomen farmers , especially in the frontier areas of New York and the backcountry of Pennsylvania , Virginia and down the Appalachian mountains . They were craftsmen and small merchants . Leaders of both the Patriots and the Loyalists were men of educated , propertied classes . The Patriots included many prominent men of the planter class from Virginia and South Carolina , for instance , who became leaders during the Revolution , and formed the new government at the national and state levels . To understand the opposing groups , historians have assessed evidence of their hearts and minds . In the mid-20th century , historian Leonard Woods Labaree identified eight characteristics of the Loyalists that made them essentially conservative ; opposite traits to those characteristic of the Patriots . Older and better established men , Loyalists tended to resist innovation . They thought resistance to the Crown -- which they insisted was the only legitimate government -- was morally wrong , while the Patriots thought morality was on their side . Loyalists were alienated when the Patriots resorted to violence , such as burning houses and tarring and feathering . Loyalists wanted to take a centrist position and resisted the Patriots ' demand to declare their opposition to the Crown .", "32": "Many Loyalists , especially merchants in the port cities , had maintained strong and long - standing relations with Britain ( often with business and family links to other parts of the British Empire ) . Many Loyalists realized that independence was bound to come eventually , but they were fearful that revolution might lead to anarchy , tyranny or mob rule . In contrast , the prevailing attitude among Patriots , who made systematic efforts to use mob violence in a controlled manner , was a desire to seize the initiative . Labaree also wrote that Loyalists were pessimists who lacked the confidence in the future displayed by the Patriots . Historians in the early 20th century , such as J. Franklin Jameson , examined the class composition of the Patriot cause , looking for evidence of a class war inside the revolution . In the last 50 years , historians have largely abandoned that interpretation , emphasizing instead the high level of ideological unity . Just as there were rich and poor Loyalists , the Patriots were a ' mixed lot ' , with the richer and better educated more likely to become officers in the Army . Ideological demands always came first : the Patriots viewed independence as a means to gain freedom from British oppression and taxation and , above all , to reassert what they considered to be their rights as English subjects . Most yeomen farmers , craftsmen , and small merchants joined the Patriot cause to demand more political equality . They were especially successful in Pennsylvania but less so in New England , where John Adams attacked Thomas Paine 's Common Sense for the `` absurd democratical notions '' it proposed . King George III Main article : George III of Great Britain The war became a personal issue for the king , fueled by his growing belief that British leniency would be taken as weakness by the Americans . The king also sincerely believed he was defending Britain 's constitution against usurpers , rather than opposing patriots fighting for their natural rights . Patriots Main article : Patriot ( American Revolution ) Further information : Sons of Liberty At the time , revolutionaries were called `` Patriots '' , `` Whigs '' , `` Congress - men '' , or `` Americans '' . They included a full range of social and economic classes , but were unanimous regarding the need to defend the rights of Americans and uphold the principles of republicanism in terms of rejecting monarchy and aristocracy , while emphasizing civic virtue on the part of the citizens .", "33": "Newspapers were strongholds of patriotism ( although there were a few Loyalist papers ) , and printed many pamphlets , announcements , patriotic letters and pronouncements . According to historian Robert Calhoon , the consensus of historians is that 40 -- 45 % of the white population in the Thirteen Colonies supported the Patriots ' cause , 15 -- 20 % supported the Loyalists , and the remainder were neutral or kept a low profile . Mark Lender explores why ordinary folk became insurgents against the British even though they were unfamiliar with the ideological rationales being offered . They held very strongly a sense of `` rights '' that they felt the British were violating -- rights that stressed local autonomy , fair dealing , and government by consent . They were highly sensitive to the issue of tyranny , which they saw manifested in the British response to the Boston Tea Party . The arrival in Boston of the British Army heightened their sense of violated rights , leading to rage and demands for revenge . They had faith that God was on their side . Loyalists Main article : Loyalist ( American Revolution ) Mobbing of a Loyalist by American Patriots in 1775 -- 76 The consensus of scholars is that about 15 -- 20 % of the white population remained loyal to the British Crown . Those who actively supported the king were known at the time as `` Loyalists '' , `` Tories '' , or `` King 's men '' . The Loyalists never controlled territory unless the British Army occupied it . Loyalists were typically older , less willing to break with old loyalties , often connected to the Church of England , and included many established merchants with strong business connections across the Empire , as well as royal officials such as Thomas Hutchinson of Boston . There were 500 to 1000 black loyalists who were held as slaves by patriots , escaped to British lines and joined the British army . Most died of disease but Britain took the survivors to Canada as free men . The revolution could divide families . The most dramatic example was when William Franklin , son of Benjamin Franklin and royal governor of the Province of New Jersey , remained loyal to the Crown throughout the war ; they never spoke again .", "34": "Recent immigrants who had not been fully Americanized were also inclined to support the King , such as recent Scottish settlers in the back country ; among the more striking examples of this , see Flora MacDonald . After the war , the great majority of the 450,000 -- 500,000 Loyalists remained in America and resumed normal lives . Some , such as Samuel Seabury , became prominent American leaders . Estimates vary , but about 62,000 Loyalists relocated to Canada , and others to Britain ( 7,000 ) or to Florida or the West Indies ( 9,000 ) . The exiles represented approximately 2 % of the total population of the colonies . Nearly all black loyalists left for Nova Scotia , Florida , or England , where they could remain free . When Loyalists left the South in 1783 , they took thousands of their slaves with them to be slaves in the British West Indies . Neutrals A minority of uncertain size tried to stay neutral in the war . Most kept a low profile , but the Quakers , especially in Pennsylvania , were the most important group to speak out for neutrality . As Patriots declared independence , the Quakers , who continued to do business with the British , were attacked as supporters of British rule , `` contrivers and authors of seditious publications '' critical of the revolutionary cause . Though the majority of Quakers attempted to remain neutral , a sizable number of Quakers in the American Revolution nevertheless participated to some degree . Role of women Abigail Adams Main article : Women in the American Revolution Women contributed to the American Revolution in many ways , and were involved on both sides . While formal Revolutionary politics did not include women , ordinary domestic behaviors became charged with political significance as Patriot women confronted a war that permeated all aspects of political , civil , and domestic life . They participated by boycotting British goods , spying on the British , following armies as they marched , washing , cooking , and tending for soldiers , delivering secret messages , and in a few cases like Deborah Samson , fighting disguised as men . Also , Mercy Otis Warren held meetings in her house and cleverly attacked Loyalists with her creative plays and histories . Above all , they continued the agricultural work at home to feed their families and the armies . They maintained their families during their husbands ' absences and sometimes after their deaths .", "35": "American women were integral to the success of the boycott of British goods , as the boycotted items were largely household items such as tea and cloth . Women had to return to knitting goods , and to spinning and weaving their own cloth -- skills that had fallen into disuse . In 1769 , the women of Boston produced 40,000 skeins of yarn , and 180 women in Middletown , Massachusetts wove 20,522 yards ( 18,765 m ) of cloth . A crisis of political loyalties could disrupt the fabric of colonial America women 's social worlds : whether a man did or did not renounce his allegiance to the King could dissolve ties of class , family , and friendship , isolating women from former connections . A woman 's loyalty to her husband , once a private commitment , could become a political act , especially for women in America committed to men who remained loyal to the King . Legal divorce , usually rare , was granted to Patriot women whose husbands supported the King . Other participants Further information : Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War France Main article : France in the American Revolutionary War In early 1776 , France set up a major program of aid to the Americans , and the Spanish secretly added funds . Each country spent one million `` livres tournaises '' to buy munitions . A dummy corporation run by Pierre Beaumarchais concealed their activities . American rebels obtained some munitions through the Dutch Republic as well as French and Spanish ports in the West Indies . Spain Main article : Spain in the American Revolutionary War Spain did not officially recognize the U.S. but became an informal ally when it declared war on Britain on June 21 , 1779 . Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid , general of the Spanish forces in New Spain , also served as governor of Louisiana . He led an expedition of colonial troops to force the British out of Florida and keep open a vital conduit for supplies . American Indians Main article : Native Americans in the United States Further information : Western theater of the American Revolutionary War Most American Indians rejected pleas that they remain neutral and supported the British Crown , both because of trading relationships and Britain 's effort to establish an Indian reserve and prohibit Colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains .", "36": "The great majority of the 200,000 Indians east of the Mississippi distrusted the Colonists and supported the British cause , hoping to forestall continued colonial encroachment on their territories . Those tribes that were more closely involved in Colonial trade tended to side with the Colonists , although political factors were important , as well . Most Indians did not participate directly in the war , except for warriors and bands associated with four of the Iroquois nations in New York and Pennsylvania which allied with the British . The British did have other allies , especially in the upper Midwest . They provided Indians with funding and weapons to attack American outposts . Some Indians tried to remain neutral , seeing little value in joining what they perceived to be a European conflict , and fearing reprisals from whichever side they opposed . The Oneida and Tuscarora among the Iroquois of central and western New York supported the American cause . The British provided arms to Indians who were led by Loyalists in war parties to raid frontier settlements from the Carolinas to New York . They killed many settlers on the frontier , especially in Pennsylvania and New York 's Mohawk Valley . In 1776 , Cherokee war parties attacked American Colonists all along the southern frontier of the uplands throughout the Washington District , North Carolina ( now Tennessee ) and the Kentucky wilderness area . They would launch raids with roughly 200 warriors , as seen in the Cherokee -- American wars ; they could not mobilize enough forces to invade Colonial areas without the help of allies , most often the Creek . The Chickamauga Cherokee under Dragging Canoe allied themselves closely with the British , and fought on for an additional decade after the signing of the Treaty of Paris . Joseph Brant of the powerful Mohawk nation , part of the Iroquois Confederacy based in New York , was the most prominent Indian leader against the Colonial forces . In 1778 and 1780 , he led 300 Iroquois warriors and 100 white Loyalists in multiple attacks on small frontier settlements in New York and Pennsylvania , killing many settlers and destroying villages , crops , and stores . The Seneca , Onondaga , and Cayuga of the Iroquois Confederacy also allied with the British against the Americans .", "37": "In 1779 , the Colonists retaliated with an American army under John Sullivan which raided and destroyed 40 empty Iroquois villages in central and western New York . Sullivan 's forces systematically burned the villages and destroyed about 160,000 bushels of corn that composed the winter food supply . Facing starvation and homeless for the winter , the Iroquois fled to the Niagara Falls area and to Canada , mostly to what became Ontario . The British resettled them there after the war , providing land grants as compensation for some of their losses . At the peace conference following the war , the British ceded lands which they did not really control , and did not consult their Indian allies . They transferred control to the United States of all the land east of the Mississippi and north of Florida . Calloway concludes : Burned villages and crops , murdered chiefs , divided councils and civil wars , migrations , towns and forts choked with refugees , economic disruption , breaking of ancient traditions , losses in battle and to disease and hunger , betrayal to their enemies , all made the American Revolution one of the darkest periods in American Indian history . The British did not give up their forts in the West until 1796 in what is now the eastern Midwest , stretching from Ohio to Wisconsin ; they kept alive the dream of forming a satellite Indian nation there , which they called a Neutral Indian Zone . That goal was one of the causes of the War of 1812 . Black Americans Main article : African Americans in the Revolutionary War Free blacks in the North and South fought on both sides of the Revolution , but most fought for the Patriots . Gary Nash reports that there were about 9,000 black Patriots , counting the Continental Army and Navy , state militia units , privateers , wagoneers in the Army , servants to officers , and spies . Ray Raphael notes that thousands did join the Loyalist cause , but `` a far larger number , free as well as slave , tried to further their interests by siding with the patriots . '' Crispus Attucks was shot dead by British soldiers in the Boston Massacre in 1770 and is an iconic martyr to Patriots . Both sides offered freedom and re-settlement to slaves who were willing to fight for them , recruiting slaves whose owners supported the opposing cause . Many black slaves sided with the Loyalists .", "38": "Tens of thousands in the South used the turmoil of war to escape , and the southern plantation economies of South Carolina and Georgia especially were disrupted . During the Revolution , the British tried to turn slavery against the Americans . Historian David Brion Davis explains the difficulties with a policy of wholesale arming of the slaves : But England greatly feared the effects of any such move on its own West Indies , where Americans had already aroused alarm over a possible threat to incite slave insurrections . The British elites also understood that an all - out attack on one form of property could easily lead to an assault on all boundaries of privilege and social order , as envisioned by radical religious sects in Britain 's seventeenth - century civil wars . Davis underscored the British dilemma : `` Britain , when confronted by the rebellious American colonists , hoped to exploit their fear of slave revolts while also reassuring the large number of slave - holding Loyalists and wealthy Caribbean planters and merchants that their slave property would be secure '' . The Colonists , however , accused the British of encouraging slave revolts . American advocates of independence were commonly lampooned in Britain for what was termed their hypocritical calls for freedom , at the same time that many of their leaders were planters who held hundreds of slaves . Samuel Johnson snapped , `` how is it we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the ( slave ) drivers of the Negroes ? '' Benjamin Franklin countered by criticizing the British self - congratulation about `` the freeing of one Negro '' ( Somersett ) while they continued to permit the Slave Trade . Phyllis Wheatley was a black poet who popularized the image of Columbia to represent America . She came to public attention when her Poems on Various Subjects , Religious and Moral appeared in 1773 . During the war , slaves escaped from New England and the mid-Atlantic area to British - occupied cities such as New York . The effects of the war were more dramatic in the South . In Virginia , royal governor Lord Dunmore recruited black men into the British forces with the promise of freedom , protection for their families , and land grants . Tens of thousands of slaves escaped to British lines throughout the South , causing dramatic losses to slaveholders and disrupting cultivation and harvesting of crops .", "39": "For instance , South Carolina was estimated to have lost about 25,000 slaves to flight , migration , or death -- amounting to one third of its slave population . From 1770 to 1790 , the black proportion of the population ( mostly slaves ) in South Carolina dropped from 60.5 percent to 43.8 percent , and from 45.2 percent to 36.1 percent in Georgia . British forces gave transportation to 10,000 slaves when they evacuated Savannah and Charleston , carrying through on their promise . They evacuated and resettled more than 3,000 Black Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia , Upper Canada , and Lower Canada . Others sailed with the British to England or were resettled as freedmen in the West Indies of the Caribbean . But slaves who were carried to the Caribbean under control of Loyalist masters generally remained slaves until British abolition in its colonies in 1834 . More than 1,200 of the Black Loyalists of Nova Scotia later resettled in the British colony of Sierra Leone , where they became leaders of the Krio ethnic group of Freetown and the later national government . Many of their descendants still live in Sierra Leone , as well as other African countries . Effects of the Revolution Loyalist expatriation Tens of thousands of Loyalists left the United States -- the current high estimate is 70,000 by Maya Jasanoff . Some migrated to Britain . The great majority , known as United Empire Loyalists , received land and subsidies for resettlement in British colonies in North America , especially Quebec ( concentrating in the Eastern Townships ) , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . The new colonies of Upper Canada ( now Ontario ) and New Brunswick were expressly created by Britain for their benefit , where the Crown awarded land to Loyalists as compensation for losses in the United States . Britain wanted to develop the frontier of Upper Canada on a British colonial model . But about 80 % of the Loyalists stayed in the United States and became full , loyal citizens ; some of the exiles later returned to the U.S. Interpretations Interpretations vary concerning the effect of the Revolution .", "40": "Veterans who fought in the war referred to it as `` the revolution '' , although the war is sometimes known as the `` American War of Independence '' outside the United States , particularly in the United Kingdom . Historians such as Bernard Bailyn , Gordon Wood , and Edmund Morgan view the American Revolution as a unique and radical event that produced deep changes and had a profound effect on world affairs , such as an increasing belief in the principles of the Enlightenment . These were demonstrated by a leadership and government that espoused protection of natural rights , and a system of laws chosen by the people . John Murrin , by contrast , argues that the definition of `` the people '' at that time was mostly restricted to free men who were able to pass a property - qualification . This view argues that any significant gain of the revolution was irrelevant in the short term to women , black Americans and slaves , poor white men , youth , and American Indians . Morgan has argued that , in terms of long - term impact on American society and values : The Revolution did revolutionize social relations . It did displace the deference , the patronage , the social divisions that had determined the way people viewed one another for centuries and still view one another in much of the world . It did give to ordinary people a pride and power , not to say an arrogance , that have continued to shock visitors from less favored lands . It may have left standing a host of inequalities that have troubled us ever since . But it generated the egalitarian view of human society that makes them troubling and makes our world so different from the own in which the revolutionists had grown up . Inspiring all colonies Further information : Atlantic Revolutions After the Revolution , genuinely democratic politics became possible in the former colonies . The rights of the people were incorporated into state constitutions . Concepts of liberty , individual rights , equality among men and hostility toward corruption became incorporated as core values of liberal republicanism . The greatest challenge to the old order in Europe was the challenge to inherited political power and the democratic idea that government rests on the consent of the governed . The example of the first successful revolution against a European empire , and the first successful establishment of a republican form of democratically elected government , provided a model for many other colonial peoples who realized that they too could break away and become self - governing nations with directly elected representative government .", "41": "The Dutch Republic , also at war with Britain , was the next country to sign a treaty with the United States , on October 8 , 1782 . On April 3 , 1783 , Ambassador Extraordinary Gustaf Philip Creutz , representing King Gustav III of Sweden , and Benjamin Franklin , signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the U.S. The American Revolution was the first wave of the Atlantic Revolutions : the French Revolution , the Haitian Revolution , and the Latin American wars of independence . Aftershocks reached Ireland in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth , and in the Netherlands . The Revolution had a strong , immediate influence in Great Britain , Ireland , the Netherlands , and France . Many British and Irish Whigs spoke in favor of the American cause . In Ireland , there was a profound impact ; the Protestants who controlled Ireland were demanding more and more self - rule . Under the leadership of Henry Grattan , the so - called `` Patriots '' forced the reversal of mercantilist prohibitions against trade with other British colonies . The King and his cabinet in London could not risk another rebellion on the American model , and made a series of concessions to the Patriot faction in Dublin . Armed Protestant volunteer units were set up to protect against an invasion from France . As in America , so too in Ireland the King no longer had a monopoly of lethal force . The Revolution , along with the Dutch Revolt ( end of the 16th century ) and the 17th century English Civil War , was among the examples of overthrowing an old regime for many Europeans who later were active during the era of the French Revolution , such as Marquis de Lafayette . The American Declaration of Independence influenced the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1789 . The spirit of the Declaration of Independence led to laws ending slavery in all the Northern states and the Northwest Territory , with New Jersey the last in 1804 . States such as New Jersey and New York adopted gradual emancipation , which kept some people as slaves for more than two decades longer . Status of American women The democratic ideals of the Revolution inspired changes in the roles of women . The concept of republican motherhood was inspired by this period and reflects the importance of Republicanism as the dominant American ideology .", "42": "It assumed that a successful republic rested upon the virtue of its citizens . Women were considered to have the essential role of instilling their children with values conducive to a healthy republic . During this period , the wife 's relationship with her husband also became more liberal , as love and affection instead of obedience and subservience began to characterize the ideal marital relationship . In addition , many women contributed to the war effort through fundraising and running family businesses in the absence of husbands . The traditional constraints gave way to more liberal conditions for women . Patriarchy faded as an ideal ; young people had more freedom to choose their spouses and more often used birth control to regulate the size of their families . Society emphasized the role of mothers in child rearing , especially the patriotic goal of raising republican children rather than those locked into aristocratic value systems . There was more permissiveness in child - rearing . Patriot women married to Loyalists who left the state could get a divorce and obtain control of the ex-husband's property . Whatever gains they had made , however , women still found themselves subordinated , legally and socially , to their husbands , disfranchised and usually with only the role of mother open to them . But , some women earned livelihoods as midwives and in other roles in the community , which were not originally recognized as significant by men . Abigail Adams expressed to her husband , the president , the desire of women to have a place in the new republic : I desire you would remember the Ladies , and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors . Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands . The Revolution sparked a discussion on the rights of woman and an environment favorable to women 's participation in politics . Briefly the possibilities for women 's rights were highly favorable , but a backlash led to a greater rigidity that excluded women from politics . For more than thirty years , however , the 1776 New Jersey State Constitution gave the vote to `` all inhabitants '' who had a certain level of wealth , including unmarried women and blacks ( not married women because they could not own property separately from their husbands ) , until in 1807 , when that state legislature passed a bill interpreting the constitution to mean universal white male suffrage , excluding paupers .", "43": "Status of African Americans In the first two decades after the American Revolution , state legislatures and individuals took actions to free numerous slaves , in part based on revolutionary ideals . Northern states passed new constitutions that contained language about equal rights or specifically abolished slavery ; some states , such as New York and New Jersey , where slavery was more widespread , passed laws by the end of the 18th century to abolish slavery by a gradual method ; in New York , the last slaves were freed in 1827 . While no southern state abolished slavery , for a period individual owners could free their slaves by personal decision , often providing for manumission in wills but sometimes filing deeds or court papers to free individuals . Numerous slaveholders who freed their slaves cited revolutionary ideals in their documents ; others freed slaves as a reward for service . Records also suggest that some slaveholders were freeing their own mixed - race children , born into slavery to slave mothers . Commemorations Main articles : Commemoration of the American Revolution and United States Bicentennial United States Bicentennial , 1976 Governor 's Palace , Colonial Williamsburg , a restored colonial city , Williamburg , Virginia The American Revolution has a central place in the American memory as the story of the nation 's founding . It is covered in the schools , memorialized by a national holiday , and commemorated in innumerable monuments . Thus , Independence Day ( July 4 ) is an annual national holiday . George Washington 's estate at Mount Vernon was one of the first national pilgrimages for tourists which attracted ten thousand visitors a year by the 1850s . The Revolution became a matter of contention in the 1850s in the debates leading to the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) as spokesmen of both the Northern United States and the Southern United States claimed that their region was the true custodian of the legacy of 1776 . The United States Bicentennial in 1976 came a year after the American withdrawal from the Vietnam War . Speakers stressed the themes of renewal and rebirth based on a restoration of traditional values . Today , more than 100 battlefields and historic sites of the American Revolution are protected and maintained by governments . The National Park Service alone owns and maintains more than 50 battlefield parks and sites related to the Revolution .", "44": "See also Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War Timeline of the American Revolution Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War Founding Fathers of the United States Patriot ( American Revolution ) Sons of Liberty List of plays and films about the American Revolution Notes ^ Jump up to : Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 70 Jump up ^ Lawrence Henry Gipson , `` The American revolution as an aftermath of the Great War for the Empire , 1754 - 1763 . '' Political Science Quarterly ( 1950 ) : 86-104.in JSTOR Jump up ^ Pestana , Carla Gardina ( 2004 ) . The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution : 1640 - 1661 . Cambridge , Massachusetts and London , England : Harvard University Press . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Purvis , Thomas L. ( 23 April 1997 ) . A dictionary of American history . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57718 - 099 - 9 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 140 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.482. 4975 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert P. ( 1964 ) . `` A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy of Colonial Welfare : Some Preliminary Findings '' . Journal of Economic History . 25 ( 4 ) : 615 -- 638 . JSTOR 2116133 . Jump up ^ Walton , Gary M. ( 1971 ) . `` The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts '' . Economic History Review .", "45": "24 ( 4 ) : 533 -- 542 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1971. tb00192. x . Jump up ^ Lepore ( 1998 ) , The Name of War ( 1999 ) pp 5 - 7 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Roots of American Civilization : A History of American Colonial Life ( 1938 ) p. 297 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , David ( 1987 ) . The Glorious Revolution in America . Middletown , CT : Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6177 - 0 . OCLC 14212813 . , pp. 148 -- 56 , 155 - 57 , 169 - 70 Jump up ^ Barnes , Viola Florence ( 1960 ) ( 1923 ) . The Dominion of New England : A Study in British Colonial Policy . New York : Frederick Ungar . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8044 - 1065 - 6 . OCLC 395292 . , pp. 169 -- 70 Jump up ^ Webb , Stephen Saunders ( 1998 ) . Lord Churchill 's Coup : The Anglo - American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0558 - 4 . OCLC 39756272 . , pp. 190 -- 91 Jump up ^ Lustig , Mary Lou ( 2002 ) . The Imperial Executive in America : Sir Edmund Andros , 1637 -- 1714 . Madison , WI : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3936 - 8 . OCLC 470360764 . , p. 201 Jump up ^ Palfrey , John ( 1864 ) . History of New England : History of New England During the Stuart Dynasty . Boston : Little , Brown . OCLC 1658888 . , p. 596 Jump up ^ Evans , James Truslow ( 1922 ) .", "46": "The Founding of New England . Boston : The Atlantic Monthly Press . OCLC 1068441 . , p. 430 Jump up ^ John A. Garraty ; Mark C. Carnes ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter Three : America in the British Empire '' . A Short History of the American Nation ( 8th ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 07098 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Max Savelle , Empires to Nations : Expansion in America , 1713 - 1824 , p. 93 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Draper pg. 100 . The quote provided by Draper came from Leo Francis Stock 's Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments respecting North America ( 1937 ) vol. 4 . pg. 182 Jump up ^ Miller , John C. ( 1943 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . Boston : Little , Brown and company . , pp. 95 - 99 Jump up ^ Guizot , M. A popular history of France , from the earliest times . Vol IV , University of Michigan , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4255 - 5724 - 9 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Allen , Larry ( 2009 ) . The Encyclopedia of Money . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 9781598842517 . Jump up ^ Englishmen paid an average 25 shillings annually in taxes , whereas Americans paid only sixpence . Miller , Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) p. 89 Jump up ^ James A. Henretta , ed. ( 2011 ) . Documents for America 's History , Volume 1 : To 1877 . Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 110 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Walter Isaacson ( 2004 ) . Benjamin Franklin : An American Life . Simon and Schuster . pp. 229 -- 30 .", "47": "Jump up ^ Shy , Toward Lexington 73 -- 78 Jump up ^ T.H. Breen , American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) pp 81 - 82 Jump up ^ Middlekauff p. 62 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) pp. 297 - 298 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) pp. 315 - 316 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) p. 173 Jump up ^ Bryan - Paul Frost and Jeffrey Sikkenga ( 2003 ) . History of American Political Thought . Lexington Books . pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1943 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . pp. 181 -- . ^ Jump up to : Hiller B. Zobel , The Boston Massacre ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Alfred F. Young , The Shoemaker and the Tea Party : Memory and the American Revolution ( Boston : Beacon Press , 1999 ; ISBN 0 - 8070 - 5405 - 4 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 5405 - 5 ) , 183 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 22 -- 24 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation ( 6th ed. 2001 ) vol 1 pp 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Benjamin L. Carp , Defiance of the Patriots : The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Miller ( 1943 ) pp. 353 -- 76 Jump up ^ Carp , Defiance of the Patriots : The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America ( 2010 ) ch 9 Jump up ^ John K. Alexander ( 2011 ) . Samuel Adams : The Life of an American Revolutionary . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 187 -- 94 .", "48": "Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton ; et al. ( 2010 ) . A People and a Nation : A History of the United States . Cengage Learning . p. 143 . Jump up ^ Harvey . `` A few bloody noses '' ( 2002 ) pp. 208 -- 210 Jump up ^ Urban p. 74 Jump up ^ Miller ( 1948 ) p. 87 ^ Jump up to : Nevins ( 1927 ) ; Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 29 Jump up ^ Nevins ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Founding the Republic : A Documentary History ; edited by John J. Patrick Jump up ^ Reason , Religion , and Democracy : Dennis C. Muelle . Page 206 Jump up ^ Massachusetts ' constitution is still in force in the 21st century , continuously since its ratification on June 15 , 1780 Jump up ^ Jensen , The Founding of a Nation ( 1968 ) pp. 678 -- 9 Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture ( 1997 ) pp. 41 -- 46 Jump up ^ Armitage , David . The Declaration of Independence : A Global History . Harvard University Press , London . 2007 . `` The Articles of Confederation safeguarded it for each of the thirteen states in Article II ( `` Each State retains its sovereignty , freedom and independence '' ) , but confined its international expression to Congress alone . '' Jump up ^ Tesesis , Alexander . Self - Government and the Declaration of Independence . Cornell Law Review , Volume 97 Issue 4 . May 2012 . ( applying the Declaration in the context of state sovereignty while dealing with personal liberty laws , noting that `` after the declaration of independence in 1776 , each state , at least before the confederation , was a sovereign , independent body '' ) . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 30 Jump up ^ Klos , President Who ? Forgotten Founders ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , Crisis of Empire : Britain and America in the Eighteenth Century ( 2008 ) p 140 ^ Jump up to : Schecter , Barnet . The Battle for New York : The City at the Heart of the American Revolution .", "49": "( 2002 ) ^ Jump up to : McCullough , 1776 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Alan Valentine , Lord George Germain ( 1962 ) pp 309 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Larry G. Bowman , Captive Americans : Prisoners During the American Revolution ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ John C. Miller , Triumph of Freedom , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1948 ) p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , The Papers of Alexander Hamilton ( 1974 ) p. 28 Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) p. 151 Jump up ^ Mackesy , The War for America ( 1993 ) p. 568 ^ Jump up to : Higginbotham , The War of American Independence ( 1983 ) p. 83 Jump up ^ Crow and Tise , The Southern Experience in the American Revolution ( 1978 ) p. 157 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Henry Lumpkin , From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Brendan Morrissey , Yorktown 1781 : The World Turned Upside Down ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Harvey pp 493 -- 515 Jump up ^ John Ferling , Almost A Miracle : The American Victory in the War of Independence ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis ( 2013 ) . Revolutionary Summer : The Birth of American Independence . Random House . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Harvey p. 528 Jump up ^ A final naval battle was fought on March 10 , 1783 by Captain John Barry and the crew of the USS Alliance , who defeated three British warships led by HMS Sybille . Martin I.J. Griffin , The Story of Commodore John Barry ( 2010 ) pp 218 -- 23 Jump up ^ Langguth , A.J. ( 2006 ) . Union 1812 : the Americans who fought the Second War of Independence . New York : Simon & Schuster .", "50": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2618 - 9 . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull , The French Navy and American Independence ( 1975 ) p. 248 Jump up ^ Richard H. Kohn , Eagle and Sword : The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America , 1783 -- 1802 ( 1975 ) pp 17 -- 39 Jump up ^ Charles R. Ritcheson , `` The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America , 1782 -- 1783 : Vision and Reality . '' International History Review 5 # 3 ( 1983 ) : 322 - 345 . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull ( 1987 ) . A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution . Yale up . pp. 144 -- 151 . Jump up ^ William Deverell , ed. ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American West . p. 17 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : William Hague , William Pitt the Younger ( 2004 ) ^ Jump up to : Jeremy Black , George III : America 's Last King ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Canny , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( 1987 ) pp. 81 , 119 ^ Jump up to : John Brewer , The sinews of power : war , money , and the English state , 1688 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) p 91 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Emergence of a National Economy , 1775 -- 1815 ( 1962 ) pp 23 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Charles Rappleye , Robert Morris : Financier of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) pp 225 -- 52 Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins , American public finance and financial services , 1700 - 1815 ( 1994 ) pp 85 - 106 . Complete text line free Jump up ^ Oliver Harry Chitwood , A History of Colonial America ( 1961 ) pp 586 -- 589 Jump up ^ Terry M. Mays ( 2005 ) .", "51": "Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary America . Scarecrow Press . pp. 73 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Ralph Volney Harlow , `` Aspects of Revolutionary Finance , 1775 -- 1783 , '' American Historical Review ( 1929 ) 35 # 1 pp. 46 -- 68 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Erna Risch , Supplying Washington 's Army ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ E. Wayne Carp , To Starve the Army at Pleasure : Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ E. James Ferguson , The power of the purse : A history of American public finance , 1776 -- 1790 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , eds . Companion to the American Revolution , pp. 557 -- 624 Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , The Forging of the Union : 1781 -- 1789 ( 1987 ) pp 245 -- 266 Jump up ^ Morris , The Forging of the Union : 1781 -- 1789 pp 300 -- 13 Jump up ^ Morris , The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 pp 300 -- 22 Jump up ^ Jensen , The New Nation ( 1950 ) p. 379 Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis , His Excellency : George Washington ( 2004 ) p 204 Jump up ^ Robert A. Ferguson , The American Enlightenment , 1750 - 1820 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Alexander , Revolutionary Politician , 103 , 136 ; Maier , Old Revolutionaries , 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 136 - 138 Jump up ^ Jeffrey D. Schultz ; et al. ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Religion in American Politics . Greenwood . p. 148 . Jump up ^ Waldron ( 2002 ) , p. 136 Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd ( 2010 ) : God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution , New York , N.Y. , pp.", "52": "6 - 7 Jump up ^ Charles W. Toth , Liberte , Egalite , Fraternite : The American Revolution and the European Response. ( 1989 ) p. 26 . Jump up ^ page 101 , Philosophical Tales , by Martin Cohen , ( Blackwell 2008 ) Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) chapter 1 Jump up ^ Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 125 -- 37 Jump up ^ Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 35 , 174 -- 5 Jump up ^ Shalhope , Toward a Republican Synthesis ( 1972 ) pp. 49 -- 80 Jump up ^ Adams quoted in Paul A. Rahe , Republics Ancient and Modern : Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution . Volume : 2 ( 1994 ) P. 23 . Jump up ^ Linda K. Kerber , Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America ( 1997 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , The Commonalities of Common Sense ( 2000 ) pp. 465 -- 504 ^ Jump up to : Bonomi , p. 186 , Chapter 7 `` Religion and the American Revolution Jump up ^ William H. Nelson , The American Tory ( 1961 ) p. 186 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 3 - 6 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Kidd ( 2010 ) , p. 141 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , p. 302 Jump up ^ Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) p. 303 Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Alan Heimert , Religion and the American Mind : From the Great Awakening to the Revolution . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1967 .", "53": "Jump up ^ John Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution ( 2002 ) p. 281 ^ Jump up to : Labaree , Conservatism in Early American History ( 1948 ) pp. 164 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Hull et al. , Choosing Sides ( 1978 ) pp. 344 -- 66 ^ Jump up to : Burrows and Wallace , The American Revolution ( 1972 ) pp. 167 -- 305 Jump up ^ J. Franklin Jameson , The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement ( 1926 ) ; other historians pursuing the same line of thought included Charles A. Beard , Carl Becker and Arthur Schlesinger , Sr ... Jump up ^ Wood , Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution ( 1966 ) pp. 3 -- 32 ^ Jump up to : Nash ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Resch ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy , `` ' If Others Will Not Be Active , I must Drive ' : George III and the American Revolution . '' Early American Studies 2004 2 ( 1 ) : pp 1 -- 46 . P.D.G. Thomas , `` George III and the American Revolution . '' History 1985 70 ( 228 ) : 16 -- 31 , says the king played a minor role before 1775 . Jump up ^ Carol Sue Humphrey , The American Revolution and the Press : The Promise of Independence ( Northwestern University Press ; 2013 ) Jump up ^ Robert M. Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Jack P. Greene ; J.R. Pole ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . John Wiley & Sons . p. 235 . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lender , review of American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) by T.H. Breen , in The Journal of Military History ( 2012 ) 76 # 1 p. 233 -- 4 Jump up ^ Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Greene and Pole , eds .", "54": "A Companion to the American Revolution ( 1980 ) at page 235 Jump up ^ Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Greene and Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 1980 ) pp 235 - 47 , Jump up ^ Sheila L. Skemp , Benjamin and William Franklin : Father and Son , Patriot and Loyalist ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Joan Magee ( 1984 ) . Loyalist Mosaic : A Multi-Ethnic Heritage . Dundurn . p. 137ff . ^ Jump up to : Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ `` Chaos in New York '' . Black Loyalists : Our People , Our History . Canada 's Digital Collections . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Eileen K. Cheng ( 2008 ) . The Plain and Noble Garb of Truth : Nationalism & Impartiality in American Historical Writing , 1784 -- 1860 . University of Georgia Press . p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Berkin , Revolutionary Mothers ( 2006 ) p. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 41 Jump up ^ Kerber , Women of the Republic ( 1997 ) chapters 4 and 6 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Jonathan Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( 1985 ) pp. 57 -- 65 Jump up ^ Thompson , Buchanan Parker , Spain : Forgotten Ally of the American Revolution North Quincy , Mass. : Christopher Publishing House , 1976 .", "55": "Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) chapters 19 , 46 and 51 ; Colin G. Calloway , The American Revolution in Indian Country : Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Joseph T. Glatthaar and James Kirby Martin , Forgotten Allies : The Oneida Indians and the American Revolution ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Tom Hatley , The Dividing Paths : Cherokees and South Carolinians through the Era of Revolution ( 1993 ) ; James H. O'Donnell , III , Southern Indians in the American Revolution ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ see Barbara Graymont , `` Thayendanegea '' , Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online ^ Jump up to : Colin G. Calloway , The American Revolution in Indian Country : Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Joseph R. Fischer , A Well - Executed Failure : The Sullivan Campaign against the Iroquois , July -- September 1779 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Calloway ( 1995 ) p. 290 Jump up ^ Smith , Dwight L. ( 1989 ) . `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea '' . Northwest Ohio Quarterly . 61 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 46 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Francis M. Carroll , A Good and Wise Measure : The Search for the Canadian - American Boundary , 1783 -- 1842 ( 2001 ) p. 23 Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash , `` The African Americans Revolution , '' in Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2012 ) edited by Edward G Gray and Jane Kamensky pp 250 - 70 , at p 254 Jump up ^ Ray Raphael , A People 's History of the American Revolution ( 2001 ) p 281 Jump up ^ Revolutionary War : The Home Front , Library of Congress Jump up ^ Davis p. 148 Jump up ^ Davis p. 149 Jump up ^ Schama pp. 28 -- 30 p.", "56": "78 -- 90 Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) p. 7 Jump up ^ Schama , p. 75 Jump up ^ Hochschild p. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Kolchin , American Slavery , p. 73 Jump up ^ Hill ( 2007 ) , see also blackloyalist.com Jump up ^ Maya Jasanoff , Liberty 's Exiles : American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World ( 2011 ) . However Philip Ranlet estimates that only 20,000 adult white Loyalists went to Canada . `` How Many American Loyalists Left the United States ? . '' Historian 76.2 ( 2014 ) : 278 - 307 . Jump up ^ W. Stewart Wallace , The United Empire Loyalists : A Chronicle of the Great Migration ( Toronto , 1914 ) online edition Archived 2012 - 03 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Van Tine , American Loyalists ( 1902 ) p 307 Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ One modern writer argues that the events were not revolutionary because , according to his opinion , the relationships and property rights of colonial society were not significantly transformed . He posits that a distant government was simply replaced with a local one . ( Greene , The American Revolution ( 2000 ) pp. 93 -- 102 ) Jump up ^ Wood , The American Revolution : A History ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ; Johnson , Paul E. ; McPherson , James M. ; Fahs , Alice ; Gerstle , Gary ( 2012 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People ( 6th ed . ) . Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . p. 296 . ISBN 9780495904991 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Voting Rights '' .", "57": "Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Crews , Ed . `` Voting in Early America '' . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ McCool , Daniel , Susan M. Olson , and Jennifer L. Robinson . Native Vote , Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press , 2007 . Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan ( 2005 ) . The Genuine Article : A Historian Looks at Early America . W.W. Norton . p. 246 . Jump up ^ Gordon Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 278 -- 79 Jump up ^ Palmer , ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) ch 53 -- 55 Jump up ^ Wim Klooster , Revolutions in the Atlantic World : A Comparative History ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ R.B. McDowell , Ireland in the Age of Imperialism and Revolution , 1760 -- 1801 ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Palmer , ( 1959 ) ; Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 49 -- 52 Jump up ^ Center for History and New Media , Liberty , equality , fraternity ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole p. 409 , 453 -- 54 Jump up ^ Linda K. Kerber , et al. `` Beyond Roles , Beyond Spheres : Thinking about Gender in the Early Republic , '' William and Mary Quarterly , ( 1989 ) , 46 # 3 565 -- 85 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women , 1750 -- 1800 ( 3rd ed. 1996 ) Jump up ^ Woody Holton ( 2010 ) . Abigail Adams . Simon and Schuster . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Rosemarie Zagarri , Revolutionary Backlash : Women and Politics in the Early American Republic ( 2007 ) , p 8 Jump up ^ Klinghoffer and Elkis ( `` The Petticoat Electors : W omen 's Suffrage in New Jersey , 1776 -- 1807 '' , Journal of the Early Republic 12 , no .", "58": "2 ( 1992 ) : 159 -- 193 . ) Jump up ^ Michael Kammen , A Season of Youth : The American Revolution and the Historical Imagination ( 1978 ) ; Kammen , Mystic Chords of Memory : The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Jean B. Lee , `` Historical Memory , Sectional Strife , and the American Mecca : Mount Vernon , 1783 - 1853 , '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography ( 2001 ) 109 # 3 pp. 255 - 300 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jonathan B. Crider , `` De Bow 's Revolution : The Memory of the American Revolution in the Politics of the Sectional Crisis , 1850 - 1861 , '' American Nineteenth Century History ( 2009 ) 10 # 3 pp 317 -- 332 Jump up ^ David Ryan , `` Re-enacting Independence through Nostalgia - The 1976 US Bicentennial after the Vietnam War , '' Forum for Inter-American Research ( 2012 ) 5 # 3 pp 26 -- 48 . Jump up ^ American Revolutionary War Sites Accessed Jan. 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ National Park Service Revolutionary War Sites . Accessed Jan. 4 , 2018 . References Bailyn , Bernard ( 1992 ) . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 44302 - 0 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Becker , Carl ( 1922 ) . The Declaration of Independence : a Study in the History of Political Ideas . New York : Harcourt , Brace and Company . Berkin , Carol ( 2006 ) . Revolutionary Mothers : Women in the Struggle for America 's Independence . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7532 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Boorstin , Daniel J. ( 1953 ) . The Genius of American Politics . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .", "59": "ISBN 0 - 226 - 06491 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Brinkley , Douglas ( 2010 ) . `` The Sparck of Rebellion '' . American Heritage Magazine . 59 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0002 - 8738 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Burrows , Edwin G. ; Wallace , Michael ( 1972 ) . `` The American Revolution : The Ideology and Psychology of National Liberation '' . Perspectives in American History . 6 : 167 -- 305 . Calhoon , Robert M. ( 1992 ) . `` Loyalism and Neutrality '' . In Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 244 - 0 . OCLC 94003190 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Canny , Nicholas ( 1998 ) . The Origins of Empire , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I. Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924676 - 9 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Center for History and New Media ( 2010 ) . `` Liberty , equality , fraternity : exploring the French Revolution . Chapter 3 : Enlightenment and human rights '' . Fairfax , Virginia : George Mason University . Archived from the original on 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Chisick , Harvey ( 2005 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment . pp. 313 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5097 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Crow , Jeffrey J. ; Tise , Larry E. , eds. ( 1978 ) . The Southern Experience in the American Revolution . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : The University of North Carolina Press .", "60": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1313 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Ferguson , Robert A. ( 2000 ) . `` The Commonalities of Common Sense '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 57 ( 3 ) : 465 -- 504 . doi : 10.2307 / 2674263 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 2674263 . Fifth Virginia Convention ( 1776 ) . `` Preamble and Resolution of the Virginia Convention , May 15 , 1776 '' . New Haven , CT : Lillian Goldman Law Library . Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 1992 ) . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 244 - 0 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 1674 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ( 2000 ) . `` The American Revolution '' . The American Historical Review . 105 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 102 . doi : 10.2307 / 2652437 . ISSN 1937 - 5239 . JSTOR 2652437 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Griffin , Martin Ignatius Joseph ( 1903 ) . Commodore John Barry : `` the father of the American navy '' . Philadelphia : self - published .", "61": "Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Hamilton , Alexander ( 1974 ) . Syrett , Harold C. , ed . The Papers of Alexander Hamilton . XX . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08919 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Higginbotham , Don ( 1983 ) . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 551460 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Hull , N.E.H. ; Hoffer , Peter C. ; Allen , Steven L. ( 1978 ) . `` Choosing Sides : A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York '' . Journal of American History . 65 ( 2 ) : 344 -- 66 . doi : 10.2307 / 1894084 . ISSN 0021 - 8723 . JSTOR 1894084 . Jensen , Merrill ( 2004 ) . The Founding of a Nation : a History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . Indianapolis , Indiana : Hackett Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 706 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : a History of the United States during the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . New York : Random House Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 70527 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Kerber , Linda K. ( 1997 ) . Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4632 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Klos , Stanley L.", "62": "( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh : Evisum , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9752627 - 5 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Labaree , Leonard Woods ( 1948 ) . Conservatism in Early American History ( Anson G. Phelps lectureship on early American history ) . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Lee , Richard Henry ( 1776 ) . `` Lee 's Resolutions '' . New Haven , CT : Lillian Goldman Law Library . Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Mackesy , Piers ( 1993 ) . The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8192 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Maier , Pauline ( 1997 ) . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 45492 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Maier , Pauline ( 1991 ) . From Resistance to Revolution : Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain , 1765 -- 1776 . New York : W.W. Norton and Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30825 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Shalhope , Robert E. ( 1972 ) . `` Toward a Republican Synthesis '' ( PDF ) . The William and Mary Quarterly . 29 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 1921327 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Shy , John ( 2008 ) .", "63": "Toward Lexington : The Role of the British Army in the Coming of the American Revolution . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59740 - 414 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Stephens , Otis H. ; Glenn , Richard A. ( 2006 ) . Unreasonable Searches and Seizures : Rights and Liberties under the Law . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 503 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Warren , Charles ( 1945 ) . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 2 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 272 . doi : 10.2307 / 1921451 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 1921451 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 1966 ) . `` Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 23 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 2936154 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 2936154 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 1993 ) . The Radicalism of the American Revolution . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 73688 - 2 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2003 ) . The American Revolution : A History . New York : Modern Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7041 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Wraight , Christopher D. ( 2008 ) . Rousseau 's The Social Contract : A Reader 's Guide . London : Continuum Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9860 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 .", "64": "Bibliography Further information : Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War and Bibliography of George Washington Reference works Barnes , Ian , and Charles Royster . The Historical Atlas of the American Revolution ( 2000 ) , maps and commentary excerpt and text search Blanco , Richard L. ; Sanborn , Paul J. ( 1993 ) . The American Revolution , 1775 -- 1783 : An Encyclopedia . New York : Garland Publishing Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5623 - 0 . Boatner , Mark Mayo III ( 1974 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Revolution ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Charles Scribners and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 31513 - 3 . Cappon , Lester J. Atlas of Early American History : The Revolutionary Era , 1760 -- 1790 ( 1976 ) Fremont - Barnes , Gregory , and Richard A. Ryerson , eds . The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2006 ) 1000 entries by 150 experts , covering all topics Gray , Edward G. , and Jane Kamensky , eds . The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2013 ) 672 pp ; 33 essays by scholars Greene , Jack P. and J.R. Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) , 777pp an expanded edition of Greene and Pole , eds . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution ( 1994 ) ; comprehensive coverage of political and social themes and international dimension ; thin on military Kennedy , Frances H. The American Revolution : A Historical Guidebook ( 2014 ) A guide to 150 famous historical sites . Purcell , L. Edward . Who Was Who in the American Revolution ( 1993 ) ; 1500 short biographies Resch , John P. , ed . Americans at War : Society , Culture and the Homefront vol 1 ( 2005 ) , articles by scholars Symonds , Craig L. and William J. Clipson .", "65": "A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution ( 1986 ) new diagrams of each battle Surveys of the era Allison , Robert . The American Revolution : A Concise History ( 2011 ) 128pp excerpt and text search Axelrod , Alan . The Real History of the American Revolution : A New Look at the Past ( 2009 ) , well - illustrated popular history Bancroft , George . History of the United States of America , from the discovery of the American continent . ( 1854 -- 78 ) , vol 4 -- 10 online edition , classic 19th century narrative ; highly detailed Black , Jeremy . War for America : The Fight for Independence 1775 -- 1783 ( 2001 ) 266pp ; by leading British scholar Brown , Richard D. , and Thomas Paterson , eds . Major Problems in the Era of the American Revolution , 1760 -- 1791 : Documents and Essays ( 2nd ed. 1999 ) Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence : 1760 - 1776 ( 1976 ) Cogliano , Francis D. Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 ; A Political History ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) , British textbook Ellis , Joseph J. American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies in the Founding of the Republic ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Higginbotham , Don . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 ( 1983 ) Online in ACLS Humanities E-book Project ; comprehensive coverage of military and domestic aspects of the war . Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution 1763 -- 1776 . ( 2004 ) Knollenberg , Bernhard . Growth of the American Revolution : 1766 -- 1775 ( 2003 ) Lecky , William Edward Hartpole . The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1783 ( 1898 ) , older British perspective online edition Mackesy , Piers .", "66": "The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 ( 1992 ) , British military study online edition Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 ( Oxford History of the United States , 2005 ) . online edition Miller , John C. Triumph of Freedom , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1948 ) online edition Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) online edition , to 1775 Rakove , Jack N. Revolutionaries : A New History of the Invention of America ( 2010 ) interpretation by leading scholar excerpt and text search Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 - 1804 ( 2016 ) 704pp ; recent survey by leading scholar Weintraub , Stanley . Iron Tears : Rebellion in America 1775 -- 83 ( 2005 ) excerpt and text search , popular Wood , Gordon S. Revolutionary Characters : What Made the Founders Different ( 2007 ) Wrong , George M. Washington and His Comrades in Arms : A Chronicle of the War of Independence ( 1921 ) online short survey by Canadian scholar online Specialized Studies Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . ( Harvard University Press , 1967 ) . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44301 - 2 Bangs , Jeremy D . `` The Travels of Elkanah Watson '' . ( McFarland & Company , 2015 ) . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study on the History of Political Ideas ( 1922 ) Becker , Frank : The American Revolution as a European Media Event , European History Online , Mainz : Institute of European History , 2011 , retrieved : October 25 , 2011 . Berkin , Carol. Revolutionary Mothers : Women in the Struggle for America 's Independence ( 2006 ) Bonomi , Patricia U. , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) Breen , T.H. The Marketplace of Revolution : How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence ( 2005 ) Breen , T.H.", "67": "American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) 337 pages ; examines rebellions in 1774 -- 76 including loosely organized militants took control before elected safety committees emerged . Brunsman , Denver , and David J Silverman , eds . The American Revolution Reader ( Routledge Readers in History , 2013 ) 472pp ; essays by leading scholars Chernow , Ron . Washington : A Life ( 2010 ) detailed biography ; Pulitzer Prize Crow , Jeffrey J. and Larry E. Tise , eds . The Southern Experience in the American Revolution ( 1978 ) Fischer , David Hackett . Paul Revere 's Ride ( 1995 ) , Minutemen in 1775 Fischer , David Hackett . Washington 's Crossing ( 2004 ) . 1776 campaigns ; Pulitzer prize . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517034 - 2 Freeman , Douglas Southall . Washington ( 1968 ) Pulitzer Prize ; abridged version of 7 vol biography Horne , Gerald . The Counter-Revolution of 1776 : Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America . ( New York University Press , 2014 ) . ISBN 1479893404 Kerber , Linda K. Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America ( 1979 ) Kidd , Thomas S. God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) McCullough , David . 1776 ( 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2671 - 2 ; popular narrative of the year 1776 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Nash , Gary B . The Unknown American Revolution : The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America . ( 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03420 - 7 Nevins , Allan ; The American States during and after the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 1927 . online edition Norton , Mary Beth .", "68": "Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women , 1750 -- 1800 ( 1980 ) O'Shaughnessy Andrew Jackson . The Men Who Lost America : British Leadership , the American Revolution , and the Fate of the Empire ( Yale University Press ; 2013 ) 466 pages ; on top British leaders Palmer , Robert R . The Age of the Democratic Revolution : A Political History of Europe and America , 1760 -- 1800 . vol 1 ( 1959 ) online edition Resch , John Phillips and Walter Sargent , eds . War and Society in the American Revolution : Mobilization and Home Fronts ( 2006 ) Rothbard , Murray , Conceived in Liberty ( 2000 ) , Volume III : Advance to Revolution , 1760 -- 1775 and Volume IV : The Revolutionary War , 1775 -- 1784 . ISBN 0 - 945466 - 26 - 9 , libertarian perspective Van Tyne , Claude Halstead . American Loyalists : The Loyalists in the American Revolution ( 1902 ) online edition Volo , James M. and Dorothy Denneen Volo . Daily Life during the American Revolution ( 2003 ) Wahlke , John C. ed . The Causes of the American Revolution ( 1967 ) readings Wood , Gordon S. American Revolution ( 2005 ) ( excerpt and text search ) 208pp excerpt and text search Wood , Gordon S . The Radicalism of the American Revolution : How a Revolution Transformed a Monarchical Society into a Democratic One Unlike Any That Had Ever Existed. ( 1992 ) , by a leading scholar Historiography Breen , Timothy H. `` Ideology and nationalism on the eve of the American Revolution : Revisions once more in need of revising . '' Journal of American History ( 1997 ) : 13 - 39 . in JSTOR Schocket , Andrew M. Fighting over the Founders : How We Remember the American Revolution ( 2014 ) , how politicians , screenwriters , activists , biographers , museum professionals , and reenactors portray the American Revolution . excerpt Sehat , David .", "69": "The Jefferson Rule : How the Founding Fathers Became Infallible and Our Politics Inflexibl ( 2015 ) excerpt Shalhope , Robert E. `` Toward a republican synthesis : the emergence of an understanding of republicanism in American historiography . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1972 ) : 49 - 80 . in JSTOR Waldstreicher , David . `` The Revolutions of Revolution Historiography : Cold War Contradance , Neo-Imperial Waltz , or Jazz Standard ? . '' Reviews in American History 42.1 ( 2014 ) : 23 - 35 . online Wood , Gordon S. `` Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1966 ) : 4 - 32 . in JSTOR Primary sources The American Revolution : Writings from the War of Independence ( 2001 ) , Library of America , 880pp Commager , Henry Steele and Morris , Richard B. , eds . The Spirit of ' Seventy - Six : The Story of the American Revolution As Told by Participants ( 1975 ) ( ISBN 0 - 06 - 010834 - 7 ) short excerpts from hundreds of official and unofficial primary sources Dann , John C. , ed . The Revolution Remembered : Eyewitness Accounts of the War for Independence ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search , recollections by ordinary soldiers Gerlach , Larry ( editor ) ( 2002 ) . `` New Jersey in the American Revolution , 1763 - 1783 : A Documentary History '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Historical Commission . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Humphrey , Carol Sue ed . The Revolutionary Era : Primary Documents on Events from 1776 to 1800 ( 2003 ) , 384pp ; newspaper accounts excerpt and text search Jensen , Merill , ed . Tracts of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 ( 1967 ) . American pamphlets Jensen , Merill , ed .", "70": "English Historical Documents : American Colonial Documents to 1776 : Volume 9 ( 1955 ) , 890pp ; major collection of important documents Morison , Samuel E. ed . Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution , 1764 -- 1788 , and the Formation of the Federal Constitution ( 1923 ) . 370 pp online version Tansill , Charles C. ed. ; Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States . Government Printing Office . ( 1927 ) . 1124 pages online version Martin Kallich and Andrew MacLeish , eds . The American Revolution through British eyes ( 1962 ) primary documents Contemporaneous sources : Annual Register Murdoch , David H. ed . Rebellion in America : A Contemporary British Viewpoint , 1769 - 1783 ( 1979 ) , 900 + pp of annotated excerpts from Annual Register Annual Register 1773 , British compendium of speeches and reports 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 External links Library of Congress Guide to the American Revolution 132 historic photographs dealing with the personalities , monuments , weapons and locations of the American Revolution ; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright . Pictures of the Revolutionary War : Select Audiovisual Records , National Archives and Records Administration selection of images , including a number of non-military events and portraits Revolution ! The Atlantic World Reborn , Revolution ! explores the enormous transformations in the world 's politics that took place from 1763 - 1815 , with particular attention to three globally influential revolutions in America , France , and Haiti . Linking the attack on monarchism and aristocracy to the struggle against slavery , Revolution ! shows how freedom , equality , and the sovereignty of the people became universal goals. New - York Historical Society PBS Television Series Chickasaws Conflicted by the American Revolution - Chickasaw.TV Smithsonian study unit on Revolutionary Money The American Revolution : Lighting Freedom 's Flame , US National Park Service website Honored Places : The National Park Service Teacher 's Guide to the American Revolution Haldimand Collection Letters regarding the war to important generals .", "71": "Fully indexed `` Military History of Revolution '' with links to documents , maps , URLs American Independence Museum Black Loyalist Heritage Society Spanish and Latin American contribution to the American Revolution American Archives : Documents of the American Revolution at Northern Illinois University Libraries American Revolution study guide and teacher resources AmericanRevolution.Org Resource for pre collegiate historical educational institutions The American Revolution , the History Channel ( US cable television ) website Gayle Olson - Ramer , `` Half a Revolution '' , 16 - page teaching guide for high school students , Zinn Education Project / Rethinking Schools `` Counter-Revolution of 1776 '' : Was U.S. Independence War a Conservative Revolt in Favor of Slavery ? Democracy Now ! June 27 , 2014 . Origins of the American Revolution : writings American resolves , declarations , petitions , essays and pamphlets prior to the Declaration of Independence ( July 1776 ) Following the Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Virginia Resolves ( May 1765 ) Braintree Instructions ( September 1765 ) Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( October 1765 ) An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies ( 1766 ) Following the Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) Massachusetts Circular Letter ( February 1768 ) Journal of Occurrences ( 1768 ,", "72": "1769 ) Virginia Association ( May 1769 ) Boston Pamphlet ( 1772 ) Sheffield Declaration ( January 1773 ) Following the Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Maryland Chestertown Resolves ( May 1774 ) Bush River Resolution ( March 1775 ) Massachusetts Suffolk Resolves ( September 1774 ) New York Orangetown Resolutions ( July 1774 ) A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( December 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( February 1775 ) North Carolina Mecklenburg Resolves or Declaration ( May 1775 ) Liberty Point Resolves ( June 1775 ) Tryon Resolves ( August 1775 ) Halifax Resolves ( April 1776 ) Virginia Fairfax Resolves ( July 1774 ) Fincastle Resolutions ( January 1775 ) Virginia Declaration of Rights ( June 1776 ) 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves ( October 1774 ) Continental Association ( October 1774 ) Petition to the King ( October 1774 ) 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition ( July 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( July 1775 ) May 15 preamble ( May 1776 ) Lee Resolution ( July 1776 ) Essays and pamphlets `` Letters to the inhabitants of Canada '' ( 1774 , 1775 , 1776 ) A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Novanglus ( 1775 ) Common Sense ( January 1776 ) Thoughts on Government ( Spring , 1776 ) British law and the American Revolution Royal Proclamations , Acts of Parliament , and other legal issues relating to the American Revolution Before 1763 Navigation Acts Wool Act ( 1699 ) Hat Act ( 1732 ) Molasses Act ( 1733 ) Iron Act ( 1750 ) Grenville ministry ( 1763 -- 1765 ) Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act ( 1764 ) Currency Act ( 1764 )", "73": "Quartering Act ( 1765 ) Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Rockingham ministry ( 1765 -- 1766 ) Repeal Act ( March 1766 ) Declaratory Act ( March 1766 ) Revenue Act ( June 1766 ) Chatham and Grafton ministries ( 1766 -- 1770 ) Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) North ministry ( 1770 -- 1782 ) Repeal Act ( 1770 ) Tea Act ( 1773 ) Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Conciliatory Resolution ( February 1775 ) Restraining Acts ( March & April 1775 ) Proclamation of Rebellion ( August 1775 ) Prohibitory Act ( December 1775 ) Taxation of Colonies Act ( 1778 ) Other legal issues Rights of Englishmen Writ of assistance Admiralty courts Parson 's Cause ( 1763 ) Taxation without representation Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble & Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of", "74": "Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility ( Emolument ) Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing", "75": "Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Signatories Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St.", "76": "Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr .", "77": "Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr .", "78": "Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women This Is America , Charlie Brown Category Portal United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S.", "79": "history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive", "80": "Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street", "81": "Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - 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-9118410035177676275	through what process has the colorado river created the grand canyon in the usa	[ "erosion", "erosion", "erosion", "erosion" ]	{ "0": "Grand Canyon - Wikipedia Grand Canyon Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the canyon in the southwestern United States . For other Grand Canyons , see Grand Canyon ( disambiguation ) . Grand Canyon View of the Colorado River flowing through the Grand Canyon . Location Arizona , U.S. Floor elevation approx . 2,600 feet ( 800 m ) Long - axis length 277 miles ( 446 km ) Width 4 to 18 miles ( 6.4 to 29.0 km ) Geology Age 5 -- 6 million years Geography Coordinates 36 ° 18 ′ N 112 ° 36 ′ W / 36.3 ° N 112.6 ° W / 36.3 ; - 112.6 Coordinates : 36 ° 18 ′ N 112 ° 36 ′ W / 36.3 ° N 112.6 ° W / 36.3 ; - 112.6 Watercourses Colorado River The Grand Canyon ( Hopi : Ongtupqa ; Yavapai : Wi : kaʼi : la , Navajo : Tsékooh Hatsoh , Spanish : Gran Cañón ) is a steep - sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in Arizona , United States . The Grand Canyon is 277 miles ( 446 km ) long , up to 18 miles ( 29 km ) wide and attains a depth of over a mile ( 6,093 feet or 1,857 meters ) . The canyon and adjacent rim are contained within Grand Canyon National Park , the Kaibab National Forest , Grand Canyon - Parashant National Monument , the Hualapai Indian Reservation , the Havasupai Indian Reservation and the Navajo Nation . President Theodore Roosevelt was a major proponent of preservation of the Grand Canyon area , and visited it on numerous occasions to hunt and enjoy the scenery . Nearly two billion years of Earth 's geological history have been exposed as the Colorado River and its tributaries cut their channels through layer after layer of rock while the Colorado Plateau was uplifted .", "1": "While some aspects about the history of incision of the canyon are debated by geologists , several recent studies support the hypothesis that the Colorado River established its course through the area about 5 to 6 million years ago . Since that time , the Colorado River has driven the down - cutting of the tributaries and retreat of the cliffs , simultaneously deepening and widening the canyon . For thousands of years , the area has been continuously inhabited by Native Americans , who built settlements within the canyon and its many caves . The Pueblo people considered the Grand Canyon a holy site , and made pilgrimages to it . The first European known to have viewed the Grand Canyon was García López de Cárdenas from Spain , who arrived in 1540 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Geology 3 History 3.1 Native Americans 3.2 European arrival and settlement 3.2. 1 Spanish explorers 3.2. 2 American exploration 3.2. 3 Settlers in and near the canyon 3.2. 4 Federal protection : National Monument and Park 4 South Rim buildings 5 Weather 5.1 Air quality 6 Biology and ecology 6.1 Plants 6.2 Animals 6.3 Life zones and communities 6.3. 1 Lower Sonoran 6.3. 2 Upper Sonoran and Transition 6.3. 3 Canadian and Hudsonian 7 Grand Canyon tourism 7.1 Activities 7.2 Viewing the canyon 8 Grand Canyon fatalities 8.1 1956 air disaster 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Geography This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Image of the Grand Canyon and surrounding area taken from the International Space Station The Grand Canyon from an airplane , with the Colorado River visible Grand Canyon , Arizona , Nevada , Lake Powell to Lake Mead , June 27 , 2017 , Sentinel - 2 true - color satellite image . Scale 1 : 450,000 .", "2": "The Grand Canyon is a river valley in the Colorado Plateau that exposes uplifted Proterozoic and Paleozoic strata , and is also one of the six distinct physiographic sections of the Colorado Plateau province . It is not the deepest canyon in the world ( Kali Gandaki Gorge in Nepal is much deeper ) . However , the Grand Canyon is known for its visually overwhelming size and its intricate and colorful landscape . Geologically , it is significant because of the thick sequence of ancient rocks that are well preserved and exposed in the walls of the canyon . These rock layers record much of the early geologic history of the North American continent . Uplift associated with mountain formation later moved these sediments thousands of feet upward and created the Colorado Plateau . The higher elevation has also resulted in greater precipitation in the Colorado River drainage area , but not enough to change the Grand Canyon area from being semi-arid . The uplift of the Colorado Plateau is uneven , and the Kaibab Plateau that Grand Canyon bisects is over a one thousand feet ( 300 m ) higher at the North Rim ( about 1,000 ft or 300 m ) than at the South Rim . Almost all runoff from the North Rim ( which also gets more rain and snow ) flows toward the Grand Canyon , while much of the runoff on the plateau behind the South Rim flows away from the canyon ( following the general tilt ) . The result is deeper and longer tributary washes and canyons on the north side and shorter and steeper side canyons on the south side . Temperatures on the North Rim are generally lower than those on the South Rim because of the greater elevation ( averaging 8,000 feet or 2,400 metres above sea level ) . Heavy rains are common on both rims during the summer months . Access to the North Rim via the primary route leading to the canyon ( State Route 67 ) is limited during the winter season due to road closures . Geology Main article : Geology of the Grand Canyon area Diagram showing the placement , age and thickness of the rock units exposed in the Grand Canyon . Rockfalls in recent times , along with other mass wasting , have further widened the canyon .", "3": "The Grand Canyon is part of the Colorado River basin which has developed over the past 70 million years , in part based on apatite ( U-Th ) / He thermochronometry showing that Grand Canyon reached a depth near to the modern depth by 20 Ma . A recent study examining caves near Grand Canyon places their origins beginning about 17 million years ago . Previous estimates had placed the age of the canyon at 5 -- 6 million years . The study , which was published in the journal Science in 2008 , used uranium - lead dating to analyze calcite deposits found on the walls of nine caves throughout the canyon . There is a substantial amount of controversy because this research suggests such a substantial departure from prior widely supported scientific consensus . In December 2012 , a study published in the journal Science claimed new tests had suggested the Grand Canyon could be as old as 70 million years . However , this study has been criticized by those who support the `` young canyon '' age of around six million years as `` ( an ) attempt to push the interpretation of their new data to their limits without consideration of the whole range of other geologic data sets . '' The canyon is the result of erosion which exposes one of the most complete geologic columns on the planet . The major geologic exposures in the Grand Canyon range in age from the 2 - billion - year - old Vishnu Schist at the bottom of the Inner Gorge to the 230 - million - year - old Kaibab Limestone on the Rim . There is a gap of about a billion years between the 500 - million - year - old stratum and the level below it , which dates to about 1.5 billion years ago . This large unconformity indicates a long period for which no deposits are present . Many of the formations were deposited in warm shallow seas , near - shore environments ( such as beaches ) , and swamps as the seashore repeatedly advanced and retreated over the edge of a proto - North America . Major exceptions include the Permian Coconino Sandstone , which contains abundant geological evidence of aeolian sand dune deposition . Several parts of the Supai Group also were deposited in non -- marine environments .", "4": "The great depth of the Grand Canyon and especially the height of its strata ( most of which formed below sea level ) can be attributed to 5 -- 10 thousand feet ( 1,500 to 3,000 m ) of uplift of the Colorado Plateau , starting about 65 million years ago ( during the Laramide Orogeny ) . This uplift has steepened the stream gradient of the Colorado River and its tributaries , which in turn has increased their speed and thus their ability to cut through rock ( see the elevation summary of the Colorado River for present conditions ) . Weather conditions during the ice ages also increased the amount of water in the Colorado River drainage system . The ancestral Colorado River responded by cutting its channel faster and deeper . The base level and course of the Colorado River ( or its ancestral equivalent ) changed 5.3 million years ago when the Gulf of California opened and lowered the river 's base level ( its lowest point ) . This increased the rate of erosion and cut nearly all of the Grand Canyon 's current depth by 1.2 million years ago . The terraced walls of the canyon were created by differential erosion . Between 100,000 and 3 million years ago , volcanic activity deposited ash and lava over the area which at times completely obstructed the river . These volcanic rocks are the youngest in the canyon . History Main article : History of the Grand Canyon area Ancestral Puebloan granaries at Nankoweap Creek . Eagle Rock ( located at Eagle Point ) on the West Rim , aptly named for its shape , is considered sacred by the Hualapai Indians . Native Americans Main article : Ancestral Puebloans The Ancestral Puebloans were a Native American culture centered on the present - day Four Corners area of the United States . They were the first people known to live in the Grand Canyon area . The cultural group has often been referred to in archaeology as the Anasazi , although the term is not preferred by the modern Puebloan peoples . The word `` Anasazi '' is Navajo for `` Ancient Ones '' or `` Ancient Enemy '' . Archaeologists still debate when this distinct culture emerged . The current consensus , based on terminology defined by the Pecos Classification , suggests their emergence was around 1200 BCE during the Basketmaker II Era .", "5": "Beginning with the earliest explorations and excavations , researchers have believed that the Ancient Puebloans are ancestors of the modern Pueblo peoples . In addition to the Ancestral Puebloans , a number of distinct cultures have inhabited the Grand Canyon area . The Cohonina lived to the west of the Grand Canyon , between 500 and 1200 CE . The Cohonina were ancestors of the Yuman , Havasupai , and Hualapai peoples who inhabit the area today . The Sinagua were a cultural group occupying an area to the southeast of the Grand Canyon , between the Little Colorado River and the Salt River , between approximately 500 and 1425 CE . The Sinagua may have been ancestors of several Hopi clans . By the time of the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century , newer cultures had evolved . The Hualapai inhabit a 100 - mile ( 160 km ) stretch along the pine - clad southern side of the Grand Canyon . The Havasupai have been living in the area near Cataract Canyon since the beginning of the 13th century , occupying an area the size of Delaware . The Southern Paiutes live in what is now southern Utah and northern Arizona . The Navajo , or Diné , live in a wide area stretching from the San Francisco Peaks eastwards towards the Four Corners . Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests the Navajo descended from the Athabaskan people near Great Slave Lake , Canada , who migrated after the 11th century . European arrival and settlement Spanish explorers In September 1540 , under orders from the conquistador Francisco Vázquez de Coronado to search for the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola , Captain García López de Cárdenas , along with Hopi guides and a small group of Spanish soldiers , traveled to the south rim of the Grand Canyon between Desert View and Moran Point . Pablo de Melgrossa , Juan Galeras , and a third soldier descended some one third of the way into the canyon until they were forced to return because of lack of water . In their report , they noted that some of the rocks in the canyon were `` bigger than the great tower of Seville , Giralda '' It is speculated that their Hopi guides likely knew routes to the canyon floor , but may have been reluctant to lead the Spanish to the river .", "6": "No Europeans visited the canyon again for more than two hundred years . Fathers Francisco Atanasio Domínguez and Silvestre Vélez de Escalante were two Spanish priests who , with a group of Spanish soldiers , explored southern Utah and traveled along the north rim of the canyon in Glen and Marble Canyons in search of a route from Santa Fe to California in 1776 . They eventually found a crossing , formerly known as the `` Crossing of the Fathers , '' that today lies under Lake Powell . Also in 1776 , Fray Francisco Garces , a Franciscan missionary , spent a week near Havasupai , unsuccessfully attempting to convert a band of Native Americans to Christianity . He described the canyon as `` profound '' . American exploration This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) James Ohio Pattie , along with a group of American trappers and mountain men , may have been the next European to reach the canyon , in 1826 . Jacob Hamblin , a Mormon missionary , was sent by Brigham Young in the 1850s to locate suitable river crossing sites in the canyon . Building good relations with local Hualapai and white settlers , he found the Crossing of the Fathers , and the locations what would become Lees Ferry in 1858 and Pearce Ferry ( later operated by , and named for , Harrison Pearce ) -- only the latter two sites suitable for ferry operation . He also acted as an advisor to John Wesley Powell before his second expedition to the Grand Canyon , serving as a diplomat between Powell and the local native tribes to ensure the safety of his party . William Bell 's photograph of the Grand Canyon , taken in 1872 as part of the Wheeler expedition In 1857 , Edward Fitzgerald Beale was superintendent of an expedition to survey a wagon road along the 35th parallel from Fort Defiance , Arizona to the Colorado River . He led a small party of men in search of water on the Coconino Plateau near the canyon 's south rim .", "7": "On September 19 , near present - day National Canyon , they came upon what May Humphreys Stacey described in his journal as `` ... a wonderful canyon four thousand feet deep . Everyone ( in the party ) admitted that he never before saw anything to match or equal this astonishing natural curiosity . '' Also in 1857 , the U.S. War Department asked Lieutenant Joseph Ives to lead an expedition to assess the feasibility of an up - river navigation from the Gulf of California . Also in a stern wheeler steamboat Explorer , after two months and 350 miles ( 560 km ) of difficult navigation , his party reached Black Canyon some two months after George Johnson . The Explorer struck a rock and was abandoned . Ives led his party east into the canyon -- they may have been the first Europeans to travel the Diamond Creek drainage and traveled eastwards along the south rim . In his `` Colorado River of the West '' report to the Senate in 1861 he states that `` One or two trappers profess to have seen the canyon . '' Noon rest in Marble Canyon , second Powell Expedition , 1872 According to the San Francisco Herald , in a series of articles run in 1853 , Captain Joseph R. Walker in January 1851 with his nephew James T. Walker and six men , traveled up the Colorado River to a point where it joined the Virgin River and continued east into Arizona , traveling along the Grand Canyon and making short exploratory side trips along the way . Walker is reported to have said he wanted to visit the Moqui Indians , as the Hopi were then called by whites . He had met these people briefly in previous years , thought them exceptionally interesting and wanted to become better acquainted . The Herald reporter then stated , `` We believe that Captain Joe Walker is the only white man in this country that has ever visited this strange people . '' In 1858 , John Strong Newberry became probably the first geologist to visit the Grand Canyon . In 1869 , Major John Wesley Powell led the first expedition down the canyon . Powell set out to explore the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon . Gathering nine men , four boats and food for 10 months , he set out from Green River , Wyoming on May 24 .", "8": "Passing through ( or portaging around ) a series of dangerous rapids , the group passed down the Green River to its confluence with the Colorado River , near present - day Moab , Utah and completed the journey with many hardships through the Grand Canyon on August 13 , 1869 . In 1871 Powell first used the term `` Grand Canyon '' ; previously it had been called the `` Big Canyon '' . In 1889 , Frank M. Brown wanted to build a railroad along the Colorado River to carry coal . He , his chief engineer Robert Brewster Stanton , and 14 others started to explore the Grand Canyon in poorly designed cedar wood boats , with no life preservers . Brown drowned in an accident near Marble Canyon : Stanton made new boats and proceeded to explore the Colorado all of the way to the Gulf of California . The Grand Canyon became an official national monument in 1908 and a national park in 1919 . Settlers in and near the canyon Miners : `` Captain '' John Hance , William W. Bass , Louis Boucher `` The Hermit '' , Seth Tanner , Charles Spencer , D.W. `` James '' Mooney Lees Ferry : John Doyle Lee , Emma Lee French ( 17th of John Lee 's 19 wives ) , J.S. Emmett , Charles Spencer Phantom Ranch : David Rust , Mary Colter Grand Canyon Village : Ralph H. Cameron , Emery & Ellsworth Kolb Federal Protection : National Monument and Park U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt visited the Grand Canyon in 1903 . An avid outdoorsman and staunch conservationist , Roosevelt established the Grand Canyon Game Preserve on November 28 , 1906 . Livestock grazing was reduced , but predators such as mountain lions , eagles , and wolves were eradicated . Roosevelt along with other members of his conservation group , the Boone and Crockett Club helped form the National Parks Association , which in turn lobbied for the Antiquities Act of 1906 which gave Roosevelt the power to create national monuments . Once the act was passed , Roosevelt immediately added adjacent national forest lands and redesignated the preserve a U.S. National Monument on January 11 , 1908 . Opponents such as land and mining claim holders blocked efforts to reclassify the monument as a U.S. National Park for 11 years .", "9": "Grand Canyon National Park was finally established as the 17th U.S. National Park by an Act of Congress signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on February 26 , 1919 . The federal government administrators who manage park resources face many challenges . These include issues related to the recent reintroduction into the wild of the highly endangered California condor , air tour overflight noise levels , water rights disputes with various tribal reservations that border the park , and forest fire management . Federal officials started a flood in the Grand Canyon in hopes of restoring its ecosystem on March 5 , 2008 . The canyon 's ecosystem was permanently changed after the construction of the Glen Canyon Dam in 1963 . Between 2003 and 2011 , 2,215 mining claims had been requested that are adjacent to the canyon , including claims for uranium mines . Mining has been suspended since 2009 , when U.S. Interior Secretary Ken Salazar withdrew 1 million acres ( 4,000 km ) from the permitting process , pending assessment of the environmental impact of mining . Critics of the mines are concerned that , once mined , the uranium will leach into the water of the Colorado River and contaminate the water supply for up to 18 million people . Salazar 's so - called `` Northern Arizona Withdrawal '' is a 20 - year moratorium on new mines , but allows existing mines to continue . In 2012 , the federal government stopped new mines in the area , which was upheld by the U.S. District Court for Arizona in 2014 , but appealed by the National Mining Association , joined by the state of Arizona under Attorney General Mark Brnovich as well as Utah , Montana and Nevada . National Mining Association v. Jewell is pending before the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals as of September 2015 . South Rim buildings There are several historic buildings located along the South Rim with most in the vicinity of Grand Canyon Village . Desert View Watchtower in 2004 Buckey O'Neill Cabin was built during the 1890s by William Owen `` Buckey '' O'Neill . He built the cabin because of a copper deposit that was nearby . He had several occupations such as miner , judge , politician , author and tour guide . This cabin is the longest continually standing structure on the South Rim .", "10": "It is currently used as a guest house ; booking is required well in advance . Kolb Studio was built in 1904 by brothers Ellsworth and Emery Kolb . They were photographers who made a living by photographing visitors walking down the Bright Angel Trail . In 1911 , the Kolb brothers filmed their journey down the Green and Colorado Rivers . Emery Kolb showed this movie regularly in his studio until 1976 , when he died at the age of 95 . Today the building serves as an art gallery and exhibit . The El Tovar Hotel was built in 1905 and is the most luxurious lodging on the South Rim . The hotel consists of 4 stories with a rustic chalet appearance called `` National Park Rustic . '' It was designed by Charles Whittlesley . A gift shop and restaurant are located inside the hotel . Hopi House was built by Mary Jane Colter in 1905 . It is based on structures that were built in an ancient Hopi settlement called Old Oraibi , located on the Third Mesa in eastern Arizona . It served as a residence for the Hopi Indians who sold arts and crafts to South Rim visitors . Verkamp 's Curios , which stands next to the Hopi House , was built by John Verkamp in 1905 . He sold arts and crafts as well as souvenirs . Until September 2008 , it was run by his descendants ; in November 2008 , the building reopened as a visitor center focusing on the history of the Grand Canyon Village community . Locomotive No. 4960 at the Grand Canyon Depot . Grand Canyon Railway Depot was completed in 1910 and contains 2 levels . Gordon Chappell , Regional Historian for the Park Service , claims that this depot building is one of only three log - cabin - style train stations currently standing , out of fourteen ever built in the U.S. The depot is the northern terminus of the Grand Canyon Railway which begins in Williams , Arizona . Lookout Studio , another Mary Colter design , was built in 1914 . Photography , artwork , books , souvenirs , and rock and fossil specimens are sold here . A great view of Bright Angel Trail can be seen here .", "11": "Desert View Watchtower , one of Mary Colter 's best - known works , was built in 1932 . Situated at the far eastern end of the South Rim , 27 miles ( 43 km ) from Grand Canyon Village , the tower stands 70 feet ( 21 m ) tall . The top of the tower is 7,522 feet ( 2,293 m ) above sea level , the highest point on the South Rim . It offers one of the few full views of the bottom of the canyon and the Colorado River . It was designed to mimic Anasazi watchtowers , though , with four levels , it is significantly taller than historical towers . Bright Angel Lodge was built of logs and stone in 1935 . Mary Colter designed the lodge and it was built by the Fred Harvey Company . Inside the lodge is a small museum honoring Fred Harvey ( June 27 , 1835 -- February 9 , 1901 ) , who played a major role in popularizing the Grand Canyon . In the History Room is a stone fireplace layered in the same sequence as those in the canyon . Weather A storm over the Grand Canyon Weather in the Grand Canyon varies according to elevation . The forested rims are high enough to receive winter snowfall , but along the Colorado River in the Inner Gorge , temperatures are similar to those found in Tucson and other low elevation desert locations in Arizona . Conditions in the Grand Canyon region are generally dry , but substantial precipitation occurs twice annually , during seasonal pattern shifts in winter ( when Pacific storms usually deliver widespread , moderate rain and high - elevation snow to the region from the west ) and in late summer ( due to the North American Monsoon , which delivers waves of moisture from the southeast , causing dramatic , localized thunderstorms fueled by the heat of the day ) . Average annual precipitation on the South Rim is less than 16 inches ( 41 cm ) , with 60 inches ( 150 cm ) of snow ; the higher North Rim usually receives 27 inches ( 69 cm ) of moisture , with a typical snowfall of 144 inches ( 370 cm ) ; and Phantom Ranch , far below the canyon 's rims along the Colorado River at 2,500 feet ( 762 m ) gets just 8 inches ( 20 cm ) of rain , and snow is a rarity .", "12": "Grand Canyon covered with snow Temperatures vary wildly throughout the year , with summer highs within the Inner Gorge commonly exceeding 100 ° F ( 37.8 ° C ) and winter minimum temperatures sometimes falling below zero degrees Fahrenheit ( − 17.8 ° C ) along the canyon 's rims . Visitors are often surprised by these potentially extreme conditions , and this , along with the high altitude of the canyon 's rims , can lead to unpleasant side effects such as dehydration , sunburn , and hypothermia . Weather conditions can greatly affect hiking and canyon exploration , and visitors should obtain accurate forecasts because of hazards posed by exposure to extreme temperatures , winter storms and late summer monsoons . While the park service posts weather information at gates and visitor centers , this is a rough approximation only , and should not be relied upon for trip planning . For accurate weather in the canyon , hikers should consult the National Weather Service 's NOAA weather radio or the official National Weather Service website . The National Weather Service has had a cooperative station on the South Rim since 1903 . The record high temperature on the South Rim was 105 ° F ( 41 ° C ) on June 26 , 1974 , and the record low temperature was − 20 ° F ( − 29 ° C ) on January 1 , 1919 , February 1 , 1985 , and December 23 , 1990 . Air quality Smoke from prescribed fires on the South Rim , as seen from Yavapai Point , April 2007 . The Grand Canyon area has some of the cleanest air in the United States . However , at times the air quality can be considerably affected by events such as forest fires and dust storms in the Southwest . What effect there is on air quality and visibility in the canyon has been mainly from sulfates , soils , and organics . The sulfates largely result from urban emissions in southern California , borne on the prevailing westerly winds throughout much of the year , and emissions from Arizona 's copper smelter region , borne on southerly or southeasterly winds during the monsoon . Airborne soils originate with windy conditions and road dust . Organic particles result from vehicle emissions , long - range transport from urban areas , and forest fires , as well as from VOCs emitted by vegetation in the surrounding forests .", "13": "Nitrates , carried in from urban areas , stationary sources , and vehicle emissions ; as well as black carbon from forest fires and vehicle emissions , also contribute to a lesser extent . A number of actions have been taken to preserve and further improve air quality and visibility at the canyon . In 1990 , amendments to the Clean Air Act established the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission ( GCVTC ) to advise the US EPA on strategies for protecting visual air quality on the Colorado Plateau . The GCVTC released its final report in 1996 and initiated the Western Regional Air Partnership ( WRAP ) , a partnership of state , tribal and federal agencies to help coordinate implementation of the Commission 's recommendations . In 1999 , the Regional Haze Rule established a goal of restoring visibility in national parks and wilderness areas ( Class 1 areas ) , such as the Grand Canyon , to natural background levels by 2064 . Subsequent revisions to the rule provide specific requirements for making reasonable progress toward that goal . Natural fog sometimes fills the canyon , during temperature inversions In the early 1990s , studies indicated that emissions of SO , a sulfate precursor , from the Navajo Generating Station affected visibility in the canyon mainly in the winter , and which if controlled would improve wintertime visibility by 2 to 7 % . As a result , scrubbers were added to the plant 's three units in 1997 through 1999 , reducing SO2 emissions by more than 90 % . The plant also installed low - NO SOFA burners in 2009 - 2011 , reducing emissions of NO , a nitrate precursor , by 40 % . Emissions from the Mohave Generating Station to the west were similarly found to affect visibility in the canyon . The plant was required to have installed SO scrubbers , but was instead shut down in 2005 , completely eliminating its emissions . Prescribed fires are typically conducted in the spring and fall in the forests adjacent to the canyon to reduce the potential for severe forest fires and resulting smoke conditions . Although prescribed fires also affect air quality , the controlled conditions allow the use of management techniques to minimize their impact . Biology and ecology Plants There are approximately 1,737 known species of vascular plants , 167 species of fungi , 64 species of moss and 195 species of lichen found in Grand Canyon National Park .", "14": "This variety is largely due to the 8,000 foot ( 2,400 m ) elevation change from the Colorado River up to the highest point on the North Rim . Grand Canyon boasts a dozen endemic plants ( known only within the Park 's boundaries ) while only ten percent of the Park 's flora is exotic . Sixty - three plants found here have been given special status by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . Play media Grand Canyon Clouds time lapse VP8 The Mojave Desert influences the western sections of the canyon , Sonoran Desert vegetation covers the eastern sections , and ponderosa and pinyon pine forests grow on both rims . Natural seeps and springs percolating out of the canyon walls are home to 11 % of all the plant species found in the Grand Canyon . The canyon itself can act as a connection between the east and the west by providing corridors of appropriate habitat along its length . The canyon can also be a genetic barrier to some species , like the tassel - eared squirrel . The aspect , or direction a slope faces , also plays a major role in adding diversity to the Grand Canyon . North - facing slopes receive about one - third the normal amount of sunlight , so plants growing there are similar to plants found at higher elevations , or in more northern latitudes . The south - facing slopes receive the full amount of sunlight and are covered in vegetation typical of the Sonoran Desert . Animals Of the 90 mammal species found along the Colorado River corridor , 18 are rodents and 22 are bats . Life zones and communities The Park contains several major ecosystems . Its great biological diversity can be attributed to the presence of five of the seven life zones and three of the four desert types in North America . The five life zones represented are the Lower Sonoran , Upper Sonoran , Transition , Canadian , and Hudsonian . This is equivalent to traveling from Mexico to Canada . Differences in elevation and the resulting variations in climate are the major factors that form the various life zones and communities in and around the canyon . Grand Canyon National Park contains 129 vegetation communities , and the composition and distribution of plant species is influenced by climate , geomorphology and geology . Lower Sonoran The Lower Sonoran life zone spans from the Colorado River up to 3,500 feet ( 1,100 m ) .", "15": "Along the Colorado River and its perennial tributaries , a riparian community exists . Coyote willow , arrowweed , seep - willow , western honey mesquite , catclaw acacia , and exotic tamarisk ( saltcedar ) are the predominant species . Hanging gardens , seeps and springs often contain rare plants such as the white - flowering western redbud , stream orchid , and Flaveria mcdougallii . Endangered fish in the river include the humpback chub and the razorback sucker . A bighorn ewe at the Grand Canyon , 2008 The three most common amphibians in these riparian communities are the canyon tree frog , red - spotted toad , and Woodhouse 's Rocky Mountain toad . Leopard frogs are very rare in the Colorado River corridor , they have undergone major declines and have not been seen in the Canyon in several years . There are 33 crustacean species found in the Colorado River and its tributaries within Grand Canyon National Park . Of these 33 , 16 are considered true zooplankton organisms . Only 48 bird species regularly nest along the river , while others use the river as a migration corridor or as overwintering habitat . The bald eagle is one species that uses the river corridor as winter habitat . River otters may have disappeared from the park in the late 20th century , and muskrats are extremely rare . Beavers cut willows , cottonwoods , and shrubs for food , and can significantly affect the riparian vegetation . Other rodents , such as antelope squirrels and pocket mice , are mostly omnivorous , using many different vegetation types . Grand Canyon bats typically roost in desert uplands , but forage on the abundance of insects along the river and its tributaries . In addition to bats , coyotes , ringtails , and spotted skunks are the most numerous riparian predators and prey on invertebrates , rodents , and reptiles . Raccoons , weasels , bobcats , gray foxes , and mountain lions are also present , but are much more rare . Mule deer and desert bighorn sheep are the ungulates that frequent the river corridor .", "16": "Since the removal of 500 feral burros in the early 1980s , bighorn sheep numbers have rebounded . Mule deer are generally not permanent residents along the river , but travel down from the rim when food and water resources there become scarce . The insect species commonly found in the river corridor and tributaries are midges , caddis flies , mayflies , stoneflies , black flies , mites , beetles , butterflies , moths , and fire ants . Numerous species of spiders and several species of scorpions including the bark scorpion and the giant desert hairy scorpion inhabit the riparian zone . Eleven aquatic and 26 terrestrial species of mollusks have been identified in and around Grand Canyon National Park . Of the aquatic species , two are bivalves ( clams ) and nine are gastropods ( snails ) . Twenty - six species of terrestrial gastropods have been identified , primarily land snails and slugs . There are approximately 41 reptile species in Grand Canyon National Park . Ten are considered common along the river corridor and include lizards and snakes . Lizard density tends to be highest along the stretch of land between the water 's edge and the beginning of the upland desert community . The two largest lizards in the canyon are gila monsters and chuckwallas . Many snake species , which are not directly dependent on surface water , may be found both within the inner gorge and the Colorado River corridor . Six rattlesnake species have been recorded in the park . Above the river corridor a desert scrub community , composed of North American desert flora , thrives . Typical warm desert species such as creosote bush , white bursage , brittlebush , catclaw acacia , ocotillo , mariola , western honey mesquite , four - wing saltbush , big sagebrush , blackbrush and rubber rabbitbrush grow in this community . The mammalian fauna in the woodland scrub community consists of 50 species , mostly rodents and bats . Three of the five Park woodrat species live in the desert scrub community . Except for the western ( desert ) banded gecko , which seems to be distributed only near water along the Colorado River , all of the reptiles found near the river also appear in the uplands , but in lower densities .", "17": "The desert gopher tortoise , a threatened species , inhabits the desert scrublands in the western end of the park . Some of the common insects found at elevations above 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) are orange paper wasps , honey bees , black flies , tarantula hawks , stink bugs , beetles , black ants , and monarch and swallowtail butterflies . Solifugids , wood spiders , garden spiders , black widow spiders and tarantulas can be found in the desert scrub and higher elevations . Upper Sonoran and Transition A California condor in flight , photographed from Navajo Bridge at Marble Canyon , 2008 . Wild condors are numbered to aid wildlife researchers . As of April 2009 , there were 172 wild California condors known . The Upper Sonoran Life Zone includes most of the inner canyon and South Rim at elevations from 3,500 to 7,000 feet ( 1,100 to 2,100 m ) . This zone is generally dominated by blackbrush , sagebrush , and pinyon - juniper woodlands . Elevations of 3,500 to 4,000 feet ( 1,100 to 1,200 m ) are in the Mojave Desert Scrub community of the Upper Sonoran . This community is dominated by the four - winged saltbush and creosote bush ; other important plants include Utah agave , narrowleaf mesquite , ratany , catclaw acacia , and various cacti species . Approximately 30 bird species breed primarily in the desert uplands and cliffs of the inner canyon . Virtually all bird species present breed in other suitable habitats throughout the Sonoran and Mohave deserts . The abundance of bats , swifts , and riparian birds provides ample food for peregrines , and suitable eyrie sites are plentiful along the steep canyon walls . Also , several critically endangered California condors that were re-introduced to the Colorado Plateau on the Arizona Strip , have made the eastern part of the Park their home . Female elk near the walking path , Grand Canyon South Rim , 2015 The conifer forests provide habitat for 52 mammal species .", "18": "Porcupines , shrews , red squirrels , tassel eared Kaibab and Abert 's squirrels , black bear , mule deer , and elk are found at the park 's higher elevations on the Kaibab Plateau . Above the desert scrub and up to 6,200 feet ( 1,900 m ) is a pinyon pine forest and one seed juniper woodland . Within this woodland one can find big sagebrush , snakeweed , Mormon tea , Utah agave , banana and narrowleaf Yucca , winterfat , Indian ricegrass , dropseed , and needlegrass . There are a variety of snakes and lizards here , but one species of reptile , the mountain short - horned lizard , is a particularly abundant inhabitant of the piñon - juniper and ponderosa pine forests . Ponderosa pine forests grow at elevations between 6,500 and 8,200 feet ( 2,000 and 2,500 m ) , on both North and South rims in the Transition life zone . The South Rim includes species such as gray fox , mule deer , bighorn sheep , rock squirrels , pinyon pine and Utah juniper . Additional species such as Gambel oak , New Mexico locust , mountain mahogany , elderberry , creeping mahonia , and fescue have been identified in these forests . The Utah tiger salamander and the Great Basin spadefoot toad are two amphibians that are common in the rim forests . Of the approximately 90 bird species that breed in the coniferous forests , 51 are summer residents and at least 15 of these are known to be neotropical migrants . Canadian and Hudsonian Elevations of 8,200 to 9,000 feet ( 2,500 to 2,700 m ) are in the Canadian Life Zone , which includes the North Rim and the Kaibab Plateau . Spruce - fir forests characterized by Engelmann spruce , blue spruce , Douglas fir , white fir , aspen , and mountain ash , along with several species of perennial grasses , groundsels , yarrow , cinquefoil , lupines , sedges , and asters , grow in this sub-alpine climate . Mountain lions , Kaibab squirrels , and northern goshawks are found here .", "19": "Montane meadows and subalpine grassland communities of the Hudsonian life zone are rare and located only on the North Rim . Both are typified by many grass species . Some of these grasses include blue and black grama , big galleta , Indian ricegrass and three - awns . The wettest areas support sedges and forbs . View from the South Rim Grand Canyon Tourism Grand Canyon National Park is one of the world 's premier natural attractions , attracting about five million visitors per year . Overall , 83 % were from the United States : California ( 12.2 % ) , Arizona ( 8.9 % ) , Texas ( 4.8 % ) , Florida ( 3.4 % ) and New York ( 3.2 % ) represented the top domestic visitors . Seventeen percent of visitors were from outside the United States ; the most prominently represented nations were the United Kingdom ( 3.8 % ) , Canada ( 3.5 % ) , Japan ( 2.1 % ) , Germany ( 1.9 % ) and The Netherlands ( 1.2 % ) . The South Rim is open all year round weather permitting . The North Rim is generally open mid-May to mid-October . Activities Rafters in the Grand Canyon pass one of the rapids of the ( mud - ) `` colored '' Colorado River Aside from casual sightseeing from the South Rim ( averaging 7,000 feet ( 2,100 m ) above sea level ) , skydiving , rafting , hiking , running , and helicopter tours are popular . The Grand Canyon Ultra Marathon is a 78 - mile ( 126 km ) race over 24 hours . The floor of the valley is accessible by foot , muleback , or by boat or raft from upriver . Hiking down to the river and back up to the rim in one day is discouraged by park officials because of the distance , steep and rocky trails , change in elevation , and danger of heat exhaustion from the much higher temperatures at the bottom . Rescues are required annually of unsuccessful rim - to - river - to - rim travelers . Nevertheless , hundreds of fit and experienced hikers complete the trip every year .", "20": "Camping on the North and South rims is generally restricted to established campgrounds and reservations are highly recommended , especially at the busier South Rim . There is at large camping available along many parts of the North Rim managed by Kaibab National Forest . North Rim campsites are only open seasonally due to road closures from weather and winter snowpack . All overnight camping below the rim requires a backcountry permit from the Backcountry Office ( BCO ) . Each year Grand Canyon National Park receives approximately 30,000 requests for backcountry permits . The park issues 13,000 permits , and close to 40,000 people camp overnight . The earliest a permit application is accepted is the first of the month , four months before the proposed start month . Play media A 6 - minute video of a flight over the Grand Canyon ( view in high quality ) Tourists wishing for a more vertical perspective can go skydiving , board helicopters and small airplanes in Boulder , Las Vegas , Phoenix and Grand Canyon National Park Airport ( seven miles from the South Rim ) for canyon flyovers . Scenic flights are no longer allowed to fly within 1500 feet of the rim within the national park because of a late 1990s crash . The last aerial video footage from below the rim was filmed in 1984 . However , some helicopter flights land on the Havasupai and Hualapai Indian Reservations within Grand Canyon ( outside of the park boundaries ) . In 2007 , the Hualapai Tribe opened the glass - bottomed Grand Canyon Skywalk on their property , Grand Canyon West . The Skywalk is about 250 miles ( 400 km ) by road from Grand Canyon Village at the South Rim . The skywalk has attracted `` thousands of visitors a year , most from Las Vegas '' . In 2016 , skydiving at the Grand Canyon become possible with the first Grand Canyon Skydiving operation opening up at the Grand Canyon National Park Airport , on the South Rim . In 2014 , a developer announced plans to build a multimedia complex on the canyon 's rim called the Grand Canyon Escalade . On 420 acres there would be shops , an IMAX theater , hotels and an RV park .", "21": "A gondola would enable easy visits to the canyon floor where a `` riverwalk '' of `` connected walkways , an eatery , a tramway station , a seating area and a wastewater package plant '' would be situated . Navajo Nation President Ben Shelly has indicated agreement ; the tribe would have to invest $65 million for road , water and communication facilities for the $1 billion complex . One of the developers is Navajo and has cited an 8 to 18 percent share of the gross revenue for the tribe as an incentive . Viewing the Canyon This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Guano Point -- a popular vantage point for tourists , situated on the West Rim of the Grand Canyon , Hualapai Indian Reservation Lipan Point is a promontory located on the South Rim . This point is located to the east of the Grand Canyon Village along the Desert View Drive . There is a parking lot for visitors who care to drive along with the canyon 's bus service that routinely stops at the point . The trailhead to the Tanner Trail is located just before the parking lot . The view from Lipan Point shows a wide array of rock strata and the Unkar Creek area in the inner canyon . Grand Canyon fatalities Grand Canyon rescue helicopter , 1978 About 770 deaths have occurred between the mid 1800s and 2015 . Of the fatalities that occurred from 1869 to 2001 , some were as follows : 53 resulted from falls ; 65 were attributable to environmental causes , including heat stroke , cardiac arrest , dehydration , and hypothermia ; 7 were caught in flash floods ; 79 were drowned in the Colorado River ; 242 perished in airplane and helicopter crashes ( 128 of them in the 1956 disaster mentioned below ) ; 25 died in freak errors and accidents , including lightning strikes and rock falls ; and 23 were the victims of homicides . 1956 air disaster Main article : 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision In 1956 , the Grand Canyon was the site of the deadliest commercial aviation disaster in history at the time .", "22": "On the morning of June 30 , 1956 , a TWA Lockheed Super Constellation and a United Airlines Douglas DC - 7 departed Los Angeles International Airport within three minutes of one another on eastbound transcontinental flights . Approximately 90 minutes later , the two propeller - driven airliners collided above the canyon while both were flying in unmonitored airspace . The wreckage of both planes fell into the eastern portion of the canyon , on Temple and Chuar Buttes , near the confluence of the Colorado and Little Colorado rivers . The disaster killed all 128 passengers and crew members aboard both planes . This accident led to the institution of high - altitude airways and direct radar observation of aircraft ( known as positive control ) by en route ground controllers . South Kaibab Trail at Cedar Ridge See also Arizona portal Copper Canyon , Mexico Grand Canyon National Park Grand Canyon Suite Grand Canyon Ultra Marathon Jacob Lake , Arizona List of Colorado River rapids and features List of trails in Grand Canyon National Park Making North America ( 2015 PBS film ) References ^ Jump up to : Karlstrom , Karl E. ; Lee , John P. ; Kelley , Shari A. ; Crow , Ryan S. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Formation of the Grand Canyon 5 to 6 million years ago through integration of older palaeocanyons '' . Nature Geoscience. 7 ( 3 ) : 239 -- 244 . Bibcode : 2014NatGe ... 7 ... 239K . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo2065 . Jump up ^ `` Pueblos join forces to oppose Grand Canyon Escalade Project '' . Navajo Times . September 11 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kiver , E.P. ; Harris , D.V. ( 1999 ) . Geology of US Parklands . Wiley . p. 902 . Jump up ^ Geologic Formations of the Grand Canyon Archived April 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine .", "23": "National Park Service Retrieved November 17 , 2009 Jump up ^ Ranney , Wayne ( 2005 ) . Carving Grand Canyon : Evidence , Theories , and Mystery . Grand Canyon Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 938216 - 82 - 7 . Jump up ^ Darling , Andrew ; Whipple , Kelin ( 2015 ) . `` Geomorphic constraints on the age of the western Grand Canyon '' . Geosphere. 11 ( 4 ) : 958 -- 976 . Bibcode : 2015Geosp ... 11 ... 958D . doi : 10.1130 / ges01131. 1 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spencer , J.E. ; Patchett , P.J. ; Pearthree , P.A. ; House , P.K. ; Sarna - Wojcicki , A.M. ; Wan , E. ; Roskowski , J.A. ; Faulds , J.E. ( 2013 ) . `` Review and analysis of the age and origin of the Pliocene Bouse Formation , lower Colorado River Valley , southwestern USA '' . Geosphere. 9 ( 3 ) : 444 -- 459 . doi : 10.1130 / ges00896. 1 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Douglas R. ; Lippert , Dorothy ; Brunson - Hadley , Judy L. ( February 15 , 2004 ) . Ancient Burial Practices in the American Southwest ( reprint , illustrated ed . ) . Albuquerque , NM : UNM Press . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 3461 - X . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Colorado Plateau '' . Utah History Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document `` Grand Canyon National Park -- Nature and Science '' .", "24": "Jump up ^ `` Winter on the North Rim ( off - season ) '' . Operating Hours & Seasons . National Park Service ; US Dept. of Interior . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wernicke , Brian ( 2011 ) . `` The California River and its role in carving Grand Canyon '' ( PDF ) . Geological Society of America Bulletin . doi : 10.1130 / b30274. 1 . Jump up ^ Flowers , RM ( 2008 ) . `` Unroofing , incision , and uplift history of the southwestern Colorado Plateau from apatite ( U-Th ) / He thermochronometry '' ( PDF ) . Geological Society of America Bulletin ( May / June ) . doi : 10.1130 / b26231. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Wilford , John Noble ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` 60 - Million - Year Debate on Grand Canyon 's Age '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilford , John ( February 6 , 2008 ) . `` Study Says Grand Canyon Older Than Thought '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How Old is the Grand Canyon ? '' . Science Friday . March 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Canyon as old as the dinosaurs ? '' . 3 News NZ . December 3 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leveson , David . `` The Hypothesis of Differential Erosion '' . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Getting Started '' . The Ancestral Puebloans . Hewit Institute , University of Northern Colorado .", "25": "Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Tufts , Lorraine Salem ( 1998 ) . Secrets in The Grand Canyon , Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks ( Third ed . ) . North Palm Beach , Florida : National Photographic Collections . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 0 - 9620255 - 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Kaibab National Forest '' . USDA Forest Service . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McGregor , John Charles ( 1951 ) . The Cohonina culture of northwestern Arizona . University of Illinois Press . pp. 1 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Whiting , A.F. ( 1985 ) . Havasupai Habitat . Tucson , Arizona : University of Arizona Press . Jump up ^ `` Discovery of the Athabascan Origin of the Apache and Navajo Language '' . Watkins , Thayer -- San Jose State University . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stegner , Page ( 1994 ) . Grand Canyon , The Great Abyss . HarperCollins . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 258564 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hill , Joseph J. ( 1923 ) . `` New light on Pattie and the southwestern fur trade '' . Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 26 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chorley , Richard J. Geomorphology before Davis . Methuen . Jump up ^ `` The Beginnings of the U.S. Geological Survey '' . National Atlas of the United States . 2010 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2012 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grand Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine.", "26": ", Etymonline.com Jump up ^ `` Late Arrivals '' . The Geologic Story of Colorado National Monument . United States Geological Survey . Geological Survey Bulletin 1508 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2012 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Canyon Facts '' . National Geographic Visitor Center , Arizona . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheldon , Charles . `` History of the Boone and Crockett Club '' . University of Montana Mansfield Library . Boone and Crockett Club . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , A.L. ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Three - Day Grand Canyon Flood Aims to Restore Ecosystem '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carus , Felicity ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Demand for uranium threatens Grand Canyon biodiversity '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Curtis Spicer ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Arizona continues to push for new uranium mines near Grand Canyon '' . The Arizona Republic . Cronkite News Service . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chappell , Gordon ( 1985 ) . Statements on Architectural and Historical Significance . National Park Service , Western Regional Office . Jump up ^ `` Grand Canyon Desert View Watchtower '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grand Canyon National Park Weather '' . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Flagstaff Weather Forecast Office '' . National Weather Service . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Canyon National Park Climate Summary '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Canyon National Park Climate Summary '' .", "27": "Western Regional Climate Center . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Canyon National Park Climate Summary '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Canyon News Release -- Fire Managers Prepare to Implement Several Prescribed Fires '' ( PDF ) . March 8 , 2007 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Project MOHAVE ( Measurement of Haze and Visual Effects ) Final Report '' ( PDF ) . Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments ( IMPROVE ) . March 19 , 1999 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2006 . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Annual Spatial and Seasonal Patterns of PM2. 5 , Light Extinction and Contributions of Major Aerosol Types , 1996 -- 1998 '' . Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments ( IMPROVE ) . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Note : Air quality as represented by PM - 2.5 is shown by clicking the canyon 's location on the map and selecting ' Fine Mass ' from dropdown box above the map . Visibility is shown by selecting ' Deciview ' from the dropdown box . Jump up ^ William C. Malm , Air Resources Division , National Park Service ( May 1999 ) . `` Introduction to Visibility '' ( PDF ) . Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere ( CIRA ) , Colorado State University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Recommendations for Improving Western Vistas , Report of the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission to the United States Environmental Protection Agency '' ( PDF ) . Western Regional Air Partnership . June 10 , 1996 .", "28": "Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Western Regional Air Partnership '' . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Register 40 CFR Part 51 : Regional Haze Regulations and Guidelines for Best Available Retrofit Technology ( BART ) Determinations '' ( PDF ) . United States Environmental Protection Agency . July 6 , 2005 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mike Sundblom , Arizona Department of Environmental Quality . `` RA BART ( Reasonably Attributable Best Available Retrofit Technology ) Case Study , Navajo Generating Station , Appendix C '' . Western Regional Air Partnership . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Revision of the Visibility FIP ( Federal Implementation Plan ) for Nevada ( to include emissions reduction requirements for the Mohave Generating Station ) : Final Rule Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . United States Environmental Protection Agency . June 6 , 2001 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kaibab National Forest Fire Management Plan '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Forest Service . January 31 , 2011 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Canyon National Park Fire Management Plan '' . U.S. National Park Service . March 2012 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document `` Grand Canyon National Park -- Plants '' . Retrieved on October 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document `` Grand Canyon National Park -- Animals '' .", "29": "Retrieved on October 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document `` Grand Canyon National Park -- Mammals '' . Retrieved on October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document `` Grand Canyon National Park -- Endangered Fish '' . Retrieved on October 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document `` Grand Canyon National Park -- Amphibians '' . Retrieved on October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document `` Grand Canyon National Park -- Crustaceans '' . Retrieved on October 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document `` Grand Canyon National Park -- Birds '' . Retrieved on October 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document `` Grand Canyon National Park -- Insects , Spiders , Centipedes , Millipedes '' . Retrieved on October 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document `` Grand Canyon National Park -- Mollusks '' . Retrieved on October 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document `` Grand Canyon National Park -- Reptiles '' . Jump up ^ `` Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism '' ( PDF ) . Northern Arizona University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Operating Hours & Seasons -- Grand Canyon National Park '' . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Backcountry Permit '' . Grand Canyon National Park . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2010 . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moorman , Robert W. `` Noise in the Parks '' AHS International , 2015 .", "30": "Source Archived February 20 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Skywalk '' . Grand Canyon National Park . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adam Nagourney ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Where 2 Rivers Meet , Visions for Grand Canyon Clash '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chiara Sottile ; Kristen Dahlgren ( February 8 , 2015 ) . `` Grand Canyon Development Plan Sparks Dispute Among Navajo '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Active Times ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` How Many People Die in the Grand Canyon and is it Becoming Too Dangerous ? '' . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Citylab ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` This Grim Map Shows How People Have Died at the Grand Canyon '' . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ghiglieri , Michael P. ; Myers , Thomas M. ( 2001 ) . Over the Edge : Death in Grand Canyon . Puma Press . ISBN 0 - 9700973 - 1 - X . External links Find more aboutGrand Canyonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity External image Public domain images at the Wayback Machine ( archived August 30 , 2010 ) from the National Park Service . Grand Canyon National Park Service Grand Canyon Backcountry Use Areas -- Map Geographic data related to Grand Canyon at OpenStreetMap History Grand Canyon Bibliography -- bibliography of the Grand Canyon . 37,462 items produced between 1540 and the present .", "31": "Grand Canyon Explorer : History timeline from 10,000 years ago to 1994 . Travel and sites Grand Canyon Chamber & Visitor 's Bureau 36 Hours at the Grand Canyon by The New York Times , May 31 , 2009 Multimedia NPS Photographs Grand Canyon 3 - D perspective -- view looking southwesterly , showing North Rim and Canyon . Grand Canyon -- Street View -- Google Maps Grand Canyon Facilities Black Suspension Bridge Bridge Canyon Dam Grand Canyon Escalade Grand Canyon National Park Grand Canyon Skywalk Grand Canyon Village , Arizona Hyaloclastite Dam Kolb Studio Marble Canyon Dam Maswik Lodge Phantom Ranch Prospect Dam Geology Agave phillipsiana Bat Cave mine Cardenas Basalt Dox Formation Ericameria arizonica Esplanade Sandstone Grand Canyon Caverns Grand Canyon Forest Reserve Grand Canyon - Parashant National Monument Grand Canyon Supergroup Chuar Group Nankoweap Formation Sixtymile Formation Unkar Group Bass Formation Shinumo Quartzite Grand Staircase Hakatai Shale Hermit Formation Isis Temple Kanab Plateau Newton Butte Redwall Limestone Tanner Graben Temple Butte Tonto Group Bright Angel Shale Toroweap Fault Uinkaret volcanic field Vasey 's Paradise Vulcan 's Throne Bodies of water Colorado River Deer Creek Havasu Creek Havasu Falls Kanab Creek Little Colorado River People Harvey Butchart Colin Fletcher Kenton Grua John Hance Tribes Havasupai Hualapai Events Powell Geographic Expedition of 1869 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision Grand Canyon Airlines Flight 6 Organizations", "32": "Grand Canyon Association Media Desert Wonderland Grand Canyon Grand Canyon : A Different View Grand Canyon : The Hidden Secrets Grand Canyon Suite The Man Who Walked Through Time Related Grand Canyon Backcountry Camping List of trails in Grand Canyon National Park National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand Canyon National Park State of Arizona Phoenix ( capital ) Topics Index Climate Delegations Geography Government Constitution Governor Legislature History World War II Museums Music People Transportation Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Arizona Strip Arizona Sun Corridor Coconino Plateau Colorado Plateau Grand Canyon Kaibab Plateau Mogollon Plateau Mogollon Rim Mojave Desert Monument Valley North Central Arizona Northeast Arizona Northern Arizona Oak Creek Canyon Phoenix Metropolitan Area Safford area San Francisco Volcanic Field Sonoran Desert Southern Arizona ( Traditional Arizona ) Transition zone Verde Valley White Mountains Counties Apache Cochise Coconino Gila Graham Greenlee La Paz Maricopa Mohave Navajo Pima Pinal Santa Cruz Yavapai Yuma Cities Buckeye Casa Grande Chandler Flagstaff Gilbert Glendale Kingman Lake Havasu City Mesa Peoria Phoenix Prescott Scottsdale Sierra Vista Tempe Tucson Yuma Colorado River system", "33": "Jurisdictions United States Arizona California Colorado Nevada New Mexico Utah Wyoming Mexico Baja California Sonora Canyons Byers Canyon Gore Canyon Red Gorge Glenwood Canyon De Beque Canyon Horsethief Canyon Ruby Canyon Westwater Canyon Cataract Canyon Narrow Canyon Glen Canyon Grand Canyon Marble Canyon Granite Gorge Middle Granite Gorge Lower Granite Gorge Grand Wash Canyon Iceberg Canyon Virgin Canyon Boulder Canyon Black Canyon Pyramid Canyon Mohave Canyon Natural features River course Rocky Mountains Colorado River Basin Colorado Plateau Grand Lake Horseshoe Bend Sonoran Desert Mojave Desert Lower Colorado River Valley Mohave Valley Parker Valley Palo Verde Valley Colorado Desert Alamo River New River Salton Sea Imperial Valley Delta Montague Island Gulf of California / Sea of Cortez Tributaries Blue River Dirty Devil River Dolores River Escalante River Eagle River Fraser River Gila River Green River Gunnison River Kanab Creek Little Colorado River Paria River Roaring Fork River San Juan River Thunder River / Tapeats Creek Virgin River Las Vegas Wash Williams Fork Río Hardy Engineering Mainstem dams Shadow Mountain Granby Windy Gap Grand Valley Price - Stubb Glen Canyon Hoover Davis Parker Headgate Rock Palo Verde Imperial Laguna Morelos Major reservoirs Fontenelle Reservoir Flaming Gorge Reservoir Blue Mesa Reservoir Navajo Lake", "34": "Lake Powell Lake Mead Lake Mohave Lake Havasu Imperial Reservoir Theodore Roosevelt Lake San Carlos Lake Aqueducts and canals Grand Ditch Colorado River Aqueduct San Diego Aqueduct Central Arizona Project All - American Canal Coachella Canal Water projects Boulder Canyon Project Colorado - Big Thompson Project Colorado River Storage Project Grand Valley AVA Yuma Project Designated areas Arches National Park Canyonlands National Park Colorado National Monument Dead Horse Point State Park Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Grand Canyon National Park Lake Mead National Recreation Area Rocky Mountain National Park Related topics Arizona v. California Colorado River Board of California Colorado River Compact Floyd Dominy Lee 's Ferry International Boundary and Water Commission Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Rapids and features U.S. Bureau of Reclamation William Mulholland Protected areas of Arizona Federal National Parks Grand Canyon Petrified Forest Saguaro National Historical Parks , Historic Sites and Memorials Tumacácori NHP Fort Bowie NHS Hubbell Trading Post NHS Coronado NMem National Monuments National Park Service Canyon de Chelly Casa Grande Ruins Chiricahua Hohokam Pima Montezuma Castle Navajo Organ Pipe Cactus Pipe Spring Sunset Crater Tonto Tuzigoot Walnut Canyon Wupatki Bureau of Land Management Agua Fria Grand Canyon - Parashant ( jointly managed with the NPS ) Ironwood Forest Sonoran Desert Vermilion Cliffs National Conservation Areas Gila Box Riparian Las Cienegas San Pedro Riparian National Recreation Areas Glen Canyon Lake Mead", "35": "National Trails Arizona National Scenic Trail Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail Old Spanish National Historic Trail National Forests Apache - Sitgreaves Coconino Elden Pueblo Honanki Heritage Site Palatki Heritage Site V - Bar - V Heritage Site Coronado Kaibab Prescott Tonto National Wildlife Refuges Bill Williams River Buenos Aires Cabeza Prieta Cibola Havasu Imperial Kofa Leslie Canyon San Bernardino Wilderness Areas See List of Arizona Wilderness Areas Wild and Scenic Rivers Fossil Creek Verde River State State Parks Alamo Lake Boyce Thompson Arboretum Buckskin Mountain Catalina Cattail Cove Dead Horse Ranch Fool Hollow Lake Fort Verde Granite Mountain Hotshots Memorial Homolovi Jerome Kartchner Caverns Lake Havasu Lost Dutchman Lyman Lake McFarland Oracle Patagonia Lake Picacho Peak Red Rock Riordan Mansion River Island Roper Lake San Rafael Slide Rock Sonoita Creek Tombstone Courthouse Tonto Natural Bridge Tubac Presidio Verde River Greenway Yuma Quartermaster Depot Yuma Territorial Prison Wildlife areas Becker Lake Cluff Ranch Luna Lake Mittry Lake Powers Butte Santa Rita White Mountain Grasslands Willcox Playa Municipal Nature parks Phoenix Mountains Park and Recreation Area South Mountain Park Papago Park Other National Natural Landmarks See List of National Natural Landmarks in Arizona", "36": "National Historic Landmarks See List of National Historic Landmarks in Arizona Historic Places See National Register of Historic Places listings in Arizona Arizona State Parks ( web ) VIAF : 252090199 NDL : 00628456 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canyon&oldid=835888792 '' Categories : Grand Canyon Grand Canyon National Park Canyons and gorges of Arizona Colorado Plateau Colorado River Landforms of Coconino County , Arizona Landforms of Mohave County , Arizona Physiographic sections Southwestern United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Park Service CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Yavapai - language text Articles needing additional references from February 2011 All articles needing additional references All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles needing additional references from January 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés", "37": "অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Română Русский", "38": "Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ 86 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 11 : 26 . 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3673814853402336146	what is the role of reverse transcriptase in retroviral infection	[ "to convert single-stranded genomic RNA into double-stranded cDNA which can integrate into the host genome, potentially generating a long-term infection that can be very difficult to eradicate" ]	{ "0": "Reverse transcriptase - wikipedia Reverse transcriptase Jump to : navigation , search Reverse transcriptase ( RNA - dependent DNA polymerase ) Crystallographic structure of HIV - 1 reverse transcriptase where the two subunits p51 and p66 are colored and the active sites of polymerase and nuclease are highlighted . Identifiers Symbol RVT_1 Pfam PF00078 Pfam clan CL0027 InterPro IPR000477 PROSITE PS50878 SCOP 1hmv SUPERFAMILY 1hmv CDD cd00304 ( show ) Available protein structures : Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB ; PDBe ; PDBj PDBsum structure summary RNA - directed DNA polymerase Identifiers EC number 2.7. 7.49 CAS number 9068 - 38 - 6 Databases IntEnz IntEnz view BRENDA BRENDA entry ExPASy NiceZyme view KEGG KEGG entry MetaCyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum Gene Ontology AmiGO / QuickGO ( show ) Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins A reverse transcriptase ( RT ) is an enzyme used to generate complementary DNA ( cDNA ) from an RNA template , a process termed reverse transcription . It is mainly associated with retroviruses . However , non-retroviruses also use RT ( for example , the hepatitis B virus , a member of the Hepadnaviridae , which are dsDNA - RT viruses , while retroviruses are ssRNA viruses ) . RT inhibitors are widely used as antiretroviral drugs . RT activities are also associated with the replication of chromosome ends ( telomerase ) and some mobile genetic elements ( retrotransposons ) . Retroviral RT has three sequential biochemical activities : ( a ) RNA - dependent DNA polymerase activity , ( b ) ribonuclease H , and ( c ) DNA - dependent DNA polymerase activity .", "1": "These activities are used by the retrovirus to convert single - stranded genomic RNA into double - stranded cDNA which can integrate into the host genome , potentially generating a long - term infection that can be very difficult to eradicate . The same sequence of reactions is widely used in the laboratory to convert RNA to DNA for use in molecular cloning , RNA sequencing , polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) , or genome analysis . Well studied reverse transcriptases include : HIV - 1 reverse transcriptase from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( PDB : 1HMV ) has two subunits , which have respective molecular weights of 66 and 51 kDa . M - MLV reverse transcriptase from the Moloney murine leukemia virus is a single 75 kDa monomer . AMV reverse transcriptase from the avian myeloblastosis virus also has two subunits , a 63 kDa subunit and a 95 kDa subunit . Telomerase reverse transcriptase that maintains the telomeres of eukaryotic chromosomes . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Function in viruses 2.1 Process of reverse transcription 2.1. 1 Retroviral reverse transcription 3 In eukaryotes 4 In prokaryotes 5 Evolutionary role 6 Structure 7 Replication fidelity 8 Applications 8.1 Antiviral drugs 8.2 Molecular biology 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Reverse transcriptases were discovered by Howard Temin at the University of Wisconsin -- Madison in RSV virions and independently isolated by David Baltimore in 1970 at MIT from two RNA tumour viruses : R - MLV and again RSV . For their achievements , both shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ( with Renato Dulbecco ) . The idea of reverse transcription was very unpopular at first , as it contradicted the central dogma of molecular biology , which states that DNA is transcribed into RNA , which is then translated into proteins . However , in 1970 , when the scientists Howard Temin and David Baltimore both independently discovered the enzyme responsible for reverse transcription , named reverse transcriptase , the possibility that genetic information could be passed on in this manner was finally accepted .", "2": "Function in viruses ( edit ) Reverse transcriptase is shown with its finger , palm , and thumb regions . The catalytic amino acids of the RNase H active site and the polymerase active site are shown in ball - and - stick form . The enzymes are encoded and used by viruses that use reverse transcription as a step in the process of replication . Reverse - transcribing RNA viruses , such as retroviruses , use the enzyme to reverse - transcribe their RNA genomes into DNA , which is then integrated into the host genome and replicated along with it . Reverse - transcribing DNA viruses , such as the hepadnaviruses , can allow RNA to serve as a template in assembling and making DNA strands . HIV infects humans with the use of this enzyme . Without reverse transcriptase , the viral genome would not be able to incorporate into the host cell , resulting in failure to replicate . Process of reverse transcription ( edit ) Reverse transcriptase creates double - stranded DNA from an RNA template . In virus species with reverse transcriptase lacking DNA - dependent DNA polymerase activity , creation of double - stranded DNA can possibly be done by host - encoded DNA polymerase δ , mistaking the viral DNA - RNA for a primer and synthesizing a double - stranded DNA by similar mechanism as in primer removal , where the newly synthesized DNA displaces the original RNA template . The process of reverse transcription is extremely error - prone , and it is during this step that mutations may occur . Such mutations may cause drug resistance . Retroviral reverse transcription ( edit ) Retroviruses , also referred to as class VI ssRNA - RT viruses , are RNA reverse - transcribing viruses with a DNA intermediate . Their genomes consist of two molecules of positive - sense single - stranded RNA with a 5 ' cap and 3 ' polyadenylated tail . Examples of retroviruses include the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) and the human T - lymphotropic virus ( HTLV ) . Creation of double - stranded DNA occurs in the cytosol as a series of these steps : Lysyl tRNA acts as a primer and hybridizes to a complementary part of the virus RNA genome called the primer binding site or PBS .", "3": "Reverse transcriptase then adds DNA nucleotides onto the 3 ' end of the primer , synthesizing DNA complementary to the U5 ( non-coding region ) and R region ( a direct repeat found at both ends of the RNA molecule ) of the viral RNA . A domain on the reverse transcriptase enzyme called RNAse H degrades the U5 and R regions on the 5 ' end of the RNA . The primer then `` jumps '' to the 3 ' end of the viral genome , and the newly synthesised DNA strands hybridizes to the complementary R region on the RNA . The complementary DNA ( cDNA ) added in ( 2 ) is further extended , and then the majority of viral RNA is degraded by RNAse H , leaving only the PP sequence . Synthesis of the second DNA strand begins , using the remaining fragment of viral RNA as a primer . There is then another `` jump '' where the PBS from the second strand hybridizes with the complementary PBS on the first strand . Both strands are extended to form a complete double - stranded DNA copy of the original viral RNA genome , which can then be incorporated into the host 's genome by the enzyme integrase . Creation of double - stranded DNA also involves strand transfer , in which there is a translocation of short DNA product from initial RNA - dependent DNA synthesis to acceptor template regions at the other end of the genome , which are later reached and processed by the reverse transcriptase for its DNA - dependent DNA activity . Retroviral RNA is arranged in 5 ' terminus to 3 ' terminus . The site where the primer is annealed to viral RNA is called the primer - binding site ( PBS ) . The RNA 5'end to the PBS site is called U5 , and the RNA 3 ' end to the PBS is called the leader . The tRNA primer is unwound between 14 and 22 nucleotides and forms a base - paired duplex with the viral RNA at PBS . The fact that the PBS is located near the 5 ' terminus of viral RNA is unusual because reverse transcriptase synthesize DNA from 3 ' end of the primer in the 5 ' to 3 ' direction ( with respect to the RNA template ) . Therefore , the primer and reverse transcriptase must be relocated to 3 ' end of viral RNA .", "4": "In order to accomplish this reposition , multiple steps and various enzymes including DNA polymerase , ribonuclease H ( RNase H ) and polynucleotide unwinding are needed . The HIV reverse transcriptase also has ribonuclease activity that degrades the viral RNA during the synthesis of cDNA , as well as DNA - dependent DNA polymerase activity that copies the sense cDNA strand into an antisense DNA to form a double - stranded viral DNA intermediate ( vDNA ) . In eukaryotes ( edit ) Self - replicating stretches of eukaryotic genomes known as retrotransposons utilize reverse transcriptase to move from one position in the genome to another via an RNA intermediate . They are found abundantly in the genomes of plants and animals . Telomerase is another reverse transcriptase found in many eukaryotes , including humans , which carries its own RNA template ; this RNA is used as a template for DNA replication . In prokaryotes ( edit ) Initial reports of reverse transcriptase in prokaryotes came as far back as 1971 ( Beljanski et al. , 1971a , 1972 ) . These have since been broadly described as part of bacterial Retrons , distinct sequences that code for reverse transcriptase , and are used in the synthesis of msDNA . In order to initiate synthesis of DNA , a primer is needed . In bacteria , the primer is synthesized during replication . Evolutionary role ( edit ) Valerian Dolja of Oregon State argues that viruses , due to their diversity , have played an evolutionary role in the development of cellular life , with reverse transcriptase playing a central role . Structure ( edit ) Reverse transcriptase enzymes include an RNA - dependent DNA polymerase and a DNA - dependent DNA polymerase , which work together to perform reverse transcription . In addition to the transcription function , retroviral reverse transcriptases have a domain belonging to the RNase H family , which is vital to their replication . Replication fidelity ( edit ) There are three different replication systems during the life cycle of a retrovirus . First of all , the reverse transcriptase synthesizes viral DNA from viral RNA , and then from newly made complementary DNA strand . The second replication process occurs when host cellular DNA polymerase replicates the integrated viral DNA .", "5": "Lastly , RNA polymerase II transcribes the proviral DNA into RNA , which will be packed into virions . Therefore , mutation can occur during one or all of these replication steps . Reverse transcriptase has a high error rate when transcribing RNA into DNA since , unlike most other DNA polymerases , it has no proofreading ability . This high error rate allows mutations to accumulate at an accelerated rate relative to proofread forms of replication . The commercially available reverse transcriptases produced by Promega are quoted by their manuals as having error rates in the range of 1 in 17,000 bases for AMV and 1 in 30,000 bases for M - MLV . Other than creating single - nucleotide polymorphisms , reverse transcriptases have also been shown to be involved in processes such as transcript fusions , exon shuffling and creating artificial antisense transcripts . It has been speculated that this template switching activity of reverse transcriptase , which can be demonstrated completely in vivo , may have been one of the causes for finding several thousand unannotated transcripts in the genomes of model organisms . Applications ( edit ) The molecular structure of zidovudine ( AZT ) , a drug used to inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase Antiviral drugs ( edit ) Further information : Reverse - transcriptase inhibitor As HIV uses reverse transcriptase to copy its genetic material and generate new viruses ( part of a retrovirus proliferation circle ) , specific drugs have been designed to disrupt the process and thereby suppress its growth . Collectively , these drugs are known as reverse - transcriptase inhibitors and include the nucleoside and nucleotide analogues zidovudine ( trade name Retrovir ) , lamivudine ( Epivir ) and tenofovir ( Viread ) , as well as non-nucleoside inhibitors , such as nevirapine ( Viramune ) . Molecular biology ( edit ) Further information : Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction Reverse transcriptase is commonly used in research to apply the polymerase chain reaction technique to RNA in a technique called reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( RT - PCR ) . The classical PCR technique can be applied only to DNA strands , but , with the help of reverse transcriptase , RNA can be transcribed into DNA , thus making PCR analysis of RNA molecules possible . Reverse transcriptase is used also to create cDNA libraries from mRNA .", "6": "The commercial availability of reverse transcriptase greatly improved knowledge in the area of molecular biology , as , along with other enzymes , it allowed scientists to clone , sequence , and characterise RNA . Reverse transcriptase has also been employed in insulin production . By inserting eukaryotic mRNA for insulin production along with reverse transcriptase into bacteria , the mRNA could be inserted into the prokaryote 's genome . Large amounts of insulin can then be created , sidestepping the need to harvest pig pancreas and other such traditional sources . Directly inserting eukaryotic DNA into bacteria would not work because it carries introns , so would not translate successfully using the bacterial ribosomes . Processing in the eukaryotic cell during mRNA production removes these introns to provide a suitable template . Reverse transcriptase converted this edited RNA back into DNA so it could be incorporated in the genome . See also ( edit ) Molecular and cellular biology portal Viruses portal cDNA library DNA polymerase msDNA Reverse transcribing virus RNA polymerase Telomerase Retrotransposon marker References ( edit ) Jump up ^ PDB : 3KLF ; Tu X , Das K , Han Q , Bauman JD , Clark AD , Hou X , Frenkel YV , Gaffney BL , Jones RA , Boyer PL , Hughes SH , Sarafianos SG , Arnold E ( September 2010 ) . `` Structural basis of HIV - 1 resistance to AZT by excision '' . Nat . Struct . Mol. Biol. 17 ( 10 ) : 1202 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nsmb. 1908 . PMC 2987654 . PMID 20852643 . Jump up ^ Ferris , AL ; Hizi , A ; Showalter , SD ; Pichuantes , S ; Babe , L ; Craik , CS ; Hughes , SH ( April 1990 ) . `` Immunologic and proteolytic analysis of HIV - 1 reverse transcriptase structure '' ( PDF ) . Virology. 175 ( 2 ) : 456 -- 64 . doi : 10.1016 / 0042 - 6822 ( 90 ) 90430 - y . PMID 1691562 .", "7": "^ Jump up to : Konishi A , Yasukawa K , Inouye K ( 2012 ) . `` Improving the thermal stability of avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase α - subunit by site - directed mutagenesis '' ( PDF ) . Biotechnol . Lett. 34 ( 7 ) : 1209 -- 15 . doi : 10.1007 / s10529 - 012 - 0904 - 9 . PMID 22426840 . Jump up ^ Temin HM , Mizutani S ( June 1970 ) . `` RNA - dependent DNA polymerase in virions of Rous sarcoma virus '' . Nature . 226 ( 5252 ) : 1211 -- 3 . doi : 10.1038 / 2261211a0 . PMID 4316301 . Jump up ^ Baltimore D. ( June 1970 ) . `` RNA - dependent DNA polymerase in virions of RNA tumour viruses '' . Nature . 226 ( 5252 ) : 1209 -- 11 . doi : 10.1038 / 2261209a0 . PMID 4316300 . Jump up ^ `` Central dogma reversed '' . Nature . 226 ( 5252 ) : 1198 -- 9 . June 1970 . doi : 10.1038 / 2261198a0 . PMID 5422595 . Jump up ^ Bio-Medicine.org - Retrovirus Retrieved on 17 Feb , 2009 Jump up ^ Telesnitsky A , Goff SP ( 1993 ) . `` Strong - stop strand transfer during reverse transcription '' . In Skalka MA , Goff SP . Reverse transcriptase ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Cold Spring Harbor . p. 49 . ISBN 0 - 87969 - 382 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bernstein A , Weiss R , Tooze J ( 1985 ) . `` RNA tumor viruses '' . Molecular Biology of Tumor Viruses ( 2nd ed . ) . Cold Spring Harbor , N.Y. : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory .", "8": "Jump up ^ Moelling , Karin ; Broecker , Felix ( 2015 ) . `` The reverse transcriptase - RNase H : from viruses to antiviral defense '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1341 ( 1 ) : 126 -- 135 . doi : 10.1111 / nyas. 12668 . ISSN 0077 - 8923 . Jump up ^ Doc Kaiser 's Microbiology Home Page > IV . VIRUSES > F. ANIMAL VIRUS LIFE CYCLES > 3 . The Life Cycle of HIV Archived 2010 - 07 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Community College of Baltimore County . Updated : Jan 2008 . Jump up ^ Krieger M , Scott MP , Matsudaira PT , Lodish HF , Darnell JE , Zipursky L , Kaiser C , Berk A ( 2004 ) . Molecular cell biology . New York : W.H. Freeman and CO . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4366 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hurwitz J , Leis JP ( January 1972 ) . `` RNA - dependent DNA polymerase activity of RNA tumor viruses . I. Directing influence of DNA in the reaction '' . J. Virol. 9 ( 1 ) : 116 -- 29 . PMC 356270 . PMID 4333538 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Carrie ( 17 July 2014 ) . `` Could Giant Viruses Be the Origin of Life on Earth ? '' . news.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Bbenek K , Kunkel AT ( 1993 ) . `` The fidelity of retroviral reverse transcriptases '' . In Skalka MA , Goff PS . Reverse transcriptase . New York : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 87969 - 382 - 7 . Jump up ^ Promega kit instruction manual ( 1999 ) Archived 2006 - 11 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Houseley J , Tollervey D ( 2010 ) .", "9": "`` Apparent non-canonical trans - splicing is generated by reverse transcriptase in vitro '' . PLoS ONE . 5 ( 8 ) : e12271 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0012271 . PMC 2923612 . PMID 20805885 . Jump up ^ Zeng XC , Wang SX ( June 2002 ) . `` Evidence that BmTXK beta - BmKCT cDNA from Chinese scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch is an artifact generated in the reverse transcription process '' . FEBS Lett. 520 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 183 -- 4 ; author reply 185 . doi : 10.1016 / S0014 - 5793 ( 02 ) 02812 - 0 . PMID 12044895 . Jump up ^ van Bakel H , Nislow C , Blencowe BJ , Hughes TR ( 2011 ) . `` Response to `` The Reality of Pervasive Transcription '' `` . PLoS Biology . 9 ( 7 ) : e1001102 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 1001102 . External links ( edit ) RNA Transcriptase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) animation of reverse transcriptase action and three reverse transcriptase inhibitors Molecule of the month ( September 2002 ) at the RCSB PDB HIV Replication 3D Medical Animation . ( Nov 2008 ) . Video by Boehringer Ingelheim . Goodsell DS . `` Molecule of the Month : Reverse Transcriptase ( Sep 2002 ) '' . Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics ( RCSB ) Protein Data Bank ( PDB ) . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 13 .", "10": "Viral proteins ( early and late ) DNA Herpes simplex Herpes simplex virus protein vmw65 HHV capsid portal protein Hepatitis B HBsAg HBcAg HBeAg HBx Hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase Epstein -- Barr EBNA - 1 EBNA - 2 EBNA - 3 LMP - 1 LMP - 2 EBER RNA Rotavirus VNPs : NSP1 NSP2 NSP4 NSP5 NSP6 Influenza capsid : matrix protein M1 protein viral envelope M2 protein glycoprotein : Influenza hemagglutinin Neuraminidase Parainfluenza Parainfluenza hemagglutinin - neuraminidase Mumps Mumps hemagglutinin - neuraminidase Measles Measles hemagglutinin RSV Respiratory syncytial virus G protein Hepatitis C VSPs : E1 E2 VNPs : P7 NS2 NS3 NS4A NS4B NS5A NS5B RT Structure and genome of HIV VSPs : gag pol Integrase Reverse transcriptase HIV - 1 protease env gp120 gp41 VRAPs : transactivators Tat Rev Vpr Nef Vif Vpu Fusion protein Gag - onc fusion protein Other B13R Transferases : phosphorus - containing groups ( EC 2.7 ) 2.7. 1 - 2.7. 4 : phosphotransferase / kinase ( PO ) 2.7.", "11": "1 : OH acceptor Hexo - Gluco - Fructo - Hepatic Galacto - Phosphofructo - Liver Muscle Platelet Riboflavin Shikimate Thymidine ADP - thymidine NAD Glycerol Pantothenate Mevalonate Pyruvate Deoxycytidine PFP Diacylglycerol Phosphoinositide 3 Class I PI 3 Class II PI 3 Sphingosine Glucose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphate synthase 2.7. 2 : COOH acceptor Phosphoglycerate Aspartate kinase 2.7. 3 : N acceptor Creatine 2.7. 4 : PO acceptor Phosphomevalonate Adenylate Nucleoside - diphosphate Uridylate Guanylate Thiamine - diphosphate 2.7. 6 : diphosphotransferase ( P O ) Ribose - phosphate diphosphokinase Thiamine diphosphokinase 2.7. 7 : nucleotidyltransferase ( PO - nucleoside ) Polymerase DNA polymerase DNA - directed DNA polymerase II III IV V RNA - directed DNA polymerase Reverse transcriptase Telomerase DNA nucleotidylexotransferase / Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase RNA nucleotidyltransferase RNA polymerase / DNA - directed RNA polymerase RNA polymerase I II III IV V Primase RNA - dependent RNA polymerase PNPase Phosphorolytic 3 ' to 5 ' exoribonuclease RNase PH PNPase Nucleotidyltransferase UTP -- glucose - 1 - phosphate uridylyltransferase Galactose - 1 - phosphate uridylyltransferase Guanylyltransferase mRNA capping enzyme Other Recombinase ( Integrase ) Transposase 2.7.", "12": "8 : miscellaneous Phosphatidyltransferases CDP - diacylglycerol -- glycerol - 3 - phosphate 3 - phosphatidyltransferase CDP - diacylglycerol -- serine O - phosphatidyltransferase CDP - diacylglycerol -- inositol 3 - phosphatidyltransferase CDP - diacylglycerol -- choline O - phosphatidyltransferase Glycosyl - 1 - phosphotransferase N - acetylglucosamine - 1 - phosphate transferase 2.7. 10 - 2.7. 13 : protein kinase ( PO ; protein acceptor ) 2.7. 10 : protein - tyrosine see tyrosine kinases 2.7. 11 : protein - serine / threonine see serine / threonine - specific protein kinases 2.7. 12 : protein - dual - specificity see serine / threonine - specific protein kinases 2.7. 13 : protein - histidine Protein - histidine pros - kinase Protein - histidine tele - kinase Histidine kinase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reverse_transcriptase&oldid=837433469 '' Categories : Genetics EC 2.7.", "13": "7 Molecular biology Viral enzymes Telomeres Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Luganda Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 19 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6013821792423290372	where do they film young and the restless	[ "at CBS Television City, studios 41 and 43 in Hollywood", "at CBS Television City, studios 41 and 43 in Hollywood", "CBS Television City" ]	{ "0": "The Young and the Restless - wikipedia The Young and the Restless Jump to : navigation , search The Young and the Restless Also known as Y&R Genre Soap opera Drama Created by William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Written by Mal Young Directed by Sally McDonald Owen Renfroe Conal O'Brien Casey Childs Michael Eilbaum See below Starring Present cast Former cast Theme music composer RC Cates Sharon Farber Rick Krizman Dominic Messinger Opening theme `` Nadia 's Theme '' by Barry De Vorzon and Perry Botkin , Jr . Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 11,000 ( as of September 1 , 2016 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mal Young ( and others ) Producer ( s ) Supervising Producers John Fisher Anthony Morina Producer Mary O'Leary Coordinating Producer Matthew J. Olsen Associate Producer Jimmy Freeman See below Location ( s ) CBS Television City Los Angeles , California Camera setup Multiple - camera setup Running time 30 minutes ( 1973 -- 80 ) 60 minutes ( 1980 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Bell Dramatic Serial Company ( 1973 -- present ) Corday Productions ( 1973 -- present ) Screen Gems ( 1973 -- 74 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1974 -- 2000 ) CPT Holdings , Inc.", "1": "( 1988 -- present ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network CBS Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 1973 -- 2001 ) HDTV 1080i ( 2001 -- present ) Audio format Mono ( 1973 -- 87 ) Stereo ( 1987 -- present ) Original release March 26 , 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows As the World Turns The Bold and the Beautiful External links Website The Young and the Restless ( often abbreviated as Y&R ) is an American television soap opera created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS . The show is set in a fictional Wisconsin town called Genoa City , which is unlike and unrelated to the real life village of the same name , Genoa City , Wisconsin . First broadcast on March 26 , 1973 , The Young and the Restless was originally broadcast as half - hour episodes , five times a week . The show expanded to one - hour episodes on February 4 , 1980 . In 2006 , the series began airing encore episodes weeknights on SOAPnet until 2013 , when Y&R moved to TVGN ( now Pop ) . Pop still airs the encore episodes on weeknights , starting July 1 , 2013 . The series is also syndicated internationally . The Young and the Restless originally focused on two core families : the wealthy Brooks family and the working class Foster family . After a series of recasts and departures in the early 1980s , all the original characters except Jill Foster and Katherine Chancellor were written out . Bell replaced them with the new core families , the Abbotts and the Williamses . Over the years , other families such as the Newmans , Winters , and the Baldwin - Fishers were introduced . Despite these changes , one storyline that has endured through almost the show 's entire run is the feud between Jill Abbott and Katherine Chancellor , the longest rivalry on any American soap opera . Since its debut , The Young and the Restless has won nine Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Drama Series .", "2": "It is also currently the highest - rated daytime drama on American television . As of 2008 , it had appeared at the top of the weekly Nielsen ratings in that category for more than 1,000 weeks since 1988 . As of December 12 , 2013 , according to Nielsen ratings , The Young and the Restless was the leading daytime drama for an unprecedented 1,300 weeks , or 25 years . The serial is also a sister series to The Bold and the Beautiful , as several actors have crossed over between shows . In June 2017 , The Young and the Restless was renewed for three additional years . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Production 2.1 Videotaping and broadcasting 3 Casting and story development 4 Executive producers and head writers 5 Awards 5.1 Daytime Emmy Awards 5.2 TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards 5.3 Writers Guild of America Awards 6 Broadcast 6.1 Oceania 6.2 Europe 6.3 African / Eastern 7 Theme music and other music 8 Ratings 8.1 Ratings history 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) To compete with the youthful ABC soap operas , All My Children , One Life to Live , and General Hospital , CBS executives wanted a new daytime serial that was youth oriented . William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell created The Young and the Restless in 1972 for the network under the working title , The Innocent Years ! `` We were confronted with the very disturbing reality that young America had lost much of its innocence , '' Bell said . `` Innocence as we had known and lived it all our lives had , in so many respects , ceased to exist . '' They changed the title of the series to The Young and the Restless because they felt it `` reflected the youth and mood of the early seventies . '' The Bells named the fictional setting for the show after the real Genoa City , Wisconsin , which was located on their way from their then - home in Chicago to their annual summer vacation spot in Lake Geneva . The Young and the Restless began airing on March 26 , 1973 , replacing the cancelled soap opera , Where the Heart Is .", "3": "Bell worked as head writer from the debut of the series until his retirement in 1998 . He wrote from his home in Chicago while production took place in Los Angeles , California . Originally , Bell wanted to shoot the series in New York , however , CBS executives felt that Los Angeles would be more cost effective . John Conboy acted as the show 's first executive producer , staying in the position until 1982 . Bell and H. Wesley Kenney became co-executive producers that year until Edward Scott took over in 1989 . Bell then became senior executive producer . Other executive producers included David Shaughnessy , John F. Smith , Lynn Marie Latham , Josh Griffith , Maria Arena Bell , and Paul Rauch . In the mid-1980s , Bell and his family moved to Los Angeles to create a new soap opera . During this time , his three children , William Jr. , Bradley , and Lauralee Bell , each became involved in soap operas . Lauralee Bell worked as an actress on The Young and the Restless . Bradley Bell co-created The Bold and the Beautiful with his father . William Bell Jr. became involved in the family 's production companies as president of Bell Dramatic Serial Co. and Bell - Phillip Television Productions Inc . `` It 's worked out very well for us because we really all worked in very different aspects of the show , '' William Bell Jr. said . `` With my father and I , it was a great kind of partnership and pairing in the sense that he had a total control of the creative side of the show and I did n't have even the inclination to interject in what he was doing . '' After William J. Bell 's 1998 retirement , a number of different head writers took over the position , including Kay Alden , Trent Jones , John F. Smith , Lynn Marie Latham , Scott Hamner , Josh Griffith , Maria Arena Bell , and Hogan Sheffer . In 2012 , former General Hospital executive producer Jill Farren Phelps was hired as the new executive producer of the soap , replacing Bell . Griffith was also named the sole head writer . On August 15 , 2013 , it was speculated and reported by several online sources that Griffith had resigned as head - writer of the serial .", "4": "Further speculation adds that Shelly Altman may take over as the new scribe , alongside Tracey Thomson or Jean Passanante may be brought aboard as co-head scribe . On September 12 , 2013 , it was announced that Passanante and Altman were named head writers of the show , with Thomson promoted to co-head writer . On September 18 , 2014 , former All My Children , Santa Barbara and General Hospital head writer Charles Pratt , Jr. was named as the new head writer of the show . Passanante , Altman and Thomson have been demoted to breakdown writers . Pratt was also named as co-executive producer sharing the credit with Phelps . On June 7 , 2016 , Serial Scoop announced that Phelps had been terminated from her position as executive producer ; a replacement was not named at the time of their reporting . The following morning , Sony Pictures Television confirmed to several media outlets that Phelps had been let go from her position ; British television producer Mal Young was announced as Phelps ' replacement . Phelps ' last appearance as executive producer was July 12 , 2016 , while Young 's first appearance occurred the following day on July 13 . On September 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Pratt was named as executive producer and show - runner of Lee Daniels ' Star . The same day , Daytime Confidential revealed that former Generations and Days of Our Lives head writer Sally Sussman , who previously had positions with the show , such as Associate Head Writer , was in - talks to replace Pratt as Head Writer . On September 15 , 2016 , it was confirmed that Sussman was named as the soap 's new head writer . On September 21 , 2016 , Daytime Confidential reported that after ten years since leaving the soap , Alden had been re-hired to be a story consultant under Sussman 's regime . Sussman 's tenure as head writer began taping on October 20 , 2016 , and began airing on December 7 , 2016 . On June 20 , 2017 , CBS announced its decision to renew the serial for three years . On July 31 , 2017 , it was announced that both Alden and Sussman would retire from their positions ; Young was named as Sussman 's successor as head writer .", "5": "Sussman last aired as head writer on October 24 , 2017 . Young 's tenure as head writer aired on October 25 , 2017 . Production ( edit ) Videotaping and broadcasting ( edit ) Taped at CBS Television City , studios 41 and 43 in Hollywood since its debut on March 26 , 1973 , the show was packaged by the distribution company Columbia Pictures Television , which has now been replaced by Sony Pictures Television . The Young and the Restless originally aired as a half - hour series on CBS and was the first soap opera to focus on the visual aspects of production , creating `` a look that broke with the visual conventions of the genre . '' Similar to the radio serials that had preceded them , soap operas at the time primarily focused on dialogue , characters , and story , with details like sets as secondary concerns . The Young and the Restless stood out by using unique lighting techniques and camera angles , similar to Hollywood - style productions . The style of videotaping included using out - of - the - ordinary camera angles and a large number of facial close - ups with bright lighting on the actors ' faces . Conboy said he used lighting to create `` artistic effects '' . Those effects made the series look dark , shadowy , and moody . The Young and the Restless ' look influenced the taping styles of other soap operas . When H. Wesley Kenney replaced Conboy as executive producer , he balanced the lighting of the scenes . Due to the success of the series , CBS and their affiliates pressured Bell to lengthen the series from 30 minutes to a full hour . Bell attributed this change to the show 's fall from number one in the Nielsen ratings , since the lengthening of the show led to the departure of a number of cast members . `` The issue of performing in a one - hour show had not been part of their contracts , '' Bell said . This forced the show to recast multiple main characters and eventually phase out the original core families in favor of new ones . The show expanded to one hour on February 4 , 1980 . It airs at 12 : 30pm ET / 11 : 00am CT / PT , although some stations opt to air it at 11 : 30am CT .", "6": "Exteriors used in the late 1980s and early 1990s ( and reused years later ) included locations in and around Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , including Allegheny General Hospital , One Oxford Centre , the Duquesne Club , Hampton Township and the prison . Phillip Chancellor died in the Richland , Pennsylvania area , where the police chief was not told and believed the accident really happened . On June 27 , 2001 , The Young and the Restless became the first daytime soap opera to be broadcast in high - definition . In September 2011 , its sister soap The Bold and the Beautiful became the last soap to make the transition from SD to HD before All My Children ended its ABC run on September 23 , 2011 and began its TOLN run online on April 29 , 2013 . On April 24 , 2006 , SoapNet began airing same - day episodes of the series . The final airing on SoapNet was on June 28 , 2013 . The soap has moved from SoapNet to TV Guide Network . The same day episodes begin airing on TVGN ( now Pop ) weeknights on July 1 , 2013 . Casting and story development ( edit ) See also : The Young and the Restless cast members , The Young and the Restless characters , and The Young and the Restless storylines The cast photo of The Young and the Restless , taken in celebration of the soap 's 11,000 th episode ( 2016 ) . Front row ( l-r ) : Hunter King , Miles Gaston Villanueva , Melissa Ordway , Sean Carrigan , Mishael Morgan , Bryton James , Amelia Heinle , Jason Thompson , Eileen Davidson , Gina Tognoni , Peter Bergman , Eric Braeden , Melody Thomas Scott , Steve Burton , Sharon Case , Joshua Morrow , Justin Hartley , Melissa Claire Egan , Jess Walton , Tristan Rogers , Christel Khalil and Daniel Goddard Second row : Robert Adamson , Sofia Pernas , Michael E. Knight , Beth Maitland , Tracey E. Bregman , Christian LeBlanc , Doug Davidson , Lauralee Bell , Kristoff St.", "7": "John , Camryn Grimes , Greg Rikaart , Mara McCaffray , Catherine Bach and Kate Linder Co-creators William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell centered The Young and the Restless around two core families , the wealthy Brooks ' and the poor Fosters . Bell borrowed this technique of soap opera building from his mentor , Irna Phillips . While casting for the series , Bell and executive producer John Conboy auditioned 540 actors for the 13 main characters . They assembled the youngest group of actors ever cast on a soap opera at the time , hiring mostly unknown actors who they considered `` glamorous model types '' . Chemistry between actors also factored into the criteria for casting . The stories focused on the younger characters , with an emphasis in fantasy . The fantasy element was reflected in the love story between Jill Foster and the millionaire Phillip Chancellor II ; the Leslie Brooks , Brad Elliot , and Lorie Brooks love triangle ; and Snapper Foster 's romance with Chris Brooks . Sexuality also played a major role in the stories . Formerly , soap operas did not delve into the sexual side of their romances . Bell changed that , first during his time as head writer of Days of Our Lives and again on The Young and the Restless . William Gray Espy 's Snapper Foster is considered the `` first to discover sex on a soap opera . '' During the story , the character is engaged to Chris Brooks ( Trish Stewart ) and having a sexual relationship with Sally McGuire ( Lee Crawford ) . Other plots reflected sexual themes as well . For the first time in the genre , the dialogue and the story situations included explicit sexual themes such as premarital intercourse , impotence , incest , and rape . The first two rape storylines that would be told on the serial were controversial at the time as they reflected a more introspective and analytic storytelling style , the first time rape storylines would be addressed in this manner in the genre . The first , in 1973 - 74 , revolved around the rape of Chris Brooks and the aftermath , in which she entertained ( and , eventually , rejected ) the idea that she was perhaps at fault for her attack .", "8": "The second , in 1976 , involved Chris 's sister Peggy ( Pamela Peters Solow ) and was meant to serve as a cut - and - dried story in which no viewer could justify this attack , committed out of the blue by an authority figure . The series also explored social issues . Jennifer Brooks underwent the first mastectomy on a soap opera . Other social issue storylines included bulimia , alcoholism , and cancer . Lesbianism was also touched on with Katherine Chancellor , who flirts with Jill while drunk in 1974 and has a brief relationship with Joann Curtis ( Kay Heberle ) in 1977 . When the series lengthened from a half - hour to an hour in 1980 , multiple cast members who portrayed characters from the original core families departed because their contracts only bound them to performing in a half - hour show . A number of the characters were recast until one of the few remaining original actors , Jaime Lyn Bauer , who portrayed Lorie Brooks , decided to leave . When she announced her intention not to renew her contract , Bell decided to replace the original core families . `` As I studied the remaining cast , I realized I had two characters - Paul Williams , played by Doug Davidson , and Jack Abbott , played by Terry Lester - both of whom had a relatively insignificant presence on the show , '' Bell said . `` They did n't have families . Hell , they did n't even have bedrooms . But these became the two characters I would build our two families around . '' The characters from the Abbott and Williams families were integrated into the series while the Brooks and Foster families , with the exception of Jill , were phased out . The continuity of the feud between Jill and Katherine , which began in the early years of the show , smoothed the transition . The relationship between the two characters remained a central theme throughout the series and became the longest lasting rivalry in daytime history . Another character introduced in the 1980s was Eric Braeden 's Victor Newman . Originally , the character was `` a despicable , contemptible , unfaithful wife abuser '' who was intended to be killed off . Braeden 's tenure on the show was meant to last between eight and twelve weeks .", "9": "`` When I saw Eric Braeden 's first performance - the voice , the power , the inner strength - I knew immediately that I did n't want to lose this man , '' Bell said . `` He was exactly what the show needed . Not the hateful man we saw on - screen , but the man he could and would become . '' Bell rewrote the story to save the character and put Braeden on contract . Victor 's romance with Nikki Reed became a prominent plot in the series . With the success of another iconic character , Kimberlin Brown 's Sheila Carter , Bell made daytime drama history in 1992 by successfully crossing her over from The Young and the Restless to his second soap , The Bold and the Beautiful . The success of the crossover was due , in part , to the creativity of Bell , as the nefarious character of Sheila was presumed to have died in a fire on The Young and the Restless . In the 1980s , core black characters were introduced with the Barber and Winters families . Victoria Rowell ( Drucilla Barber ) and Tonya Lee Williams ( Dr. Olivia Barber ) were cast as the nieces of the Abbott 's maid , Mamie Johnson , in 1990 . The brothers Neil ( Kristoff St. John ) and Malcolm Winters ( Shemar Moore ) were introduced as love interests for Olivia and Drucilla . The Young and the Restless became popular among black viewers , which Williams and St. John attributed to the writing for the black characters . `` I play a CEO at a major corporation , that 's something we do n't see that often , '' St. John said . `` And the show does n't use the old African - American stereotypes that we have been seeing on TV , like the hustler , the pimp , the drug dealer . We have come a long way . '' Though the characters held prominent positions in the fictional work place of Genoa City , they had little interaction with other characters outside of their jobs . Executive producers and head writers ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "10": "( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Executive producers Name Years Production Notes / Contributions William J. Bell 1973 -- 2005 Also the show 's creator and longtime head writer ( until 1998 ) , he served as the main executive producer while working alongside of other executive producers . He was n't credited as an executive producer until 1982 when his credit began appearing with H. Wesley Kenney . Served as solo EP from 1986 to 1987 after the departure of Kenney . He received the title of `` senior executive producer '' when Edward Scott became EP and remained credited with the title until 2004 when he returned to the executive producer credit with John F. Smith as co-executive producer . William J. Bell died on April 29 , 2005 and on the following Monday , his credit as EP was edited from the show ; he was still living when those episodes were filmed . John Conboy 1973 -- 82 Served as the show 's first executive producer while credited with the `` produced by '' credit as the title of executive producer was credited hardly on any soaps ( other than a small few ) , until the mid-1970s to 1980s . It was under his run when CBS wanted Y&R expanded from 30 minutes to an hour with the cancellation of Love of Life . Also the show switched from the live - to - tape filming technique to pre-recording episodes , a practice that remains in effect to this date as with all soaps . John departed in 1982 to produce his newly created soap Capitol , which was later cancelled to make room for Y&R 's sister show The Bold and the Beautiful . H. Wesley Kenney 1982 -- 86 Guided the show with more action - driven story direction inspired in large part by the more action oriented soap General Hospital which was a ratings smash at the time . The change to more action storylines are believed to be what helped the show win Daytime Emmy Awards in 1983 , 1985 and 1986 . Began crediting the show 's cast in alphabetical order , a standard that remains to this date . Ceased the fade to next scene transition effect within the show 's episodes .", "11": "Had artist Sandy Dvore , who designed the art drawing photos in the shows main title , to design the show 's signature stylized brush stroke logo on Y&R merchandise in 1982 , leading to the debut of the logo in the show 's main title in January 1984 . Edward J. Scott 1987 -- 2001 Debuted on the show in 1976 as an associate producer eventually becoming the `` produced by '' producer under John Conboy until 1987 . Briefly filled in as EP for H. Wesley Kenney in 1986 . Helped the show rise to co - # 1 in 1987 with General Hospital in ratings before it solely dethroned GH as # 1 in 1988 and has since remained there . Retired the longtime art drawings cast montage of the opening credits in 1988 . Began the practice of crediting production principals on opening scenes of the show and adding the cast members ' real - life names to the opening credits in 1999 . Ceased the last commercial break between the last scene and end credits . Converted the show into HDTV in 2001 , making it the first soap in history to do so . Returned from 2004 to 2007 as `` supervising producer '' , a position he previously had briefly in 1987 . Real - life husband of actress Melody Thomas Scott ( Nikki Reed Newman ) . David Shaughnessy 2001 -- 04 Assumed executive producer position after serving as a producer and supervising producer since 1991 . The Bell Dramatic Serial Co. production logo began appearing with end credits under his run . He managed to score brief returns by veteran actors such as Jaime Lyn Bauer , William Gray Espy , Meg Bennett and James Houghton ( who wrote on the show between 1991 and 2006 ) , all of whom who left the show back in the 1970s and 1980s , for brief storylines in 2002 and 2003 . Debuted `` next episode '' preview scenes in 2003 , a practice started with the ABC soaps in 1998 .", "12": "John F. Smith 2003 -- 06 Became co-executive producer with William J. Bell and David Shaughnessy while still serving as co-head writer with Kay Alden and Trent Jones ( until 2004 ) . Worked as a writer on the show since the early 1980s . Still maintained the co-EP title after William J. Bell 's passing in 2005 . Stepped down in 2006 as EP while remaining as co-head writer until November 2006 . Lynn Marie Latham 2006 -- 07 Brought on as a `` creative consultant '' under John F. Smith in November 2005 ; Latham would later fire Smith as co-head writer in 2006 . Promoted to head writer with Kay Alden and Smith in February 2006 , then promoted to executive producer , becoming the show 's first female EP in October 2006 , after the show went that summer without an EP . Tenure as EP / HW was criticized by viewers and insiders for damaging the show 's history with out - of - text writing , firing several longtime cast and crew members in favor of several unknowns , and doing too much favoritism . She was fired when she abandoned her post as EP to go on strike for the 2007 -- 08 writer 's strike . Josh Griffith 2006 -- 08 Brought on by Lynn Marie Latham as her co-executive producer in 2006 . Assumed full producer duties in December 2007 , when Latham was fired . He also served as head writer with Maria Arena Bell during the 2007 -- 08 writers strike . Remained as EP when Bell became sole head writer until he was fired when it was learned that he was tampering with Bell 's stories ; this was also known as former EP Edward Scott , who is friends with Griffith , was said to be doing the same thing on Days of Our Lives , leading to his departure from that show . Paul Rauch 2008 -- 11 The veteran producer debuted as Maria Arena Bell 's co-executive producer in October 2008 . It was established that his role as co-executive producer would be to only foresee everything with the production of the show while Bell was solely responsible for the stories .", "13": "This was the only time Paul ever been a co-EP and his first stop back to soap operas in six years since his 2002 departure from Guiding Light . He opted not to renew his contract with Y&R after three years with the show and stepped down in May 2011 . Maria Arena Bell 2008 -- 12 Bell is the wife of William Bell , Jr. , the oldest son of William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell . Under her run , she brought the show 's fictional Jabot Cosmetics to life by teaming up with a real cosmetics marketing company to help distribute the products . Named head writer in December 2007 . Bell was named executive producer in October 2008 , after Josh Griffith was ousted for tampering with her stories . Bell brought along veteran producer Paul Rauch to help her with the production of the show while she mostly focused on the stories . She was known for steering away from character - driven storylines in favor of plot - driven ones , which was criticized . From 2008 to 2010 , she was credited as co-executive producer as well as Rauch , while her credit appeared first . Bell was let go in July 2012 ; an official reason was never given for her departure , however many sources speculate it was due to the controversial pairing of characters Sharon and Victor Newman ( Sharon Case and Eric Braeden ) . One of the final milestones to happen under Bell 's regime was the celebration of the 10,000 th episode . The final episode under Bell 's direction was broadcast on October 11 , 2012 ; but she was credited until October 22 . Jill Farren Phelps 2012 -- 16 Named executive producer in July 2012 upon the dismissal of Maria Arena Bell . This marked the second CBS soap opera Phelps executive produced , with the first being Guiding Light from 1991 to 1995 . While Maria Arena Bell was still credited , Phelps began her tenure by August as she made several immediate casting changes ( such as hiring Robert Adamson and Hunter King , two young actors she worked with on the primetime soap Hollywood Heights , respectively ) . By October , she was still uncredited as executive producer although her first episode aired on October 12 , 2012 , and received her first official credit on October 23 , 2012 .", "14": "On June 7 , 2016 , Serial Scoop and Daytime Confidential reported that Phelps had been terminated at that soap , with no confirmation of final airdate made at press time . Phelps ' exit was confirmed the following day by Sony Pictures Television . Phelps was last credited as executive producer on July 12 , 2016 . Charles Pratt , Jr . 2015 -- 16 Named co-executive producer in September 2014 , sharing the position with Phelps , a position he previously served on NBC soap opera Santa Barbara . Pratt 's first episode as HW and co-EP aired on January 16 , 2015 . On September 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Pratt would no longer co-executive producer the soap , given his new position as show - runner of Lee Daniels ' Star . Pratt was last credited as head writer and co-executive producer on December 6 , 2016 . Mal Young 2016 -- present Named executive producer in June 2016 upon the dismissal of Jill Farren Phelps . This marks the first American soap opera Young executive produced , having previously been the producer and executive producer of British soap operas Brookside , EastEnders and Holby City . July 13 , 2016 , marked Young 's first appearance as executive producer . Immediate changes made under Young included the return of actress Elizabeth Hendrickson and a return guest appearance from Michael Graziadei in the roles of Chloe Mitchell and Daniel Romalotti , respectively . The series will also celebrate its 11,000 th episode under Young 's credit on September 1 , 2016 . In 2017 , it was announced that Young would take on head writer duties after Sally Sussman 's retirement . Young 's first credit as head writer will appear on October 25 , 2017 . Sally Sussman 2016 -- 17 Named co-executive producer in September 2016 upon the dismissal of Pratt , Jr ... Sussman shares the position with Young , a position she previously served on NBC soap opera Generations . Sussman 's first credit as head writer and co-executive producer appeared on December 7 , 2016 .", "15": "In July 2017 , it was announced that Sussman would retire ; she received her last credit as head writer and co-executive producer on October 24 , 2017 . Head writers Years Head writer ( s ) March 26 , 1973 -- 97 William J. Bell 1997 -- 98 William J. Bell Kay Alden 1998 -- 2000 Kay Alden 2000 -- 02 Kay Alden Trent Jones 2002 -- 06 Kay Alden John F. Smith 2006 Kay Alden John F. Smith Lynn Marie Latham 2006 -- 07 Lynn Marie Latham Scott Hamner 2007 -- 08 Josh Griffith Maria Arena Bell 2008 -- 12 Maria Arena Bell Hogan Sheffer Scott Hamner 2012 -- 13 Josh Griffith Hogan Sheffer Tracey Thomson Shelly Altman 2013 -- 15 Shelly Altman Jean Passanante Tracey Thomson 2015 -- 16 Charles Pratt , Jr . 2016 -- 17 Sally Sussman 2017 -- Mal Young Awards ( edit ) The serial has won 116 Daytime Emmys , among 360 nominations .", "16": "The following list summarizes awards won by The Young and the Restless : Daytime Emmy Awards ( edit ) Recipient Role Year ( s ) Outstanding Drama Series 1975 , 1983 , 1985 , 1986 , 1993 , 2004 , 2007 ( tied with Guiding Light ) , 2014 , 2015 ( tied with Days of Our Lives ) Outstanding Individual Director in a Daytime Drama Series Richard Dunlap 1975 , 1978 Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2011 Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team 1992 , 1997 , 2000 , 2006 , 2011 , 2014 , 2017 Lead Actor Peter Bergman Eric Braeden Christian LeBlanc Doug Davidson Billy Miller Jack Abbott Victor Newman Michael Baldwin Paul Williams Billy Abbott 1991 , 1992 , 2002 1998 2005 , 2007 2009 2013 2014 Lead Actress Jess Walton Michelle Stafford Jeanne Cooper Gina Tognoni Jill Foster Abbott Phyllis Summers Katherine Chancellor Phyllis Summers 1997 2008 2017 Supporting Actor Shemar Moore Greg Rikaart Kristoff St. John Billy Miller Steve Burton Malcolm Winters Kevin Fisher Neil Winters Billy Abbott Dylan McAvoy 2000 2005 2008 2010 , 2013 ( tied with Scott Clifton ) 2017 Supporting Actress Beth Maitland Jess Walton Michelle Stafford Sharon Case Amelia Heinle Jessica Collins Traci Abbott Connolly Jill Foster Abbott Phyllis Summers Sharon Newman Victoria Newman Avery Bailey Clark 1985 1991 1997 1999 2014 2015 , 2016 Younger Actress Tracey E. Bregman Tricia Cast Heather Tom Camryn Grimes Christel Khalil Hunter King Lauren Fenmore Nina Webster Victoria Newman Cassie Newman Lily Winters Summer Newman 1985 1992 1993 , 1999 2000 2012 2014 , 2015 Younger Actor Kristoff St.", "17": "John David Tom David Lago Bryton James Neil Winters Billy Abbott Raul Guittierez Devon Hamilton 1992 2000 2005 2007 Lifetime Achievement Award William J. Bell Jeanne Cooper Lee Phillip Bell creator Katherine Chancellor co-creator 1992 2007 TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards ( edit ) 2006 `` Hall of Fame Inductee '' Eric Braeden ( Victor Newman ) Writers Guild of America Awards ( edit ) 2003 `` Best Daytime Serial '' Written by Kay Alden , Trent Jones , John F. Smith , Jerry Birn , Jim Houghton , Natalie Minardi , Janice Ferri , Eric Freiwald , Joshua McCaffrey , Michael Minnis , Rex M. Best 2006 `` Best Daytime Serial '' Written by Kay Alden , John F. Smith , Janice Ferri , Jim Houghton , Natalie Minardi Slater , Sally Sussman Morina , Sara Bibel , Eric Freiwald , Linda Schreiber , Joshua S. McCaffrey , Marc Hertz , Sandra Weintraub 2008 `` Best Daytime Serial '' Written by Lynn Marie Latham , Scott Hamner , Bernard Lechowick , Cherie Bennett , Jeff Gottesfeld , Jim Stanley , Natalie Minardi Slater , Lynsey Dufour , Marina Alburger , Sara Bibel , Sandra Weintraub Broadcast ( edit ) In Belize , Channel 5 Great Belize Television airs the soap , while rival Channel 7 Tropical Vision Limited also airs the soap . In Canada , the Global Television Network airs new episodes a day ahead of the US broadcast . Most Global stations use The Young and the Restless as a late - afternoon lead - in for their local newscasts , but times vary by market . It also airs on NTV in Newfoundland and Labrador which airs the program on a same - day - as - CBS basis . In Jamaica , the show airs on CVMTV . In Trinidad , the show airs weekdays on CBS and has been airing in Trinidad since the 1980s . In 1988 , 70 percent of Trinidadians who had access to a television watched daily episodes of The Young and the Restless , a series that emphasized family problems , sexual intrigue , and gossip .", "18": "Oceania ( edit ) Main article : Screening of soap operas in Australia In Australia , The Young and the Restless airs after Days of Our Lives on Arena . It previously aired on the Nine Network from April 1 , 1974 to February 23 , 2007 , before joining the W line - up on April 2 , 2007 , to August 17 , 2012 , On July 20 , 2012 , it was announced that the show would move to Arena on August 20 , 2012 , after W rebranded as SoHo . Episodes are approximately one week behind those airing in the US at present . In New Zealand , The Young and the Restless aired alongside Days of Our Lives on TV ONE and ended on November 6 , 2009 . The soap was approximately four seasons behind the CBS season due to being preempted by holiday and sporting programming . In the Philippines , aired from 1987 to 1989 on ABS - CBN . Europe ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , The Young and The Restless has aired on many TV channels starting in 1990 , when episodes from 1987 debuted on BSB Galaxy in a regular weekday timeslot . When BSB merged with Sky in November 1990 , the soap moved to Sky 's flagship channel Sky One and aired at 11 : 00 weekdays until the end of 1992 . When BSB 's original three - year contract to air the soap expired , Sky chose not to renew it . In 1993 , Y&R was picked up by UK Living ( then known as simply Living , now Sky Living ) in a primetime timeslot , picking up where Sky left off . This lasted until late 1995 . In 2007 , Zone Romantica , now CBS Drama began broadcasting the show weekdays ( four years behind US ) . In 2009 , when CBS went into partnership with and took over the Chellozone Channels the show was relegated to just one showing a day ( in favor of repeating shows such as Dynasty and Dallas in the daytime ) . It was attracting around 18 -- 20,000 viewers at midnight in the last week of its broadcast in the UK in August 2010 .", "19": "African / eastern ( edit ) In India , the show began airing in February 2007 on Zee Café . The channel started with episodes from 2004 . In South Africa , the show airs on e.tv . The show was originally aired in South Africa in the early 1990s , dubbed into the Afrikaans language , and entitled ' Rustelose Jare ' ( Restless Years ) . In 1999 The Young and the Restless was canceled but the show returned to South African television screens in June 2004 , with no overhead foreign translations . As of June 2014 , episodes are screened nine months behind the US . Because of `` continual viewing '' with no breaks , South African audiences will catch up with the US broadcast by mid-2016 . Theme music and other music ( edit ) Main article : Nadia 's Theme `` Nadia 's Theme '' has been the theme music of The Young and the Restless since the show 's debut in 1973 . The melody , originally titled `` Cotton 's Dream '' , was composed by Barry De Vorzon and Perry Botkin , Jr. for the 1971 theatrical film Bless the Beasts and Children . The melody was later renamed `` Nadia 's Theme '' after the ABC television network 's sports summary program Wide World of Sports lent the music for a montage of Romanian gymnast Nadia Comăneci 's routines during the 1976 Summer Olympics ; despite the title , Nadia never performed her floor exercises using this piece of music . Instead , she used a piano arrangement of a medley of the songs `` Yes Sir , That 's My Baby '' and `` Jump in the Line . '' Botkin wrote a rearranged version of the piece specifically for The Young and the Restless ' debut . The song remained unchanged , save for a slight remix in 1988 and a three - year stint in the early 2000s ( decade ) , when an alternate , more jazzy arrangement of that tune was used , using portions of the longer closing version of the original theme . An LP album was published in 1976 by A&M Records . The track list contains two titles of the French composer Michel Colombier , Rainbow and Emmanuel , a success track which he wrote in memory of the death of his son .", "20": "In late September and early October 2012 , upon the show 's 10,000 th episode , the current form of opening credits were updated . In the years prior , fans criticized them for their lack of updates and cast additions ( some contract players , such as Adrienne Frantz , and Kimberlin Brown came and went without being added ) . In mid-February 2017 , the current form of opening credits were updated to honor the history on CBS Daytime and to carry them into the future as they approach the 44th anniversary . Ratings ( edit ) See also : List of U.S. daytime soap opera ratings As of 2010 , The Young and the Restless has managed over 1,000 consecutive weeks in the # 1 spot for daytime dramas . On the week ending April 6 , 2012 , The Young and the Restless was watched by a new low of an average of 3,960,000 viewers for the week , beating its previous low of 4.209 million in October 2011 , as well as being the only week to date below 4 million viewers . Currently , the show is still the most - watched daytime drama ; and for the season 2011 -- 12 , has a household rating of 3.5 , and 1.5 for the Women 18 -- 49 demographic . As of 2008 , the Tuesday episodes of The Young and the Restless on average is the most - watched daytime drama showing . When introduced during the 1972 -- 73 season , the show was at the bottom of the ratings , but rose rapidly : ninth by 1974 -- 75 and third by 1975 -- 76 . By 1988 -- 89 it had dethroned long - time leader General Hospital as the top - rated soap , a position it has held ever since . During the week of December 2 , 2013 , the series celebrated their twenty - fifth year as the number one daytime drama . The Young and the Restless airs every weeknight on Pop , where it averaged 362,000 viewers from July to September 2013 . Ratings history ( edit ) Season Rating Season rank 1972 -- 73 5.0 15th 1973 -- 74 6.", "21": "2 13th 1974 -- 75 8.4 9th 1975 -- 76 8.6 3rd 1976 -- 77 8.7 4th 1977 -- 78 7.8 5th 1978 -- 79 8.6 3rd 1979 -- 80 8.8 3rd 1980 -- 81 7.8 6th 1981 -- 82 7.4 5th 1982 -- 83 8.0 4th 1983 -- 84 8.8 3rd 1984 -- 85 8.1 3rd 1985 -- 86 8.3 2nd 1986 -- 87 8.0 2nd 1987 -- 88 8.1 1st 1988 -- 89 8.1 1st 1990 -- 91 8.1 1st 1991 -- 92 8.2 1st 1992 -- 93 8.4 1st 1993 -- 94 8.6 1st 1994 -- 95 7.5 1st 1995 -- 96 7.6 1st 1996 -- 97 7.1 1st 1997 -- 98 6.8 1st 1998 -- 99 6.9 1st 1999 -- 00 6.8 1st 2000 -- 01 5.8 1st 2001 -- 02 5.0 1st 2002 -- 03 4.7 1st 2003 -- 04 4.4 1st 2004 -- 05 4.2 1st 2005 -- 06 4.", "22": "2 1st 2006 -- 07 4.2 1st 2007 -- 08 4.1 1st 2008 -- 09 3.7 1st 2009 -- 10 3.8 1st 2010 -- 11 3.6 1st 2011 -- 12 3.5 1st 2012 -- 13 3.6 1st 2013 -- 14 3.4 1st 2014 -- 15 3.5 1st 2015 - 16 3.6 1st 2016 - 17 3.5 1st ^ A ( debut ) ^ B Tied in rating ( 8.1 ) with General Hospital ; however General Hospital drew more viewers in millions . ^ C The Young and the Restless was number - one solo ( for the first time ) for the 1988 -- 89 and has retained this position ever since . See also ( edit ) Television portal United States portal CBS Daytime Genoa City ( The Young and the Restless ) The Young and the Restless cast members The Young and the Restless characters List of longest - serving soap opera actors References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Strohm , Emily ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Celebrates 11,000 Episodes and 43 Years on Air ! '' . People . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Young and the Restless '' . E ! True Hollywood Story . 2001 - 05 - 20 . E ! . ^ Jump up to : Simon , Ron ; Thompson , Robert J. ; Spence , Louise ; Feuer , Jane ( 1997 ) . Morton , Robert , ed . Worlds Without End : The Art and History of the Soap Opera . New York , New York : Harry N Abrams . pp.", "23": "150 -- 151 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3997 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hyatt , Wesley ( 1997 ) . The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television . Billboard Books . pp. 476 -- 482 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8315 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : McNeil , Alex ( 1996 ) . Total Television : The Comprehensive Guide to Programming From 1948 to the Present . Fourth Edition . Penguin Books . pp. 931 -- 934 . ISBN 0140249168 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Denise ( March 17 , 2006 ) . `` Sudser Slides to SoapNet '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Young and the Restless ' Moves From Soapnet to TV Guide Network '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Young & the Restless ' Moves to TVGN for Exclusive Basic Cable Airings Beginning Monday , July 1 '' . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Young and the Restless 35th Anniversary Salute '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles Times . April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Worlds Without End , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : `` Black Stars Heat Up Daytime Soaps '' . Jet . October 13 , 1997 . pp. 52 -- 56 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Y&R : Famous Plots -- Kay / Jill Feud '' . Youngandtherestless.com . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2012 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R : Famous Plots '' . Globaltv.com . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2012 .", "24": "Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Coleridge , Daniel ( April 26 , 2004 ) . `` TV Guide Editors ' Blogs -- Daniel 's Dish '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ `` CBS.com '' . ^ Jump up to : Matelski , Marilyn ( 1988 ) . The Soap Opera Evolution : America 's Enduring Romance with Daytime Drama . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc . Publishers . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 324 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . ( Sony ) . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Cassata , Mary ; Irwin , Barbara ( 1996 ) . Hoffman , Peter , ed . The Young and the Restless Most Memorable Moments . Los Angeles , California : General Publishing Group . p. 9 . ISBN 1 - 881649 - 87 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dorothy Catherine Anger ( 1999 ) . Other Worlds : Society Seen Through Soap Opera . University of Toronto Press . pp. 67 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 103 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Oei , Lily ( December 5 , 2001 ) . `` Exec replaces Scott '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Gladden , Chelsea P. `` Ask the Writers ! '' . Sony . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Gladden , Chelsea P. `` Checking in with Lynn ... '' Sony . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soap Watch '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Branco , Nelson ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Soap Whisperer '' . TV Guide Canada . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 .", "25": "Jump up ^ Oei , Lily ( March 4 , 2004 ) . `` Ellen the talk of the Emmys '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Oei , Lily ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Daytime Emmy Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Jill Farren Phelps Named Executive Producer And Josh Griffith Named Head Writer Of `` THE YOUNG AND THE RESTLESS , '' The Number One Daytime Drama `` . Market Watch . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ SOD ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Y&R Head Writer Out '' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` RUMOR REPORT : Is Josh Griffith IN or OUT at The Young and the Restless ? ! '' . Daytime Confidential . Daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simms , Richard M. ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Y&R Headwriter Out ? '' . Soaps in Depth . CBS.soapsindepth.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Will Shelly Altman Assume Head Writer Duties at The Young and the Restless ? '' . Daytime Confidential . Daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ SOD ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` Y&R Officially Names New Head Writers '' . Soap Opera Digest .", "26": "Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Chuck Pratt Gets Head Writer Gig and an Executive Producer Credit at The Young and the Restless '' . Daytime Confidential . Daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Michael ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Jill Farren Phelps Out at The Young and the Restless ? '' . Serial Scoop . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` CONFIRMED ! JILL FARREN PHELPS OUT AT Y&R '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , inc. 8 June 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` MAL YOUNG 'S FIRST Y&R EPISODE SET '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Ex-Y&R Headwriter Chuck Pratt Named New Showrunner of Lee Daniels ' Star '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` New Gig For Y&R 's Charles Pratt , Jr '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Chuck Pratt OUT at Y&R ; Hearing Sally Sussman Morina in Talks '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Sally Sussman Morina Named Head Writer of The Young and the Restless '' . Daytime Confidential .", "27": "Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Y&R NAMES NEW HEAD WRITER '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Kay Alden Returns to The Young and the Restless as Story Consultant ( Exclusive ) '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Y&R 's Melody Thomas Scott Reveals First Airdate Of Sally Sussman Morina and Kay Alden 's Scripts ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews Daytime Lineup ; Y&R Gets 3 More Years '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Gets 3 More Seasons , as CBS Renews Daytime Slate '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Young and the Restless SHOCKER : Sally Sussman and Kay Alden to Retire ; Mal Young in as New Head Writer ! ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Y&R Scribes Out ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc .", "28": "Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` New Y&R Head Writer Mal Young 's Material to Begin Airing in October '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive ! How Y&R Will Change '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows -- CBS Television City '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Worlds Without End , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Soares , Manuela ( 1978 ) . The Soap Opera Book . New York , New York : Harmony Books . pp. 29 -- 31 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 53331 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Carol Traynor ( 1992 ) . It 's Time for My Story . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger Publishers . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 94297 - X . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Bates Motel , ' ' The Young & the Restless ' and Patrice King Brown '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Prikios , Karen Anderson ( June 25 , 2001 ) . `` Finding the art in HDTV '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R Leaving SOAPnet This Summer ! '' . Soaps in Depth . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Starting July 1 watch same day episodes of # YR weeknights '' . TVGN Twitter . June 26 , 2013 .", "29": "Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Countdown To Y&R Clip From TVGN ! '' . Soap in Depth . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Denis , Paul ( 1985 ) . Inside the Soaps . Don Mills , Ontario , Canada : Citadel Press . pp. 116 -- 119 . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 0940 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie ( 1979 ) . All My Afternoons . New York , New York : A & W Publishing . pp. 152 -- 162 . ISBN 0 - 89104 - 098 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , Elana ( January 9 , 2007 ) . `` Wallowing in Sex : The New Sexual Culture of 1970s American Television '' . Duke University Press -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 98 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : Waldron , Clarence ( April 7 , 2008 ) . `` ' Young and the Restless ' Celebrates 35 Years of Drama , Success '' . Jet . pp. 56 -- 59 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Worlds Without End , p. 93 Jump up ^ Worlds Without End , p. 107 Jump up ^ `` Huge Shakeup at Y&R ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . August 20 , 2012 . pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` DAYTIME AND SOAP OPERA TV RATINGS CBS Celebrates The Young and the Restless Milestone 10,000 th Episode on The Talk '' . TVbytheNumbers . United States : Zap2it . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : New Boss Jill Farren Phelps Reveals What 's in Store For The Young and the Restless '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com .", "30": "Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Series producer ( s ) : Jill Farren Phelps and Charles Pratt , Jr. ; Writer ( s ) : Charles Pratt , Jr. and Tracey Thomson ( July 12 , 2016 ( US ) ; July 11 , 2016 ( Canada ) ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 43 . Episode 10,064 . CBS . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ SOD ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Y&R HIRES NEW HEAD WRITER '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media Inc . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Polarizing Pair in Soaps : Execs Jill Farren Phelps and Chuck Pratt on the State of The Young and the Restless '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Round 2 : The Young and the Restless Chiefs Jill Farren Phelps and Chuck Pratt Answer Our Burning Questions '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Series producer ( s ) : Charles Pratt , Jr. and Mal Young ; Writer ( s ) : Charles Pratt , Jr. and Tracey Thomson ( July 13 , 2016 ( US ) ; July 12 , 2016 ( Canada ) ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 43 . Episode 10,065 . CBS . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1975 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1985 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com .", "31": "Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daytime Emmys 2014 : The Winners List '' . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( Apr 26 , 2015 ) . `` Daytime Emmys : Days and Y&R Split Best Drama , GH Wins 3 Acting Awards , B&B Tops Soap Opera Pack '' . tvline.com . Retrieved Apr 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNeil , Alex ( 1996 ) . Total Television : The Comprehensive Guide to Programming From 1948 to the Present . Fourth Edition . Penguin Books . p. 1067 . ISBN 0140249168 . Jump up ^ McNeil , p. 1075 . Jump up ^ McNeil , p. 1095 -- 1102 Jump up ^ `` 1996 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1997 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1998 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1999 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 .", "32": "^ Jump up to : `` 2002 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` And The Daytime Emmy Winners Are ! '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNeil , p. 1111 Jump up ^ `` 2006 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1991 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1992 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 Emmy Award Winners '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Daytime Emmys '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lead Actor in a Drama Series '' . June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Daytime Emmys '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2000 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Daytime Emmys '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Supporting Actor in a Drama Series '' . June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' General Hospital ' scores 5 Daytime Emmys , including best drama ; ' Today , ' ' Jeopardy ! ' also win '' . Associated Press .", "33": "June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/766507/The-Young-and-the-Restless Jump up ^ Nadia Comăneci at Olympic.org Jump up ^ `` Y&R Unveils New Opening '' . February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless To Mark 1000 Weeks on Top ! '' . www.soaps.com . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : New Lows For DAYS / Y&R ; Another Horrible Week For Soaps - Soap Opera Network '' . April 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ratings : New Low For DAYS in Women 18 - 49 Viewers - Soap Opera Network '' . July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime 's 40 Most Popular Shows - Soap Opera Network '' . December 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' General Hospital ' Overtakes ' The Young And The Restless ' For First Time In More Than Six Years '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://finance.yahoo.com/news/big-brother-dark-young-restless-161800237.html Jump up ^ `` Daytime Ratings : Week of April 28 Edition - Soap Opera Network '' . May 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Soap Opera Ratings for December 29 , 2008 -- January 2 , 2009 '' . April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : DAYS Rebounds From Bad Week - Soap Opera Network '' . May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : Soaps Down in Total Viewers - Soap Opera Network '' . June 3 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Young and the Restless .", "34": "Wikinews has related news : The Young and the Restless celebrates 35 years : Wikinews interviews three actresses Official website The Young and the Restless at CBS Daytime The Young and the Restless on IMDb The Young and the Restless Daily Recaps The Young and the Restless at TVGN The Young and the Restless at Yahoo ! TV The Young and the Restless at the W. Channel Full episodes of The Young and the Restless Available only to U.S. viewers In depth audio interview with Eric Braeden ( Dec 2007 ) The Young and the Restless Official Fan Wiki at CBS Wiki The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' The Young and the Restless characters Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Kyle Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Colin Atkinson Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Christine Blair Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Devon Hamilton J.T. Hellstrom Reed Hellstrom Dina Mergeron Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Christian Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Sharon Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters Past characters Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Fenmore Baldwin Jeffrey Bardwell Isabella Braña Mackenzie Browning Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Scotty Grainger Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges", "35": "Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Anita Lawson Chelsea Lawson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Chloe Mitchell Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Connor Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Cassandra Rawlins Stitch Rayburn Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family Daytime television soap operas in the United States Current The Bold and the Beautiful ( 1987 -- present ) Days of Our Lives ( 1965 -- present ) General Hospital ( 1963 -- present ) The Young and the Restless ( 1973 -- present ) 1940s debuts Faraway Hill ( 1946 ) Highway to the Stars ( 1947 ) These Are My Children ( 1949 ) A Woman to Remember ( 1949 ) 1950s debuts As the World Turns ( 1956 -- 2010 ) The Brighter Day ( 1954 -- 1962 ) The Edge of Night ( 1956 -- 1984 ) The First Hundred Years ( 1950 --", "36": "1952 ) First Love ( 1954 -- 1955 ) From These Roots ( 1958 -- 1961 ) Golden Windows ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Guiding Light ( 1952 -- 2009 ) Hawkins Falls ( 1950 -- 1955 ) Love of Life ( 1951 -- 1980 ) Miss Susan ( 1951 ) One Man 's Family ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Portia Faces Life ( 1954 -- 1955 ) The Secret Storm ( 1954 -- 1974 ) Search for Tomorrow ( 1951 -- 1986 ) Three Steps to Heaven ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Young Doctor Malone ( 1958 -- 1963 ) 1960s debuts Another World ( 1964 -- 1999 ) Bright Promise ( 1969 -- 1972 ) The Clear Horizon ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Dark Shadows ( 1966 -- 1971 ) Days of Our Lives ( 1965 -- present ) The Doctors ( 1963 -- 1982 ) A Flame in the Wind ( 1964 -- 1966 ) General Hospital ( 1963 -- present ) Hidden Faces ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Love is a Many Splendored Thing ( 1967 -- 1973 ) Morning Star ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Never Too Young ( 1965 -- 1966 ) The Nurses ( 1965 -- 1967 ) One Life to Live ( 1968 -- 2012 ) Our Five Daughters ( 1962 ) Paradise Bay ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Where the Heart Is ( 1969 -- 1973 ) The Young Marrieds ( 1964 -- 66 ) 1970s debuts All My Children ( 1970 -- 2011 ) The Best of Everything ( 1970 ) How to Survive a Marriage ( 1974 -- 1975 )", "37": "Lovers and Friends ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Return to Peyton Place ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1975 -- 1989 ) Somerset ( 1970 -- 1976 ) A World Apart ( 1970 -- 1971 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1973 -- present ) 1980s debuts Another Life ( 1981 -- 1984 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 1987 -- present ) Capitol ( 1982 -- 1987 ) Generations ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Loving ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Rituals ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Santa Barbara ( 1984 -- 1993 ) Texas ( 1980 -- 1982 ) 1990s debuts The City ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Passions ( 1999 -- 2008 ) Port Charles ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Sunset Beach ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Swans Crossing ( 1992 ) Tribes ( 1990 ) Undressed ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2000s debuts Spyder Games ( 2001 ) Web series All My Children ( 2013 ) Anacostia ( 2009 -- present ) As the Cookie Crumbles ( 2008 ) The Bay ( 2010 -- present ) Beacon Hill ( 2014 -- present ) The Cavanaughs ( 2010 -- 2011 ) DeVanity ( 2011 -- 2014 ) East Los High ( 2013 -- present ) EastSiders ( 2012 -- present ) Miss Behave ( 2010 -- 2012 ) One Life to Live ( 2013 ) Ragged Isle ( 2011 -- 2014 ) River Ridge ( 2012 ) The Spot ( 1995 --", "38": "1997 ) Tainted Dreams ( 2013 -- 2014 ) They Go On ( 1997 ) Venice : The Series ( 2009 -- present ) What If . ( 2010 ) Winterthorne ( 2015 ) CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Instinct ( since 2018 ) Kevin Can Wait ( since 2016 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) Living Biblically ( since 2018 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) Scorpion ( since 2014 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Superior Donuts ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T.", "39": "( since 2017 ) Undercover Boss ( since 2010 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) Daytime The Bold and the Beautiful ( since 1987 ) Let 's Make a Deal ( since 2009 ) The Price Is Right ( since 1972 ) The Talk ( since 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( since 1973 ) Late night The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( since 2015 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( since 2015 ) News 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) CBSN : On Assignment ( since 2017 ) CBS Evening News ( since 1948 ) CBS Morning News ( since 1982 ) CBS News Sunday Morning ( since 1979 ) CBS Overnight News ( since 2015 ) CBS This Morning ( 1987 -- 1999 , since 2012 ) Face the Nation ( since 1954 ) Sports CBS Sports Spectacular ( since 1960 ) NCAA Basketball / Road to the Final Four ( since 1981 ) NFL on CBS / The NFL Today ( 1956 -- 1993 , since 1998 ) PGA Tour on CBS SEC on CBS NCAA March Madness ( co-produced with Turner Sports ) ( since 2011 ) Premier Boxing Champions ( since 2015 ) Saturday morning Dr. Chris : Pet Vet ( since 2013 ) The Inspectors ( since 2015 ) Upcoming Murphy Brown ( 2018 ) TKO : Total Knock Out ( 2018 ) Blood & Treasure ( 2019 ) F.B.I.", "40": "( TBA ) The World 's Best ( TBA ) Awards for The Young and the Restless Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series The Doctors ( 1972 ) The Edge of Night ( 1973 ) The Doctors ( 1974 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1975 ) Another World ( 1976 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1977 ) Days of Our Lives ( 1978 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1979 ) Guiding Light ( 1980 ) General Hospital ( 1981 ) Guiding Light ( 1982 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1983 ) General Hospital ( 1984 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1985 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1986 ) As the World Turns ( 1987 ) Santa Barbara ( 1988 ) Santa Barbara ( 1989 ) Santa Barbara ( 1990 ) As the World Turns ( 1991 ) All My Children ( 1992 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1993 ) All My Children ( 1994 ) General Hospital ( 1995 ) General Hospital ( 1996 ) General Hospital ( 1997 ) All My Children ( 1998 ) General Hospital ( 1999 ) General Hospital ( 2000 ) As the World Turns ( 2001 ) One Life to Live ( 2002 ) As the World Turns ( 2003 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2004 ) General Hospital ( 2005 ) General Hospital ( 2006 ) Guiding Light and The Young and the Restless ( tie , 2007 ) General Hospital ( 2008 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2009 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2010 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2011 ) General Hospital ( 2012 ) Days of Our Lives ( 2013 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2014 ) Days of Our Lives and The Young and the Restless ( tie , 2015 ) General Hospital ( 2016 ) General Hospital ( 2017 )", "41": "Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team Days of Our Lives ( 1974 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1975 ) One Life to Live ( 1976 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1977 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1978 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1979 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1980 ) General Hospital ( 1981 ) General Hospital ( 1982 ) One Life to Live ( 1983 ) One Life to Live ( 1984 ) Guiding Light ( 1985 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1986 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1987 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1988 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1989 ) Santa Barbara ( 1990 ) Santa Barbara ( 1991 ) Another World ( 1992 ) As the World Turns ( 1993 ) Guiding Light ( 1994 ) All My Children ( 1995 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1996 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1997 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1998 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1999 ) General Hospital ( 2000 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2001 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2002 ) All My Children ( 2003 ) General Hospital ( 2004 ) General Hospital ( 2005 ) General Hospital ( 2006 ) As the World Turns ( 2007 ) One Life to Live ( 2008 ) One Life to Live ( 2009 ) General Hospital ( 2010 ) The Bold and the Beautiful / The Young and the Restless ( 2011 ) General Hospital ( 2012 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2013 ) One Life to Live ( 2014 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2015 ) General Hospital ( 2016 ) General Hospital (", "42": "2017 ) Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team The Edge of Night ( 1974 ) Another World ( 1975 ) Days of Our Lives ( 1976 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1977 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1978 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1979 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1980 ) General Hospital ( 1981 ) Guiding Light ( 1986 ) One Life to Live ( 1987 ) All My Children ( 1988 ) Santa Barbara ( 1989 ) Guiding Light ( 1990 ) Santa Barbara ( 1991 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1992 ) Guiding Light ( 1993 ) One Life to Live ( 1994 ) General Hospital ( 1995 ) All My Children ( 1996 ) All My Children / The Young and the Restless ( 1997 ) All My Children ( 1998 ) General Hospital ( 1999 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2000 ) As the World Turns ( 2001 ) As the World Turns ( 2002 ) General Hospital ( 2003 ) As the World Turns ( 2004 ) As the World Turns ( 2005 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2006 ) Guiding Light ( 2007 ) One Life to Live ( 2008 ) General Hospital ( 2009 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2011 ) Days of Our Lives ( 2012 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2013 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2014 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2015 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2016 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "43": "php?title=The_Young_and_the_Restless&oldid=838309645 '' Categories : 1973 American television series debuts 1970s American drama television series 1980s American drama television series 1990s American drama television series 2000s American drama television series 2010s American drama television series American television soap operas CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Wisconsin The Young and the Restless Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series winners Television series created by William J. 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8205851193536896504	who started ww2 and how did it start	[ "Nazi Germany", "with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom", "on 1 September 1939[6] with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom", "begun on 1 September 1939[6] with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany" ]	{ "0": "World War II - wikipedia World War II Jump to : navigation , search `` The Second World War '' , `` WWII '' , and `` WW2 '' redirect here . For other uses , see The Second World War ( disambiguation ) and WWII ( disambiguation ) . World War II ( clockwise from top left ) Chinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing Australian 25 - pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943 American naval force in the Lingayen Gulf Wilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad Date 1 September 1939 -- 2 September 1945 ( 1939 - 09 - 01 -- 1945 - 09 - 02 ) ( 7003219300000000000 ♠ 6 years and 1 day ) Location Europe , Pacific , Atlantic , South - East Asia , China , Middle East , Mediterranean , North Africa and Horn of Africa , briefly North and South America Result Allied victory Collapse of Nazi Germany Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires Dissolution of the League of Nations Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War ( more . ) Participants Allied Powers Axis Powers Commanders and leaders Main Allied leaders Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai - shek Main Axis leaders Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Casualties and losses Military dead : Over 16,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 45,000,000 Total dead : Over 61,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) . further details Military dead : Over 8,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 4,000,000 Total dead : Over 12,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) .", "1": "further details Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars Chinese Civil War USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion Events leading to World War II Treaty of Versailles 1919 Treaty of Trianon 1920 Treaty of Rapallo 1920 March on Rome 1922 Corfu incident 1923 Occupation of the Ruhr 1923 -- 1925 Pacification of Libya 1923 -- 1932 Dawes Plan 1924 Locarno Treaties 1925 Chinese Civil War 1927 -- 1936 Young Plan 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1941 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931 Nazis rise to power in Germany 1933 Franco - Soviet - Czech Pact 1935 Second Italo - Ethiopian War 1935 -- 36 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 39 Anti-Comintern Pact 1936 Second Sino - Japanese War 1937 Anschluss Mar. 1938 Munich crisis Sep. 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939 British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939 Invasion of Albania Apr. 1939 Pact of Steel May 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939 Battle of Britain May . 1940 Invasion of the Soviet Union Jun.", "2": "1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor Dec. 1941 World War II Alphabetical indices N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 -- 9 Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Lists Outline Timeline Portal Category Bibliography World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 , although related conflicts began earlier . It involved the vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually forming two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . It was the most widespread war in history , and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries . In a state of total war , the major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 50 million to 85 million fatalities , most of which were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , starvation , disease and the first use of nuclear weapons in history . The Empire of Japan aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937 , but the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . The war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the coalition of the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth , with campaigns including the North Africa and East Africa campaigns , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz bombing campaign , and the Balkan Campaign , as well as the long - running Battle of the Atlantic .", "3": "On 22 June 1941 , the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union , opening the largest land theatre of war in history , which trapped the major part of the Axis military forces into a war of attrition . In December 1941 , Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean , and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific . The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway , and Germany and Italy were defeated in North Africa and then , decisively , at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union . In 1943 , with a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front , the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Allied invasion of Italy which brought about Italian surrender , and Allied victories in the Pacific , the Axis lost the initiative and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts . In 1944 , the Western Allies invaded German - occupied France , while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies . During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma , while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands . The war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union , culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet troops , the suicide of Adolf Hitler and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms , the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August respectively . With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent , the possibility of additional atomic bombings and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria , Japan formally surrendered on 2 September 1945 . Thus ended the war in Asia , cementing the total victory of the Allies . World War II changed the political alignment and social structure of the world . The United Nations ( UN ) was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts . The victorious great powers -- China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- became the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council .", "4": "The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the Cold War , which lasted for the next 46 years . Meanwhile , the influence of European great powers waned , while the decolonisation of Africa and Asia began . Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery . Political integration , especially in Europe , emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities and to create a common identity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronology 2 Background 2.1 Europe 2.2 Asia 3 Pre-war events 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) 3.2 Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) 3.4 Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 4 Course of the war 4.1 War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) 4.2 Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.3 Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.4 Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) 4.6 Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 1 Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 2 Eastern Front ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6.", "5": "3 Western Europe / Atlantic & Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.7 Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) 4.8 Allies close in ( 1944 ) 4.9 Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) 5 Aftermath 6 Impact 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and warfare 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Chronology See also : Timeline of World War II Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude ( in Asia in Europe ) 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 By topic Diplomacy Engagements Operations Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939 , beginning with the German invasion of Poland ; Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later . The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War on 7 July 1937 , or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931 . Others follow the British historian A.J.P. Taylor , who held that the Sino - Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and the two wars merged in 1941 . This article uses the conventional dating . Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935 . The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939 . The exact date of the war 's end is also not universally agreed upon .", "6": "It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945 ( V-J Day ) , rather than the formal surrender of Japan ( 2 September 1945 ) . A peace treaty with Japan was signed in 1951 . A treaty regarding Germany 's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place in 1990 and resolved other post-World War II issues . Background Main article : Causes of World War II Europe World War I had radically altered the political European map , with the defeat of the Central Powers -- including Austria - Hungary , Germany , Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire -- and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which eventually led to the founding of the Soviet Union . Meanwhile , the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France , Belgium , Italy , Romania and Greece , gained territory , and new nation - states were created out of the collapse of Austria - Hungary and the Ottoman and Russian Empires . The League of Nations assembly , held in Geneva , Switzerland , 1930 To prevent a future world war , the League of Nations was created during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The organisation 's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security , military and naval disarmament , and settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration . Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , its aftermath still caused irredentist and revanchist nationalism in several European states . These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial , colonial , and financial losses incurred by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty , Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all of its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited , reparations were imposed , and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country 's armed forces . The German Empire was dissolved in the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 , and a democratic government , later known as the Weimar Republic , was created . The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the right and left . Italy , as an Entente ally , had made some post-war territorial gains ; however , Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by Britain and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement .", "7": "From 1922 to 1925 , the Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist , totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy , repressed socialist , left - wing and liberal forces , and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power , promising the creation of a `` New Roman Empire '' . Adolf Hitler at a German National Socialist political rally in Weimar , October 1930 Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923 , eventually became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933 . He abolished democracy , espousing a radical , racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . Meanwhile , France , to secure its alliance , allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession . The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles , accelerated his rearmament programme , and introduced conscription . To contain Germany , the United Kingdom , France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 ; however , that June , the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany , easing prior restrictions . The Soviet Union , concerned by Germany 's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France . Before taking effect though , the Franco - Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations , which rendered it essentially toothless . The United States , concerned with events in Europe and Asia , passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year . Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936 , encountering little opposition . In October 1936 , Germany and Italy formed the Rome -- Berlin Axis . A month later , Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy would join in the following year . Asia The Kuomintang ( KMT ) party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s , but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party allies and new regional warlords .", "8": "In 1931 , an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China as the first step of what its government saw as the country 's right to rule Asia , used the Mukden Incident as a pretext to launch an invasion of Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . Too weak to resist Japan , China appealed to the League of Nations for help . Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria . The two nations then fought several battles , in Shanghai , Rehe and Hebei , until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933 . Thereafter , Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and communist forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan . Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) Main article : Second Italo - Ethiopian War The Second Italo -- Abyssinian War was a brief colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936 . The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire ( also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) , which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana , or AOI ) ; in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace . Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations , but the League did nothing when the former clearly violated the League 's Article X . Germany was the only major European nation to support the invasion . Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany 's goal of absorbing Austria . Spanish civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) Main article : Spanish Civil War The bombing of Guernica in 1937 , during the Spanish Civil War , sparked Europe - wide fears that the next war would be based on bombing of cities with very high civilian casualties When civil war broke out in Spain , Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco .", "9": "The Soviet Union supported the existing government , the Spanish Republic . Over 30,000 foreign volunteers , known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists . Both Germany and the USSR used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics . The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939 ; Franco , now dictator , remained officially neutral during World War II but generally favoured the Axis . His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War Japanese Imperial Army soldiers during the Battle of Shanghai , 1937 In July 1937 , Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge Incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China . The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support , effectively ending China 's prior co-operation with Germany . From September to November , the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , as well as engaging the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou and Communist forces in Pingxingguan . Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but , after three months of fighting , Shanghai fell . The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back , capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 . After the fall of Nanking , tens of thousands if not hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were murdered by the Japanese . In March 1938 , Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May . In June 1938 , Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan , but the city was taken by October . Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve ; instead the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war .", "10": "Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts Red Army artillery unit during the Battle of Lake Khasan , 1938 Main article : Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts In the mid-to - late 1930s , Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and the Mongolian People 's Republic . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin - ron , which emphasised Japan 's expansion northward , was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time . With the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939 , the ongoing Second Sino - Japanese War and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets , this policy would prove difficult to maintain . Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941 , and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin - ron , promoted by the Navy , which took its focus southward , eventually leading to its war with the United States and the Western Allies . European occupations and agreements Further information : Anschluss , Appeasement , Munich Agreement , German occupation of Czechoslovakia , and Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Chamberlain , Daladier , Hitler , Mussolini , and Ciano pictured just before signing the Munich Agreement , 29 September 1938 In Europe , Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive . In March 1938 , Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers . Encouraged , Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population ; and soon Britain and France followed the counsel of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government , in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands . Soon afterwards , Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary and Poland annexed Czechoslovakia 's Zaolzie region . Although all of Germany 's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement , privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation . In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish `` war - mongers '' and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build - up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy .", "11": "In March 1939 , Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania , forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region . Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig , Britain and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939 , the same guarantee was extended to Romania and Greece . Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland , Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . Hitler accused Britain and Poland of trying to `` encircle '' Germany and renounced the Anglo - German Naval Agreement and the German -- Polish Non-Aggression Pact . German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop ( right ) and the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , after signing the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , 23 August 1939 In August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , a non-aggression treaty with a secret protocol . The parties gave each other rights to `` spheres of influence '' ( western Poland and Lithuania for Germany ; eastern Poland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the USSR ) . It also raised the question of continuing Polish independence . The agreement was crucial to Hitler because it assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two - front war , as it had in World War I , after it defeated Poland . The situation reached a general crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border . In a private meeting with the Italian foreign minister , Count Ciano , Hitler asserted that Poland was a `` doubtful neutral '' that needed to either yield to his demands or be `` liquidated '' to prevent it from drawing off German troops in the future `` unavoidable '' war with the Western democracies . He did not believe Britain or France would intervene in the conflict . On 23 August Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August , but upon hearing that Britain had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality , he decided to delay it .", "12": "In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war , Germany made demands on Poland , which only served as a pretext to worsen relations . On 29 August , Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession . The Poles refused to comply with the German demands and on the night of 30 -- 31 August in a violent meeting with the British ambassador Neville Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected . Course of the War Further information : Diplomatic history of World War II War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) Main articles : Invasion of Poland , Phoney War , Occupation of Poland ( 1939 -- 45 ) , Nazi crimes against the Polish nation , Soviet invasion of Poland , and Soviet repressions of Polish citizens ( 1939 -- 1946 ) Soldiers of the German Wehrmacht tearing down the border crossing between Poland and the Free City of Danzig after the invasion , September 1939 On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland under the false pretext that the Poles had carried out a series of sabotage operations against German targets near the border . Two days later , on 3 September , after a British ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations was ignored , Britain and France , followed by the fully independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth -- Australia ( 3 September ) , Canada ( 10 September ) , New Zealand ( 3 September ) , and South Africa ( 6 September ) -- declared war on Germany . However , initially the alliance provided limited direct military support to Poland , consisting of a cautious , half - hearted French probe into the Saarland . The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country 's economy and war effort . Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships , which was to later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . German tanks near the city of Bydgoszcz , during the Invasion of Poland September , 1939 On 17 September 1939 , after signing a cease - fire with Japan , the Soviets invaded Poland from the east .", "13": "The Polish army was defeated and Warsaw surrendered to the Germans on 27 September with final pockets of resistance surrendering on 6 October . Poland 's territory was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union , with Lithuania and Slovakia also receiving small shares . After the defeat of Poland 's armed forces , the Polish resistance established an Underground State and a partisan Home Army . About 100,000 Polish military personnel were evacuated to Romania and the Baltic countries ; many of these soldiers later fought against the Germans in other theatres of the war . Poland 's Enigma codebreakers were also evacuated to France . On 6 October , Hitler made a public peace overture to Britain and France , but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union . Chamberlain rejected this on 12 October , saying `` Past experience has shown that no reliance can be placed upon the promises of the present German Government . '' After this rejection Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France , but bad weather forced repeated postponements until the spring of 1940 . German and Soviet army officers pictured shaking hands -- after Nazi Germany and Soviet Union annexed new territories in Eastern Europe , 1939 After signing the German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation , the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of `` mutual assistance '' . Finland rejected territorial demands , prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939 . The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions . Britain and France , treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans , responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations . In June 1940 , the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and Hertza . Meanwhile , Nazi - Soviet political rapprochement and economic co-operation gradually stalled , and both states began preparations for war .", "14": "Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Western Front ( World War II ) Map of the French Maginot Line In April 1940 , Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which the Allies were attempting to cut off by unilaterally mining neutral Norwegian waters . Denmark capitulated after a few hours , and despite Allied support , during which the important harbour of Narvik temporarily was recaptured from the Germans , Norway was conquered within two months . British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the replacement of the British Prime Minister , Neville Chamberlain , with Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940 . Germany launched an offensive against France and , adhering to the Manstein Plan also attacked the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg on 10 May 1940 . That same day British forces landed in Iceland and the Faroes to preempt a possible German invasion of the islands . The U.S. , in close co-operation with the Danish envoy to Washington D.C. , agreed to protect Greenland , laying the political framework for the formal establishment of bases in April 1941 . The Netherlands and Belgium were overrun using blitzkrieg tactics in a few days and weeks , respectively . The French - fortified Maginot Line and the main body of the Allied forces which had moved into Belgium were circumvented by a flanking movement through the thickly wooded Ardennes region , mistakenly perceived by Allied planners as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles . As a result , the bulk of the Allied armies found themselves trapped in an encirclement and were beaten . The majority were taken prisoner , whilst over 300,000 , mostly British and French , were evacuated from the continent at Dunkirk by early June , although abandoning almost all of their equipment . On 10 June , Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom . Paris fell to the Germans on 14 June and eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany and was soon divided into German and Italian occupation zones , and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which , though officially neutral , was generally aligned with Germany . France kept its fleet but the British feared the Germans would seize it , so on 3 July , the British attacked it .", "15": "View of London after the German Blitz , 29 December 1940 The Battle of Britain began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . On 19 July , Hitler again publicly offered to end the war , saying he had no desire to destroy the British Empire . The United Kingdom rejected this ultimatum . The main German air superiority campaign started in August but failed to defeat RAF Fighter Command , and a proposed invasion was postponed indefinitely on 17 September . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified as night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz , but largely failed to disrupt the British war effort . German Luftwaffe , Heinkel He 111 bombers during the Battle of Britain Using newly captured French ports , the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . The British scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . Perhaps most importantly , during the Battle of Britain the Royal Air Force had successfully resisted the Luftwaffe 's assault , and the German bombing campaign largely ended in May 1941 . Throughout this period , the neutral United States took measures to assist China and the Western Allies . In November 1939 , the American Neutrality Act was amended to allow `` cash and carry '' purchases by the Allies . In 1940 , following the German capture of Paris , the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September , the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . Still , a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention into the conflict well into 1941 . Although Roosevelt had promised to keep the United States out of the war , he nevertheless took concrete steps to prepare for war . In December 1940 he accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out negotiations as useless , calling for the US to become an `` arsenal of democracy '' and promoted the passage of Lend - Lease aid to support the British war effort . In January 1941 secret high level staff talks with the British began for the purposes of determining how to defeat Germany should the US enter the war .", "16": "They decided on a number of offensive policies , including an air offensive , the `` early elimination '' of Italy , raids , support of resistance groups , and the capture of positions to launch an offensive against Germany . At the end of September 1940 , the Tripartite Pact united Japan , Italy and Germany to formalise the Axis Powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country , with the exception of the Soviet Union , not in the war which attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three . The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia and Romania joined the Tripartite Pact . Romania would make a major contribution ( as did Hungary ) to the Axis war against the USSR , partially to recapture territory ceded to the USSR , partially to pursue its leader Ion Antonescu 's desire to combat communism . Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II Soldiers of the British Commonwealth forces from the Australian Army 's 9th Division during the Siege of Tobruk ; North African Campaign , August 1941 Italy began operations in the Mediterranean , initiating a siege of Malta in June , conquering British Somaliland in August , and making an incursion into British - held Egypt in September 1940 . In October 1940 , Italy started the Greco - Italian War because of Mussolini 's jealousy of Hitler 's success but within days was repulsed with few territorial gains and a stalemate soon occurred . The United Kingdom responded to Greek requests for assistance by sending troops to Crete and providing air support to Greece . Hitler decided that when the weather improved he would take action against Greece to assist the Italians and prevent the British from gaining a foothold in the Balkans , to strike against the British naval dominance of the Mediterranean , and to secure his hold on Romanian oil . In December 1940 , British Commonwealth forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . The offensive in North Africa was highly successful and by early February 1941 Italy had lost control of eastern Libya and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner .", "17": "The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats , with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission by a carrier attack at Taranto , and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . Captured German Afrika Korps soldiers , December 1941 The Germans soon intervened to assist Italy . Hitler sent German forces to Libya in February , and by the end of March the Axis had launched an offensive which drove back the Commonwealth forces which had been weakened to support Greece . In under a month , Commonwealth forces were pushed back into Egypt with the exception of the besieged port of Tobruk that fell later . The Commonwealth attempted to dislodge Axis forces in May and again in June , but failed on both occasions . By late March 1941 , following Bulgaria 's signing of the Tripartite Pact , the Germans were in position to intervene in Greece . Plans were changed , however , because of developments in neighbouring Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav government had signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March , only to be overthrown two days later by a British - encouraged coup . Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile and immediately decided to eliminate it . On 6 April Germany simultaneously invaded both Yugoslavia and Greece , making rapid progress and forcing both nations to surrender within the month . The British were driven from the Balkans after Germany conquered the Greek island of Crete by the end of May . Although the Axis victory was swift , bitter partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war . The Allies did have some successes during this time . In the Middle East , Commonwealth forces first quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy - controlled Syria , then , with the assistance of the Free French , invaded Syria and Lebanon to prevent further such occurrences .", "18": "Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) Main articles : Eastern Front ( World War II ) , Operation Barbarossa , Einsatzgruppen , World War II casualties of the Soviet Union , and German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war European theatre of World War II animation map , 1939 -- 1945 -- Red : Western Allies and Soviet Union after 1941 ; Green : Soviet Union before 1941 ; Blue : Axis Powers With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable , Germany , Japan , and the Soviet Union made preparations . With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource - rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941 . By contrast , the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union , massing forces on the Soviet border . Hitler believed that Britain 's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later . He therefore decided to try to strengthen Germany 's relations with the Soviets , or failing that , to attack and eliminate them as a factor . In November 1940 , negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the Tripartite Pact . The Soviets showed some interest , but asked for concessions from Finland , Bulgaria , Turkey , and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable . On 18 December 1940 , Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union . German soldiers during the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Axis powers , 1941 On 22 June 1941 , Germany , supported by Italy and Romania , invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them . They were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary . The primary targets of this surprise offensive were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine , with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan line , from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler 's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power , exterminate Communism , generate Lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) by dispossessing the native population and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany 's remaining rivals .", "19": "Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war , Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt a strategic defence . During the summer , the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory , inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel . By the middle of August , however , the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre , and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad . The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful , resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies , and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially developed Eastern Ukraine ( the First Battle of Kharkov ) . Soviet civilians in Leningrad leaving destroyed houses , after a German bombardment of the city ; Battle of Leningrad , 10 December 1942 The diversion of three quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front prompted Britain to reconsider its grand strategy . In July , the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany The British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor and Iran 's oil fields . In August , the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter . By October Axis operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region were achieved , with only the sieges of Leningrad and Sevastopol continuing . A major offensive against Moscow was renewed ; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow , where the exhausted troops were forced to suspend their offensive . Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces , but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives : two key cities remained in Soviet hands , the Soviet capability to resist was not broken , and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential . The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended . By early December , freshly mobilised reserves allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops .", "20": "This , as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100 -- 250 kilometres ( 62 -- 155 mi ) west . War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) Main article : Pacific War In 1939 , the United States had renounced its trade treaty with Japan ; and , beginning with an aviation gasoline ban in July 1940 , Japan became subject to increasing economic pressure . During this time , Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , a strategically important Chinese city , but was repulsed by late September . Despite several offensives by both sides , the war between China and Japan was stalemated by 1940 . To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes , and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers , Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina . Afterwards , the United States embargoed iron , steel and mechanical parts against Japan . Other sanctions soon followed . Chinese nationalist forces launched a large - scale counter-offensive in early 1940 . In August , Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; in retaliation , Japan instituted harsh measures in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists . Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation . In March , the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during Battle of Shanggao . In September , Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces . Mitsubishi A6M2 `` Zero '' fighters on the Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carrier Shōkaku , just before the attack on Pearl Harbor German successes in Europe encouraged Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan some oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941 . In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina , thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East .", "21": "The United States , United Kingdom and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . At the same time , Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to capitalize off the German invasion in the west , but abandoned the operation after the sanctions . Since early 1941 the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China . During these negotiations Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate . At the same time the US , Britain , and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories , in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them . Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines ( an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946 ) and warned Japan that the US would react to Japanese attacks against any `` neighboring countries '' . USS Arizona during the Japanese surprise air attack on the American pacific fleet , 7 December 1941 Frustrated at the lack of progress and feeling the pinch of the American - British - Dutch sanctions , Japan prepared for war . On 20 November a new government under Hideki Tojo presented an interim proposal as its final offer . It called for the end of American aid to China and for the supply of oil and other resources to Japan . In exchange Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina . The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers . That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China , or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force ; the Japanese military did not consider the former an option , and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war . Japan planned to rapidly seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific ; the Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war . To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset .", "22": "On 7 December 1941 ( 8 December in Asian time zones ) , Japan attacked British and American holdings with near - simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . These included an attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor , the Philippines , landings in Thailand and Malaya and the battle of Hong Kong . These attacks led the United States , Britain , China , Australia and several other states to formally declare war on Japan , whereas the Soviet Union , being heavily involved in large - scale hostilities with European Axis countries , maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan . Germany , followed by the other Axis states , declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan , citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt . Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) Seated at the Casablanca Conference ; US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British PM Winston Churchill , January 1943 On 1 January 1942 , the Allied Big Four -- the Soviet Union , China , Britain and the United States -- and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations , thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter , and agreeing to not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers . During 1942 , Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue . All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective . The Americans favoured a straightforward , large - scale attack on Germany through France . The Soviets were also demanding a second front . The British , on the other hand , argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength , leading to increasing demoralisation , and bolster resistance forces . Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign . An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour without using large - scale armies . Eventually , the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa . At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943 , the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration by the United Nations , and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies . The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes .", "23": "Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war , in May 1943 , the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland and to invade France in 1944 . Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) Map of Japanese military advances , until mid-1942 By the end of April 1942 , Japan and its ally Thailand had almost fully conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners . Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942 , forcing its government into exile . On 16 April , in Burma , 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division . Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea and Indian Ocean , and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia . In January 1942 , the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . These easy victories over unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident , as well as overextended . In early May 1942 , Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia . The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force , centred on two American fleet carriers , fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . Japan 's next plan , motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated ; as a diversion , Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska . In mid-May , Japan started the Zhejiang - Jiangxi Campaign in China , with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups .", "24": "In early June , Japan put its operations into action but the Americans , having broken Japanese naval codes in late May , were fully aware of plans and order of battle , and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . US Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign , in the Pacific theatre , 1942 With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle , Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia . Both plans started in July , but by mid-September , the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese , and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna - Gona . Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal . By the start of 1943 , the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . In Burma , Commonwealth forces mounted two operations . The first , an offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 , went disastrously , forcing a retreat back to India by May 1943 . The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese front - lines in February which , by the end of April , had achieved mixed results . Eastern front ( 1942 -- 43 ) Red Army soldiers on the counterattack , during the Battle of Stalingrad , February 1943 Despite considerable losses , in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year . In May the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov , and then launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia in June 1942 , to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front .", "25": "The Germans split Army Group South into two groups : Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south - east to the Caucasus , while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga . By mid-November , the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting when the Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive , starting with an encirclement of German forces at Stalingrad and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed disastrously . By early February 1943 , the German Army had taken tremendous losses ; German troops at Stalingrad had been forced to surrender , and the front - line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive . In mid-February , after the Soviet push had tapered off , the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Soviet city of Kursk . Western Europe / Atlantic & Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) American 8th Air Force Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress bombing raid on the Focke - Wulf factory in Germany , 9 October 1943 Exploiting poor American naval command decisions , the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . By November 1941 , Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive , Operation Crusader , in North Africa , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made . In North Africa , the Germans launched an offensive in January , pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala Line by early February , followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives . Concerns the Japanese might use bases in Vichy - held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942 . An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . On the Continent , raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets , culminating in the disastrous Dieppe Raid , demonstrated the Western Allies ' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation , equipment , and operational security .", "26": "In August 1942 , the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein and , at a high cost , managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta . A few months later , the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt , dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya . This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo - American landings in French North Africa , which resulted in the region joining the Allies . Hitler responded to the French colony 's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France ; although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice , they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces . The now pincered Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia , which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943 . In early 1943 the British and Americans began the Combined Bomber Offensive , a strategic bombing campaign against Germany . The goals were to disrupt the German war economy , reduce German morale , and `` de-house '' the civilian population . Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) US Navy SBD - 5 scout plane flies patrol over USS Washington and USS Lexington during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign , 1943 After the Guadalcanal Campaign , the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific . In May 1943 , Canadian and U.S. forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . Soon after , the U.S. , with support from Australian and New Zealand forces , began major operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . By the end of March 1944 , the Allies had completed both of these objectives , and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April , the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . In the Soviet Union , both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 4 July 1943 , Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge .", "27": "Within a week , German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets ' deeply echeloned and well - constructed defences and , for the first time in the war , Hitler cancelled the operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success . This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies ' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July which , combined with previous Italian failures , resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month . Also , in July 1943 the British firebombed Hamburg killing over 40,000 people . Red Army troops , in a counter-offensive on German positions , at the Battle of Kursk , 1943 On 12 July 1943 , the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east . The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority , giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front . The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther -- Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and by the Lower Dnieper Offensives . On 3 September 1943 , the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland , following Italy 's armistice with the Allies . Germany with the help of fascists responded by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders , seizing military control of Italian areas , and creating a series of defensive lines . German special forces then rescued Mussolini , who then soon established a new client state in German - occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic , causing an Italian civil war . The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November . The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theatre : Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Winston Churchill meeting at the Cairo Conference , 25 November 1943 German operations in the Atlantic also suffered . By May 1943 , as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign . In November 1943 , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai - shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran .", "28": "The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory and the military planning for the Burma Campaign , while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany 's defeat . Ruins of the Benedictine monastery , during the Battle of Monte Cassino ; Italian Campaign , May 1944 From November 1943 , during the seven - week Battle of Changde , the Chinese forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition , while awaiting Allied relief . In January 1944 , the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . By the end of January , a major Soviet offensive expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , ending the longest and most lethal siege in history . The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region . By late May 1944 , the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops . The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and , at the expense of allowing several German divisions to retreat , on 4 June , Rome was captured . The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia . In March 1944 , the Japanese launched the first of two invasions , an operation against British positions in Assam , India , and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima . In May 1944 , British forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma , and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina . The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China 's main fighting forces , secure railways between Japanese - held territory and capture Allied airfields . By June , the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha in the Hunan province .", "29": "Allies close in ( 1944 ) American troops approaching Omaha Beach , during the Invasion of Normandy on D - Day , 6 June 1944 On 6 June 1944 ( known as D - Day ) , after three years of Soviet pressure , the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy , they also attacked southern France . These landings were successful , and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , on 25 August and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year . An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed . After that , the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany , but failed to cross the Ruhr river in a large offensive . In Italy , Allied advance also slowed due to the last major German defensive line . German SS soldiers from the Dirlewanger Brigade , tasked with suppressing the Warsaw Uprising against Nazi occupation , August 1944 On 22 June , the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus ( `` Operation Bagration '' ) that destroyed the German Army Group Centre almost completely . Soon after that another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland . The Soviet advance prompted resistance forces in Poland to initiate several uprisings against the German occupation . However , the largest of these in Warsaw , where German soldiers massacred 200,000 civilians , and a national uprising in Slovakia , did not receive Soviet support and were subsequently suppressed by the Germans . The Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries ' shift to the Allied side . In September 1944 , Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece , Albania and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off . By this point , the Communist - led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito , who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941 , controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south .", "30": "In northern Serbia , the Red Army , with limited support from Bulgarian forces , assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October . A few days later , the Soviets launched a massive assault against German - occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945 . Unlike impressive Soviet victories in the Balkans , bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet - Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions , although Finland was forced to fight their former allies . General Douglas MacArthur lands at Leyte , during the Battle of Leyte , 20 October 1944 By the start of July 1944 , Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam , pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River while the Chinese captured Myitkyina . In September 1944 , Chinese force captured the Mount Song to reopen the Burma Road . In China , the Japanese had more successes , having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August . Soon after , they invaded the province of Guangxi , winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December . In the Pacific , US forces continued to press back the Japanese perimeter . In mid-June 1944 , they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands , and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister , Hideki Tojo , and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands . In late October , American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte ; soon after , Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history .", "31": "Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) Yalta Conference held in February 1945 , with Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin On 16 December 1944 , Germany made a last attempt on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French -- German border to split the Western Allies , encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and capture their primary supply port at Antwerp to prompt a political settlement . By January , the offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled . In Italy , the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line . In mid-January 1945 , the Soviets and Poles attacked in Poland , pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany , and overran East Prussia . On 4 February , Soviet , British and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany , and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan . In February , the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania , while Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river . By March , the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr , encircling the German Army Group B , while the Soviets advanced to Vienna . In early April , the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg , while Soviet and Polish forces stormed Berlin in late April . American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April . On 30 April 1945 , the Reichstag was captured , signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany . Several changes in leadership occurred during this period . On 12 April , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman . Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April . Two days later , Hitler committed suicide , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz . The German Reichstag after its capture by the Allied forces , 3 June 1945 German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 April . Total and unconditional surrender was signed on 7 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May .", "32": "In the Pacific theatre , American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines , clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945 . They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March following a battle which reduced the city to ruins . Fighting continued on Luzon , Mindanao , and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war . Meanwhile , the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) were destroying strategic and populated cities and towns in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale . On the night of 9 -- 10 March , USAAF B - 29 bombers struck Tokyo with thousands of incendiary bombs , which killed 100,000 civilians and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) within a few hours . Over the next five months , the USAAF firebombed a total of 67 Japanese cities , killing 393,000 civilians and destroying 65 % of built - up areas . In May 1945 , Australian troops landed in Borneo , overrunning the oilfields there . British , American , and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March , and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May . Chinese forces started to counterattack in Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945 . American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan , taking Iwo Jima by March , and Okinawa by the end of June . At the same time , American submarines cut off Japanese imports , drastically reducing Japan 's ability to supply its overseas forces . Japanese foreign affairs minister Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on board USS Missouri , 2 September 1945 On 11 July , Allied leaders met in Potsdam , Germany . They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany , and reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of all Japanese forces by Japan , specifically stating that `` the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction '' . During this conference , the United Kingdom held its general election , and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister . The Allies called for unconditional Japanese surrender in the Potsdam Declaration of 27 July , but the Japanese government rejected the call .", "33": "In early August , the USAAF dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The Allies justified the atomic bombings as a military necessity to avoid invading the Japanese home islands which would cost the lives of between 250,000 and 500,000 Allied servicemen and millions of Japanese troops and civilians . Between the two bombings , the Soviets , pursuant to the Yalta agreement , invaded Japanese - held Manchuria , and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force . The Red Army also captured Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On 15 August 1945 , Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945 , ending the war . Aftermath Main articles : Aftermath of World War II and Consequences of Nazism Defendants at the Nuremberg trials , where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political , military , judicial and economic leadership of Nazi Germany for crimes against humanity The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany . The former became a neutral state , non-aligned with any political bloc . The latter was divided into western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the USSR , accordingly . A denazification programme in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals and the removal of ex-Nazis from power , although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society . Ruins of Warsaw in January 1945 , after the deliberate destruction of the city by the occupying German forces Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war ( 1937 ) territory . Among the eastern territories , Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland , East Prussia was divided between Poland and the USSR , followed by the expulsion of the 9 million Germans from these provinces , as well as the expulsion of 3 million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia to Germany . By the 1950s , every fifth West German was a refugee from the east . The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon line , from which 2 million Poles were expelled ; north - east Romania , parts of eastern Finland , and the three Baltic states were also incorporated into the USSR .", "34": "In an effort to maintain world peace , the Allies formed the United Nations , which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 , and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 , as a common standard for all member nations . The great powers that were the victors of the war -- France , China , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States -- became the permanent members of the UN 's Security Council . The five permanent members remain so to the present , although there have been two seat changes , between the Republic of China and the People 's Republic of China in 1971 , and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over . Post-war Soviet territorial expansion resulted in Central and Eastern European border changes , the creation of a Communist Bloc and start of the Cold War Germany had been de facto divided , and two independent states , the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were created within the borders of Allied and Soviet occupation zones , accordingly . The rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to establishment of Communist - led regimes , with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities . As a result , East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Albania became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the USSR . Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances , the United States - led NATO and the Soviet - led Warsaw Pact ; the long period of political tensions and military competition between them , the Cold War , would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and proxy wars . In Asia , the United States led the occupation of Japan and administrated Japan 's former islands in the Western Pacific , while the Soviets annexed Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . Korea , formerly under Japanese rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the US in the South between 1945 and 1948 .", "35": "Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948 , each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea , which led ultimately to the Korean War . David Ben - Gurion proclaiming the Israeli Declaration of Independence at the Independence Hall , 14 May 1948 In China , nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946 . Communist forces were victorious and established the People 's Republic of China on the mainland , while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949 . In the Middle East , the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab -- Israeli conflict . While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires , their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful , leading to decolonisation . The global economy suffered heavily from the war , although participating nations were affected differently . The US emerged much richer than any other nation ; it had a baby boom and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much higher than that of any of the other powers and it dominated the world economy . The UK and US pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany in the years 1945 -- 1948 . Because of international trade interdependencies this led to European economic stagnation and delayed European recovery for several years . Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in Western Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the Marshall Plan ( 1948 -- 1951 ) both directly and indirectly caused . The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . Italy also experienced an economic boom and the French economy rebounded . By contrast , the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin , and although it received a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance , more than any other European country , continued relative economic decline for decades . The Soviet Union , despite enormous human and material losses , also experienced rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era . Japan experienced incredibly rapid economic growth , becoming one of the most powerful economies in the world by the 1980s . China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952 .", "36": "Impact Casualties and War Crimes Main articles : World War II casualties and List of war crimes § 1939 -- 1945 : World War II World War II deaths Estimates for the total number of casualties in the war vary , because many deaths went unrecorded . Most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war , including about 20 million military personnel and 40 million civilians . Many of the civilians died because of deliberate genocide , massacres , mass - bombings , disease , and starvation . The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people during the war , including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths . The largest portion of military dead were 5.7 million ethnic Russians , followed by 1.3 million ethnic Ukrainians . A quarter of the people in the Soviet Union were wounded or killed . Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses , mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany . Of the total number of deaths in World War II , approximately 85 per cent -- mostly Soviet and Chinese -- were on the Allied side and 15 per cent were on the Axis side . Many of these deaths were caused by war crimes committed by German and Japanese forces in occupied territories . An estimated 11 to 17 million civilians died either as a direct or as an indirect result of Nazi racist policies , including the Holocaust of around 6 million Jews , half of whom were Polish citizens , along with a further minimum 1.9 million ethnic Poles . Millions of other Slavs ( including Russians , Ukrainians and Belarusians ) , Roma , homosexuals , and other ethnic and minority groups were also killed . Hundreds of thousands ( varying estimates ) of ethnic Serbs , along with gypsies and Jews , were murdered by the Axis - aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia , and retribution - related killings were committed just after the war ended . Chinese civilians being buried alive by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army , during the Nanking Massacre , December 1937 In Asia and the Pacific , between 3 million and more than 10 million civilians , mostly Chinese ( estimated at 7.5 million ) , were killed by the Japanese occupation forces . The best - known Japanese atrocity was the Nanking Massacre , in which fifty to three hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered .", "37": "Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported that 2.7 million casualties occurred during the Sankō Sakusen . General Yasuji Okamura implemented the policy in Heipei and Shantung . Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons . The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China ( see Unit 731 ) and in early conflicts against the Soviets . Both the Germans and Japanese tested such weapons against civilians and , sometimes on prisoners of war . The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers , and the imprisonment or execution of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD , in the Baltic states , and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army . The mass - bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime . However , no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II . Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour Main articles : Genocide , The Holocaust , Nazi concentration camps , Extermination camp , Forced labour under German rule during World War II , Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany , and Nazi human experimentation Schutzstaffel ( SS ) female camp guards remove prisoners ' bodies from lorries and carry them to a mass grave , inside the German Bergen - Belsen concentration camp , 1945 The German government led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party was responsible for the Holocaust , the killing of approximately 6 million Jews , as well as 2.7 million ethnic Poles , and 4 million others who were deemed `` unworthy of life '' ( including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , homosexuals , Freemasons , Jehovah 's Witnesses , and Romani ) as part of a programme of deliberate extermination . About 12 million , most of whom were Eastern Europeans , were employed in the German war economy as forced labourers . In addition to Nazi concentration camps , the Soviet gulags ( labour camps ) led to the death of citizens of occupied countries such as Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , and Estonia , as well as German prisoners of war ( POWs ) and even Soviet citizens who had been or were thought to be supporters of the Nazis . Sixty per cent of Soviet POWs of the Germans died during the war . Richard Overy gives the number of 5.7 million Soviet POWs .", "38": "Of those , 57 per cent died or were killed , a total of 3.6 million . Soviet ex-POWs and repatriated civilians were treated with great suspicion as potential Nazi collaborators , and some of them were sent to the Gulag upon being checked by the NKVD . Prisoner identity photograph taken by the German SS of a Polish girl deported as forced labour to Auschwitz , December 1942 Japanese prisoner - of - war camps , many of which were used as labour camps , also had high death rates . The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1 per cent ( for American POWs , 37 per cent ) , seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians . While 37,583 prisoners from the UK , 28,500 from the Netherlands , and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan , the number of Chinese released was only 56 . According to historian Zhifen Ju , at least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries . After 1942 , the number reached 10 million . The US Library of Congress estimates that in Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha ( Japanese : `` manual labourers '' ) , were forced to work by the Japanese military . About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese - held areas in South East Asia , and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java . On 19 February 1942 , Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 , interning about 100,000 Japanese living on the West Coast . Canada had a similar programme . In addition , 14,000 German and Italian citizens who had been assessed as being security risks were also interned . In accordance with the Allied agreement made at the Yalta Conference millions of POWs and civilians were used as forced labour by the Soviet Union . In Hungary 's case , Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955 .", "39": "Occupation Main articles : German - occupied Europe , Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II , Resistance during World War II , and Nazi plunder Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before their execution by German soldiers in Palmiry forest , 1940 In Europe , occupation came under two forms . In Western , Northern , and Central Europe ( France , Norway , Denmark , the Low Countries , and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichmarks ( 27.8 billion US Dollars ) by the end of the war , this figure does not include the sizeable plunder of industrial products , military equipment , raw materials and other goods . Thus , the income from occupied nations was over 40 per cent of the income Germany collected from taxation , a figure which increased to nearly 40 per cent of total German income as the war went on . Russian Academy of Sciences reported in 1995 civilian victims in the Soviet Union at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead , twenty percent of the 68 million persons in the occupied USSR In the East , the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front - lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders . Unlike in the West , the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the `` inferior people '' of Slavic descent ; most German advances were thus followed by mass executions . Although resistance groups formed in most occupied territories , they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East or the West until late 1943 . In Asia , Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples . Although Japanese forces were originally welcomed as liberators from European domination in some territories , their excessive brutality turned local public opinion against them within weeks . During Japan 's initial conquest it captured 4,000,000 barrels ( 640,000 m ) of oil ( ~ 5.5 × 10 tonnes ) left behind by retreating Allied forces , and by 1943 was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels ( ~ 6.8 × 10 ^ t ) , 76 per cent of its 1940 output rate .", "40": "Home fronts and production Main articles : Military production during World War II and Home front during World War II Allied to Axis GDP ratio In Europe , before the outbreak of the war , the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics . In 1938 , the Western Allies ( United Kingdom , France , Poland and British Dominions ) had a 30 per cent larger population and a 30 per cent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers ( Germany and Italy ) ; if colonies are included , it then gives the Allies more than a 5 : 1 advantage in population and nearly 2 : 1 advantage in GDP . In Asia at the same time , China had roughly six times the population of Japan , but only an 89 per cent higher GDP ; this is reduced to three times the population and only a 38 per cent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included . The United States provided about two - thirds of all the ordnance used by the Allies in terms of warships , transports , warplanes , artillery , tanks , trucks , and ammunition . Though the Allies ' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan , they became the decisive factor by 1942 , after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies , as the war largely settled into one of attrition . While the Allies ' ability to out - produce the Axis is often attributed to the Allies having more access to natural resources , other factors , such as Germany and Japan 's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , Allied strategic bombing , and Germany 's late shift to a war economy contributed significantly . Additionally , neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war , and were not equipped to do so . To improve their production , Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; Germany used about 12 million people , mostly from Eastern Europe , while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia . Advances in Technology and Warfare Main article : Technology during World War II B - 29 Superfortress strategic bombers on the Boeing assembly line in Wichita , Kansas , 1944 Aircraft were used for reconnaissance , as fighters , bombers , and ground - support , and each role was advanced considerably .", "41": "Innovation included airlift ( the capability to quickly move limited high - priority supplies , equipment , and personnel ) ; and of strategic bombing ( the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy 's ability to wage war ) . Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced , including defences such as radar and surface - to - air artillery , such as the German 88 mm gun . The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and , though late introduction meant it had little impact , it led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide . Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war , actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship in place of the battleship . In the Atlantic , escort carriers proved to be a vital part of Allied convoys , increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap . Carriers were also more economical than battleships because of the relatively low cost of aircraft and their not requiring to be as heavily armoured . Submarines , which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War , were anticipated by all sides to be important in the second . The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics , such as sonar and convoys , while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability , with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics . Gradually , improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh light , hedgehog , squid , and homing torpedoes proved victorious . A V - 2 rocket launched from a fixed site in Peenemünde , 21 June 1943 Land warfare changed from the static front lines of World War I to increased mobility and combined arms . The tank , which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War , had evolved into the primary weapon . In the late 1930s , tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I , and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed , armour and firepower . At the start of the war , most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications . This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour , and German doctrine of avoiding tank - versus - tank combat .", "42": "This , along with Germany 's use of combined arms , were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France . Many means of destroying tanks , including indirect artillery , anti-tank guns ( both towed and self - propelled ) , mines , short - ranged infantry antitank weapons , and other tanks were used . Even with large - scale mechanisation , infantry remained the backbone of all forces , and throughout the war , most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I . Nuclear Gadget being raised to the top of the detonation `` shot tower '' , at Alamogordo Bombing Range ; Trinity nuclear test , New Mexico , July 1945 The portable machine gun spread , a notable example being the German MG34 , and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings . The assault rifle , a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun , became the standard postwar infantry weapon for most armed forces . Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines , the most well known being the German Enigma machine . Development of SIGINT ( signals intelligence ) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption . Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes and British Ultra , a pioneering method for decoding Enigma benefiting from information given to Britain by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war . Another aspect of military intelligence was the use of deception , which the Allies used to great effect , such as in operations Mincemeat and Bodyguard . Other technological and engineering feats achieved during , or as a result of , the war include the world 's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ) , guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research and the development of artificial harbours and oil pipelines under the English Channel .", "43": "See also Air warfare of World War II Bibliography of World War II Declarations of war during World War II Historiography of World War II Home front during World War II List of World War II battles List of Allied World War II conferences List of World War II documentary films List of World War II military operations Lists of World War II military equipment Women in World War II World War II in popular culture List of World War II films World War III Notes Jump up ^ While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended , this is the time span most frequently cited . Jump up ^ Upon his death in 1989 , Emperor Hirohito was posthumously proclaimed Emperor Shōwa . While either use is considered acceptable , his English name ( Hirohito ) is used here as it is this name by which he was known to most of the West during World War II . Citations Jump up ^ Gilbert 2001 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ James A. Tyner ( 3 March 2009 ) . War , Violence , and Population : Making the Body Count . The Guilford Press ; 1 edition . p. 49 . ISBN 1 - 6062 - 3038 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sommerville 2008 , p. 5 ( 2011 ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Tyne - Roots - Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Barrett & Shyu 2001 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Alan ( 2007 ) Encyclopedia of World War II , Volume 1 . Infobase Publishing . pp. 659 . ^ Jump up to : The UN Security Council , retrieved 15 May 2012 Jump up ^ Herman Van Rompuy , President of the European Council ; José Manuel Durão Barroso , President of the European Commission ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` From War to Peace : A European Tale '' . Nobel Lecture by the European Union . Retrieved 4 January 2014 .", "44": "Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wells , Anne Sharp ( 2014 ) Historical Dictionary of World War II : The War against Germany and Italy . Rowman & Littlefield Publishing . pp. 7 . Jump up ^ Ferris , John ; Mawdsley , Evan ( 2015 ) . The Cambridge History of the Second World War , Volume I : Fighting the War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Förster & Gessler 2005 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Ghuhl , Wernar ( 2007 ) Imperial Japan 's World War Two Transaction Publishers pg 7 , pg. 30 Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ; Thomas B. Allen ( 1991 ) World War II : America at war , 1941 -- 1945 ISBN 978 - 0394585307 Jump up ^ Ben - Horin 1943 , p. 169 ; Taylor 1979 , p. 124 ; Yisreelit , Hevrah Mizrahit ( 1965 ) . Asian and African Studies , p. 191 . For 1941 see Taylor 1961 , p. vii ; Kellogg , William O ( 2003 ) . American History the Easy Way . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 236 ISBN 0 - 7641 - 1973 - 7 . There is also the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same `` European Civil War '' or `` Second Thirty Years War '' : Canfora 2006 , p. 155 ; Prins 2002 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Masaya 1990 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` History of German - American Relations '' 1989 -- 1994 -- Reunification '' `` Two - plus - Four - Treaty '' : Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany , September 12 , 1990 `` . usa.usembassy.de . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingram 2006 , pp. 76 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 1999 , p.", "45": "149 . Jump up ^ Shaw 2000 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Brody 1999 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Zalampas 1989 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Mandelbaum 1988 , p. 96 ; Record 2005 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Schmitz 2000 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite 1992 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Preston 1998 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Myers & Peattie 1987 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Smith & Steadman 2004 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Coogan 1993 : `` Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south , others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders , or surrender . A few commanders submitted , receiving high office in the puppet government , but others took up arms against the invader . The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies . '' Jump up ^ Busky 2002 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Andrea L. Stanton ; Edward Ramsamy ; Peter J. Seybolt ( 2012 - 01 - 05 ) . Cultural Sociology of the Middle East , Asia , and Africa : An Encyclopedia . p. 308 . ISBN 9781412981767 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Barker 1971 , pp. 131 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kitson 2001 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , pp. 547 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Guo 2005 ^ Jump up to : Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 195 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 23 December 2009 ) . `` A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East ( 6 volumes ) : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East '' .", "46": "ABC - CLIO . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Yang Kuisong , `` On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan '' Jump up ^ Levene , Mark and Roberts , Penny . The Massacre in History . 1999 , page 223 - 4 Jump up ^ Totten , Samuel . Dictionary of Genocide. 2008 , 298 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 221 -- 230 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2009 , pp. 150 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Sella 1983 , pp. 651 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Stuart D. ( 28 August 2012 ) . `` The Forgotten Soviet - Japanese War of 1939 '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Timothy Neeno . `` Nomonhan : The Second Russo - Japanese War '' . MilitaryHistoryOnline.com . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Collier & Pedley 2000 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , pp. 121 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp. 143 -- 4 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Lowe & Marzari 2002 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Shore 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 608 . Jump up ^ Minutes of the conference between the Fuehrer and the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs , Count Ciano , in the presence of the Reich Foreign Minister of Obersalzberg on 12 August 1939 in Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume IV Document No. 1871 - PS Jump up ^ `` The German Campaign In Poland ( 1939 ) '' .", "47": "Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Danzig Crisis '' . ww2db.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1939 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 64 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 35 . Cienciala 2010 , p. 128 , observes that , while it is true that Poland was far away , making it difficult for the French and British to provide support , `` ( f ) ew Western historians of World War II ... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland , but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshafen . The French , who committed to attack Germany in the west , had no intention of doing so . '' Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 32 ; Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 248 -- 9 ; Roskill 1954 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 80 , 83 . Jump up ^ Hempel 2005 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 88 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Budiansky 2001 , pp. 120 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Nuremberg Documents C - 62 / GB86 , a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes : `` The attack ( on France ) is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible . '' Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Bullock 1990 , pp. 563 -- 4 , 566 , 568 -- 9 , 574 -- 5 ( 1983 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Blitzkrieg : From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk , L Deighton , Jonathan Cape , 1993 , p186 - 7 .", "48": "Deighton states that `` the offensive was postponed twenty - nine times before it finally took place . '' Jump up ^ Smith et al. 2002 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bilinsky 1999 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 55 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Spring 1986 , p. 207 - 226 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki 1997 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2006 , pp. 367 , 376 , 379 , 417 . Jump up ^ Snyder 2010 , p. 118ff . Jump up ^ Koch 1983 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 57 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Commager 2004 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Reynolds 2006 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 122 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 436 . The Americans later relieved the British , with marines arriving in Reykjavik on 7 July 1941 ( Schofield 1981 , p. 122 ) . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , pp. 721 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Regan 2004 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Umbreit 1991 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Brown 2004 , p. xxx . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 1983 , The Battle of Britain . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1940 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org .", "49": "Jump up ^ Goldstein 2004 , p. 35 . Aircraft played a highly important role in defeating the German U-boats ( Schofield 1981 , p. 122 ) . Jump up ^ Steury 1987 , p. 209 ; Zetterling & Tamelander 2009 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 108 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , pp. 328 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Maingot 1994 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Cantril 1940 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Skinner Watson , Mark . `` Coordination With Britain '' . US Army in WWII -- Chief of Staff : Prewar Plans and Operations . Jump up ^ Bilhartz & Elliott 2007 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 877 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 745 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Clogg 2002 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 146 , 152 ; US Army 1986 , pp. 4 -- 6 Jump up ^ Jowett 2001 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Laurier 2001 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 263 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Macksey 1997 , pp. 61 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Watson 2003 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Garver 1988 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Murray 1983 , p. 69 .", "50": "^ Jump up to : Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , pp. 267 -- 312 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Sella 1978 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2007 , pp. 66 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Steinberg 1995 . Jump up ^ Hauner 1978 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1995 . Jump up ^ Wilt 1981 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2003 , pp. 114 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrell 1993 . Jump up ^ Keeble 1990 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Kleinfeld 1983 . Jump up ^ Jukes 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 : `` By 1 November ( the Wehrmacht ) had lost fully 20 % of its committed strength ( 686,000 men ) , up to 2 / 3 of its 1⁄2 - million motor vehicles , and 65 percent of its tanks . The German Army High Command ( OKH ) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full - strength divisions . '' Jump up ^ Reinhardt 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Milward 1964 . Jump up ^ Rotundo 1986 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Garthoff 1969 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 41 -- 2 ; Evans 2008 , pp.", "51": "213 -- 4 , notes that `` Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before ... Only Stalin 's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all - out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse . '' Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Morison 2002 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Joes 2004 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Fairbank & Goldman 2006 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Policy and Strategy 1931 -- July 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 45 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1975 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 2012 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Coox , Alvin ( 1985 ) . Nomonhan : Japan against Russia , 1939 . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . pp. 1046 -- 1049 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1835 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` The decision for War '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 113 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Showdown With Japan Aug -- Dec 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 63 -- 96 . Jump up ^ The United States Replies . Investigation of the Pearl Harbor attack . Jump up ^ Painter 2012 , p. 26 : `` The United States cut off oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941 , forcing Japanese leaders to choose between going to war to seize the oil fields of the Netherlands East Indies or giving in to U.S. pressure . '' Wood 2007 , p.", "52": "9 , listing various military and diplomatic developments , observes that `` the threat to Japan was not purely economic . '' Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 310 ; Dower 1986 , p. 5 , calls attention to the fact that `` the Allied struggle against Japan exposed the racist underpinnings of the European and American colonial structure . Japan did not invade independent countries in southern Asia . It invaded colonial outposts which the Westerners had dominated for generations , taking absolutely for granted their racial and cultural superiority over their Asian subjects . '' Dower goes on to note that , before the horrors of Japanese occupation made themselves felt , many Asians responded favourably to the victories of the Imperial Japanese forces . Jump up ^ Wood 2007 , pp. 11 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Wohlstetter 1962 , pp. 341 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1998 , p. 157 . According to May 1955 , p. 155 , Churchill stated : `` Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage , provided , but only provided , that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front . '' Jump up ^ Adolf Hitler 's Declaration of War against the United States in Wikisource . Jump up ^ Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , p. 310 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Bosworth & Maiolo 2015 , pp. 313 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Mingst & Karns 2007 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment . Dec 1941 -- Jan 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 97 -- 119 . Jump up ^ `` The Elimination of the Alternatives . Jul -- Aug 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 266 -- 92 .", "53": "Jump up ^ `` Casablanca -- Beginning of an Era : January 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 18 -- 42 . Jump up ^ `` The Trident Conference -- New Patterns : May 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 126 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 247 -- 267 , 345 . Jump up ^ Lewis 1953 , p. 529 ( Table 11 ) . Jump up ^ Slim 1956 , pp. 71 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Grove 1995 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Perez 1998 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Maddox 1992 , pp. 111 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Salecker 2001 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Schoppa 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Ropp 2000 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Adrian ( 2003 ) . The Encyclopedia of Warfare : From Earliest Times to the Present Day . Globe Pequot . p. 259 . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 027 - 7 . Jump up ^ Swain 2001 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Hane 2001 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Brayley 2002 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Read 2004 , p. 764 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , p. 100 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 239 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Black 2003 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 383 -- 91 .", "54": "Jump up ^ Erickson 2001 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Milner 1990 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 224 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Molinari 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Mitcham 2007 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 380 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Rich 1992 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Gordon 2004 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Neillands 2005 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Andrew 1998 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ross 1997 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bonner & Bonner 2001 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Collier 2003 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Civilians '' United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report ( European War ) Jump up ^ Thompson & Randall 2008 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , p. 610 . Jump up ^ Rottman 2002 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1986 ; Glantz 1989 , pp. 149 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 592 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Overy 1995 , pp. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Bellamy 2007 , p. 595 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Healy 1992 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , pp. 50 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Mazower 2008 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hart & Hughes 2000 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Blinkhorn 2006 , p. 52 .", "55": "Jump up ^ Read & Fisher 2002 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Padfield 1998 , pp. 335 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , pp. 211 , 235 , 267 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Iriye 1981 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mitter 2014 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Polley 2000 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 268 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 412 -- 416 , Map 38 Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 660 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 327 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 367 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Chubarov 2001 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Holland 2008 , pp. 169 -- 84 ; Beevor 2012 , pp. 568 -- 73 . The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy ( Mazower 2008 , pp. 500 -- 2 ) . The period featured massacres with victims in the hundreds at Civitella ( de Grazia & Paggi 1991 ; Belco 2010 ) , Fosse Ardeatine ( Portelli 2003 ) , and Sant'Anna di Stazzema ( Gordon 2012 , pp. 10 -- 1 ) , and is capped with the Marzabotto massacre . Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 224 . ^ Jump up to : Zeiler 2004 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 555 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Coble 2003 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Rees 2008 , pp.", "56": "406 -- 7 : `` Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war . '' Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 695 . Jump up ^ Badsey 1990 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 562 . Jump up ^ Forrest , Evans & Gibbons 2012 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Zaloga 1996 , p. 7 : `` It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II . '' Jump up ^ Berend 1996 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation '' . US Library of Congress . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . The coup speeded the Red Army 's advance , and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his personal courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania 's war against the Allies . Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists played only a supporting role in the coup ; postwar Romanian historians , however , ascribe to the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu 's overthrow Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Wiest & Barbier 2002 , pp. 65 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Wiktor , Christian L ( 1998 ) . Multilateral Treaty Calendar -- 1648 -- 1995 . Kluwer Law International . p. 426 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 0584 - 0 . Jump up ^ Newton 2004 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Article about War of Resistance `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Howard 2004 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Cook & Bewes 1997 , p. 305 .", "57": "^ Jump up to : Parker 2004 , pp. xiii -- xiv , 6 -- 8 , 68 -- 70 , 329 -- 330 Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 709 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Buchanan 2006 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Shepardson 1998 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 823 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 737 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1998 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Chant , Christopher ( 1986 ) . The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II . Routledge & Kegan Paul . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0718 - 2 . Jump up ^ John Dower ( 2007 ) . `` Lessons from Iwo Jima '' . Perspectives. 45 ( 6 ) : 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Poirier , Michel Thomas ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II '' . U.S. Navy . Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams 2006 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , pp. 203 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Brower ( 16 October 2012 ) . Defeating Japan : The Joint Chiefs of Staff and Strategy in the Pacific War , 1943 -- 1945 . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 133 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2005 . Jump up ^ Pape 1993 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 776 .", "58": "Jump up ^ Frei 2002 , pp. 41 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Kennedy - Pipe 1995 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 20 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Senn 2007 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Yoder 1997 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` History of the UN '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Waltz 2002 . The UDHR is viewable here ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 2000 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Trachtenberg 1999 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Applebaum 2012 . Jump up ^ Naimark 2010 . Jump up ^ Swain 1992 . Jump up ^ Borstelmann 2005 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Leffler & Westad 2010 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 911 . Jump up ^ Stueck 2010 . Jump up ^ Lynch 2010 , pp. 12 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1997 , p. 589 . Jump up ^ Darwin 2007 , pp. 441 -- 3 , 464 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 1006 ; Harrison 1998 , pp. 34 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Petrov 1967 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , pp. 208 , 209 . Jump up ^ DeLong & Eichengreen 1993 , pp. 190 , 191 Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 212 .", "59": "Jump up ^ Wolf 1993 , pp. 29 , 30 , 32 Jump up ^ Bull & Newell 2005 , pp. 20 , 21 Jump up ^ Ritchie 1992 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Minford 1993 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Schain 2001 . Jump up ^ Emadi - Coffin 2002 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Smith 1993 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Neary 1992 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Genzberger , Christine ( 1994 ) . China Business : The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China . Petaluma , California : World Trade Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 9631864 - 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Prof. Joseph V. `` World War II : Combatants and Casualties ( 1937 -- 1945 ) '' . Obee 's History Page . John Jay College of Criminal Justice . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Matthew . `` Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm '' . Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century . Matthew White 's Homepage . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World War II Fatalities '' . secondworldwar.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Hosking 2006 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Ellman & Maksudov 1994 . Jump up ^ Smith 1994 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Herf 2003 . Jump up ^ friedrich , karsten . `` The Cruel Slaughter of Adolf Hitler '' . Lulu.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Florida Center for Instructional Technology ( 2005 ) . `` Victims '' . A Teacher 's Guide to the Holocaust . University of South Florida . Retrieved 2 February 2008 .", "60": "^ Jump up to : Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , pp. 45 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Timothy . `` Holocaust : The Ignored Reality '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Victims '' . www.ushmm.org . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . BBC . April 2006 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 158 -- 60 , 234 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Rummell , R.J. `` Statistics '' . Freedom , Democide , War . The University of Hawaii System . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Chang 1997 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Gold , Hal ( 1996 ) . Unit 731 testimony . Tuttle . pp. 75 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 3565 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Harris 2002 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Lee 2002 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW : new evidence '' . The Japan Times Online . 27 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kużniar - Plota , Małgorzata ( 30 November 2004 ) . `` Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre '' . Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Gellately . Lenin , Stalin , and Hitler : The Age of Social Catastrophe . Knopf , 2007 ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4005 - 1 p.", "61": "391 Jump up ^ Terror from the Sky : The Bombing of German Cities in World War II . Berghahn Books . 2010 . p. 167 . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 844 - 3 . Jump up ^ Institute of National Remembrance , Polska 1939 -- 1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Materski and Szarota. page 9 `` Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000 '' . ^ Jump up to : Marek , Michael ( 27 October 2005 ) . `` Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers '' . dw-world.de . Deutsche Welle . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Applebaum 2003 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1994 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Overy 2004 , pp. 568 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Zemskov V.N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens . Istoriya SSSR. , 1990 , No. 4 , ( in Russian ) . See also ( 2 ) ( online version ) , and Bacon 1992 ; Ellman 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines '' . American Experience : the Bataan Rescue . PBS Online . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Tanaka 1996 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. 360 . ^ Jump up to : Ju , Zhifen ( June 2002 ) . `` Japan 's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draughtees after the outbreak of the Pacific war '' . Joint Study of the Sino - Japanese War : Minutes of the June 2002 Conference . Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 .", "62": "^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia : World War II and the Struggle For Independence , 1942 -- 50 ; The Japanese Occupation , 1942 -- 45 '' . Library of Congress . 1992 . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Manzanar National Historic Site '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Department of Labour of Canada ( 24 January 1947 ) . Report on the Re-establishment of Japanese in Canada , 1944 -- 1946 . Department of Labour . Office of the Prime Minister . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 405 - 11266 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , pp. 749 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Davidson 1999 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Stark , Tamás . `` '' Malenki Robot '' -- Hungarian Forced Labourers in the Soviet Union ( 1944 -- 1955 ) '' ( PDF ) . Minorities Research . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Liberman 1996 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Barber & Harrison 2006 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Hill 2005 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Radtke 1997 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Rahn 2001 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison 1998 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Wilson , Destructive Creation : American Business and the Winning of World War II ( 2016 ) p. 2 . Jump up ^ Harrison 1998 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bernstein 1991 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Charles ( 1999 ) . The Quest : Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II . DIANE Publishing . p. 203 .", "63": "ISBN 1 - 58566 - 069 - 8 . Jump up ^ Overy 1994 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ BBSU 1998 , p. 84 ; Lindberg & Todd 2001 , p. 126 ... Jump up ^ Unidas , Naciones ( 2005 ) . World Economic And Social Survey 2004 : International Migration . United Nations Pubns . p. 23 . ISBN 92 - 1 - 109147 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Levine 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Klavans , Di Benedetto & Prudom 1997 ; Ward 2010 , pp. 247 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Chris ; Chant , Chris ( 2004 ) . Aircraft Carriers : The World 's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft . Wigston , Leics : Silverdale Books . p. 7 . ISBN 1 - 84509 - 079 - 9 . Jump up ^ Chenoweth , H. Avery ; Nihart , Brooke ( 2005 ) . Semper Fi : The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines . New York : Main Street . p. 180 . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 3099 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sumner & Baker 2001 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hearn 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Gardiner & Brown 2004 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Trevor Nevitt ( 1982 ) . The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare . Jane 's Information Group . p. 231 . ISBN 0 - 7106 - 0123 - 9 .", "64": "^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 734 . ^ Jump up to : Cowley & Parker 2001 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Oliver ; Griffiths , Hugh ( 2006 ) . `` The AK - 47 : the worlds favourite killing machine '' ( PDF ) . controlarms.org . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Ratcliff 2006 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenherr , Steven ( 2007 ) . `` Code Breaking in World War II '' . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Macintyre , Ben ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` Bravery of thousands of Poles was vital in securing victory '' . The Times . London . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Neil C. ; Rothstein , Hy . `` Deception for Defense of Information Systems : Analogies from Conventional Warfare '' . Departments of Computer Science and Defense Analysis U.S. Naval Postgraduate School . Air University . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . References Adamthwaite , Anthony P. ( 1992 ) . The Making of the Second World War . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 90716 - 0 . Anderson , Irvine H. , Jr. ( 1975 ) . `` The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan : A Bureaucratic Reflex '' . The Pacific Historical Review . 44 ( 2 ) . JSTOR 3638003 . Applebaum , Anne ( 2003 ) . 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Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81144 - 6 . Barker , A.J. ( 1971 ) . The Rape of Ethiopia 1936 . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 02462 - 6 . Barrett , David P. ; Shyu , Lawrence N. ( 2001 ) . China in the Anti-Japanese War , 1937 -- 1945 : Politics , Culture and Society . New York , NY : Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 4556 - 4 . Beevor , Antony ( 1998 ) . Stalingrad . New York , NY : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 87095 - 0 .", "66": "-- -- -- ( 2012 ) . The Second World War . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84497 - 6 . Belco , Victoria ( 2010 ) . War , Massacre , and Recovery in Central Italy : 1943 -- 1948 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9314 - 1 . Bellamy , Chris T. ( 2007 ) . Absolute War : Soviet Russia in the Second World War . New York , NY : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 41086 - 4 . Ben - Horin , Eliahu ( 1943 ) . The Middle East : Crossroads of History . 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( 1997 ) . `` ' Strategic ' concepts underlying the so - called Hirota foreign policy , 1933 -- 7 '' . In Aiko Ikeo , ed. , Economic Development in Twentieth Century East Asia : The International Context ( pp. 100 -- 120 ) . London and New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 14900 - 6 . Rahn , Werner ( 2001 ) . `` The War in the Pacific '' . In Horst Boog , Werner Rahn , Reinhard Stumpf and Bernd Wegner , eds. , Germany and the Second World War , Volume VI : The Global War ( pp. 191 -- 298 ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 822888 - 2 . Ratcliff , R.A. ( 2006 ) . Delusions of Intelligence : Enigma , Ultra , and the End of Secure Ciphers . New York , NY : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85522 - 8 . Read , Anthony ( 2004 ) . The Devil 's Disciples : Hitler 's Inner Circle .", "88": "New York , NY : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04800 - 1 . Read , Anthony ; Fisher , David ( 2002 ) ( 1992 ) . The Fall Of Berlin . London : Pimlico . 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History of the Second World War . United Kingdom Military Series . London : HMSO . Ross , Steven T. ( 1997 ) . American War Plans , 1941 -- 1945 : The Test of Battle . Abingdon and New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 4634 - 3 . Rottman , Gordon L. ( 2002 ) . World War II Pacific Island Guide : A Geo - Military Study . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31395 - 0 . Rotundo , Louis ( 1986 ) . `` The Creation of Soviet Reserves and the 1941 Campaign '' . Military Affairs . 50 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 8 . doi : 10.2307 / 1988530 . JSTOR 1988530 .", "90": "Salecker , Gene Eric ( 2001 ) . Fortress Against the Sun : The B - 17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific . Conshohocken , PA : Combined Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58097 - 049 - 5 . Schain , Martin A. , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Marshall Plan Fifty Years Later . London : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 92983 - 4 . Schmitz , David F. ( 2000 ) . Henry L. Stimson : The First Wise Man . 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Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 195 - 4 . Swain , Bruce ( 2001 ) . A Chronology of Australian Armed Forces at War 1939 -- 45 . Crows Nest : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86508 - 352 - 0 . Swain , Geoffrey ( 1992 ) . `` The Cominform : Tito 's International ? '' . The Historical Journal . 35 ( 3 ) : 641 -- 663 . doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X00026017 . Tanaka , Yuki ( 1996 ) . Hidden Horrors : Japanese War Crimes in World War II . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 2717 - 4 . Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1961 ) . The Origins of the Second World War . London : Hamish Hamilton . -- -- -- ( 1979 ) . How Wars Begin . London : Hamish Hamilton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 241 - 10017 - 2 . Taylor , Jay ( 2009 ) . The Generalissimo : Chiang Kai - shek and the Struggle for Modern China . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03338 - 2 . Thomas , Nigel ; Andrew , Stephen ( 1998 ) . German Army 1939 -- 1945 ( 2 ) : North Africa & Balkans . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 640 - 8 . Thompson , John Herd ; Randall , Stephen J. ( 2008 ) . Canada and the United States : Ambivalent Allies ( 4th ed . ) . Athens , GA : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 3113 - 3 . Trachtenberg , Marc ( 1999 ) .", "94": "A Constructed Peace : The Making of the European Settlement , 1945 -- 1963 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00273 - 6 . Tucker , Spencer C. ; Roberts , Priscilla Mary ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of World War II : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 999 - 6 . Umbreit , Hans ( 1991 ) . `` The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe '' . In P. S. Falla , ed. , Germany and the Second World War , Volume 2 : Germany 's Initial Conquests in Europe ( pp. 227 -- 326 ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 822885 - 1 . United States Army ( 1986 ) ( 1953 ) . The German Campaigns in the Balkans ( Spring 1941 ) . Washington , DC : Department of the Army . Waltz , Susan ( 2002 ) . `` Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . Third World Quarterly . 23 ( 3 ) : 437 -- 448 . doi : 10.1080 / 01436590220138378 . JSTOR 3993535 . Ward , Thomas A. ( 2010 ) . Aerospace Propulsion Systems . Singapore : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 82497 - 9 . Watson , William E. ( 2003 ) . Tricolor and Crescent : France and the Islamic World . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97470 - 7 . Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 2005 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85316 - 3 . ; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) .", "95": "Stalin and the Cold War in Europe : The Emergence and Development of East - West Conflict , 1939 -- 1953 . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 6 . Wiest , Andrew ; Barbier , M.K. ( 2002 ) . Strategy and Tactics : Infantry Warfare . St Paul , MN : MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1401 - 2 . Williams , Andrew ( 2006 ) . Liberalism and War : The Victors and the Vanquished . Abingdon & New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35980 - 1 . Wilt , Alan F. ( 1981 ) . `` Hitler 's Late Summer Pause in 1941 '' . Military Affairs . 45 ( 4 ) : 187 -- 91 . doi : 10.2307 / 1987464 . JSTOR 1987464 . Wohlstetter , Roberta ( 1962 ) . Pearl Harbor : Warning and Decision . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 0597 - 4 . Wolf , Holger C. ( 1993 ) . `` The Lucky Miracle : Germany 1945 -- 1951 '' . In Rudiger Dornbusch , Wilhelm Nölling and Richard Layard , eds. , Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today ( pp. 29 -- 56 ) . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 04136 - 2 . Wood , James B. ( 2007 ) . Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War : Was Defeat Inevitable ? . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5339 - 2 . Yoder , Amos ( 1997 ) . The Evolution of the United Nations System ( 3rd ed . ) . London & Washington , DC : Taylor & Francis .", "96": "ISBN 1 - 56032 - 546 - 1 . Zalampas , Michael ( 1989 ) . Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines , 1923 -- 1939 . Bowling Green University Popular Press . ISBN 0 - 87972 - 462 - 5 . Zaloga , Steven J. ( 1996 ) . Bagration 1944 : The Destruction of Army Group Centre . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 478 - 7 . -- -- -- ( 2002 ) . Poland 1939 : The Birth of Blitzkrieg . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 408 - 5 . Zeiler , Thomas W. and Daniel M. DuBois , eds . A Companion to World War II ( 2 vol 2013 ) , 1030pp ; comprehensive overview by scholars Zeiler , Thomas W. ( 2004 ) . Unconditional Defeat : Japan , America , and the End of World War II . Wilmington , DE : Scholarly Resources . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2991 - 9 . Zetterling , Niklas ; Tamelander , Michael ( 2009 ) . Bismarck : The Final Days of Germany 's Greatest Battleship . Drexel Hill , PA : Casemate . ISBN 978 - 1 - 935149 - 04 - 0 . Further reading Aksar , Yusuf ( 2004 ) . Implementing Intnl Humanitaria : From the AD Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court . London and New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5584 - 0 . Beevor , Antony ( 2006 ) . The Battle for Spain : The Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 1939 . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84832 - 5 . Budiansky , Stephen ( 2004 ) .", "97": "Air Power : The Men , Machines , and Ideas that Revolutionized War , from Kitty Hawk to Gulf War II . London : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03285 - 3 . Chaney , Otto Preston ( 1996 ) . Zhukov ( Revised ed . ) . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2807 - 8 . Coox , Alvin D. ( 1990 ) . Nomonhan : Japan Against Russia , 1939 . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1160 - 9 . Douglas , R.M. ( 2012 ) . Orderly and Humane : The Expulsion of the Germans After the Second World War . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16660 - 6 . Ferraro , Kathleen J. ( 2008 ) . `` Reviews : Taken by Force : Rape and American GIs in Europe during WWII by J. Robert Lilly '' . Contemporary Sociology. 37 ( 6 ) : 585 -- 586 . doi : 10.1177 / 009430610803700640 . JSTOR 20444365 . Graham , Helen ( 2005 ) . The Spanish Civil War : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford & New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280377 - 8 . Hatfield , Kenneth K. ( 2003 ) . Heartland Heroes : Remembering World War II . Columbia , MO : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1460 - 7 . Judt , Tony ; Snyder , Timothy ( 2012 ) . Thinking the Twentieth Century : Intellectuals and Politics in the Twentieth Century . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 434 - 01742 - 3 . Kelly , Nigel ; Rees , Rosemary ; Shuter , Jane ( 1998 ) . Twentieth Century World . London : Heinemann .", "98": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 30983 - 1 . Lilly , J. Robert ( 2007 ) . Taken by Force : Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II . New York , NY : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 50647 - 3 . O'Hara , Vincent ( 2004 ) . The German Fleet at War , 1939 -- 1945 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 9781591146513 . Parker , R.A.C. ( April 1956 ) . `` The First Capitulation : France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 '' . World Politics . 8 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 373 . doi : 10.2307 / 2008855 . JSTOR 2008855 . External links West Point Maps of the European War West Point Maps of the Asian - Pacific War Atlas of the World Battle Fronts ( July 1943 to August 1945 ) Records of World War II propaganda posters are held by Simon Fraser University 's Special Collections and Rare Books Books View or order collections of articles World War II Portals Access related topics World War II portal War portal History portal 1940s portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons News stories from Wikinews Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties", "99": "Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China", "100": "Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western", "101": "invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 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1 SELIBR : 139432 BNF : cb11996115g ( data ) HDS : 8927 LIR : 1129 NDL : 00570524 NKC : ph117270 BNE : XX526764 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&oldid=819520599 '' Categories : World Wars World War II Conflicts in 1939 Conflicts in 1940 Conflicts in 1941 Conflicts in 1942 Conflicts in 1943 Conflicts in 1944 Conflicts in 1945 Global conflicts Modern Europe Modern history Nuclear warfare War Wars involving Albania Wars involving Australia Wars involving Austria Wars involving Belgium Wars involving Bolivia Wars involving Brazil Wars involving British India Wars involving Bulgaria Wars involving Myanmar Wars involving Cambodia Wars involving Canada Wars involving Chile Wars involving Colombia Wars involving Costa Rica Wars involving Croatia Wars involving Cuba Wars involving Czechoslovakia Wars involving Denmark Wars involving Ecuador Wars involving Egypt Wars involving El Salvador Wars involving Estonia Wars involving Ethiopia Wars involving Finland Wars involving France Wars involving Germany Wars involving Greece Wars involving Guatemala Wars involving Haiti Wars involving Honduras Wars involving Hungary Wars involving Iceland Wars involving Indonesia Wars involving Italy Wars involving Iran", "104": "Wars involving Iraq Wars involving Japan Wars involving Laos Wars involving Latvia Wars involving Lebanon Wars involving Liberia Wars involving Lithuania Wars involving Luxembourg Wars involving Mexico Wars involving Mongolia Wars involving Montenegro Wars involving Nepal Wars involving Norway Wars involving Nicaragua Wars involving Panama Wars involving Paraguay Wars involving Peru Wars involving Poland Wars involving Rhodesia Wars involving Romania Wars involving Saudi Arabia Wars involving Serbia Wars involving Slovakia Wars involving Slovenia Wars involving South Africa Wars involving Sri Lanka Wars involving Syria Wars involving Thailand Wars involving the Dominican Republic Wars involving the Netherlands Wars involving the Philippines Wars involving the Republic of China Wars involving the Soviet Union Wars involving the United Kingdom Wars involving the United States Wars involving Uruguay Wars involving Venezuela Wars involving Vietnam Wars involving Yugoslavia Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from July 2014 Use British English from August 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2016 Good articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikiversity Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés", "105": "অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - 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Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch", "107": "Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Thuɔŋjäŋ Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 20 : 43 . 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-340970095375835268	guardians of the galaxy blue guy in prison	[ "Michael Rooker" ]	{ "0": "Michael Rooker - wikipedia Michael Rooker Jump to : navigation , search For the English landscape painter , see Michael Angelo Rooker . Michael Rooker Rooker in February 2015 ( 1955 - 04 - 06 ) April 6 , 1955 ( age 63 ) Jasper , Alabama , United States Residence California Occupation Actor Years active 1986 -- present Spouse ( s ) Margot Rooker Children Michael Rooker ( born April 6 , 1955 ) is an American actor , best known for his breakout role as Henry in Henry : Portrait of a Serial Killer ( 1986 ) , as well as his roles as Terry Cruger in Sea of Love ( 1989 ) , Rowdy Burns in Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) , Bill Broussard in JFK ( 1991 ) , Hal Tucker in Cliffhanger ( 1993 ) , Jared Svenning in Mallrats ( 1995 ) , Merle Dixon in The Walking Dead ( 2010 -- 2013 , and Yondu Udonta in the Guardians of the Galaxy film series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Michael Rooker was born in Jasper , Alabama . He has nine brothers and sisters . His parents divorced when he was 13 years old , and he moved with his mother and siblings to Chicago , Illinois , where he studied at the Goodman School of Drama . Career ( edit ) Rooker made his film debut in 1986 , playing the title role in Henry : Portrait of a Serial Killer , a film based on the confessions of serial killer Henry Lee Lucas . He was acting in a play when the play 's director , who was going to do the prosthetics for Henry , told him about the film . Rooker did not care if the script was good or bad , he just wanted to act in a film as it would `` challenge '' him . Henry was a critical success and got Rooker noticed in the filmmaking industry , which led to his receiving more film roles .", "1": "Rooker was given more dramatic roles in films such as Eight Men Out , Mississippi Burning , and JFK , but he became widely known for his roles in action and thriller films such as Sea of Love , Days of Thunder , Cliffhanger , and Tombstone . He also starred in Mallrats , Rosewood , The 6th Day , Slither , Jumper , Super and Hypothermia . In June 2010 , he revealed via Twitter that he was to appear in the AMC television series The Walking Dead as Merle Dixon , one of the survivors of a zombie apocalypse . He guest starred in two episodes of the first season and one of the second season before finally becoming a series regular for the third season . Rooker is also known for his roles in video games such as Call of Duty : Black Ops ( where he played himself ) , Mike Harper in Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 in November 2012 , and voiced Merle in The Walking Dead : Survival Instinct , the video game based on the television series . Rooker played Yondu in the Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy , which was directed by James Gunn . He reprised his role as Yondu in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) . Personal life ( edit ) Rooker lives in California , and is married to Margot Rooker . They have two daughters . Rooker holds a black belt in Kyokushin style of karate .", "2": "Filmography ( edit ) Rooker at the 2016 San Diego Comic Con International , in character as Yondu from Guardians of the Galaxy Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 Henry : Portrait of a Serial Killer Henry Fantasporto Award for Best Actor Golden Space Needle Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead Light of Day Oogie Rent - A-Cop Joe 1988 Above the Law Man in bar 1988 Eight Men Out Arnold `` Chick '' Gandil 1988 Mississippi Burning Frank Bailey 1989 Sea of Love Terry Cruger 1989 Music Box Karchy Laszlo 1990 Days of Thunder Rowdy Burns 1991 JFK Bill Broussard 1993 The Dark Half Sheriff Alan Pangborn 1993 Cliffhanger Hal Tucker 1993 Tombstone Sherman McMasters 1994 Suspicious Attendant Short film 1994 The Hard Truth Jonah Mantz 1995 Mallrats Jared Svenning Bastard Out of Carolina Uncle Earle The Trigger Effect Gary Back to Back Bob Malone 1997 Song of Hiawatha Bertrand 1997 Rosewood Sheriff Walker 1997 Keys to Tulsa Keith Michaels 1997 Deceiver Kennesaw 1997 Shadow Builder Father Vassey 1998 The Replacement Killers Stan `` Zeedo '' Zedkov 1998 Brown 's Requiem Fritz Brown Also associate producer 1998 Renegade Force Matt Cooper 1999 A Table for One Matt Draper / Dr. Matthew Swan Also co-executive producer 1999 Bone Collector , The The Bone Collector Captain Howard Cheney 2000 Table One Rowdy 2000 Here on Earth Malcolm Arnold 2000 NewsBreak John McNamara 2000 The 6th Day Robert Marshall 2001 Replicant Det .", "3": "Jake Riley 2002 Undisputed AJ Mercker 2003 The Box Det . Stafford The Eliminator Miles Dawson 2005 Chasing Ghosts Mark Spencer 2006 Repo ! The Genetic Opera Repo Man Short film 2006 Lenexa , 1 Mile Russ 2006 Slither Grant Grant 2007 Whisper Sidney 2008 The Lena Baker Story Randolph County Sheriff 2008 Jumper William Rice 2008 This Man 's Life Richard Crummly Short film 2009 Super Capers Judge / Dark Winged Vesper 2009 Penance Mann 2009 The Marine 2 Church Direct - to - DVD Scott 's Dead Mitch Short film Freeway Killer Detective St. John Blood Done Sign My Name Defense Attorney Billy Watkins Cell 213 Ray Clement DC Showcase : Jonah Hex Red Doc ( voice ) Short film Louis Pat McMurphy Super Abe 2011 Atlantis Down Father / Alien 2011 Mysteria Captain McCarthy 2011 Elwood Condello Short film 2012 The Lost Episode Director 2012 Hypothermia Ray Pelletier 2013 Brother 's Keeper Chief Carver 2014 Guardians of the Galaxy Yondu Udonta 2016 The Belko Experiment Bud Melks 2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Yondu Udonta Pending -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Source 1986 Crime Story Lieutenant Episode : `` Pilot '' 1988 The Equalizer Bill Whitaker Episode : `` No Place Like Home '' 1989 Gideon Oliver Det . John Quinn Episode : `` Sleep Well , Professor Oliver '' 1989 The Edge Deputy Sheriff Television film 1989 L.A.", "4": "Takedown Bosko Television film 1990 Equal Justice Wallace ' Wally ' Dalton Episode : `` Sugar Blues '' Afterburn Casey `` Z '' Zankowski Television film 1995 Fallen Angels Babe McCloor Episode : `` Fly Paper '' 1995 Johnny & Clyde Frank Tennant Television film 2001 Outer Limits , The The Outer Limits Col. Beckett Episode : `` Patient Zero '' 2001 Hostage Rescue Team Special Agent Nicholas Roberts Pilot 2002 Jeremiah Major Quantrell Episode : `` Firewall '' 2003 Tremors Kinney Episode : `` Hit and Run '' 2003 Lucky Gibby Episode : `` Savant '' 2003 Stargate SG - 1 Col. Edwards Episode : `` Enemy Mine '' 2003 CSI : Miami Marty Jones Episode : `` Dead Zone '' 2003 On Thin Ice Hopkins Television film 2003 Saving Jessica Lynch Col. Curry Television film Skeleton Man Capt . Leary Television film Las Vegas Marcus Wexler Episode : `` Degas Away with It '' 2005 Numb3rs Don 's partner Unaired pilot 2005 JAG Capt . Jack Ramsey Episode : `` Heart of Darkness '' 2006 Thief Det . John Hayes 5 episodes 2007 Crossing Jordan Shawn Curaco Episode : `` D.O.A. '' 2008 Law & Order Jamie Yost Episode : `` Executioner '' 2008 Shark Oscar Riddick Episode : `` Bar Fight '' 2008 Chuck Mauser Episode : `` Chuck Versus Santa Claus '' 2008 Humanzee !", "5": "Priest Episode : `` Pilot '' 2009 Meteor Calvin Stark 2 episodes 2009 Criminal Minds Chief Carlson Episode : `` House on Fire '' 2009 Psych Garth Longmore Episode : `` Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark '' Burn Notice Dale Lawson Episode : `` Guilty as Charged '' Matadors John Canterna Pilot 2010 -- 2013 The Walking Dead Merle Dixon 14 episodes Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series ( 2012 ) 2012 Outlaw Country Larkin 's henchman Television film 2012 Archer Sheriff EZ Ponder ( voice ) Episode : `` Bloody Ferlin '' 000000002016 - 12 - 14 - 0000 2016 Unlocked : The World of Games , Revealed Himself Multi-part documentary , principal cast 2017 SEAL Team Big Chief Episode : `` Tip of the Spear '' Robot Chicken Merle Dixon ( voice ) Episode : `` The Robot Chicken Walking Dead Special : Look Who 's Walking '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The Chronicles of Riddick : Escape from Butcher Bay Centurion / Jack ( voices ) 2006 Scarface : The World is Yours Various voices 2011 Call of Duty : Black Ops Himself ( voice ) Appears in Call of the Dead 2011 Days of Thunder Rowdy Burns ( voice ) 2012 Lollipop Chainsaw Vikke ( voice ) 2012 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Mike Harper ( voice ) Also motion capture 2013 The Walking Dead : Survival Instinct Merle Dixon ( voice ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Rooker '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' They ' Command You to Score New TP / HC From Image '' . Bloody Disgusting . Jump up ^ Michael Rooker Biography - Yahoo ! Movies Jump up ^ Hardwick , Chris ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` Nerdist Podcast # 151 : Michael Rooker '' .", "6": "Nerdist . Jump up ^ `` Dark Sky 's Hypothermia is Rolling ! Full Casting News '' . Dread Central . Jump up ^ `` Michael Rooker Discusses ' Henry : Portrait of a Serial Killer ' '' . Yahoo . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` A Chat with Horror Icon Michael Rooker '' . Dread Central . Jump up ^ `` TV : Michael Rooker Becomes One of ' The Walking Dead ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Jump up ^ `` Blood - Soaked Snow in First Hi - Res Look at ' Hypothermia ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Jump up ^ `` Michael Rooker Scores Leading Role in Dark Sky 's ' Hypothermia ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Jump up ^ `` First Look at Michael Rooker on the Set of ' Hypothermia ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Jump up ^ `` Michael Rooker Joining AMC 's The Walking Dead '' . Dread Central . Jump up ^ `` Michael Rooker interview ( Merle Dixon on `` The Walking Dead '' ) `` . The Desk of Brian . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Rooker Joins ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com. April 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Rooker Says Yondu Will Return for Guardians of the Galaxy 2 '' . Renegade Cinema . Jump up ^ `` Truly Disturbing : Horror Icon of the Month : Michael Rooker Michael Rooker Online '' . www.michaelrookeronline.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Unlocked : The World of Games , Revealed : Sean Astin , Tom Arnold , Michael Rooker , Penn Jillette , Zelda Williams , Matt Walsh , Alison Haislip , Meghan Camarena , William Shatner , Kevin Smith , Tony Hawk , Jeremy Snead : Amazon Digital Services LLC '' .", "7": "Amazon.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cast & Crew - Unlocked : The World of Games , Revealed '' . unlockedtvshow.com ( Unlocked : The World of Games , Revealed official website ) . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stipp , Christopher ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` This Week In Trailers : I Am Not Your Negro , The New Man , Detour , Unlocked : The World of Games , Revealed , The Salesman '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michael Rooker . Michael Rooker on IMDb Michael Rooker Official Website Michael Rooker on Facebook ( hide ) Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford 2001 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr .", "8": "Ellen Pompeo Sara Ramirez Kate Walsh Isaiah Washington Chandra Wilson 2007 Mad Men Bryan Batt Anne Dudek Michael Gladis Jon Hamm Christina Hendricks January Jones Vincent Kartheiser Robert Morse Elisabeth Moss Kiernan Shipka Maggie Siff John Slattery Rich Sommer Aaron Staton 2009 True Blood Chris Bauer Mehcad Brooks Anna Camp Nelsan Ellis Michelle Forbes Mariana Klaveno Ryan Kwanten Todd Lowe Michael McMillian Stephen Moyer Anna Paquin Jim Parrack Carrie Preston William Sanderson Alexander Skarsgård Sam Trammell Rutina Wesley Deborah Ann Woll 2012 The Walking Dead Andrew Lincoln Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Melissa McBride Scott Wilson Danai Gurira Michael Rooker David Morrissey 2013 Orange Is the New Black Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael J. Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs 2014 The Knick Clive Owen André Holland Jeremy Bobb Juliet Rylance Eve Hewson Michael Angarano Chris Sullivan Cara Seymour Eric Johnson David Fierro Maya Kazan Leon Addison Brown Grainger Hines Matt Frewer 2015 American Crime Felicity Huffman Timothy Hutton W.", "9": "Earl Brown Richard Cabral Regina King Caitlin Gerard Benito Martinez Penelope Ann Miller Elvis Nolasco Johnny Ortiz 2016 Outlander Caitriona Balfe Sam Heughan Tobias Menzies Lotte Verbeek Laura Donnelly Steven Cree Duncan Lacroix Grant O'Rourke Gary Lewis Graham McTavish Stephen Walters Simon Callow Nell Hudson Dominique Pinon Stanley Weber Richard Rankin Sophie Skelton Andrew Gower Rosie Day Clive Russell Frances de la Tour VIAF : 64205657 LCCN : nr00006587 ISNI : 0000 0001 1572 7649 GND : 173801994 SUDOC : 147473209 BNF : cb14029587k ( data ) BIBSYS : 98041973 BNE : XX1265558 SNAC : w6j3906x Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Rooker&oldid=838101507 '' Categories : 1955 births Living people People from Jasper ,", "10": "Alabama Male actors from Alabama American male film actors American male television actors American male karateka Kyokushin kaikan practitioners DePaul University alumni 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from Chicago Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 23 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1021660229890495268	what happened to the west wing of the white house during a christmas party in 1929	[ "significantly damaged by an electrical fire", "significantly damaged by an electrical fire", "electrical fire" ]	{ "0": "West Wing - wikipedia West Wing Jump to : navigation , search For the television series set in this location , see The West Wing . The West Wing ( lower right ) by night , December 2006 . The White House Complex . The West Wing of the White House , also known as the Executive Office Building , houses the offices of the President of the United States . The West Wing contains the Oval Office , the Cabinet Room , the Situation Room , and the Roosevelt Room . The West Wing 's seven floors contain offices for the White House Chief of Staff , the Counselor to the President , the Senior Advisor to the President , the White House Press Secretary , and their support staffs . The Vice President -- whose primary office is next door in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building -- also has an office in the building . Adjoining the press secretary 's office , in the colonnade between the West Wing and the Executive Residence is the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room along with work space for the White House press corps . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 First Floor 2.1 Oval Office 2.2 Cabinet Room 2.3 Roosevelt Room 2.4 Press Briefing Room 2.5 White House press corps 3 Ground Floor 3.1 Situation Room 3.2 White House Mess 4 Second Floor 5 Depiction on The West Wing TV series 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The main entrance on the north side . West Wing from above . Note the Oval Office and the solar panels on the roof of the Cabinet Room . Before construction of the West Wing , presidential staff worked on the second floor of what is now the Executive Residence . However , when Theodore Roosevelt became president , he found that the existing offices in the mansion were insufficient to accommodate his family of six children as well as his staff . In 1902 , First Lady Edith Roosevelt hired McKim , Meade & White to separate the living quarters from the offices , to enlarge and modernize the public rooms , to re-do the landscaping , and to redecorate the interior . Congress approved over half a million dollars for the renovation . The West Wing was originally intended as a temporary office structure , built on the site of the greenhouse and stables .", "1": "The President 's Office and the Cabinet Room took up the eastern third of the building . Roosevelt 's office was located approximately where the Roosevelt Room is now . In 1909 , William Howard Taft expanded the building southward , covering the tennis court . He placed the first Oval Office at the center of the addition 's south facade , reminiscent of the oval rooms of the White House . Later , at the outset of his presidency , Herbert Hoover rebuilt the West Wing , excavating a partial basement , and supporting it with structural steel . The completed building lasted less than seven months . On December 24 , 1929 , the West Wing was significantly damaged by an electrical fire . Hoover rebuilt it , and added air - conditioning . The fourth and final major reorganization was undertaken by Franklin D. Roosevelt . Dissatisfied with the size and layout of the West Wing , he engaged New York architect Eric Gugler to redesign it in 1933 . To create additional space without increasing the apparent size of the building , Gugler excavated a full basement , added a set of subterranean offices under the adjacent lawn , and built an unobtrusive `` penthouse '' story . The directive to wring the most office space out of the existing building was responsible for its narrow corridors and cramped staff offices . Gugler 's most notable change was the addition to the east side containing a new Cabinet Room , Secretary 's Office , and Oval Office . The new office 's location gave presidents greater privacy , allowing them to slip back and forth between the White House and the West Wing without being in full view of the staff . As the size of the president 's staff grew over the latter half of the 20th century , the West Wing generally came to be seen as too small for its modern governmental functions . Today , most of the staff members of the Executive Office of the President are located in the adjacent Eisenhower Executive Office Building . Original West Wing and tennis court , circa 1903 . Expanded West Wing , circa 1910s . President Taft 's 1909 expansion covered most of the tennis court . Note the `` bow '' of the first Oval Office . President Hoover views West Wing fire ruins , January 15 , 1930 . Modern West Wing under construction , circa 1933 .", "2": "Exterior of the modern Oval Office , completed 1934 . First floor ( edit ) First Floor plan . Oval Office ( edit ) Main article : Oval Office Cabinet Room ( edit ) Main article : Cabinet Room ( White House ) Roosevelt Room ( edit ) Main article : Roosevelt Room Richard Nixon also renamed the room , previously called by Franklin Roosevelt the `` Fish Room '' ( where he kept aquariums , and where John F. Kennedy displayed trophy fish ) in honor of the two Presidents Roosevelt : Theodore , who first built the West Wing , and Franklin , who built the current Oval Office . By tradition , a portrait of Franklin Roosevelt hangs over the mantel of the Roosevelt Room during the administration of a president from the Democratic Party and a portrait of Theodore Roosevelt hangs during the administration of a Republican president ( although Bill Clinton chose to retain the portrait of Theodore Roosevelt above the mantel ) . In the past , the portrait not hanging over the mantel hung on the opposite wall . However , during the first term of George W. Bush , an audio - visual cabinet was placed on the opposite wall providing secure audio and visual conference capabilities across the hall from the Oval Office . Press Briefing Room ( edit ) Main article : James S. Brady Press Briefing Room During the 1930s , the March of Dimes constructed a swimming pool so that Franklin Roosevelt could exercise , as therapy for his polio - related disability . Richard Nixon had the swimming pool covered over to create the Press Briefing Room , where the White House Press Secretary gives daily briefings . Oval Office Study , 1978 . Private Dining Room , 1988 . Roosevelt Room , 2006 . Secretary 's office , 1961 . James S. Brady Press Briefing Room , 2007 . Formerly , the swimming pool . White House Press corps ( edit ) Main article : White House press corps The journalists , correspondents , and others who are part of the White House press corps have offices near the press briefing room . Ground floor ( edit ) Ground Floor plan . Situation Room ( edit ) Main article : White House Situation Room White House Mess ( edit ) The West Wing ground floor is also the site of a cafeteria , staffed by Naval culinary specialists and called the White House Mess .", "3": "It is located underneath the Oval Office , and was established by President Truman on June 11 , 1951 . Ground Floor Lobby . The Situation Room , newly renovated during the Presidency of George W. Bush Entrance to the White House Mess , decorated for Halloween . Second Floor ( edit ) Second Floor plan . Depiction on the West Wing tv series ( edit ) Main article : The West Wing In 1999 , The West Wing television series brought greater public attention to the workings of the presidential staff , as well as to the location of those working in the West Wing . The show followed the working lives of a fictional U.S. president , Josiah Bartlet , and his senior staff . When asked whether the show accurately captured the working environment in 2003 , Press Secretary Scott McClellan commented that the show portrayed more foot traffic and larger rooms than in the real West Wing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tour the West Wing '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Oval Office '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The President 's Cabinet '' . Jump up ^ `` Situation Room '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Roosevelt Room '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside the White House '' . Jump up ^ `` TR Center - Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt '' . TheodoreRooseveltCenter.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gould , Lewis L. ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) . American First Ladies : Their Lives and Their Legacy . Routledge . ISBN 9781135311551 . ^ Jump up to : William Seale , The President 's House ( White House Historical Association , 1986 ) , pp. 946 - 49 . Jump up ^ The underground offices became the Situation Room and White House Mess. 1938 photo , showing courtyard lighting the underground offices from Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` West Wing of the White House '' . Jump up ^ Ingle , Saul ( December 2001 ) . `` Dinner at 1600 - naval Mess Management Specialists on duty in White House '' . All Hands .", "4": "Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Scott McClellan Hosts Ask the White House '' . The White House . National Archives . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to West Wing . White House Museum : West Wing , with floorplan and historical images West Wing Interactive , from National Journal Magazine ( hide ) White House Complex White House Executive Residence Basement Basement Chief Floral Designer Ground floor China Room collection Office of the Curator Diplomatic Reception Room Library Map Room Vermeil Room State floor Blue Room Cross Hall East Room Entrance Hall Family Dining Room Grand Staircase Green Room Red Room South Portico State Dining Room Chief Usher Second floor Center Hall Dressing Room East Bedroom East Sitting Hall Family Kitchen Lincoln Bedroom Lincoln Sitting Room President 's Bedroom President 's Dining Room Private Sitting Room Queens ' Bedroom Queens ' Sitting Room Treaty Room Truman Balcony West Bedroom West Sitting Hall Yellow Oval Room Third floor Center Hall Diet Kitchen Linen Room Music Room Sun Room Work - out Room West Wing Cabinet Room Executive Office Oval Office Oval Office Study Press Briefing Room Roosevelt Room Situation Room East Wing Office of the First Lady Graphics and Calligraphy Office Presidential Emergency Operations Center White House Family Theater Social Secretary Visitors Office White House Military Office Grounds The Ellipse Jacqueline Kennedy Garden Lafayette Square North Lawn President 's Park Rose Garden South Lawn White House to Treasury Building tunnel Annex Eisenhower Executive Office Building New Executive Office Building White House Conference Center Blair House Trowbridge House Presidential Townhouse Nearby streets 15th Street 17th Street Constitution Avenue E Street East Executive Avenue H Street NW Hamilton Place Jackson Place Madison Place Pennsylvania Avenue State Place West Executive Avenue Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States , 1901 -- 1909 25th Vice President of the United States , 1901 33rd Governor of New York ,", "5": "1899 -- 1900 Assistant Secretary of the Navy , 1897 -- 1898 New York City Police Commissioner , 1895 -- 1897 New York State Assemblyman , 1882 1883 1884 Presidency First inauguration historic site Second inauguiration `` Square Deal '' Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument Other National Monuments United States Forest Service , United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big Stick ideology Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo - Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris incident Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address , 1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Other events Spanish -- American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill `` Bull Moose '' Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian -- Roosevelt African Expedition `` River of Doubt '' Amazonian expedition Life and homes Birthplace ,", "6": "boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Oyster Bay Elkhorn Ranch Maltese Cross Cabin Pine Knot cabin Gravesite Writings and speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 book ) `` The Strenuous Life '' ( 1899 speech ) `` Citizenship in a Republic '' ( 1910 speech ) `` I have just been shot '' ( 1912 speech ) Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography ( 1913 book ) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections New York state election , 1898 Republican National Convention , 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential election , 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Mount Rushmore Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Award Roosevelt Road U.S. Postage stamps Theodore Roosevelt , Rough Rider sculpture Equestrian statue Popular culture Teddy bear `` Speak softly , and carry a big stick '' Books Films Roosevelt in Africa 1910 documentary The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Related Political positions `` Bully pulpit '' Ananias Club `` Nature fakers '' Progressive Era A Guest of Honor Porcellian Club `` Muckraker '' National Collegiate Athletic Association `` Roosevelt Republican '' Family Alice Hathaway Lee ( first wife ) Edith Kermit Carow ( second wife ) Alice Lee Roosevelt ( daughter ) Theodore Roosevelt III ( son ) Kermit Roosevelt ( son ) Ethel Carow Roosevelt ( daughter ) Archibald Roosevelt ( son ) Quentin Roosevelt ( son ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr.", "7": "( father ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( mother ) Anna Roosevelt ( sister ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( brother ) Corinne Roosevelt ( sister ) Cornelius Roosevelt ( grandfather ) James Stephens Bulloch ( grandfather ) James A. Roosevelt ( uncle ) Robert Roosevelt ( uncle ) James Dunwoody Bulloch ( half - uncle ) Irvine Bulloch ( uncle ) Theodore Douglas Robinson ( nephew ) Corinne Robinson ( niece ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( niece ) Hall Roosevelt ( nephew ) ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 51 '' N 77 ° 02 ′ 15 '' W / 38.897370 ° N 77.037425 ° W / 38.897370 ; - 77.037425 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Wing&oldid=822094476 '' Categories : White House McKim , Mead , and White buildings Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 10 : 28 . 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6536528459363538848	when is the next step season 3 coming out	[ "March 16, 2015", "March 16, 2015", "March 16, 2015", "March 16, 2015" ]	{ "0": "List of the Next Step episodes - Wikipedia List of the Next Step episodes Jump to : navigation , search This article 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Next Step is a Canadian teen drama series created by Frank van Keeken and produced by Temple Street Productions . Shot in a dramatic mockumentary style , the series focuses on a group of dancers who attend The Next Step Dance Studio . They have won Regionals , Nationals and Internationals . As of December 6 , 2017 , 154 episodes of The Next Step have aired . On March 21 , 2016 , Frank van Keeken announced on Instagram that The Next Step would return for a fifth season , which premiered on May 26 , 2017 . The series has been renewed for a sixth season of 26 episodes which will premiere in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 30 14 March 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 08 ) June 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 07 ) 16 September 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) January 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 03 ) 34 17 March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 17 September 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 12 ) January 2 ,", "1": "2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 02 ) 30 15 March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) 15 September 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 11 ) December 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 11 ) 40 20 February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) 20 October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 5 20 10 May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) 10 October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 `` Get The Party Started '' Brian K. Roberts Frank van Keeken March 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 08 ) The A - and B - Troupe dancers audition to earn a place in A-Troupe . When the fourth group of dancers are about to start their audition , an unknown dancer named Michelle who just moved from Madison , Wisconsin comes in . By this unexpected twist , last year 's Dance Captain , Emily feels threatened by Michelle . Kate talks to Michelle in her office and tells her she would be happy to audition as she was dance captain at her old studio as well as being miss national soloist .", "2": "`` Everybody Dance Now '' Brian K. Roberts Frank van Keeken and Chloe Van Keeken March 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) Giselle does not make it into A-Troupe . Giselle is later removed from the E-girls for not being in A-Troupe , as the rules are that all E-girls must be in A-Troupe . Emily promises to get Giselle back in A-troupe , and kick Michelle out . Chloe later becomes part of the E-Girls . Stephanie tells Michelle before their first dance rehearsal is in Studio B but , Giselle , who is on her way to B - Troupe tells her that A-Troupe is always in Studio A. Stephanie tells us in a confessional she did this so Michelle would be late , and get a bad reputation in A-Troupe . It is said by people in A-Troupe and as well in a confession done by James was that James has dated many girls before , including Beth who is now in B - Troupe , and Amanda , who was at Elite which is a rival studio which always wins regionals . He uses dancing as an `` unfair '' advantage to get girls . It is said as well that E-girls is named by Emily , whose name starts with the letter `` E '' so that 's why they are called the E-Girls . Also the E-girls have over 100 rules , the main one being that you always look out for fellow E-Girls , also they have a fairly simple hand shake , creating an `` E '' with their hand , linking it with another E-girl to create an `` E '' on the top and a `` G '' on the bottom . `` Dance , Dance '' Brian K. Roberts Chloe Van Keeken March 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 13 ) Kate and Chris give Michelle a chance to be dance captain considering her being dance captain at her last studio . Each dance captain had to split into a group of 5 . But when Chris chooses the groups , Emily is split with Stephanie , her best friend , and Stephanie has to mess up the dance moves in Michelle 's dance . Riley feels that Emily and Stephanie 's idea shows that Emily is feeling too threatened towards Michelle .", "3": "Kate yells at Michelle for deciding that their dance was ready , where Michelle argues saying that Stephanie agreed that she was ready . Emily was once again dance captain . Meanwhile , James is about to get kicked out of the studio for failing math . Chris says that he will help James and his mom gives him a second chance . West tries to befriend James by randomly putting on dance offs in public . Everyone in A-Troupe starts arguing over who should be dance captain , Kate panics and Chris throws ping pong balls for everyone to clean up . Until West starts dancing in front of James , James starts dancing in response meaning West has won his respect . Eventually everyone starts dancing together , forgetting about the dance captain situation . They realize they are here to dance , not to complain . `` Rock and a Hard Place '' Brian K. Roberts Rachael Schaefer March 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 14 ) A dance competition is coming up this weekend so Kate and Chris think they should decide the dance line positions . Emily persuades them to let her make the decision , which leads her to putting Michelle in the back row . After Riley finds out that Emily lied to A-Troupe about having the list reviewed by Kate and Chris , she approaches James and asks him if he thinks her being in the front over Michelle is fair , he gives her honest opinion and tells her that it is not . So she switches her front line position with Michelle in the middle of a rehearsal . Emily is outraged that her sister betrayed her , and the E-Girls vote to kick Riley out of their clique . Also , Daniel choreographs a routine for J - troupe , while Tiffany uses J - Troupe to mess with him . 5 5 `` Steal My Sunshine '' Mitchell T. Ness Chloe Van Keeken March 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 15 ) The A-Troupe members go to the beach for a day off while the E-Girls run Dance Camp for the little kids . At the beach , Riley loses Emily 's necklace and the group has to find it before they leave the beach . Meanwhile , one of the little kids at dance camp gets lost and the E-Girls have to find her before dance camp is over .", "4": "At the end , Riley finds Emily 's necklace and the E-girls find the little girl . 6 6 `` Good Girls Go Bad '' Frank van Keeken Story by : Cole Bastedo Teleplay by : Rachael Schaefer March 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) The A-Troupe takes a visit to the Elite studio to see what they 're doing for Regionals . West and Daniel stay at the studio and dance while the rest go to Elite . Riley asks James to go along to keep an eye for Michelle as he is the only one she feels she can trust to keep Emily from hurting Michelle . Michelle gets caught at Elite while filming their routine and the rest of the group leave her there , where she pretends to audition as a cover up . Elite consider recruiting her . Meanwhile , Daniel & West choreograph a duet together . The episode ends as Michelle worries in a confessional . When Kate realizes Michelle was late , she called her over to have a chat about what she overheard the dancers saying . She then tells Emily that Michelle may leave the studio because of how unhappy she was , although Michelle said that it was purely to spy . 7 7 `` Love Story '' Brian K. Roberts Frank van Keeken April 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 19 ) Michelle is still at the Elite studio , frightened to be in front of the Elite group . She is so embarrassed to be caught in front of the whole Elite group . Michelle volunteered to film some of Elite 's dancing to try to gain a friendship with Emily . Meanwhile James is worrying because Riley had asked him to make sure Michelle does n't get caught because of Emily . Riley discovers Emily 's plan to push Michelle out of the studio . Riley and James make a plan to replace Emily as dance captain with Michelle by making a new better dance to throw over Emily . Michelle has feelings for Eldon and he likes her . In rehearsals Michelle suggests that she and Eldon should do a duet together to try to gain some time to be alone and get to know him better . Kate decides that it is a good idea and they go and practice in studio B .", "5": "8 8 `` Just the Two of Us '' Brian K. Roberts Rachael Schaefer April 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 26 ) Eldon realized that he has both feelings for Emily and Michelle but wants to go with Michelle because after practicing their duet he realized that Michelle is a great person . 9 9 `` Video Killed the Radio Star '' Brian K. Roberts Ian Van Den Hurk May 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) Brighter Brightest is coming to make a music video with the A-Troupe dancers featured in the video . Meanwhile , Riley is such a huge fan of the band Brighter Brightest that she stammers when trying the talk to the band . Leading the band to think she 's a foreign girl who does n't know how to speak English . James and Riley are caught bickering and told they have a lot of chemistry and are going to be the center of the music video . The female and male dancers split up after arguments where the boys are making animal noises and acting childishly . Eventually they join back together creating a great dance . James admits to having feelings for Riley in an interview while Riley denies it , by the end of the episode you can see that Riley is starting to develop some feelings for James after James gets an autograph from the band as a gift for Riley . 10 10 `` Road To Joy '' Mitchell Ness Rachael Schaefer May 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) Kate tells Riley to go downtown and pick up the sample costumes for Regionals and James insists on going solely to spend time with her , so he begs Riley to stop and get shawarmas . But , when they get back on the bus , James does n't have a transfer . So when Riley presents her transfer to the bus driver , James rips her transfer in order to stay together . So now they have to take a shortcut through the park where they meet James 's `` kooky '' aunt . When they finally arrive at the shop , it is closed and Riley goes off at James , resulting in her giving him advice on how to master a dance move .", "6": "In the end , when they 're heading back to the studio in the bus , Riley and James hold hands . And James and Riley do get the costumes in time when they impress the owners by dancing . Meanwhile , Stephanie takes photo shoots for her dream of being a `` triple threat '' , which does n't go well at first , but when she starts dancing it goes really well . 11 11 `` Can You Keep A Secret ? '' Brian K. Roberts Rachael Schaefer May 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 17 ) The A-Troupe auditions for soloists begin . When Daniel earns the solo , he gets an injury and keeps it a secret from everyone . Michelle figures out Chloe has a job . But , when Chloe is late for soloist auditions , Michelle stands up to Emily for Chloe , giving a speech about how Emily is being a bully before walking out that gives the impression that she is going to Elite . But , when Riley and James find her in Squeezed , she announces to them that she decided that she would finally overthrow Emily 's position as dance captain in order to show Emily how mean she really is . 12 12 `` Get It Together '' Brian K. Roberts Story by : Cole Bastedo Teleplay by : Chloe Van Keeken May 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 24 ) Michelle , Riley and James start planning their dance to overthrow Emily as dance captain . As they create a dance to overthrow her , they get West , and Daniel to join in the dance as they think Michelle would be a much better captain . When the group is late for rehearsals , Emily suspects something is up . After Emily rejects Chloe 's dance move , Michelle , Riley , James , West , and Daniel show Chloe the dance , and ask her if she wants to join . Chloe immediately says no , and leaves upset at them for trying to overthrow Emily , her fellow E-Girl . During the episode , Emily and Eldon start to get closer , they talk about their families , and hold hands in the juice bar , which makes Michelle upset for an `` unknown '' reason .", "7": "Also , Stephanie gets help from Tiffany on her acting capabilities , and when Kate and Stephanie get back from meeting with an agent , Stephanie gets a phone call after she auditions for an acting agent , and gets her first agent . 13 13 `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken May 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 31 ) Emily tries to figure out what Michelle 's group is doing . Chloe also joins Michelle 's group . Eldon tries to prove to the A-Troupe dancers that he and Emily are serious . His plan did not go over well and he ended up ruining all the chances he had with Emily . At the same time he even created more humiliation for himself . Emily apologizes to Eldon after she was harsh to him . Michelle 's group decides to invite Eldon into their dance . While they were performing the dance for him , Stephanie finds out about Michelle 's dance and tells Emily . 14 14 `` Sabotage '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken June 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 07 ) In the summer finale , the E-Girls finds out about Michelle 's routine . They take Michelle 's phone and send mean texts to Emily 's phone to get Michelle kicked out . Riley sees them and she hides Michelle 's phone . After Emily tells Kate about it , the truth about Michelle 's dance routine is revealed and to settle it , Kate asks for Michelle 's group to show their dance routine . Kate and Chris like their dance , and then Michelle becomes Captain after each person votes for the new dance captain . But Stephanie and Emily leave . Part 2 15 15 `` Changes '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken September 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) Emily and Stephanie struggle with Michelle as the new dance captain . Michelle tries to be friends with Emily since Michelle does n't want a bad relationship with Emily , but Emily rejects her . James gets pulled out of the studio but Michelle convinces James ' mom that he focuses on his studies for two weeks to improve his grades in Math with the help from the team .", "8": "Riley is upset ; Riley makes a deal with James that if he gets 70 % or higher on his Math exam , she would go on a date with him ; James is overjoyed . The E-Girls are now broken up . Emily rejects Michelle again by not participating in any of the dance rehearsals . Riley and Emily 's relationship has hit rock bottom when Emily tells her that they are no longer sisters . Riley is very upset after Emily says they are not sisters . 16 16 `` Help '' Samir Rehem Rachael Schaefer and Frank van Keeken September 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 27 ) Michelle 's captaincy gets praised by the dancers once again . Everybody gets mad at Emily for being a drama queen and not trying at all . Emily confesses her feelings to Kate about no longer being Dance Captain . Kate says Emily will have to work hard so she can still be a part of the team . James is studying hard for math to improve his grades . Eldon is still mad at Emily for how she treated him when he made his grand gesture , but offers to help her with the moves after she confesses she does n't know them . It is revealed by Emily that she has been a bad dance captain because her moves are the only ones that she knows . Emily is starting to have feelings for Eldon . Emily changes her heart about Michelle as dance captain , finally accepting her . Stephanie decides to act like Emily forgetting Michelle . Michelle decides to change the line positions for the routine so everyone re-auditions for their spots and Emily does really well but Michelle still puts in the back row , which angers Eldon . 17 17 `` Forget You '' Samir Rahem Rachael Schaefer and Frank van Keeken October 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 04 ) Emily confronts Michelle for her placement in the back row , saying Michelle put her in the back row because Michelle has an enormous crush on Eldon . Michelle denies this but later admits in the confessional that she does have a `` little '' crush on him . Eldon comforts Emily and after they talk a little , they share a kiss .", "9": "Eldon talks to Michelle about Emily 's line placement and Michelle promises she will switch Emily and Eldon 's positions . Meanwhile , Stephanie auditions for a commercial and the director likes her but says behind her back that he hated her ; Stephanie overhears this and is embarrassed . Riley begins to make math cue cards for James , but states that they 're just friends when confronted by Tiffany . Michelle reveals she will switch Emily and Eldon and everyone disagrees but they let her do it anyway . Then Riley runs in and tells everyone that Emily and Stephanie are leaving the studio , surprising and angering everyone just as the episode ends . 18 18 `` Brand New '' Patrick Sisam Frank van Keeken and Chloe van Keeken October 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 11 ) A-Troupe decides to hold auditions for two new dancers to replace Emily and Stephanie . They let B - Troupe members audition and Giselle is desperate to make it in . Emily and Stephanie go to audition for Elite . Riley goes to James ' school to teach him Michelle 's routine and sees he 's stressed out about his upcoming math test . Riley tests him and he gets all of the answers right . When she asks for a high five to congratulate him , he pulls her in for a hug instead . She then teaches the routine and they dance together . It is later revealed that James feels like anything is possible with Riley and is happy that she sticks by him and believes in him . Eldon goes to Elite to see how Emily is doing and she promises that even if they are at different studios , they will always be together . But just as Kate and Chris are about to reveal the two new A-Troupe dancers , Stephanie comes back and asks if she can audition for A-Troupe because she did not make it to Elite but Emily did , leaving her behind , betraying her and ruining their friendship . 19 19 `` First Date '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken and Chloe Van Keeken October 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 18 ) Stephanie is allowed to audition for A-Troupe despite how angry everyone is with her . Despite that , she is let in and cries happy tears when she makes it .", "10": "Later James walks in to see Riley dancing a solo to a song called `` Where Did Everybody Go ? '' , and it stirs him up a little . He re-joins A-Troupe after he passes his math test with a B+ , earning him his A-Troupe spot and a date with Riley . Giselle rejoins A-Troupe as well . Michelle and Stephanie agree to create a new Regionals routine as Emily might share A-Troupes ideas with the people at Elite . After choreographing it , Daniel begins to mark the routine , Kate tells him he needs to work harder or his solo will be taken away . Daniel practices alone and states that his injury is much better now . Michelle and Eldon choreograph a duet together for the Regionals routine and Michelle believes there is something between them . James and Riley go on their first date at the studio where they have food from many different countries , they eat , dance and kiss at the end . 20 20 `` We Are Family '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken and Chloe Van Keeken October 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 25 ) Riley tries to make her relationship with Emily as sisters work out . Emily disagrees at first but later on agrees to try to make things right between them . Meanwhile , Eldon takes Emily on a date , but Emily does n't like the food he brings , so they decide to talk . That makes Eldon like Michelle a bit more . Emily was in the back row at Elite , but in the end , Amanda and Lucien agree she can be in the middle row after she improves . While Emily and Riley talk , Riley tells Emily she went on a date with James , and she needs advice to know if whether they 're in a relationship or not . Emily tells her to be straight up with him and ask . In the end of the episode , while Eldon dances their duet with Michelle , Riley arrives and reminds him he 's supposed to be at a date with Emily . After , he knows he 's in love with Michelle . At the very end , Riley pulls James from the group , so she can ask him if they 're in a relationship or not , she says she would like to be and then he runs and hugs her .", "11": "Riley and James are officially in a relationship . 21 21 `` Break Stuff '' Frank van Keeken Brian Hartigan and Frank van Keeken November 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) Giselle and Daniel want to do an overhead lift in the routine called `` The Helicopter '' but Kate says no because it is too risky . They talk to Michelle and she lets them show it to her . They do and Michelle loves it and lets them do it . Meanwhile , Stephanie gets a role on a television show , only to find out it is filming the same weekend as Regionals . Also , West runs into a member from his former dance crew , Marcel , and he does n't want Marcel to know that he is in A-Troupe since West left the crew without telling Marcel . At practice when Daniel and Giselle do the helicopter , Daniel badly sprains his ankle and has to leave A-Troupe and will be out indefinitely , not being able to take part in Regionals . He is devastated . 22 22 `` Come Back ... Be Here '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken November 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 08 ) Michelle tells the A-Troupe members that they need to get Emily to rejoin the studio ; they disagree at first but later on agree so they go to Elite to convince her to rejoin but she refuses . Amanda and Lucien move Emily up to the front row of their routine . While leaving , Amanda says `` hi '' to James which earns him a light slap on the arm from a sad Riley . Riley admits it is hard to be dating someone who dated lots of girls in the dance community . James has the Regionals solo now that Daniel is gone and he just ca n't get it right , and his math grades begin to slip again . Riley warns him about it but he does n't care about his grades . Eventually James tells Kate he ca n't dance the solo anymore and Kate understands so she tries to give it to West , who refuses it . Later Emily overhears Amanda and Lucien plotting to kick her out of Elite when Regionals come and she leaves .", "12": "Eldon confesses to Michelle that he wants to be with her , but then Emily comes back and her and Eldon hug but Eldon still wants to be with Michelle who now thinks her and Eldon are not meant to be . 23 23 `` Dancing in the Street '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken November 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 15 ) A-Troupe assembles a dance battle with `` Seeds '' , West 's dance crew . Emily and Stephanie finally make up and become friends again . When Seeds arrive at the studio , everyone finds out that West dances with Seeds and he is forced to pick a crew , and he picks A-Troupe . When Emily begins to show true captaincy to the team , Michelle thinks that Emily should be her co-captain . Michelle begins to avoid Eldon because he is dating Emily and she is back now . Ultimately , A-Troupe loses the battle against Seeds and they are very upset . Back at the studio , Emily takes a stand saying she is happy they lost because now they what they are competing against at Regionals since Seeds will be going to Regionals and she offers to buy everyone juice which they accept . Michelle tells Emily she wants Emily to be her co-captain and Emily is very shocked . 24 24 `` Price Tag '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken and Chloe Van Keeken November 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 22 ) Emily accepts Michelle 's offer to be her co-captain and they agree that they need to create a new Regionals routine . Chloe 's financial problems finally boil over when she is late for a payment again and she confesses to Kate that she has a job . Chloe decides it would be best for her to leave A-Troupe . Co-Captains Michelle and Emily decide to work together and encourage the team to help Chloe . The team goes to the restaurant Chloe works in to give her huge tips , in which she uses to pay for A-Troupe . 25 25 `` Bad Moon Rising '' Derby Crewe Frank van Keeken November 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 29 ) It starts off with the troupe practicing the routine for Regionals .", "13": "Emily says the energy was great so they can all go home . Chris and Kate walk in and inform them that since they all worked so hard they should have a fun night where they hang out as friends , not team mates . They all come and play a fun game called machine then play truth or dare . Riley asks West what his biggest secret is . West 's answer is witnessing a robbery . Then , West dares Stephanie to order a juice with Tiffany being the hands . But when they all go , Tiffany puts lipstick on Stephanie then they all come back and Kate wants to put a movie on . But the twist is that they have to dance to pick the movie and James wins , but gives his choice to Riley . After the movie they play truth or dare . Tiffany dares James to kiss Riley then James dares Emily to do the salteen cracker challenge , then Emily gives Michelle a truth asking which guy does she like . She says West , not wanting anyone to find out about her secret crush on Eldon . Later Eldon goes up to Michelle and says he wants to break up with Emily and Michelle says if you break up with her now it will tear the team apart . Then they tell ghost stories ( girls against boys ) and whoever gets freaked out has to pay . First Stephanie tells a story which the guys have heard of and then West tells a story about chickens . Riley is frightened of chickens so James pops out in a chicken costume and scares Riley . Then the girls prank the guys by putting hot sauce on the pizza that they ' ordered . ' Unfortunately the boys already knew this . Then a cop comes and arrests James . The girls then reveal in an interview that it was a joke . The guys were shocked that they were double pranked . The cop was actually Giselle 's uncle and Kate was part of the prank . 26 26 `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' Kim Derko Frank van Keeken December 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 06 ) Excitement turns to worry when the dancers receive the wrong costumes for Regionals . They try on other costumes from studio B , where James puts a chicken costume on and scares Riley , who is scared of chickens . Riley later says that he defiantly lost brownie points on that joke .", "14": "They also try on costumes Giselle picks up but they do n't turn out well . Stephanie reveals that she got the part she auditioned for in Break Stuff , but that it films the same week as Regionals . Michelle finally confesses to Eldon that she has feelings for him and wants to be with him , Eldon says he has moved , upsetting Michelle very much . Stephanie ultimately decides to give up the TV show and go to the Regionals . A-Troupe is ready to go to Regionals . 27 27 `` I 'm So Excited '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 13 ) Regionals are finally here and the competition is heating up . Before A-Troupe leaves , J - Troupe play them a song on instruments to wish them good luck at Regionals . Daniel appears as well . Once they arrive , so do Elite who get the skip the register line since they won last year . Amanda attempts to break A-Troupe apart but fails . When West realizes that Seeds is missing a member from their crew , he wants to join them . Everyone in A-Troupe and Marcel , the leader of Seeds , say no . But after a bit convincing , West is allowed to perform with Seeds . Seeds end up scoring 88 out of 100 points from the judges . Just when A-Troupe are about to perform , West arrives and says he hurt his ankle dancing with `` Seeds , but he was only joking . As soon as A-Troupe go on stage to perform , the episode ends . 28 28 `` Fancy Footwork '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 20 ) A-Troupe does their first Regionals routine and they manage to advance to the next round and the third . But in the third round , One of Riley 's gloves gets caught in a feather on her bow and their performance goes awry . The Next Step ends up getting eliminated and they are all heartbroken , especially Riley who blames herself for it but everyone else tells her not to . Then James reminds them that they could be given the wild - card spot that will allow them to return , exciting everyone .", "15": "When they are called back onstage later with two other dance troupes , the announcer announces that The Next Step is the wild - card group and they will return to the competition and everyone is ecstatic . ConfiDance , Annex Dance Academy , Art and Soul and more are all real dance studios in the Ontario area . 29 29 `` This Is How We Do It '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 27 ) The Next Step competes in the semifinals against Seeds . Elite won against Dance Inc . The Next Step 's performance is flawless which gets them a score of 93 / 100 , beating Seeds ' score of 91 / 100 . Amanda starts to make fun of Emily , who walks away with Riley , forcing Eldon to follow her since she is his girlfriend . Eldon and Emily talk it through and when Emily goes to kiss Eldon he moves away . James gets on Riley 's nerves while joking around so Riley yells at him in front of the whole group . After Riley pulls James aside and apologizes for yelling at him . They learn that Riley gets stressed more and James is more calm and relaxed in situations . They both agree to try and be more respectful and supportive of the way the other person is . Emily is starting to notice more about Eldon and Michelle 's feelings for each other , when Emily mention Elite will have a plane that 's a prop . The Next Step votes to retaliate with Eldon and Michelle 's duet in their last performance against Elite . 30 30 `` Winner Takes All '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken January 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 03 ) The Next Step face off against Elite in the finals of Regionals . Eldon reveals to Michelle that he wants to be with her and he lied when he said he had moved on , he promises he will tell Emily after regionals . Just before they perform , Emily begs Eldon to tell her whats going on between him and Michelle and Eldon confesses that he wants to be with Michelle causing him and Emily break up and Emily is upset . Also , Riley and James are talking , while Riley notices Beth .", "16": "James confronts her on why she 's there and she tells him she still loves him . James leaves using the excuse he has to perform . When Riley asks what was said he tells her that she just came to see him perform . James states in an interview he did n't tell Riley about Beth saying she loves him because it would jinx her out and she would n't be focused on the routine . They perform their Regionals routine , which was Romeo and Juliet themed , with Michelle and Eldon as Romeo and Juliet . The Next Step wins against Elite Studio and are proclaimed as Regionals winners . Michelle and Emily 's relationship remains unknown after Emily gives Michelle the cold stare . Riley jumps into James ' arms and hugs her and he spins her around in his arms and they kiss on stage in front of everybody including Beth . Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 31 `` Do n't Stop the Party '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) After winning Regionals , The Next Step throws A-Troupe a party . Michelle and Eldon 's relationship is revealed to the rest of the team when Emily announces it at the party . Riley becomes jealous as Beth begins flirting with James . When the party is finished , Amanda suddenly arrives saying that she 's there to audition for A-Troupe . The team ask what she means about auditioning and she explains to them about the challenge . Emily and Michelle discuss if whether or not they will do the challenge . They decide to so later A-Troupe then finds out that they have to re-audition for A-Troupe's Nationals team , along with dancers from other studios . After seeing Amanda getting kicked off Elite at the mall , Michelle lets Amanda audition for A-Troupe . Hunter , a boy from Wisconsin , who is under the impression that Michelle is his girlfriend , arrives , making Eldon jealous . When Michelle tells Hunter that she has a boyfriend and has moved on , him and Emily form a scheme so that Emily can get Eldon back and Hunter can get Michelle back .", "17": "Chris tells Kate he is leaving The Next Step to become co-owner of a rival dance studio . Kate 's sister , Phoebe , becomes the new head choreographer . The Next Step holds re-auditions for A-Troupe after Phoebe is introduced . Even two J - Troupe members audition . The Top 20 is revealed to be Michelle , Emily , Eldon , Hunter , Riley , James , Chloe , Amanda , Noah , Rochelle , Thalia , Daniel , Giselle , Stephanie , Tiffany , West , Beth , Kas , Morgan and Jake . The episode ends with Phoebe teaching the Top 20 the new choreography , which is much harder than most of the dancers expected . 32 `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) 33 `` Ready to Start '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken & Rachael Shaefer March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) 34 `` The Final Cut '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken & Rachael Shaefer March 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 14 ) The dancers continue to learn the choreography and Stephanie shows up long befits the auditions and asks Tiffany for help to learn the moves which frustrates Tiffany . All 20 dancers audition and Emily , Michelle , Kate and Phoebe discuss it . Then they return and announce the 12 A-Troupe dancers for the Nationals team : Emily , Michelle , Riley , Eldon , James , Giselle , West , Hunter , Thalia , Chloe , Daniel and Amanda . Stephanie and Tiffany are left out much to their shock and disappointment . Stephanie gets especially upset that Emily chose Amanda over her . Later , Michelle sees Emily & Hunter flirting and feels weird about it . Meanwhile , Kate gives Chloe a second job at the studio to teach dance for little kids , much to Chloe 's dismay . She teaches it in a new ballet studio . She calls West to help her . Emily and Hunter 's plan to break up Michelle and Eldon begins when Hunter challenges Eldon to a dance battle over Michelle .", "18": "If Hunter wins , Eldon has to leave Michelle alone , but if Eldon wins then Hunter will leave them alone . They have the battle at the new studio . Eldon loses meaning he has to leave Michelle alone now much to his shock . After they both leave , Amanda walks in and takes her phone off the piano and we find out that she secretly recorded the battle implying that she might show it to Michelle . 35 5 `` The Girl Is Mine '' Jay Prychidny Frank van Keeken & Chloe van Keeken March 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 14 ) 36 6 `` Work It '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken March 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) Two designers named Zoltan and Minow arrive at The Next Step to design A-Troupe's uniforms for Nationals . But the price turns out to be $78,325.19 , which is quite a lot for the Next Step to afford . They decide to have a car wash to raise money but they only raise $27 , including a five - dollar tip from James ' mom , who really pushed A-Troupe to make her car extra clean . After Zoltan gets a call that the models for his fashion show are stuck in Milan and can not make it , Michelle says that A-Troupe can fill in for them if they get their uniforms for free , and it works . Meanwhile , Stephanie and Tiffany are having a hard time being in B - Troupe and Tiffany takes it too seriously causing Stephanie too get irritated with her . Tiffany begins to wonder if she even belongs at The Next Step . Meanwhile , A-Troupe performs in the fashion show and Zoltan and Minow make them their uniforms for Nationals . They decide to model them themselves to just `` be silly . '' 37 7 `` It Takes Two '' Samir Rehem Elizabeth Becker & Frank van Keeken March 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 28 ) A-Troupe wants Michelle and Eldon to perform a duet at Nationals since they 're the reason they won Regionals , but Eldon is against the idea since he lost the dance battle against Hunter .", "19": "James helps Eldon by encouraging him to audition for the male solo and warns West and Daniel to back off , but Daniel does not . Even though his ankle is still slightly injured he still wants to give it a chance . Michelle asks Eldon why he backed off the duet , but he brushes her off . Hunter later asks Michelle to do the duet together , and after some convincing , she agrees . But later Kate begs her to audition for the female solo and Michelle accepts it . Chloe encounters Margie who encourages her to audition for female solos for Nationals . Duet auditions include Giselle and Amanda , Thalia and West , James and Riley , and Hunter and Emily . Kate and Phoebe decide : the male soloist is Eldon , the female soloist is Michelle , the duet is given to James and Riley . The small group auditions now starts . James and Beth are dancing their routine for a competition and during the dance they kiss just as Riley comes in to tell the news about the duet . She is left in tears and heartbroken and runs away , questioning her relationship with James . 38 8 `` What 'll I Do '' Samir Rehem Chloe van Keeken April 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) After seeing James and Beth kiss while practicing their duet , Riley tells Emily in Culture Shock . When James shows up , Riley asks James if anything strange happened yesterday with Beth . James did n't want to tell her about the kiss because it was really hard to explain . James says that everything went fine with his rehearsal with Beth but Riley knows he 's lying so she leaves angrily . James tells Beth that he wo n't do the competition for Riley 's sake . Meanwhile , Kate announces that they will hold group auditions for Nationals . The groups are : Giselle , Thalia and Amanda & Chloe , Daniel and Hunter . After the auditions Giselle , Thalia and Amanda win the group performance at Nationals and Daniel is angry that he wo n't be a featured dancer at all at Nationals now .", "20": "Later , James performs a dance for Riley in the music room saying that he only wants to be with her and Riley is happy implying she will forgive him but Beth shows up and Riley realizes everything that upset her in the first place and breaks up with James before leaving . James tells Beth he will do the duet with her again since Riley left him . Riley dances James and Beth 's duet in Studio A imaging James doing it with her even though he is n't , upsetting her even further . 39 9 `` Never Enough '' Samir Rehem Rachael Shaefer April 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 11 ) James & Beth place 2nd in the competition and Riley ca n't believe that James still went to the competition with Beth feeling that James betrayed her again . They refuse to practice their duet together and Kate questions them and they say they need time to work it out . Michelle sees Emily & Hunter goofing around in Culture Shock and thinks it is weird . Riley congratulates James on the competition and begins to think that although she is still mad at him she almost misses him . Meanwhile , Michelle talks to Hunter about Eldon avoiding and although Hunter knows why he offers her encouraging advice and Michelle remembers how much she liked him . Michelle finally confronts Eldon , where he lied saying that he ca n't date her and dance in A-Troupe at the same time , causing them to break - up which angers Michelle even further . Emily overhears the whole conversation . 40 10 `` I Hope I Get It '' Samir Rehem Rachael Schaefer , Alejandro Alcoba & Carling Tedesco April 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 18 ) J - Troupe finds out that since The Next Step gained popularity by winning Regionals , they will have to re-audition for their spots on J - troupe . One of the dancer 's sister , Becca , is there to audition and J - Troupe feels she is threatening their team . Emily & Hunter run the J - Troupe auditions , and pretend to enjoy themselves very much so they can make Michelle jealous . Michelle asks Eldon if they can still be friends and Eldon reluctantly agrees . Michelle begins to develop feelings for Hunter .", "21": "Richelle from J - Troupe comes up with a plan for the J - Troupers to keep their spots , and tries it on Kate , but Kate tells Richelle that she needs to work on her bargaining and walks away . Richelle and Gabi regain their spots . Everyone thinks that Richelle was the reason they kept the spot , but she really was n't . Later , Michelle and Hunter perform their old duet and Hunter reveals he still loves Michelle , but Michelle walks away saying she ca n't ; she still misses Eldon . 41 11 `` Anything You Can Do , I Can Do Better '' Samir Rehem Alejandro Alcoba & Carling Tedesco April 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 25 ) Daniel asks Kate if he could have a Re-Match for the solo since now his ankle is more healed but Kate refuses . Later on , Daniel tells Kate that if she does n't give him the solo , he will leave the studio because Chris offered him the nationals solo at Superstar Dance Academy , but Kate still refuses to give him the solo , therefore he leaves . Meanwhile , Michelle and Amanda hand out flyers at Michelle 's school and Tess from Elite shows up and makes fun of their studio and begs Amanda to come back to Elite . Later on , Michelle tells Tess to leave Amanda alone since she 's happy at the Next Step and does n't want to go back to Elite . The flyer that Tess took said to meet in the school at 4 : 00 , signed by Amanda . Soon Amanda and Tess meet at the school and at the end of the episode . Amanda says that her joining A-Troupe was all a plan to tear apart The Next Step and make sure that they do not make it to Nationals . In fact , Amanda is still at Elite and she is still dance captain there . Meanwhile , Emily , Giselle , James , and West mentor some talented J - Troupe members to be more like them . 42 12 `` Time to Move On '' Shawn Thompson Chloe van Keeken May 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 02 ) Riley and James are having trouble rehearsing their duet which worries Miss Kate as they have no chemistry in it .", "22": "Meanwhile it is an open mic night at Culture Shock and Thalia performs a funny stand - up comedy act . While there , Emily tells Riley that she should get over James and move on . Emily accidentally spills juice on Hunter 's shirt and they go the closet in the music room to get him a clean one . But they end up getting locked in since the door is broken . Hunter decides to tell funny stories to Emily which makes her laugh and they try on costumes and dance together . Emily develops feelings for Hunter . Back at Culture Shock , Riley finds out that James and Beth are on a date so Michelle , Amanda and Stephanie try to set her up with Charlie . Although Riley does n't flirt well , Charlie still asks her out . Riley declines because she realizes that she ca n't that night due to practice her duet with James , who overheard Charlie asking her out . Later on , Riley comes to the studio and James is n't there . She tries calling him , but he does n't answer because he 's on his date with Beth . Riley gives up on waiting and has her date with Charlie which does n't go well . Meanwhile , Michelle gets Hunter 's SOSs text and lets him and Emily out of the closet . Emily admits she likes Hunter more than Eldon now . 43 13 `` The Truth Comes Out '' Shawn Thompson Rachael Schaefer & Frank van Keeken May 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 09 ) Amanda shows Michelle the video of the dance battle , and Michelle gets extremely angry . She confronts Eldon who refuses to talk to her about it . Michelle talks to Emily who encourages her to tell Kate . Michelle shows Kate the dance battle , which Amanda sent to Michelle , and Kate shows it to all of A-Troupe embarrassing Eldon . They agree to take a vote to see who will get the male solo ; Hunter or Eldon . Emily , Amanda , Riley , Thalia and Hunter vote for Hunter to be the soloist meaning Eldon gets to keep his solo but then Michelle raises her hand leaving Hunter with 6 votes , meaning he is the new soloist angering Eldon to an extent . James is mad that Riley and Michelle would n't stick up of Eldon while Amanda thinks her plan to tear The Next Step apart is working .", "23": "Meanwhile , James , Noah and Camille are told by Phoebe to make up a song and Giselle , Chloe and Becca are told to make up a dance with it and they only have 24 hours to make it up . They perform it at the end of the episode entertaining everyone except Eldon who is upset that he does n't have his solo anymore . 44 14 `` Sing '' Shawn Thompson Frank van Keeken & Chloe van Keeken May 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 16 ) We learn indirectly that James and Beth are now dating . James thought it would be `` 10 % annoying and 90 % fun '' but now it 's `` 10 % fun and 100 % annoying '' . Michelle and Chloe hold a fundraiser for scholarship at The Next Step in Culture Shock and James and Noah try to make up a band to perform at it . Noah refuses to sing because of his voice changing , so they hold auditions for a new singer . Beth , Thalia and Amanda audition . Beth is a terrible singer , and Thalia does some weird stuff while she sings , so they pick Amanda . Meanwhile , West and Giselle have a contest to see who can throw the most popcorn into a jar and when they tie , they have a second contest to see who can dance with the most costumes on but tie again . They perform a ventriloquist act at the fundraiser . Eldon does an act where every pirouette he does , everyone gives him a dollar . He does eleven , so everyone in Culture Shock gives him eleven dollars . Before this Amanda gets a call from Lucien and finds out that he entered Elite into another Regionals competition in a new region and Elite wins meaning they will be going to Nationals . Back at The Next Step , since Amanda is gone , James and Noah need someone to fill in and Noah finally sings . Charlie asks Riley to come watch him perform , she did n't really want to , yet goes just to see James . James sees Riley there with Charlie and he gets extremely uncomfortable and sad . James is upset at Charlie because if he had n't ditched Beth in the duet competition , then he would n't have to dance with Beth and Riley would n't break up with him .", "24": "The next day , James questions Amanda on why she never showed up , and Amanda lies that she had a family emergency . Kate runs in and tells them that Elite will be at Nationals . Her and James question Amanda who says she does n't know anything . Amanda is ready to take down The Next Step . 45 15 `` You 're the One That I Want '' Samir Rehem Rachael Shaefer May 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 23 ) Hunter asks Michelle on a date to a concert and she agrees but Eldon saw and he is feeling really down . Giselle and Thalia hatch a plan to challenge James and Riley 's duet in the hopes that they will get their act together . Emily has finally admitted to herself , her feelings for Hunter ; now all that 's left is to tell him . She finds him at Culture Shock and asks if he wants to go see the same concert that he and Michelle are already going to . Thalia and Giselle find Kate and tell her about their plan . Kate is very skeptical , afraid that it will backfire but gives it a chance anyway . James and Eldon go for a walk to calm down from all the drama with Riley and Michelle . While on the walk , Eldon confesses that he misses hanging out with Michelle . After their date , Michelle and Hunter are hanging out at Culture Shock but every 2 seconds Michelle mentions Eldon . Hunter realizes that too much has happened since they last dated and that both of them have changed drastically . Meanwhile at the studio , the battle is underway for the duet at Nationals . After their dance , Riley stands up and tells Thalia and Giselle that they can have the duet . Hunter is practicing his Nationals solo , when Emily enters and inquires about his date with Michelle . Hunter confesses that he could only think about Emily during his date . He kisses her just as Michelle walks in . 46 16 `` Hazy Shade of Winter '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken May 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 30 ) The episode starts off by Amanda , Giselle , and Thalia are practicing their trio . Michelle tells Emily that she saw her and Hunter kiss .", "25": "Michelle thinks Emily is n't respecting hers and Hunter 's `` history '' , and Emily recalls she did the same thing to her and Eldon 's relationship . Michelle is n't sure about how she feels about dance and The Next Step anymore , so she turns to Eldon for advice . He tells her that `` it always comes back to dance '' , and that she has to decide . Hunter and Emily finally talk about their kiss , and their feelings for each other . After Emily tells Hunter that Michelle saw them kiss , he rushes off to tell Michelle about his feelings for Emily , leaving her wondering about his feelings for her . Meanwhile , Giselle and Thalia tell James and Riley that their duet challenge was fake . Neither of them want the duet back , Riley does n't because it is n't working , but James does n't want it if Riley does n't want it . Kate then decides that Thalia and Giselle will have to just work hard at the duet . Later Riley and James go for a walk because James wants to talk to her , and he asks what happened . He also says that Beth sticks to him like a moth to a light bulb . Hunter goes to talk to Michelle , and tells her that he wants to be with Emily . Michelle does n't feel like The Next Step is her family anymore , and decides it 's time for her to move on . 47 17 `` Game On '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Kate announces that Michelle has left The Next Step . Emily is now the solo dance captain again and finds out that Amanda is still at Elite . She goes and tells Riley and they try to make up a plan . Kate says they need auditions for the female solo since Michelle left . Amanda takes the opportunity auditions . Although , Riley knows Amanda is still at Elite and just wanting to take it down so she also volunteers for having the female solo . Riley and Emily come up with a plan so that they can show everyone that Amanda is a double - agent . Kate thinks Amanda is great , and she wo n't do anything unless she is shown proof . Emily 's plan is to make everyone at the studio hate her .", "26": "Then , Amanda will trust Emily to join her in taking down The Next Step and Emily will be able to reveal Amanda 's true colors . Meanwhile , James sees Riley practicing on her solo , although Riley tells him not to come to her audition for female soloist because it will stress her out . Emily yells at Riley during her audition and everyone is mad at Emily for shouting at Riley . Kate takes away Emily 's dance captaincy . Later , Riley and James talk about their relationship and James says that he will win Riley back , while Kate makes Amanda dance captain . Part 2 48 18 `` Make a Plan To Love Me '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken September 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 12 ) It continues where we left off when Emily was sitting in the music room and Amanda walks in . Emily tells Amanda that she knows about her plan to take down The Next Step , and she 'll only keep her secret if Amanda lets her join in . Kate and everyone else are trying to get Michelle back , but Michelle says she 's happy not being at The Next Step . James and Riley talk and James comes up with a plan to prove that he does love her . He tells her to create a list of things she wants him to do and he will do them . First on the list is to break up with Beth . James is in Culture Shock just as Beth comes in and he tries breaking up with her , but she just does n't understand . Amanda says she still does n't trust Emily and has to do something to prove that she really wants to take down The Next Step . Riley and James start talking , and he says that it 's hard breaking up with Beth and continues with her second idea on her list which is reading her diary in front of everyone in Culture Shock . Michelle walks in since she was supposed to meet Kate there but then sees everyone and backs away . Amanda sees Emily hanging out with Hunter and gets an idea on how Emily can prove herself . Lastly , Riley tells James that he did a good job and he feels happy about her praise . He tells her that he read the whole diary after his performance and says that there was a part where she said a new boy entered this studio whom is really really cute ; Riley smiles yet denies it was about him .", "27": "It was Eldon and James knows it 's about him . 49 19 `` Sacrifice '' Frank van Keeken Alejandro Alcoba , & Frank van Keeken September 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 19 ) Amanda , Giselle and Thalia were chosen to compete at a trio dance competition . Kate also picks a J - Troupe trio to join them . Meanwhile , Emily encourages Hunter to try to make it up to the boys . James is working on Number 11 of Riley 's list ; creating a dance move and naming it after Riley . Hunter takes Emily 's advice , and approaches James , West and Eldon in order to try to become their friends , but all Eldon can think about is how Hunter broke him and Michelle up , and how he lost the National solo to Hunter . West quickly forgives Hunter as he promises to teach him the head slide . When Hunter promises to bake Eldon the best chocolate cake ever , Eldon seems intrigued . Michelle decides to go visit the dancers from A-Troupe at Culture Shock . Michelle is relieved over how well everything with them is going , however her emotions quickly change when she finds out the female National solo spot has already been filled . Hunter sees the task of James breaking up with Beth as an opportunity for him and James to become bros . Joining Riley in Studio A , James presents task Number 11 . The dance move he created was The Riley Roll - Up , named after one of Riley 's quirks of always rolling up her shorts . Hunter presents Eldon with a chocolate cake and Eldon accepts the cake but then smashes the cake into Hunter 's face . Eldon also asks for his solo back and requests that he and Hunter have a dance battle . Hunter accepts . Amanda once again catches Emily and Hunter having a great time together , and realizes what Emily needs to do in order to gain her trust . Amanda tells Emily she needs to break up with the only person still on her side , Hunter . 50 20 `` Heartbreaker '' Patrick Sisam Daphne Ballon & Frank van Keeken September 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 26 ) Thalia keeps trying to get Michelle to re-join the Next Step but Michelle refuses .", "28": "Hunter and Eldon battle for their solos . James tries to find a four leaf clover because it was on the list he told Riley to make so he asks a bunch of people to help by telling them that if they find it , they will win a prize . James in the end gets a four leaf clover from Beth and tells him that she know he loves Riley more . James gives Riley the four leaf clover at Culture Shock when Chloe comes in to give James another four leaf clover and claim her prize but learns he already has one and walks out disappointed . Amanda tells Emily that if she wants to be trusted , she needs to break up with Hunter after the dance battle . Eldon wins his solo back , and Emily breaks up with Hunter . and lots more 51 21 `` Hello Trouble '' Patrick Sisam Rachael Schaefer & Frank van Keeken October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) The Next Step goes to the Trio competition . James completes the task that will scare him the most which is # 10 . He has to try to find one thing about Emily that Riley does n't know . James buys smoothies for them as Emily leaves . Once James finds Emily , the costumes arrive and they go put them in the costume closet . At the Trio completion , Michelle arrives and everyone is wondering what she is doing here . But before that , Lucien is speaking with a French accent , but Kate hates it . Amanda is told to overthrow the dance and quit The Next Step , Lucien gives the sing to not overthrow the dance because of Michelle . 52 22 `` Lost '' Patrick Sisam Chloe van Keeken October 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ) The Next Step 's costumes go missing . James completes # 8 on the list which is a mystery quest where Eldon , West and Hunter are each a farm animal and James is the boat . James has to try and bring Eldon , Hunter , and West across the river while James is the boat but has to bring one at a time . Amanda decides to let Emily join her on her plan to destroy the studio from the inside by hiding the Nationals costumes to stop them from going to Nationals .", "29": "Emily decides to hide them in the garbage so she can quickly bring them back . Amanda says that they have to steal the key which saddens Emily because she does not like to steal . Luckily , Phoebe is in Kate 's office but that does not stop Amanda from stealing the key . She simply asked Pheobe to show them a yoga move but then Emily steals the key and then they leave without Phoebe noticing . In the music room , Kate is furious with the four boys and their quest . She goes in the costume place to find the costumes but then she realizes they are not there . She decides to do a search for the costumes in which West finds them because Emily simply gave it away to West . This gets Amanda curious so she questions West . He answers that it 's `` his raccoon '' way . Kate decides to keep the costumes at her house until Nationals . 53 23 `` Better Than This '' Frank van Keeken Rachael Shaefer & Frank van Keeken October 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 17 ) James is determined to complete the list of tasks to win Riley back . Task number nine is to receive his driver 's license . Before being able to take the test , James attends a driving class . James being his goofy self does not really pay attention . When he is quizzed on what the instructor just said , James is unable to respond . The instructor is less than impressed . The driving instructor tells James that tomorrow he will be his and passing his test will be nearly impossible . Michelle however is filling her free time with all sorts of clubs . None of which seem to really be making her happy , except for Debate Club . Thalia decides to go and watch Michelle at Debate Club to see if she is truly happy . While there , Thalia sees that Michelle has finally made the team and will be debating that night . To get Michelle back , they all agree to go to the debate and cheer Michelle on , hoping that this will make Michelle realize that they are a family and how much she misses them . Still suspicious of Emily , Amanda once again questions how West found the costumes in the garbage but West tells Amanda that he was channeling his inner raccoon .", "30": "When Amanda asks if Emily pointed him in the direction of the garbage , West says he can not remember but he thinks so . Amanda now knows that Emily can not be trusted with her plan to take down The Next Step . Having passed his driving test , James and the instructor prank Riley and James ' mom making it seem as if he failed . In the end , James was able to cross number nine off of Riley 's list . It is finally time for Michelle 's debate and all the A-Troupe dancers attend to cheer her on . Michelle is both shocked and happy The Next Step is there to cheer her on . Even after having missed her friends , Michelle still chooses debate over dance . 54 24 `` Under Pressure '' Brad Hruboska Chloe van Keeken & Rachael Schaefer October 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 24 ) Kate tells the studio that someone needs to take CPR lessons for Nationals . Riley volunteers for James but James says he will only do it if Riley does it . James and Riley go to the CPR class together and realize that the instructor is very weird . The instructor says that they have to partner up with someone to actually do mouth to mouth , but he chose the partners . He partners James with the old lady and Riley with a random guy . James does n't like that . When James does the CPR on his partner , she pulls him down and kisses him . Back at the studio , Kate says the money is missing so she talks to Chloe since she 's supposed to have the key . She said she did n't do it . Then Emily speaks up and suggests to check Amanda 's bag . Kate checks her bag but it 's empty . Amanda did this because she knew Emily was going to back - stab her , so she put the money in her bag . Then Amanda tells Kate to check Emily 's bag so she does and the key that opens the box is in there . After Kate says that Emily is on a suspension and she could possibly get kicked out of the studio . Lastly Emily texts Riley a SNS ( Sister needs Sister ) so then Riley comes and Emily tells Riley all about what happened . Riley says she needs to do something about it .", "31": "55 25 `` Just Dance '' Kim Derko Frank van Keeken & Chloe van Keeken November 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 07 ) Emily is still suffering because of what Amanda did . Riley helps her out and makes a plan to prove that Amanda is still with Elite . Chloe notices that Stephanie and Amanda are buying juices with a 5 $ bill that Margie drew on , which Chloe remembers to be from the money for the nationals entry that was stolen , therefore proving that Amanda , not Emily , stole the money . After they show Kate , Amanda gets kicked out of the studio . Meanwhile , James has to do one last task ; to get Michelle back in the studio . He tricks Michelle into coming to the mall , but James sets up a flash mob with hundreds of people to get her back . Michelle ultimately decides to return at the studio . James and Riley are back together , and they kiss . 56 26 `` Water It '' Derby Crewe Frank van Keeken & Chloe van Keeken November 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 14 ) Thalia and Giselle gives James and Riley the duet back because they are back together . Kate asks Michelle if she still wants the solo , Michelle says no but Kate convinces her to take the solo back . West and Emily have fun together while imitating Thalia and Giselle 's conversion . Meanwhile , Riley and James are having a hard time practicing their duet together . Michelle is practicing her solo in studio A , and Eldon walks in and asks Michelle to do her solo for him giving her tips on her choreography , making Michelle feel more at home at the next step again because Eldon is helping her . Riley talks to Emily about how she is n't sure about her and James because the duet is n't really working out , so Emily tells Riley to get James a gift because after all , James did the huge list for Riley . Riley tricks James into thinking that West is waiting for him at the park , but after James gets there he notices that West is n't there but Riley is , Riley sets up a Picnic for James and she has Shwarma for him .", "32": "Michelle and Eldon spend the whole day helping each other and giving each other tips on their solos and go to culture shop after and get drinks . The episode ends with Riley and James saying a toast and kissing and slow dancing at the end . 57 27 `` Run This Town '' Shawn Thompson Rachael Schaefer & Frank van Keeken November 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 21 ) Miss Kate decide to give the boys the small group after Amanda left to go back to Elite . The boys are horsing around and then Miss Kate asks to see their routine , and they only had a starting pose , so they need help with their routine . As a treat , Miss Kate invites Luther Brown to come and choreograph their routine . Thalia and Giselle catch up with Michelle , but whenever she talks about something other than dance , they insist to teach her the next routine . Finally , Michelle asks what 's wrong , and her friends come clean by saying that they are afraid she would leave again . Michelle confirms that she would never leave again as she is with her real family . Thalia and Giselle help Michelle with the Nationals routines . James give advice to Eldon about dating , saying he has to do 30 pirouettes before he can date a girl . The episode ends with the boys , who now have a great routine for Nationals , and the girls , who are friends again , all dancing and having a great time . 58 28 `` Re-Match '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken & Chloe van Keeken November 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 28 ) The Next Step goes to Nationals . As they are waiting , as they see Life Of Dance walk in . Life of Dance ( Ladies of Destruction ) are definitely The Next Step 's biggest competition . After registering at Nationals , they are told that they can complete a scavenger hunt in order for A-Troupe to be able to go to the Shawn Desman concert . Emily is a massive Shawn Desman fan so West , Giselle and her volunteer for the scavenger hunt .", "33": "One of the things on the scavenger hunt is to get a picture with Shawn but when they find out that they were at the end of the line , they realized that Shawn Desman would not go through every single person on time . West comes up with a plan to pretend to be a celebrity so that The Next Step can go to the front of the line to see Shawn Desman and also to get his autograph . West 's plan works and at the end of the episode The Next Step all go to the Shawn Desman concert and have fun . 59 29 `` Old Friends '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 04 ) Eldon is forced to face Daniel during Nationals ' male soloist dance . Daniel 's competitiveness gets in the way of his friendships with A-Troupe members , giving them the cold shoulder before he performed his solo , but reconciles with them at the end of the episode and at the Nationals Party at the end of the episode , when Daniel is asked to audition for Juilliard by the head of Juilliard , who was impressed by his performance . 60 30 `` I Do n't Know '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) The Next Step advance to the next stage of Nationals . It is time for the boys to perform their small group dance but James still has to decide whether or not on include the B - Twist in the dance . He ultimately decides not to and feels really bad and scared that The Next Step will be eliminated since the small group competition is so fierce . After The Next Step does advance James and Riley have to do their duet . They decide to change their duet to a story about a man who is all about business sitting in an art museum and an art piece coming to life to show him her world . Right before they go on stage Riley tells James to do the B - twist so he does , and he lands it . The duet wins and James and Riley kiss . The episode ends by Riley telling James that she loves him . 61 31 `` What You Waiting For ? ''", "34": "Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) Michelle and Amanda are paired together for the solo round , and Amanda is really nervous . A-Troupe decides to go shopping at the mall while Lucien tells Tess to follow them and make sure Michelle does n't come back for her solo . Tess follows Michelle to a store and puts perfume in her bag and Michelle gets caught . Meanwhile at nationals , A-Troupe is looking for Michelle all over the place but ca n't find her so they come up with a backup plan which is for Chloe to go back to the mall to find Michelle and for Riley to perform her solo she auditioned for after Michelle Left . Amanda is angry at Lucien and Tess for making Michelle late and wants to win fair and square . The security at the mall looks at the security tape and finds out Michelle is innocent and agrees to let her go . Michelle comes back and performs her solo and wins against Elite . 62 32 `` You Love Me '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 26 ) The Next Step has advanced to the semi-finals round of nationals and are extremely nervous to perform because of all the talented troupes . During a rehearsal , Thalia and Eldon look for a ' sweet spot ' , somewhere where the energy feels right . West asks Emily if - or rather tells - they should date . Towards the end of the semi-final dance , Emily injures her knee in the number and the whole team starts freaking out , but they are happy at the same time , since they won the round and now move on to compete against LOD in the Finals of Nationals . Unfortunately , the studio is left one dancer short . 63 33 `` What Dreamers Do ( Part 1 ) '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) 64 34 `` What Dreamers Do ( Part 2 ) '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken January 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 02 ) The Next Step goes up against Life of Dance in the finals .", "35": "They are nervous because they may forfeit due to Emily 's injury . They are about to announce their forfeit when Amanda runs in and says that she will dance with the studio . Amanda explains that Kate sent in her name so she could dance with The Next Step , when Amanda was already at Elite . Life of Dance becomes mad because they thought it was against the rules to dance on two teams , but since it 's not a rule she is allowed to dance . Life of Dance performs a routine about a paparazzi and modeling . The Next Step is very worried . When it is time for The Next Step to perform , they pull off an outstanding dance with a circus - themed dance . When the judges come on stage to announce the winner , it is revealed that The Next Step is crowned champions . Emily and West , along with Riley and James , kiss . Kate , Giselle , and Chloe are all walking back into the studio and see an eviction notice . They find out that they are being evicted so the building can build condos . Riley and James are driving , arguing about Miss Kate finding a new studio . Kate and the dancers are all packing up the studio when Lucien walks in . He tells Kate that he knows about their eviction notice and that he knows they do n't have anywhere to dance . Kate grows impatient and tells him to get to the point . Lucien says he has a studio for them to dance , but in return , he wants The Next Step and Elite to merge into one team for internationals . Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 65 `` Coming Home ? '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) A-Troupe is reunited after their Nationals win , but the celebrations are short lived . The team must find a new place to dance , or make a big sacrifice that will determine The Next Step 's future . Meanwhile , James helps plan his aunt 's wedding .", "36": "66 `` Game , Set , and Match '' Samir Rehem Elizabeth Becker & Frank van Keeken March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) Kate decides to finally tell the dancers the truth , which is Lucien has bought the building and is insisting that they merge with Elite . They first think that they go one on one with Elite , but it could be Elite vs Elite , Elite vs The Next Step or even worse , The Next Step vs The Next Step . Eldon is deeply horrified by the thought of going against his own team , so leaves A-Troupe . Lucien meets up with Daniel in a park and tells him he has the opportunity to join a team going to internationals if he does everything he says , and Daniel agrees . Thalia finds Eldon in the music room , and Eldon tells her he is not ready to come back to A-Troupe . She tells the rest of A-Troupe , and James says he will try to get him back . Michelle is having a hard time trusting Amanda after the past , but when she spies on her talking to Elite and overhears her saying she 's with The Next Step , she says she trusts her now . Daniel visits the next step and tells A-Troupe he 's with Elite . James finds this as a way to get Eldon back and Eldon comes back . The team is now ready to take on Elite . 67 `` Secrets '' Shawn Thompson Frank van Keeken & Chloe van Keeken March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) Emily learns that she will not be able to dance for at least 8 months . She confides in Stephanie and swears her to secrecy . Not wanting Emily to hurt herself , Stephanie tells Riley that Emily is unable to dance . Riley confronts Emily who is still insistent to dance so Riley tells A-Troupe and Miss Kate meaning Emily is knocked off the team . Lucien makes a deal with Miss Kate that Michelle gets to automatically go through to internationals but she is counted as an Elite win because she has the Miss National Soloist title .", "37": "68 `` Let the Games Begin '' Shawn Alex Thompson Tricia Fish & Emma Campbell March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) Dancers compete one on one for a spot on the internationals team . Hunter goes first , and picks Eldon 's name . They have to go against each other and Eldon wins , which means Hunter is off the team . Daniel and Lucien come up with a plan to eliminate more of the next step dancers by placing them against each other . When James is called out to dance Lucien creates a diversion allowing Daniel to switch the names in the hat . The episode ends when James picks out a name from the hat and it 's Riley 's name . He is shocked to find out that he will have to compete against Riley for a place at Internationals . 69 5 `` The Fallout '' Chloe van Keeken Frank van Keeken March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) The episode starts with James and Riley practicing their solos to compete for a spot at internationals . Riley confesses to James that she would prefer not to go to internationals rather her that competing against him . James convinces her to dance full out for the team and he also promises to do the same . Riley dances her solo and keeps her promise but when James gets up to do his solo he realises that Riley deserves to have the spot over him and so he walks out . Riley is shocked and mad as he did not keep his promise . After talking to Eldon , Riley realises that James did it to make a good thing out of a bad situation and he did it because he loves her . She goes to find James who is practicing in the music room and she tells him that she loves him and she knows why he did what he did . 70 6 `` The Times They Are a Changin ' '' Shawn Alex Thompson Chloe van Keeken March 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 20 ) Giselle faces a familiar opponent in her battle when she dances against Daniel , fortunately she wins and Chloe defends her place on the team . Tess and Amanda go head to head .", "38": "When Amanda wins , she is the seventh dancer to win and the ownership of The Next Step is decided 71 7 `` Your New Beginning '' Samir Rehem Amy Cole March 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) The new Elite members are having a hard time adjusting to life in A-Troupe , as well as Noah . James plans a surprise for Riley for when she gets her braces off , which is giving her corn on the cob . Eldon sees , and gets an idea to give Thalia a corn on the cob as well . Shantel and Giselle , as well as Max and West and Noah and Cierra , have to work on a duet to bond with one another . Max and West and Noah and Cierra do fantastic , but Shantel and Giselle fail . 72 8 `` I 'm Your Captain '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) Michelle resigns as dance captain , saying she it is n't fair if she is n't fully committed to the team , so Kate chooses Giselle for the new dance captain . Shantel challenges Giselle for the dance captain position because she feels she would make a great leader . They each make a trio and whoever wins is the new dance captain . Shantel leads the contemporary dance with Noah , Thalia and West , whilst Giselle does the hip - hop dance with Max , Eldon and Chloe . She is struggling , so she asks Michelle on how to be a great dance captain . James needs to find a suit for Aunt Kathy 's wedding in his Uncle Enzo 's shop . It is going terribly , so Riley helps him out . Giselle finally creates a great routine and wins the trio challenge , which means she is the new dance captain , so Shantel leaves A-Troupe and says she did because she did n't want to be on a team that did n't respect her talent .", "39": "73 9 `` The Nutcracker Prince '' Samir Rehem Elizabeth Becker March 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 25 ) Eldon challenges West to audition for Le Ballet de la Reine Touring company for The Nutcracker , so West asks for Chloe 's help . Chloe goes along with West to audition for moral support , and they make the final round . West does n't get in , but he is very happy for Chloe who is offered a part . Seeing as Shantel left , there is one more space on A-Troupe , and James is offered the space , but does n't think he is very committed as he is with his band . At the end , James rejoins A-Troupe and everyone is happy , except Chloe , who has to make a big choice ; The Nutcracker or Internationals ? 74 10 `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' Samir Rehem Rachael Schaefer March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) Thalia is starting to get feelings for Eldon , but wanders if him and Michelle are really over each other . Meanwhile , Richelle is bothered by Noah and Abi getting along so well , because she likes Noah . Thalia talks to Michelle about her and Eldon , and Michelle says she is pretty close with him and they are good friends . Thalia then talks Eldon about Michelle and says they have chemistry . This bothers her and then she runs away . Michelle thinks Thalia was asking her about Eldon because he still likes her , so she confronts him and then realizes that Thalia was asking that because she likes him . After that , Michelle tells Thalia that her and Eldon are not getting back together and does n't even like him like that , and is totally fine with them , so Thalia goes to Eldon and watches him do a dance . When he finishes , they both say they really like each other and hold hands . Meanwhile , Chloe still has no idea what to do about the decision she has to make , West tells her to follow her dream but she does n't want to let the team down .", "40": "75 11 `` Marry Me '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken March 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 27 ) James finally meets his aunt 's fiance , and discovers he is the crazy guy that was his driving instructor from when he was completing the list of tasks for Riley . Riley is very scared of him , and James says he is beyond weird . Elsewhere , Thalia helps Eldon teach the J - Troupe acro class and they grow closer when they perform a duet for them . Also Michelle has trouble adjusting to her parents divorce and thinks that it is all her fault . Aunt Kathy 's wedding preparations are not going well , as Arthur has no best man and the band could n't make it . James offers to be Arthur 's best man and play the wedding with his band . The wedding is a huge success and him and Riley have a lot of fun . 76 12 `` Do The Right Thing '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) Chloe is growing more and more worried as she has no idea what to do about her decision . Meanwhile , seeing as they are getting along so well , Thalia goes to Eldon in Hidalgos and asks him if he would like to go to a concert with her . Eldon makes up weird excuses because he needs to do 30 pirouettes before he can go out with her . Chloe gets guilty when Miss Kate says she has no idea what she would do without her . Thalia confronts Eldon about what 's been going on , so he takes her to James and he explains about the 30 pirouettes . West tells Chloe that if she does n't take the job offer , she would be letting down the next step . West helps Eldon with his problem , but he is getting sick from all the constant spinning . Chloe finally makes a decision , and tells Miss Kate she has accepted the offer . Miss Kate is very proud of her and says she is following her dream and will miss her a lot . Eldon has given up doing 30 pirouettes , Thalia sees him on the floor and tells him he is doing a really good job .", "41": "She helps him up and then they start practicing pirouettes together . Chloe is dancing in studio A one last time , and Margie appears . They do a ballet piece together , and Margie waves goodbye and disappears in glitter . 77 13 `` Put You First '' Patrick Sisam Emma Campbell March 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) James forgets about his anniversary with Riley , so gives her a half eaten box of chocolates . He tells her he has a huge surprise for her later , and Riley tells him she has something big for him too , when actually they have nothing for each other . Meanwhile , Giselle , Thalia and Amanda are practicing a trio to be prepared for internationals , but Amanda has to go to help her mom . Max helps Giselle and Thalia with spacing and they come up with a new trio , so Kate replaces Amanda with Max . West and Eldon see Noah catch a glass of milk while he is talking to Cierra , so they test his catching skills in Hidalgos , and he can also catch while facing the other way . They the test his dodging skills , and he can dodge while flipping . They finally test his senses in the dark , he is blindfolded and West , Eldon and Cierra are wearing night vision goggles but he still catches them very quickly . James creates a song for Riley with his band for her present , and she loves it . Riley puts a huge canvas in studio A and lots of paint . They splash each other with paint and dance together , and have a great anniversary . 78 14 `` I Hope I Get It '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken April 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) With Chloe gone , the team needs to find a twelfth dancer for internationals . They hold B - Troupe auditions with Skylar , Abi , Shannon , Jake and Stephanie auditioning . Daniel makes a surprise return saying he is there to audition , claiming the Next Step ca n't win internationals without him . They all audition , and Stephanie does amazing . Michelle contemplates returning to Madison with her mom after talking to Hunter on video chat .", "42": "Meanwhile back at the studio , auditions start for the one spot to fill in for Chloe . the whole A troupe gets to decide who makes it in . Everyone chooses Stephanie . 79 15 `` The New Girl in Town '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) With Stephanie joining A-Troupe to complete the Internationals Team , the team is very excited and ready to take on internationals . All of A-Troupe is very happy with their team for internationals . Whilst they are all having fun , a dancer from England arrives called Ella who is a part of the internationals exchange program arrives and Riley must mentor her . Riley immediately does n't like her because she plays a prank on her along with Noah and West , and later plays a prank on Max in Hidalgos . Amanda gets chosen for the exchange program and has to go to Sweden , but Amanda does n't want to go . Amanda wants to swap with West so West can go to Sweden but Miss Kate explains Amanda is the Alternate for the Internationals Team and will only compete if someone else from A-Troupe ca n't . Eldon is practicing 30 pirouettes in Studio A with Thalia , but is stuck on 14 . Ella and Riley walk in , and Ella offers to help , saying if he does 24 she will kiss him . Thalia does n't mind at this point , but when he does 24 pirouettes and Ella actually does kiss him , she gets very annoyed and tells Riley she is going to give Eldon more motivation . Giselle needs some help with being a good dance captain , so Michelle gathers some J - Troupers to act out scenarios , but Giselle ends up making the studio `` bankrupted 19 times , many injuries and even a deportation '' . Richelle feels bad for her , so she gives her the dance captain diary that Emily gave her . Thalia drags West into studio A and asks Eldon if he wants to see something , then kisses West twice in front of him . She tells Eldon ? to spin and he does 9 pirouettes , so she tells him he is disappointing .", "43": "Riley sees Ella wrapping James ' drum kit in bubble wrap and thinks it 's funny , so joins in . At the end of the episode , Riley , Eldon and Thalia visit Michelle at her house as she is helping her mom pack . They give her muffins and say goodbye to her . Michelle says later that as hard as it is saying goodbye to her friends , she does n't know how she 'll say goodbye to her mom and may be saying goodbye to them for the last time . She feels really sad and wonders what it would be like to say bye to the next step . Part 2 80 16 `` Sweet Spot '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken September 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 11 ) James is preoccupied with his band and ca n't devote time to his duet with Riley for Internationals , so Ella helps her let loose . Meanwhile , Eldon and Thalia try to uncover the studio 's sweet spots . When Eldon puts a love letter for Thalia in a sweet spot , he gives them a telling of , saying that a 30 pirouette relationship is better than a 21 / 22 pirouette relationship . 81 17 `` Square Dance '' Jay Prychidny Elizabeth Becker September 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 11 ) As the tension from Internationals mounts , Riley and Ella help the group relax by tricking them into learning square dancing . An internationals letter arrives and Ella and Riley put a note in the envelope telling the team that they need to learn a square dance . Once the pressure builds the team gets stressed and Riley ca n't cope with the stress . She tells James thinking he will understand as he loves pranks but he gets mad . He goes to the music room saying Riley is n't the girl he fell in love with . The team end the episode by performing the square dance but James does n't turn up to be Riley 's partner so after Ella has danced with Stephanie for a bit she dances with Riley . Riley says she has more fun with Ella than she has had with James for a long time which is worrying for the future of their relationship .", "44": "82 18 `` Mixed Messages '' Jay Prychidny Rachael Shaefer September 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ) Ella has Riley and James take a closer look at their relationship . Elsewhere , Thalia and Eldon devise clandestine ways of communicating . 83 19 `` Never There '' Rachael Shaefer Chloe van Keeken September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) Michelle is struggling with her parents ' divorce , and this affects the team . Meanwhile , James and Riley try to see things from one another 's perspectives ; and Ella tries to convince Noah that A-Troupe is the right place for him . 84 20 `` Cry Me a River '' Steve Bendernjak Rachael Shaefer October 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 02 ) Michelle , Riley , Cierra , Giselle and Stephanie are doing a 2 - 7 person group dance and after it Michelle starts crying on the floor about being an alternate and how useless she looked on the throne and Stephanie goes up to her and helps her . Noah and Eldon battle after Noah 's questioning about why Eldon is the Internationals male soloist and not him . They battle for a while until Noah admits defeat because he thinks Eldon is amazing . Max , James and West are chatting about Internationals and James burps , then Max burps and West looks disgusted and James asks him if he can burp and West answers no . He tries but he fails and suddenly Ella does a massive burp and shocks the boys and she says First round Ella . Stephanie is helping Michelle and Riley comes in asking to rehearse and exclaims that Miss Kate chose her to represent The Next Step for the female solo round and Michelle cries again . The boys are trying to drink raw egg but they all ca n't do it but Ella comes up and pours all 6 into a glass and drinks them . James says ' Who is this girl ? ' . Noah and Eldon do a duet which is amazing and Eldon proclaims that he will be the soloist next year . The boys come in and challenge Ella to a sporting event , she chooses football .", "45": "Stephanie is helping Michelle see the brighter side to being an alternate and Michelle becomes happier . James , Max and West are outside and Ella comes along with a football and they throw it away and replace it with a soccer ball . Max kicks the ball and misses and Ella kicks it and scores straight through the post . Ella says I have four older brothers , where do you think I learn this stuff ? James tries but fails miserably . Michelle feels so much better and her and Stephanie leave and go home . 85 21 `` Today I 'm Getting Over You '' Chloe van Keeken Malek Pacha & Bradley Vermunt October 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) A-Troupe members team up with folks from B - Troupe for duets . Meanwhile , Stephanie tries not to resort to old habits ; Cierra 's love of dance leads to trouble with Skylar ; and Richelle tries to deal with her crush on Noah . 86 22 `` It 's my Party '' Kim Derko Rachael Shaefer October 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 16 ) Giselle and West help Eldon and Thalia 's relationship . A Troupe host a surprise party for Amanda 's arrival from Sweden . Noah wants to kiss Abi . 87 23 `` Welcome to Miami '' Frank van Keeken Tricia Fish October 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) A Troupe arrive in Miami for Internationals . Everyone is buzzing and all joyful . Thalia learnt how to say hello in 55 different languages to say to the other dance teams at Internationals . Kate tells the group that they have to register tomorrow , so they get a day off . James has a day planned with Riley , but Riley meets up with Ella and Riley and Ella go to a Cuban restaurant . Ella forgets the money for the food , and she decides to run back and fetch it . Riley decides to order more food to pass the time . Ella leaves a phone call saying her team needs her and she wo n't be able to come back to the restaurant , leaving Riley alone with no money and a huge bill to pay .", "46": "The staff notice Riley eating all the food and get suspicious . Riley comes clean to the manager , and he says she can either pay off the bills by working as a waitress , or the police will get involved . Riley decides to be a waitress , but it is going terribly . James gets Riley 's text to help her , but he hangs out with Eldon instead , who is looking for sweet spots for his and Thalia 's first date . James gets fed up by this , and goes to the restaurant and sees Riley and James and Eldon do n't actually help her pay the bill off , they sit at a table and orders some things . Riley gets angry by this and starts slapping both James and Eldon , until they help pay the bill . James finally gives money and the bill is paid off . Meanwhile , West shows Giselle , Amanda and Stephanie popular attractions at Miami , and they all end the tour by dancing in front of a beautiful graffiti wall . 88 24 `` Lost at Sea '' Frank van Keeken Chloe van Keeken October 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) Kate and Giselle arrive to register for Internationals , but James has still not signed his form . Unfortunately , James is stuck in the middle of alligator - filled Everglade with West and Eldon . Then the boys get stuck for two hours in the Everglades . 89 25 `` When the War is Over '' Mitchell T. Ness Rachael Shaefer November 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 06 ) On the day of the male and female solo round , Eldon struggle with the loss of his lucky coin . Thalia comforts him and he feels ok . He performs his solo , does really well , but is beaten by the Swedish dancer . Riley 's friendship with Ella is tested when they have to compete against each other . Ella goes up a few turns before Riley and then Ella performs Riley 's solo because Riley showed Ella her solo . Her biggest mistake . Giselle then performs a solo instead of Riley , but Ella still wins .", "47": "90 26 `` We are the World '' Frank van Keeken Rachael Schaefer November 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 13 ) With the small group round fast approaching . Michelle , Giselle , Riley and Cierra are angry to see that Stephanie is n't putting in as much effort as she should be into practice and consider replace her . Meanwhile , Thalia must compete with three dancers from different countries in the first official round of Internationals , and Eldon begins to suspect that her Polish team - mate cares about more than just dance . Thalia and her group get through to the next round . 91 27 `` Blind '' Mitchell T. Ness Frank van Keeken & Amy Cole November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) The Next Step progress to the second round of Internationals . However , the Internationals board declare that the next dance should be danced blindfolded giving everyone a great shock ! The group are not doing well until West brings Noah into the mix and then Noah replaces Michelle because she is the alternate . They beat France to move forward in the competition . 92 28 `` Turn , Turn , Turn '' Mitchell T. Ness Frank van Keeken November 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 27 ) Eldon competes in a turning competition against seven other dancers to determine how much time their team will have to re-work the routine to the internationals boards choice of music . Eldon turns for the longest , meaning that his team has the longest , and it means he can finally date Thalia . The Next Step are up against Jamaica . The next step performs their 5 person dance and wins , meaning that they move forward to the semi-finals . 93 29 `` She 's Not You '' Mitchell T. Ness Frank van Keeken December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) The Next Step have advanced to the semi-finals and are up against England and because Ella betrayed Riley and her team they said they are going to make them regret it . West gets food poisoning from a kebab stand and then Michelle has to step in for him .", "48": "It seemed that he would not dance in the semifinals however just before they went onto the stage he rushed and claimed that he was well enough to dance . Therefore Michelle had to make a choice wherever to dance herself or let West dance . West then went on with the team and Michelle and Amanda watched on from the wings with Kate . The Next Step beat England with their semifinals dance and The Next Step are through to the final but their chances could be wrecked . At the end they are warming up on the stage and Lucien walks on and claims that he is a judge . 94 30 `` How It Ends '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken December 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 11 ) The Next Step battles for the title of International champions against the team from Sweden ; James and Riley put everything on the line to give their team a chance at winning . Daniel reappears in an attempt to help The Next Step but Giselle brushes him off , even though he may help The Next Step greatly . Daniel sends footage of Lucien scheming to Giselle and they get Lucien taken away by security . Both The next step and Sweden perform their dance . The next step score 97 , and Sweden 92 , but because of Sweden 's 5 point advantage it is a tie . This means that both teams have to perform duets . Sweden performs a duet and so do James and Riley . The Next Step win , so they are Internationals champions defeating Sweden . Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 95 `` One More Time '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) After winning Internationals , The Next Step A troupe dances and celebrates their internationals win . James leaves to join his band permanently , Max leaves for university , Stephanie leaves to become an actress in Hollywood , Giselle is looking for other opportunities , Thalia goes to A dance studio in Poland to explore her Polish family heritage however is worried about Eldon .", "49": "Amanda and Michelle are determined to get their status back on A Troupe . The remaining A Troupe is Cierra , West , Michelle , Noah , Riley , Eldon and Amanda . Later on The Next Step has an open house where dancers from all over the dance world comes . New dancers Sloane and LaTroy meet Michelle and Sloane is rude which makes a bad first impression . A new dancer Alfie comes and James ' little sister Piper is there too . James says Piper is not ready for The Next Step . 96 `` Stir It Up '' Frank van Keeken Laura Harbin February 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 19 ) A-Troupe auditions begin amidst big decisions for two key dancers . In an attempt to prevent future arguments , Skylar and Cierra make a pact . 97 `` Heads Will Roll '' Frank van Keeken Bethany Kaster February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) In the second round of auditions , a guest choreographer challenges the auditioners with an unorthodox method of teaching . 98 `` Welcome to the Jungle '' Frank van Keeken Amy Cole March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) The new A-Troupe is uncovered . Hoping to relieve the nerves of her fellow freshman , Piper decides to form a club . When Riley is offered the opportunity of a lifetime , she must make a difficult decision . 99 5 `` Square One '' Stephen Reynolds Brad Vermunt & Malek Pacho March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) Riley tells Kate that she has decided for Amanda to take her spot on A-Troupe . Kate disagrees with the decision wholeheartedly , but admires Riley 's decisiveness nonetheless . Riley enters Studio A to tell the dancers that she is the new studio head . 100 6 `` London Calling '' Stephen Reynolds Ian Malone March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) West receives a mysterious package from London , England , which leads to a big surprise for the bros . Noah and Amanda collaborate on a song .", "50": "101 7 `` Walk This Way '' Stephen Reynolds Tricia Fish March 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) Amanda finds herself uncharacteristically nervous around Noah . Meanwhile , Riley is wary of James going to England . 102 8 `` Runaway '' Stephen Reynolds Emma Campbell April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Riley finds out that Alfie is keeping a big secret that jeopardizes his spot on The Next Step ; James , West , and Eldon dance at a competition in London , England . 103 9 `` Dancing with Myself '' Jay Prychidny Laura Harbin April 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) Noah struggles to rehearse with his trio due to an injury ; Skylar uses this to convince Riley to give her trio the spot to compete at the qualifier instead but the original trio is kept for the competition . Meanwhile , Michelle works on her dance moves with Alfie . 104 10 `` Simple Twist of Fate '' Frank van Keeken Elizabeth Becker April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) As A-Troupe dances at the qualifier , Amanda struggles to find the right time to share her feelings for Noah , while Noah continues to hide his back injury . Noah 's hidden back injury ruins the teams dance and TNS thus fails to qualify . TNS is beaten by a new team of brilliant but aggressive dancers called `` the Gemminis '' . 105 11 `` On the Rocks '' Jay Prychidny Amy Cole April 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) After the loss of the first qualifier , Skylar thinks that The Next Step deserves a better studio head , and so persuades the other A-troupe members to meet here in a rehearsal room ; however , Alfie is also invited but disagrees and persuades the team to not try to remove Riley , and at the end , the full troupe including Riley all have a party to `` The Music Made Me Do It '' .", "51": "106 12 `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' Derby Crewe Ian Malone April 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 29 ) Amanda tries to figure out Noah 's true feelings for her . LaTroy and Sloane get into a fight after he receives an invitation he ca n't refuse . 107 13 `` The Game Belongs To Me '' Derby Crewe Elizabeth Becker May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) A-troupe learn that there is a second qualifier competition ( a 5 person dance ) that TNS can compete in . Riley holds auditions where the team do solos in front of the team , and the others have 5 votes : the 5 with the most votes will be competing at the second qualifier . Tension seems to build up between LaTroy and Sloane when Sloane doubts LaTroy can make the team and reveals that she did n't vote for him ! LaTroy gets angry but then reveals that he did vote for Sloane . When the results are displayed , LaTroy becomes disappointed when he does n't get on the team Alfie , Noah , Amy , Richelle and MichellE joins 5th with Piper so , Michelle and Piper have to compete for the 5th spot on the team at the qualifiers . Michelle starts to be cold to Piper and she thinks Michelle is acting weird because she thought they were friends . 108 14 `` I Ca n't Go for That '' Lamar Johnson Emma Campbell May 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) Riley gets invited to an exclusive gala , and has to decide who to invite as her date . Skylar struggles to find her place on A-Troupe . 109 15 `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' Samir Rehem Malek Pacha & Brad Vermunt May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) After performing a duet together LaTroy and Amy plan a date to `` Java Junction '' . In response to LaTroys upcoming date with Amy , Sloane reveals , to Latroy , that she loves him .", "52": "LaTroy dates Amy , as planned , and Sloane is left heart - broken . Meanwhile Eldon and West are chased across London by an angry policeman ( or , as Eldon calls him , a `` busking - busting - bobby '' ) and Piper tries to cultivate friendship between Riley and Alfie . 110 16 `` Love Will Tear Us Apart '' Samir Rehem Matt Hogue May 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 27 ) Noah deliberately misses a rehearsal so he can rest his secretly injured back . Infuriated by this Riley makes Noah prove his dancing capability . Noah successfully proves himself to Riley and Riley thus continues to assume that his back is uninjured . Sloane calls a 0 % club meeting , to help deal with her heart - break , in which she dances her feelings out with the other members . Riley and Michelle have lunch together and reminisce on their past in A-troupe ( flashback clips are shown from series 1 ) . Alfie tells Riley that he loves her and Riley confesses that she loves him too but refuses to go on a date because she prefers James . 111 17 `` Nobody 's Fault But Mine '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken June 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) Midway through a rehearsal `` the Gemminis '' storm into the next step dance studio and reveal to the TNS dancers that a new regionals rule allows the winner of the second qualifier to steal a dancer from any other competing team . Despite already qualifying `` the Gemminis '' want to enter the second qualifier so they can steall Alfie from TNS . To prevent this Riley pulls TNS from the qualifier . Meanwhile Eldon loses his phone , which has countless photos of him and Thalia saved on it . After a long search Eldon finds the phone and begins to come to terms with his break up with Thalia .", "53": "112 18 `` Your Time Is Gonna Come '' Laura Harbin Matthew MacFadzean June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) After quitting the second qualifier the team begin preparation for the third qualifier , a duet competition in which only the winning dancers and their team can qualify . TNS enters Noah and alfie into the contest , as they are the best dancers as voted by the team ( in episode 13 ) . Noah finally conffeses to Riley that his back is injured and plans a trip to the hospital to have his back checked . West competes and wins three dance battles against the Razor Backs at Bangers and Mash - Ups Hip - Hop Extravaganza . 113 19 `` How Deep Is Your Love '' David Storch Amy Cole June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) Alfie surprises Riley with a plan for the qualifier duet . Noah and Amanda begin to open up to each other and LaTroy makes a heartbreaking decision since getting news from his dad . 114 20 `` Heat of the Moment '' Kim Derko Frank van Keeken June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) After Noah receives devastating news about the state of his back , auditions for the upcoming qualifier become all the more important . Part 2 115 21 `` Kiss and Tell '' Kim Derko Frank van Keeken October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Piper has trouble keeping the secret of Riley and Alfie 's relationship to herself . 116 22 `` Rumour Has It '' Laura Harbin Bethany Kaster October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) Piper gives Riley an ultimatum to tell James about the kiss . James is confused why Riley is not answering his phone calls . Lost and Found musician Theo tries to help Amanda take her mind off Noah 's surgery . James flies back to the studio after seeing Piper stressed out on a video call .", "54": "117 23 `` Here Comes Your Man '' Steve Bedernjak Brad Vermunt & Malek Pacha October 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) Thalia comes to visit Eldon in London during the next round of the Bangers and Mash - Ups Hip Hop Competition . Amanda 's cousin Cooper comes to visit The Next Step for a day . Noah struggles with Amanda seeing him at his weakest . James returns to the studio . 118 24 `` Tainted Love '' David Storch Emma Campbell November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Riley tells James about the kiss and he struggles with how to handle it . West and Eldon compete in the next round of the Bangers and Mash - Ups Hip Hop Competition . Michelle helps Riley through her tough situation . Noah and Amanda have their first kiss . 119 25 `` A Fool in Love '' Patrick Sisam Amy Cole November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) Riley tells James she needs some space to take stock of her feelings . Meanwhile , Amy assists LaTroy in dealing with being alone at the farm and Cassie tries to help Skylar overcome her trepidation when it comes to speaking to strangers . 120 26 `` Karma Police '' Patrick Sisam Laura Harbin November 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) Emily shows up to help Riley get The Next Step to Regionals . Emily tries to get to the bottom of the problem with the Qualifier duet . 121 27 `` Only You '' Trevor Tordjman Emma Campbell November 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) Sloane helps Jude from Lost & Found with his music video . Emily and Riley choose a Dance Captain . Noah struggles with being reassigned the Qualifier duet . 122 28 `` Danger Zone '' Elizabeth Becker Elizabeth Becker December 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) Riley asks James for an impossible favour for the studio . Skylar helps the zero percenters deal with their nerves .", "55": "James and Alfie have a heated conversation . 123 29 `` Rivalry '' Frank van Keeken Tricia Fish December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) James and Alfie represent The Next Step at the final Qualifier . Skylar has to step in to help when the situation is at a crossroads . 124 30 `` Nobody 's Perfect '' Mars Horodyski Tricia Fish December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Riley and Alfie have their first date and it does not go well . Noah takes a big step in his relationship with Amanda . 125 31 `` Shake it Off '' Samir Rehem Matthew MacFadzean March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) Amy helps Cassie with a history project . Riley makes a mistake with Alfie and tries to make it up to him . Skylar helps Noah get competition ready . 126 32 `` Come Together '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) Riley helps the team get ready for competition by doing anti-bullying exercises . Everyone learns the different types of bullying behavior and how to deal with it . 127 33 `` It Ai n't Easy '' Samir Rehem Ian Malone March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) James meets up with an old friend in London . Riley is confused by her feelings towards Alfie . LaTroy returns from time with his father and turns to Sloane to sort out his feelings . 128 34 `` Bold As Love '' Brad Hruboska Ian Malone March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Eldon , West and James compete in the finals at the Bangers and Mashups International Hip Hip Competition .", "56": "129 35 `` Taking Care of Business '' Brad Hruboska Malek Pacha and Brad Vermunt April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) James and Riley return to the studio , only to discover that a team member has left . West and Eldon help the small group with their choreography . 130 36 `` The Edge of Glory '' Ian Chan Amy Cole April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) The team prepares to leave for Regionals . Cassie is made the alternate dancer . Giselle drops by on a break from her tour and gives Amanda a special invitation . 131 37 `` Even Better Than the Real Thing '' Mitchell T. Ness Amy Cole April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) The team competes in the first round at Regionals . Due to a misreading of the rules , the solo round is not what they expected . The result is devastating 132 38 `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' Mitchell T. Ness Laura Harbin April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) The Next Step competes in the sudden death trio round . Michelle pushes herself before the trio dance in order to be ready . Amanda struggles with the offer from Giselle . 133 39 `` Living on a Prayer '' Mitchell T. Ness Laura Harbin and Frank Van Keeken May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) The team compete in the duet round of Regionals . However , with Sloane disqualified and Michelle injured , the Next Step does n't have enough dancers to dance in the final -- if they make it there . 134 40 `` A Change is Gonna Come '' Mitchell T. Ness Frank Van Keeken May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) Now that Alfie is back , the team is able to compete in the Regionals final . But when Michelle shows up ready to dance , Riley has to make a heartbreaking decision .", "57": "The Next Step lose Regionals and are defeated by the Geminis , who later win Nationals and Internationals . Jump up ^ `` Come Together '' is the 32nd episode in Season 4 , but was the 26th episode to air . It aired on November 17 , 2016 , as a special episode for Family Channel 's Stand UP ! Bullying Awareness Week . Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 135 `` A New Regime '' Derby Crewe Rachael Schaefer May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) 8 months after TNS ' Regional loss , auditions take place for the next A-Troupe in the new east studio . Michelle is surprised when a familiar face turns up and announces she is studio head . Lots of previous A-Troupers do n't make the cut . 136 `` Go West , Young Michelle '' Derby Crewe Karen McClellan June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) Michelle makes a surprising announcement that tears the studio in two , and as Emily puts her new A-Troupe to work , dancers struggle to adapt to her new strict philosophy . 137 `` Dance , Lies and Hoverboards '' Jay Prychidny Emma Campbell June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) An unpolished new dancer , Kingston , at TNS West might not have what it takes to be part of the team . Richelle is made dance captain of TNS East and befriends Lola . Piper offers to help Amy conceal her secret from her mother , but is discovered by Emily . The two girls fallout . 138 `` Leon Me '' Jay Prychidny Ian Malone June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Emily hires a guest choreographer to teach a hip - hop class for TNS East , but when TNS West shows up too Emily and Michelle go head to head .", "58": "139 5 `` It 's All Fun and Games ... '' Steven Reynolds Brad Vermunt and Frank Van Keeken June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) Amy 's mom discovers that she is not dancing with the original A-Troupe . Noah tries to find an excuse to back out of a duet with Richelle , and do it with Jacquie instead . 140 6 `` No Good Deed '' Stephen Reynolds Jan Caruana July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) Emily and Daniel give Amy another shot to make it into A-Troupe . Noah admits to Jacquie that Henry is the reason that is causing their relationship to be awkward . 141 7 `` Heathers '' Stephen Reynolds Karen McClellan July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) Piper finds a new dancer for TNS West , whilst Zara has to choose between maths and dancing in TNS East . 142 8 `` 12 Hour Party People '' Stefan Scaini Rachael Schaefer July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) TNS West throw a Dance - A-Thon , where people have to dance for 12 hours without stopping , in order to find a new member for their team . 143 9 `` A Tale of Two Eldons '' Stefan Scaini Karl DiPelino July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) TNS West get their 10th and final dancer . Former A-Troupe member , Eldon , agrees to choreograph for both TNS East and TNS West , without Emily and Michelle knowing . 144 10 `` United and Divided '' Stephen Reynolds Karen McClellan August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) Piper struggles to cope being around her duet partner . Noah quits TNS East and joins TNS West . Henry must decide if he is ready to move on from an old break - up .", "59": "Part 2 145 11 `` East Meets West '' Mitchell T Ness Rachael Schaefer October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) TNS East finally competes against TNS West for a spot to chance at Regionals , Miss Kate brings in Riley and James to judge the competition . Unfortunately , the result is heartbreaking . 146 12 `` Brave New World '' Mitchell T Ness Matt Hogue October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) Kingston and Ozzy discover the Elliot has a secret which could mean that TNS East 's win does not count . Sloane returns to give LaTroy an opportunity of a lifetime . Noah and Jacquie 's relationship becomes tense . 147 13 `` TNS : Civil War '' Melanie Orr Jan Caruana October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Miss Kate makes a shocking decision that will affect the future of TNS East and TNS West ; Noah and Jacquie take their relationship to the next level . 148 14 `` Stand Together or Fall Apart '' Melanie Orr Karen McClellan November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 149 15 `` This Changes Everything '' Derek Ryan Rachael Schaefer November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 150 16 `` Stand and Deliver '' Derek Ryan Brad Vermunt , Ryan Spencer November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 151 17 `` Oh Brother ! Why Art Thou Here ? ''", "60": "Kim Derko Emma Campbell November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 152 18 `` I Have a Vision '' Kim Derko Ian Malone November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 153 19 `` Snap Decision '' Derby Crewe Rachael Schaefer December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 154 20 `` Pointe of No Return '' TBA TBA December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bertrand , Ginger ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Principal photography starts on THE NEXT STEP a new tween drama from Temple Street Productions for Family Channel '' . Astral . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THE NEXT STEP on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` The Next Step Renewed For Season 6 By Family Channel ! '' . Renew Cancel TV . June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mitchell Ness on Instagram : `` Aaaaand DONE ! Thank you to an amazing cast and crew for a thrilling 4 days of shooting ! '' . Instagram . August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Production on Season 5 of The Next Step begins '' . TV , eh ? . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Next Step : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .", "61": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Next_Step_episodes&oldid=837737769 '' Categories : Lists of Canadian television series episodes Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 18 : 41 . 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4751970918979686297	what is the name of the last episode of spongebob	[ "\"Bottle Burglars\"", "The String" ]	{ "0": "List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes - wikipedia List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes Jump to : navigation , search This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings. ( April 2018 ) Stephen Hillenburg , shown here in 2011 , created SpongeBob SquarePants , which premiered on May 1 , 1999 . SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator , Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon . The series is set in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom , and centers on the adventures and endeavors of SpongeBob SquarePants , an over-optimistic sea sponge that annoys other characters . Many of the ideas for the show originated in an unpublished , educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone , which Hillenburg created in the mid-1980s . He began developing SpongeBob SquarePants into a television series in 1996 after the cancellation of Rocko 's Modern Life , another Nickelodeon television series that Hillenburg previously directed . Since its debut on May 1 , 1999 , SpongeBob SquarePants has broadcast 230 episodes , and its eleventh season premiered on June 24 , 2017 . The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie , a feature - length film , was released in theaters on November 19 , 2004 and grossed over US $140 million worldwide . Atlantis SquarePantis , a television film guest starring David Bowie , debuted as part of the fifth season . In 2009 , Nickelodeon celebrated the show 's tenth anniversary with Square Roots : The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants and SpongeBob 's Truth or Square . The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water , a stand - alone sequel , was released in theaters on February 6 , 2015 and grossed over US $324 million worldwide . Episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants have been nominated for a variety of different awards , including 17 Annie Awards ( with six wins ) , 17 Golden Reel Awards ( with eight wins ) , 15 Emmy Awards ( with one win ) , 13 Kids ' Choice Awards ( with 12 wins ) , and four BAFTA Children 's Awards ( with two wins ) .", "1": "Several compilation DVDs have been released . In addition , the first nine seasons have been released on DVD , and are available for Regions 1 , 2 and 4 as of 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2017 . The twelfth season of SpongeBob SquarePants was confirmed by Vincent Waller on May 5 , 2017 , and will consist of 26 episodes . The season will air in 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2000 -- 03 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2001 -- 04 ) 2.4 The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie ( 2004 ) 2.5 Season 4 ( 2005 -- 07 ) 2.6 Season 5 ( 2007 -- 09 ) 2.7 Season 6 ( 2008 -- 10 ) 2.8 Season 7 ( 2009 -- 11 ) 2.9 Season 8 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.10 Season 9 ( 2012 -- 17 ) 2.11 The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) 2.12 Season 10 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.13 Season 11 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 2.14 The SpongeBob Movie ( 2020 ) 3 Notes 4 References 4.1 Works cited 5 External links Series overview Season Segments Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 41 20 May 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 01 ) April 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 08 ) 39 20 October 26 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 26 ) July 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 26 ) 37 20 October 5 ,", "2": "2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 05 ) October 11 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 11 ) The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie November 19 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 19 ) 38 20 May 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 06 ) July 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 24 ) 5 41 20 February 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 19 ) July 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 19 ) 6 47 26 March 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 03 ) July 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 05 ) 7 50 26 July 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 19 ) June 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 11 ) 8 47 26 March 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 26 ) December 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) 9 49 26 July 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 21 ) February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water February 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) 10 22 11 October 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 15 ) December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 11 TBA 26 June 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) TBA Episodes Season 1 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Main article : SpongeBob SquarePants ( season 1 ) The first season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes ( 41 segments ) .", "3": "Note : This is the only season that used cel animation . No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1a 1a `` Help Wanted '' Alan Smart Stephen Hillenburg , Derek Drymon , and Tim Hill Stephen Hillenburg ( director ) Derek Drymon May 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 01 ) 2515 - 127 6.90 1b 1b `` Reef Blower '' Fred Miller and Tom Yasumi Stephen Hillenburg , Derek Drymon , and Tim Hill Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Jay Lender May 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 01 ) 2515 - 126 6.90 1c 1c `` Tea at the Treedome '' Edgar Larrazabal ; Tom Yasumi Peter Burns , Mr.", "4": "Lawrence , and Paul Tibbitt Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare May 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 01 ) 2515 - 101 6.90 2a 2a `` Bubblestand '' Tom Yasumi Ennio Torresan , Erik Wiese , Stephen Hillenburg , Derek Drymon , and Tim Hill Ennio Torresan ( director ) Erik Wiese July 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 17 ) 2515 - 105 1.90 2b 2b `` Ripped Pants '' Edgar Larrazabal Paul Tibbitt and Peter Burns Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare July 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 17 ) 2515 - 106 1.90 3a 3a `` Jellyfishing '' Alan Smart Steve Fonti , Chris Mitchell , Peter Burns , and Tim Hill Steve Fonti ( director ) Chris Mitchell July 31 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 31 ) 2515 - 103 N / A 3b 3b `` Plankton ! '' Edgar Larrazabal Ennio Torresan , Erik Wiese , and Mr. Lawrence Ennio Torresan ( director ) Erik Wiese July 31 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 31 ) 2515 - 114 N / A 4a 4a `` Naughty Nautical Neighbors '' Fred Miller Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Mr. Lawrence Sherm Cohen ( director ) Aaron Springer August 7 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 07 ) 2515 - 116 2.10 4b 4b `` Boating School '' Tom Yasumi Ennio Torresan Jr. , Erik Wiese , and Mr. Lawrence Ennio Torresan Jr.", "5": "( director ) Erik Wiese August 7 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 07 ) 2515 - 104 2.10 5a 5a `` Pizza Delivery '' Sean Dempsey Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Peter Burns Sherm Cohen ( director ) Aaron Springer August 14 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 14 ) 2515 - 107 N / A 5b 5b `` Home Sweet Pineapple '' Tom Yasumi Ennio Torresan Jr. , Erik Wiese , and Mr. Lawrence Ennio Torresan Jr. ( director ) Erik Wiese August 14 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 14 ) 2515 - 124 N / A 6a 6a `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy '' Sean Dempsey Paul Tibbitt , Mark O'Hare , and Mr. Lawrence Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare August 21 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 21 ) 2515 - 119 2.20 6b 6b `` Pickles '' Tom Yasumi Steve Fonti , Chris Mitchell , and Peter Burns Steve Fonti ( director ) Chris Mitchell and Jay Lender August 21 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 21 ) 2515 - 111 2.20 7a 7a `` Hall Monitor '' Edgar Larrazabal Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , and Mr. Lawrence Chuck Klein ( director ) Jay Lender August 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 28 ) 2515 - 108 2.10 7b 7b `` Jellyfish Jam '' Fred Miller Ennio Torresan , Jr. , Erik Wiese , and Peter Burns Ennio Torresan , Jr.", "6": "( director ) Erik Wiese August 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 28 ) 2515 - 118 2.10 8a 8a `` Sandy 's Rocket '' Tom Yasumi Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Peter Burns Sherm Cohen ( director ) Aaron Springer September 4 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 04 ) 2515 - 110 1.90 8b 8b `` Squeaky Boots '' Fred Miller Steve Fonti , Chris Mitchell , and Mr. Lawrence Steve Fonti ( director ) Chris Mitchell September 4 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 04 ) 2515 - 102 1.90 9a 9a `` Nature Pants '' Sean Dempsey Paul Tibbitt , Mark O'Hare , and Peter Burns Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare September 11 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 11 ) 2515 - 120 N / A 9b 9b `` Opposite Day '' Tom Yasumi Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , and Mr. Lawrence Chuck Klein ( director ) Jay Lender September 11 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 11 ) 2515 - 112 N / A 10a 10a `` Culture Shock '' Edgar Larrazabal Paul Tibbitt , Mark O'Hare , and Mr. Lawrence Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare September 18 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 18 ) 2515 - 122 N / A 10b 10b `` F.U.N. '' Fred Miller Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Peter Burns Sherm Cohen ( director ) Aaron Springer September 18 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 18 ) 2515 - 121 N / A 11a 11a `` MuscleBob BuffPants '' Edgar Larrazabal Ennio Torresan , Jr.", "7": ", Erik Wiese , and Mr. Lawrence Ennio Torresan , Jr. ( director ) Erik Wiese September 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 25 ) 2515 - 123 N / A 11b 11b `` Squidward the Unfriendly Ghost '' Fred Miller Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Peter Burns Sherm Cohen ( director ) Aaron Springer September 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 25 ) 2515 - 115 N / A 12a 12a `` The Chaperone '' Sean Dempsey Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Peter Burns Sherm Cohen ( director ) Aaron Springer October 2 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 02 ) 2515 - 113 N / A 12b 12b `` Employee of the Month '' Sean Dempsey Paul Tibbitt and Mr. Lawrence Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare , Ennio Torresan Jr. , & Erik Wiese October 2 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 02 ) 2515 - 125 N / A 13a 13a `` Scaredy Pants '' Sean Dempsey Paul Tibbitt and Peter Burns Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare October 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 28 ) 2515 - 109 N / A 13b 13b `` I Was a Teenage Gary '' Edgar Larrazabal Steve Fonti , Chris Mitchell , and Mr. Lawrence Steve Fonti ( director ) Chris Mitchell October 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 28 ) 2515 - 117 N / A 14a 14a `` SB - 129 '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer , Erik Wiese , and Mr.", "8": "Lawrence Aaron Springer ( director ) Erik Wiese December 31 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 31 ) 2515 - 129 N / A 14b 14b `` Karate Choppers '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer , Erik Wiese , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) Erik Wiese December 31 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 31 ) 2515 - 135 N / A 15a 15a `` Sleepy Time '' Edgar Larrazabal Paul Tibbitt , Ennio Torresan Jr. , and Mr. Lawrence Paul Tibbitt & Ennio Torresan Jr. ( directors and artists ) January 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 17 ) 2515 - 141 2.00 15b 15b `` Suds '' Edgar Larrazabal Paul Tibbitt , Ennio Torresan Jr. , and Mr. Lawrence Paul Tibbitt & Ennio Torresan Jr. ( directors and artists ) January 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 17 ) 2515 - 132 2.00 16a 16a `` Valentine 's Day '' Fred Miller Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , and Merriwether Williams Chuck Klein ( director ) Jay Lender February 14 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 14 ) 2515 - 128 N / A 16b 16b `` The Paper '' Fred Miller Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , and Mr. Lawrence Chuck Klein ( director ) Jay Lender February 14 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 14 ) 2515 - 134 N / A 17a 17a `` Arrgh ! ''", "9": "Sean Dempsey Sherm Cohen , Vincent Waller , and Merriwether Williams Sherm Cohen ( director ) Vincent Waller March 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 15 ) 2515 - 130 2.10 17b 17b `` Rock Bottom '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Ennio Torresan , and David Fain Paul Tibbitt & Ennio Torresan ( directors ) March 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 15 ) 2515 - 138 2.10 18a 18a `` Texas '' Sean Dempsey Sherm Cohen , Vincent Waller , and David Fain Sherm Cohen ( director ) Vincent Waller March 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 22 ) 2515 - 139 N / A 18b 18b `` Walking Small '' Sean Dempsey Aaron Springer , Erik Wiese , and Mr.", "10": "Lawrence Aaron Springer ( director ) Erik Wiese March 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 22 ) 2515 - 133 N / A 19a 19a `` Fools in April '' Fred Miller Aaron Springer , Erik Wiese , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) Erik Wiese April 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 01 ) 2515 - 140 N / A 19b 19b `` Neptune 's Spatula '' Fred Miller Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , and David B. Fain Chuck Klein ( director ) Jay Lender April 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 01 ) 2515 - 137 N / A 20a 20a `` Hooky '' Edgar Larrazabal Sherm Cohen , Vincent Waller , and Merriwether Williams Sherm Cohen ( director ) Vincent Waller April 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 08 ) 2515 - 136 N / A 20b 20b `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy II '' Tom Yasumi Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , and Mr. Lawrence Chuck Klein ( director ) Jay Lender April 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 08 ) 2515 - 131 N / A Season 2 ( 2000 -- 03 ) Main article : SpongeBob SquarePants ( season 2 ) The second season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes ( 39 segments ) , which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order . No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Prod .", "11": "code 21a 1a `` Your Shoe 's Untied '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Chris Headrick & Erik Wiese ( directors ) November 2 , 2000 ( November 2 , 2000 ) 5571 - 142 21b 1b `` Squid 's Day Off '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Jim Schumann ( director ) November 2 , 2000 ( November 2 , 2000 ) 5571 - 145 22a 2a `` Something Smells '' Edgar Larrazabal Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt October 26 , 2000 ( October 26 , 2000 ) 5571 - 143 22b 2b `` Bossy Boots '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mr. Lawrence Chris Headrick ( director ) October 26 , 2000 ( October 26 , 2000 ) 5571 - 146 23a 3a `` Big Pink Loser '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , William Reiss , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss November 16 , 2000 ( November 16 , 2000 ) 5571 - 144 23b 3b `` Bubble Buddy '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , William Reiss , and Mr. Lawrence Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss & Chuck Klein November 16 , 2000 ( November 16 , 2000 ) 5571 - 148 24a 4a `` Dying for Pie '' Edgar Larrazabal Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H.", "12": "Greenblatt & Erik Wiese December 28 , 2000 ( December 28 , 2000 ) 5571 - 147 24b 4b `` Imitation Krabs '' `` Robot Krabs '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , Mr. Lawrence Chris Headrick & Chuck Klein ( directors ) December 28 , 2000 ( December 28 , 2000 ) 5571 - 150 25a 5a `` Wormy '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Jim Schumann ( director ) February 17 , 2001 ( February 17 , 2001 ) 5571 - 149 25b 5b `` Patty Hype '' `` Color Patty 's '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , William Reiss , and Mr. Lawrence Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss February 17 , 2001 ( February 17 , 2001 ) 5571 - 152 26a 6a `` Grandma 's Kisses '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Jim Schumann & Octavio Rodriguez ( directors ) March 6 , 2001 ( March 6 , 2001 ) 5571 - 154 26b 6b `` Squidville '' Edgar Larrazabal Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt March 6 , 2001 ( March 6 , 2001 ) 5571 - 156 27a 7a `` Prehibernation Week '' Edgar Larrazabal Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt May 5 , 2001 ( May 5 , 2001 ) 5571 - 151 27b 7b `` Life of Crime '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , William Reiss , and Mr.", "13": "Lawrence Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss May 5 , 2001 ( May 5 , 2001 ) 5571 - 157 28 8 `` Christmas Who ? '' `` Patchy The Pirate Presents The SpongeBob SquarePants Christmas Special '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mr. Lawrence Chris Headrick & Erik Wiese ( directors ) December 6 , 2000 ( December 6 , 2000 ) 5571 - 155 29a 9a `` Survival of the Idiots '' Larry Leichliter Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt March 5 , 2001 ( March 5 , 2001 ) 5571 - 160 29b 9b `` Dumped '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Walt Dohrn , and Merriwether Williams Carson Kugler ( director ) Caleb Meurer March 5 , 2001 ( March 5 , 2001 ) 5571 - 161 30a 10a `` No Free Rides '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Mr. Lawrence Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt March 7 , 2001 ( March 7 , 2001 ) 5571 - 162 30b 10b `` I 'm Your Biggest Fanatic '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , William Reiss , and Mr.", "14": "Lawrence Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss March 7 , 2001 ( March 7 , 2001 ) 5571 - 159 31a 11a `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy III '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Walt Dohrn , and Merriwether Williams Erik Wiese ( director ) November 27 , 2000 ( November 27 , 2000 ) 5571 - 158 31b 11b `` Squirrel Jokes '' Larry Leichliter and Lenord Robinson Paul Tibbitt , Walt Dohrn , and Merriwether Williams Chris Headrick ( director ) November 27 , 2000 ( November 27 , 2000 ) 5571 - 164 32a 12a `` Pressure '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , William Reiss , and David Fain Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss March 8 , 2001 ( March 8 , 2001 ) 5571 - 166 32b 12b `` The Smoking Peanut '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Walt Dohrn , and Mr. Lawrence Carson Kugler ( director ) March 8 , 2001 ( March 8 , 2001 ) 5571 - 163 33a 13a `` Shanghaied '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt March 9 , 2001 ( March 9 , 2001 ) 5571 - 165 33b 13b `` Gary Takes a Bath '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt July 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 26 ) 5571 - 183 34a 14a `` Welcome to the Chum Bucket '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mr.", "15": "Lawrence Walt Dohrn & Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , Erik Wiese , & William Reiss January 21 , 2002 ( January 21 , 2002 ) 5571 - 167 34b 14b `` Frankendoodle '' `` DoodleBob '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Chris Headrick ( director ) January 21 , 2002 ( January 21 , 2002 ) 5571 - 167 35a 15a `` The Secret Box '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Walt Dohrn & Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese September 7 , 2001 ( September 7 , 2001 ) 5571 - 168 35b 15b `` Band Geeks '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt September 7 , 2001 ( September 7 , 2001 ) 5571 - 173 36a 16a `` Graveyard Shift '' Sean Dempsey Mr. Lawrence , Jay Lender , and Dan Povenmire Jay Lender and Dan Povenmire ( directors ) September 6 , 2002 ( September 6 , 2002 ) 5571 - 196 36b 16b `` Krusty Love '' Sean Dempsey Mr. Lawrence , Jay Lender , and William Reiss Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss September 6 , 2002 ( September 6 , 2002 ) 5571 - 170 37a 17a `` Procrastination '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mr.", "16": "Lawrence Walt Dohrn and Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese November 30 , 2001 ( November 30 , 2001 ) 5571 - 175 37b 17b `` I 'm with Stupid '' Frank Weiss C.H. Greenblatt , Aaron Springer , and Mark O'Hare Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt and Ennio Torresan November 30 , 2001 ( November 30 , 2001 ) 5571 - 179 38a 18a `` Sailor Mouth '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Walt Dohrn & Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese September 21 , 2001 ( September 21 , 2001 ) 5571 - 182 38b 18b `` Artist Unknown '' Sean Dempsey Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mark O'Hare Walt Dohrn & Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese September 21 , 2001 ( September 21 , 2001 ) 5571 - 174 39a 19a `` Jellyfish Hunter '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mark O'Hare Walt Dohrn & Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese September 28 , 2001 ( September 28 , 2001 ) 5571 - 181 39b 19b `` The Fry Cook Games '' Tom Yasumi Dan Povenmire , Jay Lender , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender and Dan Povenmire ( directors ) September 28 , 2001 ( September 28 , 2001 ) 5571 - 171 40a 20a `` Squid on Strike '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt ,", "17": "and Mark O'Hare Walt Dohrn & Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese October 12 , 2001 ( October 12 , 2001 ) 5571 - 185 40b 20b `` Sandy , SpongeBob , and the Worm '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Dan Povenmire , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender and Dan Povenmire ( directors ) October 12 , 2001 ( October 12 , 2001 ) 5571 - 180 Season 3 ( 2001 -- 04 ) Main article : SpongeBob SquarePants ( season 3 ) The third season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes ( 37 segments ) , which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order . No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code 41a 1a `` The Algae 's Always Greener '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H.", "18": "Greenblatt March 22 , 2002 ( March 22 , 2002 ) 5572 - 188 41b 1b `` SpongeGuard on Duty '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Mark O'Hare Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Caleb Meurer March 22 , 2002 ( March 22 , 2002 ) 5572 - 187 42a 2a `` Club SpongeBob '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn and Mark O'Hare Walt Dohrn & Mark O'Hare ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese July 12 , 2002 ( July 12 , 2002 ) 5572 - 192 42b 2b `` My Pretty Seahorse '' Tom Yasumi Kent Osborne and Paul Tibbitt Kent Osborne and Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth July 12 , 2002 ( July 12 , 2002 ) 5572 - 193 43a 3a `` The Bully '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H.", "19": "Greenblatt October 5 , 2001 ( October 5 , 2001 ) 5572 - 191 43b 3b `` Just One Bite '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Caleb Meurer October 5 , 2001 ( October 5 , 2001 ) 5572 - 194 44a 4a `` Nasty Patty '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kaz , and Mark O'Hare Paul Tibbitt & Kaz ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth March 1 , 2002 ( March 1 , 2002 ) 5572 - 195 44b 4b `` Idiot Box '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth March 1 , 2002 ( March 1 , 2002 ) 5572 - 178 45a 5a `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy IV '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Caleb Meurer January 21 , 2002 ( January 21 , 2002 ) 5572 - 177 45b 5b `` Doing Time '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H.", "20": "Greenblatt January 21 , 2002 ( January 21 , 2002 ) 5572 - 186 46a 6a `` Snowball Effect '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth February 22 , 2002 ( February 22 , 2002 ) 5572 - 189 46b 6b `` One Krabs Trash '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Mark O'Hare Paul Tibbitt & Kaz ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth February 22 , 2002 ( February 22 , 2002 ) 5572 - 184 47a 7a `` As Seen on TV '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt March 8 , 2002 ( March 8 , 2002 ) 5572 - 172 47b 7b `` Can You Spare a Dime ? ''", "21": "`` Squidward Quits a Job '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Caleb Meurer March 8 , 2002 ( March 8 , 2002 ) 5572 - 190 48a 8a `` No Weenies Allowed '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss March 15 , 2002 ( March 15 , 2002 ) 5572 - 200 48b 8b `` Squilliam Returns '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Heather Martinez & Mike Roth March 15 , 2002 ( March 15 , 2002 ) 5572 - 199 49a 9a `` Krab Borg '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Mark O'Hare Paul Tibbitt & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth March 29 , 2002 ( March 29 , 2002 ) 5572 - 197 49b 9b `` Rock - a-Bye Bivalve '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Mark O'Hare Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Mike Roth March 29 , 2002 ( March 29 , 2002 ) 5572 - 103 50a 10a `` Wet Painters '' Frank Weiss C.H. Greenblatt , Kaz , and Mark O'Hare C.H. Greenblatt & Kaz ( directors ) Caleb Meurer & Carson Kugler May 10 , 2002 ( May 10 , 2002 ) 5572 - 202 50b 10b `` Krusty Krab Training Video '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , Kent Osborne Aaron Springer & C.H.", "22": "Greenblatt ( directors ) Caleb Meurer May 10 , 2002 ( May 10 , 2002 ) 5572 - 198 51 11 `` Party Pooper Pants '' `` SpongeBob 's House Party '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Mark O'Hare Merriwether Williams , Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne ( Live Action ) Paul Tibbitt , Walt Dohrn , & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Caleb Meurer , Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth May 17 , 2002 ( May 17 , 2002 ) 5572 - 204 52a 12a `` Chocolate with Nuts '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kaz , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt & Kaz ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth June 1 , 2002 ( June 1 , 2002 ) 5572 - 196 52b 12b `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy V '' Frank Weiss C.H. Greenblatt , Kaz , and Merriwether Williams C.H. Greenblatt & Kaz ( directors ) Mike Roth June 1 , 2002 ( June 1 , 2002 ) TBA 53a 13a `` New Student Starfish '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Mark O'Hare Paul Tibbitt & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , Heather Martinez , William Reiss , & Mike Roth September 20 , 2002 ( September 20 , 2002 ) 5572 - 201 53b 13b `` Clams '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Mark O'Hare Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Caleb Meurer September 20 , 2002 ( September 20 , 2002 ) 5572 - 207 54 14 `` Ugh '' `` SpongeBob B.C.", "23": "( Before Comedy ) '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne Merriwether Williams ( Live Action ) Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss March 5 , 2004 ( March 5 , 2004 ) 5572 - 208 55a 15a `` The Great Snail Race '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Joe Liss ( TV ) , Merriwether Williams ( DVD ) Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss January 24 , 2003 ( January 24 , 2003 ) 5572 - 216 55b 15b `` Mid-Life Crustacean '' Frank Weiss C.H. Greenblatt , Kaz , and Mark O'Hare C.H. Greenblatt & Kaz ( directors ) Chuck Klein January 24 , 2003 ( January 24 , 2003 ) 5572 - 210 56a 16a `` Born Again Krabs '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss October 4 , 2003 ( October 4 , 2003 ) 5572 - 213 56b 16b `` I Had an Accident '' `` Safety Freak '' Frank Weiss C.H. Greenblatt , Kaz , and Merriwether Williams C.H.", "24": "Greenblatt & Kaz ( directors ) Chuck Klein October 4 , 2003 ( October 4 , 2003 ) 5572 - 214 57a 17a `` Krabby Land '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Mark O'Hare Paul Tibbit & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss April 3 , 2004 ( April 3 , 2004 ) 5572 - 212 57b 17b `` The Camping Episode '' `` Squid Gets Mauled '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender & Dan Povenmire ( directors ) Caleb Meurer April 3 , 2004 ( April 3 , 2004 ) 5572 - 215 58a 18a `` Missing Identity '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne ( directors ) Zeus Cervas , Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss January 19 , 2004 ( January 19 , 2004 ) 5572 - 209 58b 18b `` Plankton 's Army '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Caleb Meurer January 19 , 2004 ( January 19 , 2004 ) 5572 - 211 59 19 `` The Sponge Who Could Fly '' `` The Lost Episode '' Andrew Overtoom and Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender and Sam Henderson ( Live Action ) Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss March 21 , 2003 ( March 21 , 2003 ) 5572 - 217 60a 20a `` SpongeBob Meets the Strangler '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , C.H.", "25": "Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt , Kaz , & C.H. Greenblatt ( directors ) Zeus Cervas , Chuck Klein , Carson Kugler , & Mike Roth October 11 , 2004 ( October 11 , 2004 ) 5572 - 221 60b 20b `` Pranks a Lot '' `` Naked Pants '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss October 11 , 2004 ( October 11 , 2004 ) 5572 - 218 The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie ( 2004 ) Main article : The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie Title Directed by Written by Storyboarded by Release date ( U.S. ) Release date ( international ) The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie Stephen Hillenburg Derek Drymon , Tim Hill , Stephen Hillenburg , Kent Osborne , Aaron Springer , and Paul Tibbitt Stephen Hillenburg , Derek Drymon , Tim Hill , Kent Osborne , Aaron Springer , and Paul Tibbitt November 19 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 19 ) 14 November 2004 Season 4 ( 2005 -- 07 ) Main article : SpongeBob SquarePants ( season 4 ) The fourth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes ( 38 segments ) , which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order . No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61a 1a `` Fear of a Krabby Patty '' Alan Smart C.H. Greenblatt and Paul Tibbitt C.H.", "26": "Greenblatt ( director ) Zeus Cervas May 6 , 2005 ( May 6 , 2005 ) 5574 - 401 2.60 61b 1b `` Shell of a Man '' Tom Yasumi Mike Bell and Paul Tibbitt Mike Bell & Vincent Waller ( directors ) Zeus Cervas & Brad Vandergrift May 6 , 2005 ( May 6 , 2005 ) 5574 - 402 2.60 62a 2a `` The Lost Mattress '' Alan Smart Mike Bell and Tim Hill Mike Bell ( director ) Zeus Cervas , Brad Vandergrift , Erik C. Wiese , William Reiss , & Garrett Ho May 13 , 2005 ( May 13 , 2005 ) 5574 - 406 N / A 62b 2b `` Krabs vs. Plankton '' Tom Yasumi Tim Hill , Mike Mitchell , and Vincent Waller Vincent Waller ( director ) Zeus Cervas , Brad Vandergrift , Erik C. Wiese , William Reiss , & Garrett Ho May 13 , 2005 ( May 13 , 2005 ) 5574 - 403 N / A 63 `` Have You Seen This Snail ? '' `` Where 's Gary ? '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Paul Tibbitt Aaron Springer ( director ) Zeus Cervas , Brad Vandergrift , Erik C. Wiese , & Garrett Ho November 11 , 2005 ( November 11 , 2005 ) 5574 - 404 7.93 64a 4a `` Skill Crane '' Alan Smart Kyle McCulloch , Aaron Springer , and Vincent Waller Vincent Waller ( director ) Clint Bond Jr.", "27": ", John Magness , Tim Parsons , Ted Seko , Zeus Cervas , Brad Vandergrift , Erik Wiese , & Garrett Ho May 20 , 2005 ( May 20 , 2005 ) 5574 - 407 N / A 64b 4b `` Good Neighbors '' Tom Yasumi Mike Bell Mike Bell & Aaron Springer ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , John Magness , Tim Parsons , Ted Seko , Zeus Cervas , Brad Vandergrift , Erik Wiese , & Garrett Ho May 20 , 2005 ( May 20 , 2005 ) 5574 - 408 N / A 65a 5a `` Selling Out '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese and Tim Hill Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) John Magness , Tim Parsons , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift September 23 , 2005 ( September 23 , 2005 ) 5574 - 409 N / A 65b 5b `` Funny Pants '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) John Magness , Tim Parsons , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift September 30 , 2005 ( September 30 , 2005 ) 5574 - 410 N / A 66 6 `` Dunces and Dragons '' `` Lost in Time '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Tim Hill Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , John Magness , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 20 , 2006 ( February 20 , 2006 ) 5574 - 412 8.60 67a 7a `` Enemy In - Law '' Andrew Overtoom Tom King , Luke Brookshier , and Tim Hill Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr.", "28": ", Carson Kugler , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift October 14 , 2005 ( October 14 , 2005 ) 5574 - 414 N / A 67b 7b `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy VI : The Motion Picture '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Paul Tibbitt Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Carson Kugler , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift October 7 , 2005 ( October 7 , 2005 ) 5574 - 411 N / A 68a 8a `` Patrick SmartPants '' `` Abracamoron '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Tim Hill Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift October 21 , 2005 ( October 21 , 2005 ) 5574 - 415 N / A 68b 8b `` SquidBob TentaclePants '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Steven Banks Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 4 , 2005 ( November 4 , 2005 ) 5574 - 416 N / A 69a 9a `` Krusty Towers '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift April 1 , 2006 ( April 1 , 2006 ) 5574 - 417 N / A 69b 9b `` Mrs.", "29": "Puff , You 're Fired '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Tim Hill Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift April 1 , 2006 ( April 1 , 2006 ) 5574 - 418 N / A 70a 10a `` Ghost Host '' Alan Smart Erik Wiese , Zeus Cervas , and Tim Hill Erik Wiese & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Dave Cunningham , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift May 5 , 2006 ( May 5 , 2006 ) 5574 - 419 N / A 70b 10b `` Chimps Ahoy '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Dave Cunningham , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift May 5 , 2006 ( May 5 , 2006 ) 5574 - 426 N / A 71a 11a `` Whale of a Birthday '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Paul Tibbitt Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Dave Cunningham , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift May 12 , 2006 ( May 12 , 2006 ) 5574 - 423 N / A 71b 11b `` Karate Island '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr.", "30": ", Dave Cunningham , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift May 12 , 2006 ( May 12 , 2006 ) 5574 - 421 N / A 72a 12a `` All That Glitters '' Andrew Overtoom Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Steven Banks Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 2 , 2006 ( June 2 , 2006 ) 5574 - 422 N / A 72b 12b `` Wishing You Well '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 2 , 2006 ( June 2 , 2006 ) 5574 - 420 N / A 73a 13a `` New Leaf '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Steven Banks Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift September 22 , 2006 ( September 22 , 2006 ) 5574 - 425 N / A 73b 13b `` Once Bitten '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr.", "31": ", Chuck Klein , John Magness , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift September 29 , 2006 ( September 29 , 2006 ) 5574 - 424 N / A 74a 14a `` Bummer Vacation '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift October 13 , 2006 ( October 13 , 2006 ) 5574 - 427 N / A 74b 14b `` Wigstruck '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift November 17 , 2006 ( November 17 , 2006 ) 5574 - 428 N / A 75a 15a `` Squidtastic Voyage '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift October 6 , 2006 ( October 6 , 2006 ) 5574 - 431 N / A 75b 15b `` That 's No Lady '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift November 25 , 2006 ( November 25 , 2006 ) 5574 - 430 N / A 76a 16a `` The Thing '' Andrew Overtoom Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese ,", "32": "and Steven Banks Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift January 15 , 2007 ( January 15 , 2007 ) 5574 - 429 N / A 76b 16b `` Hocus Pocus '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift January 15 , 2007 ( January 15 , 2007 ) 5574 - 432 5.830 77a 17a `` Driven to Tears '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 5574 - 434 N / A 77b 17b `` Rule of Dumb '' `` Starfish of Royalty '' Tom Yasumi Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Dani Michaeli Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 5574 - 433 N / A 78a 18a `` Born to Be Wild '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Chuck Klein , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift March 31 , 2007 ( March 31 ,", "33": "2007 ) 5574 - 437 N / A 78b 18b `` Best Frenemies '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Dani Michaeli Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Chuck Klein , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift March 31 , 2007 ( March 31 , 2007 ) 5574 - 436 N / A 79a 19a `` The Pink Purloiner '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Chuck Klein , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 5574 - 440 N / A 79b 19b `` Squid Wood '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Chuck Klein , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift July 24 , 2007 ( July 24 , 2007 ) 5574 - 438 N / A 80a 20a `` Best Day Ever '' Larry Leichliter Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Steven Banks Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift November 10 , 2006 ( November 10 , 2006 ) 151 - 507 6.70 80b 20b `` The Gift of Gum '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Dani Michaeli Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Chuck Klein ,", "34": "Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 5574 - 439 N / A Season 5 ( 2007 -- 09 ) Main article : SpongeBob SquarePants ( season 5 ) The fifth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes ( 41 segments ) , which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order . No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 81 `` Friend or Foe '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Mike Mitchell , Steven Banks , and Tim Hill Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , & Mike Mitchell ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Ian Graham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift April 13 , 2007 ( April 13 , 2007 ) 151 - 501 / 151 - 502 N / A 82a 2a `` The Original Fry Cook '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Tom King , Steven Banks , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Chuck Klein , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 30 , 2007 ( July 30 , 2007 ) 151 - 503 N / A 82b 2b `` Night Light '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Chuck Klein , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 30 , 2007 ( July 30 ,", "35": "2007 ) 5574 - 435 N / A 83a 3a `` Rise and Shine '' Andrew Overtoom Nate Cash and Steven Banks Nate Cash ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 151 - 504a N / A 83b 3b `` Waiting '' Alan Smart Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Steven Banks Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 151 - 504b N / A 83c 3c `` Fungus Among Us '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift September 29 , 2007 ( September 29 , 2007 ) 151 - 505 N / A 84a 4a `` Spy Buddies '' `` SpyBob '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 23 , 2007 ( July 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 506 N / A 84b 4b `` Boat Smarts '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza ,", "36": "Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 23 , 2007 ( July 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 508b N / A 84c 4c `` Good Ol ' Whatshisname '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli ( TV ) , Richard Pursel ( DVD ) Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 23 , 2007 ( July 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 508a N / A 85a 5a `` New Digs '' Andrew Overtoom Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Richard Pursel Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , Brad Vandergrift , & Erik Wiese July 25 , 2007 ( July 25 , 2007 ) 151 - 510 N / A 85b 5b `` Krabs à la Mode '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Eric Shaw Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , Brad Vandergrift , & Erik Wiese July 25 , 2007 ( July 25 , 2007 ) 151 - 509 N / A 86a 6a `` Roller Cowards '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 27 , 2007 ( July 27 ,", "37": "2007 ) 151 - 512 N / A 86b 6b `` Bucket Sweet Bucket '' Larry Leichliter Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 27 , 2007 ( July 27 , 2007 ) 151 - 511 N / A 87a 7a `` To Love a Patty '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Eric Shaw Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 26 , 2007 ( July 26 , 2007 ) 151 - 514 N / A 87b 7b `` Breath of Fresh Squidward '' Tom Yasumi Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Richard Pursel Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 26 , 2007 ( July 26 , 2007 ) 151 - 513 N / A 88a 8a `` Money Talks '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , Brad Vandergrift , & Erik Wiese July 31 , 2007 ( July 31 , 2007 ) 151 - 515a N / A 88b 8b `` SpongeBob vs. The Patty Gadget '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham ,", "38": "Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , Brad Vandergrift , & Erik Wiese July 31 , 2007 ( July 31 , 2007 ) 151 - 515b N / A 88c 8c `` Slimy Dancing '' Tom Yasumi Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Richard Pursel Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , Brad Vandergrift , & Erik Wiese July 31 , 2007 ( July 31 , 2007 ) 151 - 516 N / A 89a 9a `` The Krusty Sponge '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Eric Shaw Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 24 , 2007 ( July 24 , 2007 ) 151 - 519 N / A 89b 9b `` Sing a Song of Patrick '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 151 - 520 N / A 90a 10a `` A Flea in Her Dome '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 1 , 2007 ( August 1 ,", "39": "2007 ) 151 - 522 N / A 90b 10b `` The Donut of Shame '' Tom Yasumi Nate Cash and Dani Michaeli Nate Cash ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 1 , 2007 ( August 1 , 2007 ) 151 - 521a N / A 90c 10c `` The Krusty Plate '' Tom Yasumi Tuck Tucker and Eric Shaw Tuck Tucker ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 1 , 2007 ( August 1 , 2007 ) 151 - 521b N / A 91a 11a `` Goo Goo Gas '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 151 - 523 4.95 91b 11b `` Le Big Switch '' Tom Yasumi Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Richard Pursel Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift September 29 , 2007 ( September 29 , 2007 ) 151 - 524 N / A 92 12 `` Atlantis SquarePantis '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Steven Banks , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova ,", "40": "& Brad Vandergrift November 12 , 2007 ( November 12 , 2007 ) 151 - 517 / 151 - 518 9.22 93a 13a `` Picture Day '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 2 , 2007 ( August 2 , 2007 ) 151 - 529a N / A 93b 13b `` Pat No Pay '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas and Dani Michaeli Zeus Cervas ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 2 , 2007 ( August 2 , 2007 ) 151 - 529b N / A 93c 13c `` BlackJack '' `` SpongeBob 's Cousin '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 2 , 2007 ( August 2 , 2007 ) 151 - 525 N / A 94a 14a `` Blackened Sponge '' `` The Black Sponge '' Tom Yasumi Greg Miller , Aaron Springer , and Eric Shaw Greg Miller & Aaron Springer ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 3 , 2007 ( August 3 , 2007 ) 151 - 530 N / A 94b 14b `` Mermaid Man vs. SpongeBob '' Tom Yasumi Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Eric Shaw Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham ,", "41": "Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 3 , 2007 ( August 3 , 2007 ) 151 - 528 N / A 95a 15a `` The Inmates of Summer '' Alan Smart Chris Reccardi , Aaron Springer , and Dani Michaeli Chris Reccardi & Aaron Springer ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 534 N / A 95b 15b `` To Save a Squirrel '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 531 N / A 96 16 `` Pest of the West '' Andrew Overtoom and Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , Steven Banks , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift April 11 , 2008 ( April 11 , 2008 ) 151 - 526 / 151 - 527 6.10 97a 17a `` 20,000 Patties Under the Sea '' Tom Yasumi Chris Reccardi , Aaron Springer , and Richard Pursel Chris Reccardi & Aaron Springer ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 ,", "42": "2007 ) 151 - 537 N / A 97b 17b `` The Battle of Bikini Bottom '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Eric Shaw Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 538 N / A 98 18 `` What Ever Happened to SpongeBob ? '' `` WhoBob WhatPants ? '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift October 13 , 2008 ( October 13 , 2008 ) 151 - 535 / 151 - 536 7.70 99a 19a `` The Two Faces of Squidward '' Tom Yasumi Charlie Bean , Aaron Springer , and Steven Banks Charlie Bean & Aaron Springer ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 540 N / A 99b 19b `` SpongeHenge '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 532 N / A 100a 20a `` Banned in Bikini Bottom '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Steven Banks Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham ,", "43": "Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 539 N / A 100b 20b `` Stanley S. SquarePants '' `` SpongeBob 's Klutzy Cousin '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Eric Shaw Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 533 N / A Season 6 ( 2008 -- 10 ) Main article : SpongeBob SquarePants ( season 6 ) The sixth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes ( 47 segments ) , which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order . No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 101a 1a `` House Fancy '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 6 , 2008 ( June 6 , 2008 ) 4.03 101b 1b `` Krabby Road '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Eric Shaw Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 3 , 2008 ( March 3 , 2008 ) 4.77 102a 2a `` Penny Foolish '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz ,", "44": "Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 7 , 2008 ( March 7 , 2008 ) 4.77 102b 2b `` Nautical Novice '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 29 , 2008 ( March 29 , 2008 ) 4.67 103a 3a `` Spongicus '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 29 , 2008 ( March 29 , 2008 ) 4.67 103b 3b `` Suction Cup Symphony '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshire & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 6 , 2008 ( March 6 , 2008 ) 4.50 104a 4a `` Not Normal '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 4 , 2008 ( March 4 , 2008 ) 4.66 104b 4b `` Gone '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz ,", "45": "Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 5 , 2008 ( March 5 , 2008 ) 4.59 105a 5a `` The Splinter '' Tom Yasumi Nate Cash , Sean Charmatz , and Steven Banks Nate Cash & Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 2 , 2008 ( June 2 , 2008 ) 4.00 105b 5b `` Slide Whistle Stooges '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 16 , 2009 ( February 16 , 2009 ) 4.51 106a 6a `` A Life in a Day '' Andrew Overtoom Chris Reccardi and Dani Michaeli Chris Reccardi ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 4 , 2008 ( June 4 , 2008 ) 4.00 106b 6b `` Sun Bleached '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 5 , 2008 ( June 5 , 2008 ) 4.10 107a 7a `` Giant Squidward '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier& Nate Cash ( directors ) Casey Alexander ,", "46": "Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 3 , 2008 ( June 3 , 2008 ) 4.33 107b 7b `` No Nose Knows '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Casey Alexander , Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 4 , 2008 ( August 4 , 2008 ) 3.75 108a 8a `` Patty Caper '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Eric Shaw Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 5 , 2008 ( August 5 , 2008 ) 3.83 108b 8b `` Plankton 's Regular '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 6 , 2008 ( August 6 , 2008 ) 3.70 109a 9a `` Boating Buddies '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 7 , 2008 ( August 7 , 2008 ) 3.77 109b 9b `` The Krabby Kronicle '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas ,", "47": "and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 8 , 2008 ( August 8 , 2008 ) 3.62 110a 10a `` The Slumber Party '' Alan Smart Tom King and Dani Michaeli Tom King ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A 110b 10b `` Grooming Gary '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A 111 11 `` SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One '' Andrew Overtoom and Alan Smart Aaron Springer , Paul Tibbitt , and Steven Banks Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Mike Roth , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift April 17 , 2009 ( April 17 , 2009 ) 5.80 112a 12a `` Porous Pockets '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A 112b 12b `` Choir Boys '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham ,", "48": "Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 20 , 2009 ( March 20 , 2009 ) N / A 113a 13a `` Krusty Krushers '' Alan Smart Nate Cash , Sean Charmatz , and Derek Iversen Nate Cash & Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A 113b 13b `` The Card '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A 114a 14a `` Dear Vikings '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A 114b 14b `` Ditchin ' '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A 115a 15a `` Grandpappy the Pirate '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza ,", "49": "Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 18 , 2009 ( February 18 , 2009 ) 4.27 115b 15b `` Cephalopod Lodge '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 17 , 2009 ( February 17 , 2009 ) 4.67 116a 16a `` Squid 's Visit '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 4 , 2009 ( June 4 , 2009 ) N / A 116b 16b `` To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 17 , 2009 ( July 17 , 2009 ) N / A 117a 17a `` Shuffleboarding '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 16 , 2009 ( February 16 , 2009 ) 4.51 117b 17b `` Professor Squidward '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Dave Cunningham ,", "50": "Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2009 ( February 19 , 2009 ) 4.47 118a 18a `` Pet or Pests '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 18 , 2009 ( March 18 , 2009 ) 4.21 118b 18b `` Komputer Overload '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 19 , 2009 ( March 19 , 2009 ) 4.00 119a 19a `` Gullible Pants '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Dave Cunningham , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 5 , 2009 ( June 5 , 2009 ) N / A 119b 19b `` Overbooked '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexender , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Dave Cunningham , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 5.17 120a 20a `` No Hat for Pat '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Chuck Klein , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova ,", "51": "& Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 5.09 120b 20b `` Toy Store of Doom '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Chuck Klein , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 17 , 2009 ( March 17 , 2009 ) N / A 121a 21a `` Sand Castles in the Sand '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Chuck Klein , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 16 , 2009 ( March 16 , 2009 ) N / A 121b 21b `` Shell Shocked '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Chuck Klein , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 1 , 2009 ( June 1 , 2009 ) N / A 122a 22a `` Chum Bucket Supreme '' Tom Yasumi Sean Charmatz and Dani Michaeli Sean Charmatz ( director ) Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , Marcelo Souza , Dave Cunningham , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 4.68 122b 22b `` Single Cell Anniversary '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , Marcelo Souza , Dave Cunningham , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova ,", "52": "& Brad Vandergrift June 3 , 2009 ( June 3 , 2009 ) N / A 123 124 23 24 `` Truth or Square '' `` Stuck in the Freezer '' Andrew Overtoom , Alan Smart , and Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , Steven Banks , and Paul Tibbitt Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 6 , 2009 ( November 6 , 2009 ) 7.70 125a 25a `` Pineapple Fever '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , Chuck Klein , Ian Graham , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 2 , 2009 ( June 2 , 2009 ) N / A 125b 25b `` Chum Caverns '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Chuck Klein , Ian Graham , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Mascarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 18 , 2009 ( July 18 , 2009 ) 4.67 126 26 `` The Clash of Triton '' Andrew Overtoom and Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Aaron Springer , Steven Banks , and Paul Tibbitt Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , & Aaron Springer ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 5 , 2010 ( July 5 , 2010 ) 5.", "53": "18 Season 7 ( 2009 -- 11 ) Main article : SpongeBob SquarePants ( season 7 ) The seventh season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes ( 50 segments ) , which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order . No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 127a 1a `` Tentacle - Vision '' `` Squid TV '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 4.95 127b 1b `` I ♥ Dancing '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr.", "54": "Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 4.95 128a 2a `` Growth Spout '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 5.17 128b 2b `` Stuck in the Wringer '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas , Sean Charmatz , and Derek Iversen Zeus Cervas and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 5.17 129a 3a `` Someone 's in the Kitchen with Sandy '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 5.37 129b 3b `` The Inside Job '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr.", "55": "Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 5.37 130a 4a `` Greasy Buffoons '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift November 27 , 2009 ( November 27 , 2009 ) 5.51 130b 4b `` Model Sponge '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr.", "56": "Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift November 27 , 2009 ( November 27 , 2009 ) 5.51 131a 5a `` Keep Bikini Bottom Beautiful '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift January 2 , 2010 ( January 2 , 2010 ) N / A 131b 5b `` A Pal for Gary '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift January 2 , 2010 ( January 2 , 2010 ) N / A 132a 6a `` Yours , Mine and Mine '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift September 11 , 2010 ( September 11 , 2010 ) 4.53 132b 6b `` Kracked Krabs '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) SSean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift September 11 , 2010 ( September 11 , 2010 ) 4.53 133a 7a `` The Curse of Bikini Bottom '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr.", "57": "Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift October 24 , 2009 ( October 24 , 2009 ) 4.95 133b 7b `` Squidward in Clarinetland '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift March 24 , 2010 ( March 24 , 2010 ) N / A 134 8 `` SpongeBob 's Last Stand '' Andrew Overtoom and Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer , Steven Banks , and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift April 22 , 2010 ( April 22 , 2010 ) 4.76 135a 9a `` Back to the Past '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz and Janice Tolentino February 15 , 2010 ( February 15 , 2010 ) 4.39 135b 9b `` The Bad Guy Club for Villains '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz & Janice Tolentino February 15 , 2010 ( February 15 , 2010 ) 4.39 136a 10a `` A Day Without Tears '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Steven Banks Aaron Springer ( director ) Janice Tolentino , Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina March 22 , 2010 ( March 22 , 2010 ) 3.", "58": "95 136b 10b `` Summer Job '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Janice Tolentino , Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina March 23 , 2010 ( March 23 , 2010 ) N / A 137a 11a `` One Coarse Meal '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina March 25 , 2010 ( March 25 , 2010 ) 4.19 137b 11b `` Gary in Love '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina February 6 , 2010 ( February 6 , 2010 ) 5.52 138a 12a `` The Play 's the Thing '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Janice Tolentino March 26 , 2010 ( March 26 , 2010 ) N / A 138b 12b `` Rodeo Daze '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Janice Tolentino February 6 , 2010 ( February 6 , 2010 ) 5.52 139a 13a `` Gramma 's Secret Recipe '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Janice Tolentino and Ted Seko July 6 , 2010 ( July 6 , 2010 ) 3.80 139b 13b `` The Cent of Money '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas ,", "59": "and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Janice Tolentino and Ted Seko July 7 , 2010 ( July 7 , 2010 ) N / A 140a 14a `` The Monster Who Came to Bikini Bottom '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Dave Cunningham , Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , and Janice Tolentino January 28 , 2011 ( January 28 , 2011 ) 6.05 140b 14b `` Welcome to the Bikini Bottom Triangle '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , and Janice Tolentino January 28 , 2011 ( January 28 , 2011 ) 6.05 141a 15a `` The Curse of the Hex '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina June 11 , 2011 ( June 11 , 2011 ) 4.52 141b 15b `` The Main Drain '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina January 28 , 2011 ( January 28 , 2011 ) 6.00 142a 16a `` Trenchbillies '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina January 29 , 2011 ( January 29 , 2011 ) 6.55 142b 16b `` Sponge - Cano ! ''", "60": "Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina January 28 , 2011 ( January 28 , 2011 ) 6.00 143 17 `` The Great Patty Caper '' `` Mystery with a Twistery '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Steven Banks , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift November 11 , 2010 ( November 11 , 2010 ) 6.10 144a 18a `` That Sinking Feeling '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Dave Cunningham and Janice Tolentino July 8 , 2010 ( July 8 , 2010 ) N / A 144b 18b `` Karate Star '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham and Janice Tolentino July 9 , 2010 ( July 9 , 2010 ) N / A 145a 19a `` Buried in Time '' Andrew Overtoom Nate Cash , Sean Charmatz , and Mr. Lawrence Nate Cash and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Janice Tolentino September 18 , 2010 ( September 18 , 2010 ) 4.74 145b 19b `` Enchanted Tiki Dreams '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer , Sean Charmatz , and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Janice Tolentino June 19 , 2010 ( June 19 , 2010 ) 3.72 146a 20a `` The Abrasive Side '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr.", "61": "Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Monica Tamova , Dave Cunningham , and Marcelo Souza November 27 , 2010 ( November 27 , 2010 ) 4.54 146b 20b `` Earworm '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Monica Tamova , Dave Cunningham , and Marcelo Souza November 27 , 2010 ( November 27 , 2010 ) 4.54 147a 21a `` Hide and Then What Happens ? '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Maureen Mascarina , Dave Cunningham , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , and Marcelo Souza August 9 , 2010 ( August 9 , 2010 ) 4.38 147b 21b `` Shellback Shenanigans '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Maureen Mascarina , Dave Cunningham , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , and Marcelo Souza September 18 , 2010 ( September 18 , 2010 ) 4.74 148a 22a `` The Masterpiece '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tomova , and Brad Vandergrift October 2 , 2010 ( October 2 , 2010 ) 3.99 148b 22b `` Whelk Attack '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tomova , and Brad Vandergrift October 2 , 2010 ( October 2 , 2010 ) 3.", "62": "99 149a 23a `` You Do n't Know Sponge '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Maureen Mascarina , Dave Cunningham , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , and Marcelo Souza August 9 , 2010 ( August 9 , 2010 ) 4.38 149b 23b `` Tunnel of Glove '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Maureen Mascarina , Dave Cunningham , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , and Marcelo Souza February 12 , 2011 ( February 12 , 2011 ) 5.01 150a 24a `` Krusty Dogs '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Ted Seko October 9 , 2010 ( October 9 , 2010 ) 4.58 150b 24b `` The Wreck of the Mauna Loa '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Ted Seko October 9 , 2010 ( October 9 , 2010 ) 4.58 151a 25a `` New Fish in Town '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Maureen Mascarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , and Marcelo Souza January 15 , 2011 ( January 15 , 2011 ) 4.71 151b 25b `` Love That Squid '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Sean Charmatz , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Maureen Mascarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , and Marcelo Souza February 12 , 2011 ( February 12 , 2011 ) 5.01 152a 26a `` Big Sister Sam '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas ,", "63": "and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , and Janice Tolentino January 15 , 2011 ( January 15 , 2011 ) 4.71 152b 26b `` Perfect Chemistry '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , and Janice Tolentino February 26 , 2011 ( February 26 , 2011 ) 4.80 Season 8 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Main article : SpongeBob SquarePants ( season 8 ) The eighth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes ( 47 segments ) , which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order . No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 153a 1a `` Accidents Will Happen '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham July 18 , 2011 ( July 18 , 2011 ) N / A 153b 1b `` The Other Patty '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr.", "64": "Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham June 25 , 2011 ( June 25 , 2011 ) 3.82 154a 2a `` Drive Thru '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer & Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham July 19 , 2011 ( July 19 , 2011 ) N / A 154b 2b `` The Hot Shot '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham June 18 , 2011 ( June 18 , 2011 ) N / A 155a 3a `` A Friendly Game '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham March 26 , 2011 ( March 26 , 2011 ) 4.55 155b 3b `` Sentimental Sponge '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr.", "65": "Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 2 , 2011 ( April 2 , 2011 ) N / A 156 `` Frozen Face - Off '' Andrew Overtoom and Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Derek Iversen , Dani Michaeli , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham July 15 , 2011 ( July 15 , 2011 ) 5.76 157a 5a `` Squidward 's School for Grown Ups '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer , Sean Charmatz , and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tomova , & Brad Vandergrift June 4 , 2011 ( June 4 , 2011 ) 5.02 157b 5b `` Oral Report '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tomova , & Brad Vandergrift March 26 , 2011 ( March 26 , 2011 ) 4.55 158a 6a `` Sweet and Sour Squid '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Mr.", "66": "Lawrence Aaron Springer ( director ) July 20 , 2011 ( July 20 , 2011 ) N / A 158b 6b `` The Googly Artiste '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) July 21 , 2011 ( July 21 , 2011 ) N / A 159 7 `` A SquarePants Family Vacation '' Andrew Overtoom and Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer , Sean Charmatz , and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) November 11 , 2011 ( November 11 , 2011 ) 3.57 160a 8a `` Patrick 's Staycation '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , Sean Charmatz , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) November 8 , 2011 ( November 8 , 2011 ) N / A 160b 8b `` Walking the Plankton '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) November 7 , 2011 ( November 7 , 2011 ) N / A 161a 9a `` Mooncation '' Alan Smart Sean Charmatz , Vincent Waller , Steven Banks Sean Charmatz and Vincent Waller ( directors ) November 10 , 2011 ( November 10 , 2011 ) N / A 161b 9b `` Mr. Krabs Takes a Vacation '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , Sean Charmatz , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) November 9 , 2011 ( November 9 , 2011 ) N / A 162 10 `` Ghoul Fools '' Andrew Overtoom and Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli ,", "67": "and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Carson Kugler October 21 , 2011 ( October 21 , 2011 ) 3.91 163a 11a `` Mermaid Man Begins '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Sean Charmatz , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Carson Kugler September 23 , 2011 ( September 23 , 2011 ) 2.65 163b 11b `` Plankton 's Good Eye '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Marc Cecarrelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Carson Kugler September 23 , 2011 ( September 23 , 2011 ) 2.65 164a 12a `` Barnacle Face '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer , Andrew Goodman , Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Carson Kugler September 16 , 2011 ( September 16 , 2011 ) 4.39 164b 12b `` Pet Sitter Pat '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Carson Kugler September 16 , 2011 ( September 16 , 2011 ) 4.39 165a 13a `` House Sittin ' for Sandy '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer , Sean Charmatz ,", "68": "and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Carson Kugler September 30 , 2011 ( September 30 , 2011 ) 3.33 165b 13b `` Smoothe Jazz at Bikini Bottom '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Carson Kugler September 30 , 2011 ( September 30 , 2011 ) 3.33 166a 14a `` Bubble Troubles '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham November 25 , 2011 ( November 25 , 2011 ) 3.27 166b 14b `` The Way of the Sponge '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Derek Iversen , and Andrew Goodman Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham November 25 , 2011 ( November 25 , 2011 ) 3.27 167a 15a `` The Krabby Patty That Ate Bikini Bottom '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham November 25 , 2011 ( November 25 , 2011 ) 3.27 167b 15b `` Bubble Buddy Returns '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier ,", "69": "Marc Ceccarelli , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham November 25 , 2011 ( November 25 , 2011 ) 3.27 168a 16a `` Restraining SpongeBob '' Tom Yasumi Sean Charmatz , Vincent Waller , and Paul Tibbitt Sean Charmatz and Vincent Waller ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 2 , 2012 ( April 2 , 2012 ) N / A 168b 16b `` Fiasco ! '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 5 , 2012 ( April 5 , 2012 ) N / A 169a 17a `` Are You Happy Now ? '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham March 31 , 2012 ( March 31 , 2012 ) 4.12 169b 17b `` Planet of the Jellyfish '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Mr.", "70": "Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham March 31 , 2012 ( March 31 , 2012 ) 4.12 170a 18a `` Free Samples '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 6 , 2012 ( April 6 , 2012 ) N / A 170b 18b `` Home Sweet Rubble '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 4 , 2012 ( April 4 , 2012 ) N / A 171a 19a `` Karen 2.0 '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 13 , 2012 ( April 13 , 2012 ) 2.25 171b 19b `` InSPONGEiac '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 9 , 2012 ( April 9 , 2012 ) 2.01 172a 20a `` Face Freeze ! '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr.", "71": "Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , & Dave Cunningham July 21 , 2012 ( July 21 , 2012 ) 3.65 172b 20b `` Glove World R.I.P. '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , & Dave Cunningham April 3 , 2012 ( April 3 , 2012 ) 2.70 173a 21a `` Squiditis '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 11 , 2012 ( April 11 , 2012 ) N / A 173b 21b `` Demolition Doofus '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham July 21 , 2012 ( July 21 , 2012 ) 3.65 174a 22a `` Treats ! ''", "72": "Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 10 , 2012 ( April 10 , 2012 ) N / A 174b 22b `` For Here or to Go '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 12 , 2012 ( April 12 , 2012 ) 2.51 175 23 `` It 's a SpongeBob Christmas ! '' Mark Caballero and Seamus Walsh Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , Derek Iversen , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Dave Cunningham November 23 , 2012 ( CBS ) December 6 , 2012 ( Nickelodeon ) ( November 23 , 2012 ( CBS ) December 6 , 2012 ( Nickelodeon ) ) 3.61 / 4.61 176a 24a `` Super Evil Aquatic Villain Team Up is Go ! ''", "73": "Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Dave Cunningham October 14 , 2012 ( October 14 , 2012 ) 2.28 176b 24b `` Chum Fricassee '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham October 21 , 2012 ( October 21 , 2012 ) 2.30 177a 25a `` The Good Krabby Name '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham September 3 , 2012 ( September 3 , 2012 ) 3.36 177b 25b `` Move It or Lose It '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham October 21 , 2012 ( October 21 , 2012 ) 2.30 178 26 `` Hello Bikini Bottom ! '' Alan Smart , Andrew Overtoom , and Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer , Sean Charmatz , and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) October 8 , 2012 ( October 8 , 2012 ) 2.76 Season 9 ( 2012 -- 17 ) Main article : SpongeBob SquarePants ( season 9 ) The ninth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes ( 49 segments ) , which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order . No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Storyboard supervisors Original air date U.S.", "74": "viewers ( millions ) 179a 1a `` Extreme Spots '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier & Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Clint Bond July 21 , 2012 ( July 21 , 2012 ) 3.70 179b 1b `` Squirrel Record '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier & Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Clint Bond July 21 , 2012 ( July 21 , 2012 ) 3.70 180a 2a `` Patrick - Man ! '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond October 27 , 2012 ( October 27 , 2012 ) 4.10 180b 2b `` Gary 's New Toy '' Tom Yasumi Marc Ceccarelli and Derek Iversen Marc Ceccarelli ( director ) Clint Bond October 14 , 2012 ( October 14 , 2012 ) 2.36 181a 3a `` License to Milkshake '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond September 7 , 2012 ( September 7 , 2012 ) 3.13 181b 3b `` Squid Baby '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr.", "75": "Lawrence Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond September 3 , 2012 ( September 3 , 2012 ) 3.36 182a 4a `` Little Yellow Book '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier & Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Clint Bond March 2 , 2013 ( March 2 , 2013 ) 4.73 182b 4b `` Bumper to Bumper '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond November 17 , 2012 ( November 17 , 2012 ) 4.01 183a 5a `` Eek , an Urchin ! '' Alan Smart Marc Ceccarelli , Luke Brookshier , and Mr. Lawrence Marc Ceccarelli & Luke Brookshier ( directors ) Clint Bond October 27 , 2012 ( October 27 , 2012 ) 4.10 183b 5b `` Squid Defense '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Blake Lemons , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas & Blake Lemons ( directors ) Clint Bond January 1 , 2013 ( January 1 , 2013 ) 3.70 184a 6a `` Jailbreak ! '' Alan Smart Marc Ceccarelli , Luke Brookshier , and Mr.", "76": "Lawrence Marc Ceccarelli & Luke Brookshier ( directors ) Clint Bond March 16 , 2013 ( March 16 , 2013 ) 3.81 184b 6b `` Evil Spatula '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Blake Lemons , and Andrew Goodman Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas & Blake Lemons ( directors ) Clint Bond March 9 , 2013 ( March 9 , 2013 ) 4.04 185 7 `` It Came from Goo Lagoon '' `` SpongeBob vs. the Goo '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Marc Ceccarelli , Luke Brookshier , Derek Iversen , and Mr. Lawrence Marc Ceccarelli & Luke Brookshier ( directors ) Clint Bond February 17 , 2014 ( February 17 , 2014 ) 4.04 186a 8a `` Safe Deposit Krabs '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Blake Lemons , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas & Blake Lemons ( directors ) Clint Bond May 25 , 2013 ( May 25 , 2013 ) 4.18 186b 8b `` Plankton 's Pet '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Marc Ceccarelli , Luke Brookshier , and Mr. Lawrence Marc Ceccarelli & Luke Brookshier ( directors ) Clint Bond January 19 , 2013 ( January 19 , 2013 ) 4.37 187a 9a `` Do n't Look Now '' Tom Yasumi Marc Ceccarelli , Luke Brookshier , and Mr. Lawrence Marc Ceccarelli & Luke Brookshier ( directors ) Clint Bond October 14 , 2013 ( October 14 , 2013 ) 3.42 187b 9b `` Séance Shméance '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr.", "77": "Lawrence Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond October 14 , 2013 ( October 14 , 2013 ) 3.42 188a 10a `` Kenny the Cat '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Blake Lemons , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas & Blake Lemons ( directors ) Clint Bond March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) 4.33 188b 10b `` Yeti Krabs '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 2.25 189 11 `` SpongeBob You 're Fired '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Marc Ceccarelli , Luke Brookshier , and Mr.", "78": "Lawrence Marc Ceccarelli & Luke Brookshier ( directors ) Clint Bond November 11 , 2013 ( November 11 , 2013 ) 5.19 190a 12a `` Lost in Bikini Bottom '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Jack Pendarvis Bob Camp Sherm Cohen July 16 , 2015 ( July 16 , 2015 ) 3.20 190b 12b `` Tutor Sauce '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Jack Pendarvis Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen July 16 , 2015 ( July 16 , 2015 ) 3.20 191a 13a `` Squid Plus One '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch and Jack Pendarvis Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen and Dave Cunningham September 7 , 2015 ( September 7 , 2015 ) 1.98 191b 13b `` The Executive Treatment '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Jack Pendarvis Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen and Dave Cunningham September 7 , 2015 ( September 7 , 2015 ) 1.98 192a 14a `` Company Picnic '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch and Jack Pendarvis Lynne Naylor Sherm Cohen September 25 , 2015 ( September 25 , 2015 ) 1.61 192b 14b `` Pull Up a Barrel '' `` The Navy Days '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Jack Pendarvis Bob Camp Sherm Cohen September 18 , 2015 ( September 18 , 2015 ) 2.09 193a 15a `` Sanctuary ! '' `` One Snail Sponge '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen and Dave Cunningham October 16 , 2015 ( October 16 , 2015 ) 1.28 193b 15b `` What 's Eating Patrick ? ''", "79": "Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch and Jack Pendarvis Joe Wierenga Sherm Cohen October 2 , 2015 ( October 2 , 2015 ) 1.77 194a 16a `` Patrick ! The Game '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen and Dave Cunningham November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 2.05 194b 16b `` The Sewers of Bikini Bottom '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kaz Derek Iversen and Mr.", "80": "Lawrence ( story , uncredited ) Lynne Naylor Dave Cunningham November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 2.05 195a 17a `` SpongeBob LongPants '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kaz Lynne Naylor Dave Cunningham February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 2.93 195b 17b `` Larry 's Gym '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Jack Pendarvis Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen and Dave Cunningham February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 2.93 196a 18a `` The Fish Bowl '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch and Jack Pendarvis John Trabbic Dave Cunningham May 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 02 ) 1.96 196b 18b `` Married to Money '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Josh Androsky and Daniel Dominguez Lynne Naylor Sherm Cohen May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 1.76 197a 19a `` Mall Girl Pearl '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Clare O'Kane John Trabbic Sherm Cohen March 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 12 ) 3.11 197b 19b `` Two Thumbs Down '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch Fred Osmond Dave Cunningham March 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 12 ) 3.11 198a 20a `` Sharks vs.", "81": "Pods '' Tom Yasumi Solomon Georgio Shellie O'Brien Sherm Cohen May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 1.81 198b 20b `` CopyBob DittoPants '' Alan Smart Kaz Howie Perry Dave Cunningham May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 1.71 199a 21a `` Sold ! '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch and Kaz Shellie O'Brien Dave Cunningham May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) 1.80 199b 21b `` Lame and Fortune '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Mr. Lawrence Chong Lee Sherm Cohen July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 1.96 200 22 `` Goodbye , Krabby Patty ? '' `` Factory Fresh '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen and Dave Cunningham February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 2.67 201a 23a `` Sandy 's Nutmare '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Sherm Cohen July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 2.00 201b 23b `` Bulletin Board '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Jack Pendarvis Ed Baker Dave Cunningham October 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) 2.11 202a 24a `` Food Con Castaways '' Alan Smart Josh Androsky and Daniel Dominguez Chris Allison and Ryan Kramer Sherm Cohen July 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) 2.02 202b 24b `` Snail Mail '' Tom Yasumi Clare O'Kane Chong Lee Dave Cunningham October 22 ,", "82": "2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) 1.67 203a 25a `` Pineapple Invasion '' Alan Smart Kaz Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen July 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) 2.24 203b 25b `` Salsa Imbecilicus '' Tom Yasumi Kaz Brian Morante Dave Cunningham July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) 1.83 204a 26a `` Mutiny on the Krusty '' Tom Yasumi Kaz Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen October 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 08 ) 1.93 204b 26b `` The Whole Tooth '' `` The Tooth , the Whole Tooth , and Nothing But the Tooth '' Alan Smart Kyle McCulloch John Trabbic Dave Cunningham December 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 03 ) 2.12 The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) Main article : The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water Title Directed by Written by Release date ( U.S. ) Release date ( international ) The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water Paul Tibbitt Story by : Stephen Hillenburg and Paul Tibbitt Screenplay by : Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger February 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) January 28 , 2015 Season 10 ( 2016 -- 17 ) Main article : SpongeBob SquarePants ( season 10 ) The tenth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 11 episodes ( 22 segments ) , which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order . It is the shortest season , lacking the usual 26 episode length . Vincent Waller said this is due to accounting and contractual issues . No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Supervising director Original air date U.S.", "83": "viewers ( millions ) 205a 1a `` Whirly Brains '' Bob Jaques Mr. Lawrence Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen October 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 15 ) 1.77 205b 1b `` Mermaid Pants '' Alan Smart Kaz John Trabbic Dave Cunningham October 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 29 ) 2.17 206a 2a `` Unreal Estate '' Tom Yasumi Ben Gruber Brian Morante Adam Paloian June 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) 1.69 206b 2b `` Code Yellow '' Tom Yasumi Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Dave Cunningham June 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) 1.69 207a 3a `` Mimic Madness '' Bob Jaques Mr.", "84": "Lawrence Brian Morante Adam Paloian February 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 25 ) 2.12 207b 3b `` House Worming '' Alan Smart Richard Pursel Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen February 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 25 ) 2.12 208a 4a `` Snooze You Lose '' Alan Smart Kaz Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen March 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 04 ) 2.12 208b 4b `` Krusty Katering '' Tom Yasumi Ben Gruber John Trabbic Dave Cunningham March 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 04 ) 2.12 209a 5a `` SpongeBob 's Place '' Tom Yasumi Kaz Kelly Armstrong Adam Paloian March 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 11 ) 2.27 209b 5b `` Plankton Gets the Boot '' Tom Yasumi Ben Gruber Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen March 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 11 ) 2.27 210a 6a `` Life Insurance '' Bob Jaques Kaz Brian Morante Adam Paloian March 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 18 ) 2.13 210b 6b `` Burst Your Bubble '' Alan Smart Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Dave Cunningham March 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 18 ) 2.13 211a 7a `` Plankton Retires '' Bob Jaques Mr.", "85": "Lawrence Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen March 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 25 ) 2.07 211b 7b `` Trident Trouble '' Tom Yasumi Ben Gruber John Trabbic Dave Cunningham March 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 25 ) 2.07 212a 8a `` The Incredible Shrinking Sponge '' Alan Smart Mr. Lawrence Brian Morante Adam Paloian December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 1.83 212b 8b `` Sportz ? '' Bob Jaques Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Dave Cunningham July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 1.99 213a 9a `` The Getaway '' Alan Smart Kaz Brian Morante Adam Paloian June 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) 1.66 213b 9b `` Lost and Found '' Tom Yasumi Dani Michaeli Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen June 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) 1.66 214a 10a `` Patrick 's Coupon '' Tom Yasumi Kaz Kelly Armstrong Dave Cunningham June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) 1.77 214b 10b `` Out of the Picture '' Alan Smart Ben Gruber Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) 1.77 215a 11a `` Feral Friends '' Alan Smart Mr. Lawrence Brian Morante Dave Cunningham October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 1.81 215b 11b `` Do n't Wake Patrick '' Tom Yasumi Brian Morante and Mr.", "86": "Lawrence Brian Morante Adam Paloian October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 1.81 Season 11 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Main article : SpongeBob SquarePants ( season 11 ) The eleventh season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes ( 14 have aired , 28 segments ) . No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Supervising director Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 216a 1a `` Cave Dwelling Sponge '' Alan Smart Mr.", "87": "Lawrence Brian Morante Dave Cunningham September 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 23 ) 1.92 216b 1b `` The Clam Whisperer '' Bob Jaques Ben Gruber John Trabbic Adam Paloian September 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 23 ) 1.92 217a 2a `` Spot Returns '' Tom Yasumi Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Sherm Cohen June 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) 1.96 217b 2b `` The Check - Up '' Tom Yasumi Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Sherm Cohen June 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) 1.96 218a 3a `` Spin the Bottle '' Bob Jaques Kaz Fred Osmond Adam Paloian July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 1.99 218b 3b `` There 's a Sponge in My Soup '' Tom Yasumi Kaz Kelly Armstrong Dave Cunningham November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 1.46 219a 4a `` Man Ray Returns '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kaz John Trabbic Adam Paloian September 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) 2.07 219b 4b `` Larry the Floor Manager '' Bob Jaques Ben Gruber Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen September 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) 2.07 220 5 `` The Legend of Boo - Kini Bottom '' Mark Caballero and Seamus Walsh Tom Yasumi ( timing ) Mr.", "88": "Lawrence Brian Morante and Sally Cruikshank Adam Paloian October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 2.21 221a 6a `` No Pictures Please '' Tom Yasumi Mr. Lawrence Fred Osmond Dave Cunningham November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 1.84 221b 6b `` Stuck on the Roof '' Bob Jaques Andrew Goodman Kelly Armstrong Sherm Cohen November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 1.84 222a 7a `` Krabby Patty Creature Feature '' Alan Smart Chris Allison , Ryan Kramer and Kaz Chris Allison and Ryan Kramer Adam Paloian October 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 1.99 222b 7b `` Teacher 's Pests '' Tom Yasumi Ben Gruber John Trabbic Dave Cunningham October 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 1.99 223a 8a `` Sanitation Insanity '' Alan Smart Ben Gruber Brian Morante Sherm Cohen May 21 , 2018 TBD 223b 8b `` Bunny Hunt '' Bob Jaques Mr.", "89": "Lawrence Fred Osmond Adam Paloian March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 1.44 224a 9a `` Squid Noir '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Dave Cunningham November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 1.86 224b 9b `` Scavenger Pants '' Bob Jaques Luke Brookshier Brian Morante Sherm Cohen November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.65 225a 10a `` Cuddle E. Hugs '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Ben Gruber Kelly Armstrong Adam Paloian November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 1.65 225b 10b `` Pat the Horse '' Bob Jaques Kaz Fred Osmond Dave Cunningham December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 1.83 226a 11a `` Chatterbox Gary '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier John Trabbic Sherm Cohen February 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 12 ) 1.70 226b 11b `` Do n't Feed the Clowns '' Alan Smart Mr.", "90": "Lawrence Brian Morante Adam Paloian February 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 12 ) 1.70 227a 12a `` Drive Happy '' Alan Smart Kaz Brian Morante Adam Paloian February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 1.63 227b 12b `` Old Man Patrick '' Bob Jaques Kaz Fred Osmond Dave Cunningham February 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 1.63 228a 13a `` Fun - Sized Friends '' Tom Yasumi Andrew Goodman Kelly Armstrong Dave Cunningham February 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) 1.97 228b 13b `` Grandmum 's the Word '' Tom Yasumi Mr. Lawrence John Trabbic Sherm Cohen February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) 1.45 229a 14a `` Doodle Dimension '' Bob Jaques Luke Brookshier John Trabbic Sherm Cohen March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 1.30 229b 14b `` Moving Bubble Bass '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Mr. Lawrence Fred Osmond Adam Paloian March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 1.35 230a 15a `` High Sea Diving '' Bob Jaques Kaz Brian Morante Dave Cunningham April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 1.21 230b 15b `` Bottle Burglars '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier John Trabbic Sherm Cohen April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 1.23 231a 16a `` My Leg ! '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Mr.", "91": "Lawrence Fred Osmond Adam Paloian TBA TBD 231b 16b `` Ink Lemonade '' Bob Jaques Kaz Kelly Armstrong Dave Cunningham TBA TBD 232a 17a `` Shopping List '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kaz Zeus Cervas Sherm Cohen TBA TBD 232b 17b `` Mustard O'Mine '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kaz Brian Morante Adam Paloian TBA TBD 233a 18a `` Whale Watching '' Bob Jaques Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Dave Cunningham TBA TBD 233b 18b `` The Krusty Cleaners '' Alan Smart Kaz Brian Morante Sherm Cohen TBA TBD 234a 19a `` Patnocchio '' Tom Yasumi Mr.", "92": "Lawrence Fred Osmond Adam Paloian TBA TBD 234b 19b `` ChefBob '' Bob Jaques Kaz Kelly Armstrong Dave Cunningham TBA TBD 235a 20a `` Library Cards '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 235b 20b `` Plankton Paranoia '' TBA TBA TBA Adam Paloian TBA TBD 236a 21a `` Surf n ' Turf '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 236b 21b `` Call the Cops '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 237 22 `` Goons on the Moon '' TBA Kaz TBA TBA TBA TBD 238a 23a `` Appointment TV '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 238b 23b `` Karen 's Virus '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 239a 24a `` The Night Patty '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 239b 24b `` The Grill is Gone '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 240a 25a `` It 's Bubbletown '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 240b 25b `` Girls Night Out '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 241a 26a `` Squirrel Jelly '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 241b 26b `` The String '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD The SpongeBob Movie ( 2020 ) On April 30 , 2015 , Viacom announced a third movie was in development .", "93": "On August 3 , 2015 , via Twitter , Vincent Waller confirmed that the sequel is in pre-production and that Paul Tibbitt will once again direct . On November 11 , 2015 , Waller confirmed via Twitter that the film will be mostly traditionally animated with CGI / live - action sequences . Screenwriters Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger said in a January 2016 interview that they are working on the third SpongeBob movie . The film will be released on July 31 , 2020 to coincide with the 21st anniversary of SpongeBob SquarePants . Notes ^ Jump up to : Information is taken from the opening credits of each episode . Jump up ^ Initial airings , Tales from the Deep DVD and Deep Sea Sillies VHS versions . Jump up ^ Later reruns , The Complete 1st Season DVD , The First 100 Episodes DVD , and 10 Happiest Moments DVD versions . Jump up ^ This episode was first released on the Sea Stories VHS / DVD on November 5 , 2002 . Jump up ^ This episode was first released on the Nautical Nonsense and Sponge Buddies DVD on March 12 , 2002 . Jump up ^ This episode was first released on the Nautical Nonsense and Sponge Buddies DVD on March 12 , 2002 . Jump up ^ This episode was first released on the Tales from the Deep DVD on January 28 , 2003 . Jump up ^ This episode was first released on the Tales from the Deep DVD on January 28 , 2003 . Jump up ^ This episode was first released on the Lost at Sea DVD on March 4 , 2003 . Jump up ^ This episode was first released on The Seascape Capers DVD on January 6 , 2004 . Jump up ^ This episode was first released on The Seascape Capers DVD on January 6 , 2004 . Jump up ^ This episode was first released on the SpongeBob 's WhoBob WhatPants ? DVD on October 14 , 2008 . On TV , this episode was first aired in Germany on November 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The storyboard supervisor credit is replaced by `` supervising director '' starting with `` Mall Girl Pearl '' . Jump up ^ Adam Paloian does not use the supervising director title in his episodes .", "94": "Instead , he uses the title `` storyboard supervisor '' up until episode 213a , where he is credited as a supervising director from then on . Jump up ^ So far , this is the only episode that has not used the animation director credit . Instead , Jaques is credited as a timing director . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on June 27 , 2013 in Greece . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on July 1 , 2013 in Greece . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on July 2 , 2013 in Greece . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on July 3 , 2013 in Greece . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on April 27 , 2016 in Poland . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on April 29 , 2016 in Germany and Poland . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on July 7 , 2016 in Israel . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on August 12 , 2016 in Canada . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on October 7 , 2016 in Canada . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on November 23 , 2016 in Israel . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on March 14 , 2017 in Israel and Turkey . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on July 4 , 2017 in Israel . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on August 27 , 2017 in Israel . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on September 27 , 2017 in Spain and Portugal . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on September 28 , 2017 in Spain and Portugal . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on March 21 , 2018 in Spain , Portugal , and Turkey . It was also released accidentally for digital download in the United States on April 21 , 2018 ahead of its television premiere . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on March 21 , 2018 in Spain , Portugal , and Turkey . References Jump up ^ Hillenburg , Stephen ( 2003 ) . The Origin of SpongeBob SquarePants . SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete First Season ( DVD ) . Paramount Home Entertainment .", "95": "Jump up ^ Banks 2004 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Gates , Anita ( July 11 , 1999 ) . `` Television / Radio ; The Tide Pool as Talent Pool ( It Had to Happen ) '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walsh - Boyle , Megan ( November 12 , 2007 ) . `` Grammy Winner David Bowie Lends His Voice to SpongeBob '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Taps Patrick Creadon and Christine O'Malley to Produce First - Ever SpongeBob ... '' Reuters . January 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zahed , Ramid ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` Soaking in Festivities '' . Animation . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Award wins include : Staff ( 2005 ) . `` 32nd Annual Annie Nominations and Awards Recipients '' . Annie Award . ASIFA - Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Staff ( 2006 ) . `` 33rd Annual Annie Nominations and Awards Recipients '' . Annie Award . ASIFA - Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Staff ( 2010 ) . `` 37th Annual Annie Nominations and Awards Recipients '' . Annie Award . ASIFA - Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Staff ( 2011 ) .", "96": "`` 38th Annual Annie Nominations '' . Annie Award . ASIFA - Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Staff ( 2013 ) . `` 40th Annual Annie Awards Winners '' . Annie Award . ASIFA - Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Award wins include : `` Motion Picture Sound Editors , USA '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . March 25 , 2000 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . -- via Internet Movie Database . `` Motion Picture Sound Editors , USA '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . March 24 , 2001 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . -- via Internet Movie Database . `` Motion Picture Sound Editors , USA '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . March 23 , 2002 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . -- via Internet Movie Database . `` Motion Picture Sound Editors , USA '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . March 22 , 2003 . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . -- via Internet Movie Database . `` Motion Picture Sound Editors , USA '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . February 28 , 2004 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . -- via Internet Movie Database . `` Best Sound Editing : SFX , Foley , Dialogue , ADR & Music for TV Animation '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2010 ) . `` Winners of the 37th Annual Daytime Entertainment Creative Arts Emmy ® Awards '' ( PDF ) . Emmy Award . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 .", "97": "Jump up ^ Award wins include : `` Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards Press Sire '' . Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards . Nickelodeon . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Press Site '' . Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards . Nickelodeon . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . `` 2005 Kids ' Choice Awards Winners '' . Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards . Nickelodeon . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . `` 2006 Kids ' Choice Awards Winners '' . Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards . Nickelodeon . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . `` 2007 KCA Winners Release '' . Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards . Nickelodeon . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . `` 2009 Winners Release '' . Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards . Nickelodeon . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . `` Releases '' . Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards . Nickelodeon . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . `` Johnny Depp , Justin Bieber , Selena Gomez , iCarly , The Black Eyed Peas , Miley Cyrus , Jennette McCurdy , SpongeBob SquarePants , Eddie Murphy , Despicable Me , Shaquille O'Neal and more win coveted Orange Blimps at Nickelodeon 's 2011 Kids ' Choice Awards '' . Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards . Nickelodeon. April 2 , 2011 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Swift , Andy ( March 31 , 2012 ) . `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2012 Winners -- See The Full List '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Derschowitz , Jessica ( March 23 , 2013 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2013 : List of winners '' . CBS News . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Couch , Aaron ; Washington , Arlene ( March 29 , 2014 ) .", "98": "`` Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards : The Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Award wins include : `` Children 's in 2007 '' . British Academy Children 's Awards . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . `` Children 's in 2012 '' . British Academy Children 's Awards . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants ( 1999 ) '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spongebob Squarepants -- Season 8 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spongebob Squarepants -- Season 8 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ @ VincentWaller72 ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` It is OFFICIAL ! ! ! SpongeBob Season 12 ! ! ! ! # SpongeBobSquarePants '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik . `` ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' Season 12 Set For 2019 On Nickelodeon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ @ vincentwaller72 ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` @ Saruban11 season 10 will be 13 1 / 2hours . Season 11 will be 26 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ General sources include : SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete 1st Season ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Home Entertainment / Nickelodeon . October 28 , 2003 . Online sources include : `` SpongeBob SquarePants . / The complete 1st season . Disc 1 '' . WorldCat. 2003 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . `` SpongeBob SquarePants . / The complete 1st season . Disc 2 '' .", "99": "WorldCat. 2003 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . `` SpongeBob SquarePants . / The complete 1st season . Disc 3 '' . WorldCat. 2003 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants , Season 1 '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DataBase , The Big Cartoon . `` SpongeBob SquarePants Episode Guide - Nicktoons Prods @ BCDB '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gates , Anita ( October 27 , 1997 ) . `` Television / Radio ; The Tide Pool as Talent Pool ( It Had to Happen ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` TV People Series : Home & Garden ; TV People '' . St. Petersburg Times . May 1 , 1999 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Linda ( June 7 , 1999 ) . `` Nick Debuts First - Run Show On Saturdays '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ The Tide and Seeker ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon 1999 Screen Bug ( Help Wanted and Reef Blower and Tea at The Treedome ) '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` Nicklodeon. ( rating of Nickelodeon 's cartoon SpongeBob SquarePants ) '' . Multichannel News . August 23 , 1999 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cable 's Top 25 People 's Choice '' . Broadcasting & Cable . August 16 , 1999 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cable 's Top 25 '' . Broadcasting & Cable .", "100": "August 30 , 1999 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cable 's Top 25 People 's Choice '' . Broadcasting & Cable . September 6 , 1999 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cable 's Top 25 '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cable 's Top 25 '' . Broadcasting & Cable . February 21 , 2000 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cable 's Top 25 People 's Choice '' . Broadcasting & Cable . March 27 , 2000 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hooky / Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy II '' . TV.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ General sources include : SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete 2nd Season ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Home Entertainment / Nickelodeon . October 19 , 2004 . Online sources include : `` SpongeBob SquarePants . / The complete 2nd season '' . WorldCat. 2004 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Bovberg , Jason ( October 11 , 2004 ) . `` SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete Second Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants , Season 2 '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DataBase , The Big Cartoon . `` SpongeBob SquarePants Episode Guide - Nicktoons Prods @ BCDB '' . Big Cartoon DataBase ( BCDB ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Search Results - Entertainment '' . www.msn.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 .", "101": "Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob Schwammkopf -- Episodenguide '' . Fernsehserien . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ General sources include : SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete 3rd Season ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Home Entertainment / Nickelodeon . September 27 , 2005 . Online sources include : `` SpongeBob SquarePants . / The complete 3rd season '' . WorldCat. 2005 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Pope , Bryan ( February 8 , 2006 ) . `` Spongebob Squarepants : The Complete Third Season '' . DVD Verdict . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants , Season 3 '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Big Cartoon DataBase ( May 20 , 1999 ) . `` SpongeBob SquarePants Episode Guide - Nicktoons Prods '' . Big Cartoon DataBase ( BCDB ) . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Great Snail Race Intro Credits . Youtube.com. April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ General sources include : SpongeBob SquarePants : Season 4 , Vol. 1 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Home Entertainment / Nickelodeon . September 12 , 2006 . SpongeBob SquarePants : Season 4 , Vol. 2 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Home Entertainment / Nickelodeon . January 9 , 2007 . Online sources include : `` SpongeBob SquarePants : season 4 , volume 1 '' . WorldCat. 2007 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . `` SpongeBob SquarePants : season 4 , volume 2 '' . WorldCat. 2007 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Mavis , Paul ( September 11 , 2006 ) .", "102": "`` SpongeBob SquarePants -- Season 4 , Vol. 1 '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Mavis , Paul ( December 30 , 2006 ) . `` SpongeBob SquarePants -- Season 4 , Vol. 2 '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants , Season 4 '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Other_Studios/N/Nickelodeon/Nicktoons_Productions/SpongeBob_SquarePants ^ Jump up to : `` Ratings : Top 20 Basic Cable Programs May 2 - 15 , 2005 Ranked by Household Delivery '' . CableWorld . June 6 , 2005 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Aurther , Kate ( November 16 , 2005 ) . `` Arts , Briefly ; Cowboys and Snail Score '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( November 16 , 2005 ) . `` CBS Cruises , but SpongeBob Sops Up Viewers '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 15 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants Ratings Transcend Time : ' Lost In Time ' Special # 1 on all TV for the Year with Kids Behind Only the Super Bowl ! '' . PR Newswire . February 23 , 2006 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( March 1 , 2006 ) . `` NBC 's Two Tales of Olympic Ratings '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ball , Ryan ( November 15 , 2006 ) . `` SpongeBob Ratings Give Nick `` Best Day Ever '' `` . Animation . Retrieved November 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob Gives Nick Best Ratings Day Ever '' . Zap2it .", "103": "November 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ General sources include : SpongeBob SquarePants : Season 5 , Vol. 1 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Home Entertainment / Nickelodeon . September 4 , 2007 . SpongeBob SquarePants : Season 5 , Vol. 2 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Home Entertainment / Nickelodeon . November 18 , 2008 . Online sources include : `` SpongeBob SquarePants . / Season 5 , volume 1 '' . WorldCat. 2007 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . `` SpongeBob Squarepants . Season 5 , volume 2 Disc 1 '' . WorldCat. 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . `` SpongeBob Squarepants . Season 5 , volume 2 Disc 2 '' . WorldCat. 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Mavis , Paul ( September 3 , 2007 ) . `` Spongebob Squarepants -- Season 5 , Vol. 1 '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Mavis , Paul ( November 5 , 2008 ) . `` Spongebob Squarepants -- Season 5 , Vol. 2 '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants , Season 5 '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Other_Studios/N/Nickelodeon/Nicktoons_Productions/SpongeBob_SquarePants/index.html Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hue4U7AtSRA Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Wizards On Deck w / Hannah Montana Sets Cable Top ; SpongeBob Cannot Be Stopped '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 .", "104": "Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 3 , 2007 ) . `` The Hills Tops Cable Timeshifted Shows , Nov 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants ' Pest Of The West ' Earns Basic Cable 's Total Viewer Top Spot for Week of April 7 '' . PR Newswire. April 15 , 2008 . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Joal ( August 5 , 2008 ) . `` Bikini Bottom Still Tops in Ratings '' . E !. Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( October 15 , 2008 ) . `` Monday 's SpongeBob draws 7.7 mil viewers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ General sources include : SpongeBob SquarePants : Season 6 , Vol. 1 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Home Entertainment / Nickelodeon . December 8 , 2009 . SpongeBob SquarePants : Season 6 , Vol. 2 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Home Entertainment / Nickelodeon . December 7 , 2010 . Online sources include : `` SpongeBob SquarePants . / Season 6 , vol. 1 '' . WorldCat. 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . `` SpongeBob Squarepants . Season 6 , volume 2 '' . WorldCat. 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Mavis , Paul ( December 7 , 2009 ) . `` SpongeBob SquarePants -- Season Six , Volume 1 '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Mavis , Paul ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` SpongeBob SquarePants -- Season Six , Volume 2 '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 .", "105": "Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants , Season 6 '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( June 10 , 2008 ) . `` NASCAR , Criminal Intent , WWE Anderson Cooper and Army Wives Lead Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( March 24 , 2008 ) . `` Top Time - Shifted Cable Shows , March 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( April 1 , 2008 ) . `` Most Watched Cable Shows - March 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` WWE RAW , The Closer and Monk lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` Nielsen Ratings Cable TV Top 20 : The Closer Crushes Competition ... Again '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob Rides Big One to Ratings Win '' . Animation Magazine . April 21 , 2009 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' SpongeBob vs. the Big One ' is Basic Cable 's Number - One Kids ' Telecast , Scores 5.8 '' . Reuters. April 21 , 2009 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 24 , 2009 ) .", "106": "`` WWE RAW , Hannah Montana and Northern Lights lead cable show rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Wizards On Deck w / Hannah Montana Sets Cable Top ; SpongeBob Cannot Be Stopped '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Wizards On Deck w / Hannah Montana Sets Cable Top ; SpongeBob Cannot Be Stopped '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's SpongeBob SquarePants `` Truth or Square '' Grabs 7.7 Million Viewers , Tops Basic Cable `` . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` SpongeBob `` The Clash Of The Triton '' Lands 5.2 Million Total Viewers `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Gorman , Bill ( July 7 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Pawn Stars Unstoppable ; Plus Real Housewives , Secret Life , Kourtney & Khloe & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ General sources include : SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete Seventh Season ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Home Entertainment / Nickelodeon . December 6 , 2011 . Online sources include : `` SpongeBob SquarePants . / The complete seventh season '' . WorldCat. 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jane , Ian ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Spongebob Squarepants : The Complete 7th Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . * Rode , Josh ( December 11 , 2011 ) .", "107": "`` SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete Seventh Season '' . DVD Verdict . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants , Season 7 '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Wizards On Deck w / Hannah Montana Sets Cable Top ; SpongeBob Cannot Be Stopped '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` Cable ratings : NFL & College Football , Monk and iCarly top weekly cable charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : VMAs , Boise State , The Closer & Rizzoli & Isles Top Week 's Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 27 , 2009 ) . `` Cable ratings : Football , Baseball Monk , White Collar , Jeff Dunham & Sons of Anarchy top weekly cable chart '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : NFL Draft , America The Story of US Top Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 23 , 2010 ) . `` Cable ratings : USA vs. Canada Hockey Tops Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 30 , 2010 ) .", "108": "`` Cable Top 25 : Kids ' Choice Awards , Victorious & Discovery 's Life Top Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 9 , 2010 ) . `` Cable ratings : WWE RAW , SpongeBob , Penguins of Madagascar and iCarly Top Weekly Cable Charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Top 25 : LeBron , Pawn Stars , Hannah Montana Forever , Deadliest Catch Top Week 's Viewership '' . zap2it.com . July 13 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Jersey Shore , Pawn Stars and SpongeBob Top Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' iCarly iParty , ' ' Pawn Stars , ' ' American Pickers ' Top Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants Ranks as Basic Cable 's Number - One Entertainment Telecast With Total Viewers for Week '' . The Futon Critic . November 16 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Seidman , Robert ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` SpongeBob Squarepants Ranks as Cable 's No. 1 Entertainment Program in Total Viewers , Takes Top Spots With Kids on All TV '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . `` Thursday 's Cable Ratings : NFL , NBA Spoil `` Burn Notice 's '' Return `` . The Futon Critic . November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 .", "109": "^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Monday Night Football , Fred Figglehorn , The Closer , Rizzoli & Isles & Covert Affairs Top Week 's Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 22 , 2010 ) . `` Cable TV Top 25 : Pawn Stars Tops Royal Pains , Burn Notice , RAW , Hot In Cleveland , True Blood '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : NFL , College Football , The Walking Dead , Victorious and WWE RAW Top Week 's Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( August 17 , 2010 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Rizzoli & Isles , The Closer , Burn Notice , Jersey Shore & Royal Pains Top Week 's Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Monday Night Football , Jersey Shore , Wizards of Waverly Place , Phineas and Ferb Top Week 's Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Jersey Shore and Pawn Stars Top Weekly Cable Viewing Yet Again '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Monday Night Football , New York Yankees , Jersey Shore , LSU - Florida & More Baseball Top Week 's Cable Viewing '' .", "110": "TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Rober ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : BCS Championship , Jersey Shore , The Game Top Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Jersey Shore , WWE Raw , NCIS . SpongeBob Top Weekly Cable Viewing + Knicks vs. Heat '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ General sources include : SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete Eighth Season ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Home Entertainment / Nickelodeon . March 12 , 2013 . Online sources include : `` SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete Eighth Season '' . Amazon.com . December 16 , 2011 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ By Nick and More on June 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Cable Ratings : June 20 -- 26 , 2011 -- Nickandmore ! '' . Nickandmore.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : By Nick and More on March 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Cable Ratings : March 21 -- 27 , 2011 -- Nickandmore ! '' . Nickandmore.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants `` Frozen Face Off '' Scores 5.8 Million Viewers , Takes Top Spot for the Week With Kids `` . The Futon Critic . July 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ By Nick and More on June 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 07 ) .", "111": "`` Cable Ratings : May 30 -- June 5 , 2011 -- Nickandmore ! '' . Nickandmore.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ By Nick and More on December 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Cable Ratings : November 7 -- 13 , 2011 -- Nickandmore ! '' . Nickandmore.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` Nick 's SpongeBob SquarePants and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Top TV for week of Oct. 22 - 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Futon Critic Staff ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Smackdown Keeps Crown at Syfy '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : College Football , Sponge Bob , Smackdown ! , Star Wars : Clone Wars , Haven & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : Rain - Shortened Yankees / Tigers Tops Night + Haven , Clone Wars , Smackdown ! & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Futon Critic Staff ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Gold Rush Continues Demo Reign for Discovery '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : By Nick and More on April 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 07 ) . `` Cable Ratings : February 27 -- April 1 , 2012 -- Nickandmore ! '' . Nickandmore.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 .", "112": "^ Jump up to : By Nick and More on May 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Cable Ratings : April 2 -- May 6 , 2012 -- Nickandmore ! '' . Nickandmore.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nickelodeon 's Debut of SpongeBob SquarePants `` The Super Spongy Square Games '' Ranks as Most Watched Kids Program With 3.7 Million Total Viewers for the Week `` . The Futon Critic . July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Person to Person ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustments to ' Last Man Standing ' or ' Malibu Country ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's ' It 's a SpongeBob Christmas ! ' Special Draws Nearly 5 Million Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : AMC 's The Walking Dead Mauls the Competition '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Futon Critic Staff ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : The Walking Dead Once Again Devours the Competition '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Love and Hip Hop Atlanta Wins Night , T.I. and Tiny , Switched at Birth , WWE Raw , Major Crimes , Perception & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( October 9 , 2012 ) .", "113": "`` Monday 's Cable Ratings : ESPN Remains Untouchable with Monday Night Football '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - SpongeBob SquarePants on Nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nickelodeon 's Debut of SpongeBob SquarePants `` The Super Spongy Square Games '' Ranks as Most Watched Kids Program With 3.7 Million Total Viewers for the Week `` . The Futon Critic . July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Monday Night Football Again Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending October 28 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : The Walking Dead Dominates Night , Space Jump , Dexter , Boardwalk Empire , Homeland , Breaking Amish , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : WWE on Top + Bering Sea Gold : Under The Ice , Daily Show , American Pickers , Hardcore History , Yukon Men & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Love and Hip Hop Atlanta Wins Night , T.I. and Tiny , Switched at Birth , WWE Raw , Major Crimes , Perception & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2013 ) .", "114": "`` Cable Top 25 : The Bible Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending March 3 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Walking Dead Wins Night + Breaking Amish , Real Housewives of Atlanta , Dexter , Sofia the First & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Rose Bowl Wins Night , Orange Bowl , Dance Moms , Storage Wars New York & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : The Bible Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending March 17 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : The Walking Dead Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending March 10 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : WWE Raw Wins Night , Basketball Wives , Single Ladies , Teen Wolf , Switched at Birth & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : NBA Playoffs & WWE Raw Top Cable Viewership for the Week Ending May 26 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2013 ) .", "115": "`` Cable Top 25 : WWE Raw Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending January 20 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Monday Night Football Wins Night , WWE Raw , Basketball Wives , Fast N Loud , Teen Mom 3 & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball Wins Night , ' Kids Choice Awards ' , ' Sam & Cat ' , ' The Boondocks ' & More '' . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.29. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Monday Night Football Wins Night , Love & Hip Hop , WWE Raw , Real Housewives of Beverly Hills & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : Univision Bests in Young Demographics with ' Premios Juventud ' '' . TV Media Insights . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : College Football Dominates Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood ' , ' Black Ink Crew ; & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Girl Meets World ' Tops Night + ' Bring It ! ' , ' College Football ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 .", "116": "Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : College Football Tops Night + ' SportsCenter ' , ' Girl Meets World ' , ' Bering Sea Gold ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dave Cunningham ( @ MancieRaines ) ( 16 October 2015 ) . `` Rough prelim design from tonight 's new episode , `` One Snail Sponge . '' # spongebob '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.16. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.2. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' AHS : Hotel ' on top , plus ' Alaskan Bush People , ' ' South Park ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.twitter.com/VincentWaller72/status/651435725867454464 ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update 2.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update 5.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 3 , 2016 ) .", "117": "`` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals 3.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : NBA Playoffs continue their dominance , ' Smackdown ' rises : 5.5. 2016 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.1. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily .", "118": "Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.13. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.22. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.15. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.8. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.3. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ VincentWaller72 ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` It was mostly an accounting and contractual issue '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - SpongeBob SquarePants on Nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Brian Ford Sullivan . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.15. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday cable ratings : College football and ' SpongeBob ' carry the day '' . TV By the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 .", "119": "^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.3. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` auto '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.25. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.4. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.11. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.18. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.25. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.2. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.16. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch .", "120": "`` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.10. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.17. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.7. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants : Episode Guide '' . Screener / Zap2it . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.23. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.24. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.16. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.30. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch .", "121": "`` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.13. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Template : Cite web ^ Jump up to : # invoke : citation / CS1 Jump up ^ # invoke : citation / CS1 Jump up ^ Template : Cite web Jump up ^ Template : Cite web Jump up ^ Template : Cite web Jump up ^ Template : Cite web ^ Jump up to : Template : Cite web Jump up ^ Template : Cite web Jump up ^ Template : Cite web Jump up ^ Template : Cite web Jump up ^ Template : Cite web Jump up ^ Template : Cite web Jump up ^ Template : Cite web Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-6-2018.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-13-2018.", "122": "html ^ Jump up to : Template : Cite tweet ^ Jump up to : Template : Cite tweet ^ Jump up to : Template : Cite tweet Jump up ^ Template : Cite tweet ^ Jump up to : Template : Cite tweet Jump up ^ Template : Cite tweet ^ Jump up to : Template : Cite tweet Jump up ^ Template : Cite tweet Jump up ^ Template : Cite tweet Jump up ^ Template : Cite web ^ Jump up to : Template : Cite tweet Jump up ^ Template : Cite tweet Jump up ^ Template : Cite tweet Jump up ^ Template : Cite tweet Jump up ^ Template : Cite tweet Jump up ^ Template : Cite tweet Jump up ^ Template : Cite web Jump up ^ Template : Cite tweet Jump up ^ Template : Cite tweet Jump up ^ Template : Cite tweet Jump up ^ Template : Cite web Jump up ^ Template : Cite web Works cited Template : Cite book Template : Cite book External links Template : Portal Template : IMDb title Template : TV.com show Template : Dmoz SpongeBob SquarePants at the Big Cartoon DataBase Template : SpongeBob SquarePants Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "123": "php?title=List_of_SpongeBob_SquarePants_episodes&oldid=838471942 '' Categories : SpongeBob SquarePants episodes SpongeBob SquarePants lists SpongeBob SquarePants Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Lists of Nickelodeon television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages where template include size is exceeded Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages with duplicate reference names Articles that may be too long from April 2018 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Featured lists Use mdy dates from March 2015 Episode list using the default LineColor Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Română Русский Simple English Türkçe Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 07 : 08 . 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3998737477138282236	when do you pray the chaplet of divine mercy	[ "at the hour of death or in the presence of the dying", "Good Friday", "at any time, but it is said especially on Divine Mercy Sunday and Fridays at 3:00 PM" ]	{ "0": "Chaplet of the Divine Mercy - wikipedia Chaplet of the Divine Mercy Jump to : navigation , search The original Painting of Divine Mercy by Eugeniusz Kazimirowski , painted in 1934 in Vilnius under the guidance of Saint Mary Faustina Kowalska .", "1": "Part of a series on Christian mysticism Theology Philosophy ( show ) Apophatic Ascetical Cataphatic Catholic spirituality Hellenistic Mystical theology Neoplatonic Henosis Practices ( show ) Monasticism Monasticism Asceticism Spiritual direction Meditation Meditation Lectio Divina Active ascetism Contemplation Hesychasm Jesus prayer Quietism Stages of Christian perfection Divinization Catharsis Theosis Kenosis Spiritual dryness Passive ascetism Abstinence People ( by era or century ) ( show ) Antiquity ( show ) Ancient African Origen Gregory of Nyssa Pseudo-Dionysius Desert Fathers ( show ) Paul of Thebes Anthony the Great Arsenius the Great Poemen Macarius of Egypt Moses the Black Syncletica Athanasius John Chrysostom Hilarion John Cassian 11th 12th ( show ) Bernard of Clairvaux Guigo II Hildegard of Bingen Symeon the New Theologian 13th 14th ( show ) Dominican Dominic de Guzmán Franciscan Francis of Assisi Anthony of Padua Bonaventure Jacopone da Todi Angela of Foligno English Richard Rolle Walter Hilton Julian of Norwich Margery Kempe Flemish Hadewijch Beatrice of Nazareth John of Ruysbroeck German Meister Eckhart Johannes Tauler Henry Suso Female Beatrice of Nazareth Bridget of Sweden Catherine of Siena Mechthild of Magdeburg Marguerite Porete 15th 16th ( show ) Spanish Ignatius of Loyola Francisco de Osuna John of Ávila Teresa of Ávila John of the Cross Others Catherine of Genoa 17th 18th ( show ) French Pierre de Bérulle Jean - Jacques Olier Louis de Montfort Charles de Condren John Eudes John of St.", "2": "Samson Others María de Ágreda Anne Catherine Emmerich Veronica Giuliani Francis de Sales 19th ( show ) Dina Bélanger Catherine Labouré Mélanie Calvat Maximin Giraud Bernadette Soubirous Conchita de Armida Luisa Piccarreta Mary of the Divine Heart Thérèse of Lisieux Gemma Galgani 20th ( show ) Padre Pio Therese Neumann Marthe Robin Adrienne von Speyr Alexandrina of Balazar Faustina Kowalska Berthe Petit Sister Lúcia of Fátima Edgar Cayce Simone Weil Alfred Delp Thomas Merton Charles de Foucauld Contemporary papal views ( show ) Aspects of meditation ( Orationis Formas , 1989 ) Reflection on the New Age ( 2003 ) Literature Media ( show ) Lingua Ignota Ordo Virtutum Scivias Ascent of Mount Carmel Dark Night of the Soul Spiritual Canticle Way of Perfection Book of the First Monks The Interior Castle Abbey of the Holy Ghost A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation Diary : Divine Mercy in My Soul From Willow Creek to Sacred Heart The Glories of Mary The Imitation of Christ The Ladder of Divine Ascent Philokalia Revelations of Divine Love Spiritual Canticle The Story of a Soul Theologia Germanica Devotio Moderna The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima Sol de Fátima The Cloud of Unknowing The Consolation of Philosophy The Mirror of Simple Souls Sister Catherine Treatise Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii The Vision of Adamnán Divine Comedy Inferno Purgatorio Paradiso The Chaplet of the Divine Mercy , also called the Divine Mercy Chaplet , is a Christian devotion to the Divine Mercy , based on the Christological apparitions of Jesus reported by Saint Faustina Kowalska ( 1905 -- 1938 ) , known as `` the Apostle of Mercy . ''", "3": "She was a Polish religious sister of the Congregation of the Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy and canonized as a Catholic saint in 2000 . Faustina stated that she received the prayer through visions and conversations with Jesus , who made specific promises regarding the recitation of the prayers . Her Vatican biography quotes some of these conversations . As a Roman Catholic devotion , the chaplet is often said as a rosary - based prayer with the same set of rosary beads used for reciting the Rosary or the Chaplet of Holy Wounds . As an Anglican devotion , the Divine Mercy Society of the Anglican Church states that the chaplet can also be recited on Anglican prayer beads . The chaplet may also be said without beads , usually by counting prayers on the fingertips , and may be accompanied by the veneration of the Divine Mercy image . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Chaplet 2.1 Prayers 2.1. 1 First opening prayer 2.1. 2 Second opening prayer 2.1. 3 Eternal Father 2.1. 4 For the sake of His sorrowful Passion 2.1. 5 Holy God 2.1. 6 Closing prayer 2.2 Structure 2.3 Novena 3 See also 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External links History Main articles : Divine Mercy and Mary Faustina Kowalska On September 13 , 1935 , while Faustina was in Vilnius , she wrote of a vision of Jesus about the chaplet in her diary ( Notebook 1 item 476 ) . Faustina stated that Jesus asked her to pray the chaplet and instruct others to do so . Although the chaplet is said on beads like the Rosary , it is about a third of the length of the Rosary , and unlike the Rosary that has evolved over the years , the form and structure of the chaplet has remained unchanged since Faustina attributed it to a message from Jesus . According to Faustina 's visions , written in her diary , the chaplet 's prayers for mercy are threefold : to obtain mercy , to trust in Christ 's mercy , and to show mercy to others .", "4": "Faustina wrote that Jesus promised that all who recite this chaplet at the hour of death or in the presence of the dying will receive great mercy . She wrote that Jesus said : `` ... When they say this Chaplet in the presence of the dying , I will stand between My Father and the dying not as the just judge but as the Merciful Savior . '' Faustina stated that Jesus also promised that anything can be obtained with this prayer if it is compatible with His will . In her diary Faustina recounted a vision on September 13 , 1935 in which she saw an angel sent to a city to destroy it . Faustina began to pray for God 's mercy on the city and felt the strong presence of the Holy Trinity . After she prayed the internally instructed prayers , the angel was powerless to harm the city . In subsequent visions , Faustina learned that the prayers she spoke were to be taught to all the people of the world . According to Roman Catholic tradition , the chaplet may be said at any time , but it is said especially on Divine Mercy Sunday and Fridays at 3 : 00 PM . The Chaplet is prayed daily at the National Shrine of The Divine Mercy in Stockbridge , Massachusetts . In the Philippines , Singapore , and Hong Kong the `` 3 o'clock Prayer '' is broadcast on radio and television stations daily at 3 : 00 p.m. In 2000 , Pope John Paul II ordained the Sunday after Easter Divine Mercy Sunday , where Roman Catholics remember the institution of the Sacrament of Penance . The hour Jesus died by crucifixion , 3 : 00 PM ( 15 : 00 ) , is called the Hour of Mercy . In a novena , the chaplet is usually said each of the nine days from Good Friday to Divine Mercy Sunday . Pope John Paul II was instrumental in the formal establishment of the Divine Mercy devotion and acknowledged the efforts of the Marian Fathers in its promotion in a Papal Blessing in 2001 , the 70th anniversary of the revelation of the Divine Mercy Message and Devotion . Although the prayers said on the beads of the rosary chain share specific similarities between the Chaplet of Divine Mercy and the Chaplet of Holy Wounds , these are distinct chaplets and were introduced over 20 years apart , one in Poland , the other in France .", "5": "Chaplet Prayers The Chaplet contains several unique prayers . First opening prayer This prayer is optional , and may be used to begin the Chaplet : You expired , Jesus , but the source of life gushed forth for souls , and the ocean of mercy opened up for the whole world . O Fount of Life , unfathomable Divine Mercy , envelop the whole world and empty Yourself out upon us . Second opening prayer This prayer , repeated three times in succession , is also optional , and may be used along with the first opening prayer to begin the Chaplet : O Blood and Water , which gushed forth from the Heart of Jesus as a fountain of Mercy for us , I trust in You ! Eternal Father This prayer opens each decade of the Chaplet : Eternal Father , I offer you the Body and Blood , Soul and Divinity of Your Dearly Beloved Son , Our Lord , Jesus Christ , in atonement for our sins and those of the whole world . For the sake of His sorrowful Passion This prayer , repeated 10 times in succession , forms the body of each decade of the Chaplet : For the sake of His sorrowful Passion , have mercy on us and on the whole world . Holy God This prayer , repeated three times in succession , concludes the Chaplet : Holy God , Holy Mighty One , Holy Immortal One , have mercy on us and on the whole world . Closing prayer This prayer is optional , and may be used after the Holy God to end the Chaplet : Eternal God , in whom mercy is endless and the treasury of compassion -- inexhaustible , look kindly upon us and increase Your mercy in us , that in difficult moments we might not despair nor become despondent , but with great confidence submit ourselves to Your holy will , which is Love and Mercy itself . Structure The chaplet is often recited on beads as a rosary - based prayer The chaplet is prayed on ordinary rosary beads that are also used to pray the Dominican Rosary .", "6": "The structure of the Chaplet is as follows : The Chaplet is begun on the short strand of the rosary beads : The sign of the cross on the Crucifix ; The optional first opening prayer on the first large bead ; The optional second opening prayer , repeated three times , still on the first large bead ; The Lord 's Prayer on the first small bead ; The Hail Mary on the second small bead ; and The Apostles ' Creed on the third small bead . The praying of the decades then follows , repeating this cycle for each : The Eternal Father on the large bead , with a specific offering each decade ; and The For the sake of His sorrowful Passion on each of the ten adjacent small beads , with other petitions for mercy , emphasizing the offering of the Body and Blood of Christ . To conclude : The Holy God on the medallion ; The optional closing prayer , still on the medallion ; Any further intentions ; and The sign of the cross . Novena The chaplet may be repeated over a period of nine days as part of a novena . According to Faustina 's Diary , Jesus himself in a vision asked that the Divine Mercy Novena be prayed as a preparation for the Feast of the Divine Mercy , celebrated each year on first Sunday after Easter . The novena should begin on Good Friday . There is a prayer intention for specific group of people on each of the nine days . The last day intention , according to Jesus ' message to St. Faustina , is the most difficult of all : to pray for the people who are lukewarm and indifferent . Jesus described those people as follows : These souls cause Me more suffering than any others ; it was from such souls that My soul felt the most revulsion in the Garden of Olives . It was on their account that I said : `` My Father , if it is possible , let this cup pass Me by . '' The last hope of salvation for them is to flee to My Mercy . '' The novena intentions for each day are : All mankind , in particular all sinners . The souls of priests and the religious . The souls of the devout and faithful people . For the non-believers and those who do not yet know Jesus . The souls of heretics and schismatics .", "7": "The souls of `` the meek and humble '' and for little children . The souls of people who especially glorify Christ 's mercy . The souls in Purgatory . Souls who have become lukewarm and indifferent . See also Catholicism portal Divine Mercy Saint Faustina Kowalska Divine Mercy image Divine Mercy Sunday Divine Mercy Sanctuary ( Vilnius ) Divine Mercy Sanctuary ( Kraków ) Divine Mercy Sanctuary ( Płock ) Works of Mercy Knights of Divine Mercy ( Catholic men 's group ) Rosary - based prayers Chaplet of Holy Wounds Further reading Diary : Divine Mercy in My Soul by Faustina Kowalska 2003 ISBN 1 - 59614 - 110 - 7 Pope Benedict 's Divine Mercy Mandate by David Came 2009 ISBN 978 - 1 - 59614 - 203 - 9 References Jump up ^ Roesch , Joe ( 2014 ) . `` Is Divine Mercy for All Christians ? '' . Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception of the B.V.M . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . However , all Christians can agree that we are redeemed through the death of Christ on the cross . There is no reason , therefore , why all Christians could not pray the Chaplet of Divine Mercy , since it focuses on our redemption in Christ . ^ Jump up to : Ann Ball , 2003 `` Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices . '' ISBN 0 - 87973 - 910 - X page 174 Jump up ^ Pope John Paul II . `` Homily for Faustina at Vatican website '' . ^ Jump up to : Vatican Biography of Faustina Kowalska Archived March 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Chaplet '' . The Divine Mercy Society of the Anglican Church . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2010 . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . The Chaplet below is the Universal Anglican Church version and may be recited using either the Universal Anglican Church prayer beads or the Roman Catholic rosary .", "8": "^ Jump up to : Tim Drake , 2002 , Saints of the Jubilee , Authorhouse ISBN 978 - 1 - 4033 - 1009 - 5 pages 85 - 95 Jump up ^ Sourcebook for Sundays and Seasons 2008 by D. Todd Williamson 2007 ISBN 1 - 56854 - 617 - 3 page 195 Jump up ^ Chaplet of Divine Mercy ^ Jump up to : A Divine Mercy Resource by Richard Torretto 2010 ISBN 1 - 4502 - 3236 - 1 pages 63 - 79 Jump up ^ Catherine M. Odell , 1998 , Faustina : Apostle of Divine Mercy OSV Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 87973 - 923 - 2 ^ Jump up to : EWTN description of the Chaplet of Divine Mercy Jump up ^ Alan Butler and Paul Burns , 2005 , Butler 's Lives of the Saints , Burns and Oats ISBN 0 - 86012 - 383 - 9 page 251 Jump up ^ G.P. Geoghegan , 2006 , `` A Collection of My Favorite Prayers . '' ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 9457 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception of the B.V.M. ( 2012 ) . Divine Mercy Novena and Chaplet . Stockbridge , Massachusetts : Marian Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59614 - 036 - 3 . Jump up ^ Divine Mercy Novena ^ Jump up to : EWTN on the Divine Mercy Novena External links The Holy See : `` Indulgences attached to devotions in honour of Divine Mercy '' ( a decree of the Roman Curia ; archive at Internet Archive ) United States Conference of Catholic Bishops : How To Pray the Chaplet of Divine Mercy Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception of the B.V.M.", "9": ": The Divine Mercy : Chaplet of The Divine Mercy EWTN : The Chaplet of The Divine Mercy EWTN : Multimedia ( for the Chaplet ) Catholic Online : The Chaplet of Divine Mercy Mark Hargrave : The Chaplet of Divine Mercy unidentified person : Chaplet of Divine Mercy Mark Alder : Divine Mercy Section Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaplet_of_the_Divine_Mercy&oldid=835486786 '' Categories : Catholic spirituality Divine Mercy Roman Catholic devotions Visions of Jesus and Mary Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles containing Latin - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano മലയാളം 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 00 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3219934567100001755	when was the last time an nba backboard broken	[ "2012, during a preseason exhibition game held in Sassari, Italy" ]	{ "0": "Backboard shattering - wikipedia Backboard shattering Jump to : navigation , search A backboard shattering is an accident or stunt in basketball . It occurs when a player slam dunks the ball hard enough to break the 1 / 2 '' tempered safety glass of the backboard . The stunt has caused games to be canceled or delayed , serious injuries to occur and expensive costs of cleanup and replacement . Shattering a backboard is extremely dangerous , sending shards of glass flying over the players and fans . In the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , shattering a backboard during a game is penalized with a non-unsportsmanlike conduct technical foul and a possible fine towards the player . The player may not be ejected , nor shall the foul count towards a player 's total towards either ejection or suspension . Backboard shattering has altered the game in many different ways . In 1967 , the dunk was banned in high school and college basketball . The rule - makers claimed the dunk was outlawed to prevent injury and equipment damage . After multiple issues with the new rule , nine years later they allowed the slam dunk to be legal again due to the invention of the breakaway rim . The NBA began using them after Darryl Dawkins shattered two backboards with his slam dunks during the 1979 -- 80 season . Throughout the history of basketball there have always been athletes with the size and strength to slam dunk the ball through the rim . However , the first NBA player to shatter a backboard , Chuck Connors ( who would become far more famous as an actor ) , did not do so with a dunk . When playing for the Boston Celtics in 1946 , Connors took a set shot during pregame warmups , hitting the front of the rim . Because an arena worker had failed to place a protective piece between the rim and backboard , the backboard shattered . All - star power forward Gus Johnson of the Baltimore Bullets became famous as a backboard breaker in the NBA , shattering three during his career in the 1960s and early 1970s . In the ABA , Charlie Hentz shattered two backboards in the same game on November 6 , 1970 , resulting in the game being cancelled .", "1": "Darryl Dawkins became famous for shattering backboards , and is credited for being the one person to cause the NBA to introduce `` breakaway rims '' . Shaquille O'Neal slam dunked so hard that he broke the supports holding two backboards during games against the New Jersey Nets and the Phoenix Suns during the 1992 -- 93 NBA season . Chris Morris , a former NBA star with the New Jersey Nets , shattered a backboard during a game in 1993 ; Jerome Lane shattered a backboard during a game in 1988 while playing for the University of Pittsburgh ; Blue Edwards shattered a backboard during a Midnight Madness event while he was playing at East Carolina . Bryant Reeves shattered a backboard during team practice / warm - ups prior to their 1995 NCAA tourney game against UCLA . Following the 1992 -- 93 season the NBA increased steel brace strength and increased stability of the backboard to prevent the hoop from falling down after Shaquille O'Neal broke two goal standards the previous season ( although the glass remained intact , welds in the goal standard failed ) . The aforementioned technical foul was also introduced at the time . During the NCAA tournament in 1996 , Darvin Ham shattered a backboard while playing for Texas Tech against North Carolina . Robert Traylor , while playing for the Michigan Wolverines , shattered a backboard against the Ball State Cardinals in 1996 . In 2012 , during a preseason exhibition game held in Sassari , Italy , Olympiacos starter and former NBA player Joey Dorsey ended up breaking the glass of a backboard against Dinamo Sassari . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Shattering Backboards . NBA.com . October 23 , 2001 Jump up ^ Herzog , Brian ( 2003 ) . Hoopmania . New York : Rosen . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Chris ( 15 February 2004 ) . `` A Game Played Above the Rim , Above all Else '' . New York Times . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry . `` Rifleman is first to shatter an NBA backboard '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 6 November 2012 . Retrieved 25 April 2011 .", "2": "Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam ( April 30 , 1987 ) . `` Gus Johnson , Ex-N.B.A. Star with Baltimore , is Dead at 48 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWisFa-c-T4 Chris Morris Shatters Backboard Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh9PToHOquI `` Send It In , Jerome ! ! '' Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9XYG_EWOjQ Blue Edwards breaks backboard Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4ZQYF2hNgM Bryant Reeves breaks backboard Jump up ^ Roberts , Selena ( Sep 13 , 1993 ) . `` New This Year In Nba : Shaq - proof Backboards '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved Apr 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skipwith , Wes . `` Faces in the Crowd '' . Texas Media Relations . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Kalmbach , Bob . `` Crashing the boards '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Joey Dorsey σπάει το ταμπλό redbasketzone.blogspot.", "3": "com on YouTube Basketball ( outline ) General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "4": "php?title=Backboard_shattering&oldid=837828544 '' Categories : Basketball terminology 1946 introductions Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 08 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-9199543565425734127	who does the voice of mrs. wolowitz on the big bang theory	[ "Carol Ann Susi", "Carol Ann Susi", "Carol Ann Susi", "Carol Ann Susi" ]	{ "0": "Carol Ann Susi - wikipedia Carol Ann Susi Jump to : navigation , search Carol Ann Susi ( 1952 - 02 - 02 ) February 2 , 1952 Brooklyn , New York , U.S. November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) ( aged 62 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Cancer Nationality American Occupation Actress Years active 1974 -- 2014 Carol Ann Susi ( February 2 , 1952 -- November 11 , 2014 ) was an American actress . She was known for providing the voice of recurring unseen character Mrs. Wolowitz , mother of Howard Wolowitz , on the television series The Big Bang Theory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Susi made her first screen appearance in Kolchak : The Night Stalker . Other television and film credits included : McMillan & Wife , Coyote Ugly , Just Go with It , The Big Bang Theory , Becker , Grey 's Anatomy , That ' 70s Show , Out of Practice , Cats & Dogs , Just Shoot Me , Married ... with Children , Night Court , The King of Queens , Death Becomes Her , Seinfeld , The Secret of My Success , My Blue Heaven , and Sabrina , The Teenage Witch . She also had extensive experience in live theatre and voiced a character on the video game installment of CSI : NY . Personal life ( edit ) Carol Ann Susi was born in Brooklyn , of Italian descent . She studied acting at HB Studio in New York City before moving to Los Angeles in the 1970s . Susi died of cancer on November 11 , 2014 , in Los Angeles , California , at age 62 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Jason ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Carol Ann Susi , ' Big Bang Theory 's ' Mrs. Wolowitz , Dead at 62 '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Bang Theory actress dies at 62 '' . The Globe and Mail .", "1": "November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Joan ( March 14 , 2009 ) . `` Who 's the Voice of ' Big Bang ' Mother ? '' . Contra Costa Times . p. 2A . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Salem , Rob ( January 24 , 2009 ) . `` Nerd herd doing a bang - up job '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` TV Q&A with Rob Owen '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Johnny ( September 27 , 1974 ) . `` Radio and TV plus Video Versions '' . Lewiston Evening Journal . p. 21 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Drake , Sylvie ( September 16 , 1988 ) . `` ' Ladies ' Room ' Lives Up to Expectations of Racy Domain '' . Los Angeles Times . p . C6 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( December 19 , 1995 ) . `` Ollstein 's ' Pot Roast ' Is Rich in Flavor '' . Los Angeles Times . p . F8 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Carol Ann Susi , ' Big Bang Theory 's Mrs. Wolowitz , Dead '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Carol Ann Susi , Voice Behind Big Bang Theory 's Mrs. Wolowitz , Dead at 62 '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 .", "2": "External links ( edit ) Carol Ann Susi on IMDb VIAF : 311656933 GND : 1061791513 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carol_Ann_Susi&oldid=816834414 '' Categories : 1952 births 2014 deaths 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Los Angeles Actresses from New York City Actresses of Italian descent American film actresses American people of Italian descent American television actresses American voice actresses Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin People from Brooklyn Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 01 : 07 . 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-1617333894100895364	who has majority in the house and senate	[ "Republican" ]	{ "0": "114th United States Congress - wikipedia 114th United States Congress Jump to : navigation , search 114th United States Congress 113th ← → 115th U.S. Capitol ( September 2015 ) January 3 , 2015 -- January 3 , 2017 Senate President Joe Biden ( D ) Senate Pres . pro tem Orrin Hatch ( R ) House Speaker John Boehner ( R ) until October 29 , 2015 Paul Ryan ( R ) from October 29 , 2015 Members 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting delegates Senate Majority Republican House Majority Republican Sessions 1st : January 6 , 2015 -- December 18 , 2015 2nd : January 4 , 2016 -- January 3 , 2017 The One Hundred Fourteenth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government , composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives . It met in Washington , D.C. from January 3 , 2015 , to January 3 , 2017 , during the final two full years of Barack Obama 's presidency . The 2014 elections gave the Republicans control of the Senate ( and control of both houses of Congress ) for the first time since the 109th Congress . With 248 seats in the House of Representatives and 54 seats in the Senate , this Congress began with the largest Republican majority since the 71st Congress of 1929 -- 1931 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Major events 2 Major legislation 2.1 Enacted 2.2 Proposed 2.3 Vetoed 3 Party summary 3.1 Senate 3.2 House of Representatives 4 Leadership 4.1 Senate 4.1. 1 Majority ( Republican ) leadership 4.1. 2 Minority ( Democratic ) leadership 4.2 House of Representatives 4.2. 1 Majority ( Republican ) leadership 4.2. 2 Minority ( Democratic ) leadership 5 Members 5.1 Senate 5.1. 1 Alabama 5.1. 2 Alaska 5.1.", "1": "3 Arizona 5.1. 4 Arkansas 5.1. 5 California 5.1. 6 Colorado 5.1. 7 Connecticut 5.1. 8 Delaware 5.1. 9 Florida 5.1. 10 Georgia 5.1. 11 Hawaii 5.1. 12 Idaho 5.1. 13 Illinois 5.1. 14 Indiana 5.1. 15 Iowa 5.1. 16 Kansas 5.1. 17 Kentucky 5.1. 18 Louisiana 5.1. 19 Maine 5.1. 20 Maryland 5.1. 21 Massachusetts 5.1. 22 Michigan 5.1. 23 Minnesota 5.1. 24 Mississippi 5.1. 25 Missouri 5.1. 26 Montana 5.1. 27 Nebraska 5.1. 28 Nevada 5.1. 29 New Hampshire 5.1. 30 New Jersey 5.1. 31 New Mexico 5.1. 32 New York 5.1. 33 North Carolina 5.1. 34 North Dakota 5.1. 35 Ohio 5.1. 36 Oklahoma 5.1. 37 Oregon 5.1. 38 Pennsylvania 5.1. 39 Rhode Island 5.1. 40 South Carolina 5.1. 41 South Dakota 5.1. 42 Tennessee 5.1. 43 Texas 5.1. 44 Utah 5.1. 45 Vermont 5.1. 46 Virginia 5.1. 47 Washington 5.1. 48 West Virginia 5.1. 49 Wisconsin 5.1. 50 Wyoming 5.2 House of Representatives 5.2. 1 Alabama 5.2. 2 Alaska 5.2. 3 Arizona 5.2. 4 Arkansas 5.2. 5 California 5.2.", "2": "6 Colorado 5.2. 7 Connecticut 5.2. 8 Delaware 5.2. 9 Florida 5.2. 10 Georgia 5.2. 11 Hawaii 5.2. 12 Idaho 5.2. 13 Illinois 5.2. 14 Indiana 5.2. 15 Iowa 5.2. 16 Kansas 5.2. 17 Kentucky 5.2. 18 Louisiana 5.2. 19 Maine 5.2. 20 Maryland 5.2. 21 Massachusetts 5.2. 22 Michigan 5.2. 23 Minnesota 5.2. 24 Mississippi 5.2. 25 Missouri 5.2. 26 Montana 5.2. 27 Nebraska 5.2. 28 Nevada 5.2. 29 New Hampshire 5.2. 30 New Jersey 5.2. 31 New Mexico 5.2. 32 New York 5.2. 33 North Carolina 5.2. 34 North Dakota 5.2. 35 Ohio 5.2. 36 Oklahoma 5.2. 37 Oregon 5.2. 38 Pennsylvania 5.2. 39 Rhode Island 5.2. 40 South Carolina 5.2. 41 South Dakota 5.2. 42 Tennessee 5.2. 43 Texas 5.2. 44 Utah 5.2. 45 Vermont 5.2. 46 Virginia 5.2. 47 Washington 5.2. 48 West Virginia 5.2. 49 Wisconsin 5.2. 50 Wyoming 5.2.", "3": "51 Non-voting members 6 Changes in membership 6.1 Senate 6.2 House of Representatives 7 Committees 7.1 Senate 7.2 House of Representatives 7.3 Joint committees 8 Caucuses 9 Employees and legislative agency directors 9.1 Senate 9.2 House of Representatives 9.3 Legislative branch agency directors 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Major events ( edit ) President Barack Obama gave the State of the Union Address on January 20 , 2015 Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu addressed Congress on March 3 , 2015 Secretary of State John Kerry , Secretary of Energy Ernest Moniz , and Secretary of the Treasury Jack Lew defending the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action at a hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on July 23 , 2015 Pope Francis addresses Congress in 2015 as Head of State of Vatican City . Main articles : 2015 in the United States , 2016 in the United States , and 2017 in the United States January 6 , 2015 : Incumbent Speaker of the House John Boehner was re-elected despite the defections of 25 members from his own Republican caucus , twice the number from the previous Congress . January 20 , 2015 : 2015 State of the Union Address March 3 , 2015 : Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu addressed a joint session of Congress regarding sanctions against Iran . Netanyahu was invited by Speaker John Boehner without consulting President Obama . March 9 , 2015 : U.S. Senator Tom Cotton wrote and sent a letter to the leadership of the Islamic Republic of Iran , signed by 47 of the Senate 's 54 Republicans , attempting to cast doubt on the Obama administration 's authority to engage in nuclear - proliferation negotiations with Iran . March 25 , 2015 : Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani addressed a joint session of Congress . April 29 , 2015 : Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe addressed a joint session of Congress , becoming the first Japanese leader to do so . September 24 , 2015 : Pope Francis addressed a joint session of Congress , becoming the first Pope to do so .", "4": "September 25 , 2015 : House Speaker John Boehner announced that he would resign as Speaker and from the House at the end of October 2015 . Subsequently , Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy , the presumptive favorite to succeed John Boehner , unexpectedly withdrew his candidacy for the job . October 29 , 2015 : Paul Ryan was elected to succeed John Boehner as Speaker of the House with 236 votes ( 54.3 % ) of the House in favor . He is the youngest Speaker since James G. Blaine in 1869 . January 12 , 2016 : 2016 State of the Union Address June 8 , 2016 : Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed a joint session of Congress . June 22 -- 23 , 2016 : In the wake of the 2016 Orlando attacks , Congress debated gun control reform . The U.S. House recessed for the July 4 holiday during a sit - in protest held by Democrats that halted business in the chamber for more than 24 hours . November 8 , 2016 : Donald Trump and Mike Pence elected as president and vice-president in presidential elections , while the Republicans retain majority at both Senate and House of Representatives . Major legislation ( edit ) Enacted ( edit ) Main article : List of acts of the 114th United States Congress January 12 , 2015 : Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2015 , Pub. L. 114 -- 1 April 16 , 2015 : Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 , Pub. L. 114 -- 10 May 22 , 2015 : Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015 , Pub. L. 114 -- 17 June 2 , 2015 : USA FREEDOM Act : Uniting and Strengthening America by Fulfilling Rights and Ensuring Effective Discipline Over Monitoring Act of 2015 , Pub. L. 114 -- 23 June 29 , 2015 : Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015 , Pub. L. 114 -- 27 July 6 , 2015 : Department of Homeland Security Interoperable Communications Act , Pub. L.", "5": "114 -- 29 November 2 , 2015 : Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 , Pub. L. 114 -- 74 November 5 , 2015 : Librarian of Congress Succession Modernization Act of 2015 , Pub. L. 114 -- 86 November 25 , 2015 : SPACE Act of 2015 , Pub. L. 114 -- 90 December 4 , 2015 : Fixing America 's Surface Transportation ( FAST ) Act , Pub. L. 114 -- 94 December 10 , 2015 : Every Student Succeeds Act , Pub. L. 114 -- 95 December 18 , 2015 : Consolidated Appropriations Act , 2016 , Pub. L. 114 -- 113 February 8 , 2016 : Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2015 , Pub. L. 114 -- 120 February 24 , 2016 : Internet Tax Freedom Act contained in Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015 , Pub. L. 114 -- 125 July 20 , 2016 : Global Food Security Act of 2016 , Pub. L. 114 -- 195 September 28 , 2016 : Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act , Pub. L. 114 -- 222 October 7 , 2016 : Sexual Assault Survivors ' Rights Act , Pub. L. 114 -- 236 December 13 , 2016 : 21st Century Cures Act , Pub. L. 114 -- 255 Proposed ( edit ) Main article : List of bills in the 114th United States Congress Vetoed ( edit ) February 24 , 2015 : Keystone XL Pipeline Approval Act ( S. 1 ) March 31 , 2015 : A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5 , United States Code , of the rule submitted by the National Labor Relations Board relating to representation case procedures . ( S.J. Res. 8 ) October 22 , 2015 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016 ( H.R.", "6": "1735 ) December 19 , 2015 : A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5 , United States Code , of a rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to `` Standards of Performance for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from New , Modified , and Reconstructed Stationary Sources : Electric Utility Generating Units '' ( S.J. Res. 23 ) December 19 , 2015 : A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5 , United States Code , of a rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to `` Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Stationary Sources : Electric Utility Generating Units '' ( S.J. Res. 24 ) January 8 , 2016 : The Restoring Americans ' Healthcare Freedom Reconciliation Act of 2015 ( H.R. 3762 ) January 19 , 2016 : A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5 , United States Code , of the rule submitted by the Corps of Engineers and the Environmental Protection Agency relating to the definition of `` waters of the United States '' under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act ( S.J. Res. 22 ) June 8 , 2016 : A joint resolution disapproving the rule submitted by the Department of Labor relating to the definition of the term `` Fiduciary '' ( H.J. Res. 88 ) July 22 , 2016 : Presidential Allowance Modernization Act of 2016 ( H.R. 1777 ) September 23 , 2016 : Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act ( S. 2040 ) ( Passed over Veto ) Party summary ( edit ) Resignations and new members are discussed in the `` Changes in membership '' section , below . Senate ( edit ) Composition of the U.S. Senate .", "7": "Affiliation Party ( Shading indicates majority caucus ) Total Vacant Democratic Independent Republican End of previous Congress 53 45 100 0 Begin ( January 3 , 2015 ) 44 54 100 0 Final voting share 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46.0 % 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54.0 % Beginning of the next Congress 46 52 100 0 House of Representatives ( edit ) Composition of the U.S. House of Representatives on January 5 , 2015 Party ( Shading indicates majority caucus ) Total Vacant Democratic Independent Republican End of previous Congress 201 0 234 435 0 Begin ( January 3 , 2015 ) 188 0 247 435 0 January 5 , 2015 246 434 February 6 , 2015 245 433 March 31 , 2015 244 432 May 5 , 2015 245 433 June 2 , 2015 246 434 September 10 , 2015 247 435 0 October 31 , 2015 246 434 June 7 , 2016 247 435 0 June 23 , 2016 187 434 July 20 , 2016 186 433 September 6 , 2016 246 432 November 8 , 2016 188 247 435 0 December 4 , 2016 187 434 December 31 , 2016 246 433 Final voting share 7001432000000000000 ♠ 43.2 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.0 % 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57.", "8": "0 % Non-voting members 6 0 Beginning of the next Congress 194 0 241 435 0 Leadership ( edit ) Section contents : Senate : Majority ( R ) , Minority ( D ) House : Majority ( R ) , Minority ( D ) Senate ( edit ) Senate President Joe Biden ( D ) Senate President pro tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President : Joe Biden ( D ) President pro tempore : Orrin Hatch ( R ) President pro tempore emeritus : Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority ( Republican ) leadership ( edit ) Majority Leader : Mitch McConnell Assistant Majority Leader ( Majority Whip ) : John Cornyn Chief Deputy Whip : Mike Crapo Deputy Whips : ( Data unknown / missing . ) Conference Chairman : John Thune Conference Vice Chair : Roy Blunt Senatorial Committee Chair : Roger Wicker Policy Committee Chairman : John Barrasso Minority ( Democratic ) leadership ( edit ) Minority Leader : Harry Reid Assistant Minority Leader ( Minority Whip ) : Dick Durbin Chief Deputy Whip : Barbara Boxer Deputy Whips : ( Data unknown / missing . )", "9": "Caucus Chair : Harry Reid Caucus Vice Chair and Policy Committee Chair : Chuck Schumer Caucus Secretary : Patty Murray Senatorial Campaign Committee Chair : Jon Tester Policy Committee Vice Chair : Debbie Stabenow Policy Committee Strategic Policy Adviser : Elizabeth Warren Policy Committee Policy Development Adviser : Mark Warner Steering and Outreach Committee Chair : Amy Klobuchar Steering and Outreach Committee Vice Chair : Jeanne Shaheen House of Representatives ( edit ) House Speaker John Boehner ( R ) ( until October 29 , 2015 ) Paul Ryan ( R ) ( from October 29 , 2015 ) Speaker : John Boehner ( R ) , until October 29 , 2015 Paul Ryan ( R ) , from October 29 , 2015 Majority ( Republican ) leadership ( edit ) Majority Leader : Kevin McCarthy Majority Whip : Steve Scalise Majority Chief Deputy Whip : Patrick McHenry Senior Deputy Whips : Kristi Noem , Dennis Ross , Aaron Schock ( until March 31 , 2015 ) , Steve Stivers , Ann Wagner Conference Chair : Cathy McMorris Rodgers Conference Vice-Chair : Lynn Jenkins Conference Secretary : Virginia Foxx Campaign Committee Chairman : Greg Walden Policy Committee Chairman : Luke Messer Campaign Committee Deputy Chairman : Lynn Westmoreland Minority ( Democratic ) leadership ( edit ) Minority Leader : Nancy Pelosi Minority Whip : Steny Hoyer Assistant Democratic Leader : Jim Clyburn Senior Chief Deputy Minority Whip : John Lewis Chief Deputy Minority Whips : G.K.", "10": "Butterfield , Diana DeGette , Keith Ellison , Jan Schakowsky , Kyrsten Sinema , Debbie Wasserman Schultz , Peter Welch Caucus Chairman : Xavier Becerra Caucus Vice-Chairman : Joe Crowley Campaign Committee Chairman : Ben Ray Luján Steering and Policy Committee Co-Chairs : Rosa DeLauro ( Steering ) and Donna Edwards ( Policy ) Organization , Study , and Review Chairman : Karen Bass Policy and Communications Chairman : Steve Israel Members ( edit ) Senate ( edit ) Senators are listed by state and then by Senate classes , In this Congress , Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress , requiring re-election in 2016 ; Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress , requiring re-election in 2018 ; and Class 2 meant their term began in this Congress , requiring re-election in 2020 . Alabama ( edit ) 2 . Jeff Sessions ( R ) 3 . Richard Shelby ( R ) Alaska ( edit ) 2 . Dan Sullivan ( R ) 3 . Lisa Murkowski ( R ) Arizona ( edit ) 1 . Jeff Flake ( R ) 3 . John McCain ( R ) Arkansas ( edit ) 2 . Tom Cotton ( R ) 3 . John Boozman ( R ) California ( edit ) 1 . Dianne Feinstein ( D ) 3 . Barbara Boxer ( D ) Colorado ( edit ) 2 . Cory Gardner ( R ) 3 . Michael Bennet ( D ) Connecticut ( edit ) 1 . Chris Murphy ( D ) 3 . Richard Blumenthal ( D ) Delaware ( edit ) 1 . Tom Carper ( D ) 2 . Chris Coons ( D ) Florida ( edit ) 1 . Bill Nelson ( D ) 3 . Marco Rubio ( R ) Georgia ( edit ) 2 . David Perdue ( R ) 3 . Johnny Isakson ( R ) Hawaii ( edit ) 1 . Mazie Hirono ( D ) 3 . Brian Schatz ( D ) Idaho ( edit ) 2 . Jim Risch ( R ) 3 .", "11": "Mike Crapo ( R ) Illinois ( edit ) 2 . Dick Durbin ( D ) 3 . Mark Kirk ( R ) Indiana ( edit ) 1 . Joe Donnelly ( D ) 3 . Dan Coats ( R ) Iowa ( edit ) 2 . Joni Ernst ( R ) 3 . Chuck Grassley ( R ) Kansas ( edit ) 2 . Pat Roberts ( R ) 3 . Jerry Moran ( R ) Kentucky ( edit ) 2 . Mitch McConnell ( R ) 3 . Rand Paul ( R ) Louisiana ( edit ) 2 . Bill Cassidy ( R ) 3 . David Vitter ( R ) Maine ( edit ) 1 . Angus King ( I ) 2 . Susan Collins ( R ) Maryland ( edit ) 1 . Ben Cardin ( D ) 3 . Barbara Mikulski ( D ) Massachusetts ( edit ) 1 . Elizabeth Warren ( D ) 2 . Ed Markey ( D ) Michigan ( edit ) 1 . Debbie Stabenow ( D ) 2 . Gary Peters ( D ) Minnesota ( edit ) 1 . Amy Klobuchar ( D ) 2 . Al Franken ( D ) Mississippi ( edit ) 1 . Roger Wicker ( R ) 2 . Thad Cochran ( R ) Missouri ( edit ) 1 . Claire McCaskill ( D ) 3 . Roy Blunt ( R ) Montana ( edit ) 1 . Jon Tester ( D ) 2 . Steve Daines ( R ) Nebraska ( edit ) 1 . Deb Fischer ( R ) 2 . Ben Sasse ( R ) Nevada ( edit ) 1 . Dean Heller ( R ) 3 . Harry Reid ( D ) New Hampshire ( edit ) 2 . Jeanne Shaheen ( D ) 3 . Kelly Ayotte ( R ) New Jersey ( edit ) 1 . Bob Menendez ( D ) 2 .", "12": "Cory Booker ( D ) New Mexico ( edit ) 1 . Martin Heinrich ( D ) 2 . Tom Udall ( D ) New York ( edit ) 1 . Kirsten Gillibrand ( D ) 3 . Chuck Schumer ( D ) North Carolina ( edit ) 2 . Thom Tillis ( R ) 3 . Richard Burr ( R ) North Dakota ( edit ) 1 . Heidi Heitkamp ( D ) 3 . John Hoeven ( R ) Ohio ( edit ) 1 . Sherrod Brown ( D ) 3 . Rob Portman ( R ) Oklahoma ( edit ) 2 . Jim Inhofe ( R ) 3 . James Lankford ( R ) Oregon ( edit ) 2 . Jeff Merkley ( D ) 3 . Ron Wyden ( D ) Pennsylvania ( edit ) 1 . Bob Casey Jr . ( D ) 3 . Pat Toomey ( R ) Rhode Island ( edit ) 1 . Sheldon Whitehouse ( D ) 2 . Jack Reed ( D ) South Carolina ( edit ) 2 . Lindsey Graham ( R ) 3 . Tim Scott ( R ) South Dakota ( edit ) 2 . Mike Rounds ( R ) 3 . John Thune ( R ) Tennessee ( edit ) 1 . Bob Corker ( R ) 2 . Lamar Alexander ( R ) Texas ( edit ) 1 . Ted Cruz ( R ) 2 . John Cornyn ( R ) Utah ( edit ) 1 . Orrin Hatch ( R ) 3 . Mike Lee ( R ) Vermont ( edit ) 1 . Bernie Sanders ( I ) 3 . Patrick Leahy ( D ) Virginia ( edit ) 1 . Tim Kaine ( D ) 2 . Mark Warner ( D ) Washington ( edit ) 1 . Maria Cantwell ( D ) 3 . Patty Murray ( D ) West Virginia ( edit ) 1 .", "13": "Joe Manchin ( D ) 2 . Shelley Moore Capito ( R ) Wisconsin ( edit ) 1 . Tammy Baldwin ( D ) 3 . Ron Johnson ( R ) Wyoming ( edit ) 1 . John Barrasso ( R ) 2 . Mike Enzi ( R ) Party membership of the Senate , by state 2 Democrats 2 Republicans 1 Democrat and 1 Republican 1 Independent and 1 Democrat 1 Independent and 1 Republican Senate Majority Leaders Republican Leader Mitch McConnell Republican Whip John Cornyn Senate Minority Leaders Democratic Leader Harry Reid Democratic Whip Dick Durbin House of Representatives ( edit ) For maps of congressional districts , see List of United States congressional districts . Contents Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Non-voting members Alabama ( edit ) 1 . Bradley Byrne ( R ) 2 . Martha Roby ( R ) 3 . Mike Rogers ( R ) 4 . Robert Aderholt ( R ) 5 . Mo Brooks ( R ) 6 . Gary Palmer ( R ) 7 . Terri Sewell ( D ) Alaska ( edit ) At - large . Don Young ( R ) Arizona ( edit ) 1 . Ann Kirkpatrick ( D ) 2 . Martha McSally ( R ) 3 . Raúl Grijalva ( D ) 4 . Paul Gosar ( R ) 5 . Matt Salmon ( R ) 6 . David Schweikert ( R ) 7 . Ruben Gallego ( D ) 8 . Trent Franks ( R ) 9 . Kyrsten Sinema ( D ) Arkansas ( edit ) 1 .", "14": "Rick Crawford ( R ) 2 . French Hill ( R ) 3 . Steve Womack ( R ) 4 . Bruce Westerman ( R ) California ( edit ) 1 . Doug LaMalfa ( R ) 2 . Jared Huffman ( D ) 3 . John Garamendi ( D ) 4 . Tom McClintock ( R ) 5 . Mike Thompson ( D ) 6 . Doris Matsui ( D ) 7 . Ami Bera ( D ) 8 . Paul Cook ( R ) 9 . Jerry McNerney ( D ) 10 . Jeff Denham ( R ) 11 . Mark DeSaulnier ( D ) 12 . Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 13 . Barbara Lee ( D ) 14 . Jackie Speier ( D ) 15 . Eric Swalwell ( D ) 16 . Jim Costa ( D ) 17 . Mike Honda ( D ) 18 . Anna Eshoo ( D ) 19 . Zoe Lofgren ( D ) 20 . Sam Farr ( D ) 21 . David Valadao ( R ) 22 . Devin Nunes ( R ) 23 . Kevin McCarthy ( R ) 24 . Lois Capps ( D ) 25 . Steve Knight ( R ) 26 . Julia Brownley ( D ) 27 . Judy Chu ( D ) 28 . Adam Schiff ( D ) 29 . Tony Cardenas ( D ) 30 . Brad Sherman ( D ) 31 . Pete Aguilar ( D ) 32 . Grace Napolitano ( D ) 33 . Ted Lieu ( D ) 34 . Xavier Becerra ( D ) 35 . Norma Torres ( D ) 36 . Raul Ruiz ( D ) 37 . Karen Bass ( D ) 38 . Linda Sánchez ( D ) 39 . Ed Royce ( R ) 40 .", "15": "Lucille Roybal - Allard ( D ) 41 . Mark Takano ( D ) 42 . Ken Calvert ( R ) 43 . Maxine Waters ( D ) 44 . Janice Hahn ( D ) , until December 4 , 2016 Vacant 45 . Mimi Walters ( R ) 46 . Loretta Sanchez ( D ) 47 . Alan Lowenthal ( D ) 48 . Dana Rohrabacher ( R ) 49 . Darrell Issa ( R ) 50 . Duncan D. Hunter ( R ) 51 . Juan Vargas ( D ) 52 . Scott Peters ( D ) 53 . Susan Davis ( D ) Colorado ( edit ) 1 . Diana DeGette ( D ) 2 . Jared Polis ( D ) 3 . Scott Tipton ( R ) 4 . Ken Buck ( R ) 5 . Doug Lamborn ( R ) 6 . Mike Coffman ( R ) 7 . Ed Perlmutter ( D ) Connecticut ( edit ) 1 . John Larson ( D ) 2 . Joe Courtney ( D ) 3 . Rosa DeLauro ( D ) 4 . Jim Himes ( D ) 5 . Elizabeth Esty ( D ) Delaware ( edit ) At - large . John Carney ( D ) Florida ( edit ) 1 . Jeff Miller ( R ) 2 . Gwen Graham ( D ) 3 . Ted Yoho ( R ) 4 . Ander Crenshaw ( R ) 5 . Corrine Brown ( D ) 6 . Ron DeSantis ( R ) 7 . John Mica ( R ) 8 . Bill Posey ( R ) 9 . Alan Grayson ( D ) 10 . Daniel Webster ( R ) 11 . Rich Nugent ( R ) 12 . Gus Bilirakis ( R ) 13 . David Jolly ( R ) 14 .", "16": "Kathy Castor ( D ) 15 . Dennis Ross ( R ) 16 . Vern Buchanan ( R ) 17 . Tom Rooney ( R ) 18 . Patrick Murphy ( D ) 19 . Curt Clawson ( R ) 20 . Alcee Hastings ( D ) 21 . Ted Deutch ( D ) 22 . Lois Frankel ( D ) 23 . Debbie Wasserman Schultz ( D ) 24 . Frederica Wilson ( D ) 25 . Mario Diaz - Balart ( R ) 26 . Carlos Curbelo ( R ) 27 . Ileana Ros - Lehtinen ( R ) Georgia ( edit ) 1 . Buddy Carter ( R ) 2 . Sanford Bishop ( D ) 3 . Lynn Westmoreland ( R ) 4 . Hank Johnson ( D ) 5 . John Lewis ( D ) 6 . Tom Price ( R ) 7 . Rob Woodall ( R ) 8 . Austin Scott ( R ) 9 . Doug Collins ( R ) 10 . Jody Hice ( R ) 11 . Barry Loudermilk ( R ) 12 . Rick Allen ( R ) 13 . David Scott ( D ) 14 . Tom Graves ( R ) Hawaii ( edit ) 1 . Mark Takai ( D ) , until July 20 , 2016 Colleen Hanabusa ( D ) , from November 8 , 2016 2 . Tulsi Gabbard ( D ) Idaho ( edit ) 1 . Raul Labrador ( R ) 2 . Mike Simpson ( R ) Illinois ( edit ) 1 . Bobby Rush ( D ) 2 . Robin Kelly ( D ) 3 . Dan Lipinski ( D ) 4 . Luis Gutiérrez ( D ) 5 . Mike Quigley ( D ) 6 . Peter Roskam ( R ) 7 . Danny Davis ( D ) 8 .", "17": "Tammy Duckworth ( D ) 9 . Jan Schakowsky ( D ) 10 . Bob Dold ( R ) 11 . Bill Foster ( D ) 12 . Mike Bost ( R ) 13 . Rodney Davis ( R ) 14 . Randy Hultgren ( R ) 15 . John Shimkus ( R ) 16 . Adam Kinzinger ( R ) 17 . Cheri Bustos ( D ) 18 . Aaron Schock ( R ) , until March 31 , 2015 Darin LaHood ( R ) , from September 10 , 2015 Indiana ( edit ) 1 . Pete Visclosky ( D ) 2 . Jackie Walorski ( R ) 3 . Marlin Stutzman ( R ) 4 . Todd Rokita ( R ) 5 . Susan Brooks ( R ) 6 . Luke Messer ( R ) 7 . André Carson ( D ) 8 . Larry Bucshon ( R ) 9 . Todd Young ( R ) Iowa ( edit ) 1 . Rod Blum ( R ) 2 . David Loebsack ( D ) 3 . David Young ( R ) 4 . Steve King ( R ) Kansas ( edit ) 1 . Tim Huelskamp ( R ) 2 . Lynn Jenkins ( R ) 3 . Kevin Yoder ( R ) 4 . Mike Pompeo ( R ) Kentucky ( edit ) 1 . Ed Whitfield ( R ) , until September 6 , 2016 James Comer ( R ) , from November 8 , 2016 2 . Brett Guthrie ( R ) 3 . John Yarmuth ( D ) 4 . Thomas Massie ( R ) 5 . Hal Rogers ( R ) 6 . Andy Barr ( R ) Louisiana ( edit ) 1 . Steve Scalise ( R ) 2 . Cedric Richmond ( D ) 3 .", "18": "Charles Boustany ( R ) 4 . John Fleming ( R ) 5 . Ralph Abraham ( R ) 6 . Garret Graves ( R ) Maine ( edit ) 1 . Chellie Pingree ( D ) 2 . Bruce Poliquin ( R ) Maryland ( edit ) 1 . Andy Harris ( R ) 2 . Dutch Ruppersberger ( D ) 3 . John Sarbanes ( D ) 4 . Donna Edwards ( D ) 5 . Steny Hoyer ( D ) 6 . John Delaney ( D ) 7 . Elijah Cummings ( D ) 8 . Chris Van Hollen ( D ) Massachusetts ( edit ) 1 . Richard Neal ( D ) 2 . Jim McGovern ( D ) 3 . Niki Tsongas ( D ) 4 . Joe Kennedy ( D ) 5 . Katherine Clark ( D ) 6 . Seth Moulton ( D ) 7 . Mike Capuano ( D ) 8 . Stephen Lynch ( D ) 9 . Bill Keating ( D ) Michigan ( edit ) 1 . Dan Benishek ( R ) 2 . Bill Huizenga ( R ) 3 . Justin Amash ( R ) 4 . John Moolenaar ( R ) 5 . Dan Kildee ( D ) 6 . Fred Upton ( R ) 7 . Tim Walberg ( R ) 8 . Mike Bishop ( R ) 9 . Sander Levin ( D ) 10 . Candice Miller ( R ) , until December 31 , 2016 Vacant 11 . Dave Trott ( R ) 12 . Debbie Dingell ( D ) 13 . John Conyers ( D ) 14 . Brenda Lawrence ( D ) Minnesota ( edit ) 1 . Tim Walz ( D ) 2 . John Kline ( R ) 3 . Erik Paulsen ( R ) 4 .", "19": "Betty McCollum ( D ) 5 . Keith Ellison ( D ) 6 . Tom Emmer ( R ) 7 . Collin Peterson ( D ) 8 . Rick Nolan ( D ) Mississippi ( edit ) 1 . Alan Nunnelee ( R ) , until February 6 , 2015 Trent Kelly ( R ) , from June 2 , 2015 2 . Bennie Thompson ( D ) 3 . Gregg Harper ( R ) 4 . Steven Palazzo ( R ) Missouri ( edit ) 1 . Lacy Clay ( D ) 2 . Ann Wagner ( R ) 3 . Blaine Luetkemeyer ( R ) 4 . Vicky Hartzler ( R ) 5 . Emanuel Cleaver ( D ) 6 . Sam Graves ( R ) 7 . Billy Long ( R ) 8 . Jason Smith ( R ) Montana ( edit ) At - large . Ryan Zinke ( R ) Nebraska ( edit ) 1 . Jeff Fortenberry ( R ) 2 . Brad Ashford ( D ) 3 . Adrian Smith ( R ) Nevada ( edit ) 1 . Dina Titus ( D ) 2 . Mark Amodei ( R ) 3 . Joe Heck ( R ) 4 . Cresent Hardy ( R ) New Hampshire ( edit ) 1 . Frank Guinta ( R ) 2 . Ann McLane Kuster ( D ) New Jersey ( edit ) 1 . Donald Norcross ( D ) 2 . Frank LoBiondo ( R ) 3 . Tom MacArthur ( R ) 4 . Chris Smith ( R ) 5 . Scott Garrett ( R ) 6 . Frank Pallone ( D ) 7 . Leonard Lance ( R ) 8 . Albio Sires ( D ) 9 . Bill Pascrell ( D ) 10 . Donald Payne Jr . ( D ) 11 . Rodney Frelinghuysen ( R ) 12 .", "20": "Bonnie Watson Coleman ( D ) New Mexico ( edit ) 1 . Michelle Lujan Grisham ( D ) 2 . Steve Pearce ( R ) 3 . Ben Ray Luján ( D ) New York ( edit ) 1 . Lee Zeldin ( R ) 2 . Peter King ( R ) 3 . Steve Israel ( D ) 4 . Kathleen Rice ( D ) 5 . Gregory Meeks ( D ) 6 . Grace Meng ( D ) 7 . Nydia Velázquez ( D ) 8 . Hakeem Jeffries ( D ) 9 . Yvette Clarke ( D ) 10 . Jerrold Nadler ( D ) 11 . Michael Grimm ( R ) , until January 5 , 2015 Dan Donovan ( R ) , from May 5 , 2015 12 . Carolyn Maloney ( D ) 13 . Charles Rangel ( D ) 14 . Joseph Crowley ( D ) 15 . José E. Serrano ( D ) 16 . Eliot Engel ( D ) 17 . Nita Lowey ( D ) 18 . Sean Patrick Maloney ( D ) 19 . Chris Gibson ( R ) 20 . Paul Tonko ( D ) 21 . Elise Stefanik ( R ) 22 . Richard Hanna ( R ) 23 . Thomas Reed ( R ) 24 . John Katko ( R ) 25 . Louise Slaughter ( D ) 26 . Brian Higgins ( D ) 27 . Chris Collins ( R ) North Carolina ( edit ) 1 . G.K. Butterfield ( D ) 2 . Renee Ellmers ( R ) 3 . Walter B. Jones Jr . ( R ) 4 . David Price ( D ) 5 . Virginia Foxx ( R ) 6 . Mark Walker ( R ) 7 . David Rouzer ( R ) 8 . Richard Hudson ( R ) 9 .", "21": "Robert Pittenger ( R ) 10 . Patrick McHenry ( R ) 11 . Mark Meadows ( R ) 12 . Alma Adams ( D ) 13 . George Holding ( R ) North Dakota ( edit ) At - large . Kevin Cramer ( R ) Ohio ( edit ) 1 . Steve Chabot ( R ) 2 . Brad Wenstrup ( R ) 3 . Joyce Beatty ( D ) 4 . Jim Jordan ( R ) 5 . Bob Latta ( R ) 6 . Bill Johnson ( R ) 7 . Bob Gibbs ( R ) 8 . John Boehner ( R ) , until October 31 , 2015 Warren Davidson ( R ) , from June 7 , 2016 9 . Marcy Kaptur ( D ) 10 . Mike Turner ( R ) 11 . Marcia Fudge ( D ) 12 . Pat Tiberi ( R ) 13 . Tim Ryan ( D ) 14 . David Joyce ( R ) 15 . Steve Stivers ( R ) 16 . Jim Renacci ( R ) Oklahoma ( edit ) 1 . Jim Bridenstine ( R ) 2 . Markwayne Mullin ( R ) 3 . Frank Lucas ( R ) 4 . Tom Cole ( R ) 5 . Steve Russell ( R ) Oregon ( edit ) 1 . Suzanne Bonamici ( D ) 2 . Greg Walden ( R ) 3 . Earl Blumenauer ( D ) 4 . Peter DeFazio ( D ) 5 . Kurt Schrader ( D ) Pennsylvania ( edit ) 1 . Bob Brady ( D ) 2 . Chaka Fattah ( D ) , until June 23 , 2016 Dwight Evans ( D ) , from November 8 , 2016 3 . Mike Kelly ( R ) 4 . Scott Perry ( R ) 5 . Glenn Thompson ( R ) 6 . Ryan Costello ( R ) 7 .", "22": "Pat Meehan ( R ) 8 . Mike Fitzpatrick ( R ) 9 . Bill Shuster ( R ) 10 . Tom Marino ( R ) 11 . Lou Barletta ( R ) 12 . Keith Rothfus ( R ) 13 . Brendan Boyle ( D ) 14 . Michael Doyle ( D ) 15 . Charles Dent ( R ) 16 . Joe Pitts ( R ) 17 . Matt Cartwright ( D ) 18 . Tim Murphy ( R ) Rhode Island ( edit ) 1 . David Cicilline ( D ) 2 . James Langevin ( D ) South Carolina ( edit ) 1 . Mark Sanford ( R ) 2 . Joe Wilson ( R ) 3 . Jeff Duncan ( R ) 4 . Trey Gowdy ( R ) 5 . Mick Mulvaney ( R ) 6 . Jim Clyburn ( D ) 7 . Tom Rice ( R ) South Dakota ( edit ) At - large . Kristi Noem ( R ) Tennessee ( edit ) 1 . Phil Roe ( R ) 2 . Jimmy Duncan ( R ) 3 . Chuck Fleischmann ( R ) 4 . Scott DesJarlais ( R ) 5 . Jim Cooper ( D ) 6 . Diane Black ( R ) 7 . Marsha Blackburn ( R ) 8 . Stephen Fincher ( R ) 9 . Steve Cohen ( D ) Texas ( edit ) 1 . Louie Gohmert ( R ) 2 . Ted Poe ( R ) 3 . Sam Johnson ( R ) 4 . John Ratcliffe ( R ) 5 . Jeb Hensarling ( R ) 6 . Joe Barton ( R ) 7 . John Culberson ( R ) 8 . Kevin Brady ( R ) 9 . Al Green ( D ) 10 . Michael McCaul ( R ) 11 . Mike Conaway ( R ) 12 .", "23": "Kay Granger ( R ) 13 . Mac Thornberry ( R ) 14 . Randy Weber ( R ) 15 . Ruben Hinojosa ( D ) 16 . Beto O'Rourke ( D ) 17 . Bill Flores ( R ) 18 . Sheila Jackson Lee ( D ) 19 . Randy Neugebauer ( R ) 20 . Joaquin Castro ( D ) 21 . Lamar Smith ( R ) 22 . Pete Olson ( R ) 23 . Will Hurd ( R ) 24 . Kenny Marchant ( R ) 25 . Roger Williams ( R ) 26 . Michael Burgess ( R ) 27 . Blake Farenthold ( R ) 28 . Henry Cuellar ( D ) 29 . Gene Green ( D ) 30 . Eddie Bernice Johnson ( D ) 31 . John Carter ( R ) 32 . Pete Sessions ( R ) 33 . Marc Veasey ( D ) 34 . Filemon Vela Jr . ( D ) 35 . Lloyd Doggett ( D ) 36 . Brian Babin ( R ) Utah ( edit ) 1 . Rob Bishop ( R ) 2 . Chris Stewart ( R ) 3 . Jason Chaffetz ( R ) 4 . Mia Love ( R ) Vermont ( edit ) At - large . Peter Welch ( D ) Virginia ( edit ) 1 . Rob Wittman ( R ) 2 . Scott Rigell ( R ) 3 . Bobby Scott ( D ) 4 . Randy Forbes ( R ) 5 . Robert Hurt ( R ) 6 . Bob Goodlatte ( R ) 7 . Dave Brat ( R ) 8 . Don Beyer ( D ) 9 . Morgan Griffith ( R ) 10 . Barbara Comstock ( R ) 11 . Gerry Connolly ( D ) Washington ( edit ) 1 .", "24": "Suzan DelBene ( D ) 2 . Rick Larsen ( D ) 3 . Jaime Herrera Beutler ( R ) 4 . Dan Newhouse ( R ) 5 . Cathy McMorris Rodgers ( R ) 6 . Derek Kilmer ( D ) 7 . Jim McDermott ( D ) 8 . Dave Reichert ( R ) 9 . Adam Smith ( D ) 10 . Dennis Heck ( D ) West Virginia ( edit ) 1 . David McKinley ( R ) 2 . Alex Mooney ( R ) 3 . Evan Jenkins ( R ) Wisconsin ( edit ) 1 . Paul Ryan ( R ) 2 . Mark Pocan ( D ) 3 . Ron Kind ( D ) 4 . Gwen Moore ( D ) 5 . Jim Sensenbrenner ( R ) 6 . Glenn Grothman ( R ) 7 . Sean Duffy ( R ) 8 . Reid Ribble ( R ) Wyoming ( edit ) At - large . Cynthia Lummis ( R ) Non-voting members ( edit ) American Samoa . Amata Coleman Radewagen ( R ) District of Columbia . Eleanor Holmes Norton ( D ) Guam . Madeleine Bordallo ( D ) Northern Mariana Islands . Gregorio Sablan ( I ) Puerto Rico . Pedro Pierluisi ( Resident Commissioner ) ( D / PNP ) United States Virgin Islands . Stacey Plaskett ( D ) Members of the U.S. House of Representatives , July 22 , 2015 Composition of the House by district ( 2014 election results ) . Light red are pick - ups by Republicans , Light blue are pick - ups by Democrats . Percentage of members from each party by state , ranging from dark blue ( most Democratic ) to dark red ( most Republican ) . House Majority Leaders Republican Leader Kevin McCarthy Republican Whip Steve Scalise House Minority Leaders Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi Democratic Whip Steny Hoyer Changes in membership ( edit ) Senate ( edit ) There were no changes in Senate membership during this Congress .", "25": "House of Representatives ( edit ) See also : List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives District Vacator Reason for change Successor Date successor seated New York 11th Michael Grimm ( R ) Incumbent resigned January 5 , 2015 , following a guilty plea on one count of felony tax evasion . A special election was held May 5 , 2015 . Dan Donovan ( R ) May 12 , 2015 Mississippi 1st Alan Nunnelee ( R ) Incumbent died February 6 , 2015 . A special election runoff was held June 2 , 2015 . Trent Kelly ( R ) June 9 , 2015 Illinois 18th Aaron Schock ( R ) Incumbent resigned March 31 , 2015 , following a spending scandal . A special election was held September 10 , 2015 . Darin LaHood ( R ) September 17 , 2015 Ohio 8th John Boehner ( R ) Incumbent resigned October 31 , 2015 . A special election was held June 7 , 2016 . Warren Davidson ( R ) June 9 , 2016 Pennsylvania 2nd Chaka Fattah ( D ) Incumbent resigned June 23 , 2016 , following a conviction of corruption charges . A special election was held November 8 , 2016 . Dwight Evans ( D ) November 14 , 2016 Hawaii 1st Mark Takai ( D ) Incumbent died July 20 , 2016 . A special election was held November 8 , 2016 . Colleen Hanabusa ( D ) November 14 , 2016 Kentucky 1st Ed Whitfield ( R ) Incumbent resigned September 6 , 2016 , following an ethics investigation . A special election was held November 8 , 2016 . James Comer ( R ) November 14 , 2016 California 44th Janice Hahn ( D ) Incumbent resigned December 4 , 2016 , to become a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors .", "26": "No special election was held and the seat remained vacant until the next Congress . Hahn did not run for re-election in 2016 . Vacant until the next Congress Michigan 's 10th Candice Miller ( R ) Incumbent resigned December 31 , 2016 , to become Macomb County Public Works Commissioner . No special election was held and the seat remained vacant until the next Congress . Miller did not run for re-election in 2016 . Committees ( edit ) ( Section contents : Senate , House , Joint ) Listed alphabetically by chamber , including Chairman and Ranking Member . Senate ( edit ) Main article : List of current United States Senate committees Committee Chairman Ranking Member Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry Pat Roberts ( R - KS ) Debbie Stabenow ( D - MI ) Appropriations Thad Cochran ( R - MS ) Barbara Mikulski ( D - MD ) Armed Services John McCain ( R - AZ ) Jack Reed ( D - RI ) Banking , Housing and Urban Affairs Richard Shelby ( R - AL ) Sherrod Brown ( D - OH ) Budget Mike Enzi ( R - WY ) Bernie Sanders ( I - VT ) Commerce , Science and Transportation John Thune ( R - SD ) Bill Nelson ( D - FL ) Energy and Natural Resources Lisa Murkowski ( R - AK ) Maria Cantwell ( D - WA ) Environment and Public Works Jim Inhofe ( R - OK ) Barbara Boxer ( D - CA ) Finance Orrin Hatch ( R - UT ) Ron Wyden ( D - OR ) Foreign Relations Bob Corker ( R - TN ) Ben Cardin ( D - MD ) Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Lamar Alexander ( R - TN ) Patty Murray ( D - WA ) Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Ron Johnson ( R - WI ) Thomas Carper ( D - DE ) Indian Affairs John Barrasso ( R - WY ) Jon Tester ( D - MT ) Judiciary Chuck Grassley ( R - IA ) Patrick Leahy ( D - VT ) Rules and Administration Roy Blunt ( R - MO )", "27": "Charles Schumer ( D - NY ) Small Business and Entrepreneurship David Vitter ( R - LA ) Jeanne Shaheen ( D - NH ) Veterans ' Affairs Johnny Isakson ( R - GA ) Richard Blumenthal ( D - CT ) House of Representatives ( edit ) Main article : List of current United States House of Representatives committees Committee Chairman Ranking Member Agriculture Michael Conaway ( R - TX ) Collin Peterson ( D - MN ) Appropriations Harold Rogers ( R - KY ) Nita Lowey ( D - NY ) Armed Services Mac Thornberry ( R - TX ) Adam Smith ( D - WA ) Budget Tom Price ( R - GA ) Chris Van Hollen ( D - MD ) Education and the Workforce John Kline ( R - MN ) Bobby Scott ( D - VA ) Energy and Commerce Fred Upton ( R - MI ) Frank Pallone ( D - NJ ) Ethics Charles Dent ( R - PA ) Linda Sánchez ( D - CA ) Financial Services Jeb Hensarling ( R - TX ) Maxine Waters ( D - CA ) Foreign Affairs Edward Royce ( R - CA ) Eliot Engel ( D - NY ) Homeland Security Michael McCaul ( R - TX ) Bennie Thompson ( D - MS ) House Administration Candice Miller ( R - MI ) Robert Brady ( D - PA ) Judiciary Bob Goodlatte ( R - VA ) John Conyers ( D - MI ) Natural Resources Rob Bishop ( R - UT ) Raul Grijalva ( D - AZ ) Oversight and Government Reform Jason Chaffetz ( R - UT ) Elijah Cummings ( D - MD ) Rules Pete Sessions ( R - TX ) Louise Slaughter ( D - NY ) Science ,", "28": "Space & Technology Lamar Smith ( R - TX ) Eddie Bernice Johnson ( D - TX ) Small Business Steve Chabot ( R - OH ) Nydia Velázquez ( D - NY ) Transportation and Infrastructure Bill Shuster ( R - PA ) Peter DeFazio ( D - OR ) Veterans ' Affairs Jeff Miller ( R - FL ) Corrine Brown ( D - FL ) Ways and Means Kevin Brady ( R - TX ) Sander Levin ( D - MI ) Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Devin Nunes ( R - CA ) Adam Schiff ( D - CA ) Joint committees ( edit ) Main article : List of current United States congressional joint committees Committee Chairman Vice Chairman Joint Economic Committee Sen. Dan Coats ( R - IN ) Rep. Pat Tiberi ( R - OH ) Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies ( Special ) Sen. Roy Blunt ( R - MO ) Rep. Paul Ryan ( R - WI ) Joint Committee on the Library Sen. Roy Blunt ( R - MO ) Rep. Gregg Harper ( R - MS ) Joint Committee on Printing Rep. Gregg Harper ( R - MS ) Sen. Roy Blunt ( R - MO ) Joint Committee on Taxation Rep. Kevin Brady ( R - TX ) Sen. Orrin Hatch ( R - UT ) Caucuses ( edit ) 4 - H Academic Medicine Addiction , Treatment and Recovery Adult Literacy Affordable Medicines Afghan Afterschool Ahmadiyya Air Force Algae Americans Aboard Anti-Terrorism Anti-Value Added Tax Appalachian Arctic Working Group Armenian Issues Armenian Army Corps of Engineers Reform Army Corps Reform Arts Asian Pacific American Assisting Caregivers Today Assyrian Autism Research and Education Automotive Azerbaijan Baltic ( House ) Baseball Battlefield Bi-Partisan Privacy Bicameral Arthritis Bicameral High - Speed & Intercity Passenger Rail Bike Biomass Biomedical Research", "29": "Biotechnology Bipartisan Cerebral Palsy Bipartisan Disabilities Black Boating Border Bourbon Brazil Building a Better America California Public Higher Education Cancer Prevention Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery Carbonated and Non-alcoholic Cargo Airship Caucus on Korea Central America Chesapeake Bay Watershed Chicken Childhood Cancer Children 's China Clean Water Climate Coal Coastal Communities Coastal College Football Collegiate Student - 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American Global Health Global Investment in America GOP Doctors Green Schools Gulf of Mexico Hearing Health Hellenic Israel Alliance Hellenic Issues High Tech Hispanic Historic", "30": "Preservation HIV / AIDS Home Health Homelessness Hong Kong Horse Hospitality HUBZone Hudson River Human Rights Humane Bond Humanities Hungarian American Hunger ( House ) Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Immigration Reform India and Indian Americans India Indonesia Innovation and Entrepreneurship Insurance Intellectual Property Promotion and Piracy Prevention Intelligent Transportation Systems Intelligent Transportation International Anti-Piracy International Basic Education International Conservation International Conservation International Exchange and Study International Religious Freedom International Workers Rights Internet of Things Internet Interstate 69 Invasive Species Inventions Investment in America 's Skilled Workforce Invisible Wounds Iraqi Women 's Israel Allies Joint Strike Fighter Judicial Branch Kenya Kidney Labor and Working Families Land Conservation Latino - 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Senate.gov . US Senate .", "32": "Archived from the original on March 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Chaplain : Barry C. Black Parliamentarian : Elizabeth MacDonough Secretary : Julie E. Adams Sergeant at Arms : Frank J. Larkin Secretary for the Majority : Laura Dove Secretary for the Minority : Gary B. Myrick House of Representatives ( edit ) Source : `` Officers and Organizations of the House '' . House.gov . US House . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Chaplain : Patrick J. Conroy Chief Administrative Officer : Phil Kiko Clerk : Karen L. Haas Historian : Matthew Wasniewski Parliamentarian : Thomas J. Wickham Jr . Sergeant at Arms : Paul D. Irving Legislative branch agency directors ( edit ) Architect of the Capitol : Stephen T. Ayers Comptroller General of the United States : Eugene Louis Dodaro Director of the Congressional Budget Office : Douglas Elmendorf Librarian of Congress : James H. Billington , until September 30 , 2015 David S. Mao ( acting ) , October 1 , 2015 -- September 14 , 2016 Carla Diane Hayden , from September 14 , 2016 Public Printer of the United States : Davita Vance - Cooks See also ( edit ) United States elections , 2014 ( elections leading to this Congress ) United States Senate elections , 2014 United States House of Representatives elections , 2014 United States elections , 2016 ( elections during this Congress , leading to the next Congress ) United States presidential election , 2016 United States Senate elections , 2016 United States House of Representatives elections , 2016 List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rep. Michael Grimm ( R - New York 's 11th district ) resigned January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rep. Alan Nunnelee ( R - Mississippi 's 1st district ) died February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rep. Aaron Schock ( R - Illinois 's 18th district ) resigned March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rep.", "33": "Dan Donovan ( R - New York 's 11th district ) was elected May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rep. Trent Kelly ( R - Mississippi 's 1st district ) was elected June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rep. Darin Lahood ( R - Illinois 's 18th district ) was elected September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rep. John Boehner ( R - Ohio 's 8th district ) resigned October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rep. Warren Davidson ( R - Ohio 's 8th district ) was elected June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rep. Chaka Fattah ( D - Pennsylvania 's 2nd district ) resigned June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rep. Mark Takai ( D - Hawaii 's 1st district ) died July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rep. Ed Whitfield ( R - Kentucky 's 1st district ) resigned September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reps . Dwight Evans ( D - Pennsylvania 's 2nd district ) , Colleen Hanabusa ( D - Hawaii 's 1st district ) , and James Comer ( R - Kentucky 's 1st district ) were elected November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rep. Janice Hahn ( D - California 's 44th district ) resigned December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rep. Candice Miller ( R - Michigan 's 10th district ) resigned December 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Senators King ( ME ) and Sanders ( VT ) have no political affiliation but caucus with the Democratic Party . Jump up ^ Sablan caucuses with the Democratic Party . Jump up ^ Like many members of the PNP , Pedro Pierluisi affiliates with both the PNP and the Democratic Party . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 129 : `` Appointing the day for the convening of the first session of the One Hundred Fourteenth Congress . '' ^ Jump up to : H. Con. Res.", "34": "104 : `` Providing for the sine die adjournment of the first session of the One Hundred Fourteenth Congress . '' Jump up ^ House Calendar on January 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Walsh , Deirdre ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Boehner Overcomes Big Opposition to Remain Speaker '' . CNN . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Criticism over Netanyahu visit intensifies '' . CNN . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Carol ; Solomon , Jay ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Israel 's Netanyahu Urges Congress to Block ' Bad Deal ' With Iran '' . The Wall Street Journal . New York . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` Angry White House and G.O.P. Senators Clash Over Letter to Iran '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Riechmann , Deb ( March 26 , 2015 ) - `` In U.S. , Ghani Vows Afghan Self - Reliance '' . Northwest Arkansas Democrat - Gazette . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Archived March 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zengerle , Patricia ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Japan PM Abe to Address Joint Session of Congress '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mauldin , William ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Japan Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Argues for Trade Deal in Speech to Congress '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Jake ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Pope will address Congress in September '' . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steinhauer , Jennifer ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` John Boehner Will Resign From Congress '' . The New York Times .", "35": "Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ; Kane , Paul ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` House Speaker John Boehner to Resign at End of October '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shock ! McCarthy drops Speaker bid '' . The Hill . October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clerk of the US House of Representatives ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 581 '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Escobedo ( November 1 , 2015 ) . `` Who was the last House speaker younger than Paul Ryan ? '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ Siegel , Ben ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Congress adjourns fight for gun control to July 5th '' . Yahoo . Politics . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ S. Res. 3 Jump up ^ S. Res. 6 ^ Jump up to : Lesniewski , Niels ; Dennis , Steven ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Mitch McConnell Unanimously Elected Majority Leader by GOP '' . Roll Call . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Humberto ; Lesniewski , Niels ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Harry Reid Unveils New Leadership Team , Strategy '' . Roll Call . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Caucus Memberships of Gregorio Sablan '' . House.gov . US House of Representatives . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boehner Commends Grimm for Announcing Resignation '' Roll Call , December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to New York 's Sixth Special Election in Six Years '' Roll Call , January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GOP Rep. Nunnelee of Miss . Dies After Brain Cancer , Stroke '' ABC News , February 6 , 2015 .", "36": "Jump up ^ Pender , Geoff ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Governor will set election after Nunnelee 's death '' . The Clarion - Ledger . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cahn , Emily ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Mississippi Special Election Heads to Runoff '' . Roll Call . Jump up ^ Bash , Dana ; Zeleny , Jeff ; Jaffe , Alexandra ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Aaron Schock resigns amid scandal '' . CNN . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ; Costa , Robert ; Kane , Paul ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Rep. Aaron Schock announces resignation in wake of spending probe '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amid revolt , Boehner steps aside to avoid ' irreparable harm ' to Congress '' . Usatoday.com . September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Davidson will be sworn in today '' . Journal - News . June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Chaka Fattah resigns after conviction , effective immediately '' ( Press release ) . CBS . June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Chris ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Special election for Fattah 's former U.S. House seat will be Nov. 8 '' . Philadelphia Media Network . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.civilbeat.org/2016/07/us-rep-mark-takai-of-hawaii-dies/ Jump up ^ Dayton , Kevin ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Special - election winner will finish Takai 's term '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Whitfield to retire amid ethics probe '' . TheHill .", "37": "Jump up ^ Callais , Krystle ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` U.S. Congressman Ed Whitfield stepping down '' . WPSD - TV . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-rep-hahn-to-resign-seat-early-to-be-1480446095-htmlstory.html Jump up ^ 2016 Congressional Record , Vol. 162 , Page H7147 Jump up ^ Shabad , Rebecca ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Budget scorekeeper awaits GOP decision '' . The Hill . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . `` Videos of House of Representatives Sessions for the 114th Congress from www.C-SPAN.org '' . `` Videos of Senate Sessions for the 114th Congress from www.C-SPAN.org '' . `` Videos of Committees from the House and Senate for the 114th Congress from www.C-SPAN.org '' . House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 114th Congress , 2015 calendar ( PDF ) . Senate Session Calendar for the 114th Congress ( PDF ) . Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 114th Congress ( PDF ) . Official Congressional Directory for the 114th Congress ( PDF ) . 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-7119324654516311671	who has the highest paid contract in the nba	[ "Stephen Curry", "Stephen Curry", "Stephen Curry", "Stephen Curry", "Stephen Curry" ]	{ "0": "Highest - paid NBA players by season - wikipedia Highest - paid NBA players by season Jump to : navigation , search The highest - paid NBA players by season over the past twelve seasons have received contracts with salaries noted in the twenty - million - dollar range . In this twelve - year span , Kevin Garnett received $28,000,000 , which was the highest salary payment of any NBA player , during the 2003 -- 04 season . Garnett has been the highest - paid NBA player per year in seven of the past twelve NBA seasons . Michael Jordan was the first NBA player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season . During the 1997 -- 98 season , Jordan earned $33,000,000 . Kobe Bryant become just the second player to reach this milestone when the 2013 -- 14 season began . LeBron James became the third in the 2016 -- 17 season . Stephen Curry became the first player to eclipse $40 - Million per year when he signed a record 5 - year contract worth $201 - Million in 2017 . Beginning in the 1984 -- 85 NBA season , the NBA 's first salary cap was introduced . The NBA salary cap is the maximum dollar amount each NBA team can spend on its players for the season . However , the NBA uses a `` soft '' salary cap , which means that significant `` salary exceptions '' allow NBA teams to exceed their allotted amount in order to sign players . The salary cap is determined during the offseason , but as stated earlier , it is liable to change . Michael Jordan , who earned $33,000,000 in the 1997 -- 98 NBA season , attempts a slam dunk at the old Boston Garden . An exception is necessary to sign a player for a contract that would exceed the salary cap threshold of the `` soft cap '' . The Larry Bird exception , more commonly known as Bird Rights , allows teams to re-sign a current player only if he has played for that particular team for a minimum of three years . Another exception known as the mid-level exception allows for teams that are over the salary cap to sign one or more players as long as they do not exceed the total amount of the average NBA salary .", "1": "Next , the bi-annual exception can be used by teams every other year to sign a free agent ( s ) for up to two years at an amount set by the NBA . Finally , the rookie player exception allows any NBA team to sign their first - round draft pick to a contract based upon a scale previously set forth by the NBA . Another option for teams would be to assign players to a league - assigned minimum salary contract for a maximum of two years . According to 2010 -- 11 NBA season game performance , the league 's best players were not its highest - paid players . Each year there are ten players selected to one of the two All - NBA Teams . Out of those ten players chosen that year , Kobe Bryant was the only player that was also among the game 's ten highest - paid during the 2010 -- 11 NBA season .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 2010s 1.1 2017 -- 2018 1.2 2016 -- 2017 1.3 2015 -- 2016 1.4 2014 -- 2015 1.5 2013 -- 2014 1.6 2012 -- 2013 1.7 2011 -- 2012 1.8 2010 -- 2011 1.9 2009 -- 2010 2 2000s 2.1 2008 -- 2009 2.2 2007 -- 2008 2.3 2006 -- 2007 2.4 2005 -- 2006 2.5 2004 -- 2005 2.6 2003 -- 2004 2.7 2002 -- 2003 2.8 2001 -- 2002 2.9 2000 -- 2001 2.10 1999 -- 2000 3 1990s 3.1 1998 -- 1999 4 See also 5 References 2010s 2017 -- 2018 Player Salary Team Stephen Curry $34,682,550 Golden State Warriors LeBron James $33,285,709 Cleveland Cavaliers Paul Millsap $31,269,231 Denver Nuggets Gordon Hayward $29,727,900 Boston Celtics Blake Griffin $29,512,900 Los Angeles Clippers Kyle Lowry $28,703,704 Toronto Raptors Russell Westbrook $28,530,608 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $28,530,608 Memphis Grizzlies James Harden $28,299,399 Houston Rockets DeMar DeRozan $27,739,975 Toronto Raptors 2016 -- 2017 LeBron James became the third player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season , after Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant .", "3": "Player Salary Team LeBron James $30,963,450 Cleveland Cavaliers Al Horford $26,540,100 Boston Celtics DeMar DeRozan $26,540,100 Toronto Raptors James Harden $26,540,100 Houston Rockets Kevin Durant $26,540,100 Golden State Warriors Russell Westbrook $26,540,100 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $26,540,100 Memphis Grizzlies Dirk Nowitzki $25,000,000 Dallas Mavericks Carmelo Anthony $24,559,380 New York Knicks Damian Lillard $24,328,425 Portland Trail Blazers 2015 -- 2016 Kobe Bryant , who spent his entire 20 - year career in a Los Angeles Lakers uniform , was the highest - paid player in the league from the 2009 -- 10 until his retirement at the conclusion of the 2015 -- 16 season . Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers LeBron James $22,970,500 Cleveland Cavaliers Carmelo Anthony $22,875,000 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $22,359,364 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $22,192,730 Miami Heat Chris Paul $21,468,695 Los Angeles Clippers Kevin Durant $20,158,622 Oklahoma City Thunder Derrick Rose $20,093,064 Chicago Bulls Dwyane Wade $20,000,000 Miami Heat LaMarcus Aldridge $19,689,000 San Antonio Spurs 2014 -- 2015 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,500,000 Los Angeles Lakers Amar'e Stoudemire $23,410,988 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $23,180,790 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $22,458,401 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $21,436,271 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $20,644,400 Miami Heat LeBron James $20,644,400 Cleveland Cavaliers Chris Paul $20,068,563 Los Angeles Clippers Deron Williams $19,754,", "4": "465 Brooklyn Nets Rudy Gay $19,317,326 Sacramento Kings 2013 -- 2014 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $22,721,381 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $21,679,893 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $21,466,718 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $21,388,953 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $20,513,178 Houston Rockets Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat 2012 -- 2013 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $20,907,128 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $19,948,799 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $19,752,645 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $19,444,503 New York Knicks Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat Chris Paul $18,668,431 Los Angeles Clippers 2011 -- 2012 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,244,493 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $21,247,044 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $21,164,619 San Antonio Spurs Rashard Lewis $21,136,631 Washington Wizards Dirk Nowitzki $19,092,873 Dallas Mavericks Pau Gasol $18,714,150 Los Angeles Lakers Carmelo Anthony $18,518,574 New York Knicks Amar'e Stoudemire $18,217,705 New York Knicks Elton Brand $18,160,355 Philadelphia 76ers Dwight Howard $18,091,", "5": "770 Orlando Magic 2010 -- 2011 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $24,806,250 Los Angeles Lakers Rashard Lewis $19,573,711 Washington Wizards Tim Duncan $18,835,381 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $18,832,044 Boston Celtics Michael Redd $18,300,000 Milwaukee Bucks Andrei Kirilenko $17,823,000 Utah Jazz Pau Gasol $17,823,000 Los Angeles Lakers Gilbert Arenas $17,730,694 Washington Wizards Yao Ming $17,686,100 Houston Rockets Zach Randolph $17,666,666 Memphis Grizzlies 2009 -- 2010 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,034,375 Los Angeles Lakers Jermaine O'Neal $23,016,000 Miami Heat Tracy McGrady $22,843,124 New York Knicks Tim Duncan $22,183,220 San Antonio Spurs Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Cleveland Cavaliers Dirk Nowitzki $19,795,714 Dallas Mavericks Paul Pierce $19,795,712 Boston Celtics Ray Allen $18,776,860 Boston Celtics Rashard Lewis $18,010,791 Orlando Magic Michael Redd $17,040,000 Milwaukee Bucks 2000s 2008 -- 2009 Kevin Garnett was the highest - paid player during the 2008 -- 09 , 2007 -- 08 , and 2006 -- 07 seasons ; he relinquished that position to Shaquille O'Neal for two seasons , but was also the highest - paid player during the 2003 -- 04 , 2002 -- 03 , 2001 -- 02 , and 2000 -- 01 seasons . Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $24,751,934 Boston Celtics Jason Kidd $21,372,000 Dallas Mavericks Jermaine O'Neal $21,372,000 Toronto Raptors Kobe Bryant $21,262,500 Los Angeles Lakers Shaquille O'Neal $21,", "6": "000,000 Phoenix Suns Allen Iverson $20,840,625 Detroit Pistons Stephon Marbury $20,840,625 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $20,598,704 San Antonio Spurs Tracy McGrady $20,370,437 Houston Rockets Ray Allen $18,388,430 Boston Celtics 2007 -- 2008 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $23,751,934 Boston Celtics Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Jason Kidd $19,728,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $19,728,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $19,490,625 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $19,014,188 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $19,012,500 Denver Nuggets Stephon Marbury $19,012,500 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $18,257,750 Houston Rockets Baron Davis $16,440,000 Golden State Warriors 2006 -- 2007 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $21,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Jason Kidd $18,084,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $18,084,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $17,718,750 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $17,429,673 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $17,184,375 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $17,184,375 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $16,901,500 Houston Rockets Grant Hill $16,901,500 Orlando Magic 2005 -- 2006 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Chris Webber $19,125,000 Philadelphia 76ers Kevin Garnett $18,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Allen Iverson $16,453,125 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $16,453,", "7": "125 New York Knicks Jason Kidd $16,440,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $16,440,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $15,946,875 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $15,845,157 San Antonio Spurs Vin Baker $15,750,000 Los Angeles Clippers 2004 -- 2005 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $29,464,000 Miami Heat Dikembe Mutombo $19,684,000 Houston Rockets Allan Houston $17,531,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $17,351,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $15,750,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $14,625,000 New York Knicks Latrell Sprewell $14,625,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shareef Abdur - Rahim $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Stephon Marbury $14,625,000 New York Knicks Michael Finley $14,609,000 Dallas Mavericks 2003 -- 2004 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $28,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $26,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Rasheed Wallace $18,000,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $17,895,000 New York Knicks Allan Houston $15,937,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $15,937,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns Latrell Sprewell $13,500,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Antonio McDyess $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns 2002 -- 2003 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $25,200,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $23,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Shawn Kemp $21,500,000 Orlando Magic Juwan Howard $20,625,", "8": "000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $19,727,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $19,250,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $16,200,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $16,105,000 New Jersey Nets Chris Webber $14,343,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $13,500,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2001 -- 2002 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $22,400,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $21,428,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $18,756,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $18,750,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $18,083,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $17,500,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $14,400,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $14,315,000 Philadelphia 76ers Gary Payton $12,926,000 Seattle SuperSonics Shawn Kemp $12,770,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2000 -- 2001 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $19,600,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $19,285,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $16,879,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $16,875,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $16,685,000 Houston Rockets Karl Malone $15,750,000 Utah Jazz Dikembe Mutombo $14,422,000 Philadelphia 76ers Patrick Ewing $14,000,000 Seattle SuperSonics David Robinson $13,196,000 San Antonio Spurs Scottie Pippen $13,151,000 Portland Trail Blazers 1999 -- 2000 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $17,142,000 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $16,806,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $15,", "9": "004,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $15,000,000 Washington Wizards Scottie Pippen $14,795,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $14,000,000 Utah Jazz Larry Johnson $11,910,000 New York Knicks Gary Payton $11,020,000 Seattle SuperSonics Rasheed Wallace $10,800,000 Portland Trail Blazers Shawn Kemp $10,780,000 Cleveland Cavaliers 1990s 1998 -- 1999 Player Salary Team Patrick Ewing $18,500,000 New York Knicks Shaquille O'Neal $17,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers David Robinson $14,841,000 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $14,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $13,130,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $13,125,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $12,943,000 Houston Rockets Dikembe Mutombo $11,218,000 Atlanta Hawks Jayson Williams $11,000,000 New Jersey Nets Scottie Pippen $11,000,000 Houston Rockets See also National Basketball Association portal Business and economics portal List of highest paid Major League Baseball players List of player salaries in the NHL List of highest paid American television stars List of highest paid film actors List of highest paid mayors List of salaries References Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant to Become NBA 's Second Ever $30 - Million Player '' . aolnews.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap History '' . insidehoops.com . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap Explained '' . about.com . Jump up ^ `` Mid Level Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ `` Bi-annual Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) . `` The NBA 's Highest - Paid Players '' . Forbes .", "10": "Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 NBA Player Contracts '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA 's 25 highest - paid players for the 2016 - 17 season '' . Foxsports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2015 - 2016 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2014 - 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2013 - 2014 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2012 - 2013 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2011 - 2012 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2010 - 2011 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2009 - 2010 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2008 - 2009 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Salaries '' . Insidehoops.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2007 - 2008 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2006 - 2007 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2005 - 2006 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) .", "11": "Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2004 - 2005 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2003 - 2004 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2002 - 2003 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2001 - 2002 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2000 - 2001 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 1999 - 2000 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ . Sports Reference LLC http://www.basketball-reference.com/leagues/NBA_1999.html . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 .", "12": "Missing or empty title = ( help ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 ,", "13": "Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highest-paid_NBA_players_by_season&oldid=803417623 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Employee compensation in the United States Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 12 : 17 . 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-8498809544574847509	what kind of beast is the beast from beauty and the beast	[ "a chimera (a mixture of several animals)", "a chimera" ]	{ "0": "Beast ( Beauty and the Beast ) - wikipedia Beast ( Beauty and the Beast ) Jump to : navigation , search Beast First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Created by Linda Woolverton ( film adaptation ) Portrayed by Terrence Mann ( Beauty and the Beast originated role for Broadway ) Jeff Bridges ( Disney Dreams Portraits photographs ) Dan Payne ( Descendants ) Dan Stevens ( 2017 live action film ) Voiced by Robby Benson Aliases Prince Adam , Master of the Castle Occupation Prince Significant other ( s ) Belle Children Prince Ben ( son ; in Descendants only ) Relatives Maurice ( father - in - law ) Nationality French The Beast is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . He also appears in the film 's two direct - to - video followups Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas and Belle 's Magical World . Based on the hero of the French fairy tale by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont , the Beast was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and animated by Glen Keane . A pampered prince transformed into a hideous beast as punishment for his cold - hearted and selfish ways , the Beast must , in order to return to his former self , earn the love of a beautiful young woman named Belle who he imprisons in his castle . All this must be done before the last petal falls from the enchanted rose on his twenty - first birthday . In all animated film appearances , the Beast is voiced by American actor Robby Benson . The 1991 animated film was adapted into a Broadway musical in 1994 , with the role being originated by American actor Terrence Mann . Dan Stevens portrays the character in a 2017 live - action adaptation of the original 1991 film .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Characteristics 3 Appearances 3.1 Beauty and the Beast 3.2 Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas 3.3 Belle 's Magical World 4 In other media 4.1 Kingdom Hearts 4.2 Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories 4.3 Kingdom Hearts II 4.4 Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days 4.5 Broadway musical 4.6 The D Show 4.7 Once Upon a Time 4.8 I ( film ) 4.9 Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 live action film ) 5 References Development Determining a suitable appearance for the Beast proved challenging . Although entirely fictional , supervising animator Glen Keane felt it essential for the Beast to resemble a creature that could possibly be found on Earth as opposed to an alien . The initial designs had the Beast as humanoid but with an animal head attached as per the original fairy tale , but soon shifted towards more unconventional forms . The earlier sketches of the Beast 's character design are seen as gargoyles and sculptures in the Beast 's castle . Inspired by a buffalo head that he purchased from a taxidermy , Keane decided to base the Beast 's appearance on a variety of wild animals , drawing inspiration from the mane of a lion , head of a buffalo , brow of a gorilla , tusks of a wild boar , legs and tail of a wolf , and body of a bear . However , he felt it important that the Beast 's eyes remain human . In fear that Glen Keane would design the Beast to resemble voice actor Robby Benson , Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg did not allow Keane to see Benson during production of the film . Characteristics The Beast is not of any one species of animal , but a chimera ( a mixture of several animals ) , who would probably be classified as a carnivore overall . He has the head structure and horns of a buffalo , the arms and body of a bear , the eyebrows of a gorilla , the jaws , teeth , and mane of a lion , the tusks of a wild boar and the legs and tail of a wolf . He also bears resemblance to mythical monsters like the Minotaur or a werewolf .", "2": "He also has blue eyes , the one physical feature that does not change whether he is a beast or a human . As opposed to his original counterpart , Disney gave him a more primal nature to his personality and mannerisms , which truly exploited his character as an untamed animal ( i.e. alternating between walking and crawling , animal growls ) . Producer Don Hahn envisioned that the Beast 's psychological state has become increasing feral the longer he was under the curse , such that he would eventually lose his last vestiges of humanity and become completely wild if the spell could not be broken . Hahn 's idea does n't manifest prominently in the finished 1991 animated film , since the Beast is only seen in a brief scene some time after his transformation while much of the narrative starts during the later period of the curse . In the original tale , the Beast is seen to be kind - hearted for the most part , and gentleman - like , with only an occasional tendency to be hot - tempered . Disney 's interpretation of the Beast made him more constantly angry and depressed , due to the shame from his unkind actions which led to his transformation , and particularly his struggle of reconciling his hideous appearance with his inner humanity which made him feel hopeless about breaking the curse . Supervising animator Glen Keane describes The Beast as `` a twenty - one - year - old guy who 's insecure , wants to be loved , wants to love , but has this ugly exterior and has to overcome this . '' Upon his reform under his love interest Belle , his personality changes to refined and more even - tempered , while naive about the world at the same time . To reflect his early personality , the Beast is seen shirtless , with ragged , dark gray breeches , and a ragged reddish - colored cape with a golden colored circular - shaped clasp . Despite the actual color of his cape being a dark reddish color , the Beast 's cape is more often referenced to be purple ( and in most of the Beast 's subsequent appearances after the film , such as Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas or the Kingdom Hearts games , his cape is colored purple ) . The reason for this change in color is unknown , although the most likely reason is that the color purple is often associated with royalty .", "3": "After the Beast saves Belle from a pack of wolves , his dress - style changes to become more formal and disciplined , reflecting a more refined personality as he attempts to win Belle 's friendship and love . His most referenced form of dress is his ballroom outfit , which consisted of a golden vest over a white dress shirt with a white kerchief , black dress pants trimmed with gold , and a royal blue ballroom tail coat trimmed with gold , worn during the film 's ballroom dance sequence . The blue tail coat outfit is retained after he was restored back to human , which is meant to be a stark contrast to the royal regalia and armor he was depicted in before his curse . His human form is that of a tall and slender young man with auburn hair and soft cream colored skin while also retaining his bright blue eyes . As human he is simply known as the `` Prince '' , as supervising animator Glen Keane stated that everyone on the production was too busy to give him an alternative name , however some licensed works such as the trivia video game The D Show ( 1998 ) have named him `` Prince Adam '' . Disney has come to embrace the name , as seen in multiple pieces of merchandise as well as a plaque hung up in 2012 ( and still hangs there as of 2017 ) in Walt Disney World 's Port Orleans Riverside Royal Rooms that clearly states his name as `` Prince Adam . '' Appearances Beauty and the Beast Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) The Beast with Belle . A handsome young prince lives in a luxurious castle in France . He has everything he ever wanted , and as a result , he is spoiled , selfish and unkind . One night , his kindness is put to the test when a beggar woman comes to the castle and asks for shelter from the freezing cold , with a single rose as payment . When he shuns the beggar for her repulsive appearance , she then reveals her true form as a beautiful enchantress . Seeing her beauty and realizing her power , the Prince tries to apologize but she transforms him into a terrifying beast - like creature for his arrogance . She also casts a spell on the entire castle , transforming it into a dark , foreboding place , its lush green grounds into dangerous immortal wolf - infested woods , and the good - natured servants into anthropomorphic household objects to reflect their different personalities .", "4": "Ashamed of his new appearance , the Beast conceals himself inside his castle with a magic mirror as his only window to the outside world , and an enchanted rose that would act as the curse 's timer which would bloom until he turns 21 . If the Beast could learn to love a woman and earn her love in return before the final petal fell off the rose , the curse would be broken , but if not he would remain a beast forever . The Beast turns to despair as the years pass by , with little hope of achieving this . As the enchanted rose reaches late bloom and slowly wilts , the first outsider is an old man named Maurice who accidentally stumbles upon the castle , being allowed inside by the servants for shelter . However , the Beast detains Maurice in the tower as a prisoner for trespassing . Maurice 's horse returns back to the village , and then takes Maurice 's daughter Belle back to the castle . In the tower Belle confronts Beast and pleads with him to let her father go , offering herself as a prisoner instead , to which the Beast agrees in return for her promise never to leave . Being prodded by his servants into believing that she is the key to breaking the spell , the Beast shows flashes of compassion for the first time despite his overall gruff manner . For instance , he feels some remorse for ejecting her father without a proper farewell , and as an atonement he lets her stay in a furnished room rather than the tower dungeon and places the servants at her disposal . When she enters the castle 's forbidden west wing and nearly touches the rose , he frightens her into fleeing the castle via the woods , which he regrets upon realizing that he lost his temper , then he saves her from being killed by wild wolves . The Beast and Belle come to appreciate each other when she brings him back to the castle and tends to his wounds . He strikes up a friendship with her , by giving her the castle library and learns kindness and manners from her . Eventually , the Beast falls in love with Belle , and placing her happiness before his own , he releases her to tend to her sick father , a decision that disheartens him upon realizing that she had not yet returned his love which means that the curse remains unbroken . A mob from the village comes to storm the castle and kill the Beast , led by a rival suitor named Gaston .", "5": "Beast is too miserable from Belle 's departure to respond to a challenge from Gaston , although his servants manage to beat back the villagers . Upon seeing Belle 's return to the castle , the Beast 's mood is roused and he duels Gaston upon the castle rooftops . The Beast uses guile to make up for his lack of weaponry , and remains unfazed by frequent taunts from Gaston , who proclaims that handsome appearance is the entitlement to Belle . The Beast eventually overpowers Gaston and intends to drop him until the hunter begs him not to . Not wanting to sink to Gaston 's level of behavior , the Beast decides to show mercy and spare Gaston on the condition that he immediately leave the castle . Belle then shows up on the balcony and the Beast climbs up to meet her ; however Gaston refuses to accept defeat and stabs the Beast from behind . Gaston loses his balance and falls from the castle roof to his death , but Belle manages to grab the Beast and pull him up . The Beast , knowing he is mortally wounded , expresses his appreciation to Belle for returning and being able to see her one last time , before falling unconscious and apparently succumbing to his injuries . Belle is able to tell the Beast that she loves him before the final petal falls . Then , Belle 's declaration of love for the Beast breaks the spell and transforms him back into the prince . Beauty and the Beast : the enchanted Christmas Main article : Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas In this film , which takes place not long after the Beast rescued Belle from the wolves , much to Beast 's frustration , Belle wants to celebrate Christmas and throw a real Christmas party . Beast hates the idea of Christmas , for it was the very day almost ten years ago when the Enchantress cast the spell on him and the entire castle . ( In contrast to the 1991 animated film where the Prince is depicted in stained - glass windows wearing royal regalia and armor before being cursed , the Prince in Enchanted Christmas is dressed simply in a white shirt and black breeches prior to his transformation . ) While Beast sits most of the preparations out , a treacherous servant plots to have Belle thrown out of the castle : Forte the Pipe Organ , since he is far more appreciated by the Beast while under the spell .", "6": "Unknown to Beast , Belle writes him a special book which he does n't see until later on . She also meets Forte later on in a chance meeting . Forte tells her that Beast 's favorite Christmas tradition was the Christmas tree . Belle becomes frustrated , for no tree she has seen on the grounds has been tall enough to hang ornaments . Forte lies to Belle , saying that a perfect tree can be found in the woods beyond the castle . Reluctant to go against Beast 's orders that she never leave the castle , Belle leaves nonetheless in order to find the perfect tree . When Belle does not arrive to see Beast 's Christmas present to her , he begins to suspect that she is n't there at all . When Cogsworth , having been ordered to retrieve Belle , explains that the household can not find her , Beast becomes enraged . He goes to Forte to ask for advice , and Forte lies that Belle has abandoned him . Beast manages to find Belle and saves her in time from drowning after she fell through thin ice . Still believing that Belle disobeyed him by breaking her promise not to leave , Beast locks her into the dungeons to rot . But when Forte goads him into destroying the rose to end his suffering , Beast finds Belle 's book in the West Wing and reads it , coming to his senses and realizing that all Belle wants is for him to be happy . Releasing Belle from the dungeon and asking for her forgiveness , Beast prepares to join in the Christmas festivities . But Forte does n't give up and even goes as far as to attempt to destroy the entire castle with Beethoven 's 5th . Fortunately , Beast finds him in time and destroys his keyboard with Franz Schubert 's Symphony No 8 . Losing his balance ( and his pipes ) , Forte falls from the wall he is leaned up against and is silenced forever . Later , the castle and servants are arrayed in Christmas decorations when Belle and the Beast do their famous ballroom dance from the first film . The story flashes forward to the first Christmas after the spell is broken . The Prince and Belle give Chip , Mrs. Potts ' son , a book to read , which he loves . As the Prince and Belle come out to the balcony , he gives her a rose as a gift .", "7": "Belle 's Magical world Main article : Belle 's Magical World In the final entry of the franchise , made up of four segments from a presumably failed television series , Belle teaches the Beast a thing or two about life itself , consideration and manners . He appears only in the first and fourth segments , and in a cameo in the third . In the first part , The Perfect Word , Beast and Belle have a bitter falling out at dinner when the Beast demands that Cogsworth open the windows to cool him down , despite the fact that he is the only one hot and there is a cold wind , and angrily strikes his servant , Webster , a long - tongued dictionary . Despite Lumiere and Cogsworth 's pleas , Beast refuses to apologise for his behaviour , until Webster , Crane and LePlume forge a letter of apology from the Beast to Belle . All is settled , until the Beast realises that it was a forgery . He furiously banishes Webster , Crane and LePlume from the castle , but Belle brings them back from the woods , and the Beast soon learns to forgive them , as their intentions were good . In the fourth part , The Broken Wing , the Beast loses his temper with Belle again when she brings an injured bird into the castle , as he dislikes birds . As he tries to chase the bird out , however , he falls over on the stairs and hits his head hard , stripping him of his hatred for birds . However , his selfishness still remains , and he locks the bird in a cage in his room , demanding that it sing for him whenever he demands it . The bird , terrified , refuses , until Belle teaches the Beast that the bird will only sing when happy . The Beast lets the bird out , and learns to consider others before himself . Earlier on , in the third segment , Mrs. Potts ' Party , the Beast makes several cameos sleeping in his bed in the West Wing . Dialogue between Lumiere and Cogsworth shows that he had spent the entire previous night mending leaks in the castle roof , and is still resting . An argument between Lumiere and Cogsworth about Mrs. Potts ' favourite flowers lead to them having to hide several bunches of flowers around the Beast 's bed .", "8": "At one point , the Beast begins to smell one of the flowers and almost wakes up , but it is removed just in time , and he falls asleep again . In other Media Beast appears as a major Disney character in the bestselling video game series Kingdom Hearts . Kingdom Hearts In the first Kingdom Hearts , during a time in which the spell had not yet broken , Beast 's home is attacked by the Heartless , led by Maleficent , who take Belle captive . Determined to rescue Belle , Beast goes as far as to exploit the power of darkness and risk his own life to transport himself to Hollow Bastion , where Belle is being held captive with the other six Princesses of Heart . Upon arriving in Hollow Bastion , Beast is confronted by Riku , who challenges him to a duel and easily defeats him . Beast is saved at the last minute by Sora , Donald and Goofy , who are looking for Kairi . Allying himself with Sora , since Donald and Goofy have temporarily joined Riku , Beast fights the Heartless and protects Sora while they work their way into the Hollow Baston castle . Entering the castle , Beast , Sora , Donald and Goofy fight their way through until they encounter and defeat Maleficent , who transforms into her dragon form and challenges them once again , only to be defeated once more . The four heroes find Kairi , but the circumstances cause Sora , Donald , Goofy and Kairi to leave Hollow Bastion , and Beast states that he will not leave without Belle . Later on , Beast encounters Sora once again when he returns to Hollow Bastion to lock the Keyhole . During their second search , Beast and Sora find Belle , who embraces Beast and presents Sora with the Divine Rose Keychain . In the Final Mix version of the game , Beast allies himself with Sora once again to fight and defeat Xemnas ( then known as `` Unknown '' ) . Kingdom Hearts : Chain of memories In Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , Beast is merely a figment of Sora 's memories . He is once again separated from Belle , courtesy of Maleficent , but once more , Beast defeats Maleficent with Sora 's help and rescues Belle .", "9": "Kingdom Hearts II After Sora defeats Ansem , all the previously attacked worlds are restored , including Beast 's Castle . Afterwards , Beast and Belle return to their home to carry on with their lives . However , the peace is shattered once again when Beast is approached by Xaldin of Organization XIII to do his bidding . Xaldin is determined to manipulate Beast into becoming a Heartless . If that happens , Beast will not only become a strong Heartless which Sora would have to destroy and feed to Kingdom Hearts , but also leave behind a powerful Nobody for Xaldin to use as he wishes ( just like what happened to Xehanort ) . Manipulated and controlled , Beast is forced to allow the Heartless into the castle and lock the entire servant staff in the dungeons , with Belle too scared to intervene . Beast starts mistreating Belle . When Sora , Donald and Goofy arrive , they are encountered by Beast , who attacks them without hesitation . Sora wins the battle , and Beast comes back to his senses thanks to his servants who were released by Sora . Xaldin appears to flee . Later on , during a ball , Xaldin returns and steals the rose , throwing Beast into a depression and causing him to ask Belle and Sora to leave his castle . However a pep talk from Sora spurs him back into action . Xaldin confronts them and sends his Nobodies at them . They fight the Nobodies off , but Xaldin escapes to the castle drawbridge with Belle and the rose . Belle manages to escape from Xaldin 's clutches with the rose , and Xaldin is then killed by Beast , Sora , Donald and Goofy . Belle gives Beast the rose but he is more relieved that she was n't hurt . Beast then bids a grateful farewell to Sora , and returns to a normal life with Belle , until the spell is finally broken and Beast turns back into a human at the end of the game ( a scene witnessed during the game 's credits following completion ) . Beast 's Limit attack for Kingdom Hearts II is Twin Howl , where he and Sora violently roar together and slash at enemies furiously . Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days In Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days , Beast appears along with his homeworld again .", "10": "The missions in Beast 's Castle chronicle some of the events that occurred between Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II , such as Belle and Beast attempting to resume their normal lives and Beast 's first encounter with Xaldin . Broadway musical Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) The Beast appears in the Broadway musical adaptation of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , originally portrayed by Terrence Mann . Other actors who have taken on the role include Chuck Wagner ( 1997 ) , James Barbour ( 1998 ) , Jeff McCarthy ( 2004 ) , and Steve Blanchard . The D show The movie and others never made mention of his real name . A CD - ROM game said `` The Prince 's name is Adam . '' Once upon a time In the 2011 ABC series Once Upon a Time , the show 's version of `` the Beast '' is actually another fairy tale character , Rumplestiltskin ( played by Robert Carlyle ) , who gains possession of Belle as part of a deal to save Belle 's kingdom from losing a war . I ( film ) Main article : I ( film ) Indian actor Vikram portrayed Beast for sequences in a dreamy song `` Ennodu Nee Irundhal '' in the 2015 Tamil language film `` I '' opposite Amy Jackson who portrayed Belle . The original prosthetic make - up for the characters were provided by Sean Foot ( Shaun ) and Davina Lamont and additional works were done by National Film Award winners -- Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till . Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 live action film ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) In March 2015 , English actor Dan Stevens was cast as the Beast in a live - action adaptation of the film , which was released on March 17 , 2017 . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . ''", "11": "The live - action portrayal closely follows the animated version , but with some differences . The backstory is expanded and reveals that the Prince 's mother died of an illness when he was a boy , leaving his father to raise him . He eventually grew up to be as vain , self - centered and arrogant as his father , and he taxed the villagers of his kingdom harshly . The Prince was hosting a debutante ball at his castle when a beggar woman appeared at his castle and offered a single rose as payment for shelter from an oncoming storm . The Prince turned her away twice , prompting the beggar to reveal herself to be an enchantress . The Enchantress placed a powerful spell upon the kingdom , turning the Prince into a beast and the servants into animated household objects , while also wiping all memory of the castle from the nearby village 's inhabitants . If the Beast was unable to love another and earn that person 's love in return , by the time the last petal on the enchanted rose fell , he would remain a beast forever , and in addition his servants would become inanimate antiques . The live - action version of the Beast is quite civilized in personality and mannerisms , in contrast to the Beast in the animated film which was originally quite primal in behavior . Although the Beast does not seem to have become increasing feral the longer the enchantment runs , in contrast to his animated counterpart from 1991 ( reflecting Don Hahn 's original intent for the Beast eventually grow wild if he never met Belle ) , it is his transformed servants who are gradually losing their remaining humanity while the castle deteriorates . The last rose petal falls before the curse is broken ; however , upon seeing Belle profess her love for the Beast , the enchantress reveals herself and lifts the spell on the castle and its inhabitants . Afterward , Prince and Belle host a ball for all the villagers . References Jump up ^ Schrager , Norm ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Building a Beast : Interview with Disney Animator Glen Keane '' . Meet In The Lobby . Meet In The Lobby . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Noyer , Jérémie ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` Beauty And The Beast : Glen Keane on discovering the beauty in The Beast '' . Animated Views . Animated Views .", "12": "Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob : `` Academy Recognition : Beauty and the Beast '' , pages 127 - 131 . Disney 's Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules , 1997 Jump up ^ Good , Jeremiah ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) . `` The Royal Guest Rooms of Port Orleans Riverside - LaughingPlace.com '' . LaughingPlace.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast at IBDB.com '' . www.ibdb.com . Archived from the original on 2 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Haun , Harry ( 2007 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Playbill on Closing Night : Beauty and the Beast -- A Roaring Success '' . www.playbill.com . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ The D Show , Disney Interactive , 1998 ASIN B000031VV3 Jump up ^ I - Ennodu Nee Irundhaal Video - A.R. Rahman - Vikram - Shankar ( video ) . YouTube ( in Tamil ) . Sony Music India . 3 February 2015 . Event occurs at 0 : 12 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shankar has taken technology to a totally different level in Ai '' - PC Sreeram `` . Behindwoods.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vikram stuns everyone with beast get - up '' . The Times of India . 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire .", "13": "Penske Business Media . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . ( hide ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "14": "php?title=Beast_(Beauty_and_the_Beast)&oldid=836843557 '' Categories : Beauty and the Beast ( franchise ) characters Disney CGI characters Kingdom Hearts characters Fictional characters introduced in 1991 Fictional French people Fictional hermits Fictional princes Fictional kings Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional characters who can move at superhuman speeds Hidden categories : CS1 Tamil - language sources ( ta ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 04 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1599831257803176941	where did iowa state football coach come from	[ "Massillon, Ohio", "Massillon, Ohio", "Toledo", "Toledo" ]	{ "0": "Matt Campbell ( American football coach ) - wikipedia Matt Campbell ( American football coach ) Jump to : navigation , search Matt Campbell Campbell at 2017 Big 12 Media Days Sport ( s ) Football Current position Title Head coach Team Iowa State Conference Big 12 Record 11 -- 14 Annual salary $3.5 Million ( 2018 - 2019 season ) Biographical details ( 1979 - 11 - 29 ) November 29 , 1979 ( age 38 ) Massillon , Ohio Alma mater Mount Union Playing career 1998 Pittsburgh 1999 -- 2002 Mount Union Position ( s ) Defensive Lineman Coaching career ( HC unless noted ) 2003 -- 2004 Bowling Green ( GA ) 2005 -- 2006 Mount Union ( OC / OL ) 2007 Bowling Green ( OL ) 2008 Bowling Green ( RGC / OL ) 2009 Toledo ( RGC / OL ) 2010 -- 2011 Toledo ( OC / OL ) 2011 Toledo ( interim HC ) 2012 -- 2015 Toledo 2016 -- present Iowa State Head coaching record Overall 46 -- 29 Bowls 3 -- 1 Accomplishments and honors Championships 2 MAC West Division ( 2014 , 2015 ) Awards MAC Coach of the Year ( 2015 ) Big 12 Coach of the Year ( 2017 ) Matthew Allen Campbell ( born November 29 , 1979 ) is an American football coach who is the current head coach at Iowa State . He was head coach at Toledo from 2011 to 2015 . Prior to that , Campbell had been an assistant at Toledo , Bowling Green , and Mount Union . Campbell grew up in Ohio and briefly attended the University of Pittsburgh before transferring to Mount Union , where he played defensive line .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Playing career 2 Coaching career 2.1 Toledo 2.2 Iowa State 3 Head coaching record 4 Coaching tree 5 References 6 External links Playing career ( edit ) Campbell was born in Massillon , Ohio . Rick , his father , coached football at Massillon Jackson High School . Matt played football at rival Massillon Perry , which won three conference championships while he was on the team . Campbell initially attended the University of Pittsburgh on a scholarship in 1998 , but transferred to the University of Mount Union after a year . At Mount Union Campbell played on the defensive line between 1999 -- 2002 . At Mount Union Campbell played for head coach Larry Kehres , whose teams won three Division III championships during Campbell 's career . Campbell himself was twice named to the College Football All - America Team and named Ohio Athletic Conference Defensive Lineman of the Year . Coaching career ( edit ) After college , Campbell stayed within Ohio and took a job as a graduate assistant at Bowling Green State University from 2003 -- 2004 . While at Bowling Green Scott Pioli , then the director of player personnel for the New England Patriots , offered Campbell an interview for a job at the team , but Campbell declined . Campbell returned to Mount Union for 2005 -- 2006 as offensive coordinator ; Mount Union won the Division III championship both years . Campbell then went back to Bowling Green for two years , first as offensive line coach ( 2007 ) and then as offensive line coach / run game coordinator ( 2008 ) . The University of Toledo hired him as the run game coordinator for the 2009 season . This move reunited him with head coach Tim Beckman , defensive coordinator at Bowling Green during Campbell 's first stint there . Toledo ( edit ) Toledo promoted Campbell to offensive coordinator in 2010 . Toledo made Campbell the permanent head coach at the end of 2011 when Beckman departed for the University of Illinois . He was 32 years old and the youngest head coach in the Football Bowl Subdivision . Two weeks into the job , Toledo defeated Air Force in the Military Bowl . Reportedly Campbell passed on a chance to serve on Urban Meyer 's staff at The Ohio State University .", "2": "Campbell coached four full seasons at Toledo : 2012 -- 2015 , amassing a record of 35 -- 15 . The 2015 team peaked at No. 20 in the AP Poll , including a victory over Arkansas . Iowa State ( edit ) Campbell at the 2016 Iowa State spring football game . Iowa State University named Campbell its head coach on November 29 , 2015 , his 36th birthday , replacing the fired Paul Rhoads . Iowa State Cyclones head coach Matt Campbell signed a six - year , $22.5 million extension with the school on November 27th 2017 . On November 30th , 2017 , Campbell was named the Big 12 Coach of the Year .", "3": "Head coaching record ( edit ) Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl / playoffs Coaches AP Toledo Rockets ( Mid-American Conference ) ( 2011 -- 2015 ) 2011 Toledo 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 W Military 2012 Toledo 9 -- 4 6 -- 2 T -- 2nd ( West ) L Famous Idaho Potato 2013 Toledo 7 -- 5 5 -- 3 T -- 3rd ( West ) 2014 Toledo 9 -- 4 7 -- 1 T -- 1st ( West ) W GoDaddy 2015 Toledo 9 -- 2 6 -- 2 T -- 1st ( West ) Boca Raton * Toledo : 35 -- 15 24 -- 8 * Departed Toledo for Iowa State before bowl game Iowa State Cyclones ( Big 12 Conference ) ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 Iowa State 3 -- 9 2 -- 7 9th 2017 Iowa State 8 -- 5 5 -- 4 T -- 4th W Liberty Iowa State : 11 -- 14 7 -- 11 Total : 46 -- 29 National championship Conference title Conference division title or championship game berth Indicates Bowl Coalition , Bowl Alliance , BCS , or CFP / New Years ' Six bowl . Rankings from final Coaches Poll . Rankings from final AP Poll . Coaching tree ( edit ) Assistant coaches under Matt Campbell who became NCAA head coaches : Tom Matukewicz : Southeast Missouri State ( 2014 -- present ) Jason Candle : Toledo ( 2016 -- present ) References ( edit ) Scott Satterfield : Appalachian State Jump up ^ Chatmon , Brandon ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Five things to know about new Iowa State coach Matt Campbell '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Ralph D. ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Toledo 's Campbell rockets up coaching ranks '' .", "4": "Associated Press . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rittenberg , Adam ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Campbell finds ambition in building something special '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Matt Campbell leaves Toledo to take over program at Iowa State '' . The Plain Dealer . Associated Press . November 29 , 2015 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James , Bob ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Iowa State Hires New Football Coach '' . KHAK . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Donia , Joey ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Iowa State football names Matt Campbell Head Coach '' . KWQC - TV . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silka , Zach ( December 11 , 2011 ) . `` Born to coach : Campbell comes from football family '' . The Blade . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Todd ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Toledo names Perry grad Matt Campbell head coach '' . The Repository . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wolken , Dan ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` For No. 20 Toledo and Matt Campbell , little things lead to big success '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zucker , Joseph . `` Matt Campbell , Iowa St. Agree to New 6 - Year , $22.5 M Contract After 7 - 5 Season '' . Jump up ^ `` Iowa State 's Matt Campbell named Big 12 Coach of the Year - The Gazette '' .", "5": "External links ( edit ) Biography portal College football portal Iowa State profile Toledo Rockets head football coaches John Brandeberry ( 1917 ) James Baxter ( 1918 ) Walt Hobt ( 1919 -- 1920 ) Joseph Dwyer ( 1921 -- 1922 ) James Dwyer ( 1923 -- 1925 ) Boni Petcoff ( 1926 -- 1929 ) Jim Nicholson ( 1930 -- 1935 ) Clarence Spears ( 1936 -- 1942 ) No team ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Bill Orwig ( 1946 -- 1947 ) Skip Stahley ( 1948 -- 1949 ) Bob Snyder ( 1950 ) Don Greenwood ( 1951 ) Clair Dunn ( 1951 -- 1953 ) Forrest England ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Jack Morton ( 1956 ) Harry Larche ( 1957 -- 1959 ) Clive Rush ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Frank Lauterbur ( 1963 -- 1970 ) John Murphy ( 1971 -- 1976 ) Chuck Stobart ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Dan Simrell ( 1982 -- 1989 ) Nick Saban ( 1990 ) Gary Pinkel ( 1991 -- 2000 ) Tom Amstutz ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Tim Beckman ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Matt Campbell ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Jason Candle ( 2015 -- ) Iowa State Cyclones head football coaches Ira C. Brownlie ( 1892 ) W.P. Finney ( 1893 ) Bert German & Pop Warner ( 1894 -- 1898 ) Joe Meyers & Pop Warner ( 1899 ) C.E. Woodruff ( 1900 ) Edgar M. Clinton ( 1901 ) A.W. Ristine ( 1902 -- 1906 ) Clyde Williams ( 1907 -- 1912 ) Homer C. Hubbard ( 1913 -- 1914 ) Charles Mayser ( 1915 -- 1919 ) Norman C.", "6": "Paine ( 1920 ) Maury Kent ( 1921 ) Sam Willaman ( 1922 -- 1925 ) C. Noel Workman ( 1926 -- 1930 ) George F. Veenker ( 1931 -- 1936 ) James J. Yeager ( 1937 -- 1940 ) Ray Donels ( 1941 -- 1942 ) Mike Michalske ( 1942 -- 1946 ) Emmett Stuber ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Vince DiFrancesca ( 1954 -- 1956 ) Jim Myers ( 1957 ) Clay Stapleton ( 1958 -- 1967 ) Johnny Majors ( 1968 -- 1972 ) Earle Bruce ( 1973 -- 1978 ) Donnie Duncan ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Jim Criner ( 1983 -- 1986 ) Jim Walden ( 1987 -- 1994 ) Dan McCarney ( 1995 -- 2006 ) Gene Chizik ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Paul Rhoads ( 2009 -- 2015 ) Matt Campbell ( 2016 -- ) Current head football coaches of the Big 12 Conference Matt Rhule ( Baylor ) Matt Campbell ( Iowa State ) David Beaty ( Kansas ) Bill Snyder ( Kansas State ) Lincoln Riley ( Oklahoma ) Mike Gundy ( Oklahoma State ) Gary Patterson ( TCU ) Tom Herman ( Texas ) Kliff Kingsbury ( Texas Tech ) Dana Holgorsen ( West Virginia ) Big 12 Coach of the Year winners 1996 Dikes 1997 Simmons 1998 Snyder 1999 Solich 2000 Stoops 2001 Solich 2002 Snyder 2003 Stoops 2004 McCarney 2005 Brown 2006 Stoops 2007 Mangino 2008 Leach and Stoops 2009 Brown 2010 Gundy 2011 Snyder 2012 Snyder 2013 Briles 2014 Patterson 2015 Stoops 2016 Stoops 2017 Campbell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.", "7": "org/w/index.php?title=Matt_Campbell_(American_football_coach)&oldid=822300768 '' Categories : 1979 births Living people Bowling Green Falcons football coaches Mount Union Purple Raiders football coaches Mount Union Purple Raiders football players Sportspeople from Massillon , Ohio Pittsburgh Panthers football players Toledo Rockets football coaches Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 16 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1425722238049429008	where is the movie only the brave filmed	[ "New Mexico at different locations in and around Santa Fe and Los Alamos", ", in New Mexico at different locations in and around Santa Fe and Los Alamos" ]	{ "0": "Only the Brave ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Only the Brave ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2017 American film . For other uses , see Only the Brave . Only the Brave Theatrical release poster Directed by Joseph Kosinski Produced by Lorenzo di Bonaventura Thad Luckinbill Trent Luckinbill Michael Menchel Dawn Ostroff Molly Smith Jeremy Steckler Written by Ken Nolan Eric Warren Singer Based on GQ article No Exit by Sean Flynn Starring Josh Brolin Miles Teller Jeff Bridges James Badge Dale Taylor Kitsch Jennifer Connelly Music by Joseph Trapanese Cinematography Claudio Miranda Edited by Billy Fox Production company Black Label Media Di Bonaventura Pictures Condé Nast Entertainment Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) ( Los Angeles ) October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $38 million Box office $23 million Only the Brave is a 2017 American biographical action drama film directed by Joseph Kosinski and written by Ken Nolan and Eric Warren Singer , based on the GQ article `` No Exit '' by Sean Flynn . The film tells the true story of the Granite Mountain Hotshots , an elite crew of firefighters who fought the Yarnell Hill Fire in June 2013 , and is dedicated in their memory . It features an ensemble cast , including Josh Brolin , Miles Teller , Jeff Bridges , Taylor Kitsch , James Badge Dale , Jennifer Connelly , Alex Russell , and Ben Hardy . Principal photography began in June 2016 in New Mexico . Only the Brave was released in the United States by Columbia Pictures on October 20 , 2017 . It received positive reviews from critics , with praise aimed at the cast and the film 's touching tribute to its subjects .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 The Granite Mountain Hotshots 2.2 Others 3 Production 3.1 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) A drama based on the elite crew of firefighters battling the Yarnell Hill Fire , a wildfire in Yarnell , Arizona in June 2013 . Cast ( edit ) The Granite Mountain Hotshots ( edit ) Josh Brolin as Eric `` Supe '' Marsh , Amanda 's husband Miles Teller as Brendan `` Donut '' McDonough James Badge Dale as Jesse Steed Alex Russell as Andrew Ashcraft Scott Foxx as Travis Carter Dylan Kenin as Robert Caldwell Ryan Busch as Dustin DeFord Sam Quinn as Grant McKee Taylor Kitsch as Chris MacKenzie Kenny Miller as Sean Misner Thad Luckinbill as Scott Norris Ben Hardy as Wade Parker Nicholas Jenks as John Percin , Jr . Jake Picking as Anthony `` Baby - G '' Rose Matthew Van Wettering as Joe Thurston Geoff Stults as Travis Turbyfill Ryan Jason Cook as William Warneke Scott Haze as Clayton Whitted Michael McNulty as Kevin Woyjeck Brandon Bunch as Garret Zuppiger Others ( edit ) Jennifer Connelly as Amanda Marsh , Eric 's wife Jeff Bridges as Duane Steinbrink , Marvel 's husband Andie MacDowell as Marvel Steinbrink , Duane 's wife Natalie Hall as Natalie Johnson Rachel Singer as Mrs. McDonough , Brendan 's mother Brytnee Ratledge as Juliann Ashcraft Pell James as Claire Caldwell Jenny Gabrielle as Desiree Steed Barbie Robertson as Marsena Thurston Jade Kammerman as Stephanie Turbyfill Production ( edit ) On March 1 , 2016 , Josh Brolin and Miles Teller joined the cast of the film . Jeff Bridges and Taylor Kitsch also joined the cast . Principal photography on the film began on June 13 , 2016 , in New Mexico at different locations in and around Santa Fe and Los Alamos .", "2": "Music ( edit ) Joseph Trapanese composed the film 's score . Dierks Bentley released a single called `` Hold The Light '' , featuring S. Carey . The single and the music video was released on October 6 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Only the Brave , originally titled Granite Mountain , was originally scheduled to be released on October 20 , 2017 , by Sony Pictures . Before that the film was set a release date for September 22 , 2017 , but a disagreement between Lionsgate and production company Black Label Media saw the distribution rights change to Sony . Lionsgate will retain international rights in select countries for the film . The trailer came out on July 19 , and the film was retitled Only the Brave . Box Office ( edit ) As of December 17 , 2017 , Only the Brave has grossed $18 million in the United States and Canada , and $5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $23 million , against a production budget of $38 million . In the United States and Canada , Only the Brave was released alongside Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween , The Snowman and Geostorm , and was expected to gross around $7 million from 2,575 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $305,000 from Thursday night previews and $2.1 million on its first day . It ended up debuting to $6 million , finishing 5th at the box office . In its second week the film dropped 42.5 % to $3.4 million , finishing 7th . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 89 % based on 131 reviews , with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Only the Brave 's impressive veteran cast and affecting fact - based story add up to a no - frills drama that 's just as stolidly powerful as the real - life heroes it honors . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' .", "3": "Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Bilge Ebiri of Village Voice wrote , `` Only the Brave is a visually splendid , spellbinding , and surreal movie that also happens to be an emotionally shattering , over-the - top ugly - cry for the ages . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter called the film `` an engaging account of a tragic real - life story . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , saying : `` The blending of practical effects and CGI is impressive , and we come to understand the risks these men are taking , but some of the techniques and approaches they take remain a mystery , up to and through the climactic fire . Not that we need a manual to understand these men were working - class , everyday heroes . '' Scott Menzel of We Live Entertainment , also praised the film , saying , `` Only the Brave is without question the best firefighter film since Backdraft and one that pays tribute to the brave men that sacrificed their own lives to protect thousands of others . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Charliedavid Page ( 18 November 2017 ) . `` SWITCH . Film review : Only The Brave - True story of tragedy handled with respect and authenticity '' . SWITCH . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sicario ' Sequel , ' Granite Mountain ' Move From Lionsgate to Sony '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Only The Brave ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . ^ Jump up to : `` Only the Brave ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Only the Brave Is a Powerful Tribute '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 1 , 2016 ) .", "4": "`` Josh Brolin and Miles Teller to Star in Firefighter Action Movie ' No Exit ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Jeff Bridges , Taylor Kitsch Join Josh Brolin - Miles Teller Firefighter Film ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Higdon , Marissa ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` '' Granite Mountain '' starring Josh Brolin tells the story of the Granite Mountain Hotshots - Albuquerque Business First `` . Albuquerque Business First . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodykoontz , Bill ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Granite Mountain , ' movie version of fallen Yarnell firefighters ' story , to begin production '' . AZCentral . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Granite Mountain '' to Film in New Mexico `` . krwg.org . June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley ft . S. Carey Hold The Light ( From `` Only The Brave '' Soundtrack ) ( Official Video ) `` . Vevo . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Lionsgate Dates ' Granite Mountain ' , ' Wonder ' & ' How To Be A Latin Lover ' For 2017 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Only the Brave ' : First Trailer Has Josh Brolin Leading an Elite Team of Firefighters '' . Collider . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Boo 2 ! ' To Shut Down Expensive ' Geostorm ' In Crowded Weekend -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro . `` ' Boo 2 !", "5": "A Madea Halloween ' Reaps $21 M+ During October Dumping Ground At The B.O '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Horror Has Few Scares At B.O. As ' Jigsaw ' Dulls To $16 M+ , ' Suburbicon ' Condemned With D - CinemaScore '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Only the Brave ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Only the Brave reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Only the Brave '' Is One Big , Manly , Beautiful Ugly - Cry `` . Village Voice . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Only the Brave ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Only the Brave ' lays out the humanity of its firefighting heroes '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Only The Brave ' Review : Bravery Done Right '' . We Live Entertainment . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 .", "6": "External links ( edit ) Only the Brave on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by Joseph Kosinski Tron : Legacy ( 2010 ) Oblivion ( 2013 ) Only the Brave ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Only_the_Brave_(2017_film)&oldid=818501716 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s drama films American films American drama films Films set in 2013 Films set in Arizona Films about firefighting Films directed by Joseph Kosinski Films produced by Lorenzo di Bonaventura Films scored by Joseph Trapanese Columbia Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 23 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-3050660247343080399	how many points are scored for a touchdown in american football	[ "six", "six", "six", "six", "six points" ]	{ "0": "Touchdown - wikipedia Touchdown Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Touchdown ( disambiguation ) . A player from Texas High School crosses the goal - line with the ball during a game against Highland Park High School to score a rushing touchdown worth six points . Vince Young of the Texas Longhorns ( ball carrier in top center ) rushing for a touchdown . A portion of the end zone is seen as the dark strip at the bottom . The vertical yellow bar is part of the goal post . A touchdown is a means of scoring in both American and Canadian football . Whether running , passing , returning a kickoff or punt , or recovering a turnover , a team scores a touchdown by advancing the ball into the opponent 's end zone . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 3 See also 4 References Description ( edit ) To score a touchdown , one team must take the football into the opposite end zone . The touchdown is scored the instant the ball crosses the plane of the goal line ( that is , if any part of the ball is in the space on , above , or across the goal line ) while in possession of a player whose team is trying to score in that end zone . The play is dead and the touchdown scores the moment the ball crosses the goal line in possession of a player , or the moment the ball comes into possession of an offensive player in the end zone ( having established possession by controlling the ball and having both feet or another part of the body , excluding the hands , touch the ground ) . The slightest part of the ball being over the goal line is sufficient for a touchdown to score . However , only the ball counts , not a player 's helmet , foot , or any other part of the body . Touching one of the pylons at either end of the goal line with the ball constitutes `` breaking the plane '' as well . Touchdowns are usually scored by the offense by running or passing the ball . However , the defense can also score a touchdown if they have recovered a fumble or made an interception and return it to the opposing end zone . Special teams can score a touchdown on a kickoff or punt return , or on a return after a missed or blocked field goal attempt or blocked punt .", "1": "In short , any play in which a player legally carries the ball across the goal line scores a touchdown , and the manner in which he gained possession is inconsequential . In the NFL , a touchdown may be awarded by the referee as a penalty for a `` palpably unfair act , '' such as a player coming off the bench during a play and tackling the runner , who would otherwise have scored . A touchdown celebration A touchdown is worth six points . The scoring team is also awarded the opportunity for an extra point or a two - point conversion . Afterwards , the team that scored the touchdown kicks off to the opposing team , if there is any time left . Unlike a try scored in rugby , and contrary to the event 's name , the ball does not need to touch the ground when the player and the ball are inside the end zone , although in gridiron 's early days the ball was required to be touched to the ground as in rugby , as rugby and gridiron were extremely similar sports at this point . This rule was changed to the modern - day iteration in 1889 . History ( edit ) When the first uniform rules for American football were enacted by the newly formed Intercollegiate Football Association following the 1876 Rugby season , a touchdown counted for ⁄ of a kicked goal ( except in the case of a tie ) and allowed the offense the chance to kick for goal by placekick or dropkick from a spot along a line perpendicular to the goal line and passing through the point where the ball was touched down , or through a process known as a `` punt - out '' , where the attacking team would kick the ball from the point where it was touched down to a teammate . If the teammate could fair catch the ball , he could follow with a try for goal from the spot of the catch , or resume play as normal ( in an attempt to touch down the ball in a spot more advantageous for kicking ) . The governing rule at the time read : `` A match shall be decided by a majority of touchdowns . A goal shall be equal to four touchdowns ; but in case of a tie a goal kicked from a touchdown shall take precedence over four touchdowns . '' In 1881 , the rules were modified so that a goal kicked from a touchdown took precedence over a goal kicked from the field in breaking ties .", "2": "In 1882 , four touchdowns were determined to take precedence over a goal kicked from the field . Two safeties were equivalent to a touchdown . In 1883 , points were introduced to football , and a touchdown counted as four points . A goal after a touchdown also counted as four points . In 1889 , the provision requiring the ball to actually be touched to the ground was removed . A touchdown was now scored by possessing the ball beyond the goal line . In 1897 , the touchdown scored five points , and the goal after touchdown added another point . In 1900 , the definition of touchdown was changed to include situations where the ball becomes dead on or above the goal line . In 1912 , the value of a touchdown was increased to six points . The end zone was also added . Before the addition of the end zone , forward passes caught beyond the goal line resulted in a loss of possession and a touchback . ( The increase from five points to six did not come until much later in Canada , and the touchdown remained only five points there until 1956 . ) The ability to score a touchdown on the point - after attempt ( two - point conversion ) was added to NCAA football in 1958 , high school football in 1969 , the CFL in 1975 and the NFL in 1994 . The short - lived World Football League , a professional American football league that operated in 1974 and 1975 , gave touchdowns a 7 - point value . See also ( edit ) American football scoring Conversion ( gridiron football ) Touchdown celebration Touchdown Jesus Touchdown pass Conversion References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Touchdowns . Jump up ^ `` NFL Rules Digest : Summary of Penalties '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NCAA Football Rules and Interpretations '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletics Association . 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , David M. ( 1994 ) . The Anatomy of A Game . Newark , NJ : University of Delaware Press . ISBN 0 - 87413 - 455 - 2 .", "3": "Jump up ^ `` NFL History 1991 - 2000 '' . NFL.com . ( hide ) Gridiron football concepts Codes American Glossary History Early Modern Rules Canadian American -- Canadian comparison Burnside rules Glossary Arena Indoor 9 - man 8 - man 6 - man Flag Touch Street / Backyard Powderpuff Wheelchair Rules of gridiron football codes Levels of play Youth / midget Pop Warner AYF High school Varsity Junior varsity College Club Sprint Semi-pro Professional Practice squad Women 's International Field Lines Yard lines Hash marks Goal line Sidelines Line of scrimmage Field goal range Spaces End zone Red zone Neutral zone Coffin corner Flat Gap Hole Pocket Scoring Touchdown One - point conversion Two - point conversion Field goal Safety Single ( rouge ) Turnovers Fumble Interception Muffed punt Turnover on downs Downs First down Three - and - out Fourth down conversion Dead ball Play clock Timeout Kneel Spike Time warnings 3 min . 2 min . 1 min .", "4": "Clock management Running out the clock Untimed play Garbage time Statistics Carry Completion Rushing yards Passing yards Passer rating Total quarterback rating Reception Receiving yards Pass deflected Sack Return yards Total offense Yards after catch Yards from scrimmage All - purpose yardage Touchdown pass Practice Two - a-days Oklahoma drill Three - cone drill Film session Officiating Official ( American , Canadian ) Chain crew Penalty Penalty flag Instant replay Miscellaneous Ball Coaching tree Concussions Equipment 12th man Letterman Overtime Running up the score Touchdown celebration Gatorade shower Tuck rule Uniform number Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Touchdown&oldid=818260369 '' Categories : American football terminology Canadian football terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 15 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7659254827923561511	when did they stop saying mass in latin	[ "1967", "from 1967 onwards", "1967" ]	{ "0": "Latin Mass - wikipedia Latin Mass Jump to : navigation , search Mass celebrated in Latin in a chapel of the Cathedral of the Holy Cross , Boston . It 's a new rite because use the red liturgical colour by Palm Sunday . The term Latin Mass refers to the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Mass celebrated in Latin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tridentine Mass in Latin 2 Present Roman - Rite Mass in Latin 3 Other forms of Mass in Latin 4 Other uses 5 References Tridentine Mass in Latin ( edit ) The term `` Latin Mass '' is frequently used to denote the Tridentine Mass , that is , the Roman - Rite liturgy of the Mass celebrated in Latin and in accordance with the successive editions of the Roman Missal published between 1570 and 1962 . In most countries , the Tridentine Mass was celebrated only in Latin . However , there are exceptions . In early seventeenth - century China , Jesuit missionaries secured permission from Pope Paul V to celebrate the Catholic Mass in Chinese , as part and parcel of the Jesuits ' general effort to adapt their work to the local Chinese cultural norms and conditions . In Dalmatia and parts of Istria , the liturgy was celebrated in Church Slavonic , and authorization for use of this language was extended to some other Slavic regions between 1886 and 1935 . There , `` Tridentine Mass '' was not synonymous with `` Latin Mass '' . A further distancing between the concepts of `` Tridentine Mass '' and `` Latin Mass '' was brought about by the 1964 Instruction on implementing the Constitution on Sacred Liturgy of the Second Vatican Council , which laid down that `` normally the epistle and gospel from the Mass of the day shall be read in the vernacular '' . Episcopal conferences were to decide , with the consent of the Holy See , what other parts , if any , of the Mass were to be celebrated in the vernacular . Permissions were thus granted from 1967 onwards to celebrate most of the Tridentine Mass in vernacular languages , including the Canon .", "1": "Present Roman - Rite Mass in Latin ( edit ) Neither the Second Vatican Council nor the subsequent revision of the Roman Missal abolished Latin as the liturgical language of the Roman Rite : the official text of the Roman Missal , on which translations into vernacular languages are to be based , continues to be in Latin , and Latin can still be used in the celebration . The term `` Latin Mass '' is sometimes applied to such celebrations , which in some places are part of the normal Sunday schedule . Other forms of Mass in Latin ( edit ) Historically speaking , `` Latin Mass '' can be applied also to the various forms of Pre-Tridentine Mass from about the year 190 of Pope Victor , when the Church in Rome changed from Greek to Latin . Latin liturgical rites other than the Roman Rite have used Latin , and in some cases continue to do so . These include the Ambrosian Rite and the Mozarabic Rite . Some priests and communities continue to use non-Roman - Rite liturgies that have been generally abandoned , such as the Carmelite Rite and the Dominican Rite , celebrating them in Latin . Celebration in Latin of such rites is sometimes referred to as `` Latin Mass '' . Other uses ( edit ) A Traditionalist Catholic periodical in the United States is entitled The Latin Mass , the Journal of Catholic Culture and Tradition . Various editions of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer have been translated into Latin : for example , for use in the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge ( Liber Precum Publicarum of Walther Haddon , 1560 ) . The Church of the Advent of Christ the King , an Anglo - Catholic parish in San Francisco , regularly celebrates Mass according to the 1979 Prayer Book of its province , the Episcopal Church , in Latin . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hsia , Ronnie Po - Chia ( 1998 ) . The World of Catholic Renewal , 1540 - 1770 . New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 210 -- 211 . ISBN 0521445965 . Jump up ^ Krmpotic , M.D. ( 1908 ) . `` Dalmatia '' . Catholic encyclopedia . Retrieved 19 June 2014 .", "2": "The right to use the Glagolitic ( sic ) language at Mass with the Roman Rite has prevailed for many centuries in all the south - western Balkan countries , and has been sanctioned by long practice and by many popes . Jump up ^ Japundžić , Marko ( 1997 ) . `` The Croatian Glagolitic Heritage '' . Croatian Academy of America . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . In 1886 it arrived to the Principality of Montenegro , followed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1914 , and the Republic of Czechoslovakia in 1920 , but only for feast days of the main patron saints . The 1935 concordat with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia anticipated the introduction of the Slavic liturgy for all Croatian regions and throughout the entire state . Jump up ^ `` Inter Oecumenici , Sacred Congregation of Rites '' . 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Redemptionis sacramentum , Rome , IT : The Vatican , 112 , Except in the case of celebrations of the Mass that are scheduled by the ecclesiastical authorities to take place in the language of the people , Priests are always and everywhere permitted to celebrate Mass in Latin . Jump up ^ Spencer , The Rev. Sidney ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) , `` Christianity '' , Britannica ( encyclopaedia ) ( online ed . ) , retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Messa latina : la santa Messa in latino secondo il rito Ambrosiano Antico ( Latin Mass : Holy Mass in Latin in accordance with the Ancient Ambrosian Rite ) ( in Italian ) , Milan , IT : Parish of Santa Maria di Caravaggio .", "3": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_Mass&oldid=831755156 '' Categories : Traditionalist Catholicism Catholic liturgical rites Tridentine Mass Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Gàidhlig Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 01 : 59 . About Wikipedia", "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 2, 1, 3, 0 ]	[ 0, 2, 1, 3 ]
4855748823856524390	new mexico was admitted to the union as the . . . state	[ "47th", "47th", "47th", "47th", "47th" ]	{ "0": "New Mexico - wikipedia New Mexico Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. state of New Mexico . For other uses , see New Mexico ( disambiguation ) . State of New Mexico Nuevo México ( Spanish ) Yootó Hahoodzo ( Navajo ) Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Land of Enchantment Motto ( s ) : Crescit eundo ( English : It grows as it goes ) State song ( s ) : `` O Fair New Mexico '' Spoken languages English 69.7 % Spanish 28.5 % Navajo 3.5 % other 4.1 % Demonym New Mexican Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Largest metro Albuquerque metropolitan area ( CSA ) Area Ranked 5th Total 121,699 sq mi ( 315,198 km ) Width 343 miles ( 551 km ) Length 370 miles ( 595 km ) % water 0.2 Latitude 31 ° 20 ′ N to 37 ° N Longitude 103 ° W to 109 ° 3 ′ W Population Ranked 36th Total 2,081,015 ( 2016 est . ) Density 17.2 / sq mi ( 6.62 / km ) Ranked 45th Median household income $45,119 ( 46th ) Elevation Highest point Wheeler Peak 13,167 ft ( 4013.3 m ) Mean 5,700 ft ( 1,740 m ) Lowest point Red Bluff Reservoir on Texas border 2,844 ft ( 867 m ) Before statehood Nuevo México ( 1598 - 1848 ) New Mexico Territory ( 1850 - 1912 ) Admission to Union January 6 , 1912 ( 47th ) Governor Susana Martinez ( R ) Lieutenant Governor John Sanchez ( R ) Legislature New Mexico Legislature Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Tom Udall ( D ) Martin Heinrich ( D ) U.S.", "1": "House delegation 1 : Michelle Grisham ( D ) 2 : Steve Pearce ( R ) 3 : Ben R. Luján ( D ) ( list ) Time zones all of state ( legally ) Mountain : UTC − 7 / − 6 Nara Visa ( informally ) Central : UTC - 6 / - 7 ISO 3166 US - NM Abbreviations NM , N.M. , N. Mex . Website www.newmexico.gov show New Mexico state symbols The Flag of New Mexico The Seal of New Mexico Living insignia Bird Greater roadrunner Fish Rio Grande cutthroat trout Flower Yucca Grass Blue grama Mammal American black bear Reptile New Mexico whiptail Tree Two - needle piñon Inanimate insignia Colors Red and yellow Food Chile peppers , pinto beans , and biscochitos Fossil Coelophysis Gemstone Turquoise Motto Crescit eundo Nickname The Land of Enchantment Song `` O ' Fair New Mexico '' State route marker State quarter Released in 2008 Lists of United States state symbols New Mexico ( Spanish : Nuevo México pronounced ( ˈnweβo ˈmexiko ) , Navajo : Yootó Hahoodzo pronounced ( jòːtxó xɑ̀xwòːtsò ) ) is a state in the Southwestern Region of the United States of America . With a population of approximately two million , New Mexico is the 36th most populous state . With a total area of 121,590 sq mi ( 314,900 km ) , it is the fifth largest and fifth least densely populated of the fifty states . It is one of the Mountain States and shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and Arizona . Its capital and cultural center is Santa Fe , while its largest city is Albuquerque . Due to its geographic location , Northern and Eastern New Mexico exhibits a colder , alpine climate while Western and Southern New Mexico exhibits a warmer , arid climate .", "2": "The economy of New Mexico is dependent on oil drilling , mineral extraction , dryland farming , cattle ranching , lumber milling , and retail trade . As of 2016 - 17 , its total gross domestic product ( GDP ) was $95 billion with a GDP per capital of $45,465 . New Mexico 's status as a tax haven yields low to moderate personal income taxes on residents and military personnel , and gives tax credits and exemptions to favorable industries . Because of this , its film industry has grown and contributed $1.23 billion to its overall economy . Due to its large area and economic climate , New Mexico has a large U.S. military presence marked notably with the White Sands Missile Range . Various U.S. national security agencies base their research and testing arms in New Mexico such as the Sandia and Los Alamos National Laboratories . During the 1940s , Project Y of the Manhattan Project developed and built the country 's first atomic bomb and nuclear test , Trinity . Inhabited by Native Americans for thousands of years before European exploration , it was colonized by the Spanish in 1598 as part of the Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain . It was named Nuevo México after the Aztec Valley of Mexico by Spanish settlers , 223 years before the establishment of the present - day country of Mexico . The present - day state of New Mexico was not named after , nor is it a part of , Mexico . Its geographic characteristics made settlement and effective political control difficult which prompted Mexico 's invasion and control of the area from 1824 to 1846 . New Mexico 's Spanish origins made cultural integration with Mexico unsuitable , which sparked the Revolt of 1837 and a growing economic association with the expanding United States . The 1848 Mexican -- American War indirectly capitalized on this tension and created the U.S. New Mexico Territory . It was admitted to the Union as the 47th state on January 6 , 1912 . Its history has given New Mexico the highest percentage of Hispanic and Latino Americans , and the second - highest percentage of Native Americans as a population proportion ( after Alaska ) . Three federally - protected Native American tribes -- the Navajo , Pueblo , and Apache peoples -- inhabit New Mexico ; historically the Ancestral Puebloans , Mogollon , and the modern extant Comanche inhabited the state .", "3": "The largest Hispanic and Latino groups represented include the Hispanos of New Mexico , Chicanos , and Mexican Americans . The flag of New Mexico features the state 's Spanish origins with the same scarlet and gold coloration as Spain 's Cross of Burgundy , along with the ancient sun symbol of the Zia , a Pueblo - related tribe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 2.1 Adjacent states 2.2 Climate 2.3 Flora and fauna 3 History 3.1 1848 cession of land 3.2 20th century to present 4 Demography 4.1 Population 4.2 Birth data 4.3 Settlements 4.4 Ancestry 4.5 Languages 4.5. 1 Official language 4.6 Religion 5 Economy 5.1 Economic indicators 5.2 Oil and gas production 5.3 Federal government 5.4 Economic incentives 5.5 Taxation 6 Transportation 6.1 Road 6.2 Urban mass transit 6.3 Rail 6.3. 1 Freight 6.3. 2 Passenger 6.4 Aerospace 7 Government and politics 7.1 Government 7.2 Politics 8 Education 8.1 Primary and secondary education 8.2 Colleges and universities 8.2. 1 Major state universities 9 Culture 9.1 Art and literature 9.2 Sports 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 13.1 State Government 13.2 US Government 13.3 Tourism Etymology ( edit ) New Mexico received its name long before the present - day nation of Mexico won independence from Spain and adopted that name in 1821 . Spanish explorers recorded this region as New Mexico ( Nuevo México in Spanish ) in 1563 . In 1581 , the Chamuscado and Rodríguez Expedition named the region north of the Rio Grande `` San Felipe del Nuevo México . ''", "4": "The Spaniards hoped to find wealthy Mexican Indian cultures there similar to those of the Aztec ( Mexica ) Empire of the Valley of Mexico . The indigenous cultures of New Mexico , however , proved to be unrelated to the Aztecs and were not wealthy . Before statehood , the name `` New Mexico '' was applied to various configurations of the U.S. Territory , to a Mexican state , and to a province of New Spain , all in the same general area but of varying extensions . Geography ( edit ) Further information : List of counties in New Mexico See also : Delaware Basin Wheeler Peak in the Sangre de Cristo Range Chaco Canyon Carlsbad Caverns White Sands National Monument Rio Grande Gorge Shiprock At total area 121,699 square miles ( 315,200 km ) , the state is fifth largest state of the US and slightly larger than British Isles . New Mexico 's eastern border lies along 103 ° W longitude with the state of Oklahoma , and ( due to a 19th - century surveying error ) 2.2 miles ( 3.5 km ) west of 103 ° W longitude with Texas . On the southern border , Texas makes up the eastern two - thirds , while the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora make up the western third , with Chihuahua making up about 90 % of that . The western border with Arizona runs along the 109 ° 03 ' W longitude . The southwestern corner of the state is known as the Bootheel . The 37 ° N latitude parallel forms the northern boundary with Colorado . The states of New Mexico , Colorado , Arizona , and Utah come together at the Four Corners in New Mexico 's northwestern corner . New Mexico , although a large state , has very little water . Its surface water area is about 250 square miles ( 650 km ) . The New Mexican landscape ranges from wide , rose - colored deserts to broken mesas to high , snow - capped peaks . Despite New Mexico 's arid image , heavily forested mountain wildernesses cover a significant portion of the state , especially towards the north . The Sangre de Cristo Mountains , the southernmost part of the Rocky Mountains , run roughly north - south along the east side of the Rio Grande in the rugged , pastoral north .", "5": "The most important of New Mexico 's rivers are the Rio Grande , Pecos , Canadian , San Juan , and Gila . The Rio Grande is tied for the fourth - longest river in the United States . The U.S. government protects millions of acres of New Mexico as national forests , including : Carson National Forest Cibola National Forest ( headquartered in Albuquerque ) Lincoln National Forest Santa Fe National Forest ( headquartered in Santa Fe ) Gila National Forest Gila Wilderness Areas managed by the National Park Service include : Aztec Ruins National Monument at Aztec Bandelier National Monument in Los Alamos Capulin Volcano National Monument near Capulin Carlsbad Caverns National Park near Carlsbad Chaco Culture National Historical Park at Nageezi El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Historic Trail El Malpais National Monument in Grants El Morro National Monument in Ramah Fort Union National Monument at Watrous Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument near Silver City Old Spanish National Historic Trail Pecos National Historical Park in Pecos Petroglyph National Monument near Albuquerque Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument at Mountainair Santa Fe National Historic Trail White Sands National Monument near Alamogordo Rio Grande del Norte National Monument near Taos Valles Caldera National Preserve Visitors also frequent the surviving native pueblos of New Mexico . Tourists visiting these sites bring significant money to the state . Other areas of geographical and scenic interest include Kasha - Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument and the Gila Wilderness in the southwest of the state . Adjacent states ( edit ) Colorado ( north ) Oklahoma ( northeast ) Utah ( northwest ) Chihuahua , Mexico ( south ) Sonora , Mexico ( southwest ) Texas ( east and south ) Arizona ( west ) Climate ( edit ) Köppen climate types of New Mexico The climate of New Mexico is generally semiarid to arid , though areas of continental and alpine climates exist , and its territory is mostly covered by mountains , high plains , and desert . The Great Plains ( High Plains ) are in Eastern New Mexico , similar to the Colorado high plains in eastern Colorado . The two states share similar terrain , with both having plains , mountains , basins , mesas , and desert lands .", "6": "New Mexico 's average precipitation rate is 13.9 inches ( 350 mm ) a year . The average annual temperatures can range from 64 ° F ( 18 ° C ) in the southeast to below 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in the northern mountains . During the summer , daytime temperatures can often exceed 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) at elevations below 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) , the average high temperature in July ranges from 97 ° F ( 36 ° C ) at the lower elevations down to 78 ° F ( 26 ° C ) at the higher elevations . Many cities in New Mexico can have temperature lows in the teens . The highest temperature recorded in New Mexico was 122 ° F ( 50 ° C ) at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant near Loving on June 27 , 1994 , and the lowest recorded temperature is − 50 ° F ( − 46 ° C ) at Gavilan on February 1 , 1951 . Astronomical observatories in New Mexico take advantage of unusually clear skies , including the Apache Point Observatory , the Very Large Array , the Magdalena Ridge Observatory , and others . Flora and fauna ( edit ) Greater roadrunner ( the state bird of NM ) New Mexico contains extensive habitat for many plants and animals , especially in desert areas and piñon - juniper woodlands . Creosote bush , mesquite , cacti , yucca , and desert grasses , including black grama , purple three - awn , tobosa , and burrograss , cover the broad , semiarid plains of the southern portion of the state . The northern portion of the state is home to many tree species such as ponderosa pine , aspen , cottonwood , spruce , fir , and Russian olive , which is an invasive species . Native birds include the greater roadrunner ( Geococcyx californianus , the state bird of New Mexico ) and wild turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ) .", "7": "Other fauna present in New Mexico include black bears , cougars , jaguars , coyotes , porcupines , skunks , Mexican gray wolves , deer , elk , Plains bison , collared peccary , bighorn sheep , squirrels , chipmunks , pronghorns , western diamondbacks , kangaroo rats , jackrabbits , and a multitude of other birds , reptiles , and rodents . The black bear native to New Mexico , Ursus americanus amblyceps , was formally adopted as the state 's official animal in 1953 . See also : List of taxa described from New Mexico History ( edit ) Main article : History of New Mexico See also : Territorial evolution of New Mexico Ancestral Pueblo territory shown in pink over New Mexico The first known inhabitants of New Mexico were members of the Clovis culture of Paleo - Indians . Later inhabitants include American Indians of the Mogollon and Ancestral Pueblo peoples cultures . By the time of European contact in the 16th century , the region was settled by the villages of the Pueblo peoples and groups of Navajo , Apache , and Ute . Francisco Vásquez de Coronado assembled an enormous expedition at Compostela in 1540 -- 1542 to explore and find the mythical Seven Golden Cities of Cibola as described by Fray Marcos de Niza . The name Nuevo México was first used by a seeker of gold mines named Francisco de Ibarra , who explored far to the north of New Spain in 1563 and reported his findings as being in `` a New Mexico '' . Juan de Oñate officially established the name when he was appointed the first governor of the new Province of New Mexico in 1598 . The same year , he founded the San Juan de los Caballeros colony , the first permanent European settlement in the future state of New Mexico , on the Rio Grande near Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo . Oñate extended El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro , Royal Road of the Interior , by 700 miles ( 1,100 km ) from Santa Bárbara , Chihuahua , to his remote colony . The settlement of Santa Fe was established at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains , the southernmost subrange of the Rocky Mountains , around 1608 .", "8": "The city , along with most of the settled areas of the state , was abandoned by the Spanish for 12 years ( 1680 -- 92 ) as a result of the successful Pueblo Revolt . After the death of the Pueblo leader Popé , Diego de Vargas restored the area to Spanish rule . While developing Santa Fe as a trade center , the returning settlers founded Albuquerque in 1706 from existing surrounding communities , naming it for the viceroy of New Spain , Francisco Fernández de la Cueva , 10th Duke of Alburquerque . Province of New Mexico when it belonged to Mexico in 1824 As a part of New Spain , the claims for the province of New Mexico passed to independent Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . The Republic of Texas claimed the portion east of the Rio Grande when it seceded from Mexico in 1836 , when it incorrectly assumed the older Hispanic settlements of the upper Rio Grande were the same as the newly established Mexican settlements of Texas . Texas ' only attempt to establish a presence or control in the claimed territory was the failed Texan Santa Fe Expedition . Their entire army was captured and jailed by Hispanic New Mexico militia . At the turn of the 19th century , the extreme northeastern part of New Mexico , north of the Canadian River and east of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains , was still claimed by France , which sold it in 1803 to the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase . The United States assigned this portion of New Mexico as part of the Louisiana Territory until 1812 ; that year Louisiana was admitted as a state . The US then reclassified this area as part of the Missouri Territory . This region of the state ( along with territory that makes up present - day southeastern Colorado , the Texas and Oklahoma Panhandles , and southwestern Kansas ) was ceded to Spain under the Adams - Onis Treaty in 1819 . The independent Republic of Texas also claimed this portion of New Mexico . By 1800 , the Spanish population had reached 25,000 , but Apache and Comanche raids on Hispanic settlers were common until well into the period of U.S. occupation .", "9": "1848 cession of land ( edit ) Following the victory of the United States in the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) , under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 , Mexico ceded its northern holdings , today known as the American Southwest and California , to the United States of America . The United States vowed to accept the residents ' claims to their lands and to accept them as full citizens with rights of suffrage . This acquisition of territory and residents resulted in Mexicans legally being classified as white , since at that time , in most of the southern United States , only whites could vote . Nevertheless , Texas and other western states raised barriers to voting and political participation by ethnic Mexicans , including barring them from serving on juries . After Texas was admitted as a state to the Union , it continued to claim the northeastern portion of present - day New Mexico . Finally , in the Compromise of 1850 , Texas ceded these claims to the United States of the area in New Mexico lying east of the Rio Grande , in exchange for $10 million . Congress established the separate New Mexico Territory in September 1850 . It included most of the present - day states of Arizona and New Mexico , and part of Colorado . When the boundary was fixed , a surveyor 's error awarded the Permian Basin to the State of Texas . New Mexico dropped its claims to the Permian in a bid to gain statehood in 1911 . In 1853 , the United States acquired the mostly desert southwestern boot heel of the state and southern Arizona below the Gila River in the Gadsden Purchase . It wanted to control lands needed for the right - of - way in order to encourage construction of a transcontinental railroad . Civil war effects in New Mexico New Mexico territory included Arizona , 1860 Territories now divided , 1867 New Mexico played a role in the Trans - Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War . Both Confederate and Union governments claimed ownership and territorial rights over New Mexico Territory . In 1861 , the Confederacy claimed the southern tract as its own Arizona Territory and waged the ambitious New Mexico Campaign in an attempt to control the American Southwest and open up access to Union California . Confederate power in the New Mexico Territory was effectively broken after the Battle of Glorieta Pass in 1862 .", "10": "However , the Confederate territorial government continued to operate out of Texas , and Confederate troops marched under the Arizona flag until the end of the war . Additionally , more than 8,000 men from New Mexico Territory served in the Union Army . In the late 19th century , the majority of officially European - descended residents in New Mexico were ethnic Mexicans , many of whom had deep roots in the area from early Spanish colonial times . Politically , they still controlled most of the town and county offices through area elections , and wealthy sheepherder families commanded considerable influence . The Anglo - Americans tended to have more ties to the territorial governor and judges , who were appointed by officials out of the region . The two groups struggled for power and the future of the territory . The Anglo minority was `` outnumbered , but well - organized and growing . '' Anglo - Americans made distinctions between the wealthy Mexicans and poor , ill - educated laborers . 20th century to present ( edit ) Homesteader and his children in Pie Town , New Mexico , 1940 Congress admitted New Mexico as the 47th state in the Union on January 6 , 1912 . European - American settlers in the state had an uneasy relationship with the large Native American tribes , most of whose members lived on reservations at the beginning of the 20th century . Although Congress passed a law in 1924 that granted all Native Americans with US citizenship , as well as the right to vote in federal and state elections , New Mexico was among several states that restricted Indian voting by raising barriers to voter registration . Their constitution said that Indians who did not pay taxes could not vote , in their interpretation disqualifying those Native Americans who lived on reservations ( but only the land was tax free . ) A major oil discovery in 1928 brought prosperity to the state , especially Lea County and the town of Hobbs . The town was named after James Hobbs , a homesteader there in 1907 . The Midwest State No. 1 well , begun in late 1927 with a standard cable - tool drilling rig , revealed the first signs of oil from the Hobbs field on June 13 , 1928 . Drilled to 4,330 feet and completed a few months later , the well produced 700 barrels of oil per day on state land .", "11": "The Midwest Refining Company 's Hobbs well produced oil until 2002 . The New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources called it `` the most important single discovery of oil in New Mexico 's history '' . During World War II , the first atomic bombs were designed and manufactured at Los Alamos , a site developed by the federal government specifically to support a high - intensity scientific effort to rapidly complete research and testing of this weapon . The first bomb was tested at Trinity site in the desert between Socorro and Alamogordo on what is now White Sands Missile Range . Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 61,547 -- 1860 93,516 51.9 % 1870 91,874 − 1.8 % 1880 119,565 30.1 % 1890 160,282 34.1 % 1900 195,310 21.9 % 1910 327,301 67.6 % 1920 360,350 10.1 % 1930 423,317 17.5 % 1940 531,818 25.6 % 1950 681,187 28.1 % 1960 951,023 39.6 % 1970 1,017,055 6.9 % 1980 1,303,302 28.1 % 1990 1,515,069 16.2 % 2000 1,819,046 20.1 % 2,059,179 13.2 % Est. 2017 2,088,070 1.4 % Source : 1910 -- 2010 2015 estimate Native Americans from New Mexico fought for the United States in both the First and Second World Wars . Veterans were disappointed to return and find their civil rights limited by state discrimination . In Arizona and New Mexico , veterans challenged state laws or practices prohibiting them from voting . In 1948 , after veteran Miguel Trujillo , Sr.", "12": "of Isleta Pueblo was told by the county registrar that he could not register to vote , he filed suit against the county in federal district court . A three - judge panel overturned as unconstitutional New Mexico 's provisions that Indians who did not pay taxes ( and could not document if they had paid taxes ) could not vote . Judge Phillips wrote : Any other citizen , regardless of race , in the State of New Mexico who has not paid one cent of tax of any kind or character , if he possesses the other qualifications , may vote . An Indian , and only an Indian , in order to meet the qualifications to vote must have paid a tax . How you can escape the conclusion that makes a requirement with respect to an Indian as a qualification to exercise the elective franchise and does not make that requirement with respect to the member of any race is beyond me . New Mexico has benefited greatly from federal government spending on major military and research institutions in the state . It is home to three Air Force bases , White Sands Missile Range , and the federal research laboratories Los Alamos National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories . The state 's population grew rapidly after World War II , growing from 531,818 in 1940 to 1,819,046 in 2000 . Both residents and businesses moved to the state ; some northerners came at first for the mild winters ; others for retirement . In the late 20th century , Native Americans were authorized by federal law to establish gaming casinos on their reservations under certain conditions , in states which had authorized such gaming . Such facilities have helped tribes close to population centers to generate revenues for reinvestment in economic development and welfare of their peoples . In the 21st century , employment growth areas in New Mexico include microelectronics , call centers , and Indian casinos . Demography ( edit ) See also : List of settlements in New Mexico by population and New Mexico locations by per capita income New Mexico population density map Population ( edit ) The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of New Mexico was 2,085,109 on July 1 , 2015 , a 1.26 % increase since the 2010 United States Census .", "13": "The 2000 United States Census recorded the population of New Mexico to be 1,819,046 ; ten years later the 2010 United States Census recorded a population of 2,059,179 , an 11.7 % increase . Of the people residing in New Mexico , 51.4 % were born in New Mexico , 37.9 % were born in a different US state , 1.1 % were born in Puerto Rico , U.S. Island areas , or born abroad to American parent ( s ) , and 9.7 % were foreign born . As of May 1 , 2010 , 7.5 % of New Mexico 's population was reported as under 5 years of age , 25 % under 18 , and 13 % were 65 or older ; women make up around 51 % of the population . As of 2000 , 8 % of the residents of the state were foreign - born . Among U.S. states , New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanic ancestry , at 47 % ( as of July 1 , 2012 ) . This classification covers people of very different cultures and histories , including descendants of Spanish colonists with deep roots in the region , and recent immigrants from a variety of nations in Latin America , each with their own cultures . According to the United States Census Bureau Model - based Small Area Income & Poverty Estimates , the number of persons in poverty has increased to 400,779 ( 19.8 % of the population ) persons in 2010 from 2000 . At that time , the estimated number of persons in poverty was recorded at 309,193 ( 17.3 % of the population ) . The latest available estimates for 2014 estimate the number of persons in poverty at 420,388 ( 20.6 % of the population ) . Birth Data ( edit ) Note : Births in table do not add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number .", "14": "Live Births by Race / Ethnicity of Mother Race 2013 2014 2015 White 21,325 ( 80.9 % ) 21,161 ( 81.2 % ) 21,183 ( 82.0 % ) > Non-Hispanic White 7,428 ( 28.2 % ) 7,222 ( 27.7 % ) 7,157 ( 27.7 % ) Native 3,763 ( 14.3 % ) 3,581 ( 13.7 % ) 3,452 ( 13.4 % ) Black 669 ( 2.5 % ) 732 ( 2.8 % ) 664 ( 2.6 % ) Asian 597 ( 2.3 % ) 578 ( 2.2 % ) 517 ( 2.0 % ) Hispanic ( of any race ) 14,402 ( 54.6 % ) 14,449 ( 55.5 % ) 14,431 ( 55.9 % ) Total New Mexico 26,354 ( 100 % ) 26,052 ( 100 % ) 25,816 ( 100 % ) Settlements ( edit ) See also : List of municipalities in New Mexico , List of census - designated places in New Mexico , and List of counties in New Mexico Largest cities or towns in New Mexico Source : 2016 U.S. Census Bureau Estimate Rank Name County Pop .", "15": "Albuquerque Las Cruces Albuquerque Bernalillo 559,277 Rio Rancho Santa Fe Las Cruces Dona Ana 101,759 Rio Rancho Sandoval / Bernalillo 96,028 Santa Fe Santa Fe 83,875 5 Roswell Chaves 48,184 6 Farmington San Juan 41,629 7 Clovis Curry 39,373 8 Hobbs Lea 38,143 9 Alamogordo Otero 31,283 10 Carlsbad Eddy 28,914 Ancestry ( edit ) Race / Ethnicity in New Mexico ( 2010 ) White 68.4 % Non-Hispanic white 40.5 % White Hispanic 28.1 % American Indian 9.4 % Black / African American 2.1 % Asian 1.4 % Pacific Islander 0.1 % Other 15.0 % Two or more races 3.7 % Hispanic / Latino 46.3 % New Mexico is a majority -- minority state . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated that 48 % of the total 2015 population was Hispanic or Latino of any race , the highest of any state . The majority of Hispanics in New Mexico claim to be descendants of Spanish colonists who settled here during the 16th , 17th , and 18th centuries . They speak New Mexican Spanish or English at home . The state also has a large Native American population , second in percentage behind that of Alaska .", "16": "The 2016 racial composition of the population was estimated to be : 82.6 % White American 10.6 % American Indian and Alaska Native 2.5 % Black or African American 1.7 % Asian 0.2 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander 2.5 % Two or more races 48.5 % Hispanic or Latino 38.1 % White alone New Mexico Racial Breakdown of Population ( hide ) Racial composition 1970 1990 2000 White 90.1 % 75.6 % 66.7 % 68.6 % Native 7.2 % 8.9 % 9.5 % 9.4 % Black 1.9 % 2.0 % 1.9 % 2.1 % Asian 0.2 % 0.9 % 1.1 % 1.4 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- -- 0.1 % 0.1 % Other race 0.6 % 12.6 % 17.0 % 15.0 % Two or more races -- -- 3.6 % 3.7 % According to the United States Census Bureau , 1.5 % of the population identifies as multiracial / mixed - race , a population larger than both the Asian and NHPI population groups . In 2008 , New Mexico had the highest percentage ( 47 % ) of Hispanics ( of any race ) of any state , with 83 % native - born and 17 % foreign - born . According to the 2000 United States Census , the most commonly claimed ancestry groups in New Mexico were : Mexican ( 16.3 % ) American Indian ( 10.3 % ) German ( 9.8 % ) , Spanish ( 9.3 % ) and English ( 7.2 % ) . Languages ( edit ) Languages Spoken in New Mexico English only 64 % Spanish 28 % Navajo 4 % According to the 2010 U.S.", "17": "Census , 28.45 % of the population aged 5 and older speak Spanish at home , while 3.50 % speak Navajo . Speakers of New Mexican Spanish dialect are mainly descendants of Spanish colonists who arrived in New Mexico in the 16th , 17th , and 18th centuries . New Mexican Spanish is an archaic form of 17th century Castilian Spanish . Official language ( edit ) The original state constitution of 1912 provided for a bilingual government with laws being published in both English and Spanish ; this requirement was renewed twice , in 1931 and 1943 . Nonetheless , the constitution does not declare any language as `` official '' . While Spanish was permitted in the legislature until 1935 , all state officials are required to have a good knowledge of English . Cobarrubias and Fishman therefore argue that New Mexico can not be considered a bilingual state as not all laws are published in both languages . Others , such as Juan Perea , claim that the state was officially bilingual until 1953 . With regard to the judiciary , witnesses have the right to testify in either of the two languages , and monolingual speakers of Spanish have the same right to be considered for jury - duty as do speakers of English . In public education , the state has the constitutional obligation to provide for bilingual education and Spanish - speaking instructors in school districts where the majority of students are hispanophone . In 1995 , the state adopted an official bilingual song , `` New Mexico -- Mi Lindo Nuevo México '' . In 1989 , New Mexico became the first state to officially adopt the English Plus resolution , and in 2008 , the first to officially adopt a Navajo textbook for use in public schools . Religion ( edit ) San Miguel Chapel , built in 1610 in Santa Fe , is the oldest church structure in the U.S.", "18": "Religion in New Mexico ( 2014 ) Religion Percent Protestant 38 % Catholic 34 % None 21 % Mormon 2 % Jehovah 's Witness 1 % Buddhist 1 % Other faith 3 % According to Association of Religion Data Archives ( ARDA ) , the largest denominations in 2010 were the Catholic Church with 684,941 ; the Southern Baptist Convention with 113,452 ; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints with 67,637 , and the United Methodist Church with 36,424 adherents . According to a 2008 survey by the Pew Research Center , the most common self - reported religious affiliation of New Mexico residents are mentioned in reference . Within the hierarchy of the Catholic Church , New Mexico belongs to the Ecclesiastical Province of Santa Fe . New Mexico has three dioceses , one of which is an archdiocese : Archdiocese of Santa Fe , Diocese of Gallup , Diocese of Las Cruces . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of New Mexico See also : New Mexico locations by per capita income New Mexico state quarter circulated in April 2008 . Oil and gas production , tourism , and federal government spending are important drivers of the state economy . State government has an elaborate system of tax credits and technical assistance to promote job growth and business investment , especially in new technologies . Economic indicators ( edit ) In 2010 New Mexico 's Gross Domestic Product was $80 billion and an estimated $85 billion for 2013 . In 2007 the per capita personal income was $31,474 ( rank 43rd in the nation ) . In 2005 the percentage of persons below the poverty level was 18.4 % . The New Mexico Tourism Department estimates that in Fiscal Year 2006 the travel industry in New Mexico generated expenditures of $6.5 billion . As of April 2012 , the state 's unemployment rate was 7.2 % . During the Late 2000s Recession New Mexico 's unemployment rate peaked at 8.0 % for the period June -- October 2010 .", "19": "Oil and gas production ( edit ) New Mexico is the fourth leading crude oil and eighth leading natural gas producer ( EIA.gov 2015 ) in the United States . The Permian Basin ( part of the Mid-Continent Oil Field ) and San Juan Basin lie partly in New Mexico . In 2006 New Mexico accounted for 3.4 % of the crude oil , 8.5 % of the dry natural gas , and 10.2 % of the natural gas liquids produced in the United States . In 2000 the value of oil and gas produced was $8.2 billion . Federal government ( edit ) The F - 22 Raptor is flown by the 49th Fighter Wing at Holloman AFB . Federal government spending is a major driver of the New Mexico economy . In 2005 the federal government spent $2.03 on New Mexico for every dollar of tax revenue collected from the state . This rate of return is higher than any other state in the Union . Many of the federal jobs relate to the military ; the state hosts three air force bases ( Kirtland Air Force Base , Holloman Air Force Base , and Cannon Air Force Base ) ; a testing range ( White Sands Missile Range ) ; and an army proving ground and maneuver range ( Fort Bliss -- McGregor Range ) . A May 2005 estimate by New Mexico State University is that 11.65 % of the state 's total employment arises directly or indirectly from military spending . Other federal installations include the technology labs of Los Alamos National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories . Economic incentives ( edit ) Albuquerque Studios , built in 2007 for rising demand of film production in the state . New Mexico provides a number of economic incentives to businesses operating in the state , including various types of tax credits and tax exemptions . Most of the incentives are based on job creation . New Mexico law allows governments to provide land , buildings , and infrastructure to businesses to promote job creation . Several municipalities have imposed an Economic Development Gross Receipts Tax ( a form of Municipal Infrastructure GRT ) that is used to pay for these infrastructure improvements and for marketing their areas . The state provides financial incentives for film production .", "20": "The New Mexico Film Office estimated at the end of 2007 that the incentive program had brought more than 85 film projects to the state since 2003 and had added $1.2 billion to the economy . Taxation ( edit ) Main article : Taxation in New Mexico Since 2008 , personal income tax rates for New Mexico have ranged from 1.7 % to 4.9 % , within four income brackets . As of 2007 , active - duty military salaries are exempt from state income tax . New Mexico is one of the largest tax heavens in the U.S. , offering numerous economic incentives and tax breaks on personal and corporate income . It does not have inheritance tax , estate tax , or sales taxes . New Mexico imposes a Gross Receipts Tax ( GRT ) on many transactions , which may even include some governmental receipts . This resembles a sales tax but , unlike the sales taxes in many states , it applies to services as well as tangible goods . Normally , the provider or seller passes the tax on to the purchaser , however legal incidence and burden apply to the business , as an excise tax . GRT is imposed by the state and there may an additional locality component to produce a total tax rate . As of July 1 , 2013 the combined tax rate ranged from 5.125 % to 8.6875 % . Property tax is imposed on real property by the state , by counties , and by school districts . In general , personal - use personal property is not subject to property taxation . On the other hand , property tax is levied on most business - use personal property . The taxable value of property is 1 / 3 of the assessed value . A tax rate of about 30 mills is applied to the taxable value , resulting in an effective tax rate of about 1 % . In the 2005 tax year the average millage was about 26.47 for residential property and 29.80 for non-residential property . Assessed values of residences can not be increased by more than 3 % per year unless the residence is remodeled or sold . Property tax deductions are available for military veterans and heads of household . Transportation ( edit ) Santa Fe Trail in Cimarron , New Mexico .", "21": "In this photo , the US - Mexico border divides Sunland Park and the Mexican state of Chihuahua . New Mexico has long been an important corridor for trade and migration . The builders of the ruins at Chaco Canyon also created a radiating network of roads from the mysterious settlement . Chaco Canyon 's trade function shifted to Casas Grandes in the present - day Mexican state of Chihuahua , however , north - south trade continued . The pre-Columbian trade with Mesoamerican cultures included northbound exotic birds , seashells and copper . Turquoise , pottery , and salt were some of the goods transported south along the Rio Grande . Present - day New Mexico 's pre-Columbian trade is especially remarkable for being undertaken on foot . The north - south trade route later became a path for colonists with horses arriving from New Spain as well as trade and communication . The route was called El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro . The Santa Fe Trail was the 19th century US territory 's vital commercial and military highway link to the Eastern United States . All with termini in Northern New Mexico , the Camino Real , the Santa Fe Trail and the Old Spanish Trail are all recognized as National Historic Trails . New Mexico 's latitude and low passes made it an attractive east - west transportation corridor . As a territory , the Gadsden Purchase increased New Mexico 's land area for the purpose of the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad , that of the Southern Pacific Railroad . Another transcontinental railroad was completed by the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway . The railroads essentially replaced the earlier trails but brought on a population boom . Early transcontinental auto trails later crossed the state bringing more migrants . Railroads were later supplemented or replaced by a system of highways and airports . Today , New Mexico 's Interstate Highways approximate the earlier land routes of the Camino Real , the Santa Fe Trail and the transcontinental railroads . Road ( edit ) See also : Speed limits in the United States by jurisdiction § New Mexico , and List of New Mexico highways Map of New Mexico highways . New Mexico has had a problem with drunk driving , but that has lessened . According to the Los Angeles Times , for years the state had the highest alcohol - related crash rates in the U.S.", "22": ", but ranked 25th in alcohol - related fatal crash rates , as of July 2009 . The automobile changed the character of New Mexico , marking the start of large scale immigration to the state from elsewhere in the United States . Settlers moving West during the Great Depression and post-World War II American culture immortalized the National Old Trails Highway , later U.S. Route 66 . Today , the automobile is heavily relied upon in New Mexico for transportation . New Mexico had 59,927 route miles of highway as of 2000 , of which 7,037 receive federal - aid . In that same year there were 1,003 miles ( 1,614 km ) of freeways , of which 1000 were the route miles of Interstate Highways 10 , 25 and 40 . The former number has increased with the upgrading of roads near Pojoaque , Santa Fe and Las Cruces to freeways . The highway traffic fatality rate was 1.9 fatalities per million miles traveled in 2000 , the 13th highest rate among U.S. states . Notable bridges include the Rio Grande Gorge Bridge near Taos . As of 2001 , 703 highway bridges , or one percent , were declared `` structurally deficient '' or `` structurally obsolete '' . Rural and intercity public transportation by road is provided by Americanos USA , LLC , Greyhound Lines and several government operators . The New Mexico Rail Runner Express is a commuter rail operation train that runs along the Central Rio Grande Valley . Urban mass transit ( edit ) See also : Category : Bus transportation in New Mexico The New Mexico Rail Runner Express is a commuter rail system serving the metropolitan area of Albuquerque , New Mexico . It began operation on July 14 , 2006 . The system runs from Belen to downtown Santa Fe . Larger cities in New Mexico typically have some form of public transportation by road ; ABQ RIDE is the largest such system in the state . Rail ( edit ) See also : List of New Mexico railroads The Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad There were 2,354 route miles of railroads in the year 2000 , this number increased with the opening of the Rail Runner 's extension to Santa Fe .", "23": "In addition to local railroads and other tourist lines , the state jointly owns and operates a heritage narrow - gauge steam railroad , the Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railway , with the state of Colorado . Narrow gauge railroads once connected many communities in the northern part of the state , from Farmington to Santa Fe . No fewer than 100 railroads of various names and lineage have operated in the jurisdiction at some point . New Mexico 's rail transportation system reached its height in terms of length following admission as a state ; in 1914 eleven railroads operated 3124 route miles . Railroad surveyors arrived in New Mexico in the 1850s . The first railroads incorporated in 1869 . The first operational railroad , the Atchison , Topeka & Santa Fe Railway ( ATSF ) , entered the territory by way of the lucrative and contested Raton Pass in 1878 . It eventually reached El Paso , Texas in 1881 and with the Southern Pacific Railroad created the nation 's second transcontinental railroad with a junction at Deming . The Southern Pacific Railroad entered the territory from the Territory of Arizona in 1880 . The Denver & Rio Grande Railway , who would generally use narrow gauge equipment in New Mexico , entered the territory from Colorado and began service to Española on December 31 , 1880 . These first railroads were built as long - distance corridors , later railroad construction also targeted resource extraction . Freight ( edit ) New Mexico is served by two class I railroads , the BNSF Railway and the Union Pacific Railroad . Combined , they operate 2,200 route miles of railway in the state . Passenger ( edit ) Downtown Santa Fe train station A commuter rail operation , the New Mexico Rail Runner Express , connects the state 's capital , its largest city , and other communities . The privately operated state owned railroad began operations in July 2006 . The BNSF Railway 's entire line from Belen to Raton , New Mexico was sold to the state , partially for the construction of phase II of this operation , which opened in December 2008 . Phase II of Rail Runner extended the line northward to Santa Fe from the Sandoval County station , the northernmost station under Phase I service . The service now connects Santa Fe , Sandoval , Bernalillo , and Valencia counties .", "24": "The trains connect Albuquerque 's population base and central business district to downtown Santa Fe with up to eight roundtrips in a day . The section of the line running south to Belen is served less frequently . Rail Runner operates scheduled service seven days per week . The railway station in Tucumcari With the rise of rail transportation many settlements grew or were founded and the territory became a tourist destination . As early as 1878 , the ATSF promoted tourism in the region with emphasis on Native American imagery . Named trains often reflected the territory they traveled : Super Chief , the streamlined successor to the Chief ; Navajo , an early transcontinental tourist train ; and Cavern , a through car operation connecting Clovis and Carlsbad ( by the early 1950s as train 23 -- 24 ) , were some of the named passenger trains of the ATSF that connoted New Mexico . Passenger train service once connected nine of New Mexico 's present ten most populous cities ( the exception is Rio Rancho ) , while today passenger train service connects two : Albuquerque and Santa Fe . With the decline of most intercity rail service in the United States in the late 1960s , New Mexico was left with minimal services . No less than six daily long - distance roundtrip trains supplemented by many branch line and local trains served New Mexico in the early 1960s . Declines in passenger revenue , but not necessarily ridership , prompted many railroads to turn over their passenger services in truncated form to Amtrak , a state owned enterprise . Amtrak , also known as the National Passenger Railroad Corporation , began operating the two extant long - distance routes in May 1971 . Resurrection of passenger rail service from Denver to El Paso , a route once plied in part by the ATSF 's El Pasoan , has been proposed over the years . As early as the 1980s former Governor Toney Anaya proposed building a high - speed rail line connecting the two cities with New Mexico 's major cities . Front Range Commuter Rail is a project to connect Wyoming and New Mexico with high - speed rail . Amtrak 's Southwest Chief passes through daily at stations in Gallup , Albuquerque , Lamy , Las Vegas , and Raton , offering connections to Los Angeles , Chicago and intermediate points .", "25": "The Southwest Chief is a fast Amtrak long distance train , being permitted a maximum speed of 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) in various places on the tracks of the BNSF Railway . It also operates on New Mexico Rail Runner Express trackage . The Southwest Chief is the successor to the Super Chief and El Capitan . The streamliner Super Chief , a favorite of early Hollywood stars , was one of the most famous named trains in the United States and one of the most esteemed for its luxury and exoticness -- train cars were named for regional Native American tribes and outfitted with the artwork of many local artists -- but also for its speed : as few as 39 hours 45 minutes westbound . A sign in Southern New Mexico indicating `` The Future site of the New Mexico Spaceport '' The Sunset Limited makes stops three times a week in both directions at Lordsburg , and Deming , serving Los Angeles , New Orleans and intermediate points . The Sunset Limited is the successor to the Southern Pacific Railroad 's train of the same name and operates exclusively on Union Pacific trackage in New Mexico . Aerospace ( edit ) See also : List of airports in New Mexico The Albuquerque International Sunport is the state 's primary port of entry for air transportation . Upham , near Truth or Consequences is the location of the world 's first operational and purpose - built commercial spaceport , Spaceport America . Rocket launches began in April 2007 . It is undeveloped and has one tenant , UP Aerospace , launching small payloads . Virgin Galactic , a space tourism company , plans to make this their primary operating base . Government and Politics ( edit ) Governor Susana Martinez ( R ) Government ( edit ) Main article : Government of New Mexico The Constitution of New Mexico established New Mexico 's governmental structure . The executive branch of government is fragmented as outlined in the state constitution . The executive is composed of the Governor and other statewide elected officials including the Lieutenant Governor ( elected on the same ticket as the Governor ) , Attorney General , Secretary of State , State Auditor , State Treasurer , and Commissioner of Public Lands . The governor appoints a cabinet that leads agencies statutorily designated under his / her jurisdiction . The New Mexico Legislature consists of the House of Representatives and Senate . The judiciary is composed of the New Mexico Supreme Court and lower courts .", "26": "There is also local government , consisting of counties , municipalities and special districts . Politics ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Elections in New Mexico and Political party strength in New Mexico Current Governor Susana Martinez ( R ) and Lieutenant Governor John Sanchez ( R ) , were first elected in 2010 and re-elected in 2014 . Terms for both the Governor and Lieutenant Governor expire in January 2019 . Governors serve a term of four years and may seek re-election for one additional term ( limit of two terms ) . Other constitutional officers , all of whose terms also expire in January 2019 , include Secretary of State Maggie Toulouse Oliver ( D ) , Attorney General Hector Balderas ( D ) , State Auditor Wayne Johnson ( R ) , State Land Commissioner Aubrey Dunn ( L ) , and State Treasurer Tim Eichenberg ( D ) . State Executive Officers Office Name Party Governor Susana Martinez Republican Lieutenant Governor John Sanchez Republican Secretary of State Maggie Toulouse Oliver Democrat Attorney General Hector Balderas Democrat Auditor Wayne Johnson Republican Treasurer Tim Eichenberg Democrat Land Commissioner Aubrey Dunn Jr . Libertarian Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of November 3 , 2016 Party Number of Voters Percentage Democratic 599,813 47 % Republican 399,930 31 % Unaffiliated 242,106 19 % Minor parties 47,571 4 % Total 1,289,420 100 % Currently , both chambers of the New Mexico State Legislature have Democratic majorities . There are 26 Democrats and 16 Republicans in the Senate , and 38 Democrats and 32 Republicans in the House of Representatives . New Mexico 's members of the United States Senate are Democrats Martin Heinrich and Tom Udall . Democrats Michelle Lujan Grisham , and Ben R. Luján represent the first and third congressional districts , respectively , and Republican Steve Pearce represents the second congressional district in the United States House of Representatives .", "27": "See New Mexico congressional map . New Mexico had been considered a swing state , whose population has favored both Democratic and Republican presidential candidates , but it became more of a Democratic stronghold after the presidential election of 2008 . The governor is Susana Martinez ( R ) , who succeeded Bill Richardson ( D ) on January 1 , 2011 after he served two terms as governor from 2003 to 2011 . Before Richardson , Gary Johnson served as governor from 1995 to 2003 . Johnson served as a Republican , but in 2012 and 2016 , he ran for President from the Libertarian Party . In previous presidential elections , Al Gore carried the state ( by 366 votes ) in 2000 ; George W. Bush won New Mexico 's five electoral votes in 2004 , and the state 's electoral votes were won by Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton in 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 . Since achieving statehood in 1912 , New Mexico has been carried by the national popular vote victor in every presidential election of the past 104 years except 1976 when Gerald Ford won the state by 2 % but lost the national popular vote by 2 % . Gubernatorial election results Year Republican Democratic 2014 57.34 % 288,549 42.66 % 214,636 53.29 % 321,219 46.55 % 280,614 2006 31.18 % 174,364 68.82 % 384,806 2002 39.05 % 189,074 55.49 % 268,693 1998 54.53 % 271,948 45.47 % 226,755 49.81 % 232,945 39.92 % 186,686 1990 45.15 % 185,692 54.61 % 224,564 1986 53.05 % 209,455 46.95 % 185,378 Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 40.04 % 319,685 48.25 % 385,232 2012 42.84 % 335,", "28": "788 52.99 % 415,335 2008 41.78 % 346,832 56.91 % 472,422 49.8 % 376,930 49.1 % 370,942 2000 47.85 % 286,417 47.91 % 286,783 42 % 232,751 49 % 273,495 37 % 212,617 46 % 261,617 51 % 270,341 46 % 244 , 49 1984 59 % 307,101 39 % 201,769 1980 55 % 250,779 36 % 167,826 1976 50 % 211,419 48 % 201,148 1972 60 % 235,606 36 % 141,084 Democratic strongholds in the state include the Santa Fe Area , various areas of the Albuquerque Metro Area ( such as the southeast and central areas , including the affluent Nob Hill neighborhood and the vicinity of the University of New Mexico ) , Northern and West Central New Mexico , and most of the Native American reservations , particularly the Navajo Nation . Republicans have traditionally had their strongholds in the eastern and southern parts of the state , the Farmington area , Rio Rancho , and the newly developed areas in the Northwest mesa . Albuquerque 's Northeast Heights have historically leaned Republican , but have become a key swing area for Democrats in recent election cycles . While registered Democrats outnumber registered Republicans by nearly 200,000 , New Mexico voters have favored moderate to conservative candidates of both parties at the state and federal levels . On major political issues , New Mexico abolished its death penalty statute , though not retroactively , effective July 1 , 2009 . This means individuals on New Mexico 's Death Row can still be executed . On March 18 , 2009 , then Governor Bill Richardson signed the law abolishing the death penalty in New Mexico following the assembly and senate vote the week before , thus becoming the 15th U.S. state to abolish the penalty . On gun control , New Mexico arguably has some of the least restrictive firearms laws in the country . State law pre-empts all local gun control ordinances .", "29": "Unlike states with strong gun control laws , a New Mexico resident may purchase any firearm deemed legal under federal law . There are no waiting periods under state law for picking up a firearm after it has been purchased , and there are no restrictions on magazine capacity . Additionally , New Mexico allows open carry of a loaded firearm without a permit , and is `` shall - issue '' for concealed carry permits . Before December 2013 New Mexico law neither explicitly allowed nor prohibited same - sex marriage . Policy concerning the issuance of marriage licenses to same - sex couples was determined at the county level ; that is , some county clerks issued marriage licenses to same - sex couples , while others did not . In December 2013 , the New Mexico Supreme Court issued a unanimous ruling directing all county clerks to issue marriage licenses to same - sex couples , thereby making New Mexico the 17th state to recognize same - sex marriage at the statewide level . Education ( edit ) The New Mexico Public Education Department is situated in Santa Fe . Due to its relatively low population in combination with numerous federally funded research facilities , New Mexico had the highest concentration of PhD holders of any state in 2000 . Despite this , the state routinely ranks near the bottom in surveys of quality of primary and secondary school education . New Mexico has a higher concentration of persons who do not finish high school or have some college without a degree than the nation as a whole . For the state , 23.9 % of people over 25 years of age have gone to college but not earned a degree . This is compared with 21.0 % of the nation as a whole according to United States Census Bureau 2014 American Community Survey estimates . Los Alamos County has the highest number percent of post secondary degree holders of any county in New Mexico with 38.7 % of the population ( 4,899 persons ) estimated by the 2010 - 2014 American Community Survey . Primary and secondary education ( edit ) See also : List of high schools in New Mexico The New Mexico Public Education Department oversees the operation of primary and secondary schools .", "30": "Colleges and universities ( edit ) Main article : List of colleges and universities in New Mexico Major state universities ( edit ) University of New Mexico at Albuquerque New Mexico State University at Las Cruces Eastern New Mexico University at Portales New Mexico Highlands University at Las Vegas Western New Mexico University at Silver City New Mexico Institute of Mining & Technology at Socorro Four campus libraries Zimmerman Library at The University of New Mexico Zuhl Library at New Mexico State University Walkway outside Golden Library at Eastern New Mexico University Donnelly Library at New Mexico Highlands University Culture ( edit ) See also : List of people from New Mexico , New Mexican cuisine , New Mexico chile , New Mexico wine , List of breweries in New Mexico , Music of New Mexico , and New Mexico music Symbols of the Southwest : a string of chili peppers ( a ristra ) and a bleached white cow 's skull hang in a market near Santa Fe With a Native American population of 134,000 in 1990 , New Mexico still ranks as an important center of Native American culture . Both the Navajo and Apache share Athabaskan origin . The Apache and some Ute live on federal reservations within the state . With 16 million acres ( 6,500,000 ha ) , mostly in neighboring Arizona , the reservation of the Navajo Nation ranks as the largest in the United States . The prehistorically agricultural Pueblo Indians live in pueblos scattered throughout the state . Almost half of New Mexicans claim Hispanic origin ; many are descendants of colonial settlers . They settled in the state 's northern portion . Most of the Mexican immigrants reside in the southern part of the state . Also 10 - 15 % of the population , mainly in the north , may contain Hispanic Jewish ancestry . Many New Mexicans speak a unique dialect of Spanish . Because of the historical isolation of New Mexico from other speakers of the Spanish language , some of the vocabulary of New Mexican Spanish is unknown to other Spanish speakers . It uses numerous Native American words for local features and includes anglicized words that express American concepts and modern inventions . Albuquerque has the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science , the National Hispanic Cultural Center , and the National Museum of Nuclear Science & History , as well as hosts the famed annual Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta every fall .", "31": "Art and literature ( edit ) The earliest New Mexico artists whose work survives today are the Mimbres Indians , whose black and white pottery could be mistaken for modern art , except for the fact that it was produced before 1130 CE . See Mimbres culture . Many examples of this work can be seen at the Deming Luna Mimbres Museum and at the Western New Mexico University Museum . A large artistic community thrives in Santa Fe , and has included such people as Bruce Nauman , Richard Tuttle , John Connell and Steina Vasulka . The capital city has several art museums , including the New Mexico Museum of Art , Museum of Spanish Colonial Art , Museum of International Folk Art , Museum of Indian Arts and Culture , Museum of Contemporary Native Arts , SITE Santa Fe and others . Colonies for artists and writers thrive , and the small city teems with art galleries . In August , the city hosts the annual Santa Fe Indian Market , which is the oldest and largest juried Native American art showcase in the world . Performing arts include the renowned Santa Fe Opera which presents five operas in repertory each July to August , the Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival held each summer , and the restored Lensic Theater a principal venue for many kinds of performances . Santa Fe is also home to Frogville Records , an indie record label . The weekend after Labor Day boasts the burning of Zozobra , a 50 ft ( 15 m ) marionette , during Fiestas de Santa Fe . The interior of the Crosby Theater at the Santa Fe Opera ; viewed from the mezzanine . Art is also a frequent theme in Albuquerque , New Mexico 's largest city . The National Hispanic Cultural Center has held hundreds of performing arts events , art showcases , and other events related to Spanish culture in New Mexico and worldwide in the centerpiece Roy E Disney Center for the Performing Arts or in other venues at the 53 acre facility . New Mexico residents and visitors alike can enjoy performing art from around the world at Popejoy Hall on the campus of the University of New Mexico . Popejoy Hall hosts singers , dancers , Broadway shows , other types of acts , and Shakespeare . Albuquerque also has the unique and memorable KiMo Theater built in 1927 in the Pueblo Revival Style architecture . The KiMo presents live theater and concerts as well as movies and simulcast operas .", "32": "In addition to other general interest theaters , Albuquerque also has the African American Performing Arts Center and Exhibit Hall which showcases achievements by people of African descent and the Indian Pueblo Cultural Center which highlights the cultural heritage of the First Nations people of New Mexico . New Mexico holds strong to its Spanish heritage . Old Spanish traditions such zarzuelas and flamenco are popular in New Mexico . Flamenco dancer and native New Mexican María Benítez founded the Maria Benítez Institute for Spanish Arts `` to present programs of the highest quality of the rich artistic heritage of Spain as expressed through music , dance , visual arts and other art forms . '' There is also the Festival Flamenco Internacional de Alburquerque held each year in which native Spanish and New Mexican flamenco dancers perform at the University of New Mexico . In the mid-20th century there was a thriving Hispano school of literature and scholarship being produced in both English and Spanish . Among the more notable authors were : Angélico Chávez , Nina Otero - Warren , Fabiola Cabeza de Baca , Aurelio Espinosa , Cleofas Jaramillo , Juan Bautista Rael , and Aurora Lucero - White Lea . As well , writer D.H. Lawrence lived near Taos in the 1920s at the D.H. Lawrence Ranch where there is a shrine said to contain his ashes . New Mexico 's strong Spanish , Native American , and Wild West frontier motifs have provided material for many authors in the state , including internationally recognized Rudolfo Anaya and Tony Hillerman . Silver City , in the southwestern mountains of the state , was originally a mining town , and at least one nearby mine still operates . It is perhaps better known now as the home of and / or exhibition center for large numbers of artists , visual and otherwise . Another former mining town turned art haven is Madrid , New Mexico . It was brought to national fame as the filming location for the movie Wild Hogs in 2007 . The City of Las Cruces , in southern New Mexico , has a museum system that is affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution Affiliations Program . Las Cruces also has a variety of cultural and artistic opportunities for residents and visitors . Aside from the aforementioned Wild Hogs , other movies filmed in New Mexico include Sunshine Cleaning and Vampires .", "33": "The various seasons of the A&E / Netflix series Longmire have been filmed in several locations in New Mexico , including Las Vegas , Santa Fe , Eagle Nest , and Red River . Sports ( edit ) The New Mexico Stars play in the Santa Ana Star Center No major league professional sports teams are based in New Mexico , but the Albuquerque Isotopes are a Pacific Coast League Triple - A baseball affiliate of the MLB Colorado Rockies . New Mexico is home to several baseball teams of the Pecos League : Santa Fe Fuego , Roswell Invaders and the White Sands Pupfish . The Duke City Gladiators of the CIF are an indoor football team that plays their home games at the Tingley Coliseum . The Albuquerque Sol F.C are a soccer club that plays in the PDL ( the 4th tier of the American soccer pyramid ) . Collegiate athletics in New Mexico involve various University of New Mexico Lobos and New Mexico State Aggies teams in many sports . For many years the two universities have had a rivalry often referred to as the `` Rio Grande Rivalry '' or the `` Battle of I - 25 '' in recognition of the campuses both located along that interstate highway . NMSU also has a rivalry with the University of Texas at El Paso that is called `` The Battle of I - 10 . '' The winner of the NMSU - UTEP football game receives the Silver Spade trophy . Olympic gold medalist Tom Jager , who is an advocate of controversial high - altitude training for swimming , has conducted training camps in Albuquerque ( elevation 5,312 ft ( 1,619.1 m ) ) and Los Alamos ( 7,320 ft ( 2,231 m ) ) . NRA Whittington Center in Raton is the United States ' largest and most comprehensive competitive shooting range and training facility . See also ( edit ) New Mexico portal Index of New Mexico - related articles Outline of New Mexico -- organized list of topics about New Mexico References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Most spoken languages in New Mexico in 2010 '' . MLA Data Center . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 22 , 2017 .", "34": "Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Is New Mexico a State ? Some Americans Do n't Know '' . npr.org . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How Did New Mexico Get Its Name '' . mexica.org . Word Press . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Norris , Tina ; Vines , Paula L. ; Hoeffel , Elizabeth M. ( February 2012 ) . `` The American Indian and Alaska Native Population : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Census 2010 Brief . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico State Flag -- About the New Mexico Flag , its adoption and history from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weber , David J. ( 1992 ) . The Spanish Frontier in North America . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . p. 79 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Joseph P. ( 1987 ) . The Rio Abajo Frontier , 1540 -- 1692 : A History of Early Colonial New Mexico . Albuquerque : Museum of Albuquerque History Monograph Series . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Stewart , George ( 2008 ) ( 1945 ) . Names on the Land : A Historical Account of Place - Naming in the United States . New York : NYRB Classics . pp. 23 -- 24 .", "35": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 59017 - 273 - 5 . There was Francisco de Ibarra , a great seeker after gold mines . In 1563 he went far to the north ... when he returned south , Ibarra boasted that he had discovered a New Mexico . Doubtless , like others , he stretched the tale , and certainly the land of which he told was well south of the one now so called . Yet men remembered the name Nuevo México , though not at first as that of the region which Coronado had once conquered . Jump up ^ Rivera , José A. , Acequia Culture : Water , Land , and Community in the Southwest , University of New Mexico Press , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : `` CLIMATE OF NEW MEXICO '' . New Mexico State University . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2004 . Retrieved March 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.amerisurv.com/PDF/TheAmericanSurveyor_Roeder-TX-NMLine_December2006.pdf Jump up ^ `` MAPS '' . NM Partnership . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rivers of the World '' . USGS . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Find a Forest by State '' . USDA Forest Service . Retrieved March 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kasha - Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument '' . www.blm.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Climate Extremes for NM '' . National Climatic Data Center . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John W. Briggs. `` Making it in Magdalena ''. `` Reflector ''. 2016 .", "36": "Jump up ^ Lauren Villagran . `` New Mexico 's window to the stars '' . Albuquerque Journal . 2017 . Jump up ^ Merriam Bailey , Florence ( 1928 ) . Birds of New Mexico . The University of Michigan . Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael ( 2008 ) . `` Wild turkey : Meleagris gallopavo '' . GlobalTwitcher.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ New Mexico ; New Mexico Compilation Commission ( 1966 ) . New Mexico statutes , 1953 , annotated. 2 . Indianapolis : A. Smith Co. p. 68 . OCLC 28494004 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Dan ( 2000 ) . New Mexico , the distant land : an illustrated history . photo research by John O. Baxter ( 2000 ed . ) . Sun Valley , CA : American Historical Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 892724 - 09 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Simmons , Marc ( 1988 ) . New Mexico : An Interpretive History ( New ed . ) . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 1110 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stewart , George ( 2008 ) ( 1945 ) . Names on the Land : A Historical Account of Place - Naming in the United States . New York : NYRB Classics . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59017 - 273 - 5 . There was Francisco de Ibarra , a great seeker after gold mines . In 1563 he went far to the north ... when he returned south , Ibarra boasted that he had discovered a New Mexico . Doubtless , like others , he stretched the tale , and certainly the land of which he told was well south of the one now so called . Yet men remembered the name Nuevo México , though not at first as that of the region which Coronado had once conquered .", "37": "Jump up ^ `` Cuarto Centenario : 400 Years of New Mexico Culture and History '' . New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs . 1999 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2008 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Simmons , Mark ( 1991 ) . The Last Conquistador : Juan De Oñate and the Settling of the Far Southwest . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2368 - 0 . Jump up ^ Resistance and Accommodation in New Mexico . Source : C.W. Hackett , ed. , Historical Documents relating to New Mexico , Nueva Vizcaya , and Approaches Thereto , to 1773 , vol . III ( Washington : Carnegie Institution of Washington , 1937 ) pp. 327 -- 35 . Jump up ^ `` The Founding of Albuquerque -- The Albuquerque Museum '' . City of Albuquerque . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ New Mexico ( state ) . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase as Recognized Today '' . Louisiana : European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase . Library of Congress . December 2001 . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` American Civil War Research Database statistics '' . Civilwardata.com . March 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Charles Montgomery , `` Becoming ' Spanish - American ' : Race and Rhetoric in New Mexico Politics , 1880 - 1928 '' , Journal of American Ethnic History Vol. 20 , No. 4 ( Summer , 2001 ) , pp. 59 - 84 ( published by University of Illinois Press for Immigration and Ethnic History Society ) ; accessed via JSTOR , 20 July 2016 ^ Jump up to : Willard Hughes Rollings , `` Citizenship and Suffrage : The Native American Struggle for Civil Rights in the American West , 1830 - 1965 '' , Nevada Law Journal Vol.", "38": "5 : 126 , Fall 2004 ; accessed 18 July 2016 Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Oil Discovery '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Bruce . `` New Mexico Oil Discovery '' . American Oil & Gas Historical Society . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Resident Population Data . `` Resident Population Data -- 2010 Census '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Table 16 . Population : 1790 to 1990 '' . Population and Housing Unit Counts. 1990 Census of Population and Housing . CPH - 2 - 1 . U.S. Department of Commerce , Bureau of the Census . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 99946 - 41 - 25 - 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reynis , Lee A. ; Marshall J. Vest ( 2005 ) . `` The Southwest Heartland : The Good , the Bad & the Ugly '' ( PDF ) . University of New Mexico , Bureau of Business and Economic Research . p. 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Mexico Bureau of Business and Economic Research UNM '' . bber.unm.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bureau , U.S. Census . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' .", "39": "Archived from the original on August 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Mexico QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Data '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Of The Four Majority - Minority States In America , Minorities Do Best In Texas '' . forbes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Quick Facts - New Mexico Population Estimates , July 1 , 2016 '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Population of New Mexico : Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map , Demographics , Statistics , Quick Facts Jump up ^ 2010 Census Data . `` 2010 Census Data '' . Census.gov . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Demographic Profile of Hispanics in New Mexico , 2007 . Pew Hispanic Center . Jump up ^ Brittingham , Angela ; de la Cruz , G. Patricia ( June 2004 ) .", "40": "`` Table 3 . Largest Ancestries for the United States , Regions , States , and for Puerto Rico : 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Ancestry : 2000 ; Census 2000 Brief . US Census Bureau . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2004 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MLA Language Map Data Center : Most spoken languages in New Mexico '' . Mla.org . July 17 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Spanish language in New Mexico and southern Colorado '' . Archive.org . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rubén Cobos . A Dictionary of New Mexico & Southern Colorado Spanish . Santa Fe : Museum of New Mexico Press , 2003 Jump up ^ Crawford , John ( 1992 ) . Language loyalties : a source book on the official English controversy . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Cobarrubias , Juan ; Fishman , Joshua A ( 1983 ) . Progress in Language Planning : International Perspectives . Walter de Gruyter . p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Constitution of the State of New Mexico . Adopted January 21 , 1911 . Jump up ^ Perea , Juan F. Los Olvidados : On the Making of Invisible People . New York University Law Review , 70 ( 4 ) , 965 - 990 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Calvin A. ( 2006 ) . Our New Mexico : A Twentieth Century History . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` State Symbols '' . New Mexico Blue Book 2007 -- 2008 . New Mexico Secretary of State . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 29 , 2008 . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Joseph , John Earl ( 2006 ) . Language and Politics . Edinburgh University Press . p. 63 .", "41": "Jump up ^ Felicia Fonseca ( July 31 , 2008 ) . `` New Mexico first state to adopt Navajo textbook '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Pew Forum - America 's Changing Religious Landscape Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . www.thearda.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARCHDIOSF.ORG '' . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . There is one Eastern Catholic parish in the state , which is under the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Phoenix . Jump up ^ `` GDP by State '' . Greyhill Advisors . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Per Capita Personal Income by State '' . University of New Mexico , Bureau of Business and Economic Research . April 4 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Persons Below Poverty by New Mexico County '' . University of New Mexico , Bureau of Business and Economic Research . January 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved October 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Travel Economic Impact Model '' ( PDF ) . New Mexico Tourism Department . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 28 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Local Area Unemployment Statistics '' . Jump up ^ `` Local Area Unemployment Statistics '' . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EIA State Energy Profiles : New Mexico '' . US Department of Energy , Energy Information Administration . October 9 , 2008 . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Oil & Gas Program '' . New Mexico Institute of Technology , New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Spending Received Per Dollar of Taxes Paid by State , 2005 '' . Tax Foundation . October 9 , 2007 .", "42": "Retrieved September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dr. Chris Erickson ; Erin Ward ( May 2005 ) . `` Economic Impact of the Closure of Cannon Air Force Base '' . New Mexico Business Outlook . New Mexico State University . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2006 . Retrieved October 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Business Assistance : Incentives '' . State of New Mexico Economic Development Department . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Domrzalski , Dennis ( September 19 , 2003 ) . 28 New Mexico towns tap into $45 M in incentives . New Mexico Business Weekly . OCLC 30948175 . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Signs Film Production Tax Incentives '' . New Mexico Economic Development Department . March 4 , 2002 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2006 . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico 's Film Incentives '' . New Mexico Film Office . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hay , Kiera ( December 10 , 2007 ) . State 's Incentives Keep Film Industry Growing . Albuquerque Journal . OCLC 9392114 . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Kay . `` State taxes : New Mexico '' . Bankrate . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Richardson Announces New Laws to Take Effect ; New State laws go into effect June 15 , 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Office of the Governor , State of New Mexico . June 14 , 2008 . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . HB 436 Working Families Tax Credit ... eliminates taxes on active duty military salaries . Jump up ^ Sohm , Joe ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Top 10 US Tax Haven States SBC Magazine '' .", "43": "www.sbcmag.info . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ English , Michael ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` New Mexico touted as tax - friendly state in latest ranking '' . www.bizjournals.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Retirement Tax Friendliness SmartAsset.com '' . SmartAsset . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Receipts Taxes FAQ '' ( PDF ) . State of New Mexico , Taxation and Revenue Department . August 6 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 24 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Property Tax FAQ '' ( PDF ) . State of New Mexico , Taxation and Revenue Department . August 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chaco Canyon Archived June 4 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Suina , Kim . `` Indigenous trade '' . Digital History Project -- Book of Migrations . New Mexico Office of the State Historian . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2007 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Santa Fe Trail Association Archived March 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe National Historic Trail ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times , New Mexico turns a corner on drunk driving , July 7 , 2009 , by Kate Linthicum , http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jul/07/nation/na-new-mexico-dwi7 Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics , Table 1 - 2 : New Mexico Public Road Length , Miles by Ownership 2000 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ U.S.", "44": "Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics , Table 1 - 1 : New Mexico Public Road Length , by Functional System ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics , Table 2 - 1 : Highway Traffic Fatalities and Fatality Rates : 2000 '' . Bts.gov . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics , Table 1 - 5 : Highway Bridge Condition : 2001 ( 4 ) ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Sue Major ( January 14 , 2009 ) . `` Mass . firm sues state over Railrunner name '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ABQ RIDE -- City of Albuquerque '' . City of Albuquerque . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics , Table 1 - 9 : Freight Railroads in New Mexico and the United States : 2000 ( 5 ) ^ Jump up to : Myrick , David F. ( 1970 ) . New Mexico 's Railroads -- An Historical Survey . Golden , Colorado : Colorado Railroad Museum . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 1185 - 7 . Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 70 - 116915 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Mexico and its Railroads '' . La Crónica de Nuevo México / New Mexico Office of the State Historian : Digital History Project -- The Book of Mapping . Historical Society of New Mexico . August 1984 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2007 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stations -- New Mexico Rail Runner Express '' . Nmrailrunner.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grimm , Julie Ann ( December 17 , 2008 ) . `` Delays , struck cow mark Rail Runner 's first day , but riders optimistic '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican .", "45": "Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Rail Runner Express weekday schedule '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rail Runner schedule page '' . Nmrailrunner.com. April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , C Fenton Jr ( 2001 ) . Santa Fe -- The Chief Way . Second Printing , 2005 . Robert Strein & John Vaughn . New Mexico Magazine . ISBN 0 - 937206 - 71 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Dorin , Patrick C. ( 2004 ) . Santa Fe Passenger Trains in the Streamlined Era . design and layout by Megan Johnson . USA : TLC Publishing , Inc . ISBN 1 - 883089 - 99 - 9 . Jump up ^ Herron , Gary ( December 22 , 2008 ) . `` Media and politicians enjoy inaugural ride , public opening met with delays '' . The Observer . UK . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Proctor , Cathy ( May 15 , 2005 ) . `` Idea floated for Front Range rail line '' . Jump up ^ `` Southwest Chief passenger timetable '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak . October 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blaszak , Michael W. ( 2009 ) . `` Speed , Signals , and Safety '' . Fast Trains . Classic Trains Special Edition No. 7 . Waukesha , Wisconsin : Kalmbach Publishing Co. : 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89024 - 763 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Sunset Limited passenger timetable '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak . January 2009 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 .", "46": "Jump up ^ Ohtake , Miyoko ( August 25 , 2007 ) . `` Virgin Galactic Preps for Liftoff at World 's First Commercial Spaceport '' . Wired Magazine ( 15 : 10 ) . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2008 . Retrieved January 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson - Avila ( December 31 , 2008 ) . `` NM Spaceport , Virgin Galactic sign 20 - year lease '' . New Mexico Business Weekly . Retrieved January 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : AFP ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` First Commercial Spaceport Gets Green Light '' . Discovery Channel . Retrieved January 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ UP Aerospace does launches ' quickly and cheaply ' , DenverBiz Journal , October 2008 ( 6 ) Jump up ^ `` News Release 03.04. 2008 / Spaceport Sweden and Virgin Galactic '' . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NM Secretary of State 's Office official web site '' . Sos.state.nm.us . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NM Attorney General 's Office official web site '' . Ago.state.nm.us . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NM State Auditor 's Office official web site '' . Saonm.org . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NM State Lands official web site '' . Nmstatelands.org . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NM State Treasurer 's Office official web site '' . Stonm.org . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Voter Registration Statistics '' ( PDF ) . New Mexico Secretary of State Elections Bureau . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Presidential Election Voting History '' . 270towin.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 .", "47": "Jump up ^ Le Nouveau - Mexique abolit la peine de mort ( archive ) in Le Monde of March 19 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Venture Capitals '' . Wired . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` These Are The States With The Best And Worst School Systems , According To New Rankings '' . Huffington Post . 4 August 2014 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Data Bureau of Business and Economic Research UNM '' . bber.unm.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` County Data Bureau of Business and Economic Research UNM '' . bber.unm.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The American Indian and Alaska Native Population : 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deming Luna County Museum '' . Lunacountyhistoricalsociety.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Western New Mexico University Museum '' . Wnmumuseum.org . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Popejoy Hall '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` KiMo Theater '' . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` African American Performing Arts Center , Albuquerque , New Mexico '' . Aapacnm.org . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Pueblo Cultural Center '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zarzuela in New Mexico '' . Zarzuela.net . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Archived March 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Authors Page '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Silver City Art '' .", "48": "Archived from the original on April 21 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid Art '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` City of Las Cruces '' . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Las Cruces Convention and Visitors Bureau '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Christine ( 2012 - 01 - 16 ) . `` A & E will film the new series ' Longmire ' , starring Katee Sackhoff & Lou Diamond Phillips , in New Mexico this spring '' . Onlocationvacations.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` High Hopes : Altitude Training for Swimmers '' , by Michael Scott , SwimmingWorldMagazine.com magazine archives ( 8 ) ( 10 - 15 - 08 ) Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` The N.R.A. Whittington Center Shooting Range in New Mexico Caters to All in the Middle of Nowhere '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Beck , Warren . Historical Atlas of New Mexico 1969 . Chavez , Thomas E. An Illustrated History of New Mexico , 267 pages , University of New Mexico Press 2002 , ISBN 0 - 8263 - 3051 - 7 Bullis , Don . New Mexico : A Biographical Dictionary , 1540 -- 1980 , 2 vol , ( Los Ranchos de Albuquerque : Rio Grande , 2008 ) 393 pp. ISBN 978 - 1 - 890689 - 17 - 9 Gonzales - Berry , Erlinda , David R. Maciel , eds . The Contested Homeland : A Chicano History of New Mexico , University of New Mexico Press 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8263 - 2199 - 2 , 314 pp .", "49": "Gutiérrez , Ramón A. When Jesus Came , the Corn Mothers Went Away : Marriage , Sexuality , and Power in New Mexico , 1500 -- 1846 ( 1991 ) Hain , Paul L. , F. Chris Garcia , Gilbert K. St. Clair ; New Mexico Government 3rd ed. ( 1994 ) Horgan , Paul , Great River , The Rio Grande in North American History , 1038 pages , Wesleyan University Press 1991 , 4th Reprint , ISBN 0 - 585 - 38014 - 7 , Pulitzer Prize 1955 Larson , Robert W. New Mexico 's Quest for Statehood , 1846 -- 1912 ( 1968 ) Nieto - Phillips , John M. The Language of Blood : The Making of Spanish - American Identity in New Mexico , 1880s -- 1930s , University of New Mexico Press 2004 , ISBN 0826324231 Simmons , Marc . New Mexico : An Interpretive History , University of New Mexico Press 1988 , ISBN 0 - 8263 - 1110 - 5 , 221 pp , good introduction Szasz , Ferenc M. , and Richard W. Etulain , eds . Religion in Modern New Mexico ( 1997 ) Trujillo , Michael L. Land of Disenchantment : Latina / o Identities and Transformations in Northern New Mexico ( 2010 ) 265 pp ; an experimental ethnography that contrasts life in the Espanola Valley with the state 's commercial image as the `` land of enchantment . '' Weber ; David J. Foreigners in Their Native Land : Historical Roots of the Mexican Americans ( 1973 ) , primary sources to 1912 Primary sources Ellis , Richard , ed . New Mexico Past and Present : A Historical Reader. 1971 .", "50": "primary sources Tony Hillerman , The Great Taos Bank Robbery and other Indian Country Affairs , University of New Mexico Press , Albuquerque , 1973 , trade paperback , 147 pages , ( ISBN 0 - 8263 - 0530 - X ) , fiction External links ( edit ) Find more aboutNew Mexicoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage New Mexico at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) State government ( edit ) New Mexico Government New Mexico State Databases -- Annotated list of searchable databases produced by New Mexico state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association . Bureau of Business and Economic Research ( BBER ) at University of New Mexico -- Exists to provide credible and objective data and research to inform economic development and public policy in New Mexico . US Government ( edit ) New Mexico State Guide , from the Library of Congress Energy Profile for New Mexico -- Economic , environmental , and energy data New Mexico -- Science In Your Backyard -- United States Geological Society `` American Southwest '' -- Discover Our Shared Heritage travel itinerary -- National Park Service New Mexico state facts -- Economic Research Service -- United States Department of Agriculture Tourism ( edit ) Flora of the Gila National Forest in New Mexico Geographic data related to New Mexico at OpenStreetMap Preceded by Oklahoma List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on January 6 , 1912 ( 47th ) Succeeded by Arizona ( hide ) Topics related to New Mexico Land of Enchantment ( hide ) State of New Mexico Santa Fe ( capital ) Topics Index Census - designated places Cuisine Bizcochito Chile Culture Delegations Geography Government History World War II Landmarks Military Music New Mexico music New Mexicans Hispanos Pueblos and Tribes Paleontology Symbols Tourist attractions Transportation", "51": "Seal of New Mexico Society Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Central New Mexico Colorado Plateau Eastern New Mexico Llano Estacado Northern New Mexico Permian Basin San Luis Valley Sangre de Cristo Mountains Southwestern New Mexico Cities Alamogordo Albuquerque Artesia Carlsbad Clovis Corrales Deming Española Farmington Gallup Grants Hobbs Las Cruces Las Vegas Los Alamos Los Lunas Lovington Portales Raton Rio Rancho Roswell Ruidoso Santa Fe Silver City Socorro Sunland Park Taos Tucumcari Counties See : List of counties in New Mexico Bernalillo Catron Chaves Cibola Colfax Curry De Baca Doña Ana Eddy Grant Guadalupe Harding Hidalgo Lea Lincoln Los Alamos Luna McKinley Mora Otero Quay Rio Arriba Roosevelt San Juan San Miguel Sandoval Santa Fe Sierra Socorro Taos Torrance Union Valencia Protected areas of New Mexico National Parks Carlsbad Caverns National Historical Parks Chaco Culture Manhattan Project Pecos National Monuments Aztec Ruins Bandelier Capulin Volcano El Malpais El Morro Fort Union Gila Cliff Dwellings Petroglyph Salinas Pueblo Missions White Sands", "52": "National Trails El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Old Spanish Trail Santa Fe Trail National Forests Apache - Sitgreaves Carson Cibola Coronado Gila Lincoln Santa Fe National Grasslands Kiowa National Wildlife Refuges Bitter Lake Bosque del Apache Grulla Las Vegas Maxwell San Andres Sevilleta National Conservation Areas El Malpais Fort Stanton -- Snowy River Cave BLM National Monuments Kasha - Katuwe Tent Rocks Organ Mountains - Desert Peaks Prehistoric Trackways Rio Grande del Norte National Natural Landmarks See List of National Natural Landmarks in New Mexico National Preserves Valles Caldera Wilderness Aldo Leopold Apache Kid Bandelier Bisti / De-Na - Zin Blue Range Bosque del Apache Capitan Mountains Carlsbad Caverns Cebolla Chama River Canyon Columbine - Hondo Cruces Basin Dome Gila Latir Peak Manzano Mountain Ojito Pecos Sabinoso Salt Creek San Pedro Parks Sandia Mountain West Malpais Wheeler Peak White Mountain Withington Wild and Scenic Rivers East Fork Jemez River Pecos River Red River Rio Chama Rio Grande State Parks Bluewater Lake Bottomless Lakes Brantley Lake Caballo Lake Cerrillos Hills Cimarron Canyon City of Rocks Clayton Lake Conchas Lake Coyote Creek Eagle Nest Lake El Vado Lake Elephant", "53": "Butte Lake Fenton Lake Heron Lake Hyde Memorial Leasburg Dam Living Desert Zoo and Gardens Manzano Mountains Mesilla Valley Bosque Morphy Lake Navajo Lake Oasis Oliver Lee Memorial Pancho Villa Percha Dam Rio Grande Nature Center Rockhound Santa Rosa Lake Storrie Lake Sugarite Canyon Sumner Lake Ute Lake Vietnam Veterans Memorial Villanueva Western United States Regions Rocky Mountains Great Basin West Coast Pacific Northwest Mountain States States Alaska Arizona California Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon Utah Washington Wyoming Major metropolitan areas Los Angeles Phoenix San Francisco Bay Area San Bernardino - Riverside Seattle San Diego Denver Portland Las Vegas Sacramento Major cities Anchorage Albuquerque Denver Honolulu Las Vegas Los Angeles Long Beach Oakland Phoenix Portland Reno Riverside Sacramento San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Jose Salt Lake City Seattle Spokane Tucson State capitals Boise Carson City Cheyenne Denver Helena Honolulu Juneau Olympia Phoenix Sacramento Salem Salt Lake City Santa Fe New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) Subdivisions Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Pays d'en Haut Domaine du roy Louisiana ( 1682 -- 1762 ,", "54": "1802 -- 1803 ) Illinois Country Ohio Country Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) Towns Acadia ( Port Royal ) Canada Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Détroit Île Royale Louisbourg Louisiana Mobile Biloxi New Orleans Newfoundland Plaisance List of towns Forts Fort Rouillé Fort Michilimackinac Fort de Buade Fort de Chartres Fort Detroit Fort Carillon Fort Condé Fort Duquesne Fortress of Louisbourg Castle Hill Fort St. Louis ( Illinois ) Fort St. Louis ( Texas ) List of Forts Government Canada Governor General Intendant Sovereign Council Bishop of Quebec Governor of Trois - Rivières Governor of Montreal Acadia Governor Lieutenant - General Newfoundland Governor Lieutenant - General Louisiana Governor Intendant Superior Council Île Royale Governor Intendant Superior Council Law Intendancy Superior Council Admiralty court Provostship Officiality Seigneurial court Bailiff Maréchaussée Code Noir Economy Seigneurial system Fur trade Company of 100 Associates Crozat 's Company Mississippi Company Compagnie de l'Occident Chemin du Roy Coureur des bois Voyageurs Society Population 1666 census Habitants King 's Daughters Casquette girls Métis Amerindians Slavery Plaçage Gens de couleur libres Religious orders Jesuit missions Récollets Grey Nuns Ursulines Sulpicians War and peace", "55": "Military of New France Intercolonial Wars French and Iroquois Wars Great Upheaval Great Peace of Montreal Schenectady massacre Deerfield massacre Related French colonization of the Americas French colonial empire History of Quebec History of the Acadians History of the French - Americans French West Indies Carib Expulsion Atlantic slave trade Portal Commons New Spain ( 1521 -- 1821 ) Conflicts Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire → Spanish conquest of Guatemala → Spanish conquest of Yucatán → Anglo - Spanish War ( 1585 -- 1604 ) → Anglo - Spanish War ( 1625 -- 30 ) → Dutch Revolt → Anglo - Spanish War ( 1654 -- 60 ) → Piracy in the Caribbean → Queen Anne 's War → War of Jenkins ' Ear → Seven Years ' War → Spanish involvement in the American Revolutionary War Conflicts with indigenous peoples during colonial rule Mixtón War → Yaqui Wars → Chichimeca War → Philippine revolts against Spain → Acaxee Rebellion → Spanish -- Moro conflict → Acoma Massacre → Tepehuán Revolt → Tzeltal Rebellion → Pueblo Revolt → Pima Revolt → Spanish American wars of independence Government and administration Central government Habsburg Spain Charles I Joanna of Castile Philip II Philp III Philip IV Charles II Bourbon Spain Philip V ( also reigned after Louis I ) Louis I Ferdinand VI Charles III Charles IV Ferdinand VII of Spain ( also reigned after Joseph I ) Viceroys of New Spain", "56": "List of viceroys of New Spain Audiencias Guadalajara Captaincy General of Guatemala Manila Mexico Santo Domingo Captancies General Cuba Guatemala Philippines Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Yucatán Provincias Internas Intendancy Havana New Orleans State of Mexico Chiapas Comayagua Nicaragua Camagüey Santiago de Cuba Guanajuato Valladolid Guadalajara Zacatecas San Luis Potosí Veracruz Puebla Oaxaca Durango Sonora Mérida , Yucatán Politics Viceroy Gobernaciones Adelantado Captain general Corregidor ( position ) Cabildo Encomienda Treaties Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Zaragoza Peace of Westphalia Treaty of Ryswick Treaty of Utrecht Congress of Breda Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1762 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Treaty of Córdoba Adams -- Onís Treaty Notable cities , provinces , & territories Cities Mexico City Veracruz Xalapa Puebla Toluca Cuernavaca Oaxaca Morelia Acapulco Campeche Mérida Guadalajara Durango Monterrey León Guanajuato Zacatecas Pachuca Querétaro Saltillo San Luis Potosí Los Ángeles Yerba Buena ( San Francisco ) San José San Diego Santa Fe Albuquerque El Paso Los Adaes San Antonio Tucson Pensacola St.", "57": "Augustine Havana Santo Domingo San Juan Antigua Guatemala Cebu Manila Provinces & territories La Florida Las Californias Santa Fe de Nuevo México Alta California Baja California Tejas Nueva Galicia Nueva Vizcaya Nueva Extremadura New Kingdom of León Cebu Bulacan Pampanga Other areas Spanish Formosa Explorers ,", "58": "adventurers & conquistadors Pre-New Spain explorers Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastián Elcano Vasco Núñez de Balboa Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Explorers & conquistadors Hernán Cortés Juan Ponce de León Nuño de Guzmán Bernal Díaz del Castillo Pedro de Alvarado Pánfilo de Narváez Hernando de Soto Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo Miguel López de Legazpi Ángel de Villafañe Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Luis de Carabajal y Cueva Juan de Oñate Juan José Pérez Hernández Gaspar de Portolà Manuel Quimper Cristóbal de Oñate Andrés de Urdaneta Ruy López de Villalobos Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Francisco Hernández de Córdoba ( Yucatán conquistador ) Francisco Hernández de Córdoba ( founder of Nicaragua ) Gil González Dávila Francisco de Ulloa Juan José Pérez Hernández Dionisio Alcalá Galiano Bruno de Heceta Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra Alonso de León Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán José de Bustamante y Guerra José María Narváez Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa Antonio Gil Y'Barbo Alexander von Humboldt Thomas Gage Catholic Church in New Spain Spanish missions in the Americas Spanish missions in Arizona Spanish missions in Baja California Spanish missions in California Spanish missions in the Carolinas Spanish missions in Florida Spanish missions in Georgia Spanish missions in Louisiana Spanish missions in Mexico Spanish missions in New Mexico Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert Spanish missions in Texas Spanish missions in Virginia Spanish missions in Trinidad Friars , fathers , priests , & bishops Pedro de Gante Gerónimo de Aguilar Toribio de Benavente Motolinia Bernardino de Sahagún Juan de Zumárraga Alonso", "59": "de Montúfar Vasco de Quiroga Bartolomé de las Casas Alonso de Molina Diego Durán Diego de Landa Gerónimo de Mendieta Juan de Torquemada Juan de Palafox y Mendoza Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora Eusebio Kino Francisco Javier Clavijero Junípero Serra Francisco Palóu Fermín Lasuén Esteban Tápis José Francisco de Paula Señan Mariano Payeras Sebastián Montero Marcos de Niza Francisco de Ayeta Antonio Margil Francisco Marroquín Manuel Abad y Queipo Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla José María Morelos Other events Suppression of the Jesuits California mission clash of cultures Cargo system Indian Reductions Society and culture Indigenous peoples Mesoamerican Aztec Maya Huastec Mixtec P'urhépecha Totonac Pipil Kowoj K'iche ' Kaqchikel Zapotec Poqomam Mam Caribbean Arawak Ciboney Guanajatabey California Mission Indians Cahuilla Chumash Cupeño Juaneño Kumeyaay Luiseño Miwok Mohave Ohlone Serrano Tongva Southwestern Apache Coahuiltecan Cocopa Comanche Hopi Hualapai La Junta Navajo Pima Puebloan Quechan Solano Yaqui Zuni North - Northwest Mexico", "60": "Acaxee Chichimeca Cochimi Kiliwa Ópata Tepehuán Florida & other Southeastern tribes Indigenous people during De Soto 's travels Apalachee Calusa Creek Jororo Pensacola Seminole Timucua Yustaga Filipino people Negrito Igorot Mangyan Peoples of Palawan Ati Panay Lumad Bajau Tagalog Cebuano Others Taiwanese aborigines Chamorro people Architecture Spanish Colonial style by country Colonial Baroque style Forts Missions Trade & economy Real Columbian Exchange Manila galleon Triangular trade People & classes Casta Peninsulars Criollo Indios Mestizo Castizo Coyotes Pardos Zambo Negros People Juan Bautista de Anza Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo Francis Drake Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Eusebio Kino La Malinche Fermín Lasuén Limahong Moctezuma II Junípero Serra Hasekura Tsunenaga New Spain Portal Political divisions of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota", "61": "Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Indian reservations List of Indian reservations Coordinates : 34 ° N 106 ° W / 34 ° N 106 ° W / 34 ; - 106 VIAF : 131332136 LCCN : n79005595 ISNI : 0000 0004 0647 0855 GND : 4042006 - 1 SUDOC : 176302948 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Mexico&oldid=837703404 '' Categories : New Mexico Former Spanish colonies States and territories established in 1912 States of the United States Western United States 1912 establishments in New Mexico Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from June 2012 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2015 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Navajo - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from February 2017 Pages using bar box without float left or float right All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements", "62": "from April 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2000 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2001 Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de", "63": "Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Iñupiak Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى", "64": "مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray ייִדיש", "65": "Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 160 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 13 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2226525965842375672	when does the eclipse end in the us	[ "about 6:44 p.m. UTC (2:44 p.m. EDT)", "6:44 p.m. UTC (2:44 p.m. EDT)", "2:44 p.m. EDT" ]	{ "0": "Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 - Wikipedia Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 Totality as seen from Simpsonville , South Carolina Map Type of eclipse Nature Total Gamma 0.4367 Magnitude 1.0306 Maximum eclipse Duration 160 sec ( 2 m 40 s ) 37 ° 00 ′ N 87 ° 42 ′ W / 37 ° N 87.7 ° W / 37 ; - 87.7 Max . width of band 115 km ( 71 mi ) Times ( UTC ) ( P1 ) Partial begin 15 : 46 : 48 ( U1 ) Total begin 16 : 48 : 32 Greatest eclipse 18 : 26 : 40 ( U4 ) Total end 20 : 01 : 35 ( P4 ) Partial end 21 : 04 : 19 References Saros 145 ( 22 of 77 ) Catalog # ( SE5000 ) 9546 The solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 , dubbed `` The Great American Eclipse '' by the media , was a total eclipse visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States , passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts . As a partial solar eclipse , it was visible on land from Nunavut in northern Canada to as far south as northern South America . In northwestern Europe and Africa , it was partially visible in the late evening . In Asia it was visible only at the eastern extremity , the Chukchi Peninsula . Play media Video of the eclipse second contact in Simpsonville , South Carolina . Crowd reaction is heard on audio . Prior to this event , no solar eclipse had been visible across the entire contiguous United States since June 8 , 1918 ; not since the February 1979 eclipse had a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States . The path of totality touched 14 states , and the rest of the U.S. had a partial eclipse .", "1": "The area of the path of totality was about 16 percent of the area of the United States , with most of this area over the ocean , not land . The event 's shadow began to cover land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 4 : 05 p.m. UTC ( 9 : 05 a.m. PDT ) , with the total eclipse beginning there at 5 : 16 p.m. UTC ( 10 : 16 a.m. PDT ) ; the total eclipse 's land coverage ended along the South Carolina coast at about 6 : 44 p.m. UTC ( 2 : 44 p.m. EDT ) . Visibility as a partial eclipse in Honolulu , Hawaii began with sunrise at 4 : 20 p.m. UTC ( 6 : 20 a.m. HST ) and ended by 5 : 25 p.m. UTC ( 7 : 25 a.m. HST ) . This total solar eclipse marked the first such event in the smartphone and social media era in America . Information , personal communication , and photography were widely available as never before , capturing popular attention and enhancing the social experience . Logistical problems were expected with the influx of visitors , especially for smaller communities . The sale of counterfeit eclipse glasses was also anticipated to be a hazard for eye injuries . Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 ( 12 states ) and August 2045 ( 10 states ) , and annular solar eclipses -- wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun -- will occur in October 2023 ( 9 states ) and June 2048 ( 9 states ) .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Visibility 2 Other celestial bodies 3 Other eclipses over the United States 4 Total eclipse viewing events 4.1 Oregon 4.2 Idaho 4.3 Wyoming 4.4 Nebraska 4.5 Kansas 4.6 Missouri 4.7 Illinois 4.8 Kentucky 4.9 Tennessee 4.10 North Carolina 4.11 Georgia 4.12 South Carolina 5 Viewing from outside the United States 5.1 Canada 5.2 Mexico , Central America , Caribbean islands , South America 5.3 Russia 5.4 Europe 5.5 West Africa 6 Media and scientific coverage 7 Counterfeit eclipse glasses 8 Eye damage 9 Planning 10 Post-eclipse traffic problems 11 Impact on solar power 12 Commemorative stamp 13 Videos 14 Gallery 14.1 Totality 14.2 Transition 14.3 Partial 14.4 Images produced by natural pinholes 14.5 Views outside of the US 15 Related eclipses 15.1 Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 15.2 Saros series 145 15.3 Metonic series 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Visibility ( edit ) Play media Time - lapse footage of Falls Park on the Reedy in Greenville , South Carolina during the eclipse Play media Video of shadow bands on the ground as seen in Simpsonville , South Carolina . The total eclipse had a magnitude of 1.0306 and was visible within a narrow corridor 70 miles ( 110 km ) wide , crossing fourteen of the contiguous United States : Oregon , Idaho , Montana , Wyoming , Nebraska , Kansas , Iowa , Missouri , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , Georgia , North Carolina , and South Carolina . It was first seen from land in the U.S. shortly after 10 : 15 a.m. PDT ( 17 : 15 UTC ) at Oregon 's Pacific coast , and then it progressed eastward through Salem , Oregon ; Idaho Falls , Idaho ; Casper , Wyoming ; Lincoln , Nebraska ; Kansas City , Missouri ; St.", "3": "Louis , Missouri ; Hopkinsville , Kentucky ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Columbia , South Carolina about 2 : 41 p.m. ; and finally Charleston , South Carolina . A partial eclipse was seen for a greater time period , beginning shortly after 9 : 00 a.m. PDT along the Pacific Coast of Oregon . Weather forecasts predicted clear skies in Western U.S. and some Eastern states , but clouds in the Midwest and East Coast . Animation of the eclipse shadow . The dot in the center represents the path of totality . View of the lunar shadow tracking across Earth from the Deep Space Climate Observatory ( DSCOVR ) satellite The longest ground duration of totality was 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37 ° 35 ′ 0 '' N 89 ° 7 ′ 0 '' W / 37.58333 ° N 89.11667 ° W / 37.58333 ; - 89.11667 in Giant City State Park , just south of Carbondale , Illinois , and the greatest extent ( width ) was at 36 ° 58 ′ 0 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 18 '' W / 36.96667 ° N 87.67167 ° W / 36.96667 ; - 87.67167 near the village of Cerulean , Kentucky , located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton . This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7 , 1970 . Two NASA WB - 57F flew above the clouds , prolonging the observation time spent in the umbra . A partial solar eclipse was seen from the much broader path of the Moon 's penumbra , including all of North America , particularly areas just south of the totality pass , where the eclipse lasted about 3 -- 5 hours , northern South America , Western Europe , and some of Africa and north - east Asia . Other celestial bodies ( edit ) During totality stars and 4 planets were visible , including Regulus close to the Sun . Mars was 8 degrees to the right , and Venus 34 degrees right . Mercury was 10 degrees left , and Jupiter 51 degrees left .", "4": "Solar eclipse and star - system Regulus ( upper left ) viewed from Cullowhee , NC . During the eclipse for a long span of its path of totality , several bright stars and four planets were visible . The star - system Regulus was visible slightly to the west of the Sun . Mars was 8 degrees to the right , and Venus 34 degrees right . Mercury was 10 degrees left , and Jupiter 51 degrees left . Other eclipses over the United States ( edit ) This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the United States since that of July 11 , 1991 -- which was seen only from part of Hawaii -- and the first visible from the contiguous United States since 1979 . An eclipse of comparable length ( up to 3 minutes , 8 seconds , with the longest eclipse being 6 minutes and 54 seconds ) occurred over the contiguous United States on March 7 , 1970 along the southern portions of the Eastern Seaboard , from Florida to Virginia . The path of totality of the solar eclipse of February 26 , 1979 crossed only the states of Washington , Oregon , Idaho , Montana , and North Dakota . Many enthusiasts traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the eclipse , since it would be the last chance to view such an eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades . Some American scientists and interested amateurs who wanted to experience a total eclipse participated in a four - day Atlantic Ocean cruise to view the solar eclipse of July 10 , 1972 as it passed near Nova Scotia . ( This is referenced in the Carly Simon hit song `` You 're So Vain '' in the lyric , `` Then you flew your Lear Jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the Sun . '' ) Organizers of the cruise advertised in astronomical journals and in planetarium announcements , emphasizing the rarity of the event . The path of totality across the United States The August 2017 eclipse was the first with a path of totality crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. since 1918 . Also , its path of totality made landfall exclusively within the United States , making it the first such eclipse since the country 's declaration of independence in 1776 .", "5": "Prior to this , the path of totality of the eclipse of June 13 , 1257 , was the last to make landfall exclusively on lands currently part of the United States . The path of the 2017 eclipse crosses with the path of the upcoming total solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 , with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois in Makanda Township at Cedar Lake , just south of Carbondale . An area of about 9,000 square miles , including the cities of Makanda , Carbondale , Cape Girardeau , Missouri , and Paducah , Kentucky , will thus experience two total solar eclipses within a span of less than seven years . The cities of Benton , Carbondale , Chester , Harrisburg , Marion , and Metropolis in Illinois ; Cape Girardeau , Farmington , and Perryville in Missouri , as well as Paducah , Kentucky , will also be in the path of the 2024 eclipse , thereby earning the distinction of witnessing two total solar eclipses in seven years . The solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 will have a very similar path of totality over the U.S. to the 2017 eclipse : about 400 km ( 250 mi ) to the southwest , also crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the country ; however , totality will be more than twice as long . Total eclipse viewing events ( edit ) Oregon ( edit ) Viewing the eclipse at Oregon State University Campers on a field near Madras , Oregon , three days before the eclipse Totality over Timothy Lake , Oregon Diamond ring effect and some prominences at the end of totality in Oregon Corvallis -- The Corvallis campus of Oregon State University hosted `` OSU150 Space Grant Festival : A Total Eclipse Experience '' , a weekend - long celebration of the eclipse . A watch party was also hosted on campus the day of the eclipse . Huntington -- Historic Farewell Bend State Recreation Area hosted the RASC : Yukon Centre ( Yukon Astronomical Society ) and the RASC : Okanagan Centre .", "6": "Solar viewing and presentations on the eclipse were given along with a dark - sky presentation Keizer -- The Salem - Keizer Volcanoes , a Class A baseball team , played a morning game against the visiting Hillsboro Hops that featured the first ever `` eclipse delay '' in baseball history . Madras -- The city sponsored a four - day Solarfest at two locations . Prineville -- Symbiosis Gathering hosted a seven - day eclipse festival which included rave - style music dubbed `` Oregon Eclipse '' . Rickreall -- The Polk County Fairgrounds organized a series of events and an eclipse gathering . Salem -- The Oregon Museum of Science and Industry hosted an event at the Oregon State Fairgrounds . Idaho ( edit ) A display of books related to eclipses and astronomy Total eclipse from Weiser , Idaho Arco -- High altitude balloon launches by the USC Astronautical Engineering department and NASA . Craters of the Moon -- The National Monument and Preserve hosted NASA presentations , evening star parties hosted by the Idaho Falls Astronomical Society , and presentations by the New Mexico Chapter of the Charlie Bates Solar Astronomy Project . Idaho Falls -- Free entertainment and educational seminars and an eclipse - watching event at the Museum of Idaho ( an official NASA viewing site ) and elsewhere , and a free eclipse - watching event at Melaleuca Field . Rexburg -- Brigham Young University Idaho offered a series of eclipse - related educational events . Weiser -- The city sponsored a five - day festival prior to the eclipse . Wyoming ( edit ) People watching and photographing the eclipse in Yellowstone National Park Casper -- The Astronomical League , an alliance of amateur astronomy clubs , held its annual Astrocon conference , and there were other public events , called Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017 . Fort Laramie -- Fort Laramie held an eclipse viewing event , which included a Special `` Great American Eclipse '' Program . Nebraska ( edit ) A crowd observes the eclipse in Ravenna , Nebraska Alliance -- Entertainment and educational seminars were offered . ABC News reported live from Carhenge during totality . Auburn -- Nemaha County Hospital hosted an eclipse viewing event , including sharing safety tips from Lifetime Vision Center . Beatrice -- Homestead National Monument of America -- Events were held with representatives from NASA on Saturday , Sunday and the day of the eclipse .", "7": "Grand Island -- Stuhr Museum hosted an eclipse viewing event , including the launch of a NASA eclipse observing balloon . Lincoln -- At Haymarket Park , the Lincoln Saltdogs , an independent baseball team in the American Association , defeated the Gary SouthShore RailCats 8 - 5 in a special eclipse game , with 6,956 in attendance . The game was paused for 26 minutes in the middle of the third inning to observe the eclipse . The Saltdogs players wore special eclipse - themed uniforms that were auctioned off after the game . Kansas ( edit ) Atchison -- Benedictine College hosted thousands in its football stadium . There were students from schools from Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska and Oklahoma attending , plus numerous other guests who heard from , amongst others , astronomers from the Vatican Observatory . Missouri ( edit ) Columbia -- The Cosmo Park and the Gans Creek Park were open for the eclipse . There was a watch party on campus for the students of the University of Missouri , and the MU Health Care system released eye safety information . Kansas City -- A 5 - mile ( 8 km ) bicycle ride from downtown KCMO ( where totality only lasted about 30 seconds ) to Macken Park in North Kansas City ( where totality lasted 1 minute 13 seconds ) was organized by KC Pedal Party Club , a local Meetup group . Lathrop -- The city celebrated its 150th anniversary with an eclipse festival . Parkville -- TotalEclipseofthePark -- August 20 educational program featuring NASA Glenn Research Center Hall of Famer Lynn Bondurant , ' 61 , and August 21 watch party organized by Park University . Potosi -- Hora Eclipse , an Israeli folkdance camp coordinated with the eclipse , was held at YMCA Trout Lodge and Camp Lakewood , near the Mark Twain National Forest . More information at the event 's website , especially its post-mortem page . St. Clair -- An event organized by the St. Clair City Chamber of Commerce . St. Joseph -- An event organized by Front Page Science was held at Rosecrans Memorial Airport . St. Louis -- David Tipper hosted his Tipper & Friends 4321 electronic music event at Astral Valley Art Park featuring 5 days of music , art , and eclipse viewing .", "8": "Illinois ( edit ) Carbondale -- Southern Illinois University sponsored many eclipse related educational events , including the two day Crossroads Astronomy , Science and Technology Expo , and viewing at Saluki Stadium . Amtrak ran a special train , the Eclipse Express , from Chicago to Carbondale . NASA EDGE was there broadcasting live from Southern Illinois University Carbondale with a four - hour and thirty - minute show ( 11 : 45 a.m. -- 4 : 15 p.m. EDT ) . Carterville -- A three - day rock festival called Moonstock was headlined by Ozzy Osbourne , who performed during the eclipse . Goreville -- View the eclipse with the University of Illinois Astronomy Department . Kentucky ( edit ) An eclipse photographer in Madisonville , Kentucky Bowling Green -- Western Kentucky University hosted thousands of K - 12 students in its football stadium . At Bowling Green Ballpark , the Bowling Green Hot Rods , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Michigan Whitecaps . Hopkinsville -- A four - day eclipse festival was held at Jefferson Davis State Historic Site . Tennessee ( edit ) Totality from Tennessee Technological University in Cookeville , Tennessee NASA TV 's live coverage was being watched by 4.4 million people at 1 : 40 EDT , accounting for 87 % of all traffic to U.S. federal government websites Athens -- The City of Athens hosted `` Total Eclipse of the Park '' at Athens Regional Park , including entertainment , food , and vendors . Clarksville -- Austin Peay State University presented several educational events , including an appearance by astronaut Rhea Seddon . Cookeville -- Tennessee Technological University hosted a solar eclipse viewing party at Tucker Stadium . Cookeville hosted special events Saturday - Monday . McMinnville -- celebrated the eclipse by hosting BLACKOUT 2017 , an eclipse viewing event held in the city square . In addition to the viewing , a selection of food trucks and musical acts which features The Pink Floyd Appreciation Society band who performed Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety prior to the totality event . Memphis -- At AutoZone Park , the Memphis Redbirds , a Class AAA baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting New Orleans Baby Cakes .", "9": "Nashville -- offered many special events , including the Music City Eclipse Science & Technology Festival at the Adventure Science Center . The Italian Lights Festival hosted the largest Eclipse Viewing Party in Nashville , a free NASA - Certified Eclipse Event held at the Bicentennial Mall . Two astrophysicists from NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory emceed the countdown . North Carolina ( edit ) Bryson City -- Planetarium shows were offered , as well as rides on the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad to an eclipse location . Cullowhee -- The eclipse was visible in totality , and classes were cancelled for several hours during the first day of classes at Western Carolina University . Rosman -- Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute ( PARI ) hosted a viewing event . The event at PARI has garnered international attention and the visitors included amateur astronomers . Georgia ( edit ) Athens -- Viewing at Sanford Stadium at the University of Georgia . Blairsville -- Get off the Grid Festival on three days preceding the eclipse . Elberty County - Approximately 400 people gathered at the Georgia Guidestones . South Carolina ( edit ) Anderson - Viewing at the Green Pond Landing on Lake Hartwell with food trucks , astronomer , and music . Unfortunately clouds blocked the sun at the time of totality . Charleston - The College of Charleston hosted NASA 's `` eclipse headquarters '' broadcast as part of an afternoon eclipse viewing celebration on the green behind the campus library . Clemson -- Viewing at Clemson University . Columbia -- The South Carolina State Museum hosted four days of educational events , including an appearance by Apollo 16 astronaut Charles Duke . At Spirit Communications Park , the Columbia Fireflies , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting Rome Braves . Greenville -- Viewing at Furman University . Events include streaming coverage from NASA , educational activities , and live music . At Fluor Field , the Greenville Drive , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Virginia Power . Sumter -- Viewing at Dillon Park . Eclipse viewing glasses given away for free .", "10": "Viewing from outside the United States ( edit ) Boundaries of the sunset partial eclipse in Western Europe Canada ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible across the width of Canada , ranging from 89 percent in Victoria , British Columbia to 11 percent in Resolute , Nunavut . In Ottawa , viewing parties were held at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum . In Toronto , viewing parties were held at the CNE and the Ontario Science Centre Mexico , central America , Caribbean islands , South America ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible from Central America , Mexico , the Caribbean islands , and ships and aircraft in and above the adjacent oceans , as well as the northern countries of South America such as Colombia , Venezuela , and several others . Russia ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible only in the Chukchi Peninsula . In Anadyr , the maximum obscuration was 27.82 % . Europe ( edit ) In northwestern Europe , a partial eclipse was visible in the evening or at sunset . Only those in Iceland , Ireland , Northern Ireland , Scotland and the Portuguese Azores archipelago saw the eclipse from beginning to end ; in the rest of the UK , Norway , the Netherlands , Belgium , France , Spain , and Portugal , sunset occurred before the end of the eclipse . In Germany , the beginning of the eclipse was visible just at sunset only in the extreme northwest of the country . In all regions east of the orange line on the map , the eclipse was not visible . West Africa ( edit ) In some locations in West Africa and western North Africa , a partial eclipse was seen just before and during sunset . Media and scientific coverage ( edit ) The Moon 's umbra , as seen from the International Space Station A large number of media outlets broadcast coverage of the eclipse , including television and internet outlets . NASA announced plans to offer streaming coverage through its NASA TV and NASA Edge outlets , using cameras stationed on the ground along the path of totality , along with cameras on high - altitude balloons , jets , and coverage from the International Space Station ; NASA stated that `` never before will a celestial event be viewed by so many and explored from so many vantage points -- from space , from the air , and from the ground . ''", "11": "ABC , CBS , and NBC announced that they would respectively broadcast live television specials to cover the eclipse with correspondents stationed across the path of totality , along with CNN , Fox News Channel , Science , and The Weather Channel . The PBS series Nova presented streaming coverage on Facebook hosted by Miles O'Brien , and aired a special episode chronicling the event -- `` Eclipse Over America '' -- later in the day ( which marked the fastest production turnaround time in Nova history ) . Other institutions and services also announced plans to stream their perspectives of the eclipse , including the Exploratorium in San Francisco , the Elephant Sanctuary of Hohenwald , Tennessee , the Slooh robotic telescope app , and The Virtual Telescope Project . The Eclipse Ballooning Project , a consortium of schools and colleges that sent 50 high - altitude balloons into the sky during the eclipse to conduct experiments , provided streams of footage and GPS tracking of its launches . Contact with one balloon with $13,000 of scientific equipment , launched under the aegis of the LGF Museum of Natural History near Vale , Oregon , was lost at 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) . Given that the balloon was believed to have burst at 100,000 feet ( 30,000 m ) it could have parachuted down anywhere from eastern Oregon to Caldwell , Idaho ( most likely ) to Sun Valley , Idaho ; a $1,000 reward is offered for its recovery . The National Solar Observatory organized Citizen CATE volunteers to man 60 identical telescopes and instrumentation packages along the totality path to study changes in the corona over the duration of the eclipse . In orbit , the satellites Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter , the International Space Station , the Solar Dynamics Observatory , the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer , Solar and Heliospheric Observatory , and Hinode gathered data from the eclipse . A viewing party was held at the White House , during which President Donald Trump appeared on the Truman Balcony with First Lady Melania Trump . With the sun partially eclipsed , President Trump looked briefly in the general direction of the sun before using solar viewing glasses . The rapper Joey Badass boasted of watching the solar eclipse without viewing glasses , considering that `` our ancestors ai n't have no fancy eyewear ( and ) they ai n't all go blind '' . Unlike the US president , he did not wear viewing glasses during the entire eclipse .", "12": "Later , he complained of vision problems and had to cancel his Cleveland , Chicago & Toronto shows on the Everybody Tour , due to `` unforeseen circumstances '' . The eclipse generated reports of abnormal behavior in animal and plant life . Some farm animals including domestic chickens came out from under their coops and began grooming , usually an evening activity . Horses also displayed increased whinnying , running , and jumping after the event . Cicadas were reported to grow louder before going silent during totality . Various birds were also observed flying in unusually large formations . Flowers such as the Hibiscus closed their petals which typically happens at night , before opening again after the solar event . NASA reported over 90 million page views of the eclipse on its websites , making it the agency 's biggest online event ever , beating the previous web traffic record about seven times over . Counterfeit eclipse glasses ( edit ) See also : Solar viewer In the months leading up to the eclipse , many counterfeit glasses were put up for sale . Effective eclipse glasses must not only block most visible light , but most UV and infrared light as well . For visible light , the user should only be able to see the Sun , sunglint reflected off shiny metal , halogen bulbs , the filament in unfrosted incandescent bulbs , and similarly intense sources . Determining whether the glasses effectively block enough UV and infrared light requires the use of spectrophotometer , which is a rather expensive piece of lab equipment . The eye 's retina lacks pain receptors , and thus damage can occur without one 's awareness . The American Astronomical Society ( AAS ) said products meeting the ISO 12312 - 2 standard avoid risk to one 's eyes , and issued a list of reputable vendors of eclipse glasses . The organization warned against products claiming ISO certification or even citing the same number , but not tested by an accredited laboratory . Another problem was counterfeits of reputable vendors ' products , some even claiming the company 's name such as with American Paper Optics which published information detailing the differences between its glasses and counterfeits . Andrew Lund , the owner of a company which produces eclipse glasses , noted that not all counterfeit glasses were necessarily unsafe .", "13": "He stated to Quartz that the counterfeits he tested blocked the majority of harmful light spectrum , concluding that `` the IP is getting ripped off , but the good news is there are no long - term harmful effects . '' As one example , the Springdale Library in metropolitan Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , accidentally passed out dozens of pairs of counterfeit eclipse glasses , but as of August 23 had not received any reports of eye damage . On July 27 , 2017 , Amazon required all eclipse viewing products sold on its website have a submission of origin and safety information , and proof of an accredited ISO certification . In mid-August 2017 , Amazon recalled and pulled listings for eclipse viewing glasses that `` may not comply with industry standards '' , and gave refunds to customers who had purchased them . Eye damage ( edit ) Short - term damage includes solar keratitis , which is similar to sunburn of the cornea . Symptoms usually occur within twenty - four hours and include eye pain and light sensitivity . Long - term or permanent damage includes solar retinopathy , which occurs when the sun burns a hole in the retina , usually at the fovea ( the focus of the retina ) . Symptoms can occur as long as several weeks after the incident , and can include loss of central vision and / or other vision , as well as eye pain and light sensitivity , afterimages , and changes in color vision . Depending on the severity of damage , vision problems can last for several months or be permanent . Dr. Avnish Deobhakta , an ophthalmologist in New York , states that , `` `` If you 're looking at the sun you 're actually focusing , intentionally , the light of the sun onto the spot ( fovea ) where you want the most precise vision . '' Following a total eclipse in the United Kingdom in 1999 , at least 14 cases of permanent damage were confirmed . One story of solar eclipse danger was illustrated by the case of Mr. Tomososki , who damaged his eyesight when viewing a 1962 eclipse , leaving him with a pea - sized blind spot for the rest of his life . During the 2017 eclipse he warned the country to not make the mistake he did . While some can recover , the danger of an eclipse comes in part because the excitement can override the instinct to not look at the sun .", "14": "Planning ( edit ) A message board on U.S. Route 64 in North Carolina alerting drivers of the eclipse Officials inside and near the path of totality planned -- sometimes for years -- for the sudden influx of people . Smaller towns struggled to arrange viewing sites and logistics for what could have been a tourism boom or a disaster . In the American West , illegal camping was a major concern , including near cities like Jackson Hole , Wyoming . Idaho 's Office of Emergency Management said Idaho was a prime viewing state , and advised jurisdictions to prepare for service load increases ; nearly every hotel and motel room , campground , and in some cases backyards for nearly 100 miles ( 160 km ) north and south of the path of totality had been reserved several months , if not years , in advance . The state anticipated up to 500,000 visitors to join its 1.6 million residents . Oregon deployed six National Guard aircraft and 150 soldiers because the influx of visitors coincided with the state 's fire season . Hospital staffing , and supplies of blood and anti -- snake bite antidote , were augmented along the totality line . In Oregon , there were reports of hoteliers canceling existing reservations made at the regular market rate and increasing their rate , sometimes threefold or more , for guests staying to view the eclipse . The Oregon Department of Justice ( DOJ ) investigated various complaints and reached settlements with affected customers of at least 10 hotels in the state . These settlements included refunds to the customers and fines paid to the DOJ . Post-eclipse traffic problems ( edit ) Although traffic to areas within the path of totality was somewhat spread out over the days prior to the eclipse , there were widespread traffic problems across the United States after the event ended . Michael Zeiler , an eclipse cartographer , had estimated that between 1.85 million and 7.4 million people would travel to the path of the eclipse . In Oregon , an estimated one million people were expected to arrive that the Oregon National Guard was called in to help manage traffic in Madras along US 26 and US 97 . Madras Municipal Airport received more than 400 mostly personal planes that queued for hours while waiting to leave after the eclipse . Officials in Idaho , where the totality path crossed the center of the state , began planning for the eclipse a year in advance .", "15": "The state Transportation Department suspended construction projects along Interstate 15 , which traverses Eastern Idaho , from August 18 -- 22 in order to have all lanes open ; their counterparts in neighboring Utah , where many were expected to travel the 220 miles ( 350 km ) north via the highway from the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , did the same . On the morning of the eclipse , many drivers left before dawn , creating traffic volume along I - 15 normally not seen until morning rush hour ; northbound traffic on the interstate in Box Elder County north of Salt Lake City slowed to 10 -- 15 miles per hour ( 16 -- 24 km / h ) . The Idaho State Police ( ISP ) stationed a patrol car along I - 15 every 15 miles ( 24 km ) between Shelley and the Utah border . Traffic backed up on I - 15 / US 26 south of Idaho Falls After the eclipse , traffic more than doubled along I - 15 southbound , with extensive traffic jams continuing for eight hours as viewers who had traveled north into the totality path from Utah returned there and to points south . The ISP tweeted a picture of bumper - to - bumper traffic stalled on the interstate just south of Idaho Falls . Motorists reported to local news outlets that it was taking them two hours to travel the 47 miles ( 76 km ) from that city to Pocatello to the south , a journey that normally takes 45 minutes . Others reported that it took three hours to travel from Idaho Falls to the closer city of Blackfoot , 30 miles ( 48 km ) farther north of Pocatello . In the rest of the state the impact was less severe . Traffic nearly doubled on US 93 , and was up 55 percent on US 20 . For some northbound travelers on I - 15 , the Montana Department of Transportation had failed to make similar plans to those in Idaho , scheduling a road construction project to begin on August 21 that narrowed a section of the highway to a single northbound lane , near the exit to Clark Canyon Dam south of Dillon . Though that stretch of highway generally has a traffic count of less than 1,000 vehicles per day , on the day of the eclipse there were over a thousand vehicles per hour at peak times .", "16": "As a result , traffic backed up as far as Lima , creating a delay of at least an hour for travelers heading northward . Further , as construction had not yet begun , drivers observed cones set up but no workers present on the road . While the state traditionally halts construction projects during high traffic periods , a state official admitted `` we ... probably made a bad mistake here in this regard . '' Traffic waiting to get on Interstate 25 at Glendo , Wyoming , after the eclipse In Wyoming , estimates were that the population of the state , officially 585,000 , may have doubled or even tripled , with traffic counts on August 21 showing 536,000 more cars than the five - year average for the third Monday in August ; a 68 percent increase . One official offered an estimate of `` two people in every car '' to arrive at a one - million - visitor figure , and others noted that one million was a conservative estimate based on a one - day traffic count of limited portions of major highways . There were additional arrivals by aircraft , plus travelers who arrived early or stayed for additional days . Two days before the eclipse , traffic increased 18 percent over a five - year average , with an additional 131,000 vehicles on the road . Sunday saw an additional 217,000 - vehicle increase . Following the eclipse , more than 500,000 vehicles traveled Wyoming roads , creating large traffic jams , particularly on southbound and eastbound highways . Drivers reported that it took up to 10 hours to travel 160 miles ( 260 km ) into northern Colorado . There was one traffic fatality , and another fatality related to an off - highway ATV accident , but in general there were far fewer incidents and traffic citations than authorities had anticipated . In Tennessee , the Knoxville News Sentinel described the traffic problems created by the eclipse as the worst ever seen in that part of the state . One backup along Interstate 75 reached 34 miles ( 55 km ) in length , between Niota and the Interstate 40 interchange at Farragut .", "17": "A spokesman for the state 's Department of Transportation allowed that the traffic jams were the worst he had seen in six and a half years on the job , noting that accidents had aggravated the already heavy traffic flows , attributed the I - 75 congestion to Knoxville - area residents heading for the totality path at Sweetwater and returning during what was the city 's normal afternoon rush hour . Before the eclipse , state officials had described their traffic expectations as equivalent to that generated by the Bonnaroo Music Festival , the twice - a-season NASCAR Monster Energy Cup races at Bristol or the formerly - held Boomsday fireworks festival . `` Maybe they should have considered a tsunami of traffic combining all three of those heavily attended events '' , the News Sentinel commented . The Tennessee Highway Patrol made sure that `` ( e ) very trooper not on sick leave or military leave or pre-approved leave ( wa ) s working '' the day of the eclipse ; the state DOT made sure its full complement of emergency - aid HELP trucks were available as well . Alert signs on the highways also warned motorists not to pull over onto the shoulders to watch the eclipse as it could increase the risk of dangerous accidents and block the path of emergency vehicles . In North Carolina , the Department of Transportation added cameras , message boards and safety patrols in the counties where the total eclipse would take place , as well as stopping road work . The department warned that due to `` unprecedented '' traffic ordinary activities requiring driving might prove difficult , and advised people to act as if there were snow . In Kentucky , particularly around the Hopkinsville area , which was dubbed `` Eclipseville , USA '' , post-eclipse traffic caused extensive delays . The en masse departure of tourists via Interstate 69 as well as the Western Kentucky Parkway resulted in commute times double or even triple of normal . The Hopkinsville - to - Lexington commute under normal circumstances lasts three and a half hours . Impact on solar power ( edit ) An eclipse causes a reduction of solar power generation where the Moon shadow covers any solar panel , as do clouds . The North American Electric Reliability Corporation predicted minor impacts , and attempted to measure the impact of the 2017 eclipse . In California , solar power was projected to decrease by 4 -- 6,000 megawatts at 70 MW / minute , and then ramp up by 90 MW / minute as the shadow passes .", "18": "CAISO 's typical ramp rate is 29 megawatts per minute . Around 4 GW mainly in North Carolina and Georgia were expected to be 90 percent obscured . After the 2017 eclipse , grid operators in California reported having lost 3,000 -- 3,500 megawatts of utility - scale solar power , which was made up for by hydropower and gas reliably and as expected , mimicking the usual duck curve . Energy demand management was also used to mitigate the solar drop . NV Energy prepared for the solar eclipse months in advance and collaborated with 17 western states . When the eclipse began covering California with partial darkness , which reduced its usual amount of solar - generated electricity , NV Energy sent power there . Likewise , when Nevada received less sunlight , other west coast states supplied electricity to it . During the solar eclipse , the state of Nevada lost about 450 megawatts of electricity , the amount used by about a quarter million typical residences . The 2015 eclipse caused manageable solar power decreases in Europe ; in Germany , solar power dropped from 14 GW to 7 GW , of a 38 GW solar power capacity . Commemorative stamp ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Total Solar Eclipse stamp On June 20 , 2017 , the United States Postal Service released the first application of thermochromic ink to postage stamps in its Total Eclipse of the Sun Forever stamp to commemorate the solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 . When pressed with a finger , body heat turns the black circle in the center of the stamp into an image of the full moon . The stamp image is a photo of the solar eclipse of March 29 , 2006 seen in Jalu , Libya . The photo was taken by retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak . Videos ( edit ) Play media Illustration showing umbra ( black oval ) , penumbra ( concentric shaded ovals ) , and path of totality ( red ) . Play media Illustration featuring several visualizations of the event . Play media Short time - lapse showing umbra as it moves across the clouds .", "19": "Play media Video of the moment totality occurred in Newberry , South Carolina Gallery ( edit ) Totality ( edit ) ( Images where the sun is completely eclipsed by the moon ) Sequence starting at 9 : 06am , totality at 10 : 19am , and ending at 10 : 21am PDT , as seen from Corvallis , Oregon Totality and prominences as seen from Glenrock , Wyoming Totality as seen from Columbia , Missouri Totality as seen from Sweetwater , Tennessee Totality as seen from Saint Paul , Clarendon County , South Carolina Totality as seen from Newberry , South Carolina Transition ( edit ) ( Images showing Baily 's beads or a Diamond ring , which occur just as totality begins or ends ) Beginning of Diamond ring as seen from Glenrock , Wyoming Diamond ring as seen from Jay Em , Wyoming Baily 's beads before totality from far western Nebraska Diamond ring as seen from Corvallis , Oregon Diamond ring as seen from Saint Paul , South Carolina Diamond ring as seen from Newberry , South Carolina Diamond ring ( with large flare ) as seen from Cullowhee , NC Partial ( edit ) ( Images where the sun is partially eclipsed by the moon ) Seattle , Washington North Cascades National Park , Washington San Francisco , California Mira Mesa in San Diego , California Far western Nebraska White House , Tennessee Maine at 2 : 41 p.m. EDT before maximum 68 % coverage at 2 : 45 p.m. Brooklyn , New York Ellicott City , Maryland shortly before maximum eclipse ( ~ 80 % ) Virginia Beach , Virginia Simpsonville , South Carolina Newberry , South Carolina Images produced by natural pinholes ( edit ) ( Images of the eclipse created by natural pinholes formed by tree leaves ) North Cascade mountains ( British Columbia and Washington ) . Moon , Pennsylvania Views outside of the U.S. ( edit ) Tuxtla Gutiérrez ( Chiapas ) , Mexico at 12 : 36 GMT - 6 . Chihuahua , Mexico at 11 : 40 a.m.", "20": "Sunset from Zarautz , Basque Country Spain Sunset , viewed from Coimbra , Portugal Related eclipses ( edit ) Astronomers Without Borders began collecting eclipse glasses for redistribution to Latin America for the total solar eclipse occurring on July 2 , 2019 and to Asia for the annular eclipse on December 26 , 2019 . A partial lunar eclipse took place on August 7 , 2017 , in the same eclipse season . It was visible over Africa , Asia , Australia , and eastern Europe . Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 ( edit ) Each member in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours ( a semester ) at alternating nodes of the Moon 's orbit . ( show ) Solar eclipse series sets from 2015 -- 18 Descending node Ascending node Saros Map Saros Map 120 Longyearbyen , Svalbard March 20 , 2015 Total 125 September 13 , 2015 Partial 130 Balikpapan , Indonesia March 9 , 2016 Total 135 L'Étang - Salé , Réunion September 1 , 2016 Annular 140 Partial from Buenos Aires February 26 , 2017 Annular 145 Oregon August 21 , 2017 Total 150 February 15 , 2018 Partial 155 August 11 , 2018 Partial Partial solar eclipses on July 13 , 2018 , and January 6 , 2019 , occur during the next semester series . Saros series 145 ( edit ) This solar eclipse is a part of Saros cycle 145 , repeating every 18 years , 11 days , 8 hours , containing 77 events . The series started with a partial solar eclipse on January 4 , 1639 , and reached a first annular eclipse on June 6 , 1891 . It was a hybrid event on June 17 , 1909 , and total eclipses from June 29 , 1927 , through September 9 , 2648 . The series ends at member 77 as a partial eclipse on April 17 , 3009 .", "21": "The longest eclipse will occur on June 25 , 2522 , with a maximum duration of totality of 7 minutes , 12 seconds . ( show ) Series members 16 -- 26 occur between 1901 and 2100 16 17 18 June 17 , 1909 June 29 , 1927 July 9 , 1945 19 20 21 July 20 , 1963 July 31 , 1981 August 11 , 1999 22 23 24 August 21 , 2017 September 2 , 2035 September 12 , 2053 25 26 September 23 , 2071 October 4 , 2089 Metonic series ( edit ) The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years ( 6939.69 days ) , lasting about 5 cycles . Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date . In addition , the octon subseries repeats 1 / 5 of that or every 3.8 years ( 1387.94 days ) .", "22": "( show ) 21 eclipse events , progressing from north to south between June 10 , 1964 , and August 21 , 2036 June 10 -- 11 March 27 -- 29 January 15 -- 16 November 3 August 21 -- 22 117 119 121 123 125 June 10 , 1964 March 28 , 1968 January 16 , 1972 November 3 , 1975 August 22 , 1979 127 129 131 133 135 June 11 , 1983 March 29 , 1987 January 15 , 1991 November 3 , 1994 August 22 , 1998 137 139 141 143 145 June 10 , 2002 March 29 , 2006 January 15 , 2010 November 3 , 2013 August 21 , 2017 147 149 151 153 155 June 10 , 2021 March 29 , 2025 January 14 , 2029 November 3 , 2032 August 21 , 2036 See also ( edit ) List of solar eclipses visible from the United States Notable total solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : Solar eclipse of June 8 , 1918 Solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 Solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 Notable annular solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : Solar eclipse of May 10 , 1994 Solar eclipse of October 14 , 2023 Solar eclipse of June 11 , 2048 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steed , Edward ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Great American Eclipse of 2017 '' -- via www.newyorker.com . Jump up ^ `` Great American Eclipse - Watch Full Episodes & More ! - Science '' . www.sciencechannel.com .", "23": "Jump up ^ `` What the 2017 Solar Eclipse Taught Us About Boosting Public Interest in Science '' . Jump up ^ `` A Near - IR Photo of the Moon 's Shadow During the Great American Eclipse '' . September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lakind , Sean . `` The Great American Eclipse And Its Effect On Retail Traffic '' . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Melissa ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Total Solar Eclipse : Everything You Need to Know '' . Time . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wolfram , Stephen ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` When Exactly Will the Eclipse Happen ? A Multimillenium Tale of Computation '' . Wolfram Blog . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How to view the partial solar eclipse in Hawaii '' . KHON2 Nexstar Media Group . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wyoming prepares for total solar eclipse in 2017 '' . CTV News . Associated Press . August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon offers refunds to customers who bought fake eclipse glasses '' . CBC News . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse : Who ? What ? Where ? When ? and How ? '' . NASA . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voyages of Discovery : 2017 Total Solar Eclipse '' . astroadventures.net . Astro Adventures . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malik , Tariq ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's a Timeline of When the 2017 Solar Eclipse Begins and Ends '' . space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Solar Eclipse : What to Expect '' . The New York Times . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 .", "24": "Jump up ^ `` 2017 August 21 Total Solar Eclipse '' . USNO . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Will ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` NASA to Chase Solar Eclipse with Jets for Clearest Ever Photos of Corona '' . PetaPixel . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://earthsky.org See 4 planets during the total eclipse . Jump up ^ `` The Great Baja Eclipse '' , Discover January 1991 . p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` Total and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths 1981 -- 2000 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Total and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths 1961 -- 1980 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 1970 Mar 07 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands Go West for a Total Solar Eclipse Tomorrow ; Data May Aid Energy Research Partial Eclipse for New York Best Types of Film Image of Sun on Screen '' , The New York Times February 25 , 1979 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Browne , Malcolm W. ( February 27 , 1979 ) . `` Total Eclipse of the Sun Darkens Skies in Northwest ; Total Eclipse Casts Two Minutes of Darkness in West Temperature Falls Sharply Learned of Weather Peculiarities Data on Plasma Sought '' . The New York Times . p . C4 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schrag , Philip ( July 30 , 1972 ) . `` Let There Be Darkness , Please ; When Mercury Is at Quadrature , the Social Director Is a Lonely Man For Two Extremely Short Minutes Everyone Gaped Into the Sky '' . The New York Times . p. 15 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jubier , Xavier ; Espenak , Fred . `` NASA -- Total Solar Eclipse of 1257 June 13 '' . NASA .", "25": "Archived from the original on July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jubier , Xavier M. ( 2011 ) . `` Google Earth Gallery for Solar and Lunar Eclipses '' . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OSU150 Space Grant Festival : A Total Eclipse Experience '' . Oregon State University . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EclipseFest '' . Salem - Keizer Volcanoes . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse chasers blaze trail to Oregon for view of a lifetime '' . The Seattle Times . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Scores International Collaborative Festival With ' Oregon Eclipse ' '' . Dance Music NW . November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Eclipse -- A Total Solar Eclipse Gathering 17 -- 23 August , 2017 '' . oregoneclipse2017.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com Oregon Eclipse 2017 - Symbiosis . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Oregon solar eclipse updates on traffic , crowds and events '' . Statesman Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMSI Total Solar Eclipse Viewing in Salem , Oregon -- August 21 , 2017 '' . NASA . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Event Details -- Craters Of The Moon National Monument & Preserve '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Events Around Eastern Idaho '' . Eastern Idaho Eclipse . October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho Falls Eclipse '' . Big Kid Science . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Solar Eclipse 2017 '' . Brigham Young University Idaho . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Festival and Map '' .", "26": "Weiser Eclipse 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017Astrocon , Casper , Wyoming '' . Astronomical League . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . a unique opportunity for professional astronomers to intermingle with knowledgeable amateurs ; gathering together to learn from each other and exchange ideas . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017 '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Great American Eclipse , Fort Laramie '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Events '' . 2017 Solar Eclipse in Alliance . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crowds at Carhenge in Nebraska eager to view solar eclipse ( ABC News , Aug 21 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Lunch on the Lawn '' . Nemaha County Hospital . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ `` Total Solar Eclipse Weekend of Events at Homestead National Monument of America -- Homestead National Monument of America '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : YouTube : Eclipse 2017 : One Nation Under the Sun Published August 27 , 2017 , ( National Monument displayed at 0 : 58 , 4 : 42 4 : 53 , 6 : 31 ; Lincoln baseball game at 0 : 44 , 1 : 36 , 5 : 47 ) . Jump up ^ `` Gem of the Prairie Eclipse Event '' . stuhrmuseum.org . Stuhr Museum . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eight - run Inning Carries Saltdogs Over Railcats in Special Solar Eclipse Game '' . Lincoln Saltdogs . August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Great American Eclipse Viewing at Benedictine College '' . Benedictine College . Jump up ^ `` Show me totality COMO '' . Lathrop Eclipse . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 .", "27": "Jump up ^ `` MU hosts weekend full of events leading to Mondays solar eclipse '' . Lathrop Eclipse . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse 2017 '' . Lathrop Eclipse . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total solar eclipse ride '' . KC - PPC . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Solar Eclipse / 150 Years Festival '' . Lathrop Eclipse . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipsing Park University '' . Park University . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Darkening of the Sun -- Eclipse 2017 -- St. Clair MO '' . Jump up ^ `` St. Joseph Eclipse '' . Front Page Science . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Illinois : eclipse crossroads of America '' . Southern Illinois University Carbondale . May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Bob ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Amtrak announces ' Eclipse Express ' special to southern Illinois '' . Trains . Jump up ^ `` Southern Illinois University Carbondale ( NASA EDGE ) '' . NASA . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carley , Sean ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Remainder of `` Moonstock '' eclipse festival lineup announced `` . Daily Egyptian . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` View the Eclipse with University of Illinois Astronomers in Goreville , IL '' . University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WKU Eclipse Events '' . Western Kentucky University . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen , Eric ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Solar eclipse 2017 : The 5 minor league games being played during Aug. 21 event '' . SBNation . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Monumental Solar Eclipse Festival : August 18 -- August 21 '' .", "28": "Solar Eclipse Hopkinsville , KY . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Park '' . athenschamber.org . Athens Area Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse : Events '' . Austin Peay State University . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse 2017 '' . Oakley STEM Center . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blackout 2017 '' . mainstreetmcminnville.org . Main Street McMinville . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse - Themed Programs & Events '' . Music City Solar Eclipse . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nashville 's Italian Lights festival is official NASA location for solar eclipse '' . Music City Eclipse at Italian Lights Festival . WKRN News2 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse 2017 Viewing Event , Free Music City Eclipse Party '' . Music City Eclipse at Italian Lights Festival . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Total Solar Eclipse Will Pass Through the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina '' . Bryson City North Carolina . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reinhart , Vince ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse - Cullowhee North Carolina '' -- via Flickr . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse leaves thousands breathless at UGA 's Sanford Stadium '' . WXIA . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Off the Grid Fest '' . Get Off the Grid Fest . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eclipse awes those gathered at Georgia Guidestones , by Wayne Ford ( Athens Banner - Herald , Aug 21 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` NASA to Broadcast Eclipse from . CofC '' . The College Today . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 .", "29": "Jump up ^ Melvin , Jim ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Live : When , where and how to watch the total solar eclipse at Clemson University '' . Clemson University . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse 2017 at the South Carolina State Museum '' . South Carolina State Museum . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse at Furman '' . Furman University . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse Watch Party '' . sumtersc.gov . City of Sumter . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mortillaro , Nicole ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` When day turns into night : Canadians , Americans prepare for total solar eclipse '' . CBC News . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse viewing party at Canada Aviation and Space Museum CTV News '' . ctvnews.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where to watch the eclipse in the Toronto area Toronto Star '' . thestar.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler Will Sing ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' During the Actual Total Solar Eclipse '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Sun '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Local Circumstances of the partial eclipse in Anadyr '' . Jump up ^ Littmann , Espenak , Willcox : Totality : Eclipses of the Sun . pp 253ff ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Molly ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` How to watch the Great American Eclipse , no matter where you are in the world '' . Quartz . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katz , A.J. ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are The TV Network Plans For Covering the Total Solar Eclipse '' . TVNewser . Adweek . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 .", "30": "Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Coverage : TV Goes Totally Looney for Lunar Moment '' . Variety . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Potenza , Alessandra ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why NASA is sending bacteria into the sky on balloons during the eclipse '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MOELLER , KATY ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse observation balloon went missing . Did it land in Treasure Valley ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Eclipse 2017 Umbra Viewed from Space '' . NASA . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wong , Herman . `` Trump celebrates solar eclipse by looking up without special viewing glasses '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Am I crazy for watching the eclipse with no glasses ? ' Rapper Joey Bada $ $ is forced to pull out of his live tour after staring directly at the sun '' . Daily Mail Online . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Solar Eclipse Had a Spooky Effect on Nature '' . Live Science . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The solar eclipse was viewed over 90 million times on NASA website '' . The Economic Times . August 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfson , Elijah ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Solar - eclipse fever means counterfeit glasses are flooding Amazon 's market '' . Quartz . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Tell If Your Eclipse Glasses or Handheld Solar Viewers Are Safe '' . Solar Eclipse Across America -- August 21 , 2017 . American Astronomical Society . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 .", "31": "Includes photos of genuine and fake eclipse glasses . Jump up ^ Pittman , Travis ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's How Fast Your Retina Could Burn Looking at Eclipse Unprotected '' . Denver , Colorado : 9 News . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Glasses Safety '' . Eclipse Glasses.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Czebiniak , Madasyn ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Springdale library ' sickened ' by discovery of counterfeit eclipse glasses '' . Trib Live . metro Pittsburgh . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Matt ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` How to tell if your solar eclipse glasses are safe or fake '' . CNET . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Signs of Potential Eye Damage After Watching Solar Eclipse , According to an Eye Care Expert '' . NBC Chicago . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Questions and answers with Linda Chous , a doctor and `` chief eye care officer for UnitedHealthcare '' . Jump up ^ Price , Mark ( 2017 - 08 - 21 ) . `` What are the symptoms of eye damage from viewing a solar eclipse ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Will eye damage follow the Great American Eclipse ? , Los Angeles Times , Amina Khan , August 22 , 2017 . Dr. Avnish Deobhakta is an ophthalmologist at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai . Jump up ^ Do n't let the solar eclipse destroy your eyes : Experts explain signs , symptoms of vision damage , Ashley Williams , AccuWeather staff writer . ^ Jump up to : `` Man With Eye Damage From 1962 Eclipse Warns Others To Be Careful '' . simplemost.com . August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What looking at the solar eclipse without glasses could do to your eyes '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 .", "32": "Jump up ^ Mariano , Nick ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Local tourism , businesses make plans for solar eclipse in 2017 '' . The Southern Illinosian . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serven , Ruth ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Total solar eclipse offers small towns a tourism boom -- if they can get ready '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richy , Brad ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` Letter to Eclipse Communities '' ( PDF ) . Idaho Office of Emergency Management . Jump up ^ Moeller , Katy ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Oregon eclipse traffic is already backing up . Idaho has an app for that . '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon governor authorizes National Guard for solar eclipse '' . KBTX - TV . Associated Press . July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynne , Terry ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse 2017 : Hospitals stock up on blood , rattlesnake bite antidote '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hale , Jamie ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` Oregon hotels unapologetic , silent about widespread eclipse cancellations '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Guevarra , Ericka ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Customers Get Payments From Oregon Hotels That Canceled , Raised Prices For Eclipse '' . Oregon Public Broadcasting . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bach , Jonathan ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Grand Hotel to pay customers for eclipse reservation problems '' . Statesman Journal . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , David ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse : Construction causes huge I - 15 traffic jam ; Montana official apologizes '' . Missoulian .", "33": "Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rao , Joe ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Get Ready for Major Traffic Jams During the 2017 Solar Eclipse '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Russ ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Solar eclipse gridlock : It was so busy in Madras , Ore. , they called in the National Guard '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harbager , Molly ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse jams traffic on runways , not just roads , with hundreds of planes in Madras waiting '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I - 15 projects to shut down for eclipse '' . KIFI - TV . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mims , Bob ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Traffic into Utah jammed as eclipse fans head home on Interstate 15 '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carr , Ada ; Breslin , Sean ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Traffic : Interstates Busy as Final Travelers Hit the Road '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sunderland , Nate ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Bumper - to - bumper traffic on I - 15 as eclipse viewers leave Idaho '' . KSL - TV . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse Traffic Counts '' . Idaho Transportation Department . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Christine ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` More than a million people may have visited Wyoming for eclipse ; one person came by sea plane '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 .", "34": "Jump up ^ `` Traffic increases 18 percent over a five - year average on Saturday as Aug. 21 eclipse nears '' . Wyoming Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rainey , Libby ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Wyoming solar eclipse traffic jam was one for the record books '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Highway patrol releases new details about Colorado motorcyclist killed in Eclipse traffic '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane . `` Eclipse keeps highway patrol busy , but local authorities respond to fewer incidents than expected '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Don ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Worst traffic snarls ever seen in East Tennessee . '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western NC ready for eclipse , but roads clogged '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Associated Press . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Chris ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Welcome to ' Eclipseville , ' Hopkinsville , Ky , USA '' . WHAS . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stunson , Mike ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` The rare eclipse was memorable . The ride home was something they want to forget . '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Once we left Hopkinsville ... It took us 10 hours to go 210 miles , and we did n't return to our home in Lexington until just after midnight . Jump up ^ Helmer , Katrina ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` As solar eclipse ends , traffic stalls heading out of Hopkinsville '' . WDRB . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . As of 10 p.m.", "35": ", drivers were still on the roads trying to get back to Louisville more than seven hours after leaving Hopkinsville . Jump up ^ `` A Wide - Area Perspective on the August 21 , 2017 Total Solar Eclipse '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . April 2017 . p. 20 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . The analysis performed in this study showed no reliability impacts to bulk power system ( BPS ) operations . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Long - Term Reliability Assessment '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . December 2016 . p. 70 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . causes substantial effects to wide - scale solar generation within a very short amount of time . The output generated by PV / solar systems will be either diminished or drastically reduced within the window of this event . Sudden widespread diminishing of solar irradiance may heavily affect areas with large amounts of utility scale PV energy installations or behind - the - meter DERs . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar eclipse on August 21 will affect photovoltaic generators across the country -- Today in Energy '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` This Summer 's Eclipse Will Put California 's Solar - Powered Grid to the Test '' . Greentech Media . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grandoni , Dino ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California is the state that most depends on the sun for energy . It survived the eclipse without losing any . '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , David R. ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California power grid survives solar eclipse unscathed '' . SFGate . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Looking Beyond the Eclipse : How the Historic Event Tested Customer Engagement on the Electric Grid '' .", "36": "Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Today 's eclipse is a test run for the electricity community . So we have exactly the same challenge on a regular basis within the grid because of solar . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Jullie Anne ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` NV Energy all set for solar eclipse in Nevada , despite loss of power '' . Centrio News . Henderson , Nevada : Centrio Media Network . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European power grids keep lights on through solar eclipse '' . Reuters . March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` German power net survives solar eclipse '' . dw.com . Deutsche Welle . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Sun to be commemorated on a Forever Stamp '' . United States Postal Service . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Eclipse of the Sun '' . United States Postal Service ( store ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Wait ! Dig those eclipse glasses out of the garbage Here comes the sun . Astronomers Without Borders will be collecting the protective eyewear for use in future eclipses worldwide . '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( September 26 , 2009 ) . `` Statistics for Solar Eclipses of Saros 145 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Bakich , Michael E. ( 2016 ) . Your Guide to the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse . The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series . New York , NY : Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 27630 - 4 .", "37": "External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSolar eclipse of August 21 , 2017at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Data from Wikidata August 21 , 2017 eclipse -- NASA Color map -- NASA Eclipse 2017 : One Nation Under The Sun ( NPR ) A synopsis of people 's reactions as the eclipse moved across the U.S. , ( published August 27 , 2017 ) . Eclipse Across America ( Celestron ) A synopsis of people 's reactions as the eclipse moved across the U.S. , ( published September 26 , 2017 ) . Photos and videos Space.com Gallery of photos from Casper , Wyoming Solar eclipses Lists of eclipses By century Antiquity 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117", "38": "118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse 1560 Aug 21 1598 Mar 7 1652 Apr 8 1654 Aug 12 1673 Aug 12 1699 Sep 23 1715 May 3 1724 May 22 1766 Feb 9 1778 Jun 24 1780 Oct 27 1806 Jun 16 1816 Nov 19 1824 Jun 26 1842 Jul 8 1851 Jul 28 1853 Nov 30 1857 Mar 25 1858 Sep 7 1860 Jul 18 1865 Apr 25 1867 Aug 29 1868 Aug 18 1869 Aug 7 1870 Dec 22 1871 Dec 12 1874 Apr 16 1875", "39": "Apr 6 1878 Jul 29 1882 May 17 1883 May 6 1885 Sep 8 1886 Aug 29 1887 Aug 19 1889 Jan 1 1889 Dec 22 1893 Apr 16 1896 Aug 9 1898 Jan 22 1900 May 28 1901 May 18 1903 Sep 21 1904 Sep 9 1905 Aug 30 1907 Jan 14 1908 Jan 3 1908 Dec 23 1909 Jun 17 1910 May 9 1911 Apr 28 1912 Apr 17 1912 Oct 10 1914 Aug 21 1916 Feb 3 1918 Jun 8 1919 May 29 1921 Oct 1 1922 Sep 21 1923 Sep 10 1925 Jan 24 1926 Jan 14 1927 Jun 29 1928 May 19 1929 May 9 1930 Apr 28 1930 Oct 21 1932 Aug 31 1934 Feb 14 1936 Jun 19 1937 Jun 8 1938 May 29 1939 Oct 12 1940 Oct 1 1941 Sep 21 1943 Feb 4 1944 Jan 25 1944 Jul 20 1945 Jul 9 1947 May 20 1948 Nov 1 1950 Sep 12 1952 Feb 25 1954 Jun 30 1955 Jun 20 1956 Jun 8 1957 Oct 23 1958 Oct 12 1959 Oct 2 1961 Feb 15 1962 Feb 5", "40": "1963 Jul 20 1965 May 30 1966 Nov 12 1967 Nov 2 1968 Sep 22 1970 Mar 7 1972 Jul 10 1973 Jun 30 1974 Jun 20 1976 Oct 23 1977 Oct 12 1979 Feb 26 1980 Feb 16 1981 Jul 31 1983 Jun 11 1984 Nov 22 1985 Nov 12 1986 Oct 3 1987 Mar 29 1988 Mar 18 1990 Jul 22 1991 Jul 11 1992 Jun 30 1994 Nov 3 1995 Oct 24 1997 Mar 9 1998 Feb 26 1999 Aug 11 2001 Jun 21 2002 Dec 4 2003 Nov 23 2005 Apr 8 2006 Mar 29 2008 Aug 1 2009 Jul 22 2010 Jul 11 2012 Nov 13 2013 Nov 3 2015 Mar 20 2016 Mar 9 2017 Aug 21 → 2019 Jul 2 2020 Dec 14 2021 Dec 4 2023 Apr 20 2024 Apr 8 2026 Aug 12 2027 Aug 2 2028 Jul 22 2030 Nov 25 2031 Nov 14 2033 Mar 30 2034 Mar 20 2035 Sep 2 2037 Jul 13 2038 Dec 26 2039 Dec 15 2041 Apr 30 2042 Apr 20 2043 Apr 9 2044 Aug 23 2045 Aug 12", "41": "2046 Aug 2 2048 Dec 5 2049 Nov 25 2050 May 20 2052 Mar 30 2053 Sep 12 2055 Jul 24 2057 Jan 5 2057 Dec 26 2059 May 11 2060 Apr 30 2061 Apr 20 2063 Aug 24 2064 Aug 12 2066 Dec 17 2067 Dec 6 2068 May 31 2070 Apr 11 2071 Sep 23 2072 Sep 12 2073 Aug 3 2075 Jan 16 2076 Jan 6 2077 May 22 2078 May 11 2079 May 1 2081 Sep 3 2082 Aug 24 2084 Dec 27 2086 Jun 11 2088 Apr 21 2089 Oct 4 2090 Sep 23 2091 Aug 15 2093 Jan 27 2094 Jan 16 2095 Jun 2 2096 May 22 2097 May 11 2099 Sep 14 2100 Sep 4 2114 Jun 3 2132 Jun 13 2150 Jun 25 2168 Jul 5 2186 Jul 16 Annular eclipses → symbol denotes next annular eclipse 1820 Sep 7 1854 May 26 1879 Jan 22 1889 Jun 28 1901 Nov 11 1903 Mar 29 1904 Mar 17 1905 Mar 6 1907 Jul 10 1908 Jun 28 1911 Oct 22 1914 Feb 25 1915 Feb 14 1915 Aug 10", "42": "1916 Jul 30 1917 Dec 14 1918 Dec 3 1919 Nov 22 1921 Apr 8 1922 Mar 28 1923 Mar 17 1925 Jul 20 1926 Jul 9 1927 Jan 3 1929 Nov 1 1932 Mar 7 1933 Feb 24 1933 Aug 21 1934 Aug 10 1935 Dec 25 1936 Dec 13 1937 Dec 2 1939 Apr 19 1940 Apr 7 1941 Mar 27 1943 Aug 1 1945 Jan 14 1947 Nov 12 1948 May 9 1950 Mar 18 1951 Mar 7 1951 Sep 1 1952 Aug 20 1954 Jan 5 1954 Dec 25 1955 Dec 14 1957 Apr 30 1958 Apr 19 1959 Apr 8 1961 Aug 11 1962 Jul 31 1963 Jan 25 1965 Nov 23 1966 May 20 1969 Mar 18 1969 Sep 11 1970 Aug 31 1972 Jan 16 1973 Jan 4 1973 Dec 24 1976 Apr 29 1977 Apr 18 1979 Aug 22 1980 Aug 10 1981 Feb 4 1983 Dec 4 1984 May 30 1987 Sep 23 1988 Sep 11 1990 Jan 26 1991 Jan 15 1992 Jan 4 1994 May 10 1995 Apr 29 1998 Aug 22 1999 Feb 16 2001 Dec", "43": "14 2002 Jun 10 2003 May 31 2005 Oct 3 2006 Sep 22 2008 Feb 7 2009 Jan 26 2010 Jan 15 2012 May 20 2013 May 10 2014 Apr 29 2016 Sep 1 2017 Feb 26 → 2019 Dec 26 2020 Jun 21 2021 Jun 10 2023 Oct 14 2024 Oct 2 2026 Feb 17 2027 Feb 6 2028 Jan 26 2030 Jun 1 2031 May 21 2032 May 9 2034 Sep 12 2035 Mar 9 2038 Jan 5 2038 Jul 2 2039 Jun 21 2041 Oct 25 2042 Oct 14 2043 Oct 3 2044 Feb 28 2045 Feb 16 2046 Feb 5 2048 Jun 11 2049 May 31 2052 Sep 22 2053 Mar 20 2056 Jan 16 2056 Jul 12 2057 Jul 1 2059 Nov 5 2060 Oct 24 2061 Oct 13 2063 Feb 28 2064 Feb 17 2066 Jun 22 2067 Jun 11 2070 Oct 4 2071 Mar 31 2074 Jan 27 2074 Jul 24 2075 Jul 13 2077 Nov 15 2078 Nov 4 2079 Oct 24 2081 Mar 10 2082 Feb 27 2084 Jul 3 2085 Jun 22 2085 Dec 16 2088 Oct 14", "44": "2089 Apr 10 2092 Feb 7 2092 Aug 3 2093 Jul 23 2095 Nov 27 2096 Nov 15 2097 Nov 4 2099 Mar 21 2100 Mar 10 Partial eclipses → symbol denotes next partial eclipse 1902 Apr 8 1902 May 7 1902 Oct 31 1906 Feb 23 1906 Jul 21 1906 Aug 20 1909 Dec 12 1910 Nov 2 1913 Apr 6 1913 Aug 31 1913 Sep 30 1916 Dec 24 1917 Jan 23 1917 Jun 19 1917 Jul 19 1920 May 18 1920 Nov 10 1924 Mar 5 1924 Jul 31 1924 Aug 30 1927 Dec 24 1928 Jun 17 1928 Nov 12 1931 Apr 18 1931 Sep 12 1931 Oct 11 1935 Jan 5 1935 Feb 3 1935 Jun 30 1935 Jul 30 1938 Nov 21 1942 Mar 16 1942 Aug 12 1942 Sep 10 1946 Jan 3 1946 May 30 1946 Jun 29 1946 Nov 23 1949 Apr 28 1949 Oct 21 1953 Feb 14 1953 Jul 11 1953 Aug 9 1956 Dec 2 1960 Mar 27 1960 Sep 20 1964 Jan 14 1964 Jun 10 1964 Jul 9 1964 Dec 4 1967 May 9", "45": "1968 Mar 28 1971 Feb 25 1971 Jul 22 1971 Aug 20 1974 Dec 13 1975 May 11 1975 Nov 3 1978 Apr 7 1978 Oct 2 1982 Jan 25 1982 Jun 21 1982 Jul 20 1982 Dec 15 1985 May 19 1986 Apr 9 1989 Mar 7 1989 Aug 31 1992 Dec 24 1993 May 21 1993 Nov 13 1996 Apr 17 1996 Oct 12 1997 Sep 2 2000 Feb 5 2000 Jul 1 2000 Jul 31 2000 Dec 25 2004 Apr 19 2004 Oct 14 2007 Mar 19 2011 Jan 4 2011 Jun 1 2011 Jul 1 2011 Nov 25 2014 Oct 23 2015 Sep 13 → 2018 Feb 15 2018 Jul 13 2018 Aug 11 2019 Jan 6 2022 Apr 30 2022 Oct 25 2025 Mar 29 2025 Sep 21 2029 Jan 14 2029 Jun 12 2029 Jul 11 2032 Nov 3 2033 Sep 23 2036 Feb 27 2036 Jul 23 2036 Aug 21 2037 Jan 16 2040 May 11 2040 Nov 4 2047 Jan 26 2047 Jun 23 2047 Jul 22 2047 Dec 16 2050 Nov 14 2051 Apr 11 2051 Oct 4 2054", "46": "Mar 9 2054 Aug 3 2054 Sep 2 2055 Jan 27 2058 May 22 2058 Jun 21 2058 Nov 16 2062 Mar 11 2062 Sep 3 2065 Feb 5 2065 Jul 3 2065 Aug 2 2065 Dec 27 2068 Nov 24 2069 Apr 21 2069 May 20 2069 Oct 15 2072 Mar 19 2073 Feb 7 2076 Jun 1 2076 Jul 1 2076 Nov 26 2083 Feb 16 2083 Jul 15 2083 Aug 13 2084 Jan 7 2086 Dec 6 2087 May 2 2087 Jun 1 2087 Oct 26 2090 Mar 31 2091 Feb 18 2094 Jun 13 2094 Jul 12 2094 Dec 7 2098 Apr 1 2098 Sep 25 2098 Oct 24 Other bodies Mars Moon Jupiter Neptune Pluto Saturn Uranus Related topics Eclipse chasing Solar viewer Solar eclipses in fiction Book Commons Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_eclipse_of_August_21,", "47": "_2017&oldid=807052172 '' Categories : 2017 in science 2017 in space 21st - century solar eclipses August 2017 events August 2017 events in the United States Total solar eclipses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Use American English from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar მარგალური မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Русский Scots Simple English ไทย اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 15 : 59 . 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-2377663015342154704	who was the first imperial power that was fighting in vietnam	[ "France" ]	{ "0": "History of Vietnam - Wikipedia History of Vietnam Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article or section may fail to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction . Please help improve this article so that it meets Wikipedia 's fiction guidelines and quality standards . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section may stray from the topic of the article . Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) History of Vietnam 2879 -- 258 BC Hồng Bàng dynasty 2879 -- 1913 BC Early Hồng Bàng 1912 -- 1055 BC Mid Hồng Bàng 1054 -- 258 BC Late Hồng Bàng 257 -- 179 BC Thục dynasty 207 -- 111 BC Triệu dynasty 111 BC -- 40 AD 1st Chinese domination 40 -- 43 Trưng Sisters 43 -- 544 2nd Chinese domination 544 -- 602 Early Lý dynasty 602 -- 938 3rd Chinese domination 939 -- 967 Ngô dynasty 968 -- 980 Đinh dynasty 980 -- 1009", "1": "Early Lê dynasty 1009 -- 1225 Later Lý dynasty 1225 -- 1400 Trần dynasty 1400 -- 1407 Hồ dynasty 1407 -- 1427 4th Chinese domination 1407 -- 1413 Later Trần dynasty 1428 -- 1788 Later Lê dynasty 1527 -- 1592 Mạc dynasty 1545 -- 1787 Trịnh lords 1558 -- 1777 Nguyễn lords 1778 -- 1802 Tây Sơn dynasty 1802 -- 1945 Nguyễn dynasty 1858 -- 1954 French Indochina 1945 Empire of Vietnam From 1945 Republic 1945 -- 1976 North Vietnam ( Democratic Republic of Vietnam ) 1955 -- 1975 South Vietnam ( Republic of Vietnam ) 1975 -- 1976 Viet Cong - occupied South Vietnam From 1976 Unification of Vietnam Further subjects ( hide ) Champa dynasties ( 192 -- 1832 ) Funan ( 68 -- 550 ) Chenla ( 550 -- 802 ) Historical capitals Prehistoric and ancient cultures List of monarchs Country 's names Economic history Military history Part of a series on the Culture of Vietnam History People Languages Traditions ( show ) Costume Cuisine Festivals Religion ( show ) Vietnamese folk religion Art ( show ) Vietnamese martial arts Literature Music", "2": "and performing arts ( show ) Music Media ( show ) Television Cinema Sport Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Vietnam portal Vietnam 's recorded history stretches back to the mid-to - late 3rd century BCE , when Âu Lạc and Nanyue ( Nam Việt in Vietnamese ) were established ( Nanyue conquered Âu Lạc in 179 BCE ) . Pre-historic Vietnam was home to some of the world 's earliest civilizations and societies -- making them one of the world 's first people who practiced agriculture . The Red River valley formed a natural geographic and economic unit , bounded to the north and west by mountains and jungles , to the east by the sea and to the south by the Red River Delta . According to myth the first Vietnamese state was founded in 2879 BC , but archaeological studies suggest development towards chiefdoms during the late Bronze Age Đông Sơn culture . Vietnam 's peculiar geography made it a difficult country to attack , which is why Vietnam under the Hùng kings was for so long an independent and self - contained state . Once Vietnam did succumb to foreign rule , however , it proved unable to escape from it , and for 1,100 years , Vietnam had been successively governed by a series of Chinese dynasties : the Han , Eastern Wu , Jin , Liu Song , Southern Qi , Liang , Sui , Tang , and Southern Han ; leading to the loss of native cultural heritage , language , and much of national identity . At certain periods during these 1,100 years , Vietnam was independently governed under the Triệus , Trưng Sisters , Early Lýs , Khúcs and Dương Đình Nghệ -- although their triumphs and reigns were temporary . During the Chinese domination of North Vietnam , several civilizations flourished in what is today central and south Vietnam , particularly the Funanese and Cham . The founders and rulers of these governments , however , were not native to Vietnam .", "3": "From the 10th century onwards , the Vietnamese , emerging in their heartland of the Red River Delta , began to conquer these civilizations . When Ngô Quyền ( King of Vietnam , 939 -- 944 ) restored sovereign power in the country , the next millennium was advanced by the accomplishments of successive dynasties : Ngôs , Đinhs , Early Lês , Lýs , Trầns , Hồs , Later Trầns , Later Lês , Mạcs , Trịnhs , Nguyễns , Tây Sơns and again Nguyễns . At various points during the imperial dynasties , Vietnam was ravaged and divided by civil wars and witnessed interventions by the Songs , Mongol Yuans , Chams , Mings , Siam , Manchus , French . The Ming Empire conquered the Red River valley for a while before native Vietnamese regained control and the French Empire reduced Vietnam to a French dependency for nearly a century , followed by an occupation by the Japanese Empire . Political upheaval and Communist insurrection put an end to the monarchy after World War II , and the country was proclaimed a republic . Main article : Prehistoric Vietnam ± Contents ( hide ) 1 Early dynastic epoch ( c. 2879 -- 111 BC ) 1.1 Hồng Bàng period / dynasty ( c. 2879 -- 258 BC ) 1.1. 1 Early Hồng Bàng ( c. 2879 -- 1913 BC ) 1.1. 2 Mid-Hồng Bàng ( c. 1912 -- 1055 BC ) 1.1. 3 Late Hồng Bàng ( c. 1054 -- 258 BC ) 1.1.", "4": "4 Cultural evolution 1.2 Thục dynasty ( 257 -- 179 BC ) 1.3 Triệu dynasty ( 207 -- 111 BC ) 2 The Chinese millennium ( 111 BC -- 939 AD ) 2.1 Han domination ( 111 BC -- 40 AD ) 2.2 Trưng Sisters ( 40 -- 43 ) 2.3 From Han to Liang domination ( 43 -- 544 ) 2.4 Early Lý dynasty ( 544 -- 602 ) 2.5 From Sui to Tang domination ( 602 -- 905 ) 2.6 Autonomy ( 905 -- 938 ) 3 Late dynastic epoch ( 939 -- 1945 ) 3.1 Ngô , Đinh , & Early Lê dynasties ( 939 -- 1009 ) 3.2 Lý , Trần , & Hồ dynasties ( 1009 -- 1407 ) 3.3 Ming domination & Later Lê dynasty ( 1407 -- 1527 ) 3.4 Mạc & Restored Lê dynasties ( 1527 -- 1788 ) 3.4. 1 Trịnh & Nguyễn lords 3.4. 2 Advent of Europeans & southward expansion 3.5 Tây Sơn & Nguyễn dynasties ( 1778 -- 1945 ) 3.5. 1 French colonial era 4 Republican period ( from 1945 ) 4.1 Communist North & capitalist South ( 1945 -- 76 ) 4.2 Socialist Republic after 1976 4.3 Since 2000s 5 Changing names 6 Vietnamese nationalist historiography 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 Primary sources 11 In Vietnamese 12 External links Early dynastic epoch ( c. 2879 -- 111 BC ) ( edit ) Hồng Bàng period / dynasty ( c.", "5": "2879 -- 258 BC ) ( edit ) Main article : Hồng Bàng dynasty History of Vietnam Timeline According to mythology , for almost three millennia -- from its beginning around 2879 B.C. ( or early 7th century BC ) to its conquest by Thục Phán in 258 B.C. -- the Hồng Bàng period was divided into 18 dynasties , with each dynasty being based on the lineage of the kings . Throughout this era , the country encountered many changes , some being very drastic . Due to the limitation of the written evidence , the main sources of information about the Hồng Bàng period are the many vestiges , objects and artifacts that have been recovered from archaeological sites - as well as a considerable amount of legend . The land began as several tribal states , with King Kinh Dương Vương grouping all the vassal states at around 2879 BC . The ancient Vietnamese rulers of this period are collectively known as the Hùng kings ( Vietnamese : Hùng Vương ) . Early Hồng Bàng ( c. 2879 -- 1913 BC ) ( edit ) Main articles : Càn line , Khảm line , Cấn line , and Chấn line From ancient times , modern northern Vietnam and southern China were peopled by many races . Lộc Tục ( c. 2919 -- 2794 BC ) succeeded his predecessor as tribal chief and made the first attempts to incorporate all tribes around 2879 BC . As he succeeded in grouping all the vassal states within his territory , a convocation of the subdued tribes proclaimed him King Kinh Dương Vương , as the leader of the unified ancient Vietnamese nation . Kinh Dương Vương called his newly born country Xích Quỷ and reigned over the confederacy that occupied the Red River Delta in present - day Northern Vietnam and part of southeastern China , seeing the beginnings of nationhood for Vietnam under one supreme ruler , the Hùng king , also starting the Hồng Bàng period . Lạc Long Quân 's temple at Sim Hill ( Phú Thọ ) .", "6": "According to stories of the period , the First Hùng dynasty only had one ruler , Kinh Dương Vương himself , and witnessed the first two capitals in Vietnamese history , at Ngàn Hống and Nghĩa Lĩnh . Sùng Lãm ( c. 2825 BC -- ? ) was Kinh Dương Vương 's successor and founded the Second Hùng dynasty . The next line of kings that followed renamed the country Văn Lang . The Third Hùng dynasty lasted from approximately 2524 BC to 2253 BC . The administrative rule of the Lạc tướng , Bố chính , and Lạc hầu began . The period of the Fourth Hùng dynasty ( c. 2252 -- 1913 BC ) saw the evidence for early Vietnamese calendar system recorded on stone tools and the population from the mountainous areas moved out and began to settle in the open along the rivers to join the agricultural activities . Mid-hồng Bàng ( c. 1912 -- 1055 BC ) ( edit ) The Fifth Hùng dynasty lasted from approximately 1912 BC to 1713 BC . Then , during the Sixth Hùng dynasty , Văn Lang was invaded by the mysterious people called the Xích Tỵ , as the king battled Văn Lang back to greatness . The Seventh dynasty started with Lang Liêu , a son of the last king of the Sixth dynasty . Lang Liêu was a prince who won a culinary contest ; he then won the throne because his creations , bánh chưng ( rice cake ) , reflect his deep understanding of the land 's vital economy : rice farming . The Seventh dynasty and well into the early first millennium BC was a period of stabilizing , saw a civilization flourishing to continue its greatness . Late Hồng Bàng ( c. 1054 -- 258 BC ) ( edit ) Main articles : Đinh line , Mậu line , Kỷ line , Canh line , Tân line , Nhâm line , and Qúy line The first millennium BC was a period that went from the Twelfth dynasty to the Eighteenth dynasty . It was when the Vietnamese Bronze Age culture further flourished and attained an unprecedented level of realism , finally culminating in the opening stage of the Vietnamese Iron Age .", "7": "The Eighteenth dynasty was the last ruling dynasty during the Hùng king epoch . It fell to the Âu Việt in 258 BC after the last Hùng king was defeated in battle . Cultural evolution ( edit ) This period contained some accounts that mixes historical facts with legends . The Legend of Gióng tells of a youth going to war to save the country , wearing iron armor , riding an armored horse , and wielding an iron staff , showed that metalworking was sophisticated . The Legend of the Magic Crossbow , about a crossbow that can deliver thousands of arrows , showed extensive use of archery in warfare . Fishing and hunting supplemented the main rice crop . Arrowheads and spears were dipped in poison to kill larger animals such as elephants . Betel nuts were widely chewed and the lower classes rarely wore clothing more substantial than a loincloth . Every spring , a fertility festival was held which featured huge parties and sexual abandon . Religion consisted of primitive animistic cults . Since around 2000 BC , stone hand tools and weapons improved extraordinarily in both quantity and variety . Pottery reached a higher level of technique and decoration style . The Vietnamese people were mainly agriculturists , growing the wet rice Oryza , which became the main staple of their diet . During the later stage of the first half of the 2nd millennium BC , the first appearance of bronze tools took place despite these tools still being rare . By about 1000 BC , bronze replaced stone for about 40 percent of edged tools and weapons , rising to about 60 percent . Here , there were not only bronze weapons , axes , and personal ornaments , but also sickles and other agriculture tools . Toward the closure of the Bronze Age , bronze accounts for more than 90 percent of tools and weapons , and there are exceptionally extravagant graves -- the burial places of powerful chieftains -- containing some hundreds of ritual and personal bronze artifacts such as musical instruments , bucket - shaped ladles , and ornament daggers . After 1000 BC , the ancient Vietnamese people became skilled agriculturalists as they grew rice and kept buffaloes and pigs . They were also skilled fishermen and bold sailors , whose long dug - out canoes traversed the eastern sea . Pottery fruit tray of the Sa Huỳnh people .", "8": "Modern central and southern Vietnam were not originally part of the Vietnamese state . The peoples of those areas developed a distinct culture from the ancient Vietnamese in the Red River Delta region . For instance , the 1st millennium BC Sa Huỳnh culture in the areas of present - day central Vietnam revealed a considerable use of iron and decorative items made from glass , semi-precious and precious stones such as agate , carnelian , rock crystal , amethyst , and nephrite . The culture also showed evidence of an extensive trade network . The Sa Huỳnh people were most likely the predecessors of the Cham people , an Austronesian - speaking people and the founders of the kingdom of Champa . Map of the Cổ Loa Citadel , red is the wall , blue is the water , green is the trees Thục dynasty ( 257 -- 179 BC ) ( edit ) Main articles : An Dương Vương and Cổ Loa Citadel By the 3rd century BC , another Viet group , the Âu Việt , emigrated from present - day southern China to the Red River delta and mixed with the indigenous Văn Lang population . In 257 BC , a new kingdom , Âu Lạc , emerged as the union of the Âu Việt and the Lạc Việt , with Thục Phán proclaiming himself `` An Dương Vương '' ( `` King An Dương '' ) . Some modern Vietnamese believe that Thục Phán came upon the Âu Việt territory ( modern - day northernmost Vietnam , western Guangdong , and southern Guangxi province , with its capital in what is today Cao Bằng Province ) . After assembling an army , he defeated and overthrew the eighteenth dynasty of Hùng kings , around 258 BC . He proclaimed himself An Dương Vương ( `` King An Dương '' ) . He then renamed his newly acquired state from Văn Lang to Âu Lạc and established the new capital at Phong Khê in the present - day Phú Thọ town in northern Vietnam , where he tried to build the Cổ Loa Citadel ( Cổ Loa Thành ) , the spiral fortress approximately ten miles north of that new capital . However , records showed that espionage resulted in the downfall of An Dương Vương .", "9": "At his capital , Cổ Loa , he built many concentric walls around the city for defensive purposes . These walls , together with skilled Âu Lạc archers , kept the capital safe from invaders . Nam Việt at its greatest extent . Bronze drum during the Triệu dynasty . Triệu dynasty ( 207 -- 111 BC ) ( edit ) Main article : Triệu dynasty In 207 BC , Qin warlord Triệu Đà ( pinyin : Zhao Tuo ) established his own independent kingdom in present - day Guangdong / Guangxi area . He proclaimed his new kingdom as Nam Việt ( pinyin : Nanyue ) , starting the Triệu dynasty . Triệu Đà later appointed himself a commandant of central Guangdong , closing the borders and conquering neighboring districts and titled himself `` King of Nam Viet '' In 179 BC , he defeated King An Dương Vương and annexed Âu Lạc . This period is controversial as on one side , some Vietnamese historians consider Triệu 's rule as the starting point of the Chinese domination , since Triệu Đà was a former Qin general , whereas others consider it still an era of Vietnamese independence as the Triệu family in Nam Việt were assimilated to local culture . They ruled independently of what then constituted the Han Empire . At one point , Triệu Đà even declared himself Emperor , equal to the Han Emperor in the north . The Chinese millennium ( 111 BC -- 939 AD ) ( edit ) Main article : Chinese domination of Vietnam Han domination ( 111 BC -- 40 AD ) ( edit ) Main article : First Chinese domination of Vietnam In 111 BC , Han troops invaded Nam Việt and established new territories , dividing Vietnam into Giao Chỉ ( pinyin : Jiaozhi ) , now the Red River delta ; Cửu Chân from modern - day Thanh Hóa to Hà Tĩnh ; and Nhật Nam ( pinyin : Rinan ) , from modern - day Quảng Bình to Huế . While governors and top officials were Chinese , the original Vietnamese nobles ( Lạc Hầu , Lạc Tướng ) from the Hồng Bàng period still managed in some of the highlands .", "10": "Trung Sisters ( 40 -- 43 ) ( edit ) Main article : Trưng Sisters In 40 AD , the Trưng Sisters led a successful revolt against Han Governor Su Dung ( Vietnamese : Tô Định ) and recaptured 65 states ( including modern Guangxi ) . Trưng Trắc became the Queen ( Trưng Nữ Vương ) . In 43 AD , Emperor Guangwu of Han sent his famous general Ma Yuan ( Vietnamese : Mã Viện ) with a large army to quell the revolt . After a long , difficult campaign , Ma Yuan suppressed the uprising and the Trung Sisters committed suicide to avoid capture . To this day , the Trưng Sisters are revered in Vietnam as the national symbol of Vietnamese women . From Han to Liang domination ( 43 -- 544 ) ( edit ) Main article : Second Chinese domination of Vietnam Learning a lesson from the Trưng revolt , the Han and other successful Chinese dynasties took measures to eliminate the power of the Vietnamese nobles . The Vietnamese elites were educated in Chinese culture and politics . A Giao Chỉ prefect , Shi Xie , ruled Vietnam as an autonomous warlord for forty years and was posthumously deified by later Vietnamese emperors . Nearly 200 years passed before the Vietnamese attempted another revolt . In 225 another woman , Triệu Thị Trinh , popularly known as Lady Triệu ( Bà Triệu ) , led another revolt which lasted until 248 . Once again , the uprising failed and Triệu Thị Trinh threw herself into a river . At the same time , in present - day Central Vietnam , there was a successful revolt of Cham nations in 192 . Chinese dynasties called it Lin - Yi ( Lin village ; Vietnamese : Lâm Ấp ) . It later became a powerful kingdom , Champa , stretching from Quảng Bình to Phan Thiết ( Bình Thuận ) .", "11": "Early Lý dynasty ( 544 -- 602 ) ( edit ) Main article : Early Lý dynasty In the period between the beginning of the Chinese Age of Fragmentation and the end of the Tang dynasty , several revolts against Chinese rule took place , such as those of Lý Bôn and his general and heir Triệu Quang Phục ; and those of Mai Thúc Loan and Phùng Hưng . All of them ultimately failed , yet most notable were those led by Lý Bôn and Triệu Quang Phục , whose Early Lý dynasty ruled for almost half a century , from 544 to 602 , before Sui China reconquered their kingdom Vạn Xuân . From Sui to Tang domination ( 602 -- 905 ) ( edit ) Main article : Third Chinese domination of Vietnam During the Tang dynasty , Vietnam was called Annam until 866 . With its capital around modern Bắc Ninh , Annam became a flourishing trading outpost , receiving goods from the southern seas . The Book of the Later Han recorded that in 166 the first envoy from the Roman Empire to China arrived by this route , and merchants were soon to follow . The 3rd - century Tales of Wei ( Weilüe ) mentioned a `` water route '' ( the Red River ) from Annam into what is now southern Yunnan . From there , goods were taken over land to the rest of China via the regions of modern Kunming and Chengdu . In 866 , Annam was renamed Tĩnh Hải quân . Early in the 10th century , as China became politically fragmented , successive lords from the Khúc clan , followed by Dương Đình Nghệ , ruled Tĩnh Hải quân autonomously under the Tang title of Jiedushi ( Vietnamese : Tiết Độ Sứ ) , Virtuous Lord , but stopped short of proclaiming themselves kings . Autonomy ( 905 -- 938 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Khúc clan , Dương Đình Nghệ , and Kiều Công Tiễn In 938 , Southern Han sent troops to conquer autonomous Giao Châu .", "12": "Ngô Quyền , Dương Đình Nghệ 's son - in - law , defeated the Southern Han fleet at the Battle of Bạch Đằng ( 938 ) . He then proclaimed himself King Ngô and effectively began the age of independence for Vietnam . Late dynastic epoch ( 939 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) The basic nature of Vietnamese society changed little during the nearly 1,000 years between independence from China in the 10th century and the French conquest in the 19th century . The king was the ultimate source of political authority , the final dispenser of justice , law , and supreme commander - in - chief of the armed forces , as well as overseer of religious rituals . Administration was carried out by mandarins who were trained exactly like their Chinese counterparts ( i.e. by rigorous study of Confucian texts ) . Overall , Vietnam remained very efficiently and stably governed except in times of war and dynastic breakdown , and its administrative system was probably far more advanced than that of any other Southeast Asian states and was more highly centralized and stable governed among Asian states . No serious challenge to the king 's authority ever arose , as titles of nobility were bestowed purely as honors and were not hereditary . Periodic land reforms broke up large estates and ensured that powerful landowners could not emerge . No religious / priestly class ever arose outside of the mandarins either . This stagnant absolutism ensured a stable , well - ordered society , but also resistance to social , cultural , or technological innovations . Reformers looked only to the past for inspiration . Literacy remained the provenance of the upper classes . Initially , Chinese was used for writing purposes , but by the 13th century , a set of derivative characters known as Chữ Nôm emerged that allowed native Vietnamese words to be written . However , it remained limited to poetry , literature , and practical texts like medicine while all state and official documents were written in Classical Chinese . Aside from some mining and fishing , agriculture was the primary activity of most Vietnamese , and economic development and trade were not promoted or encouraged by the state .", "13": "Ngô , Định , & early Lê dynasties ( 939 -- 1009 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Ngô dynasty , Đinh dynasty , and Early Lê dynasty Further information : Anarchy of the 12 Warlords Ngô Quyền 's untimely death after a short reign resulted in a power struggle for the throne , resulting in the country 's first major civil war , the upheaval of Twelfth Warlords ( Loạn Thập Nhị Sứ Quân ) . The war lasted from 944 to 968 until the clan led by Đinh Bộ Lĩnh defeated the other warlords , unifying the country . Đinh Bộ Lĩnh founded the Đinh dynasty and proclaimed himself Đinh Tiên Hoàng ( Đinh the Majestic Emperor ) and renamed the country from Tĩnh Hải quân to Đại Cồ Việt ( literally `` Great Viet Land '' ) , with its capital in Hoa Lư ( modern - day Ninh Bình Province ) . The new emperor introduced strict penal codes to prevent chaos from happening again . He then tried to form alliances by granting the title of Queen to five women from the five most influential families . In 979 , Emperor Đinh Tiên Hoàng and his crown prince Đinh Liễn were assassinated , leaving his lone surviving son , the 6 - year - old Đinh Toàn , to assume the throne . Taking advantage of the situation , Song China invaded Annam . Facing such a grave threat to national independence , the commander of the armed forces , ( Thập Đạo Tướng Quân ) Lê Hoàn took the throne , founding the Early Lê dynasty . A capable military tactician , Lê Hoan realized the risks of engaging the mighty Song troops head on ; thus he tricked the invading army into Chi Lăng Pass , then ambushed and killed their commander , quickly ending the threat to his young nation in 981 . The Song dynasty withdrew their troops and Lê Hoàn was referred to in his realm as Emperor Đại Hành ( Đại Hành Hoàng Đế ) . Emperor Lê Đại Hành was also the first Vietnamese monarch who began the southward expansion process against the kingdom of Champa .", "14": "Emperor Lê Đại Hành 's death in 1005 resulted in infighting for the throne amongst his sons . The eventual winner , Lê Long Đĩnh , became the most notorious tyrant in Vietnamese history . He devised sadistic punishments of prisoners for his own entertainment and indulged in deviant sexual activities . Toward the end of his short life -- he died at the age of 24 . Lê Long Đĩnh had become so ill that he had to lie down when meeting with his officials in court . Lý , Trần , & Hồ dynasties ( 1009 -- 1407 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Lý dynasty , Trần dynasty , and Hồ dynasty Southeast Asia c. 1010 AD . Đại Việt lands in yellow , Champa in green and Khmer Empire in purple When the king Lê Long Đĩnh died in 1009 , a palace guard commander named Lý Công Uẩn was nominated by the court to take over the throne , and founded the Lý dynasty . This event is regarded as the beginning of another golden era in Vietnamese history , with the following dynasties inheriting the Lý dynasty 's prosperity and doing much to maintain and expand it . The way Lý Công Uẩn ascended to the throne was rather uncommon in Vietnamese history . As a high - ranking military commander residing in the capital , he had all opportunities to seize power during the tumultuous years after Emperor Lê Hoàn 's death , yet preferring not to do so out of his sense of duty . He was in a way being `` elected '' by the court after some debate before a consensus was reached . The Lý dynasty is credited for laying down a concrete foundation for the nation of Vietnam . Leaving Hoa Lư , a natural fortification surrounded by mountains and rivers , Lý Công Uẩn moved his court to the new capital in present - day Hanoi and called it Thăng Long ( Ascending Dragon ) . Lý Công Uẩn thus departed from the militarily defensive mentality of his predecessors and envisioned a strong economy as the key to national survival . The third emperor of the dynasty , Lý Thánh Tông renamed the country `` Đại Việt '' ( 大越 , Great Viet ) .", "15": "Successive Lý emperors continued to accomplish far - reaching feats : building a dike system to protect rice farms ; founding the Quốc Tử Giám , the first noble university ; holding regular examinations to select capable commoners for government positions once every three years ; organizing a new system of taxation ; establishing humane treatment of prisoners . Women were holding important roles in Lý society as the court ladies were in charge of tax collection . The Lý dynasty also promoted Buddhism , yet maintained a pluralistic attitude toward the three main philosophical systems of the time : Buddhism , Confucianism , and Taoism . The Lý dynasty had two major wars with Song China , and a few invasive campaigns against neighboring Champa in the south . The most notable battle took place on Chinese territory in 1075 . Upon learning that a Song invasion was imminent , the Lý army and navy totaling about 100,000 men under the command of Lý Thường Kiệt , and Tông Đản used amphibious operations to preemptively destroy three Song military installations at Yongzhou , Qinzhou , and Lianzhou in present - day Guangdong and Guangxi , and killed 100,000 Chinese . The Song dynasty took revenge and invaded Đại Việt in 1076 , but the Song troops were held back at the Battle of Như Nguyệt River commonly known as the Cầu river , now in Bắc Ninh province about 40 km from the current capital , Hanoi . Neither side was able to force a victory , so the Lý dynasty proposed a truce , which the Song emperor accepted . Champa and the powerful Khmer Empire took advantage of the Lý dynasty 's distraction with the Song to pillage Đại Việt 's southern provinces . Together they invaded Vietnam in 1128 and 1132 . Further invasions followed in the subsequent decades . Trần royal battle standard Toward the end of the Lý dynasty , a powerful court minister named Trần Thủ Độ forced the emperor Lý Huệ Tông to become a Buddhist monk and Lý Chiêu Hoàng , Huệ Tông 's young daughter , to become queen .", "16": "Trần Thủ Độ then arranged the marriage of Chiêu Hoàng to his nephew Trần Cảnh and eventually had the throne transferred to Trần Cảnh , thus begun the Trần dynasty . Trần Thủ Độ viciously purged members of the Lý nobility ; some Lý princes escaped to Korea , including Lý Long Tường . After the purge , the Trần emperors ruled the country in similar manner to the Lý kings . Noted Trần dynasty accomplishments include the creation of a system of population records based at the village level , the compilation of a formal 30 - volume history of Đại Việt ( Đại Việt Sử Ký ) by Lê Văn Hưu , and the rising in status of the Nôm script , a system of writing for Vietnamese language . The Trần dynasty also adopted a unique way to train new emperors : when a crown prince reached the age of 18 , his predecessor would abdicate and turn the throne over to him , yet holding the title of Retired Emperor ( Thái Thượng Hoàng ) , acting as a mentor to the new Emperor . Despite continued Champa - Khmer attacks , the Trần managed to arrange several periods of peace with them . During the Trần dynasty , the armies of the Mongol Empire under Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan invaded Annam in 1258 , 1285 , and 1287 88 . Annam repelled all attacks of the Yuan Mongols during the reign of Kublai Khan . Three Mongol armies said to have numbered from 300,000 to 500,000 men were defeated . The key to Annam 's successes was to avoid the Mongols ' strength in open field battles and city sieges -- the Trần court abandoned the capital and the cities . The Mongols were then countered decisively at their weak points , which were battles in swampy areas such as Chương Dương , Hàm Tử , Vạn Kiếp and on rivers such as Vân Đồn and Bạch Đằng . The Mongols also suffered from tropical diseases and loss of supplies to Trần army 's raids .", "17": "The Yuan - Trần war reached its climax when the retreating Yuan fleet was decimated at the Battle of Bạch Đằng ( 1288 ) . The military architect behind Annam 's victories was Commander Trần Quốc Tuấn , more popularly known as Trần Hưng Đạo . In order to avoid further disastrous campaigns , the Tran and Champa acknowledged Mongol supremacy . It was also during this period that the Trần emperors waged many wars against the southern kingdom of Champa , continuing the Vietnamese long history of southern expansion ( known as Nam tiến ) that had begun shortly after gaining independence in the 10th century . Often , they encountered strong resistance from the Chams . Champa was made a tributary state of Vietnam in 1312 , but ten years later regained independence and Cham troops led by king Chế Bồng Nga ( Cham : Po Binasuor or Che Bonguar ) killed king Trần Duệ Tông in battle and even laid siege to Đại Việt 's capital Thăng Long in 1377 and again in 1383 . However , the Trần dynasty was successful in gaining two Champa provinces , located around present - day Huế , through the peaceful means of the political marriage of Princess Huyền Trân to a Cham king . The wars with Champa and the Mongols left Vietnam exhausted and bankrupt . The Trần dynasty was in turn overthrown by one of its own court officials , Hồ Quý Ly . Hồ Quý Ly forced the last Trần emperor to abdicate and assumed the throne in 1400 . He changed the country name to Đại Ngu and moved the capital to Tây Đô , Western Capital , now Thanh Hóa . Thăng Long was renamed Đông Đô , Eastern Capital . Although widely blamed for causing national disunity and losing the country later to the Ming Empire , Hồ Quý Ly 's reign actually introduced a lot of progressive , ambitious reforms , including the addition of mathematics to the national examinations , the open critique of Confucian philosophy , the use of paper currency in place of coins , investment in building large warships and cannons , and land reform .", "18": "He ceded the throne to his son , Hồ Hán Thương , in 1401 and assumed the title Thái Thượng Hoàng , in similar manner to the Trần kings . Ming domination & later Lê dynasty ( 1407 -- 1527 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Fourth Chinese domination , Later Trần dynasty , and Later Lê dynasty In 1407 , under the pretext of helping to restore the Trần dynasty , Chinese Ming troops invaded Đại Ngu and captured Hồ Quý Ly and Hồ Hán Thương . The Hồ dynasty came to an end after only 7 years in power . The Ming occupying force annexed Đại Ngu into the Ming Empire after claiming that there was no heir to Trần throne . Vietnam , weakened by dynastic feuds and the wars with Champa , quickly succumbed . The Ming conquest was harsh . Vietnam was annexed directly as a province of China , the old policy of cultural assimilation again imposed forcibly , and the country was ruthlessly exploited . However , by this time , Vietnamese nationalism had reached a point where attempts to sinicize them could only strengthen further resistance. Almost immediately , Trần loyalists started a resistance war . The resistance , under the leadership of Trần Quĩ at first gained some advances , yet as Trần Quĩ executed two top commanders out of suspicion , a rift widened within his ranks and resulted in his defeat in 1413 . In 1418 , a wealthy farmer , Lê Lợi , led the Lam Sơn uprising against the Ming from his base of Lam Sơn ( Thanh Hóa province ) . Overcoming many early setbacks and with strategic advices from Nguyễn Trãi , Lê Lợi 's movement finally gathered momentum , marched northward , and launched a siege at Đông Quan ( now Hanoi ) , the capital of the Ming occupation . The Ming Emperor sent a reinforcement force , but Lê Lợi staged an ambush and killed the Ming commander , Liu Shan , in Chi Lăng . Ming troops at Đông Quan surrendered . The Lam Sơn revolution killed 300,000 Ming soldiers .", "19": "In 1428 , Lê Lợi ascended to the throne and began the Hậu Lê dynasty ( Posterior or Later Lê ) . Lê Lợi renamed the country back to Đại Việt and moved the capital back to Thăng Long . Map of Vietnam showing the conquest of the south ( the Nam tiến , 1069 - 1757 ) The Lê dynasty carried out land reforms to revitalize the economy after the war . Unlike the Lý and Trần kings , who were more influenced by Buddhism , the Lê kings leaned toward Confucianism . A comprehensive set of laws , the Hồng Đức code was introduced with some strong Confucian elements , yet also included some progressive rules , such as the rights of women . Art and architecture during the Lê dynasty also became more influenced by Chinese styles than during the Lý and Trần dynasty . The Lê dynasty commissioned the drawing of national maps and had Ngô Sĩ Liên continue the task of writing Đại Việt 's history up to the time of Lê Lợi . King Lê Thánh Tông opened hospitals and had officials distribute medicines to areas affected with epidemics . Overpopulation and land shortages stimulated a Vietnamese expansion south . In 1471 , Le troops led by king Lê Thánh Tông invaded Champa and captured its capital Vijaya . This event effectively ended Champa as a powerful kingdom , although some smaller surviving Cham states lasted for a few centuries more . It initiated the dispersal of the Cham people across Southeast Asia . With the kingdom of Champa mostly destroyed and the Cham people exiled or suppressed , Vietnamese colonization of what is now central Vietnam proceeded without substantial resistance . However , despite becoming greatly outnumbered by Vietnamese settlers and the integration of formerly Cham territory into the Vietnamese nation , the majority of Cham people nevertheless remained in Vietnam and they are now considered one of the key minorities in modern Vietnam . Vietnamese armies also raided the Mekong Delta , which the decaying Khmer Empire could no longer defend . The city of Huế , founded in 1600 lies close to where the Champa capital of Indrapura once stood .", "20": "In 1479 , King Lê Thánh Tông also campaigned against Laos in the Vietnamese -- Lao War and captured its capital Luang Prabang , in which later the city was totally ransacked and destroyed by the Vietnamese . He made further incursions westwards into the Irrawaddy River region in modern - day Burma before withdrawing . At his withdrawal , Vietnam extended in what would be considered as `` the first Southeast Asian Empire '' and perhaps , one of the most powerful nation in Asia . Mạc & restored Lê dynasties ( 1527 -- 1788 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Lê dynasty , Mạc dynasty , and Southern and Northern Dynasties of Vietnam The Lê dynasty was overthrown by its general named Mạc Đăng Dung in 1527 . He killed the Lê emperor and proclaimed himself emperor , starting the Mạc dynasty . After defeating many revolutions for two years , Mạc Đăng Dung adopted the Trần dynasty 's practice and ceded the throne to his son , Mạc Đăng Doanh , and he became Thái Thượng Hoàng . Meanwhile , Nguyễn Kim , a former official in the Lê court , revolted against the Mạc and helped king Lê Trang Tông restore the Lê court in the Thanh Hóa area . Thus a civil war began between the Northern Court ( Mạc ) and the Southern Court ( Restored Lê ) . Nguyễn Kim 's side controlled the southern part of Annam ( from Thanhhoa to the south ) , leaving the north ( including Đông Kinh - Hanoi ) under Mạc control . When Nguyễn Kim was assassinated in 1545 , military power fell into the hands of his son - in - law , Trịnh Kiểm . In 1558 , Nguyễn Kim 's son , Nguyễn Hoàng , suspecting that Trịnh Kiểm might kill him as he had done to his brother to secure power , asked to be governor of the far south provinces around present - day Quảng Bình to Bình Định .", "21": "Hoang pretended to be insane , so Kiem was fooled into thinking that sending Hoang south was a good move as Hoang would be quickly killed in the lawless border regions . However , Hoang governed the south effectively while Trịnh Kiểm , and then his son Trịnh Tùng , carried on the war against the Mạc . Nguyễn Hoàng sent money and soldiers north to help the war but gradually he became more and more independent , transforming their realm 's economic fortunes by turning it into an international trading post . The civil war between the Lê / Trịnh and Mạc dynasties ended in 1592 , when the army of Trịnh Tùng conquered Hanoi and executed king Mạc Mậu Hợp . Survivors of the Mạc royal family fled to the northern mountains in the province of Cao Bằng and continued to rule there until 1677 when Trịnh Tạc conquered this last Mạc territory . The Lê kings , ever since Nguyễn Kim 's restoration , only acted as figureheads . After the fall of the Mạc dynasty , all real power in the north belonged to the Trịnh lords . Meanwhile , the Ming court reluctantly decided on a military intervention into the Vietnamese civil war , but Mạc Đăng Dung offered ritual submission to the Ming Empire , which was accepted . Map of Vietnam showing ( roughly ) the areas controlled by the Trịnh , Nguyễn , Mạc , and Champa around 1650 . Violet : Trịnh Territory . Yellow : Nguyễn Territory . Green : Champa - Panduranga ( under Nguyễn overlordship ) . Pink ( Cao Bang ) : Mạc Territory . Orange : Vũ Lordship Trịnh & Nguyễn lords ( edit ) Main articles : Trịnh lords , Nguyễn lords , and Trịnh -- Nguyễn War See also : Artillery of the Nguyễn lords In the year 1600 , Nguyễn Hoàng also declared himself Lord ( officially `` Vương '' , popularly `` Chúa '' ) and refused to send more money or soldiers to help the Trịnh .", "22": "He also moved his capital to Phú Xuân , modern - day Huế . Nguyễn Hoàng died in 1613 after having ruled the south for 55 years . He was succeeded by his 6th son , Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên , who likewise refused to acknowledge the power of the Trịnh , yet still pledged allegiance to the Lê king . Trịnh Tráng succeeded Trịnh Tùng , his father , upon his death in 1623 . Tráng ordered Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên to submit to his authority . The order was refused twice . In 1627 , Trịnh Tráng sent 150,000 troops southward in an unsuccessful military campaign . The Trịnh were much stronger , with a larger population , economy and army , but they were unable to vanquish the Nguyễn , who had built two defensive stone walls and invested in Portuguese artillery . The Trịnh -- Nguyễn War lasted from 1627 until 1672 . The Trịnh army staged at least seven offensives , all of which failed to capture Phú Xuân . For a time , starting in 1651 , the Nguyễn themselves went on the offensive and attacked parts of Trịnh territory . However , the Trịnh , under a new leader , Trịnh Tạc , forced the Nguyễn back by 1655 . After one last offensive in 1672 , Trịnh Tạc agreed to a truce with the Nguyễn Lord Nguyễn Phúc Tần . The country was effectively divided in two . Advent of Europeans & southward expansion ( edit ) Main articles : Christianity in Vietnam and Nam tiến One of the earliest Western maps of Annam , published in 1651 by Alexandre de Rhodes ( north is oriented to the right ) . The West 's exposure to Annam and Annamese exposure to Westerners dated back to 166 AD with the arrival of merchants from the Roman Empire , to 1292 with the visit of Marco Polo , and the early 16th century with the arrival of Portuguese in 1516 and other European traders and missionaries .", "23": "Alexandre de Rhodes , a French Jesuit priest , improved on earlier work by Portuguese missionaries and developed the Vietnamese romanized alphabet Quốc Ngữ in Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum in 1651 . Various European efforts to establish trading posts in Vietnam failed , but missionaries were allowed to operate for some time until the mandarins began concluding that Christianity ( which had succeeded in converting up to a tenth of the population by 1700 ) was a threat to the Confucian social order since it condemned ancestor worship as idolatry . Vietnamese attitudes to Europeans and Christianity hardened as they began to increasingly see it as a way of undermining society . Between 1627 and 1775 , two powerful families had partitioned the country : the Nguyễn lords ruled the South and the Trịnh lords ruled the North . The Trịnh -- Nguyễn War gave European traders the opportunities to support each side with weapons and technology : the Portuguese assisted the Nguyễn in the South while the Dutch helped the Trịnh in the North . The Trịnh and the Nguyễn maintained a relative peace for the next hundred years , during which both sides made significant accomplishments . The Trịnh created centralized government offices in charge of state budget and producing currency , unified the weight units into a decimal system , established printing shops to reduce the need to import printed materials from China , opened a military academy , and compiled history books . Meanwhile , the Nguyễn lords continued the southward expansion by the conquest of the remaining Cham land . Việt settlers also arrived in the sparsely populated area known as `` Water Chenla '' , which was the lower Mekong Delta portion of the former Khmer Empire . Between the mid-17th century to mid-18th century , as the former Khmer Empire was weakened by internal strife and Siamese invasions , the Nguyễn Lords used various means , political marriage , diplomatic pressure , political and military favors , to gain the area around present - day Saigon and the Mekong Delta . The Nguyễn army at times also clashed with the Siamese army to establish influence over the former Khmer Empire .", "24": "Tây Sơn & Nguyễn dynasties ( 1778 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Tây Sơn dynasty and Nguyễn dynasty In 1771 , the Tây Sơn revolution broke out in Quy Nhơn , which was under the control of the Nguyễn lord . The leaders of this revolution were three brothers named Nguyễn Nhạc , Nguyễn Lữ , and Nguyễn Huệ , not related to the Nguyễn lords . By 1776 , the Tây Sơn had occupied all of the Nguyễn Lord 's land and killed almost the entire royal family . The surviving prince Nguyễn Phúc Ánh ( often called Nguyễn Ánh ) fled to Siam , and obtained military support from the Siamese king . Nguyễn Ánh came back with 50,000 Siamese troops to regain power , but was defeated at the Battle of Rạch Gầm -- Xoài Mút and almost killed . Nguyễn Ánh fled Vietnam , but he did not give up . The Tây Sơn army commanded by Nguyễn Huệ marched north in 1786 to fight the Trịnh Lord , Trịnh Khải . The Trịnh army failed and Trịnh Khải committed suicide . The Tây Sơn army captured the capital in less than two months . The last Lê emperor , Lê Chiêu Thống , fled to Qing China and petitioned the Qianlong Emperor for help . The Qianlong Emperor supplied Lê Chiêu Thống with a massive army of around 200,000 troops to regain his throne from the usurper . Nguyễn Huệ proclaimed himself Emperor Quang Trung and defeated the Qing troops with 100,000 men in a surprise 7 day campaign during the lunar new year ( Tết ) . There was even a rumor saying that Quang Trung had also planned to conquer China , although it was unclear .", "25": "During his reign , Quang Trung envisioned many reforms but died by unknown reason on the way march south in 1792 , at the age of 40 . During the reign of Emperor Quang Trung , Đại Việt was in fact divided into three political entities . The Tây Sơn leader , Nguyễn Nhạc , ruled the centre of the country from his capital Qui Nhơn . Emperor Quang Trung ruled the north from the capital Phú Xuân Huế . In the South , Nguyễn Ánh , assisted by many talented recruits from the South , captured Gia Định ( present - day Saigon ) in 1788 and established a strong base for his force . After Quang Trung 's death , the Tây Sơn dynasty became unstable as the remaining brothers fought against each other and against the people who were loyal to Nguyễn Huệ 's infant son . Nguyễn Ánh sailed north in 1799 , capturing Tây Sơn 's stronghold Qui Nhơn . In 1801 , his force took Phú Xuân , the Tây Sơn capital . Nguyễn Ánh finally won the war in 1802 , when he sieged Thăng Long ( Hanoi ) and executed Nguyễn Huệ 's son , Nguyễn Quang Toản , along with many Tây Sơn generals and officials . Nguyễn Ánh ascended the throne and called himself Emperor Gia Long . Gia is for Gia Định , the old name of Saigon ; Long is for Thăng Long , the old name of Hanoi . Hence Gia Long implied the unification of the country . The Nguyễn dynasty lasted until Bảo Đại 's abdication in 1945 . As China for centuries had referred to Đại Việt as Annam , Gia Long asked the Manchu Qing emperor to rename the country , from Annam to Nam Việt . To prevent any confusion of Gia Long 's kingdom with Triệu Đà 's ancient kingdom , the Manchu emperor reversed the order of the two words to Việt Nam .", "26": "The name Vietnam is thus known to be used since Emperor Gia Long 's reign . Recently historians have found that this name had existed in older books in which Vietnamese referred to their country as Vietnam . The Period of Division with its many tragedies and dramatic historical developments inspired many poets and gave rise to some Vietnamese masterpieces in verse , including the epic poem The Tale of Kiều ( Truyện Kiều ) by Nguyễn Du , Song of a Soldier 's Wife ( Chinh Phụ Ngâm ) by Đặng Trần Côn and Đoàn Thị Điểm , and a collection of satirical , erotically charged poems by a female poet , Hồ Xuân Hương . Many Catholic martyrs ( believers and priests ) were slain in Tonkin , Cochinchina and Annam during persecutions. 64 Martyrs were declared blessed in 1900 of whom 54 were natives ; 26 of the martyrs were members of the Dominican Order . In 1784 , during the conflict between Nguyễn Ánh , the surviving heir of the Nguyễn lords , and the Tây Sơn dynasty , a French Roman Catholic prelate , Pigneaux de Behaine , sailed to France to seek military backing for Nguyễn Ánh . At Louis XVI 's court , Pigneaux brokered the Little Treaty of Versailles which promised French military aid in exchange for Vietnamese concessions . However , because of the French Revolution , Pigneaux 's plan failed to materialize . He went to the French territory of Pondichéry ( India ) , and secured two ships , a regiment of Indian troops , and a handful of volunteers and returned to Vietnam in 1788 . One of Pigneaux 's volunteers , Jean - Marie Dayot , reorganized Nguyễn Ánh 's navy along European lines and defeated the Tây Sơn at Qui Nhơn in 1792 . A few years later , Nguyễn Ánh 's forces captured Saigon , where Pigneaux died in 1799 . Another volunteer , Victor Olivier de Puymanel would later build the Gia Định fort in central Saigon .", "27": "After Nguyễn Ánh established the Nguyễn dynasty in 1802 , he tolerated Catholicism and employed some Europeans in his court as advisors . His successors were more conservative Confucians and resisted Westernization . The next Nguyễn emperors , Minh Mạng , Thiệu Trị , and Tự Đức brutally suppressed Catholicism and pursued a ' closed door ' policy , perceiving the Westerners as a threat , following events such as the Lê Văn Khôi revolt when a French missionary , Fr . Joseph Marchand , encouraged local Catholics to revolt in an attempt to install a Catholic emperor . Catholics , both Vietnamese and foreign - born , were persecuted in retaliation . Trade with the West slowed during this period . There were frequent uprisings against the Nguyễns , with hundreds of such events being recorded in the annals . These acts were soon being used as excuses for France to invade Vietnam . The early Nguyễn dynasty had engaged in many of the constructive activities of its predecessors , building roads , digging canals , issuing a legal code , holding examinations , sponsoring care facilities for the sick , compiling maps and history books , and exerting influence over Cambodia and Laos . Main articles : Cochinchina Campaign , Citadel of Saigon , Trương Định , Phan Đình Phùng , Nguyễn Trung Trực , Phan Thanh Giản , and Tonkin Campaign Under the orders of Napoleon III of France , Rigault de Genouilly 's gunships attacked the port of Đà Nẵng in 1858 , causing significant damage , yet failed to gain any foothold , in the process being afflicted by the humidity and tropical diseases . De Genouilly decided to sail south and captured the poorly defended city of Gia Định ( present - day Ho Chi Minh City ) . From 1859 to 1867 , French troops expanded their control over all six provinces on the Mekong delta and formed a colony known as Cochinchina . French army attacking Nam Định , 1883 . A few years later , French troops landed in northern Vietnam ( which they called Tonkin ) and captured Hà Nội twice in 1873 and 1882 .", "28": "The French managed to keep their grip on Tonkin although , twice , their top commanders Francis Garnier and Henri Rivière , were ambushed and killed fighting pirates of the Black Flag Army hired by the mandarins . France assumed control over the whole of Vietnam after the Tonkin Campaign ( 1883 -- 1886 ) . French Indochina was formed in October 1887 from Annam ( Trung Kỳ , central Vietnam ) , Tonkin ( Bắc Kỳ , northern Vietnam ) , Cochinchina ( Nam Kỳ , southern Vietnam , and Cambodia , with Laos added in 1893 ) . Within French Indochina , Cochinchina had the status of a colony , Annam was nominally a protectorate where the Nguyễn dynasty still ruled , and Tonkin had a French governor with local governments run by Vietnamese officials . French colonial era ( edit ) Main articles : French Indochina , History of Vietnam during World War I , and French Indochina in World War II French officers and Tonkinese riflemen , 1884 After Gia Định fell to French troops , many resistance movements broke out in occupied areas , some led by former court officers , such as Trương Định , some by peasants , such as Nguyễn Trung Trực , who sank the French gunship L'Esperance using guerilla tactics . In the north , most movements were led by former court officers and lasted decades , with Phan Đình Phùng fighting in central Vietnam until 1895 . In the northern mountains , former bandit leader Hoàng Hoa Thám fought until 1911 . Even the teenage Nguyễn Emperor Hàm Nghi left the Imperial Palace of Huế in 1885 with regent Tôn Thất Thuyết and started the Cần Vương ( `` Save the King '' ) movement , trying to rally the people to resist the French . He was captured in 1888 and exiled to French Algeria . Guerrillas of the Cần Vương movement murdered around a third of Vietnam 's Christian population during the rebellion . Decades later , two more Nguyễn kings , Thành Thái and Duy Tân were also exiled to Africa for having anti-French tendencies .", "29": "The former was deposed on the pretext of insanity and Duy Tân was caught in a conspiracy with the mandarin Trần Cao Vân trying to start an uprising . However , lack of modern weapons and equipment prevented these resistance movements from being able to engage the French in open combat . The various anti-French revolts started by mandarins were carried out with the primary goal of restoring the old feudal society . However , by 1900 a new generation of Vietnamese were coming of age who had never lived in precolonial Vietnam . These young activists were as eager as their grandparents to see independence restored , but they realized that returning to the feudal order was not feasible and that modern technology and governmental systems were needed . Having been exposed to Western philosophy , they aimed to establish a republic upon independence , departing from the royalist sentiments of the Cần Vương movements . Some of them set up Vietnamese independence societies in Japan , which many viewed as a model society ( i.e. an Asian nation that had modernized , but retained its own culture and institutions ) . There emerged two parallel movements of modernization . The first was the Đông Du ( `` Go East '' ) Movement started in 1905 by Phan Bội Châu . Châu 's plan was to send Vietnamese students to Japan to learn modern skills , so that in the future they could lead a successful armed revolt against the French . With Prince Cường Để , he started two organizations in Japan : Duy Tân Hội and Việt Nam Công Hiến Hội . Due to French diplomatic pressure , Japan later deported Châu . Phan Châu Trinh , who favored a peaceful , non-violent struggle to gain independence , led a second movement , Duy Tân ( Modernization ) , which stressed education for the masses , modernizing the country , fostering understanding and tolerance between the French and the Vietnamese , and peaceful transitions of power . The early part of the 20th century saw the growing in status of the Romanized Quốc Ngữ alphabet for the Vietnamese language . Vietnamese patriots realized the potential of Quốc Ngữ as a useful tool to quickly reduce illiteracy and to educate the masses . The traditional Chinese scripts or the Nôm script were seen as too cumbersome and too difficult to learn .", "30": "The use of prose in literature also became popular with the appearance of many novels ; most famous were those from the Tự Lực Văn Đoàn literary circle . As the French suppressed both movements , and after witnessing revolutionaries in action in China and Russia , Vietnamese revolutionaries began to turn to more radical paths . Phan Bội Châu created the Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội in Guangzhou , planning armed resistance against the French . In 1925 , French agents captured him in Shanghai and spirited him to Vietnam . Due to his popularity , Châu was spared from execution and placed under house arrest until his death in 1940 . In 1927 , the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng ( Vietnamese Nationalist Party ) , modeled after the Kuomintang in China , was founded , and the party launched the armed Yên Bái mutiny in 1930 in Tonkin which resulted in its chairman , Nguyễn Thái Học and many other leaders captured and executed by the guillotine . Marxism was also introduced into Vietnam with the emergence of three separate Communist parties ; the Indochinese Communist Party , Annamese Communist Party and the Indochinese Communist Union , joined later by a Trotskyist movement led by Tạ Thu Thâu . In 1930 , the Communist International ( Comintern ) sent Nguyễn Ái Quốc to Hong Kong to coordinate the unification of the parties into the Vietnamese Communist Party ( CPV ) with Trần Phú as the first Secretary General . Later the party changed its name to the Indochinese Communist Party as the Comintern , under Stalin , did not favor nationalistic sentiments . Being a leftist revolutionary living in France since 1911 , Nguyễn Ái Quốc participated in founding the French Communist Party and in 1924 traveled to the Soviet Union to join the Comintern . Through the late 1920s , he acted as a Comintern agent to help build Communist movements in Southeast Asia . During the 1930s , the CPV was nearly wiped out under French suppression with the execution of top leaders such as Phú , Lê Hồng Phong , and Nguyễn Văn Cừ .", "31": "During World War II , Japan invaded Indochina in 1940 , keeping the Vichy French colonial administration in place as a puppet . In 1941 Nguyễn Ái Quốc , now known as Hồ Chí Minh , arrived in northern Vietnam to form the Việt Minh Front , and it was supposed to be an umbrella group for all parties fighting for Vietnam 's independence , but was dominated by the Communist Party . The Việt Minh had a modest armed force and during the war worked with the American Office of Strategic Services to collect intelligence on the Japanese . A famine broke out in 1944 -- 45 . Japan 's defeat by World War II Allies created a power vacuum for Vietnamese nationalists of all parties to seize power in August 1945 , forcing Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate and ending the Nguyễn dynasty . Their initial success in staging uprisings and in seizing control of most of the country by September 1945 was partially undone , however , by the return of the French a few months later . Republican period ( from 1945 ) ( edit ) Main articles : National Assembly ( Vietnam ) , History of Vietnam since 1945 , and 1940 - 1946 in the Vietnam War Communist north & capitalist South ( 1945 -- 76 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Democratic Republic of Vietnam , State of Vietnam , Republic of Vietnam , War in Vietnam ( 1945 -- 1946 ) , First Indochina War , and Vietnam War Vietcong prisoners await being carried by helicopter to rear area after Operation Starlite . August 18 -- 24 , 1965 In September 1945 , Hồ Chí Minh proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( DRV ) and held the position of chairman ( Chủ Tịch ) . Communist rule was cut short , however , by nationalist Chinese and British occupation forces whose presence tended to support the Communist Party 's political opponents .", "32": "In 1946 , Vietnam had its first National Assembly election ( won by the Viet Minh in central and northern Vietnam ) , which drafted the first constitution , but the situation was still precarious : the French tried to regain power by force ; some Cochinchinese politicians formed a seceding government the Republic of Cochinchina ( Cộng hòa Nam Kỳ ) while the non-Communist and Communist forces were engaging each other in sporadic battle . Stalinists purged Trotskyists . Religious sects and resistance groups formed their own militias . The Communists eventually suppressed all non-Communist parties but failed to secure a peace deal with France . Full - scale war broke out between the Việt Minh and France in late 1946 and the First Indochina War officially began . Realizing that colonialism was coming to an end worldwide , France decided to bring former emperor Bảo Đại back to power , as a political alternative to Ho Chi Minh . A Provisional Central Government was formed in 1948 , reuniting Annam and Tonkin , but the complete reunification of Vietnam was delayed for a year because of the problems posed by Cochinchina 's legal status . In July 1949 , the State of Vietnam was officially proclaimed , as a semi-independent country within the French Union , with Bảo Đại as Head of State . France was finally persuaded to relinquish its colonies in Indochina in 1954 when Viet Minh forces defeated the French at Dien Bien Phu . The 1954 Geneva Conference left Vietnam a divided nation , with Hồ Chí Minh 's communist DRV government ruling the North from Hanoi and Ngô Đình Diệm 's Republic of Vietnam , supported by the United States , ruling the South from Saigon . Between 1953 and 1956 , the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms , including `` rent reduction '' and `` land reform '' , which resulted in significant political oppression . During the land reform , testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every 160 village residents , which extrapolated nationwide would indicate nearly 100,000 executions . Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area , a lower estimate of 50,000 executions became widely accepted by scholars at the time .", "33": "However , declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower than reported at the time , although likely greater than 13,500 . In the South , Diem went about crushing political and religious opposition , imprisoning or killing tens of thousands . Along with the split between northern and southern Vietnam in geographical territory came the divergence in their distinctive choices for institutional political structure . Northern Vietnam ( Dai Viet ) opted for a centralized bureaucratic regime while the southern is based on a patron - client mechanism heavily relied on personalized rule . During this period , due to this structural difference , the north and south revealed different patterns in their economic activities , the long - term effect of which still persist up to today . Citizens that have previously lived in the bureaucratic state are more likely to have higher household consumption and get more engaged in civic activities ; and the state itself tends to have stronger fiscal capacity for taxation inherited from the previous institution . As a result of the Vietnam ( Second Indochina ) War ( 1954 -- 75 ) , Viet Cong and regular People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) forces of the DRV unified the country under communist rule . In this conflict , the North and the Viet Cong -- with logistical support from the Soviet Union -- defeated the Army of the Republic of Vietnam , which sought to maintain South Vietnamese independence with the support of the U.S. military , whose troop strength peaked at 540,000 during the communist - led Tet Offensive in 1968 . The North did not abide by the terms of the 1973 Paris Agreement , which officially settled the war by calling for free elections in the South and peaceful reunification . Two years after the withdrawal of the last U.S. forces in 1973 , Saigon , the capital of South Vietnam , fell to the communists , and the South Vietnamese army surrendered in 1975 . In 1976 , the government of united Vietnam renamed Saigon as Hồ Chí Minh City in honor of Hồ , who died in 1969 . The war left Vietnam devastated , with the total death toll standing at between 966,000 and 3.8 million , and many thousands more crippled by weapons and substances such as napalm and Agent Orange .", "34": "The government of Vietnam says that 4 million of its citizens were exposed to Agent Orange , and as many as 3 million have suffered illnesses because of it ; these figures include the children of people who were exposed . The Red Cross of Vietnam estimates that up to 1 million people are disabled or have health problems due to contaminated Agent Orange . The United States government has challenged these figures as being unreliable . Socialist Republic after 1976 ( edit ) Main articles : Vietnam , Communist Party of Vietnam , History of the Communist Party of Vietnam , and Politics of Vietnam In the post-1975 period , it was immediately apparent that the effectiveness of Communist Party ( CPV ) policies did not necessarily extend to the party 's peacetime nation - building plans . Having unified North and South politically , the CPV still had to integrate them socially and economically . In this task , CPV policy makers were confronted with the South 's resistance to communist transformation , as well as traditional animosities arising from cultural and historical differences between North and South . In the aftermath of the war , under Lê Duẩn 's administration , there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the U.S. or the Saigon government , confounding Western fears . However , up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to reeducation camps , where many endured torture , starvation , and disease while being forced to perform hard labor . The New Economic Zones program was implemented by the Vietnamese communist government after the Fall of Saigon . Between 1975 and 1980 , more than 1 million northerners migrated to the south and central regions formerly under the Republic of Vietnam . This program , in turn , displaced around 750,000 to over 1 million Southerners from their homes and forcibly relocated them to uninhabited mountainous forested areas . Compounding economic difficulties were new military challenges . In the late 1970s , Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge regime started harassing and raiding Vietnamese villages at the common border . To neutralize the threat , PAVN invaded Cambodia in 1978 and overran its capital of Phnom Penh , driving out the incumbent Khmer Rouge regime .", "35": "In response , as an action to support the pro-Beijing Khmer Rouge regime , China increased its pressure on Vietnam , and sent troops into Northern Vietnam in 1979 to `` punish '' Vietnam . Relations between the two countries had been deteriorating for some time . Territorial disagreements along the border and in the South China Sea that had remained dormant during the Vietnam War were revived at the war 's end , and a postwar campaign engineered by Hanoi against the ethnic Chinese Hoa community elicited a strong protest from Beijing . China was displeased with Vietnam 's alliance with the Soviet Union . During its prolonged military occupation of Cambodia in 1979 -- 89 , Vietnam 's international isolation extended to relations with the United States . The United States , in addition to citing Vietnam 's minimal cooperation in accounting for Americans who were missing in action ( MIAs ) as an obstacle to normal relations , barred normal ties as long as Vietnamese troops occupied Cambodia . Washington also continued to enforce the trade embargo imposed on Hanoi at the conclusion of the war in 1975 . The harsh postwar crackdown on remnants of capitalism in the South led to the collapse of the economy during the 1980s . With the economy in shambles , the communist government altered its course and adopted consensus policies that bridged the divergent views of pragmatists and communist traditionalists . Throughout the 1980s , Vietnam received nearly $3 billion a year in economic and military aid from the Soviet Union and conducted most of its trade with the USSR and other Comecon countries . In 1986 , Nguyễn Văn Linh , who was elevated to CPV general secretary the following year , launched a campaign for political and economic renewal ( Đổi Mới ) . His policies were characterized by political and economic experimentation that was similar to simultaneous reform agenda undertaken in the Soviet Union . Reflecting the spirit of political compromise , Vietnam phased out its reeducation effort . The communist government stopped promoting agricultural and industrial cooperatives . Farmers were permitted to till private plots alongside state - owned land , and in 1990 the communist government passed a law encouraging the establishment of private businesses . Since 2000s ( edit ) After President Bill Clinton visited Vietnam in 2000 , it virtually marked the new era of Vietnam . Vietnam has become an increasingly attractive destination of economic development .", "36": "Throughout that time , Vietnam has played more significant role in the world 's stage . Its economic reforms successfully changed Vietnam and making Vietnam more relevant in the ASEAN and international stage . Also , due to Vietnam 's importance , many powers turn to be favoring Vietnam for their circumstances . However , Vietnam also faces disputes , mostly with Cambodia over the border , and especially , China , over the South China Sea . In 2016 , President Barack Obama became the 3rd U.S. Head of State to visit Vietnam , helping normalize relations into a higher level , by lifting embargo of lethal weapons , allowing Vietnam to buy lethal weapons and modernize its military . Vietnam is expected to be a newly industrialized country , and also , a regional power in the future . Vietnam is one of Next Eleven countries . Changing names ( edit ) See also : Names of Vietnam and List of Vietnamese dynasties For the most part of its history , the geographical boundary of present - day Vietnam covered 3 ethnically distinct states : a Vietnamese state , a Cham state , and a part of the Khmer Empire . The Vietnamese nation originated in the Red River Delta in present - day Northern Vietnam and expanded over its history to the current boundary . It went through a lot of name changes , with Văn Lang being used the longest . Below is a summary of names : Period Country Name Time Frame Boundary Hồng Bàng dynasty Xích Quỷ 赤鬼 2879 -- 2524 BC Stretching from Dongting Lake ( Hunan ) to the southernmost area now called Quảng Trị , including the Guangxi and Guangdong provinces of China . Hồng Bàng dynasty Văn Lang 文郎 2524 -- 258 BC Territory reduced to modern Northern Vietnam including the three modern provinces of Thanh Hóa , Nghệ An , Hà Tĩnh . The Red River Delta is the home of the Lạc Việt culture . Thục dynasty Âu Lạc 甌雒 257 -- 207 BC Red River Delta and its adjoining north and west mountain regions .", "37": "Triệu dynasty Nam Việt 南越 207 -- 111 BC North and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Hoành Sơn Range ) , Guangdong , and Guangxi . Han Domination Giao Chỉ ( Jiaozhi ) 交趾 111 BC -- 39 AD Present - day north and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Ma River and Cả River delta ) , Guangdong , and Guangxi . Trưng Sisters Lĩnh Nam 嶺南 40 -- 43 Present - day north and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Ma River and Cả River delta ) . Han to Eastern Wu Domination Giao Chỉ 交趾 43 -- 229 Present - day north and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Ma River and Cả River delta ) , Guangdong , and Guangxi .", "38": "Eastern Wu to Liang Domination Giao Châu ( Jiaozhou ) 交州 229 -- 544 Same as above Early Lý dynasty Vạn Xuân 萬春 544 -- 602 Same as above Sui to Tang Domination Giao Châu 交趾 602 -- 679 Same as above Tang Domination An Nam 安南 679 -- 757 Same as above Tang Domination Trấn Nam 鎮南 757 -- 766 Same as above Tang Domination An Nam 安南 766 -- 866 Same as above Tang Domination , Autonomy ( Khúc clan , Dương Đình Nghệ , and Kiều Công Tiễn ) , Ngô dynasty Tĩnh Hải quân 静海军 866 -- 967 Same as above Đinh , Early Lê and Lý dynasty Đại Cồ Việt 大瞿越 968 -- 1054 Same as above Lý and Trần dynasty Đại Việt 大越 1054 -- 1400 Southern border expanded down to present - day Huế area . Hồ dynasty Đại Ngu 大虞 1400 -- 1407 Same as above Ming Domination and Later Trần dynasty Giao Chỉ 交州 1407 -- 1427 Same as above Lê , Mạc , Trịnh -- Nguyễn lords , Tây Sơn dynasty , Nguyễn dynasty Đại Việt 1428 -- 1804 大越 Gradually expanded to the boundary of present - day Vietnam . Nguyễn dynasty Việt Nam 越南 1804 -- 1839 Present - day Vietnam plus some occupied territories in Laos and Cambodia .", "39": "Nguyễn dynasty Đại Nam 大南 1839 -- 1887 Same as above Nguyễn dynasty and French Protectorate French Indochina , consisting of Cochinchina ( southern Vietnam ) , Annam ( central Vietnam ) , Tonkin ( northern Vietnam ) 1887 -- 1945 Present - day Vietnam . Republican Era Việt Nam ( with variances such as Democratic Republic , State of Vietnam , Republic of Vietnam , Socialist Republic ) Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( 1945 -- 1976 in North Vietnam ) , State of Vietnam ( 1949 -- 1955 ) , Republic of Vietnam ( 1955 -- 1975 in South Vietnam ) , Socialist Republic of Vietnam ( 1976 -- present ) Present - day Vietnam . Except the Hồng Bàng and Tây Sơn dynasties , all Vietnamese dynasties are named after the king 's family name , unlike the Chinese dynasties , whose names are dictated by the dynasty founders and often used as the country 's name . Nguyễn Huệ 's `` Tây Sơn dynasty '' is rather a name created by historians to avoid confusion with Nguyễn Ánh 's Nguyễn dynasty . Vietnamese nationalist historiography ( edit ) Main article : Historiography and nationalism The historian Professor Liam Kelley of the University of Hawaii at Manoa on his Le Minh Khai 's SEAsian History Blog wrote on how Vietnamese ultra-nationalists misleadingly reinterpreted outdated theories by western geography professors in order to further a Vietnamese nationalist agenda by claiming that Vietnamese invented rice cultivation and therefore were responsible for civilization while Chinese were pastoralists The outdated theory has been dis - proven with rice cultivation found to not originate in southeast Asia and the Vietnamese interpretations of the original theories were wrong . Vietnamese ultra-nationalists also claim the Yijing . Professor Liam Kelley criticized the theory of Edouard Chavannes that southeastern China was the origin of the Vietnamese before they ended up in their current location . Vietnam claims that Phong Châu 峯州 was the capital of the Hùng Kings . Professor Liam Kelley argued that the Tran dynasty constructed Âu Lạc as a way of connecting Vietnam with their homeland of Fujian .", "40": "The bronze drums of Đông Sơn which date back to far before the advent of native Vietnamese historical records were never seen by Vietnamese before the modern era as a `` symbol '' of Vietnam . After the Trung Sisters production of bronze drums stopped in Vietnam . Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư copied the mythical accounts of the Huayang guozhi 華陽國志 . Liam Kelley disproved the notion that the Phong Châu 峯州 was the capital of the Hùng kings . Michael Churchman criticized the fact that modern historians falsely project modern day animosity between Vietnamese and Chinese onto the past history of Vietnam under Chinese rule and falsely portraying past people as `` freedom fighters '' or oppressors in a made - up narrative of resistance when there was no such ethnic boundary . Professor Liam Kelley criticized O.W. Wolters for doing this . Pre-1500s Vietnam had Confucianism as an integral component according to Liam Kelly . Confucianism influenced traditional education in Vietnam . Confucianism in Vietnam : A State of the Field Essay was written by Liam Kelley while Lost Modernities was written by Woodside and `` Annam '' : A New Analysis of Sino - Viet - Muong Linguistic Contact . According to Professor Liam Kelley during the Tang dynasty native spirits were subsumed into Daoism and the Daoist view of these spirits completely replaced the original native tales . Buddhism and Daoist replaced native narratives surrounding Mount Yên Tử 安子山 . People from Song dynasty China like Zhao Zhong and Xu Zongdao fled to Tran dynasty ruled Vietnam after the Mongol invasion of the Song . The Tran dynasty originated from the Fujian region of China as did the Daoist cleric Xu Zongdao who recorded the Mongol invasion and referred to them as `` Northern bandits '' . Wu Bozong 吳伯宗 ( b . 1334 - d . 1384 ) was sent as ambassador to Annam and wrote down in the Rongjinji 榮進集 that the Tran dynasty monarch said to him in a reply his Wu 's inquiry on Annam 's affairs where the Tran ruler said that Annam proudly adhered to Tang dynasty and Han dynasty customs .", "41": "欲問安南事 , 安南風俗淳 . 衣冠唐制度 , 禮樂漢君臣 . 玉甕開新酒 , 金刀斫細鱗 . 年年二三月 , 桃李一般春 . Dục vấn An Nam sự , An Nam phong tục thuần . Y quan Đường chế độ , Lễ nhạc Hán quân thần . Ngọc ủng khai tân tửu , Kim đao chước tế lân . Niên niên nhị tam nguyệt , Đào lý nhất ban xuân . The Ming dynasty included the monarchs of the Ly and Tran dynasties in its list of `` important people '' of Annam . Professor Liam Kelley ( Le Minh Khai ) suggested that the `` north '' in Bình Ngô đại cáo referred to the Ming collaborationist Hanoi scholars while the south referred to Thanh Hóa , the base of Lê Lợi since the text referred to `` Dai Viet '' and did not introduce China before mentioning north . cited John Whitmore and challenged the claim that `` Ngô '' referred to Ming dynasty China but instead referred to the Chinese settled Red River Delta area of Vietnam . It was English and French foreign languages translations which bowdlerized `` south '' into `` Vietnam '' and `` north '' into China even though people today have no true idea of what south and north referred to in the original text . He believes that it was the Ming collaborationist scholars of Hanoi who were referred to as the `` Ngô '' and that it was not a term used for Chinese as is currently though in Vietnam , and that the Bình Ngô đại cáo not directed at China . In the 20th century for propaganda purposes against French colonialism , the development of the new genre of `` resistance literature '' spurred a change in how `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' was looked at . Kelley suggested that the `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' drew on a previous Ming text .", "42": "North and South in Bình Ngô đại cáo might have referred to internal divisions in Vietnam ( Hanoi vs Thanh Hoa ) rather than China vs Vietnam . The Hồ dynasty 's rule and Vietnamese who worked with the Ming were attacked in the `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' by Lê Lợi . The `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' criticized a people called `` Ngô '' in Vietnam , and it did not refer to the Ming Chinese . It saidthat Song dynasty clothing was worn by the Tran and Ming while it slammed and criticized Mongol Yuan customs followed by the Ngô . The Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư contained a constructed genealogy tracing back the political legitimacy of Vietnam 's rulers to the Chinese Emperor Shennong similar to how the Northern Wei traced the legitimacy of the Tuoba to the Yellow Emperor . Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư traced the ancestry of the Hùng kings to Consort Âu and Lord Lạc Long who had 100 sons from an egg sac . The purpose of tracing back to Shennong was to claim that the length of Vietnam 's history rivaled China 's . In the 17th century Vietnamese historians like Ngô Thì Sĩ and Jesuits like Martinio Martini studied texts on the Hồng Bàng Dynasty like Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư and used mathematics to deduce that the information on them were nonsense given the impossible reign years of the monarchs . However , modern Vietnamese now believe that the information is true . Ngô Thì Sĩ used critical analysis of historical texts to question the relations between Zhao Tuo 's Nanyue Kingdom in Guangdong and the Vietnamese inhabited Red River Delta , concluding that the Red River Delta was a mere vassal to Nanyue and not an integral part of it in addition to criticizing the existence of the Hồng Bàng Dynasty . Modern Vietnamese nationalists seek to stress local Vietnamese influence in history and downplay the role of foreign origin monarchs like the fact that the family of the Tran dynasty rulers originated in China . Vietnamese historians have sought to construct a fantasy of a continuous succession since the Hung Kings of local political units in Vietnam .", "43": "Vietnamese scholars and historians have debated over whether to regard Zhao Tuo as part of the `` orthodox succession '' of rulers or as `` enemy invader '' . Professor Liam Kelley suggested that before Chinese rule the Red River Delta was not under a unified polity . Both Chinese and Vietnamese sovereigns were honored at a temple constructed by the Nguyen dynasty . The Nguyen Empoeror Minh Mang sinicized ethnic minorities such as Cambodians , claimed the legacy of Confucianism and China 's Han dynasty for Vietnam , and used the term Han people 漢人 to refer to the Vietnamese . Minh Mang declared that `` We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated , and that they will daily become more infected by Han ( Sino - Vietnamese ) customs . '' This policies were directed at the Khmer and hill tribes . The Nguyen lord Nguyen Phuc Chu had referred to Vietnamese as `` Han people '' in 1712 when differentiating between Vietnamese and Chams . Minh Mang used the name `` Trung Quốc '' 中國 to refer to Vietnam . Vietnam also referred to itself as Trung Hạ 中夏 . Chinese clothing was forced on Vietnamese people by the Nguyễn . Modern Vietnamese have retroactively labelled figures like Trần Ích Tắc as `` traitor '' to Annam , even though the word for traitor did not exist in Vietnamese during his time and Vietnamese histories like Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư do not refer to him as a traitor . South Vietnam retained elements of Chinese culture and grammar in their language while North Vietnam actively engaged in a campaign to remove them - while North Vietnam maintained a pro-China position . it was the Cultural Revolution which led to North Vietnam encouraging anti-China sentiment . Many anti-Vietnam war protesters bought into a narrative that Vietnam 's history consisted of Chinese invasion for 2,000 years and that Vietnam was a united country . Before modern times scholars in Vietnam wanted to copy China 's civilization which they perceived as more civilized but since the French introduced nationalism Vietnam sought to present itself in a different aspect as a civilizational rival . A Vietnamese forged and manufactured a fake ancient mythical script claimed to have been used in ancient Vietnam .", "44": "Modern Vietnamese historians inserted word changes and altered the meanings of texts written by ancient Vietnamese historians on how battles between rebels in Vietnam and the Chinese states such as the Chen dynasty and Southern Han were viewed . The Nguyễn Dynasty initiated government sponsored ceremonies to the Hùng kings . The French may have established the ceremony on the Hùng kings death and the Hùng Kings had an annual event established for them by Hồ Chí Minh . Due to psychological embarrassment over their rule by foreign imperialists , ancient historical texts were edited for nationalistic purposes by modern Vietnamese historians . In the Mekong Delta area of Cochinchina many Vietnamese and Chinese conducted illegal commercial activities . During the rule of the Chinese Kingdom of Eastern Wu over Vietnam the local people learned Chinese after Chinese people were moved down to live with them . John D. Phan has suggested a new analysis of the linguistic situation in Vietnam under Chinese rule suggesting that a Middle Chinese dialect was spoken by the people of the Red River Delta during the Tang dynasty by drawing on Sino - Vietnamese vocabulary which showed evidence that it was derived from an existing language and that this Middle Chinese dialect was later displaced by a Muong language influenced by Chinese . See also ( edit ) Vietnam portal History portal Economic history of Vietnam History of East Asia History of Asia History of Southeast Asia Politics of Vietnam President of Vietnam Prime Minister of Vietnam References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Keith ( 1983 ) . The birth of Vietnam . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. xvii . ISBN 0520074173 . Jump up ^ `` History of Vietnam '' . Jump up ^ Hoa Binh Culture Jump up ^ Ancient time Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lê Huyền Thảo Uyên , 2012 -- 13 . Welcome to Vietnam . International Student . West Virginia University . Jump up ^ Handbook of Asian Education : A Cultural Perspective , p. 95 Jump up ^ Administration of Văn Lang - Âu Lạc . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ancient calendar unearthed . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 .", "45": "Jump up ^ Nguyen Ba Khoach 1978 Jump up ^ Pierre - Yves Manguin , A. Mani , Geoff Wade . `` Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia : Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange '' . Institute of Southeast Asian , 2011 ; p. 5 Jump up ^ Chapuis , Oscar ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A History of Vietnam : From Hong Bang to Tu Duc '' . ISBN 9780313296222 . ^ Jump up to : Keat Gin Ooi . Southeast Asia : A Historical Encyclopedia , from Angkor Wat to East Timor , Volume 1 . ABC - CLIO , Jan 1 , 2004 ; p. 933 - 34 Jump up ^ Taylor , Keith Weller ( 1991 ) . Birth of Vietnam , The . University of California Press . pp. 23 -- 27 . ISBN 0520074173 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Keith Weller ( 1 April 1991 ) . `` The Birth of Vietnam '' . University of California Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Taylor , Keith Weller ( 1 April 1991 ) . `` The Birth of Vietnam '' . University of California Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Andaya , Barbara Watson ( 1 January 2006 ) . `` The Flaming Womb : Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia '' . University of Hawaii Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 , pp. 154 Jump up ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 , pp. 155 Jump up ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 , pp. 160 Jump up ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 , pp. 193 Jump up ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 , pp. 197 Jump up ^ Coedes , G. ; Cœdès , George ( 1 January 1966 ) . `` The Making of South East Asia '' . University of California Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Bald Eagle '' . tuyendinh75.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 .", "46": "Jump up ^ Tsai , Shih - shan Henry ( 1 January 1996 ) . `` The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty '' . SUNY Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Dardess , John W. ( 1 January 2012 ) . `` Ming China , 1368 - 1644 : A Concise History of a Resilient Empire '' . Rowman & Littlefield -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Brief History of Vietnam Jump up ^ Davidson , Jeremy H.C.S. ; H.L. Shorto ( 1991 ) . Austroasiatic Languages : Essays in Honour of H.L. Shorto . p. 95 . Jump up ^ ( 1902 - 03 ) `` Nachrichten aus den Missionen , '' Die katholischen Missionen . Illustrierte Monatschrift 31 , pp. 2552 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Fourniau , Annam -- Tonkin , pp. 39 -- 77 Jump up ^ Bui Minh Dung ( July 1995 ) . `` Japan 's Role in the Vietnamese Starvation of 1944 - 45 '' . Modern Asian Studies . Cambridge University Press . 29 ( 3 ) : 573 -- 618 . doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x00014001 . JSTOR 312870 . Jump up ^ Neale , Jonathan The American War , pp. 23 - 24 ; ISBN 1 - 898876 - 67 - 3 Jump up ^ Turner , Robert F. ( 1975 ) . Vietnamese Communism : Its Origins and Development . Hoover Institution Publications . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0817964313 . Jump up ^ cf . Gittinger , J. Price , `` Communist Land Policy in Viet Nam '' , Far Eastern Survey , Vol. 29 , No. 8 , 1957 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Courtois , Stephane ( 1997 ) . The Black Book of Communism . Harvard University Press . p. 569 .", "47": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 07608 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dommen , Arthur J. ( 2001 ) , The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans , Indiana University Press , p. 340 , gives a lower estimate of 32,000 executions . Jump up ^ `` Newly released documents on the land reform '' . Vietnam Studies Group . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . Vu Tuong : There is no reason to expect , and no evidence that I have seen to demonstrate , that the actual executions were less than planned ; in fact the executions perhaps exceeded the plan if we consider two following factors . First , this decree was issued in 1953 for the rent and interest reduction campaign that preceded the far more radical land redistribution and party rectification campaigns ( or waves ) that followed during 1954 -- 1956 . Second , the decree was meant to apply to free areas ( under the control of the Viet Minh government ) , not to the areas under French control that would be liberated in 1954 -- 1955 and that would experience a far more violent struggle . Thus the number of 13,500 executed people seems to be a low - end estimate of the real number . This is corroborated by Edwin Moise in his recent paper `` Land Reform in North Vietnam , 1953 -- 1956 '' presented at the 18th Annual Conference on SE Asian Studies , Center for SE Asian Studies , University of California , Berkeley ( February 2001 ) . In this paper Moise ( 79 -- ) modified his earlier estimate in his 1983 book ( which was 5,000 ) and accepted an estimate close to 15,000 executions . Moise made the case based on Hungarian reports provided by Balazs , but the document I cited above offers more direct evidence for his revised estimate . This document also suggests that the total number should be adjusted up some more , taking into consideration the later radical phase of the campaign , the unauthorized killings at the local level , and the suicides following arrest and torture ( the central government bore less direct responsibility for these cases , however ) . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) cf .", "48": "Szalontai , Balazs ( November 2005 ) . `` Political and Economic Crisis in North Vietnam , 1955 -- 56 '' . Cold War History . 5 ( 4 ) : 395 -- 426 . cf . Vu , Tuong ( 2010 ) . Paths to Development in Asia : South Korea , Vietnam , China , and Indonesia . Cambridge University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 9781139489010 . Clearly Vietnamese socialism followed a moderate path relative to China ... Yet the Vietnamese ' land reform ' campaign ... testified that Vietnamese communists could be as radical and murderous as their comrades elsewhere . Jump up ^ `` Ngo Dinh Diem '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` China saved Vietnam '' . Bob Seals . Retrieved 23 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Hirschman , Charles ; Preston , Samuel ; Vu Manh Loi ( 1995 ) . `` Vietnamese Casualties During the American War : A New Estimate '' ( PDF ) . Population and Development Review . 21 ( 4 ) : 783 -- 812 . doi : 10.2307 / 2137774 . JSTOR 2137774 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Shenon , Philip ( 23 April 1995 ) . `` 20 Years After Victory , Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Obermeyer , Ziad ; Murray , Christopher J.L. ; Gakidou , Emmanuela ( 2008 ) . `` Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia : analysis of data from the world health survey programme '' . BMJ. 336 ( 7659 ) : 1482 -- 86 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. a137 . PMC 2440905 . PMID 18566045 . See Table 3 .", "49": "Jump up ^ Ben Stocking for AP , published in the Seattle Times May 22 , 2010 ( seattletimes.com/html/health/2011928849_apasvietnamusagentorange.html Vietnam , US still in conflict over Agent Orange ) Jump up ^ Jessica King ( 2012 - 08 - 10 ) . `` U.S. in first effort to clean up Agent Orange in Vietnam '' . CNN . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Defoliation '' entry in Spencer C. Tucker , ed. ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War ( 2nd ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 961 - 0 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Duong Van Mai ( 2010 ) . `` The End of the War '' . RAND in Southeast Asia : A History of the Vietnam War Era . RAND Corporation . pp. 499 , 512 -- 513 . ISBN 9780833047540 . Jump up ^ Sagan , Ginetta ; Denney , Stephen ( October -- November 1982 ) . `` Re-education in Unliberated Vietnam : Loneliness , Suffering and Death '' . The Indochina Newsletter . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Desbarats , Jacqueline . `` Repression in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam : Executions and Population Relocation '' . Indochina report ; no . 11 . Executive Publications , Singapore 1987 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Southeast Asian Rice and Vietnamese Ultranationalism '' . 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Agricultural ( Nông Nghiệp ) -- Pastoral ( Du Mục ) Divide , or how Kim Định and Trần Ngọc Thêm Distorted Will Durant 's Ideas '' . 15 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liam Kelley Department of History '' . 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trần Trọng Kim , Hu Shi ( Hồ Thích ) and the Yijing '' . 12 March 2016 .", "50": "Jump up ^ `` The Yue / Việt Migration Theory and the `` Hidden Network Approach '' `` . 25 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Problems with `` châu '' and Phong Châu `` . 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Why is Cổ Loa so Unimportant ? '' . 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Unimportance of Bronze Drums in Việt History '' . 15 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What do Đông Sơn Bronze Drums have to do with the Việt ? '' . 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ http://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2012/12/04/what-do-dong-son-bronze-drums-have-to-do-with-the-viet/ http://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2013/11/29/victor-goloubew-and-the-disappearance-of-the-indonesien-creators-of-the-bronze-drums/ http://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2013/09/15/the-unimportance-of-bronze-drums-in-viet-history/ Jump up ^ `` Vịet , `` Chinese , '' Savages and Bronze Drums `` . 15 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Documenting the Destruction of Bronze Drums '' . 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ http://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2261/35637/1/kouko2402.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` The Huayang guozhi and Early Vietnamese History '' . 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ https://chl-old.anu.edu.au/publications/csds/csds2010/04-2_Churchman_2010.pdf Jump up ^ O.W. Wolters ( 2008 ) . Early Southeast Asia : Selected Essays . SEAP Publications . pp. 32 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87727 - 743 - 9 . Jump up ^ Jeff Kyong - McClain ; Yongtao Du ( 2013 ) . Chinese History in Geographical Perspective . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 67 -- .", "51": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 7230 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` History of Education '' . Jump up ^ Christopher Goscha ( 30 June 2016 ) . The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam : A History . Penguin Books Limited . pp. 558 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 194665 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Daoist Appropriation / Subordination of Bạch Hạc Spirits '' . 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elephant Mountain and the Erasure of Việt Indigeneity '' . 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Giặc Bắc đến xâm lược ! : Translations and Exclamation Points '' . 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The `` Important People '' in the Annan Zhiyuan `` . 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` North and South in the `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' `` . 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Historicizing the Ngô '' . 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Khoa Học and the Bình Ngô Đại Cáo '' . 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Problems with the Bình Ngô đại cáo as a Declaration of Independence '' . 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Bình Ngô đại cáo and the Modern Emergence of Resistance Literature '' . 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Ming Inspiration for the Bình Ngô Đại Cáo ? '' . 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 3 . The BNĐC Series : Who Were the Representatives of the People in the `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' ? `` . 8 August 2016 .", "52": "Jump up ^ https://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2016/08/02/the-ngo-in-the-du-dia-chi-were-not-the-ming/#comment-56679 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvtLqVukuIc https://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2016/08/02/who-were-the-ngo/ Jump up ^ `` Vụ Tiên and Âu Cơ are Not Names , or How the Modern Vietnamese Language Distorts Vietnam 's Written Heritage '' . 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ Eloped ? ? '' . 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biblical and Mathematical Refutations of the Hồng - Mang / Hồng Bàng Dynasty '' . 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ngô Thì Sĩ 's Demotion of Triệu Đà / Zhao Tuo '' . 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Stranger Kings of the Lý and Trần Dynasties '' . 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What is so Important about Thời Bắc Thuộc ? '' . 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Problem of `` Either - Or - but - not - Why '' in Vietnamese History `` . 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Decentralized Control in the Red River Delta Prior to Han Dynasty Rule '' . 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Nguyễn Dynasty 's Miếu Lịch Đại Đế Vương '' . 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Norman G. Owen ( 2005 ) . The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia : A New History . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 115 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2890 - 5 . Jump up ^ A. Dirk Moses ( 1 January 2008 ) . Empire , Colony , Genocide : Conquest , Occupation , and Subaltern Resistance in World History . Berghahn Books . pp. 209 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84545 - 452 - 4 .", "53": "Archived from the original on 2008 . Jump up ^ Randall Peerenboom ; Carole J. Petersen ; Albert H.Y. Chen ( 27 September 2006 ) . Human Rights in Asia : A Comparative Legal Study of Twelve Asian Jurisdictions , France and the USA . Routledge . pp. 474 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 23881 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam - Champa Relations and the Malay - Islam Regional Network in the 17th -- 19th Centuries '' . 17 June 2004 . Jump up ^ `` H - Net Discussion Networks - '' . Jump up ^ `` Ao dai -- Vietnam 's national dress - Clothing and Fashion '' . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Ashley ( 14 March 2010 ) . `` # 18 Transcultural Tradition of the Vietnamese Ao Dai '' . Jump up ^ `` Ao Dai '' . Jump up ^ `` The Ao Dai and I : A Personal Essay on Cultural Identity and Steampunk '' . 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trần Ích Tắc and the Crimes of Wikipedia / Nationalist History '' . 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Red Chinese Colonization of North Vietnam '' . 19 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chinese as `` Fighting Friends '' of the Vietnamese `` . 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Woman 's Breasts , A Vomiting Dog and the ( Un ) Importance of High School History '' . 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/99942/yufenok_1.pdf?sequence=1 Jump up ^ `` Lạc Long Quân and the Ancient Script of Our South '' . 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tự Đức and the Translation of the Past '' . 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State - icization , State Nationalism and the Hùng Kings '' . 17 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Traumatic Origins of Modern Thai and Vietnamese Historical Writing '' . 31 July 2011 .", "54": "Jump up ^ https://chl-old.anu.edu.au/publications/csds/csds2007/Engelbert.pdf Jump up ^ `` KĐVSTGCM 3 - Viet Texts '' . Jump up ^ Phan , John . `` Re-Imagining `` Annam '' : A New Analysis of Sino -- Viet -- Muong Linguistic Contact `` . Jump up ^ https://chl-old.anu.edu.au/publications/csds/csds2010/03-1_Phan_2010.pdf Jump up ^ http://chl-old.anu.edu.au/publications/csds/csds2010/03-1_Phan_2010.pdf Bibliography ( edit ) Andaya , Barbara Watson . ( 2006 ) . The Flaming Womb : Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia ( illustrated ed . ) . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0824829557 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Cœdès , George . ( 1966 ) . The Making of South East Asia ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 0520050614 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Dardess , John W. ( 2012 ) . Ming China , 1368 - 1644 : A Concise History of a Resilient Empire . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 1442204907 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Hall , Kenneth R. , ed. ( 2008 ) . Secondary Cities and Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm , C. 1400 - 1800 . Volume 1 of Comparative urban studies . Lexington Books . ISBN 0739128353 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Nguyen Ba Khoach ( 1978 ) . `` Phung Nguyen '' . ScholarSpace - University of Hawaii . Taylor , K.W. ( 2013 ) . A History of the Vietnamese ( illustrated ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521875862 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Taylor , Keith Weller. ( 1983 ) .", "55": "The Birth of Vietnam ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 0520074173 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Tsai , Shih - shan Henry . ( 1996 ) . The Eunuchs in the Ming dynasty ( illustrated ed . ) . SUNY Press . ISBN 1438422369 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Contributor : Far - Eastern Prehistory Association Asian Perspectives , Volume 28 , Issue 1 . ( 1990 ) University Press of Hawaii . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Fitzgerald , Francis . 1972 . Fire in the Lake : The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam . Little , Brown and Company . Forbes , Andrew , and Henley , David : Vietnam Past and Present : The North ( History of Hanoi and Tonkin ) . Chiang Mai . Cognoscenti Books , 2012 . ASIN : B006DCCM9Q . Hill , John E. 2003 . `` Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the ' Hou Hanshu ' '' , 2nd draft edition Hill , John E. 2004 . The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢 : A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 AD . Draft annotated English translation . Hung , Hoang Duy. 2005 . A Common Quest for Vietnam 's Future . Viet Long Publishing . Kiernan , Ben ( 2017 ) . Viet Nam : A History from Earliest Times to the Present . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780190627300 . Nguyễn , Khắc Viện. 1999 . Vietnam - A Long History . Hanoi , Thế Giới Publishers . Nguyên , Thê Anh , Philippe Papin. 2008 . Parcours d'un historien du Viêt Nam : Recueil des articles de Nguyên Thê Anh . Paris . Les Indes savantes. 1026 pp.", "56": "( Articles are in French or in English ) Thê ́Anh Nguyêñ ( 2008 ) . Parcours d'un historien du Viêt Nam : recueil des articles . Indes savantes . ISBN 978 - 2 - 84654 - 142 - 8 . Stevens , Keith . 1996 . `` A Jersey Adventurer in China : Gun Runner , Customs Officer , and Business Entrepreneur and General in the Chinese Imperial Army . 1842 - 1919 '' . Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . Vol. 32 ( 1992 ; published 1996 ) Văn Giàu Trần ; Bạch Đằng Trần ( 1998 ) . Địa chí văn hóa Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh . Nhà xuất bản Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh . The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Published in 2000 . The State of The World 's Refugees 2000 : Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action - Chapter 4 : Flight from Indochina ( PDF ) Tuong Vu. 2016 . State formation on China 's southern frontier : Vietnam as a shadow empire and hegemon , HumaNetten 37 ( 1 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Werner , Jayne , et al. eds . Sources of Vietnamese Tradition ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search In Vietnamese ( edit ) This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it . Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs . If the ( ( Cite book ) ) or ( ( citation ) ) templates are in use , you may add ISBNs automatically , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( September 2012 ) Vietnamese National Bureau for Historical Record ( 1998 ) , Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục ( in Vietnamese ) , Hanoi : Education Publishing House Ngô Sĩ Liên ( 2009 ) , Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư ( in Vietnamese ) ( Nội các quan bản ed . )", "57": ", Hanoi : Cultural Publishing House , ISBN 6041690139 Trần Trọng Kim ( 1971 ) , Việt Nam sử lược ( in Vietnamese ) , Saigon : Center for School Materials Phạm Văn Sơn ( 1960 ) , Việt Sử Toàn Thư ( in Vietnamese ) , Saigon Taylor , Keith Weller ( 1983 ) , The Birth of Vietnam , University of California Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07417 - 0 Trần Dân Tiên . Những Mẫu Chuyện Về Đời Hoạt Động Của Hồ Chủ Tịch Văn Tiến Dũng . Đại Thắng Mùa Xuân Hành Trình Biển Đông ( vols. 1 and 2 ) ; anthology of memoirs by Vietnamese boat people Nguyễn Khắc Ngữ . Nguồn Gốc Dân Tộc Việt Nam . Nhóm Nghiên Cứu Sử Địa Văn Phố Hoàng Đống . Niên Biểu Lịch Sử Việt Nam Thời Kỳ 1945 - 1975 . Đại Nam . 2003 Lê Duẩn . Đề Cương Cách Mạng Miền Nam Nhat Tien , Duong Phuc , Vu Thanh Thuy . Pirates in the Gulf of Siam Nguyễn Văn Huy , Tìm hiểu cộng đồng người Chăm tại Việt Nam External links ( edit ) The Vietnam Maritime Archaeology Project Center Fallout of the War from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Vietnam History from ancient time Viet Nam 's Early History & Legends by C.N. Le ( Asian Nation - The Landscape of Asian America ) Tungking by William Mesny Pre-Colonial Vietnam by Ernest Bolt ( University of Richmond ) Human Rights in Vietnam 2006 ( Human Rights Watch ) French IndoChina Entry in a 1910 Catholic Encyclopedia about Indochina ( New Advent ) .", "58": "Virtual Vietnam Archive Exhaustive collection of Vietnam related documents ( Texas Tech University ) Geneva Accords of 1954 Text of the 1954 Accords by Vincent Ferraro ( Mount Holyoke College ) Việt - Học Thư - Quán - Institute of Vietnamese Studies - Viện Việt Học Many pdfs of Vietnamese history books Vietnam Dragons and Legends Vietnamese history and culture by Dang Tuan . Indochina - History links for French involvement in Indochina , casahistoria.net Vietnam - History links for US involvement in Indochina , casahistoria.net Early History of Vietnam - Origin of Vietnam name Vietnam Full history Hoàng Văn Chí , Từ Thực Dân Đến Cộng Sản Hoàng Văn Hoan , Giọt Nước Trong Biển Cả Hoàng Văn Chí , Trăm Hoa Đua Nở Trên Đất Bắc Nguyễn Thanh Giang , Tưởng Niệm Con Đường Phan Chu Trinh Vietnam articles History Timeline Early dynastic epoch Chinese millennium Late dynastic epoch Republican period North Vietnam South Vietnam Geography Ecoregions Northern Vietnam Central Vietnam Southern Vietnam North Central Coast ( Bắc Trung Bộ ) Northeast ( ( Đông Bắc ) Southeast ( Đông Nam Bộ ) Mekong Delta South Central Coast ( Nam Trung Bộ ) Provinces Red River Delta Northwest ( Tây Bắc ) Central Highlands ( Tây Nguyên ) Politics Constitution Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Communist Party History of central officeholders National Congress General Secretary Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Executive and legislative President Government Prime", "59": "Minister Deputy Prime Ministers Ministers National Assembly Chairmen Standing Committee Elections Judiciary Supreme People 's Court Provincial Municipal Courts Local Courts Military Courts Military Central Military Commission Ground Force Navy Air Force Coast Guard Border Guard Air Force Security forces ( police ) Economy Agriculture Doi Moi ( `` Renovation '' ) Đồng ( currency ) Energy Five - Year Plans International rankings Manufacturing Telecommunications Tourism Transport Air airlines Jetstar Pacific VietJet Air Vietnam Airlines airports Cam Ranh Da Nang Noi Bai Tan Son Nhat Rail Society Demographics diaspora Education Ethnic groups Public holidays Time Women Culture Art Emblem Dance Cinema Cuisine Flag Literature Martial arts Media Music Religion Theater Vietnamese studies Outline Index Book Portal History of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia", "60": "Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "61": "php?title=History_of_Vietnam&oldid=837807502 '' Categories : History of Vietnam Prehistoric Vietnam Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages using web citations with no URL Articles needing additional references from August 2007 All articles needing additional references NPOV disputes from March 2013 All NPOV disputes Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Articles containing Vietnamese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles lacking ISBNs CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Башҡортса Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 04 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "62": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5156175277578141617	where is the bread plate located in a formal setting	[ "to the left of the dinner plate", "at each place" ]	{ "0": "Table setting - wikipedia Table setting Jump to : navigation , search Table setting ( laying a table ) or place setting refers to the way to set a table with tableware -- such as eating utensils and for serving and eating . The arrangement for a single diner is called a place setting . The practice of dictating the precise arrangement of tableware has varied across cultures and historical periods . A table setting may have many elements , especially on formal occasions ; the long utensil is a lobster pick . Contents ( hide ) 1 Place setting 1.1 Informal 1.2 Formal 1.2. 1 Formal dinner 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Place setting ( edit ) Informal settings generally have fewer utensils and dishes but use a layout based on more formal settings . Utensils are arranged in the order and according to the manner in which the diner will use them . In the West , forks , plate , butter knife , and napkin generally are placed to the left of the dinner plate , and knives , spoons , stemware and tumblers , cups , and saucers to the right . ( By contrast , formal settings in Armenia place the fork to the right of the dinner plate and informal settings in Turkey place the fork to the right of the dinner plate if not accompanied by a knife ) Sauceboats and serving dishes , when used , either are placed on the table or , more formally , may be kept on a side table . Informal ( edit ) Informal setting with pancakes in a California mountain cabin . At an informal setting , fewer utensils are used and serving dishes are placed on the table . Sometimes the cup and saucer are placed on the right side of the spoon , about 30cm or 12 inches from the edge of the table . Often , in less formal settings , the napkin should be in the wine glass . However , such objects as napkin rings are very rare in the United Kingdom , Spain , Mexico , or Italy . Formal ( edit ) A formal table setting for one person . Utensils are placed inward about 20cm or 8 inches from the edge of the table , with all placed either upon the same invisible baseline or upon the same invisible median line .", "1": "Utensils in the outermost position are to be used first ( for example , a soup spoon or a salad fork , later the dinner fork and the dinner knife ) . The blades of the knives are turned toward the plate . Glasses are placed an inch ( 2.5 cm ) or so above the knives , also in the order of use : white wine , red wine , dessert wine , and water tumbler . Formal dinner ( edit ) The most formal dinner is served from the kitchen . When the meal is served , in addition to the central plate ( a service plate or dinner plate at supper ; at luncheon , a service plate or luncheon plate ) at each place there are a bread roll ( generally on a bread plate , sometimes in the napkin ) , napkin , and flatware ( knives and spoons to the right of the central plate , and forks to the left ) . Coffee is served in Butler Service style in demitasses , and a spoon placed on the saucer to the right of each handle . Serving dishes and utensils are not placed on the table for a formal dinner . The only exception in the West to these general rules is the protocol followed at the Spanish royal court , which was also adopted by the Austrian court , in which all cutlery was placed to the right of the central plate for each diner . At a less formal dinner , not served from the kitchen , the dessert fork and spoon can be set above the plate , fork pointing right , spoon pointing left . Gallery ( edit ) Formal dining Formal Place Setting for 8 Course Dinner Appetizer Course Soup Course Fish Course Entrée Course Palate Cleanser Main ( Releve ) Course Salad Course Fingerbowl Before Dessert Dessert Place Setting Before Dessert Dessert Course Coffee / Tea Course Tea Service See also ( edit ) Flatware ( cutlery ) Haft - Sin , traditional table setting of Nowruz , the traditional Iranian spring celebration . List of glassware Napkin folding Silver service , a method of table service in the United Kingdom Tableware References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vanderbilt , Amy ( 1958 ) . Amy Vanderbilt 's Complete Book of Etiquette : a Guide to Gracious Living .", "2": "Garden City , NY : Doubleday & Co. pp. 346 -- 347 . Jump up ^ Post , Peggy ( 1997 ) . Emily Post 's Etiquitte 75th Anniversary Edition . Table Settings : Harper - Collins . p. 433 . ISBN 006270078 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Table settings . Von Drachenfels , Suzanne ( 2000 ) . The Art of the Table : A Complete Guide to Table Setting , Table Manners , and Tableware . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84732 - 9 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Table_setting&oldid=805076227 '' Categories : Serving and dining Etiquette Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 22 : 17 . 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-1458772187885221091	when did the movie varsity blues come out	[ "January 15, 1999", "1999", "January 15, 1999", "1999", "January 15, 1999" ]	{ "0": "Varsity Blues ( film ) - wikipedia Varsity Blues ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Varsity Blues Theatrical release poster Directed by Brian Robbins Produced by Brian Robbins Michael Tollin Tova Laiter Written by W. Peter Iliff Starring James Van Der Beek Jon Voight Paul Walker Ron Lester Scott Caan Narrated by James Van Der Beek Music by Mark Isham Cinematography Chuck Cohen Edited by Ned Bastille Production company Tollin / Robbins Productions MTV Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date January 15 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 15 ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $16 million Box office $54.3 million Varsity Blues is a 1999 American comedy - drama film directed by Brian Robbins that follows a small - town 5A high school football team and their overbearing coach through a tumultuous season . The players must deal with the pressures of adolescence and their football - obsessed community while having their hard coach on their back constantly . In the small ( fictional ) town of West Canaan , Texas , football is a way of life , and losing is not an option . The film drew a domestic box office gross of $52 million against its estimated $16 million budget despite mixed critical reviews . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 Trademark Controversy 5 Soundtrack 6 Awards 7 TV series 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Jonathan `` Mox '' Moxon ( James Van Der Beek ) is an intelligent and academically gifted backup quarterback for the West Canaan High School football team . Despite his relative popularity at school , easy friendships with other players and smart and sassy girlfriend Jules Harbor ( Amy Smart ) , he is dissatisfied with his life . He wants to leave Texas to go to school at Brown University . He is constantly at odds with his football - obsessed father , Sam ( Thomas F. Duffy ) , and dreads playing it under legendary coach Bud Kilmer ( Jon Voight ) , a verbally abusive , controlling authoritarian who believes in winning at all costs .", "1": "He has a strong track record as coach : in 30 years of coaching at West Canaan , he has won two state titles and 22 district championships , and only cares about winning his 23rd . His philosophy finally takes its toll on all - state starting quarterback , Lance Harbor ( Paul Walker ) , Mox 's best friend and Jules 's brother , who has earned a football scholarship to play for Florida State . He is manipulated by Kilmer into taking anesthetic shots on an injured knee that finally succumbs to failure and results in even greater injury after getting sacked during a game . He is rushed to the hospital , where doctors are appalled at the massive amount of scar tissue found under his knee and determine that the effects of the injury are permanent and will prevent him from being able to play football for a year and a half , costing him his FSU scholarship . Mox , who has accompanied Lance to the hospital , is shocked when Kilmer feigns ignorance to Lance 's doctors about his knee problems , when in fact Kilmer ordered the trainer to inject the shots . In need of a new quarterback , he reluctantly names Mox to replace Lance as captain and starting quarterback . The move brings unexpected dividends for him , one of them being Darcy Sears ( Ali Larter ) , Lance 's cheerleader girlfriend , who is interested in marrying a football player in order to escape small - town life . She even goes so far as to attempt to seduce Mox , sporting a `` bikini '' made of whipped cream over her otherwise naked body , but he rebuffs her as politely as he can and helps to cheer her up by telling her that she can get out of West Canaan on her own without anyone 's help . Disgusted with Kilmer and not feeling a strong need to win , Mox starts calling his own plays on the field without Kilmer 's approval and takes his group of friends and teammates , including Lance , out to a strip club on the night before a game , which they subsequently lose due to poor play from still being hungover . He also chides his father , Sam , screaming at him , `` I do n't want your life ! '' Sam had been a football player at West Canaan under Kilmer and although Kilmer dismissed him as having no talent nor courage , he still respected and obeyed him .", "2": "When Kilmer becomes aware that Mox has earned a full academic scholarship to Brown , he threatens him that if he continues to disobey and disrespect him , he will alter his transcripts in order to reverse the decision on his scholarship . Kilmer 's lack of concern for his players continues , resulting in an emotional breakdown of offensive guard , Billy Bob ( Ron Lester ) , who had suffered a head injury weeks earlier ( Billy Bob had missed a block when he passed out on the field as a result of this injury after Kilmer pressured him out onto the field , which allowed the hit on Lance that crippled his knee , in which Kilmer blames him for ) . When starting tailback Wendell Brown ( Eliel Swinton ) , another friend of Mox 's , is injured on the field during the final game of the season , Kilmer pressures him during halftime into taking a shot of cortisone , as he had done with Lance , to deaden the pain from his injury and allow him to continue at the risk of permanent injury . Desperate to be recruited by a good college , Wendell agrees . Mox intervenes and threatens Kilmer that he 'll quit the team if the needle enters Wendell 's knee . Undaunted , Kilmer reminds him about altering his transcripts and orders Charlie Tweeder ( Scott Caan ) , starting wide receiver and friend of Mox , Lance and Wendell , to replace Mox , but he also quits . Billy Bob also steps in to defend his teammates . Mox tells Kilmer that the only way they will return to the field for the second half is without him . Realizing that he will be forced to forfeit the game , he loses control and physically assaults Mox . The other players intercede and then refuse to take to the field . Knowing his loss of control has cost him his credibility , Kilmer tries in vain to rally support and spark the team 's spirit into trusting him , but none of the players follow him out of the locker room . He continues down the hall , and upon seeing that no one following him , turns the other direction and into his office . After an inspiring speech from Mox to rally the team , they take the field under the leadership of Lance , who takes over coaching duties for the second half , and manage to win the game .", "3": "In a voice - over epilogue , Mox recounts several characters ' aftermaths , including the fact that Kilmer left town and never coached again despite his statue still standing ( only because it was too heavy to move ) . Lance became a successful coach ( presumably Head Coach for the Coyotes after Kilmer 's departure ) , Wendell earned a football scholarship to Grambling , and Mox took his scholarship and graduated from Brown University , but he never played football again . Cast ( edit ) James Van Der Beek as Jonathon `` Mox '' Moxon , the main protagonist . Mox is an academically successful , yet rebellious backup quarterback with a heart of gold . Jon Voight as Bud Kilmer , the main antagonist . Kilmer is the Coyotes ' 30 - year head coach . Paul Walker as Lance Harbor , the original captain and starting quarterback of the Coyotes . Lance is Jules ' older brother and Mox 's best friend . Amy Smart as Jules Harbor , Mox 's girlfriend and Lance 's younger sister . Ron Lester as Billy Bob , an overweight but powerful offensive guard and one of Mox 's friends . Scott Caan as Charlie Tweeder , a wild , cocky and hard partying wide receiver for the Coyotes and one of Mox 's friends . Eliel Swinton as Wendell Brown , the running back and one of the only two African American players on the team and one of Mox 's friends . Ali Larter as Darcy Sears , Lance 's girlfriend and the head cheerleader . Darcy is the prettiest and most popular girl in school , very intelligent , has straight A 's , and a heart of gold . Richard Lineback as Joe Harbor , Lance 's and Jules 's father . Thomas F. Duffy as Sam Moxon , Mox 's football obsessed father . Joe Pichler as Kyle Moxon , Mox 's younger brother who is into religions rather than football . Tonie Perensky as Miss Davis , a good teacher at West Canaan High School who moonlights as a stripper at the local strip club The Landing Strip . Olin Buchanan as himself , a reporter for KPJT .", "4": "Reception ( edit ) The film opened at # 1 at the North American box office making $17.5 million USD in its opening weekend . Though it had a 39.6 % decline in earnings , it was still enough to keep it at the top spot for another week . Critical reception was mixed ; the film has a 40 % ( `` Rotten '' ) approval rating from 52 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes , with the consensus `` This is a predictable football movie that lacks intensity . '' Roger Ebert noted in his Chicago Sun - Times review that `` Scenes work , but they do n't pile up and build momentum . '' ReelViews online film critic James Berardinelli 's summary was that although it `` takes a worthwhile detour or two , it ultimately finds its way back to the well - worn track of its genre . '' The film was later parodied in the 2001 movie , Not Another Teen Movie , in which Ron Lester reprises his role of Billy Bob by playing a nearly identical character named Reggie Ray . Ali Larter 's whipped cream bikini was also parodied . It was also quoted in the 2004 teen comedy film Mean Girls as being Regina George 's favorite movie . Trademark controversy ( edit ) In early 1999 , Paramount Pictures was sued by the University of Toronto for trademark infringement , as Varsity Blues is the registered trademark and name of the University 's intercollegiate athletic teams . The University alleged that the movie conveyed a poor depiction and negative stereotypes of collegiate sports , and asserted that the University did not wish to be associated with such a production . Bruce Kidd , Dean of the Faculty of Physical and Health Education , further noted that the movie demonstrated an abusive approach to sports in an educational setting . An out - of - court settlement was reached between the two parties , which involved Paramount providing the University with a significant but undisclosed sum ; as a consequence , funding was made available for eight scholarships , intended for those University athletes in need of financial assistance . Additionally , a video disclaimer was inserted in every DVD , and a written disclaimer in every book , noting that the movie was not associated with the athletic programs of the University of Toronto . As Kidd remarked , `` We hope the disclaimer will make it clear the University has no formal association with the film . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack album was published by Hollywood Records .", "5": "`` Walkin ' the Line '' by Shawn Camp `` My Girlfriend Is a Waitress '' by The Iguanas `` Nice Guys Finish Last '' by Green Day `` Problems '' by The Flamin ' Hellcats `` Unnoticed '' by Athenaeum `` Love - a-Rama '' by Southern Culture on the Skids `` Texas Flood '' by Stevie Ray Vaughan `` One Foot in Front of the Other '' by Lee Roy Parnell `` Disappear '' by Saffron Henderson `` Are You Ready for the Fallout '' by Fastball `` The Wayward Wind '' by Tex Ritter `` Pride of San Jacinto '' by The Reverend Horton Heat `` Run '' by Collective Soul `` You Blew Me Off '' by Bare Jr . `` Valley of the Pharaohs '' by Hellecasters `` Lonesome Ai n't the Word '' by Shawn Camp `` Same Old Feeling '' by Tim Buppert `` If Your Girl Only Knew '' by Aaliyah `` Boom Boom Boom '' by The Iguanas `` Horror Show '' by Third Eye Blind `` Hot for Teacher '' by Van Halen `` Thunderstruck '' by AC / DC `` Voices Inside My Head '' by Ambersunshower `` My Hero '' by Foo Fighters `` Every Little Thing Counts '' by Janus Stark `` Fly '' by Loudmouth `` Nitro ( Youth Energy ) '' by The Offspring `` Varsity Blue '' by Caroline 's Spine `` Two Faces '' by Days of the New Awards ( edit ) 1999 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Breakout Star -- James Van Der Beek ( won ) Choice Movie : Drama ( nominated ) Choice Movie : Soundtrack 1999 MTV Movie Awards Best Breakout Male Performance : James Van Der Beek ( won ) Best Movie Song : Nice Guys Finish Last by Green Day ( nominated ) 2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Best Male Newcomer : James Van Der Beek ( nominated ) TV series ( edit ) On August 16 , 2016 , CMT is developing a TV series inspired by the movie . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Varsity Blues at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Welkos , Robert W. ( 1998 - 08 - 02 ) .", "6": "`` Moviegoers Get the ' Blues , ' Big Time '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ' Varsity Blues ' Runs to Daylight to Stay No. 1 - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com. 2009 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Sobczynski , Peter ( 1999 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Varsity Blues Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1999 ) '' . Roger Ebert . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Reelviews Movie Reviews '' . Reelviews.net. 1999 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Somerville , Becky ( 1999 - 03 - 10 ) . `` U of T cashes in Varsity Blues rights '' . UWO Gazette . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` U of T may feel blues again as ' Varsity Blues ' comes to TV '' . Pop Goes The News . 2016 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ' Varsity Blues ' TV Series Adaptation In Works At CMT From Paramount TV '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . 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-5644676080991349842	who developed the first printing press in 1430s	[ "Johannes Gutenberg", "Johannes Gutenberg", "Johannes Gutenberg", "Johannes Gutenberg", "Johannes Gutenberg" ]	{ "0": "Printing press - wikipedia Printing press Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the historical device created by Johannes Gutenberg . For the modern technology of printing , see printing . Recreated Gutenberg press at the International Printing Museum , Carson , California Part of a series on the History of printing Woodblock printing 200 Movable type 1040 Printing press c. 1440 Etching c. 1515 Mezzotint 1642 Aquatint 1772 Lithography 1796 Chromolithography 1837 Rotary press 1843 Hectograph 1869 Offset printing 1875 Hot metal typesetting 1884 Mimeograph 1886 Photostat and rectigraph 1907 Screen printing 1911 Spirit duplicator 1923 Dot matrix printing 1925 Xerography 1938 Phototypesetting 1949 Inkjet printing 1951 Dye - sublimation 1957 Laser printing 1969 Thermal printing c. 1972 3D printing 1981 Solid Ink printing 1986 Digital printing 1991 A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium ( such as paper or cloth ) , thereby transferring the ink . It marked a dramatic improvement on earlier printing methods in which the cloth , paper or other medium was brushed or rubbed repeatedly to achieve the transfer of ink , and accelerated the process . Typically used for texts , the invention and global spread of the printing press was one of the most influential events in the second millennium . Johannes Gutenberg , a goldsmith by profession , developed , circa 1439 , a printing system by adapting existing technologies to printing purposes , as well as making inventions of his own . Printing in East Asia had been prevalent since the Tang dynasty , and in Europe , woodblock printing based on existing screw presses was common by the 14th century . Gutenberg 's most important innovation was the development of hand - molded metal printing matrices , thus producing a movable type based printing press system . His newly devised hand mould made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities .", "1": "Movable type had been hitherto unknown in Europe . In Europe , the two inventions , the hand mould and the printing press , together drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents , particularly in short print runs . The printing press spread within several decades to over two hundred cities in a dozen European countries . By 1500 , printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million volumes . In the 16th century , with presses spreading further afield , their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies . The operation of a press became synonymous with the enterprise of printing , and lent its name to a new branch of media , `` the press '' . In Renaissance Europe , the arrival of mechanical movable type printing introduced the era of mass communication , which permanently altered the structure of society . The relatively unrestricted circulation of information and ( revolutionary ) ideas transcended borders , captured the masses in the Reformation and threatened the power of political and religious authorities . The sharp increase in literacy broke the monopoly of the literate elite on education and learning and bolstered the emerging middle class . Across Europe , the increasing cultural self - awareness of its peoples led to the rise of proto - nationalism , and accelerated by the development of European vernacular languages , to the detriment of Latin 's status as lingua franca . In the 19th century , the replacement of the hand - operated Gutenberg - style press by steam - powered rotary presses allowed printing on an industrial scale .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Economic conditions and intellectual climate 1.2 Technological factors 2 Function and approach 3 Gutenberg 's press 4 The Printing Revolution 4.1 Mass production and spread of printed books 4.2 Circulation of information and ideas 5 Industrial printing presses 5.1 Rotary press 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History Main article : History of printing Economic conditions and intellectual climate See also : History of capitalism and Medieval university Medieval university class ( 1350s ) The rapid economic and socio - cultural development of late medieval society in Europe created favorable intellectual and technological conditions for Gutenberg 's improved version of the printing press : the entrepreneurial spirit of emerging capitalism increasingly made its impact on medieval modes of production , fostering economic thinking and improving the efficiency of traditional work - processes . The sharp rise of medieval learning and literacy amongst the middle class led to an increased demand for books which the time - consuming hand - copying method fell far short of accommodating . Technological factors See also : History of Western typography and Medieval technology Technologies preceding the press that led to the press 's invention included : manufacturing of paper , development of ink , woodblock printing , and distribution of eyeglasses . At the same time , a number of medieval products and technological processes had reached a level of maturity which allowed their potential use for printing purposes . Gutenberg took up these far - flung strands , combined them into one complete and functioning system , and perfected the printing process through all its stages by adding a number of inventions and innovations of his own : Early modern wine press . Such screw presses were applied in Europe to a wide range of uses and provided Gutenberg with the model for his printing press . The screw press which allowed direct pressure to be applied on flat - plane was already of great antiquity in Gutenberg 's time and was used for a wide range of tasks . Introduced in the 1st century AD by the Romans , it was commonly employed in agricultural production for pressing wine grapes and ( olive ) oil fruit , both of which formed an integral part of the mediterranean and medieval diet . The device was also used from very early on in urban contexts as a cloth press for printing patterns .", "3": "Gutenberg may have also been inspired by the paper presses which had spread through the German lands since the late 14th century and which worked on the same mechanical principles . Gutenberg adopted the basic design , thereby mechanizing the printing process . Printing , however , put a demand on the machine quite different from pressing . Gutenberg adapted the construction so that the pressing power exerted by the platen on the paper was now applied both evenly and with the required sudden elasticity . To speed up the printing process , he introduced a movable undertable with a plane surface on which the sheets could be swiftly changed . Movable type sorted in a letter case and loaded in a composing stick on top The concept of movable type was not new in the 15th century ; movable type printing had been invented in China during the Song dynasty , and was later used in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty , where metal movable - type printing technology was developed in 1234 . In Europe , sporadic evidence that the typographical principle , the idea of creating a text by reusing individual characters , was well understood and employed in pre-Gutenberg Europe had been cropping up since the 12th century and possibly before . The known examples range from Germany ( Prüfening inscription ) to England ( letter tiles ) to Italy . However , the various techniques employed ( imprinting , punching and assembling individual letters ) did not have the refinement and efficiency needed to become widely accepted . Gutenberg greatly improved the process by treating typesetting and printing as two separate work steps . A goldsmith by profession , he created his type pieces from a lead - based alloy which suited printing purposes so well that it is still used today . The mass production of metal letters was achieved by his key invention of a special hand mould , the matrix . The Latin alphabet proved to be an enormous advantage in the process because , in contrast to logographic writing systems , it allowed the type - setter to represent any text with a theoretical minimum of only around two dozen different letters . Another factor conducive to printing arose from the book existing in the format of the codex , which had originated in the Roman period . Considered the most important advance in the history of the book prior to printing itself , the codex had completely replaced the ancient scroll at the onset of the Middle Ages ( 500 AD ) .", "4": "The codex holds considerable practical advantages over the scroll format ; it is more convenient to read ( by turning pages ) , is more compact , less costly , and , in particular , unlike the scroll , both recto and verso could be used for writing − and printing . A paper codex of the acclaimed 42 - line Bible , Gutenberg 's major work A fourth development was the early success of medieval papermakers at mechanizing paper manufacture . The introduction of water - powered paper mills , the first certain evidence of which dates to 1282 , allowed for a massive expansion of production and replaced the laborious handcraft characteristic of both Chinese and Muslim papermaking . Papermaking centres began to multiply in the late 13th century in Italy , reducing the price of paper to one sixth of parchment and then falling further ; papermaking centers reached Germany a century later . Despite this it appears that the final breakthrough of paper depended just as much on the rapid spread of movable - type printing . It is notable that codices of parchment , which in terms of quality is superior to any other writing material , still had a substantial share in Gutenberg 's edition of the 42 - line Bible . After much experimentation , Gutenberg managed to overcome the difficulties which traditional water - based inks caused by soaking the paper , and found the formula for an oil - based ink suitable for high - quality printing with metal type . Function and approach This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This woodcut from 1568 shows the left printer removing a page from the press while the one at right inks the text - blocks . Such a duo could reach 14,000 hand movements per working day , printing around 3,600 pages in the process . A printing press , in its classical form , is a standing mechanism , ranging from 5 to 7 feet ( 1.5 to 2.1 m ) long , 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) wide , and 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) tall .", "5": "Type , small metal letters that have a raised letter on one end , is arranged into pages and placed in a frame to make a forme , which itself is placed onto a flat stone , ' bed , ' or ' coffin . ' The text is inked using two balls , pads mounted on handles . The balls were made of dog skin leather , because it has no pores , and stuffed with sheep 's wool and were inked . This ink was then applied to the text evenly . One damp piece of paper was then taken from a heap of paper and placed on the tympan . The paper was damp as this lets the type ' bite ' into the paper better . Small pins hold the paper in place . The paper is now held between a frisket and tympan ( two frames covered with paper or parchment ) . These are folded down , so that the paper lies on the surface of the inked type . The bed is rolled under the platen , using a windlass mechanism . A small rotating handle is used called the ' rounce ' to do this , and the impression is made with a screw that transmits pressure through the platen . To turn the screw the long handle attached to it is turned . This is known as the bar or ' Devil 's Tail . ' In a well - set - up press , the springiness of the paper , frisket , and tympan caused the bar to spring back and raise the platen , the windlass turned again to move the bed back to its original position , the tympan and frisket raised and opened , and the printed sheet removed . Such presses were always worked by hand . After around 1800 , iron presses were developed , some of which could be operated by steam power . Gutenberg 's press See also : Letterpress printing Johannes Gutenberg 's work on the printing press began in approximately 1436 when he partnered with Andreas Dritzehn -- a man who had previously instructed in gem - cutting -- and Andreas Heilmann , owner of a paper mill . However , it was not until a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg that an official record existed ; witnesses ' testimony discussed Gutenberg 's types , an inventory of metals ( including lead ) , and his type molds .", "6": "Having previously worked as a professional goldsmith , Gutenberg made skillful use of the knowledge of metals he had learned as a craftsman . He was the first to make type from an alloy of lead , tin , and antimony , which was critical for producing durable type that produced high - quality printed books and proved to be much better suited for printing than all other known materials . To create these lead types , Gutenberg used what is considered one of his most ingenious inventions , a special matrix enabling the quick and precise molding of new type blocks from a uniform template . His type case is estimated to have contained around 290 separate letter boxes , most of which were required for special characters , ligatures , punctuation marks , and so forth . Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of an oil - based ink which was more durable than the previously used water - based inks . As printing material he used both paper and vellum ( high - quality parchment ) . In the Gutenberg Bible , Gutenberg made a trial of coloured printing for a few of the page headings , present only in some copies . A later work , the Mainz Psalter of 1453 , presumably designed by Gutenberg but published under the imprint of his successors Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer , had elaborate red and blue printed initials . The printing Revolution The Printing Revolution occurred when the spread of the printing press facilitated the wide circulation of information and ideas , acting as an `` agent of change '' through the societies that it reached . ( Eisenstein ( 1980 ) ) Mass production and spread of printed books See also : Global spread of the printing press and List of early modern newspapers Spread of printing in the 15th century from Mainz , Germany The European book output rose from a few million to around one billion copies within a span of less than four centuries . The invention of mechanical movable type printing led to a huge increase of printing activities across Europe within only a few decades . From a single print shop in Mainz , Germany , printing had spread to no less than around 270 cities in Central , Western and Eastern Europe by the end of the 15th century . As early as 1480 , there were printers active in 110 different places in Germany , Italy , France , Spain , the Netherlands , Belgium , Switzerland , England , Bohemia and Poland .", "7": "From that time on , it is assumed that `` the printed book was in universal use in Europe '' . In Italy , a center of early printing , print shops had been established in 77 cities and towns by 1500 . At the end of the following century , 151 locations in Italy had seen at one time printing activities , with a total of nearly three thousand printers known to be active . Despite this proliferation , printing centres soon emerged ; thus , one third of the Italian printers published in Venice . By 1500 , the printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million copies . In the following century , their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies . European printing presses of around 1600 were capable of producing about 1,500 impressions per workday . By comparison , book printing in East Asia , did not use presses and was solely done by block printing . Of Erasmus 's work , at least 750,000 copies were sold during his lifetime alone ( 1469 -- 1536 ) . In the early days of the Reformation , the revolutionary potential of bulk printing took princes and papacy alike by surprise . In the period from 1518 to 1524 , the publication of books in Germany alone skyrocketed sevenfold ; between 1518 and 1520 , Luther 's tracts were distributed in 300,000 printed copies . The rapidity of typographical text production , as well as the sharp fall in unit costs , led to the issuing of the first newspapers ( see Relation ) which opened up an entirely new field for conveying up - to - date information to the public . Incunable are surviving pre-16th century print works which are collected by many of the libraries in Europe and North America . Circulation of information and ideas See also : The Gutenberg Galaxy `` Modern Book Printing '' sculpture , commemorating Gutenberg 's invention on the occasion of the 2006 World Cup in Germany The printing press was also a factor in the establishment of a community of scientists who could easily communicate their discoveries through the establishment of widely disseminated scholarly journals , helping to bring on the scientific revolution . Because of the printing press , authorship became more meaningful and profitable . It was suddenly important who had said or written what , and what the precise formulation and time of composition was .", "8": "This allowed the exact citing of references , producing the rule , `` One Author , one work ( title ) , one piece of information '' ( Giesecke , 1989 ; 325 ) . Before , the author was less important , since a copy of Aristotle made in Paris would not be exactly identical to one made in Bologna . For many works prior to the printing press , the name of the author has been entirely lost . Because the printing process ensured that the same information fell on the same pages , page numbering , tables of contents , and indices became common , though they previously had not been unknown . The process of reading also changed , gradually moving over several centuries from oral readings to silent , private reading . Over the next 200 years , the wider availability of printed materials led to a dramatic rise in the adult literacy rate throughout Europe . The printing press was an important step towards the democratization of knowledge . Within 50 or 60 years of the invention of the printing press , the entire classical canon had been reprinted and widely promulgated throughout Europe ( Eisenstein , 1969 ; 52 ) . More people had access to knowledge both new and old , more people could discuss these works . Book production became more commercialised , and the first copyright laws were passed . On the other hand , the printing press was criticized for allowing the dissemination of information which may have been incorrect . A second outgrowth of this popularization of knowledge was the decline of Latin as the language of most published works , to be replaced by the vernacular language of each area , increasing the variety of published works . The printed word also helped to unify and standardize the spelling and syntax of these vernaculars , in effect ' decreasing ' their variability . This rise in importance of national languages as opposed to pan-European Latin is cited as one of the causes of the rise of nationalism in Europe . A third consequence of popularization of printing was on the economy . The printing press was associated with higher levels of city growth . The publication of trade related manuals and books teaching techniques like double - entry bookkeeping increased the reliability of trade and led to the decline of merchant guilds and the rise of individual traders .", "9": "Industrial printing presses See also : History of printing At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution , the mechanics of the hand - operated Gutenberg - style press were still essentially unchanged , although new materials in its construction , amongst other innovations , had gradually improved its printing efficiency . By 1800 , Lord Stanhope had built a press completely from cast iron which reduced the force required by 90 % , while doubling the size of the printed area . With a capacity of 480 pages per hour , the Stanhope press doubled the output of the old style press . Nonetheless , the limitations inherent to the traditional method of printing became obvious . Koenig 's 1814 steam - powered printing press Two ideas altered the design of the printing press radically : First , the use of steam power for running the machinery , and second the replacement of the printing flatbed with the rotary motion of cylinders . Both elements were for the first time successfully implemented by the German printer Friedrich Koenig in a series of press designs devised between 1802 and 1818 . Having moved to London in 1804 , Koenig soon met Thomas Bensley and secured financial support for his project in 1807 . Patented in 1810 , Koenig had designed a steam press `` much like a hand press connected to a steam engine . '' The first production trial of this model occurred in April 1811 . He produced his machine with assistance from German engineer Andreas Friedrich Bauer . Koenig and Bauer sold two of their first models to The Times in London in 1814 , capable of 1,100 impressions per hour . The first edition so printed was on 28 November 1814 . They went on to perfect the early model so that it could print on both sides of a sheet at once . This began the long process of making newspapers available to a mass audience ( which in turn helped spread literacy ) , and from the 1820s changed the nature of book production , forcing a greater standardization in titles and other metadata . Their company Koenig & Bauer AG is still one of the world 's largest manufacturers of printing presses today . Rotary press The steam powered rotary printing press , invented in 1843 in the United States by Richard M. Hoe , allowed millions of copies of a page in a single day .", "10": "Mass production of printed works flourished after the transition to rolled paper , as continuous feed allowed the presses to run at a much faster pace . By the late 1930s or early 1940s , rotary presses had increased substantially in efficiency : a model by Platen Printing Press was capable of performing 2,500 to 3,000 impressions per hour . Also , in the middle of the 19th century , there was a separate development of jobbing presses , small presses capable of printing small - format pieces such as billheads , letterheads , business cards , and envelopes . Jobbing presses were capable of quick set - up ( average setup time for a small job was under 15 minutes ) and quick production ( even on treadle - powered jobbing presses it was considered normal to get 1,000 impressions per hour ( iph ) with one pressman , with speeds of 1,500 iph often attained on simple envelope work ) . Job printing emerged as a reasonably cost - effective duplicating solution for commerce at this time . Gallery Model of the Common Press , used from 1650 to 1850 Printing press from 1811 Stanhope press from 1842 Imprenta Press V John Sherwin from 1860 See also General Imprimatur Printing Typography Printing presses Adana Printing Presses Albion press Columbian Printing Press Flexography Vertical print press Other inventions Color printing Lithography Offset printing Desktop publishing Electronic publishing Computer printer Composing stick Notes Jump up ^ For example , in 1999 , the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg no . 1 on their `` People of the Millennium '' countdown . In 1997 , Time -- Life magazine picked Gutenberg 's invention as the most important of the second millennium Archived 10 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine. ; the same did four prominent US journalists in their 1998 resume 1,000 Years , 1,000 People : Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium . The Johann Gutenberg entry of the Catholic Encyclopedia describes his invention as having made a practically unparalleled cultural impact in the Christian era .", "11": "Jump up ^ McLuhan 1962 ; Eisenstein 1980 ; Febvre & Martin 1997 ; Man 2002 ^ Jump up to : Tsien Tsuen - Hsuin ; Joseph Needham ( 1985 ) . Paper and Printing . Science and Civilisation in China . 5 part 1 . Cambridge University Press . p. 158,201 . ^ Jump up to : Briggs , Asa and Burke , Peter ( 2002 ) A Social History of the Media : from Gutenberg to the Internet , Polity , Cambridge , pp. 15 -- 23 , 61 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : Febvre , Lucien ; Martin , Henri - Jean ( 1976 ) : `` The Coming of the Book : The Impact of Printing 1450 -- 1800 '' , London : New Left Books , quoted in : Anderson , Benedict : `` Comunidades Imaginadas . Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo '' , Fondo de cultura económica , Mexico 1993 , ISBN 978 - 968 - 16 - 3867 - 2 , pp. 58f . Jump up ^ Weber 2006 , p. 387 : At the same time , then , as the printing press in the physical , technological sense was invented , ' the press ' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage . The phenomenon of publishing was born . Jump up ^ Anderson , Benedict : `` Comunidades Imaginadas . Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo '' , Fondo de cultura económica , Mexico 1993 , ISBN 978 - 968 - 16 - 3867 - 2 , pp. 63 -- 76 Jump up ^ Gerhardt 1978 , p. 217 Jump up ^ Eisenstein 1980 ; Febvre & Martin 1997 ; Man 2002 Jump up ^ Jones , Colin . The Cambridge Illustrated History of France ( 1st ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 133 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43294 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp.", "12": "21 -- 35 Jump up ^ Onken 2009 ; White 1984 , pp. 31f. ; Schneider 2007 , pp. 156 -- 159 Jump up ^ Schneider 2007 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Schulte 1939 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 39f . Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 39 -- 46 Jump up ^ Germany : Brekle 1995 , pp. 23 -- 26 ; Brekle 1997 , p. 62 ; Brekle 2005 , p. 25 ; England : Lehmann - Haupt 1940 , pp. 93 -- 97 ; Brekle 1997 , p. 62 ; Italy : Lipinsky 1986 , pp. 75 -- 80 ; Koch 1994 , p. 213 . Lipinsky surmises that this typographical technique was known in Constantinople from the 10th to 12th century and that the Venetians received it from there ( p. 78 ) . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 : `` Printing '' , retrieved 27 November 2006 Jump up ^ Childress 2008 , pp. 51 -- 55 Jump up ^ Childress 2008 , pp. 51 -- 55 ; Hellinga 2007 , p. 208 : Gutenberg 's invention took full advantage of the degree of abstraction in representing language forms that was offered by the alphabet and by the Western forms of script that were current in the fifteenth century . Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 24 -- 30 Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 1 , 38 -- 67 , 75 : The most momentous development in the history of the book until the invention of printing was the replacement of the roll by the codex ; this we may define as a collection of sheets of any material , folded double and fastened together at the back or spine , and usually protected by covers . ( p. 1 ) Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 45 -- 53 .", "13": "Technically speaking , a scroll could be written on its back side , too , but the very few ancient specimen found indicate that this was never considered a viable option . ( p. 46 ) Jump up ^ Burns 1996 , p. 418 Jump up ^ Thompson 1978 , p. 169 ; Tsien 1985 , p. 68 − 73 ; Lucas 2005 , p. 28 , fn. 70 Jump up ^ Thompson 1978 , p. 169 ; Burns 1996 , pp. 414 -- 417 Jump up ^ Burns 1996 , p. 417 Jump up ^ Febvre & Martin 1997 , pp. 41 -- 44 ; Burns 1996 , p. 419 : In the West , the only inhibiting expense in the production of writings for an increasingly literate market was the manual labor of the scribe himself . With his mechanization by movable - type printing in the 1440s , the manufacture of paper , until then relatively confined , began to spread very widely . The Paper Revolution of the thirteenth century thus entered a new era . Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 7f. : Despite all that has been said above , even the strongest supporters of papyrus would not deny that parchment of good quality is the finest writing material ever devised by man . It is immensely strong , remains flexible indefinitely under normal conditions , does not deteriorate with age , and possesses a smooth , even surface which is both pleasant to the eye and provides unlimited scope for the finest writing and illumination . Jump up ^ The ratio between paper and parchment copies is estimated at around 150 to 30 ( Hanebutt - Benz 2000 , pp. 158 -- 189 ) . Jump up ^ Childress 2008 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 67f. : From old price tables it can be deduced that the capacity of a printing press around 1600 , assuming a fifteen - hour workday , was between 3,200 and 3,600 impressions per day .", "14": "Jump up ^ ( 1 ) RIND Survey ( The Press Institute of India - Research Institute for Newspaper Development ) June 2015 , p14 ^ Jump up to : Meggs , Philip B. A History of Graphic Design . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. 1998 . ( pp 58 -- 69 ) ISBN 0 - 471 - 29198 - 6 Jump up ^ Mahnke 2009 , p. 290 Jump up ^ Kapr 1996 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Kapr 1996 , p. 203 Jump up ^ Buringh & van Zanden 2009 , p. 417 , table 2 Jump up ^ `` Incunabula Short Title Catalogue '' . British Library . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Borsa 1976 , p. 314 ; Borsa 1977 , p. 166 − 169 Jump up ^ Pollak , Michael ( 1972 ) . `` The performance of the wooden printing press '' . The library quarterly . 42 ( 2 ) : 218 -- 264 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Needham 1965 , p. 211 : The outstanding difference between the two ends of the Old World was the absence of screw - presses from China , but this is only another manifestation of the fact that this basic mechanism was foreign to that culture . Widmann 1974 , p. 34 , fn. 14 : In East Asia , both woodblock and movable type printing were manual reproduction techniques , that is hand printing . Duchesne 2006 , p. 83 ; Man 2002 , pp. 112 -- 115 : Chinese paper was suitable only for calligraphy or block - printing ; there were no screw - based presses in the east , because they were not wine - drinkers , did n't have olives , and used other means to dry their paper . Jump up ^ Issawi 1980 , pp. 492 Jump up ^ Duchesne 2006 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Weber 2006 , pp. 387f .", "15": "Jump up ^ The British Library Incunabula Short Title Catalogue gives 29,777 separate editions ( not copies ) as of 8 January 2008 , which however includes some print items from the 16th century ( retrieved 11 March 2010 ) . According to Bettina Wagner : `` Das Second - Life der Wiegendrucke . Die Inkunabelsammlung der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek '' , in : Griebel , Rolf ; Ceynowa , Klaus ( eds . ) : `` Information , Innovation , Inspiration. 450 Jahre Bayerische Staatsbibliothek '' , KG Saur , München 2008 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 598 - 11772 - 5 , pp. 207 -- 224 ( 207f . ) , the Incunabula Short Title Catalogue lists 28,107 editions published before 1501 . Jump up ^ Peck , Josh . `` The State of Publishing : Literacy Rates . '' McSweeney 's Internet Tendency . McSweeney , 5 July 2011 . Web . 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Malte Herwig , `` Google 's Total Library '' , Spiegel Online International , Mar. 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Howard Rheingold , `` Moblogs Seen as a Crystal Ball for a New Era in Online Journalism '' , Online Journalism Review , Jul. 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eshgh , Amy . `` Copyright Timeline : A History of Copyright in the United States Association of Research Libraries ® ARL ® '' . www.arl.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Julia C. Crick ; Alexandra Walsham ( 2004 ) . The uses of script and print , 1300 -- 1700 . Cambridge University Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81063 - 0 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Nick Bilton ( 14 September 2010 ) . I Live in the Future & Here 's How It Works : Why Your World , Work , and Brain Are Being Creatively Disrupted .", "16": "Random House Digital , Inc. p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 59111 - 1 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeremiah Dittmar . `` Information technology and economic change : The impact of the printing press '' . VoxEU . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Prateek Raj . `` How the Postal System and the Printing Press Transformed European Markets '' . Evonomics . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Meggs , Philip B. A History of Graphic Design . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. 1998 . ( pp 130 -- 133 ) ISBN 0 - 471 - 29198 - 6 Jump up ^ Bolza 1967 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Bolza 1967 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Meggs , Philip B. ( 1998 ) . A History of Graphic Design ( Third ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 29198 - 5 . References On the effects of the printing press Boruchoff , David A. ( 2012 ) , `` The Three Greatest Inventions of Modern Times : An Idea and Its Public '' , in Klaus Hock ; Gesa Mackenthun , Entangled Knowledge : Scientific Discourses and Cultural Difference , Münster : Waxmann , pp. 133 -- 163 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8309 - 2729 - 7 Buringh , Eltjo ; van Zanden , Jan Luiten ( 2009 ) , `` Charting the `` Rise of the West '' : Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe , A Long - Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries `` , The Journal of Economic History , 69 ( 2 ) : 409 -- 445 , doi : 10.1017 / s0022050709000837 Eisenstein , Elizabeth L. ( 1980 ) , The Printing Press as an Agent of Change , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29955 - 1 Eisenstein , Elizabeth L.", "17": "( 2005 ) , The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe ( 2nd , rev . ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 60774 - 4 ( More recent , abridged version ) Febvre , Lucien ; Martin , Henri - Jean ( 1997 ) , The Coming of the Book : The Impact of Printing 1450 -- 1800 , London : Verso , ISBN 1 - 85984 - 108 - 2 Man , John ( 2002 ) , The Gutenberg Revolution : The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World , London : Headline Review , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7472 - 4504 - 9 McLuhan , Marshall ( 1962 ) , The Gutenberg Galaxy : The Making of Typographic Man ( 1st ed . ) , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6041 - 9 Technology of printing Bechtel , G. ( 1992 ) , Gutenberg et l'invention de l'imprimerie , Paris : Fayard , ISBN 2 - 213 - 02865 - 6 Bolza , Hans ( 1967 ) , `` Friedrich Koenig und die Erfindung der Druckmaschine '' , Technikgeschichte , 34 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 89 Borsa , Gedeon ( 1976 ) , `` Druckorte in Italien vor 1601 '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 311 -- 314 Borsa , Gedeon ( 1977 ) , `` Drucker in Italien vor 1601 '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 166 -- 169 Brekle , Herbert E. ( 1995 ) , `` Eine weitere Spur einer typographischen Werkstatt beim Kloster Prüfening im 12 . Jahrhundert '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch , 70 : 23 -- 26 Brekle , Herbert E. ( 1997 ) , `` Das typographische Prinzip . Versuch einer Begriffsklärung '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch , 72 : 58 -- 63 Brekle , Herbert E.", "18": "( 2005 ) , Die Prüfeninger Weihinschrift von 1119 . Eine paläographisch - typographische Untersuchung ( brief summary ) , Regensburg : Scriptorium Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft , ISBN 3 - 937527 - 06 - 0 Burns , Robert I. ( 1996 ) , `` Paper comes to the West , 800 -- 1400 '' , in Lindgren , Uta , Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400 . Tradition und Innovation ( 4th ed . ) , Berlin : Gebr . Mann Verlag , pp. 413 -- 422 , ISBN 3 - 7861 - 1748 - 9 Childress , Diana ( 2008 ) , Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press , Minneapolis : Twenty - First Century Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 4024 - 9 Ch'on Hye - bong : `` Typography in Korea '' , Koreana , Vol. 7 , No. 2 ( 1993 ) , pp. 10 -- 19 Stearns , Peter N ( ed . ) . Encyclopedia of World History ( 6 ed . ) . The Houghton Mifflin Company / Bartleby.com . Citation Crompton , Samuel Willard ( 2004 ) , The Printing Press . Transforming Power of Technology , Philadelphia : Chelsea House Publishers , ISBN 0 - 7910 - 7451 - X Duchesne , Ricardo ( 2006 ) , `` Asia First ? '' , The Journal of the Historical Society , 6 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 91 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 5923.2006. 00168. x Fontaine , Jean - Paul ( 1999 ) , L'aventure du livre : Du manuscrit medieval a nos jours , Paris : Bibliothèque de l'image Gerhardt , Claus W. ( 1971 ) , `` Warum wurde die Gutenberg - Presse erst nach über 350 Jahren durch ein besseres System abgelöst ? ''", "19": ", Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 43 -- 57 Gerhardt , Claus W. ( 1978 ) , `` Besitzt Gutenbergs Erfindung heute noch einen Wert ? '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 212 -- 217 Hanebutt - Benz , Eva - Maria ( 2000 ) , `` Gutenbergs Erfindungen '' , Gutenberg . Aventur und Kunst : Vom Geheimunternehmen zur ersten Medienrevolution , Mainz : Stadt Mainz , pp. 158 -- 189 Hellinga , Lotte ( 2007 ) , `` The Gutenberg Revolutions '' , in Eliot , Simon ; Rose , Jonathan , A Companion to the History of the Book , Blackwell Publishing , pp. 207 -- 220 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2765 - 3 Hind , Arthur M. , An Introduction to a History of Woodcut , Houghton Mifflin Co. 1935 ( in USA ) , reprinted Dover Publications , 1963 ISBN 0 - 486 - 20952 - 0 Issawi , Charles ( 1980 ) , `` Europe , the Middle East and the Shift in Power : Reflections on a Theme by Marshall Hodgson '' , Comparative Studies in Society and History , 22 ( 4 ) : 487 -- 504 , doi : 10.1017 / s001041750000949x Kapr , Albert ( 1996 ) , Johannes Gutenberg . The Man and his Invention , Aldershot : Scolar , ISBN 1 - 85928 - 114 - 1 Koch , Walter ( 1994 ) , Literaturbericht zur mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Epigraphik ( 1985 -- 1991 ) , Monumenta Germaniae Historica : Hilfsmittel , 14 , München , p. 213 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 88612 - 114 - 4 Lehmann - Haupt , Hellmut ( 1940 ) , `` Englische Holzstempelalphabete des XIII .", "20": "Jahrhunderts '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 93 -- 97 Lipinsky , Angelo ( 1986 ) , `` La pala argentea del Patriarca Pellegrino nella Collegiata di Cividale e le sue iscrizioni con caratteri mobili '' , Ateneo Veneto , 24 : 75 -- 80 Lucas , Adam Robert ( 2005 ) , `` Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds . A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe '' , Technology and Culture , 46 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 30 , doi : 10.1353 / tech. 2005.0026 Mahnke , Helmut ( 2009 ) , Der kunstreiche Johannes Gutenberg und die Frühzeit der Druckkunst , Norderstedt : Books on Demand , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8370 - 5041 - 7 Needham , Joseph : `` Science and Civilisation in China '' , Physics and Physical Technology ( Vol. 4 ) , Mechanical Engineering ( Part 2 ) , Cambridge University Press , 1965 Onken , Björn ( 2009 ) , `` Presses '' , in Cancik , Hubert ; Schneider , Helmuth , Brill 's New Pauly Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 : `` Printing '' . Retrieved 27 November 2006 Roberts , Colin H. ; Skeat , T.C. ( 1983 ) , The Birth of the Codex , London : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 726024 - 1 Schneider , Helmuth ( 2007 ) , `` Technology '' , in Scheidel , Walter ; Morris , Ian ; Saller , Richard , The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco - Roman World , Cambridge University Press , pp.", "21": "144 -- 171 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78053 - 7 Schulte , Alfred ( 1939 ) , `` Papierpresse , Druckerpresse und Kelter '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 52 -- 56 Thompson , Susan ( 1978 ) , `` Paper Manufacturing and Early Books '' , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 314 : 167 -- 176 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1978. tb47791. x Tsien , Tsuen - Hsuin ( 1985 ) , Paper and Printing , Science and Civilisation in China , Chemistry and Chemical Technology ( Vol. 5 , Part 1 ) , Cambridge University Press Weber , Johannes ( 2006 ) , `` Strassburg , 1605 : The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe '' , German History , 24 ( 3 ) : 387 -- 412 , doi : 10.1191 / 0266355406gh380oa White , K.D. ( 1984 ) , Greek and Roman Technology , London : Thames and Hudson Widmann , Hans ( 1974 ) , `` Der koreanische Buchdruck und Gutenbergs Erfindung '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 32 -- 34 Wolf , Hans - Jürgen ( 1974 ) , Geschichte der Druckpressen ( 1st ed . ) , Frankfurt / Main : Interprint External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Printing press .", "22": "Centre for the History of the Book Gutenberg printing − Photos of Incunabula and the Gutenberg Bible ( 1455 ) Internet Archive : Printing ( 1947 ) − a film from the Prelinger Archives explaining the printing industry ( hide ) Letterpress printing History of printing Printer Ways to make impressions Movable type Type casting Type metal Punchcutter Matrix Blocks and plates Stereotype Logographic printing Wood engraving Electrotype Zinc etching Typesetting Manual typesetting Type case Composing stick Sort Slug Strut Reglet Furniture Leading Quoin Chase Forme Hellbox Hot metal typesetting Linotype machine Monotype System Ludlow Typograph Intertype Machine Paige Compositor Printing press Parts of a press Platen Frisket Tympan Bed Inking Offset ink Ink ball Composition roller Types of presses Hand press Stanhope Columbian Albion Jobbing press Golding & Company Chandler & Price Colt 's Armory Cylinder press Rotary press Other equipment Folding machine Paper cutter Addressograph Related arts Typography Bookbinding Printmaking Papermaking GND : 4523304 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "23": "php?title=Printing_press&oldid=832353244 '' Categories : Printing Johannes Gutenberg 1445 introductions Textual scholarship Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Magyar मराठी Nederlands Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Patois Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 ,", "24": "at 13 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7013558643530386167	who lives in the texas chainsaw massacre house	[ "an investor couple in Austin, Texas" ]	{ "0": "Texas Chainsaw house - wikipedia Texas Chainsaw house Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 30 ° 39 ′ 36.8 '' N 98 ° 26 ′ 13.7 '' W / 30.660222 ° N 98.437139 ° W / 30.660222 ; - 98.437139 The so - called Chainsaw House was moved from the La Frontera site to Kingsland in 1998 and restored for use as a restaurant as part of a hotel and railroad district . The Texas Chainsaw House is located in Kingsland , Texas , on the grounds of The Antlers Hotel . This 1900s Victorian house was featured prominently in the 1974 film The Texas Chain Saw Massacre as the home of Leatherface and his cannibalistic family , before it was moved to this location from Williamson County in 1998 . The then - dilapidated farm house originally sat on Quick Hill Road during the July - August 1973 filming of the movie , then sat vacant and deteriorating . The original site is where La Frontera is now located , in Round Rock . Location of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre farmhouse at Quick Hill -- 30 ° 28 ′ 49 '' N 97 ° 41 ′ 33 '' W / 30.480277 ° N 97.692522 ° W / 30.480277 ; - 97.692522 ( Site of ' The Texas Chain Saw Massacre ' farmhouse at Quick Hill ) In 1998 , the house was cut into six pieces in order to be moved , then reassembled and restored to its original condition by master carpenter Anthony Mayfield on behalf of an investor couple in Austin , Texas . The house was a `` pattern book '' house , ordered from a catalog and assembled on site from a package of materials brought by wagon from a local lumber company . Research indicates it was likely built between 1908 and 1910 .", "1": "An identical twin house was later discovered nearby and was also renovated and is now located in Georgetown , Texas Contents ( hide ) 1 Identical twins 1.1 Film sets 2 Other Homes Appearing in Texas Chainsaw films 3 See also 4 References Identical twins ( edit ) A densely overgrown identical twin of the house was later found at La Frontera as well , and it too was cut into pieces and moved , but to nearby Georgetown and restored . It is known locally as the Burkland - Frisk house as it was built by an early settler in Williamson County , Leonard Frisk , and was later owned by Tony Burkland , a relative of the Frisk family . The house originally set across the street from the Chainsaw house , on Quick Hill Road . But it was later moved to another location within La Frontera and was not originally recognized as a twin because of the dilapidated condition of the house and it being completely overgrown with plants and trees . It was moved in 2006 and restored by the developers of La Frontera , Don Martin and Bill Smalling ( 1953 -- 2008 ) . It sits on San Gabriel Village Blvd prominently overlooking the South San Gabriel River and is used as an office . Film sets ( edit ) Replicas of the original house were built as sets for Texas Chainsaw 3D and the 2017 prequel Leatherface . Other homes appearing in Texas Chainsaw films ( edit ) The Hewitt House is a privately owned , six bedroom working farm house . It was built in Austin , Texas in the 1850s where the University of Texas at Austin now stands . The house was then moved by train to 901 County Road 336 Granger , Texas in the 1930s , and restored . This house was featured in the 2003 remake The Texas Chainsaw Massacre , as well as in the 2006 prequel to said remake , The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning . See also ( edit ) Antlers Hotel ( Kingsland , Texas ) La Frontera ( Round Rock , Texas ) Kingsland , Texas Georgetown , Texas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Film Locations for the Texas Chainsaw Massacre '' . Worldwide Guide to Film Locations .", "2": "Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Pack , MM ( 2003 - 10 - 23 ) . `` The Killing Fields : A culinary history of ' The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ' farmhouse '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Matt Phillips . `` TCM Sister House '' . web publication . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeff Dorsch ( 20 January 2002 ) . `` Twin to Texas Chainsaw Massacre House Moves to Georgetown '' . Williamson County Sun . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Matt Phillips . `` TCM Sister House '' . web publication . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germaine ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Leatherface ' Texas Chainsaw 3D ' Set Visit : A House of Horrors Rebuilt , a Franchise Revered '' . Slash Film . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Tony ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Leatherface Producers Christa Campbell and Lati Grobman Interview '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 .", "3": "Jump up ^ https://roadtrippers.com/us/granger-tx/attractions/the-hewitt-house-texas-chainsaw-massacre-location?lat=40.80972&lng=-96.67528&z=5 ( hide ) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Films The Texas Chain Saw Massacre ( 1974 ) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Next Generation The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( 2003 ) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning Texas Chainsaw 3D Leatherface Characters Characters Leatherface Sally Hardesty Miscellaneous Chain Saw Confidential Comics Texas Chainsaw House Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_Chainsaw_House&oldid=807967107 '' Categories : Railway hotels in the United States Filming locations by franchise The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Queen Anne architecture in Texas Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 02 : 41 . 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7988342159023966553	when do wood thrushes fly when they are migrating	[ "at night,[10] allowing them to find their direction from the stars and orient themselves by detecting the Earth's magnetic field", "at night", "in the winter" ]	{ "0": "Wood thrush - wikipedia Wood thrush Jump to : navigation , search Wood thrush Song Song Conservation status Near Threatened ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Passeriformes Family : Turdidae Genus : Hylocichla Baird , 1864 Species : H. mustelina Binomial name Hylocichla mustelina ( Gmelin , 1789 ) Synonyms Catharus mustelinus The wood thrush ( Hylocichla mustelina ) is a North American passerine bird . It is closely related to other thrushes such as the American robin and is widely distributed across North America , wintering in Central America and southern Mexico . The wood thrush is the official bird of the District of Columbia . The wood thrush is a medium - sized thrush , with brown upper parts with mottled brown and white underparts . The male and female are similar in appearance . The song of the male is often cited as being the most beautiful in North America . The wood thrush is an omnivore , and feeds preferentially on soil invertebrates and larvae , but will also eat fruits . In the summer , it feeds on insects continuously in order to meet daily metabolic needs . It is solitary , but sometimes forms mixed - species flocks . The wood thrush defends a territory that ranges in size from 800 to 28,000 m ( 960 to 33,490 sq yd ) . The wood thrush is monogamous , and its breeding season begins in the spring ; about 50 % of all mated pairs are able to raise two broods , ranging in size from two to four chicks .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 2.1 Vocalizations 3 Distribution and habitat 3.1 Conservation status 3.2 Vagrancy 4 Behavior 4.1 Diet 4.2 Predation 4.3 Reproduction 5 References 6 External links Taxonomy ( edit ) The only member of the genus Hylocichla , the wood thrush was described by German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1789 . The generic name is a direct translation of its common name , derived from the Greek words hyle / ύλη `` woodland '' and cichle / κιχλη `` thrush '' or `` fieldfare '' . The specific name comes from the Latin mustela `` weasel '' . It is closely related to the other typical American thrushes of the genus Catharus , and is sometimes merged into that genus . It has been considered close to the long - distance migrant species of that genus , as opposed to the generally resident nightingale - thrushes , but this appears to be erroneous . The wood thrush also appears to be fairly closely related to the large Turdus thrushes , such as the American robin . Description ( edit ) In Central Park , New York City The adult wood thrush is 18 to 21.5 cm ( 7.1 to 8.5 in ) long , with a wingspan of 30 to 40 cm ( 12 to 16 in ) and a body mass of 48 to 72 g ( 1.7 to 2.5 oz ) . Among standard measurements , the wing chord is 9.6 to 11.6 cm ( 3.8 to 4.6 in ) , the bill is 1.6 to 2 cm ( 0.63 to 0.79 in ) and the tarsus is 2.8 to 3.3 cm ( 1.1 to 1.3 in ) . It is distinctly larger than the Catharus thrushes with which the species is often sympatric but slightly smaller than the common American robin . The longest known lifespan for a wood thrush in the wild is 8 years , 11 months .", "2": "The crown , nape , and upper back are cinnamon - brown , while the back wings , and tail are a slightly duller brown . The breast and belly are white with large dark brown spots on the breast , sides , and flanks . It has white eye rings and pink legs . Other brownish thrushes have finer spotting on the breast . The juvenile looks similar to adults , but has additional spots on the back , neck , and wing coverts . The male and female are similar in size and plumage . Vocalizations ( edit ) The wood thrush has been reported to have one of the most beautiful songs of North American birds . American naturalist Henry David Thoreau wrote : Whenever a man hears it he is young , and Nature is in her spring ; wherever he hears it , it is a new world and a free country , and the gates of Heaven are not shut against him . While the female is not known to sing , the male has a unique song that has three parts . The first subsong component is often inaudible unless the listener is close , and consists of two to six short , low - pitched notes such as bup , bup , bup . The middle part is a loud phrase often written ee - oh - lay , and the third part is a ventriloquial , trill - like phrase of non-harmonic pairs of notes given rapidly and simultaneously . The male is able to sing two notes at once , which gives its song an ethereal , flute - like quality . Each individual bird has its own repertoire based on combinations of variations of the three parts . Songs are often repeated in order . The bup , bup , bup phrase is also sometimes used as a call , which is louder and at a greater frequency when the bird is agitated . The wood thrush also use a tut , tut to signal agitation . The nocturnal flight call is an emphatic buzzing heeh . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) The wood thrush 's breeding range extends from Manitoba , Ontario and Nova Scotia in southern Canada to northern Florida and from the Atlantic coast to the Missouri River and the eastern Great Plains . It migrates to southern Mexico through to Panama in Central America in the winter , mostly in the lowlands along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts . It generally arrives on the U.S.", "3": "Gulf Coast during the first week of April . Fall migration usually begins in mid-August and continues through mid-September . Migration takes place at night , allowing them to find their direction from the stars and orient themselves by detecting the Earth 's magnetic field . The wood thrush prefers deciduous and mixed forests for breeding . It prefers late - successional , upland mesic forests with a moderately - dense shrub layer . Robert I. Bertin ( 1977 ) found that this thrush favors areas with running water , moist ground , and high understorey cover . The breeding habitat generally includes trees taller than 16 m ( 52 ft ) , a fairly open forest floor , moist soil , and leaf litter , with substrate moisture more important than either canopy cover or access to running water . The wood thrush can breed in habitat patches as small as 0.4 hectares ( 0.99 acres ) , but it runs the risk of higher predation and nest parasitism . The wood thrush 's breeding range has expanded northward , displacing the veery and hermit thrush in some locations . In recent times , as a result of fragmentation of forests , it has been increasingly exposed to nest parasitism by brown - headed cowbirds , as well as loss of habitat in the winter range . Conservation status ( edit ) The wood thrush has become a symbol of the decline of Neotropical songbirds of eastern North America , having declined by approximately 50 % since 1966 . Along with many other species , this thrush faces threats both to its North American breeding grounds and Central American wintering grounds . Forest fragmentation in North American forests has resulted in both increased nest predation and increased cowbird parasitism , significantly reducing their reproductive success . A study by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology was the first large - scale analysis that linked acid rain to this thrush 's decline . Continued destruction of primary forest in Central America eliminated preferred wood thrush wintering habitats , likely forcing the birds to choose secondary habitats where mortality rates are higher . In spite of this , the wood thrush is considered to be near threatened .", "4": "Vagrancy ( edit ) The wood thrush has been recorded twice as a vagrant in Europe , in Iceland at Kvísker in Öræfi East Skaftafellssýsla by Björnsson Hálfdán on 23 October 1967 and on Wingletang Down , St Agnes , Isles of Scilly , England on 7 October 1987 . Behavior ( edit ) The wood thrush is primarily solitary , but occasionally forms mixed - species flocks in the winter . Its breeding territory ranges from 800 to 8,000 m ( 960 to 9,570 sq yd ) in size , and are used for nesting , gathering nest materials , and foraging . Some wood thrushes also defend a feeding territory in the winter . Territorial interactions are usually settled without physical contact , but in high - intensity encounters or nest defense , physical interactions with the feet or bill have been observed . Defense behaviors in response to nest predators include wing flicks , tail flicks , and raising the crest , sometimes escalating to dives and strikes . This species has also been observed displaying a behavior known as `` anting . '' Anting occurs when a bird picks up a single ant or group of ants and rubs them on its feathers . The purpose of this behavior is unknown , but it is thought that the birds may be able to acquire defensive secretions from the ants possibly used for some medicinal purposes , or that it simply supplements the birds ' own preen oil . Diet ( edit ) Soil invertebrates and larvae make up most of the wood thrush 's omnivorous diet , but it will also eat fruits in the late summer , fall , and late winter . It occasionally feeds on arboreal insects , snails , and small salamanders . The young are fed insects and some fruit . After breeding and before migration , the wood thrush will switch from insects to fruits with high lipid levels . In the summer , low fruit consumption and lipid reserves require the bird to feed on insects continuously in order to meet its metabolic needs . The wood thrush forages mainly on the forest floor , flipping leaves over with its bills to reveal insects . It can be observed hopping around in leaf litter and on semi-bare ground under the forest canopy . Fruits are swallowed whole .", "5": "Predation ( edit ) Eggs and chicks are vulnerable to chipmunks , raccoons , blue jays , American crows , black rat snakes , brown - headed cowbirds , common grackles , southern flying squirrels , gray squirrels , least weasels , white - footed mice , domestic cats , great horned owls , and sharp - shinned hawks . Adults are primarily taken by hawks and owls . Reproduction ( edit ) Nesting in Pennsylvania , USA Wood thrushes are monogamous . Breeding pairs form in mid-April to early - May , and usually last throughout the breeding season . Most thrushes find a new mate each year , and mate guarding and extra-pair copulations have not been observed in this species . Some male wood thrushes arrive at the breeding grounds several days before the earliest females while other males arrive at the same time as the females , establishing territories ranging in size from 0.08 to 0.8 hectares ( one - fifth of an acre to two acres ) . The female typically leads silent circular flights 1 -- 1.8 m ( 3.3 -- 5.9 ft ) from the ground , with the male chasing . Six or more flights generally take place in succession . The pairs will perch together and feed each other in between flights . The male begins to sing at dawn and dusk a few days after arriving at breeding grounds . Early in the breeding season , the male sings from high perches in the tallest trees , but as the season progresses , it sings somewhat shorter and less elaborate songs from lower perches . Each day 's singing begins and is most intense just before sunrise . The male may sing throughout the day but especially at dusk . The song season is usually over by the end of July . Typically , the female chooses the nest site and builds the nest . However , there has been some indication that the male is able to influence the selection of the nest site by perching nearby and singing . Usually , though , the female chooses whether or not to accept or reject the nest site suggested by the male . The nest is usually sited in a dense patch of vegetation in a tree or shrub that provides concealment and shade .", "6": "It is usually made of dead grasses , stems , and leaves , and lined with mud , and placed in a fork at a horizontal branch . The nest is not reused . Usually , two broods are attempted , although three to four separate nests may be built before a pair succeeds . Two to four pale blue eggs are laid at the rate of one per day . The eggs are incubated by the female only for 11 to 14 days , with the average being 13 days . Like all passerines , the chicks are altricial at hatching , mostly naked with closed eyes . The female broods the chicks during the first four days after hatching . Both parents feed the nestlings and remove fecal sacs from the nest . The chicks fledge 12 -- 15 days after hatching , but the parents continue to feed them until they become independent and leave the parents ' territory at 21 -- 31 days old . The young wood thrush is able to begin breeding the next summer . Most females lay their first eggs in mid-May , but older females may begin laying sooner . Pairs usually attempt to rear a second brood no later than late July , with the last of the young fledging around mid-August . About half of all wood thrush pairs successfully raise two broods . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BirdLife International ( 2012 ) . `` Hylocichla mustelina '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2013.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 States '' . Retrieved 17 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology . `` Wood Thrush '' . Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 17 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Liddell , Henry George & Robert Scott ( 1980 ) . A Greek - English Lexicon ( Abridged Edition ) . United Kingdom : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 910207 - 4 . Jump up ^ Simpson , D.P. ( 1979 ) . Cassell 's Latin Dictionary ( 5th ed . ) .", "7": "London : Cassell Ltd. p. 883 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 52257 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kevin Winker & John H. Rappole ( 1988 ) . `` The Relationship between Hylocichla and Catharus ( Turdinae ) '' ( PDF ) . The Auk. 105 ( 2 ) : 392 -- 394 . doi : 10.2307 / 4087513 . JSTOR 4087513 . Jump up ^ Winker , K. ; Pruett , C.L. ( 2006 ) . `` Seasonal Migration , Speciation , and Morphological Convergence in the Genus Catharus ( Turdidae ) '' . The Auk. 123 ( 4 ) : 1052 . doi : 10.1642 / 0004 - 8038 ( 2006 ) 123 ( 1052 : SMSAMC ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . JSTOR 25150219 . ^ Jump up to : Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology All About Birds . `` Wood Thrush '' . Retrieved 17 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Thrushes by Peter Clement . Princeton University Press ( 2001 ) . ISBN 978 - 0691088525 ^ Jump up to : University of Michigan Museum of Zoology . `` Wood Thrush '' . Retrieved 17 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Skutch , Alexander Frank ( 1989 ) . A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica . Ithaca : Comstock . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9600 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Bull J ; Farrand , J Jr ( 1987 ) . Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds : Eastern Region . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 666 -- 667 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 41405 - 5 . Jump up ^ Weidensaul , Scott ( 2007 ) . Of a Feather : A Brief History of American Birding . New York : Harcourt , Inc. p. 237 .", "8": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 101247 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dan Lazar . `` The Mysteries of Migration -- Transmutation or Long - Distance Travelers ? '' . Archived from the original on 15 March 2007 . Retrieved 26 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Miyoko Chu ; Stefan Hames . `` Wood Thrush Declines Linked to Acid Rain '' . Retrieved 17 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Paul Dukes ( 1987 ) . `` A New British Bird -- Wood Thrush on St Agnes '' . Twitching. 1 ( 10 ) : 299 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Paul Dukes ( 1995 ) . `` Wood Thrush in Scilly : new to Britain and Ireland '' . British Birds. 88 ( 3 ) : 133 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Hervey Brackbill . `` Nesting Behavior of the Wood Thrush '' ( PDF ) . 70 ( 1 ) : 70 -- 89 . Retrieved 17 May 2007 . Jump up ^ D.A. Sibley . `` Wood Thrush '' . Retrieved 17 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Ehrlich ; David S. Dobkin & Darryl Wheye . `` Precocial and Atricial '' . Retrieved 6 May 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wood thrush . Wikispecies has information related to Hylocichla mustelina Description -- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter Species account -- Cornell Lab of Ornithology `` Wood thrush media '' . Internet Bird Collection . `` Is Acid Rain Killing Off Wood Thrushes ? ''", "9": "-- Nationalgeographic.com Bird sounds including the wood thrush - Florida Museum of Natural History Wood thrush photo gallery at VIREO ( Drexel University ) Interactive range map of Hylocichla mustelina at IUCN Red List maps Taxon identifiers Wd : Q599921 ADW : Hylocichla_mustelina ARKive : hylocichla - mustelina eBird : woothr EoL : 1177531 Fauna Europaea : 97218 GBIF : 2490872 IBC : wood - thrush - hylocichla - mustelina iNaturalist : 13270 ITIS : 179777 IUCN : 22708670 NCBI : 172420 WoRMS : 422627 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wood_thrush&oldid=826093294 '' Categories : IUCN Red List near threatened species Turdidae Native birds of Eastern Canada Native birds of the Eastern United States Symbols of the District of Columbia Birds described in 1789 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2012 Articles with ' species ' microformats Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Asturianu Български བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Winaray 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 04 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5885390605616022848	how long is one full rotation of the earth	[ "about 24 hours with respect to the Sun, but once every 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds with respect to the stars", "about 24 hours", "about 24 hours" ]	{ "0": "Earth 's rotation - Wikipedia Earth 's rotation Jump to : navigation , search For the duration of daylight and night , see Daytime and Night . An animation of Earth 's rotation around the planet 's axis This long - exposure photo of the northern night sky over the Nepali Himalayas shows the apparent paths of the stars as Earth rotates . Earth 's rotation is the rotation of Planet Earth around its own axis . Earth rotates eastward , in prograde motion . As viewed from the north pole star Polaris , Earth turns counter clockwise . The North Pole , also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole , is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where Earth 's axis of rotation meets its surface . This point is distinct from Earth 's North Magnetic Pole . The South Pole is the other point where Earth 's axis of rotation intersects its surface , in Antarctica . Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the Sun , but once every 23 hours , 56 minutes , and 4 seconds with respect to the stars ( see below ) . Earth 's rotation is slowing slightly with time ; thus , a day was shorter in the past . This is due to the tidal effects the Moon has on Earth 's rotation . Atomic clocks show that a modern day is longer by about 1.7 milliseconds than a century ago , slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds . Analysis of historical astronomical records shows a slowing trend of 2.3 milliseconds per century since the 8th century BC E . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Empirical tests 2 Rotation period 2.1 True solar day 2.2 Mean solar day 2.3 Stellar and sidereal day 2.4 Angular speed 3 Changes in rotation 3.1 Change in rotational axis 3.2 Change in rotational velocity 3.2. 1 Tidal interactions 3.2. 2 Resonant stabilization 3.2.", "1": "3 Global events 3.3 Measurement 3.4 Ancient observations 4 Origin 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Among the ancient Greeks , several of the Pythagorean school believed in the rotation of the earth rather than the apparent diurnal rotation of the heavens . Perhaps the first was Philolaus ( 470 -- 385 BCE ) , though his system was complicated , including a counter-earth rotating daily about a central fire . A more conventional picture was that supported by Hicetas , Heraclides and Ecphantus in the fourth century BCE who assumed that the earth rotated but did not suggest that the earth revolved about the sun . In the third century BCE , Aristarchus of Samos suggested the sun 's central place . However , Aristotle in the fourth century BCE criticized the ideas of Philolaus as being based on theory rather than observation . He established the idea of a sphere of fixed stars that rotated about the earth . This was accepted by most of those who came after , in particular Claudius Ptolemy ( 2nd century CE ) , who thought the earth would be devastated by gales if it rotated . In 499 CE , the Indian astronomer Aryabhata wrote that the spherical earth rotates about its axis daily , and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the Earth . He provided the following analogy : `` Just as a man in a boat going in one direction sees the stationary things on the bank as moving in the opposite direction , in the same way to a man at Lanka the fixed stars appear to be going westward . '' In the 10th century , some Muslim astronomers accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis . According to al - Biruni , Abu Sa'id al - Sijzi ( d. circa 1020 ) invented an astrolabe called al - zūraqī based on the idea believed by some of his contemporaries `` that the motion we see is due to the Earth 's movement and not to that of the sky . ''", "2": "The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states : `` According to the geometers ( or engineers ) ( muhandisīn ) , the earth is in constant circular motion , and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the earth and not the stars . '' Treatises were written to discuss its possibility , either as refutations or expressing doubts about Ptolemy 's arguments against it . At the Maragha and Samarkand observatories , the Earth 's rotation was discussed by Tusi ( b . 1201 ) and Qushji ( b . 1403 ) ; the arguments and evidence they used resemble those used by Copernicus . In medieval Europe , Thomas Aquinas accepted Aristotle 's view and so , reluctantly , did John Buridan and Nicole Oresme in the fourteenth century . Not until Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 adopted a heliocentric world system did the contemporary understanding of earth 's rotation begin to be established . Copernicus pointed out that if the movement of the earth is violent , then the movement of the stars must be very much more so . He acknowledged the contribution of the Pythagoreans and pointed to examples of relative motion . For Copernicus this was the first step in establishing the simpler pattern of planets circling a central sun . Tycho Brahe , who produced accurate observations on which Kepler based his laws , used Copernicus 's work as the basis of a system assuming a stationary earth . In 1600 , William Gilbert strongly supported the earth 's rotation in his treatise on the earth 's magnetism and thereby influenced many of his contemporaries . Those like Gilbert who did not openly support or reject the motion of the earth about the sun are often called `` semi-Copernicans '' . A century after Copernicus , Riccioli disputed the model of a rotating earth due to the lack of then - observable eastward deflections in falling bodies ; such deflections would later be called the Coriolis effect . However , the contributions of Kepler , Galileo and Newton gathered support for the theory of the rotation of the Earth . Empirical tests ( edit ) The earth 's rotation implies that the equator bulges and the poles are flattened .", "3": "In his Principia , Newton predicted this flattening would occur in the ratio of 1 : 230 , and pointed to the 1673 pendulum measurements by Richer as corroboration of the change in gravity , but initial measurements of meridian lengths by Picard and Cassini at the end of the 17th century suggested the opposite . However measurements by Maupertuis and the French Geodesic Mission in the 1730s established the flattening , thus confirming both Newton and the Copernican position . In the Earth 's rotating frame of reference , a freely moving body follows an apparent path that deviates from the one it would follow in a fixed frame of reference . Because of the Coriolis effect , falling bodies veer slightly eastward from the vertical plumb line below their point of release , and projectiles veer right in the northern hemisphere ( and left in the southern ) from the direction in which they are shot . The Coriolis effect is mainly observable at a meteorological scale , where it is responsible for the differing rotation direction of cyclones in the northern and southern hemispheres . Hooke , following a 1679 suggestion from Newton , tried unsuccessfully to verify the predicted eastward deviation of a body dropped from a height of 8.2 meters , but definitive results were only obtained later , in the late 18th and early 19th century , by Giovanni Battista Guglielmini in Bologna , Johann Friedrich Benzenberg in Hamburg and Ferdinand Reich in Freiberg , using taller towers and carefully released weights . A ball dropped from a height of 158.5 m ( 520 ft ) departed by 27.4 mm ( 1.08 in ) from the vertical compared with a calculated value of 28.1 mm ( 1.11 in ) . The most celebrated test of Earth 's rotation is the Foucault pendulum first built by physicist Léon Foucault in 1851 , which consisted of a lead - filled brass sphere suspended 67 m from the top of the Panthéon in Paris . Because of the Earth 's rotation under the swinging pendulum , the pendulum 's plane of oscillation appears to rotate at a rate depending on latitude . At the latitude of Paris the predicted and observed shift was about 11 degrees clockwise per hour .", "4": "Foucault pendulums now swing in museums around the world . Rotation period ( edit ) Starry circles arc around the south celestial pole , seen overhead at ESO 's La Silla Observatory . True solar day ( edit ) Main article : Solar time Earth 's rotation period relative to the Sun ( solar noon to solar noon ) is its true solar day or apparent solar day . It depends on the Earth 's orbital motion and is thus affected by changes in the eccentricity and inclination of Earth 's orbit . Both vary over thousands of years , so the annual variation of the true solar day also varies . Generally , it is longer than the mean solar day during two periods of the year and shorter during another two . The true solar day tends to be longer near perihelion when the Sun apparently moves along the ecliptic through a greater angle than usual , taking about 10 seconds longer to do so . Conversely , it is about 10 seconds shorter near aphelion . It is about 20 seconds longer near a solstice when the projection of the Sun 's apparent motion along the ecliptic onto the celestial equator causes the Sun to move through a greater angle than usual . Conversely , near an equinox the projection onto the equator is shorter by about 20 seconds . Currently , the perihelion and solstice effects combine to lengthen the true solar day near 22 December by 30 mean solar seconds , but the solstice effect is partially cancelled by the aphelion effect near 19 June when it is only 13 seconds longer . The effects of the equinoxes shorten it near 26 March and 16 September by 18 seconds and 21 seconds , respectively . Mean solar day ( edit ) Main article : Mean solar day The average of the true solar day during the course of an entire year is the mean solar day , which contains 86,400 mean solar seconds . Currently , each of these seconds is slightly longer than an SI second because Earth 's mean solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to tidal friction . The average length of the mean solar day since the introduction of the leap second in 1972 has been about 0 to 2 ms longer than 86,400 SI seconds .", "5": "Random fluctuations due to core - mantle coupling have an amplitude of about 5 ms . The mean solar second between 1750 and 1892 was chosen in 1895 by Simon Newcomb as the independent unit of time in his Tables of the Sun . These tables were used to calculate the world 's ephemerides between 1900 and 1983 , so this second became known as the ephemeris second . In 1967 the SI second was made equal to the ephemeris second . The apparent solar time is a measure of the Earth 's rotation and the difference between it and the mean solar time is known as the equation of time . Stellar and sidereal day ( edit ) On a prograde planet like the Earth , the stellar day is shorter than the solar day . At time 1 , the Sun and a certain distant star are both overhead . At time 2 , the planet has rotated 360 ° and the distant star is overhead again but the Sun is not ( 1 → 2 = one stellar day ) . It is not until a little later , at time 3 , that the Sun is overhead again ( 1 → 3 = one solar day ) . Earth 's rotation period relative to the fixed stars , called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ( IERS ) , is 86,164.098 903 691 seconds of mean solar time ( UT1 ) ( 23 56 4.098 903 691 , 0.997 269 663 237 16 mean solar days ) . Earth 's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean vernal equinox , named sidereal day , is 86,164.090 530 832 88 seconds of mean solar time ( UT1 ) ( 23 56 4.090 530 832 88 , 0.997 269 566 329 08 mean solar days ) . Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms . Both the stellar day and the sidereal day are shorter than the mean solar day by about 3 minutes 56 seconds . The mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods 1623 -- 2005 and 1962 -- 2005 .", "6": "Recently ( 1999 -- 2010 ) the average annual length of the mean solar day in excess of 86,400 SI seconds has varied between 0.25 ms and 1 ms , which must be added to both the stellar and sidereal days given in mean solar time above to obtain their lengths in SI seconds ( see Fluctuations in the length of day ) . Angular speed ( edit ) Plot of latitude vs tangential speed . The dashed line shows that the Kennedy Space Center example . The dot - dash line denotes typical airliner cruise speed . The angular speed of Earth 's rotation in inertial space is ( 7.2921150 ± 0.0000001 ) × 10 radians per SI second ( mean solar second ) . Multiplying by ( 180 ° / π radians ) × ( 86,400 seconds / mean solar day ) yields 360.9856 ° / mean solar day , indicating that Earth rotates more than 360 ° relative to the fixed stars in one solar day . Earth 's movement along its nearly circular orbit while it is rotating once around its axis requires that Earth rotate slightly more than once relative to the fixed stars before the mean Sun can pass overhead again , even though it rotates only once ( 360 ° ) relative to the mean Sun . Multiplying the value in rad / s by Earth 's equatorial radius of 6,378,137 m ( WGS84 ellipsoid ) ( factors of 2π radians needed by both cancel ) yields an equatorial speed of 465.1 m / s ( 1,526 ft / s ) , or 1,674.4 km / h ( 1,040.4 mph ) . Some sources state that Earth 's equatorial speed is slightly less , or 1,669.8 km / h . This is obtained by dividing Earth 's equatorial circumference by 24 hours . However , the use of only one circumference unwittingly implies only one rotation in inertial space , so the corresponding time unit must be a sidereal hour . This is confirmed by multiplying by the number of sidereal days in one mean solar day , 1.002 737 909 350 795 , which yields the equatorial speed in mean solar hours given above of 1,674.4 km / h .", "7": "The tangential speed of Earth 's rotation at a point on Earth can be approximated by multiplying the speed at the equator by the cosine of the latitude . For example , the Kennedy Space Center is located at latitude 28.59 ° N , which yields a speed of : cos 28.59 ° × 1,674.4 km / h ( 1,040.4 mph ; 465.1 m / s ) = 1,470.23 km / h ( 913.56 mph ; 408.40 m / s ) Changes in rotation ( edit ) Main articles : Fluctuations in the length of day and ΔT Earth 's axial tilt is about 23.4 ° . It oscillates between 22.1 ° and 24.5 ° on a 41,000 - year cycle and is currently decreasing . Change in rotational axis ( edit ) The Earth 's rotation axis moves with respect to the fixed stars ( inertial space ) ; the components of this motion are precession and nutation . It also moves with respect to the Earth 's crust ; this is called polar motion . Precession is a rotation of the Earth 's rotation axis , caused primarily by external torques from the gravity of the Sun , Moon and other bodies . The polar motion is primarily due to free core nutation and the Chandler wobble . Change in rotational velocity ( edit ) Tidal interactions ( edit ) Over millions of years , the Earth 's rotation slowed significantly by tidal acceleration through gravitational interactions with the Moon . In this process , angular momentum is slowly transferred to the Moon at a rate proportional to r − 6 ( \\ displaystyle r ^ ( - 6 ) ) , where r ( \\ displaystyle r ) is the orbital radius of the Moon . This process gradually increased the length of day to its current value and resulted in the Moon being tidally locked with the Earth . This gradual rotational deceleration is empirically documented with estimates of day lengths obtained from observations of tidal rhythmites and stromatolites ; a compilation of these measurements found the length of day to increase steadily from about 21 hours at 600Myr ago to the current 24 hour value .", "8": "By counting the microscopic lamina that form at higher tides , tidal frequencies ( and thus day lengths ) can be estimated , much like counting tree rings , though these estimates can be increasingly unreliable at older ages . Resonant stabilization ( edit ) The current rate of tidal deceleration is anomalously high , implying the Earth 's rotational velocity must have decreased more slowly in the past . Empirical data tentatively shows a sharp increase in rotational deceleration about 600Myr ago . Some models suggest that the Earth maintained a constant day length of 21 hours throughout much of the Precambrian . This day length corresponds to the semidiurnal resonant period of the thermally - driven atmospheric tide ; at this day length , the decelerative lunar torque could have been canceled by an accelerative torque from the atmospheric tide , resulting in no net torque and a constant rotational period . This stabilizing effect could have been broken by a sudden change in global temperature . Recent computational simulations support this hypothesis and suggest the Marinoan or Sturtian glaciations broke this stable configuration about 600Myr ago , citing the resemblance of simulated results and existing paleorotational data . Deviation of day length from SI based day Global events ( edit ) Additionally , some large - scale events , such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , have caused the length of a day to shorten by 3 microseconds by affecting the Earth 's moment of inertia . Post-glacial rebound , ongoing since the last Ice age , is also changing the distribution of the Earth 's mass thus affecting the moment of inertia of the Earth and , by the conservation of angular momentum , the Earth 's rotation period . Measurement ( edit ) The primary monitoring of the Earth 's rotation is performed with very - long - baseline interferometry coordinated with the Global Positioning System , satellite laser ranging , and other satellite techniques . This provides an absolute reference for the determination of universal time , precession , and nutation . Ancient observations ( edit ) There are recorded observations of solar and lunar eclipses by Babylonian and Chinese astronomers beginning in the 8th century BCE , as well as from the medieval Islamic world and elsewhere .", "9": "These observations can be used to determine changes in the Earth 's rotation over the last 27 centuries , since the length of the day is a critical parameter in the calculation of the place and time of eclipses . A change in day length of milliseconds per century shows up as a change of hours and thousands of kilometers in eclipse observations . The ancient data is consistent with a shorter day , meaning the Earth was turning faster throughout the past . Origin ( edit ) An artist 's rendering of the protoplanetary disk . The Earth 's original rotation was a vestige of the original angular momentum of the cloud of dust , rocks , and gas that coalesced to form the Solar System . This primordial cloud was composed of hydrogen and helium produced in the Big Bang , as well as heavier elements ejected by supernovas . As this interstellar dust is heterogeneous , any asymmetry during gravitational accretion resulted in the angular momentum of the eventual planet . However , if the giant - impact hypothesis for the origin of the Moon is correct , this primordial rotation rate would have been reset by the Theia impact 4.5 billion years ago . Regardless of the speed and tilt of the Earth 's rotation before the impact , it would have experienced a day some five hours long after the impact . Tidal effects would then have slowed this rate to its modern value . See also ( edit ) Allais effect Axial precession Diurnal cycle Earth 's orbit Formation and evolution of the Solar System Geodesic ( in mathematics ) Geodesics in general relativity Geodesy Giant - impact hypothesis History of Earth History of geodesy , Space techniques List of important publications in geology Newcomb 's Tables of the Sun Nychthemeron Spherical Earth World Geodetic System Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Fallexperimente zum Nachweis der Erdrotation ( German Wikipedia article ) . Jump up ^ When Earth 's eccentricity exceeds 0.047 and perihelion is at an appropriate equinox or solstice , only one period with one peak balances another period that has two peaks . Jump up ^ Aoki , the ultimate source of these figures , uses the term `` seconds of UT1 '' instead of `` seconds of mean solar time '' .", "10": "Jump up ^ In astronomy , unlike geometry , 360 ° means returning to the same point in some cyclical time scale , either one mean solar day or one sidereal day for rotation on Earth 's axis , or one sidereal year or one mean tropical year or even one mean Julian year containing exactly 365.25 days for revolution around the Sun . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dennis D. McCarthy ; Kenneth P. Seidelmann ( 18 September 2009 ) . Time : From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics . John Wiley & Sons . p. 232 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 62795 - 0 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , F. Richard ( 2003 ) . `` Historical eclipses and Earth 's rotation '' . Astronomy & Geophysics. 44 ( 2 ) . pp. 2.22 -- 2.27 . Bibcode : 2003A&G ... 44b ... 22S . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1468 - 4004.2003. 44222. x . Jump up ^ Burch , George Bosworth ( 1954 ) . `` The Counter-Earth '' . Osiris. 11 : 267 -- 294 . doi : 10.1086 / 368583 . JSTOR 301675 . Jump up ^ Aristotle . Of the Heavens . Book II , Ch 13 . 1 . Jump up ^ Ptolemy . Almagest Book I , Chapter 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b61_51.pdf Jump up ^ Kim Plofker ( 2009 ) . Mathematics in India . Princeton University Press . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12067 - 6 . Jump up ^ Alessandro Bausani ( 1973 ) . `` Cosmology and Religion in Islam '' . Scientia / Rivista di Scienza. 108 ( 67 ) : 762 . ^ Jump up to : Young , M.J.L. , ed.", "11": "( 2 November 2006 ) . Religion , Learning and Science in the ' Abbasid Period . Cambridge University Press . p. 413 . ISBN 9780521028875 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 1 January 1993 ) . An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines . SUNY Press . p. 135 . ISBN 9781438414195 . Jump up ^ Ragep , Sally P. ( 2007 ) . `` Ibn Sīnā : Abū ʿAlī al ‐ Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā '' . In Thomas Hockey ; et al . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . New York : Springer . pp. 570 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 31022 - 0 . ( PDF version ) Jump up ^ Ragep , F. Jamil ( 2001a ) , `` Tusi and Copernicus : The Earth 's Motion in Context '' , Science in Context , Cambridge University Press , 14 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 145 -- 163 , doi : 10.1017 / s0269889701000060 Jump up ^ Aquinas , Thomas . Commentaria in libros Aristotelis De caelo et Mundo . Lib II , cap XIV . trans in Grant , Edward , ed. ( 1974 ) . A Source Book in Medieval Science . Harvard University Press . pages 496 -- 500 Jump up ^ Buridan , John ( 1942 ) . Quaestiones super libris quattuo De Caelo et mundo . pp. 226 -- 232 . in Grant 1974 , pp. 500 -- 503 Jump up ^ Oresme , Nicole . Le livre du ciel et du monde . pp. 519 -- 539 . in Grant 1974 , pp. 503 -- 510 Jump up ^ Copernicus , Nicolas . On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres . Book I , Chap 5 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , William .", "12": "De Magnete , On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies , and on the Great Magnet the Earth . pp. 313 -- 347 . Jump up ^ Russell , John L. `` Copernican System in Great Britain '' . In J. Dobrzycki . The Reception of Copernicus ' Heliocentric Theory . p. 208 . Jump up ^ J. Dobrzycki 1972 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Almagestum novum , chapter nine , cited in Graney , Christopher M. ( 2012 ) . `` 126 arguments concerning the motion of the earth . GIOVANNI BATTISTA RICCIOLI in his 1651 ALMAGESTUM NOVUM '' ( PDF ) . Journal for the History of Astronomy . volume 43 , pages 215 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Newton , Isaac ( 1846 ) . Newton 's Principia . Translated by A. Motte . p. 412 . Jump up ^ Shank , J.B. ( 2008 ) . The Newton Wars and the Beginning of the French Enlightenment . U of Chicago Press . pp. 324 , 355 . Jump up ^ `` Starry Spin - up '' . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jean Meeus ; J.M.A. Danby ( January 1997 ) . Mathematical Astronomy Morsels . Willmann - Bell . pp. 345 -- 346 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 943396 - 51 - 4 . Jump up ^ Equation of time in red and true solar day in blue Jump up ^ The duration of the true solar day Jump up ^ http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eoppc/eop/eopc04_05/eopc04.62-now Jump up ^ Physical basis of leap seconds Jump up ^ Leap seconds Archived 12 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Prediction of Universal Time and LOD Variations Jump up ^ R. Hide et al. , `` Topographic core - mantle coupling and fluctuations in the Earth 's rotation '' 1993 .", "13": "Jump up ^ Leap seconds by USNO Archived 12 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : IERS EOP Useful constants Jump up ^ Aoki , et al. , `` The new definition of Universal Time '' , Astronomy and Astrophysics 105 ( 1982 ) 359 -- 361 . Jump up ^ Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac , ed . P. Kenneth Seidelmann , Mill Valley , Cal. , University Science Books , 1992 , p. 48 , ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Jump up ^ IERS Excess of the duration of the day to 86,400 s ... since 1623 Archived 3 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Graph at end . Jump up ^ IERS Variations in the duration of the day 1962 -- 2005 Jump up ^ Arthur N. Cox , ed. , Allen 's Astrophysical Quantities p. 244 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Bakich , The Cambridge planetary handbook , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Butterworth & Palmer . `` Speed of the turning of the Earth '' . Ask an Astrophysicist . NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center . ^ Jump up to : Williams , George E. ( 1 February 2000 ) . `` Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth 's rotation and the Moon 's orbit '' . Reviews of Geophysics. 38 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 59 . Bibcode : 2000RvGeo ... 38 ... 37W . doi : 10.1029 / 1999RG900016 . ISSN 1944 - 9208 . ^ Jump up to : Zahnle , K. ; Walker , J.C. ( 1 January 1987 ) . `` A constant daylength during the Precambrian era ? '' . Precambrian Research . 37 : 95 -- 105 . Bibcode : 1987PreR ... 37 ... 95Z . doi : 10.1016 / 0301 - 9268 ( 87 ) 90073 - 8 .", "14": "ISSN 0301 - 9268 . PMID 11542096 . Jump up ^ Scrutton , C.T. ( 1 January 1978 ) . Brosche , Professor Dr Peter ; Sündermann , Professor Dr Jürgen , eds . Periodic Growth Features in Fossil Organisms and the Length of the Day and Month . Springer Berlin Heidelberg . pp. 154 -- 196 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 67097 - 8_12 . ISBN 9783540090465 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Benjamin C. ; Stevenson , David J. ( 1 January 2016 ) . `` Analysis of a Precambrian resonance - stabilized day length '' . Geophysical Research Letters : 2016GL068912 . arXiv : 1502.01421 . Bibcode : 2016GeoRL ... 43.5716 B . doi : 10.1002 / 2016GL068912 . ISSN 1944 - 8007 . Jump up ^ Sumatran earthquake sped up Earth 's rotation , Nature , 30 December 2004 . Jump up ^ Wu , P. ; W.R. Peltier ( 1984 ) . `` Pleistocene deglaciation and the earth 's rotation : a new analysis '' . Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society . 76 ( 3 ) : 753 -- 792 . Bibcode : 1984GeoJ ... 76 ... 753W . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1984. tb01920. x . Jump up ^ Permanent monitoring Jump up ^ Sid Perkins ( 6 December 2016 ) . `` Ancient eclipses show Earth 's rotation is slowing '' . Science . doi : 10.1126 / science. aa10469 . Jump up ^ FR Stephenson ; LV Morrison ; CY Hohonkerk ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` Measurement of the Earth 's rotation : 720 BC to AD 2015 '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 472 ( 2196 ) .", "15": "Bibcode : 2016RSPSA. 47260404S . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 2016.0404 . Jump up ^ `` Why do planets rotate ? '' . Ask an Astronomer . Jump up ^ Stevenson , D.J. ( 1987 ) . `` Origin of the moon -- The collision hypothesis '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 15 ( 1 ) : 271 -- 315 . Bibcode : 1987AREPS ... 15 ... 271S . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ea. 15.050187. 001415 . External links ( edit ) USNO Earth Orientation new site , being populated USNO IERS old site , to be abandoned IERS Earth Orientation Center : Earth rotation data and interactive analysis International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ( IERS ) If the Earth 's rotation period is less than 24 hours , why do n't our clocks fall out of sync with the Sun ? 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2959776326399352635	who sponsored the phoenix open before waste management	[ "Friedman Billings Ramsey", "the investment bank Friedman Billings Ramsey", "the investment bank Friedman Billings Ramsey", "Friedman Billings Ramsey", "Friedman Billings Ramsey" ]	{ "0": "Phoenix Open - Wikipedia Phoenix Open Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Phoenix Open Tournament information Location Scottsdale , Arizona Established 1932 , 86 years ago Course ( s ) TPC Scottsdale Par 71 Length 7,266 yards ( 6,644 m ) Organized by The Thunderbirds Tour ( s ) PGA Tour Format Stroke play Prize fund $ 6.9 million Month played February Tournament record score Aggregate 256 Mark Calcavecchia ( 2001 ) 256 Phil Mickelson ( 2013 ) To par − 28 Mark Calcavecchia ( 2001 ) − 28 Phil Mickelson ( 2013 ) Current champion Gary Woodland Scottsdale Location in the United States Scottsdale Location in Arizona The Phoenix Open ( known as the Waste Management Phoenix Open for title sponsorship reasons ) is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour , held in late January / early February at the Tournament Players Club ( TPC ) of Scottsdale , Arizona . The tournament was originally the Arizona Open , but was known for most of its history as the Phoenix Open until the investment bank Friedman Billings Ramsey became the title sponsor in October 2003 , and it was known as the FBR Open for the next six editions . Waste Management began its sponsorship in 2010 . The event 's relaxed atmosphere , raucous by the standards of professional golf , has earned it the nickname `` The Greatest Show on Grass '' and made it one of the most popular events on the PGA Tour calendar . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Popularity 3 Conflicts with the Super Bowl 4 Records -- scoring and victories 5 Winners 6 Multiple winners 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The Phoenix Open began 85 years ago in 1932 but was discontinued after the 1935 tournament . The rebirth of the Phoenix Open came in 1939 when Bob Goldwater , Sr.", "1": "convinced fellow Thunderbirds to help run the event . The Thunderbirds , a prominent civic organization in Phoenix , were not as enthusiastic about running the event as he was , leaving Goldwater , Sr. to do most of the work in getting a golf open started . The event was played at the Phoenix Country Club in Phoenix ( 33 ° 28 ′ 55 '' N 112 ° 03 ′ 47 '' W / 33.482 ° N 112.063 ° W / 33.482 ; - 112.063 ) , both in its earlier incarnations and after Goldwater resuscitated it . Beginning in 1955 , the Arizona Country Club ( also in Phoenix ) ( 33 ° 29 ′ 06 '' N 111 ° 57 ′ 32 '' W / 33.485 ° N 111.959 ° W / 33.485 ; - 111.959 ) , alternated as event host with Phoenix Country Club ; this arrangement lasted until Phoenix Country Club took The Arizona Country Club 's turn in 1975 and became the event 's permanent home again . The tournament moved 31 years ago in 1987 to its current home , the Stadium Course at TPC Scottsdale , northeast of downtown Phoenix . The approximate average elevation of the course is 1,530 feet ( 465 m ) above sea level . Popularity ( edit ) The four - day attendance of the tournament is usually around a half million ; the best - attended event in golf . In 2016 , it set a PGA Tour and Phoenix Open single day attendance record with 201,003 fans in attendance on Saturday , February 6 and set a tournament week attendance record of 618,365 fans . The most popular location for spectators is the par - 3 16th hole , nicknamed `` The Coliseum . '' ( 33 ° 38 ′ 15 '' N 111 ° 54 ′ 48 '' W / 33.6375 ° N 111.9132 ° W / 33.6375 ; - 111.9132 ) One of the shortest holes on tour at 162 yards ( 148 m ) , it is enclosed by a temporary 20,000 - seat grandstand .", "2": "The hole could be described as `` one big party , '' with many students from the nearby Arizona State University in Tempe in attendance . Poor shots at the 16th hole receive boos , because the hole is very easy by the PGA 's standards . Good shots , however , are cheered loudly . Famous moments include Tiger Woods ' Saturday hole - in - one in 1997 , which caused the gallery to erupt , throwing cups and other objects in celebration , and Justin Leonard giving the finger to the gallery after a poor shot . Jarrod Lyle aced the hole on Saturday in 2011 , causing the stands to erupt in excitement . After 2013 , the PGA Tour banned the practice of caddies racing the 150 yards ( 140 m ) from the tee box to the green , citing injury concerns . The most popular tour player at the Phoenix Open is unquestionably Phil Mickelson , an Arizona State alumnus ( 1992 ) with three victories at the event . In addition to the golf , there is a concert / party held in the Scottsdale area called the Birds Nest , at which music artists like Huey Lewis and the News play . The Thunderbirds are still highly active in the organization of the tournament . Portions of the proceeds are used by the Thunderbirds to fund Special Olympics activities in Phoenix . Conflicts with the Super Bowl ( edit ) Since 1973 , the Phoenix Open has been played on the weekend of the Super Bowl . In 1996 , it was played Wednesday through Saturday , as Super Bowl XXX was held at Sun Devil Stadium in nearby Tempe . In 2009 , the tournament overlapped with Super Bowl XLIII in Tampa , Florida , when Kenny Perry and Charley Hoffman went to a playoff . That denied the spectators a chance to watch the beginning of the game on NBC , which featured the local Arizona Cardinals . Because of the Super Bowl weekend status , the PGA Tour 's television contracts with CBS and NBC include an alternating tournament . Usually a CBS tournament , the Phoenix Open airs on NBC when CBS has the Super Bowl , and NBC 's Honda Classic airs on CBS in Winter Olympic years .", "3": "Records -- scoring and victories ( edit ) The tournament 's lowest 72 - hole score was set by Mark Calcavecchia in 2001 with 256 ( -- 28 ) , which was matched by Mickelson in 2013 . In the second round Calcavecchia scored a 60 ( -- 11 ) , which equalled the lowest score at the Phoenix Open ( by Grant Waite in 1996 ) and subsequently matched by Mickelson in 2005 and 2013 . Calcavecchia had 32 birdies in the tournament , which was also an all - time record . There have been only two double eagles in the history of the Phoenix Open . Tom Pernice , Jr. made the first one on the 558 - yard ( 510 m ) par - 5 15th hole in 1990 . Andrew Magee scored the second on the 332 - yard ( 304 m ) par - 4 17th hole in 2001 , and was the first - ever ace on a par - 4 in PGA Tour history . Four men have won three times at the Phoenix Open : Arnold Palmer won consecutively ( 1961 , 1962 , 1963 ) , then Gene Littler ( 1955 , 1959 , 1969 ) , Calcavecchia ( 1989 , 1992 , 2001 ) , and Mickelson ( 1996 , 2005 , 2013 ) .", "4": "Winners ( edit ) Year Player Country Score To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( $ ) Purse ( $ ) Waste Management Phoenix Open 2018 Gary Woodland United States 266 − 18 Playoff Chez Reavie 1,242,000 6,900,000 2017 Hideki Matsuyama ( 2 ) Japan 267 − 17 Playoff Webb Simpson 1,206,000 6,700,000 2016 Hideki Matsuyama Japan 270 − 14 Playoff Rickie Fowler 1,170,000 6,500,000 2015 Brooks Koepka United States 269 − 15 1 stroke Hideki Matsuyama Ryan Palmer Bubba Watson 1,134,000 6,300,000 2014 Kevin Stadler United States 268 − 16 1 stroke Graham DeLaet Bubba Watson 1,116,000 6,200,000 2013 Phil Mickelson ( 3 ) United States 256 − 28 4 strokes Brandt Snedeker 1,116,000 6,200,000 2012 Kyle Stanley United States 269 − 15 1 stroke Ben Crane 1,098,000 6,100,000 2011 Mark Wilson United States 266 − 18 Playoff Jason Dufner 1,098,000 6,100,000 Hunter Mahan United States 268 − 16 1 stroke Rickie Fowler 1,080,000 6,000,000 FBR Open 2009 Kenny Perry United States 270 − 14 Playoff Charley Hoffman 1,080,000 6,000,000 2008 J.B.", "5": "Holmes ( 2 ) United States 270 − 14 Playoff Phil Mickelson 1,080,000 6,000,000 2007 Aaron Baddeley Australia 263 − 21 1 stroke John Rollins 1,080,000 6,000,000 2006 J.B. Holmes United States 263 − 21 7 strokes J.J. Henry Steve Lowery Ryan Palmer Scott Verplank Camilo Villegas 936,000 5,200,000 2005 Phil Mickelson ( 2 ) United States 267 − 17 5 strokes Scott McCarron Kevin Na 936,000 5,200,000 Jonathan Kaye United States 266 − 18 2 strokes Chris DiMarco 936,000 5,200,000 Phoenix Open 2003 Vijay Singh ( 2 ) Fiji 261 − 23 3 strokes John Huston 720,000 4,000,000 2002 Chris DiMarco United States 267 − 17 1 stroke Kenny Perry Kaname Yokoo 720,000 4,000,000 2001 Mark Calcavecchia ( 3 ) United States 256 − 28 8 strokes Rocco Mediate 720,000 4,000,000 2000 Tom Lehman United States 270 − 14 1 stroke Robert Allenby Rocco Mediate 576,000 3,200,000 1999 Rocco Mediate United States 273 − 11 2 strokes Justin Leonard 540,000 3,000,000 1998 Jesper Parnevik Sweden 269 − 15 3 strokes Tommy Armour III Brent Geiberger Steve Pate Tom Watson 450,000 2,500,000 Steve Jones United States 258 − 26 11 strokes Jesper Parnevik 270,", "6": "000 1,500,000 Phil Mickelson United States 269 − 15 Playoff Justin Leonard 234,000 1,300,000 1995 Vijay Singh Fiji 269 − 15 Playoff Billy Mayfair 234,000 1,300,000 Bill Glasson United States 268 − 16 3 strokes Bob Estes 216,000 1,200,000 Lee Janzen United States 273 − 11 2 strokes Andrew Magee 180,000 1,000,000 Mark Calcavecchia ( 2 ) United States 264 − 20 5 strokes Duffy Waldorf 180,000 1,000,000 1991 Nolan Henke United States 268 − 16 1 stroke Gil Morgan Curtis Strange Tom Watson 180,000 1,000,000 Tommy Armour III United States 267 − 17 5 strokes Jim Thorpe 162,000 900,000 Mark Calcavecchia United States 263 − 21 7 strokes Chip Beck 126,000 700,000 Sandy Lyle Scotland 269 − 15 Playoff Fred Couples 117,000 650,000 Paul Azinger United States 268 − 16 1 stroke Hal Sutton 108,000 600,000 1986 Hal Sutton United States 267 − 17 2 strokes Calvin Peete Tony Sills 90,000 500,000 1985 Calvin Peete United States 270 − 14 2 strokes Morris Hatalsky Doug Tewell 81,000 450,000 1984 Tom Purtzer United States 268 − 16 1 stroke Corey Pavin 72,000 400,000 Bob Gilder ( 2 ) United States 271 − 13 Playoff Rex Caldwell Johnny Miller Mark O'Meara 63,000 350,", "7": "000 1982 Lanny Wadkins United States 263 − 21 6 strokes Jerry Pate 54,000 300,000 1981 David Graham Australia 268 − 16 1 stroke Lon Hinkle 54,000 300,000 1980 Jeff Mitchell United States 272 − 12 4 strokes Rik Massengale 54,000 300,000 1979 Ben Crenshaw United States 199 * − 14 1 stroke Jay Haas 33,750 250,000 1978 Miller Barber United States 272 − 12 1 stroke Jerry Pate Lee Trevino 40,000 200,000 1977 Jerry Pate United States 277 − 7 Playoff Dave Stockton 40,000 200,000 1976 Bob Gilder United States 268 − 16 2 strokes Roger Maltbie 40,000 200,000 Johnny Miller ( 2 ) United States 260 − 24 14 strokes Jerry Heard 30,000 150,000 Johnny Miller United States 271 − 13 1 stroke Lanny Wadkins 30,000 150,000 1973 Bruce Crampton Australia 268 − 12 1 stroke Steve Melnyk Lanny Wadkins 30,000 150,000 1972 Homero Blancas United States 273 − 11 Playoff Lanny Wadkins 25,000 125,000 Phoenix Open Invitational 1971 Miller Barber United States 261 − 23 2 strokes Billy Casper Dan Sikes 25,000 125,000 1970 Dale Douglass United States 271 − 13 1 stroke Howie Johnson Gene Littler 20,000 100,", "8": "000 1969 Gene Littler ( 3 ) United States 263 − 21 2 strokes Miller Barber Don January Billy Maxwell 20,000 100,000 1968 George Knudson Canada 272 − 12 3 strokes Julius Boros Sam Carmichael Jack Montgomery 20,000 100,000 1967 Julius Boros United States 272 − 12 1 stroke Ken Still 14,000 70,000 1966 Dudley Wysong United States 278 − 6 1 stroke Gardner Dickinson 9,000 60,000 1965 Rod Funseth United States 274 − 14 3 strokes Bert Yancey 10,500 65,000 1964 Jack Nicklaus United States 271 − 13 3 strokes Bob Brue 7,500 50,000 1963 Arnold Palmer ( 3 ) United States 273 − 15 1 stroke Gary Player 5,300 35,000 1962 Arnold Palmer ( 2 ) United States 269 − 15 12 strokes Billy Casper Don Fairfield Bob McCallister Jack Nicklaus 5,300 35,000 1961 Arnold Palmer United States 270 − 10 Playoff Doug Sanders 4,300 30,000 1960 Jack Fleck United States 273 − 11 Playoff Bill Collins 3,150 22,500 1959 Gene Littler ( 2 ) United States 268 − 12 1 stroke Art Wall , Jr .", "9": "2,400 20,000 1958 Ken Venturi United States 274 − 10 1 stroke Walter Burkemo Jay Hebert 2,000 15,000 1957 Billy Casper United States 271 − 9 3 strokes Cary Middlecoff Mike Souchak 2,000 15,000 Phoenix Open 1956 Cary Middlecoff United States 276 − 8 3 strokes Mike Souchak 2,400 15,000 1955 Gene Littler United States 275 − 5 1 stroke Billy Maxwell Johnny Palmer 2,400 15,000 1954 Ed Furgol United States 272 − 12 Playoff Cary Middlecoff 2,000 10,000 1953 Lloyd Mangrum ( 2 ) United States 272 − 12 6 strokes Johnny Bulla Ted Kroll Bo Wininger 2,000 10,000 1952 Lloyd Mangrum United States 274 − 10 5 strokes E.J. Harrison 2,000 10,000 1951 Lew Worsham United States 272 − 12 1 stroke Lawson Little 2,000 10,000 Ben Hogan Open 1950 Jimmy Demaret ( 2 ) United States 269 − 15 1 stroke Sam Snead 2,000 10,000 Phoenix Open 1949 Jimmy Demaret United States 278 − 6 Playoff Ben Hogan 2,000 10,000 1948 Bobby Locke South Africa 268 − 16 1 stroke Jimmy Demaret 2,000 10,000 1947 Ben Hogan ( 2 ) United States 270 − 14 7 strokes Lloyd Mangrum Ed Oliver 2,000 10,", "10": "000 1946 Ben Hogan United States 273 − 11 Playoff Herman Keiser 1,500 7,500 1945 Byron Nelson ( 2 ) United States 274 − 10 2 strokes Denny Shute 1,000 5,000 1944 Jug McSpaden United States 273 − 11 Playoff Byron Nelson 1,000 5,000 1941 -- 43 : No tournament ( hosted Western Open in 1941 and 1942 ) 1940 Ed Oliver United States 205 ^ − 8 1 stroke Ben Hogan 700 3,000 1939 Byron Nelson United States 198 ^ − 15 12 strokes Ben Hogan 700 3,000 1936 -- 38 : No tournament 1935 Ky Laffoon United States 281 − 3 4 strokes Craig Wood 500 2,500 1934 No tournament Arizona Open 1933 Harry Cooper United States 281 − 3 2 strokes Ray Mangrum Horton Smith 400 1,500 1932 Ralph Guldahl United States 285 − 1 5 strokes John Perelli 600 2,500 * Rain - shortened to 54 holes ^ Scheduled 54 holes Note : Green highlight indicates scoring records . Sources Multiple winners ( edit ) Fourteen men have won this tournament more than once .", "11": "3 wins Arnold Palmer : 1961 , 1962 , 1963 ( consecutive ) Gene Littler : 1955 , 1959 , 1969 Mark Calcavecchia : 1989 , 1992 , 2001 Phil Mickelson : 1996 , 2005 , 2013 2 wins Byron Nelson : 1939 , 1945 Ben Hogan : 1946 , 1947 ( consecutive ) Jimmy Demaret : 1949 , 1950 ( consecutive ) Lloyd Mangrum : 1952 , 1953 Johnny Miller : 1974 , 1975 ( consecutive ) Miller Barber : 1971 , 1978 Bob Gilder : 1976 , 1983 Vijay Singh : 1995 , 2003 J.B. Holmes : 2006 , 2008 Hideki Matsuyama : 2016 , 2017 ( consecutive ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Waste Management to sponsor Phoenix Open '' . PGA Tour . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Golf '' . Phoenix Country Club . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golf '' . Arizona Country Club . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Waste Management Phoenix Open attendance records '' . AZ Central . February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jones maintains Phoenix lead ; Woods records ace on No. 16 '' . Victoria Advocate . ( Texas ) . January 26 , 1997 . p. 6B . Jump up ^ http://www.golfchannel.com/news/golftalkcentral/tour-bans-caddie-races-tpc-scottsdale-colonial/ Jump up ^ `` Crampton 's birdie nets Phoenix win '' . Wilmington Morning Star . ( North Carolina ) . Associated Press . January 15 , 1973 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mickelson grinds out another win '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . January 28 , 1996 . p. 3F .", "12": "Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent . `` The Amazing Story of the Only Par - 4 Hole - in - One in PGA Tour History '' . thoughtco.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bee ' helps ' Palmer win Phoenix Open '' . Pittsburgh Press . UPI . February 13 , 1963 . p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : `` Palmer wins Phoenix Open '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . February 13 , 1963 . p. 1C . Jump up ^ 2015 Waste Management Phoenix Open Media Guide -- Section 14 : Top Finishers 1932 -- 2014 -- at wmphoenixopen.com Jump up ^ Phoenix Open -- Winners Archived 2014 - 06 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . -- at www.pgatour.com Jump up ^ Phoenix Open -- Winners -- at golfobserver.com Jump up ^ `` Hogan wins Phoenix Open ; trouble looms '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . United Press . January 27 , 1947 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Hogan wins Phoenix tourney '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . ( Washington ) . Associated Press . January 27 , 1947 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Demaret winner of Phoenix golf '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . ( Washington ) . Associated Press . January 30 , 1950 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Miller shoots 64 for 14 - shot edge '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . January 13 , 1975 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Miller maybe world 's best '' . Deseret News . ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . UPI . January 13 , 1975 . p. 8B . External links ( edit ) Official website Coverage on the PGA Tour 's official site ( hide ) PGA Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S.", "13": "Open The Open Championship ( British Open ) PGA Championship Other tournaments Safeway Open CIMB Classic CJ Cup WGC - HSBC Champions Sanderson Farms Championship Shriners Hospitals for Children Open OHL Classic at Mayakoba RSM Classic Sentry Tournament of Champions Sony Open in Hawaii CareerBuilder Challenge Farmers Insurance Open Waste Management Phoenix Open AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Genesis Open The Honda Classic WGC - Mexico Championship Puerto Rico Open Valspar Championship Arnold Palmer Invitational WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship Houston Open RBC Heritage Valero Texas Open Zurich Classic of New Orleans Wells Fargo Championship The Players Championship AT&T Byron Nelson Fort Worth Invitational Memorial Tournament FedEx St. Jude Classic Travelers Championship The National Greenbrier Classic John Deere Classic Barbasol Championship RBC Canadian Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Barracuda Championship Wyndham Championship FedEx Cup playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Team events Ryder Cup Presidents Cup World Cup Unofficial money events Hero World Challenge QBE Shootout CVS Health Charity Classic Former events List of former events Fall Series All events are listed in chronological order .", "14": "Coordinates : 33 ° 38 ′ N 111 ° 55 ′ W / 33.64 ° N 111.91 ° W / 33.64 ; - 111.91 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_Open&oldid=832007370 '' Categories : PGA Tour events Golf in Arizona Sports in Phoenix , Arizona Sports in Scottsdale , Arizona Recurring sporting events established in 1932 1932 establishments in Arizona Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 08 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8448433532428163626	when did australia 2 win the america's cup	[ "1983", "1983", "1983" ]	{ "0": "1983 America 's Cup - wikipedia 1983 America 's Cup Jump to : navigation , search 25th America 's Cup Defender United States Defender club : New York Yacht Club Yacht : Liberty Challenger Australia Challenger club : Royal Perth Yacht Club Yacht : Australia II Competition Location : Newport , Rhode Island , United States Dates : 14 -- 26 September 1983 Rule : 12 - metre Winner : Royal Perth Yacht Club Score : 4 -- 3 The 1983 America 's Cup was the occasion of the first winning challenge to the New York Yacht Club , which had successfully defended the cup over a period of 132 years . An Australian syndicate representing the Royal Perth Yacht Club fielded the Australia II , skippered by John Bertrand , against defender Liberty , skippered by Dennis Conner . Australia II won the match races to win the America 's Cup , ending the longest winning streak in sporting history and ending U.S. domination of the racing series . Contents ( hide ) 1 The defender : Liberty 2 The challenger : Australia II 3 The races 4 Aftermath 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links The defender : Liberty ( edit ) Skippered by team principal Dennis Conner , Liberty won all the Defender trials and on September 2 , 1983 , the New York Yacht Club confirmed that Liberty was to represent the NYYC as defender of the America 's Cup . During the summer preceding the trials , Conner had been the focus of extensive media attention in the U.S. He was even featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine , a rare recognition for a sailor . The crew included Connor as skipper , Tom Whidden , navigator Halsey Chase Herreshoff , Scott Vogel , and mainsheet trimmer John Marshall . Liberty had competed with John Kolius ' Courageous and Tom Blackaller 's Defender in a defender series before being selected by the New York Yacht Club . Gary Jobson was the founder and tactician of the Courageous / Defender syndicate .", "1": "The challenger : Australia II ( edit ) Main article : Australia II See also : 1983 Louis Vuitton Cup Alan Bond arrived at Newport with Australia II , billed as one of the biggest threats to American dominance of the 12 Metre class . The boat was designed by Ben Lexcen and skippered by John Bertrand . The revolutionary `` winged keel '' of the Australian yacht was a subject of controversy from the outset of the challenger series , with the New York Yacht club alleging that the winged keel boat was not a legal 12 Meter , and that the keel design itself was the result of Dutch engineers , and not by Lexcen . This second point would have made Australia II illegal under the requirement that the boat be `` designed and constructed in country '' as the Deed of Gift that governed the competition stipulated . The boat was ruled a legal 12 Meter , and she was allowed to participate in the regatta . The speed of the new contender , along with the controversy and protests intensified international media attention to the series . Australia II dominated the challenger series and entered the America 's Cup finals as the most promising contender to date . The races ( edit ) The U.S. yacht won the first and second races by margins of more than a minute when the Australian yacht suffered equipment failure , but the Australia II took the third race , and came back to win the fifth and sixth races after Liberty won the fourth . This was the first time the America 's Cup had needed a sixth race , let alone a seventh .", "2": "Date Winner Yacht Loser Yacht Score Delta September 14 , 1983 Liberty US - 40 Australia II KA - 6 0 - 1 1 : 10 September 15 , 1983 Liberty US - 40 Australia II KA - 6 0 - 2 1 : 33 September 18 , 1983 Australia II KA - 6 Liberty US - 40 1 - 2 3 : 14 September 20 , 1983 Liberty US - 40 Australia II KA - 6 1 - 3 0 : 43 September 21 , 1983 Australia II KA - 6 Liberty US - 40 2 - 3 1 : 47 September 22 , 1983 Australia II KA - 6 Liberty US - 40 3 - 3 3 : 25 September 26 , 1983 Australia II KA - 6 Liberty US - 40 4 - 3 0 : 41 The cup title came down to the seventh and final race . For the seventh and deciding race on 26 September 1983 the wind was light at around eight knots . The pre-start was not a typical match race start . `` Neither party wanted to make a mistake and end up in the protest room , '' Conner would explain later . Liberty won the start by eight seconds ahead of Australia II on paper but the Australians held a controlling position at the favoured end sailing toward the favoured side which gave them the early lead . Australia II was subsequently overtaken by Conner who built up what seemed to be an unassailable margin . At the start of the penultimate leg ( a square run ) the America 's Cup looked like it would stay in Newport . Conner failed to cover Australia II which allowed them to run deeper and faster assisted by breeze and windshifts allowing Australia II to overtake the Americans by the leeward mark . Conner then engaged Australia II in a spectacular tacking duel with nearly 50 tacks including a number of faked `` dummy '' tacks trying to break the Australians ' cover .", "3": "Australia II held on until both boats reached the starboard layline in amongst the spectator fleet and tacked several boat lengths ahead of Liberty and sailed to the finish to take the race . Australia II crossed the finish line with a winning margin of 41 seconds , becoming the first successful challenger in the 132 years `` since the schooner America won it in a race around England 's Isle of Wight in 1851 '' . Aftermath ( edit ) The final race was televised in Australia in the early hours of 27 September 1983 ( Australian time ) just before dawn , and the victory was celebrated in public venues across Australia . Prime Minister Bob Hawke was interviewed at the dawn celebration in Claremont , Western Australia . After humorously fending off repeated questioning by journalists about whether he would declare a public holiday he admitted this was a state matter and outside his power as Prime Minister . He joked that he thought it should be and that any state Premiers who disagreed with him might `` find themselves in a spot of bother '' . To rapturous laughter and applause he said with finality `` Any boss who sacks a worker for not turning up today is a bum '' . The loss of the 1983 America 's Cup was considered a time of shame in U.S. sailing , as the U.S. had been able to defend the Cup for 132 years . Dennis Conner took the loss hard . Asked about how he felt initially after losing the Cup Conner said : `` It was awful . I just did not want to get out of bed in the morning . I am usually full of life and energy ... I just wanted to hide '' . The America 's Cup was transferred from the New York Yacht Club to the Royal Perth Yacht Club located in Perth , Western Australia , which subsequently hosted its first , but unsuccessful , defense in the 1987 America 's Cup . After losing the Cup the U.S. had been determined to bring it back . Conner went to work on the next US America 's Cup Campaign . With the help of designers Britton Chance , Jr. , Bruce Nelson and David Pedrick , the boat Stars and Stripes 87 was created which , after progressively gaining speed in a grueling challenger series , became the 1987 challenger .", "4": "Stars and Stripes sailed against Kookaburra , the Australian defender , with Conner winning the 1987 America 's Cup and returning it to the U.S. The 1992 film Wind portrays in large part the loss of the 1983 Cup and the journey to regain it at the 1987 Challenge . While parts of the film take some creative license with the actual events , Wind has generally been acclaimed as the single most accurate and realistic sailing film ever made , capturing not only the technical and physical challenges of sailing , but also the realistic and daily culture and lifestyle of professional yachtsmen and yachtswomen . In retrospect , Conner said that losing the Cup in 1983 had been good for the sport of sailing and the Cup itself : `` Me losing after 132 years was the best thing that ever happened to the America 's Cup and the best thing that ever happened to Dennis Conner ... Before the win by the Australians , the America 's Cup was only big in the minds of the yachties , but the rest of the world did n't know or care about it at all . But when we lost it ... it was a little bit like losing the Panama Canal - suddenly everyone appreciated it . If I had n't lost it , there never would have been the national effort ... without that there never would have been the ticker - tape parade up Fifth Avenue in New York , lunch with the President at the White House and all the doors of opportunity that it opened '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Liberty - US 40 America 's Cup 32nd Official Site Jump up ^ Bertrand , John Born to win : a lifelong struggle to capture the America 's Cup ( as told to Patrick Robinson ) . Sydney : Bantam Books , c1985 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 05118 - 0 . p. 175 Jump up ^ http://www.herreshoff.org/achof/gary_jobson.html Jump up ^ Australia II America 's Cup 32nd Official Site Jump up ^ America 's Cup History CBS Sports Jump up ^ `` 32nd America 's Cup - Print - An Anniversary of Legendary Proportions . '' 32nd America 's Cup Official Website . Web . 20 February 2011 .", "5": "< http://32nd.americascup.com/en/scripts/print/popup_print.php?idRubrique=35&idContent=13165 > ^ Jump up to : Bob Fisher and Bob Ross ( 1987 ) . The America 's Cup 1987 : The Official Record . Pierson . ISBN 0 - 947068 - 05 - 8 Jump up ^ Nickless , Rachel . ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` Bosses urged to toughen up on sickies '' . The Australian Financial Review . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kothe , Rob . `` Sail-World.com : `` Am Glad I Lost the America 's Cup ' Says Dennis Conner . '' Sail World - Powerboat - world : Sail and Sailing , Cruising , Boating News . Web . 20 February 2011 . < http://www.sail-world.com/USA/index.cfm?SEID=2&Nid=7553&SRCID=0&ntid=0&tickeruid=0&tickerCID=0 > Jump up ^ Interviews with Dennis Conner , Australian experts and many critics and others Further reading ( edit ) Akerman , Piers. ( 1983 ) The cup comes down under Perth , W.A. : Angus & Robertson , ISBN 0 - 207 - 14913 - 5 The official Advance Australia Souvenir , America 's cup 1983 . Sydney : Amalgamated Pub . ISBN 0 - 9592499 - 0 - 7 Levitt , Michael & Llloyd , Barbara ( 1984 ) Upset : Australia wins the America 's Cup color photography by Dan Nerney . Sydney : Hodder and Stoughton , ISBN 0 - 340 - 35580 - 8 ( First published : New York : Workman Publishing , 1983 ) . Moult , Allan ( compiler ) The America 's Cup ' 83 Collector 's edition . McMahon 's Point , N.S.W. : Kevin Weldon & Associates Panorama Books ( 1983 ) How we won the America 's Cup : a souvenir . Perth , W.A. : Panorama Books .", "6": "ISBN 0 - 949864 - 13 - 7 ( ANB / PRECIS SIN 0705837 ) Park , Andy ( editor ) Stannard , Bruce ( text ) ( 1984 ) Australia II : the official record Sydney : Joyce Childress Management . ISBN 0 - 9591313 - 0 - 2 Stannard , Bruce ( 1983 ) The triumph of Australia II : the America 's Cup challenge of 1983 Sydney : Lansdowne Press . ISBN 0 - 7018 - 1800 - X Todd , Nigel and Ross , Brian ( 1983 ) America 's Cup ' 83 : the official Advance Australia edition Manly , N.S.W. : Sea Spray . OCLC 220177571 Westley , Eileen ( 1983 ) America 's Cup ' 83 , the complete story . Sydney : John Fairfax Marketing . ISBN 0 - 909558 - 36 - 1 Wheatley , Keith ( 1986 ) America 's Cup ' 87 : the inside story . Ringwood , Vic. : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 010031 - 0 Wilson , Lorraine. ( 1984 ) The America 's Cup 1983 illustrated by Alex Stitt . Melbourne : Nelson . ISBN 0 - 17 - 006452 - 2 External links ( edit ) Alan Bond and John Bertrand at America 's Cup celebrations , The Esplanade ,", "7": "Perth Australia II KA 6 ( hide ) America 's Cup Deed of Gift Challengers and defenders Competing yacht clubs America 's Cup 1851 1870 1871 1876 1881 1885 1886 1887 1893 1895 1899 1901 1903 1920 1930 1934 1937 1958 1962 1964 1967 1970 1977 1980 1992 1995 2000 2003 2007 2013 2017 2021 Challenger Selection Series ( Louis Vuitton Cup ) 1970 1977 1980 1992 1995 2000 2003 2007 Acts 2013 World Series 2017 World Series 2021 World Series Defender Selection Series ( Citizen Cup ) 1992 1995 Class J Class 12 - Metre yachts IACC yachts regattas AC72 AC45 AC50 AC45F AC75 Related America ( yacht ) Wind ( film ) Louis Vuitton Pacific Series Louis Vuitton Trophy AC45 World Series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983_America%27s_Cup&oldid=811389072 '' Categories : America 's Cup regattas 1983 in sailing 1983 in American sports 1983 in sports in Rhode Island 12 - metre class September 1983 sports events 1983 America 's Cup Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 08 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "8": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3812228515775986713	where do the maple leafs play hockey in toronto	[ "Air Canada Centre", "Air Canada Centre", "the Air Canada Centre", "the Air Canada Centre" ]	{ "0": "Toronto Maple Leafs - Wikipedia Toronto Maple Leafs Jump to : navigation , search `` Leafs '' redirects here . For other sports clubs named `` Toronto Maple Leafs '' , see Toronto Maple Leafs ( disambiguation ) . For other uses , see Leafs ( disambiguation ) . `` Maple Leafs '' redirects here . For other uses , see Maple leaf ( disambiguation ) . Toronto Maple Leafs 2017 -- 18 Toronto Maple Leafs season Conference Eastern Division Atlantic Founded 1917 History Toronto Arenas 1917 -- 1919 Toronto St. Patricks 1919 -- 1927 Toronto Maple Leafs 1927 -- present Home arena Air Canada Centre City Toronto , Ontario Colours Blue , white Media Leafs Nation Network Sportsnet Ontario TSN4 Sportsnet 590 The Fan TSN Radio 1050 Owner ( s ) Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment Ltd . ( Larry Tanenbaum , chairman ) General manager Lou Lamoriello Head coach Mike Babcock Captain Vacant Minor league affiliates Toronto Marlies ( AHL ) Orlando Solar Bears ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 13 ( 1917 -- 18 , 1921 -- 22 , 1931 -- 32 , 1941 -- 42 , 1944 -- 45 , 1946 -- 47 , 1947 -- 48 , 1948 -- 49 , 1950 -- 51 , 1961 -- 62 , 1962 -- 63 , 1963 -- 64 , 1966 -- 67 ) Conference championships 0 Presidents ' Trophy 0 Division championships 5 ( 1932 -- 33 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 , 1937 -- 38 , 1999 -- 2000 ) Official website www.nhl.com/mapleleafs The Toronto Maple Leafs ( officially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto , Ontario . They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The club is owned by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment , Ltd. and are represented by Chairman Larry Tanenbaum .", "1": "With an estimated worth of US $1.1 billion in 2016 according to Forbes , the Leafs are the third most valuable franchise in the NHL , after the Montreal Canadiens and the New York Rangers . The team 's broadcasting rights are split between BCE Inc. and Rogers Communication . For their first 14 seasons , the club played their home games at the Mutual Street Arena , before moving to Maple Leaf Gardens in 1931 . The club moved to their present home , the Air Canada Centre in February 1999 . The Maple Leafs were founded in 1917 , operating simply as Toronto and known then as the Toronto Arenas . Under new ownership , the club was named the Toronto St. Patricks in 1919 . In 1927 the club was purchased by Conn Smythe and renamed the Maple Leafs . A member of the `` Original Six , '' the club was one of six NHL teams to have endured through the period of League retrenchment during the Great Depression . The club has won thirteen Stanley Cup championships , second only to the 24 championships of the Montreal Canadiens . The club 's history includes two recognized dynasties , from 1946 to 1951 ; and from 1961 to 1967 . Winning their last championship in 1967 , the club 's 50 - season drought between championships is the longest current streak in the NHL . The Maple Leafs have rivalries with three NHL franchises , the Detroit Red Wings , the Montreal Canadiens , and the Ottawa Senators . The club is affiliated with two minor league teams , the Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League , and the Orlando Solar Bears of the ECHL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team history 1.1 Early years ( 1917 -- 1927 ) 1.2 Conn Smythe era ( 1927 -- 1961 ) 1.2. 1 Opening of Maple Leaf Gardens ( 1930s ) 1.2. 2 The first dynasty ( 1940s ) 1.2.", "2": "3 The Barilko Curse ( 1950s ) 1.3 New owners and a new dynasty ( 1961 -- 1971 ) 1.4 The Ballard years ( 1971 -- 1990 ) 1.5 Resurgence ( 1990 -- 2004 ) 1.5. 1 New home and a new millennium 1.6 After the lock - out ( 2005 -- 2014 ) 1.7 Brendan Shanahan era ( 2014 -- present ) 2 Team culture 2.1 Fan base 2.2 Rivalries 2.2. 1 Detroit Red Wings 2.2. 2 Montreal Canadiens 2.2. 3 Ottawa Senators 3 Team information 3.1 Broadcasters 3.2 Home arenas and practice facilities 3.3 Logo , uniform and mascot 3.4 Ownership 4 Season - by - season record 5 Players and personnel 5.1 Current roster 5.2 Team captains 5.3 Head coaches 5.4 Draft picks 6 Team and league honours 6.1 Retired numbers 6.2 Hall of Famers 6.3 Franchise career leaders 7 In popular culture 8 Minor league affiliates 8.1 Historical 8.2 Current 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Team history Main article : History of the Toronto Maple Leafs Early years ( 1917 -- 1927 ) Part of the series on Evolution of the Toronto Maple Leafs Teams Toronto Pro HC ( ind. , OPHL ) ( 1906 -- 1909 ) Toronto Blueshirts ( NHA ) ( 1912 -- 1917 ) Toronto Arenas ( NHL ) ( 1917 -- 1919 ) Toronto St. Patricks ( NHL ) ( 1919 -- 1927 ) Toronto Maple Leafs ( NHL ) ( 1927 -- present ) Ice hockey portal The National Hockey League was formed in 1917 in Montreal by teams formerly belonging to the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) that had a dispute with Eddie Livingstone , owner of the Toronto Blueshirts .", "3": "The owners of the other four clubs -- the Montreal Canadiens , Montreal Wanderers , Quebec Bulldogs and the Ottawa Senators -- wanted to get rid of Livingstone , but discovered that the NHA constitution did not allow them to simply vote him out of the league . Instead , they opted to create a new league , the NHL , and did not invite Livingstone to join them . They also remained voting members of the NHA , and thus had enough votes to suspend the other league 's operations , effectively leaving Livingstone 's squad in a one - team league . Team photo of the Arenas from the 1917 -- 18 season . The club won its first Stanley Cup in the inaugural season of the NHL . The NHL had decided that it would operate a four - team circuit , made up of the Canadiens , Maroons , Ottawa , and one more club in either Quebec or Toronto . Toronto 's inclusion in the NHL 's inaugural season was formally announced on November 26 , 1917 , with concerns over the Bulldog 's financial stability surfacing . The League granted temporary franchise rights to the Arena Company , owners of the Arena Gardens . The NHL granted the Arena responsibility of the Toronto franchise for only for the inaugural season , with specific instructions to resolve the dispute with Livingstone , or transfer ownership of the Toronto franchise back to the League at the end of the season . The roster was composed almost entirely of former Blueshirts , including Harry Cameron and Reg Noble , but the club does not claim their history . The franchise did not have an official name , but was informally called `` the Blueshirts '' or `` the Torontos '' by the fans and press . During the inaugural season the club performed the first trade in NHL history , acquiring the Senators ' spare goaltender , Sammy Hebert , in return for cash . Under manager Charlie Querrie , and head coach Dick Carroll , the team won the Stanley Cup in the inaugural 1917 -- 18 season . For the next season , rather than return the Blueshirts ' players to Livingstone as originally promised , on October 19 , 1918 , the Arena Company requested to become a permanent franchise , the Toronto Arena Hockey Club , which was readily granted by the NHL . The Arena Company also decided that year that only NHL teams were allowed to play at the Arena Gardens -- a move which effectively killed the NHA .", "4": "Livingstone sued to get his players back . Mounting legal bills from the dispute forced the Arenas to sell some of their stars , resulting in a horrendous five - win season in 1918 -- 19 . With the company facing increasing financial difficulties , and the Arenas officially eliminated from the playoffs , the NHL agreed to let the team forfeit their last two games . Operations halted on February 20 , 1919 , with the NHL ending its season and starting the playoffs . The Arenas ' . 278 winning percentage that season is still the worst in franchise history . However , the 1919 Stanley Cup Finals ended without a winner due to the worldwide flu epidemic . Team photo of the club during the 1921 -- 22 season . Then known as the St. Patricks , the club won its second Stanley Cup in 1922 . The legal dispute forced the Arena Company into bankruptcy , and it was forced to sell the team . On December 9 , 1919 , Querrie brokered the team 's purchase by the owners of the St. Patricks Hockey Club , allowing him to maintain an ownership stake in the team . The new owners renamed the team the Toronto St. Patricks ( or St. Pats for short ) , which operated until 1927 . Changing the colours of the team from blue to green , the club won their second Stanley Cup championship in 1922 . Babe Dye scored four times in the 5 -- 1 Stanley Cup - clinching victory against the Vancouver Millionaires . In 1924 Jack Bickell invested $25,000 in the St. Pats as a favour to his friend Querrie , who needed to financially reorganize his hockey team . Conn Smythe era ( 1927 -- 1961 ) After a number of financially difficult seasons , the St. Patricks ' ownership group seriously considered selling the team to C.C. Pyle for CAD $200,000 . Pyle sought to move the team to Philadelphia . However , Toronto Varsity Graduates ' coach Conn Smythe put together a group of his own and made a $160,000 offer . With the support of St. Pats shareholder J.P.", "5": "Bickell , Smythe persuaded Querrie to accept their bid , arguing that civic pride was more important than money . After taking control on February 14 , 1927 , Smythe immediately renamed the team the Maple Leafs , after the national symbol of Canada . He attributed his choice of a maple leaf for the logo to his experiences as a Canadian Army officer and prisoner of war during World War I. Viewing the maple leaf as a `` badge of courage , '' and a reminder of home , Smythe decided to give the same name to his hockey team , in honour of the many Canadian soldiers who wore it . However , the team was not the first to use the name . A Toronto minor - league baseball team had used the name `` Maple Leafs '' since 1896 . Initial reports were that the team 's colours were to be red and white , but the Leafs wore white sweaters with a green maple leaf for their first game on February 17 , 1927 . On September 27 , 1927 , it was announced that the Leafs had changed their colour scheme to blue and white . Although Smythe later stated he chose blue because it represents the Canadian skies and white to represent snow , these colours were also used on his gravel and sand business ' trucks . The colour scheme also followed a longstanding tradition of top - level , Toronto - based teams using blue as their primary colour , starting with the Toronto Argonauts in 1873 , the University of Toronto Varsity Blues in 1877 , the Maple Leafs baseball team , as well as the NHA 's Toronto Blueshirts . Opening of Maple Leaf Gardens ( 1930s ) The Kid Line consisted of Charlie Conacher , Joe Primeau , and Busher Jackson ( left to right ) . They led the Leafs to win the 1932 Stanley Cup , as well as four more Stanley Cup finals appearances over the next six years . Despite four more lacklustre seasons ( including three with Smythe as coach ) , Smythe saw the increasing popularity of the team , and the need for a new arena . Finding an adequate number of financiers , he purchased land from the Eaton family , and construction of the arena was completed in five months . The Maple Leafs debuted at their new arena , Maple Leaf Gardens , with a 2 -- 1 loss to the Chicago Black Hawks on November 12 , 1931 .", "6": "The debut also featured Foster Hewitt in his newly constructed ' gondola ' above the ice surface , where he began his famous Hockey Night in Canada radio broadcasts that eventually came to be a Saturday - night tradition . By the 1931 -- 32 NHL season , the Maple Leafs were led by the `` Kid Line '' consisting of Busher Jackson , Joe Primeau and Charlie Conacher and coached by Dick Irvin . The Leafs captured their third Stanley Cup that season , vanquishing the Chicago Black Hawks in the first round , the Montreal Maroons in the semifinals , and the New York Rangers in the finals . Smythe took particular pleasure in defeating the Rangers that year . He had been tapped as the Rangers ' first general manager and coach for their inaugural season ( 1926 -- 27 ) , but had been fired in a dispute with Madison Square Garden management before the season had begun . Maple Leafs ' star forward Ace Bailey was nearly killed in 1933 when Boston Bruins defenceman Eddie Shore checked him from behind at full speed into the boards . Leafs defenceman Red Horner knocked Shore out with a punch , but Bailey , writhing on the ice , had his career ended . The Leafs held the Ace Bailey Benefit Game , the NHL 's first All - Star Game , to collect medical funds to help Bailey . His jersey was retired later the same night . The Leafs reached the finals five times in the next seven years , but bowed out to the now - defunct Maroons in 1935 , the Detroit Red Wings in 1936 , Chicago in 1938 , Boston in 1939 as well as the Rangers in 1940 . After the end of the 1939 -- 40 season , Smythe allowed Irvin to leave the team as head coach , replacing him with former Leafs captain Hap Day . The first dynasty ( 1940s ) In the 1942 season , the Maple Leafs were down three games to none in a best - of - seven series in the playoffs against Detroit . Fourth - line forward Don Metz then galvanized the team , coming from nowhere to score a hat - trick in game four and the game - winner in game five , with the Leafs winning both times .", "7": "Captain Syl Apps won the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy that season , not taking one penalty , and finished his ten - season career with an average of 5 minutes , 36 seconds in penalties a season . Goalie Turk Broda shut out the Wings in game six , and Sweeney Schriner scored two goals in the third period to win the seventh game 3 -- 1 , completing the reverse - sweep . The Leafs remain the only team to have successfully performed a reverse - sweep in the Stanley Cup finals . The Maple Leafs score against Detroit during the 1942 Cup Finals . Down three games to none in the best - of - seven series , the Leafs won the next four games , performing the only reverse - sweep in the Cup Finals . Smythe , who reenlisted in the Canadian Army at the outbreak of World War II , was given leave from military duty to view the final game of the 1942 finals . He arrived at the game in full military regalia . Earlier , at the outbreak of war , Smythe arranged for many of his Maple Leafs players and staff to take army training with the Toronto Scottish Regiment . Most notably , the Leafs announced a large portion of their roster had enlisted , including Apps , and Broda , who did not play on the team for several seasons due to their obligations with the Canadian Forces . During this period , the Leafs turned to lesser - known players such as rookie goaltender Frank McCool and defenceman Babe Pratt . The Maple Leafs beat the Red Wings in the 1945 Finals . They won the first three games , with goaltender McCool recording consecutive shutouts . However , in a reverse of the 1942 finals , the Red Wings won the next three games . The Leafs were able to win the series , winning the seventh game in 2 - 1 to prevent a complete reversal of the series played three years ago . After the end of the war , players who had enlisted were beginning to return to their teams . With Apps and Broda regaining their form , the Maple Leafs beat the first - place Canadiens in the 1947 finals . In an effort to bolster their centre depth , the Leafs acquired Cy Thomas and Max Bentley in the following the off - season . With these key additions , the Leafs were able to win a second consecutive Stanley Cup , sweeping the Red Wings in the 1948 finals .", "8": "With their victory in 1948 , the Leafs moved ahead of Montreal as the team having won the most Stanley Cups in League history . It took the Canadiens ten years to reclaim the record . Apps announced his retirement following the 1948 finals , with Ted Kennedy replacing him as the team 's captain . Under a new captaincy , the Leafs managed to make it to the 1949 finals , facing the Red Wings , who had finished the season with the best overall record . However , the Leafs went on to win their third consecutive Cup , sweeping the Red Wings in four games . This brought the total of Detroit 's play off game losses against the Leafs to eleven . The Red Wings were able to end this losing streak in the following post-season , eliminating Toronto in the 1950 NHL playoffs . The Barilko curse ( 1950s ) Harry Lumley won a Vezina Trophy following the 1953 -- 54 season , recording a franchise record 13 shutouts . The Maple Leafs and Canadiens met again in the 1951 finals , with five consecutive overtime games played in the series . Defenceman Bill Barilko managed to score the series - winning goal in overtime , leaving his defensive position ( in spite of coach Joe Primeau 's instructions not to ) to pick up an errant pass and score . Barilko helped the club secure its fourth Stanley Cup in five years . His glory was short - lived , as he disappeared in a plane crash near Timmins , Ontario , four months later . The crash site was not found until a helicopter pilot discovered the plane 's wreckage plane about 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) north of Cochrane , Ontario eleven years later . The Leafs did not win another Cup during the 1950s , with rumours swirling that the team was `` cursed , '' and would not win a cup until Barilko 's body was found . The `` curse '' came to an end after the Leafs ' 1962 Stanley Cup victory , which came seven weeks before to the discovery of the wreckage of Barilko 's plane . Their 1951 victory was followed by lacklustre performances in the following seasons . The team finished third in the 1951 -- 52 season , and were eventually swept by the Red Wings in the semi-finals .", "9": "With the conclusion of the 1952 -- 53 regular season , the Leafs failed to make it to the post-season for the first time since the 1945 -- 46 playoffs . The Leafs ' poor performance may be attributed partly to a decline in their sponsored junior system ( including the Toronto St. Michael 's Majors and the Toronto Marlboros ) . The junior system was managed by Frank J. Selke until his departure to the Canadiens in 1946 . In his absence , the quality of players it produced declined . Many who were called up to the Leafs in the early 1950s were found to be seriously lacking in ability . It was only later in the decade that the Leafs ' feeder clubs turned out enough impressive prospects to enable the team to be competitive again . After a two - year drought from the playoffs , the Maple Leafs clinched a berth after the 1958 -- 59 season . A relatively young team , under Punch Imlach , a new general manager and coach , the team managed to make it to the 1959 Finals , although they lost to the Canadiens in five games . Building on a successful playoff run , the Leafs followed up with a second - place finish in the 1959 -- 60 regular season . Although they advanced to their second straight Cup Finals , the Leafs were again defeated by the Canadiens in four games . New owners and a new dynasty ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Beginning in the 1960s , the Leafs became a stronger team , with Johnny Bower as goaltender , and Bob Baun , Carl Brewer , Tim Horton and Allan Stanley serving as the Maple Leafs ' defencemen . In an effort to bolster their forward group during the 1960 off - season , Imlach traded Marc Reaume to the Red Wings for Red Kelly . Originally a defenceman , Kelly was asked to make the transition to the role of centre , where he remained for the rest of his career . Kelly helped reinforce a forward group made up of Frank Mahovlich , and team captain George Armstrong . The beginning of the 1960 -- 61 season also saw the debut of rookies Bob Nevin , and Dave Keon . Keon previously played for the St.", "10": "Michael 's Majors ( the Maple Leafs junior affiliate ) , but had impressed Imlach during the Leafs ' training camp , and joined the team for the season . Despite these new additions , the Leafs ' 1961 playoff run ended in the semifinals against the Red Wings , with Armstrong , Bower , Kelly and others , suffering from injuries . Johnny Bower was the Maple Leafs ' goaltender from 1958 to 1969 . He helped the team win four Cups . In November 1961 , Smythe sold nearly all of his shares in the club 's parent company , Maple Leaf Gardens Limited ( MLGL ) , to a partnership composed of his son Stafford Smythe , and his partners , newspaper baron John Bassett and Toronto Marlboros President Harold Ballard . The sale price was $2.3 million , a handsome return on Smythe 's original investment 34 years earlier . Initially , Conn Smythe claimed that he knew nothing about his son 's partners and was furious with the arrangement . However , he did not stop the deal because of it . Conn Smythe was given a retiring salary of $15,000 per year for life , an office , secretary , a car with a driver , and seats to home games . Smythe sold his remaining shares in the company , and resigned from the board of directors in March 1966 , after a Muhammad Ali boxing match was scheduled for the Gardens . Smythe found Ali 's refusal to serve in the United States Army offensive , noting that the Gardens was `` no place for those who want to evade conscription in their own country '' . He had also said that because the Gardens ' owners agreed to host the fight they had `` put cash ahead of class '' . Under the new ownership , Toronto won another three straight Stanley Cups . The team won the 1962 Stanley Cup Finals beating the defending champion Chicago Black Hawks on a goal from Dick Duff in Game 6 . During the 1962 -- 63 season , the Leafs finished first in the league for the first time since the 1947 -- 48 season . In the following playoffs , the team won their second Stanley Cup of the decade . The 1963 -- 64 season saw certain members of the team traded .", "11": "With Imlach seeking to reinvigorate the slumping Leafs , he made a mid-season trade that sent Duff , and Nevin to the Rangers for Andy Bathgate and Don McKenney . The Leafs managed to make the post-season as well as the Cup finals . The 1964 Cup finals were perhaps most notable for Baun 's heroic performance . During game six , Baun suffered a fractured ankle and required a stretcher to be taken off the ice . Surprisingly , he returned to play with his ankle frozen , and eventually scored the overtime , game - winning goal against the Red Wings . Winning game seven 4 -- 0 , with two goals from Bathgate , the Leafs won their third consecutive Stanley Cup . The two seasons after the Maple Leafs ' Stanley Cup victories , the team saw several player departures , including Bathgate , and Brewer , as well as several new additions , including Marcel Pronovost , and Terry Sawchuk . During the 1966 -- 67 , the team had lost 10 games in a row , sending Imlach to the hospital with a stress - related illness . However , from the time King Clancy took over as the head coach , to Imlach 's return , the club was on a 10 - game undefeated streak , building momentum before the playoffs . The Leafs made their last Cup finals in 1967 . Playing against Montreal , the heavy favourite for the year , the Leafs managed to win , with Bob Pulford scoring the double - overtime winner in game three ; Jim Pappin scored the series winner in Game 6 . Keon was named the playoff 's most valuable player , and was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy . The Maple Leafs failed to make the playoffs for two of the decade 's last three years . They lost several players to the 1967 expansion drafts , and the team was racked with dissension because of Imlach 's authoritative manner , and his attempts to prevent the players from joining the newly formed Players ' Association . Imlach 's management of the team was also brought into question due to some of his decisions . It was apparent that he was too loyal to aging players who had been with him since 1958 .", "12": "In 1967 -- 68 season , Mahovlich was traded to Detroit in a deal that saw the Leafs acquire Paul Henderson , and Norm Ullman . The Leafs managed to return to the playoffs after the 1968 -- 69 season , only to be swept by the Bruins . Immediately after , Stafford Smythe confronted Imlach and fired him . This act was not without controversy , with some older players , including Horton , declaring that , `` if this team does n't want Imlach , I guess it does n't want me '' . Punch Imlach won four Cups as the Leafs ' coach in the 1960s . However , his second stint as the club 's general manager during the 1979 -- 80 season was controversial , as he traded Lanny McDonald , and engaged in a public dispute with team captain Darryl Sittler . The Maple Leafs completed the 1969 -- 70 season out of the playoffs . With their low finish , the Leafs were able to draft Darryl Sittler at the 1970 NHL Amateur Draft . The Leafs returned to the playoffs after the 1970 -- 71 season with the addition of Sittler , as well as Bernie Parent and Jacques Plante , who were both acquired through trades during the season . They were eliminated in the first round against the Rangers . The Ballard years ( 1971 -- 1990 ) A series of events in 1971 made Ballard the primary owner of the Maple Leafs . After a series of disputes between Bassett , Ballard and Stafford Smythe , Bassett sold his stake in the company to them . Shortly afterwards , Smythe died in October 1971 . Under the terms of Stafford 's will , of which Ballard was an executor , each partner was allowed to buy the other 's shares upon their death . Stafford 's brother and son tried to keep the shares in the family , but in February 1972 Ballard bought all of Stafford 's shares for $7.5 million , valuing the company at $22 million . Six months later , Ballard was convicted of charges including fraud , and theft of money and goods , and spent a year at Milhaven Penitentiary . By the end of 1971 , the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) began operations as a direct competitor to the NHL .", "13": "Believing the WHA would not be able to compete against the NHL , Ballard 's attitude caused the Maple Leafs to lose key players , including Parent to the upstart league . Undermanned and demoralized , the Leafs finished with the fourth - worst record for the 1972 -- 73 season . They got the fourth overall pick in the 1973 NHL Amateur Draft , and drafted Lanny McDonald . General Manager Jim Gregory also acquired the 10th overall pick from the Philadelphia Flyers , and the 15th overall pick from the Bruins , using them to acquire Bob Neely and Ian Turnbull . In addition to these first round picks , the Leafs also acquired Börje Salming during the 1973 off - season . Despite acquiring Tiger Williams in the 1974 draft , and Roger Neilson as head coach in the 1977 -- 78 season , the Maple Leafs found themselves eliminated in the playoffs by stronger Flyers or Canadiens teams from 1975 to 1979 . Although Neilson was a popular coach with fans and his players , he found himself at odds with Ballard , who fired him late in the 1977 -- 78 season . Nielson was later reinstated after appeals from the players and public . Nielson and Gregory were fired after the 1979 playoffs , with Imlach named as Gregory 's replacement . In the first year of his second stint as general manager , Imlach became embroiled in a dispute with Leafs ' captain Darryl Sittler over his attempt to take part in the Showdown series for Hockey Night in Canada . In a move to undermine Sittler 's influence on the team , Imlach traded McDonald , who was Sittler 's friend . By the end of the 1979 -- 80 season , Imlach had traded away nearly half of the roster he had at the beginning of his tenure as general manager . With the situation between Ballard and Sittler worsening , Sittler asked to be traded . Forcing the Leafs ' hand , the club 's new general manager , Gerry McNamara , traded Sittler to the Flyers on January 20 , 1982 . Rick Vaive was named the team 's captain shortly after Sittler 's departure .", "14": "The Maple Leafs ' management continued in disarray throughout most of the decade , with an inexperienced McNamara named as Imlach 's replacement in September 1981 . He was followed by Gord Stellick on April 28 , 1988 , who was replaced by Floyd Smith on August 15 , 1989 . Coaching was similarly shuffled often after Nielson 's departure . Imlach 's first choice for coach was his former player Smith , although he did not finish the 1979 -- 80 season after being hospitalized by a car accident on March 14 , 1980 . Joe Crozier was named the new head coach until January 10 , 1981 , when he was succeeded by Mike Nykoluk . Nykoluk was head coach until April 2 , 1984 . Dan Maloney returned as head coach from 1984 to 1986 , with John Brophy named head coach from 1986 to 1988 . Both coaches had little success during their tenures . Doug Carpenter was named the new head coach to begin the 1989 -- 90 season , when the Leafs posted their first season above . 500 in the decade . The team did not have much success during the decade , missing the playoffs entirely in 1982 , 1984 and 1985 . However , the low finishes allowed the team to draft Wendel Clark first overall at the 1985 NHL Entry Draft . Clark managed to lead the Leafs to the playoffs from 1986 to 1988 , as well as the 1990 playoffs , although they were always eliminated in the first round . Ballard died on April 11 , 1990 . Resurgence ( 1990 -- 2004 ) At the 1994 NHL Entry Draft , the Leafs acquired Mats Sundin in a trade with the Quebec Nordiques . Sundin was later named captain before the 1997 -- 98 season . Don Crump , Don Giffin , and Steve Stavro were named executors of Ballard 's estate . Stavro succeeded Ballard as chairman of Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd. and governor of the Maple Leafs . Cliff Fletcher was hired by Giffin to be the new general manager , although this was opposed by Stavro , who told Fletcher that he wanted to install his own man .", "15": "Fletcher immediately set about building a competitive club by hiring Pat Burns as the new coach , and by making a series of trades and free agent acquisitions , such as acquiring Doug Gilmour and Dave Andreychuk , which turned the Leafs into a contender . Assisted by stellar goaltending from minor league call - up Felix Potvin , the team posted a then - franchise - record 99 points , and the eighth - best overall record in the NHL . Toronto dispatched the Detroit Red Wings in seven games in the first round , then defeated the St. Louis Blues in another seven games in the Division Finals . Hoping to meet long - time rival Montreal ( who was playing in the Wales Conference finals against the New York Islanders ) in the Cup finals , the Leafs faced the Los Angeles Kings in the Campbell Conference finals . They led the series 3 -- 2 , but dropped game six in Los Angeles . The game was not without controversy , as Wayne Gretzky clipped Gilmour in the face with his stick , but referee Kerry Fraser did not call a penalty , and Gretzky scored the winning goal moments later . The Leafs eventually lost in game seven 5 -- 4 . The Leafs had another strong season in 1993 -- 94 , starting the season on a 10 - game winning streak , and finishing it with 98 points . The team made it to the conference finals again , only to be eliminated by the Vancouver Canucks in five games . At the 1994 NHL Entry Draft , the Leafs packaged Wendel Clark in a multi-player trade with the Quebec Nordiques that landed them Mats Sundin . New home and a new millennium Larry Tanenbaum bought a stake in MLGL in 1996 , becoming partners with Stavro . On February 12 , 1998 , MLGL purchased the Toronto Raptors , a National Basketball Association franchise , and the Air Canada Centre arena the Raptors were building , from Allan Slaight and Scotiabank . With the acquisition , MLGL was renamed to Maple Leafs Sports & Entertainment ( MLSE ) , acting as the parent company of the two teams . Missing two consecutive playoffs in 1997 and 1998 , the Leafs relieved Fletcher as general manager . Curtis Joseph was acquired as the team 's starting goalie , while Pat Quinn was hired as the head coach before the 1998 -- 99 season .", "16": "Realigning the NHL 's conferences in 1998 , the Leafs were moved from the Western to the Eastern Conference . On February 13 , 1999 , the Leafs played their final game at the Gardens before moving to their new home at the Air Canada Centre . In the 1999 playoffs , the team advanced to the Conference Finals , but lost in five games to the Buffalo Sabres . The Maple Leafs moved to their current home arena , the Air Canada Centre , in February 1999 . In the 1999 -- 2000 season , the Leafs hosted the 50th NHL All - Star Game . By the end of the season , they recorded their first 100 - point season and won their first division title in 37 years . In both the 2000 and 2001 playoffs , the Leafs defeated the Ottawa Senators in the first round , and lost to the New Jersey Devils in the second round . In 2002 playoffs , the Leafs dispatched the Islanders and the Senators , in the first two rounds , only to lose to the Cinderella - story Carolina Hurricanes in the Conference Finals . The 2002 season was particularly impressive in that injuries sidelined many of the Leafs ' better players , but the efforts of depth players , including Alyn McCauley , Gary Roberts and Darcy Tucker , led them to the Conference Finals . As Joseph opted to become a free agent during the 2002 off - season , the Leafs signed Ed Belfour as the new starting goaltender . Belfour played well during the 2002 -- 03 season and was a finalist for the Vezina Trophy . The Leafs lost to Philadelphia in seven games during the first round of the 2003 playoffs . In 2003 , an ownership change occurred in MLSE . Stavro sold his controlling interest in MLSE to the Ontario Teachers ' Pension Plan ( OTPP ) and resigned his position as chairman in favour of Tanenbaum . Quinn remained as head coach , but was replaced as general manager by John Ferguson Jr ... Before the 2003 -- 04 season , the team held their training camp in Sweden and played in the NHL Challenge against teams from Sweden and Finland .", "17": "The Leafs went on to enjoy a very successful regular season , leading the NHL at the time of the All - Star Game ( with Quinn named head coach of the East 's All - Star Team ) . They finished the season with a franchise - record 103 points . They finished with the fourth - best record in the League , and their highest overall finish in 41 years , achieving a . 628 win percentage , their best in 43 years , and third - best in franchise history . In the 2004 playoffs , the Leafs defeated the Senators in the first round of the post-season for the fourth time in five years , with Belfour posting three shutouts ( setting the record for the most shutouts in a single playoff series ) in seven games , but lost to the Flyers in six games during the second round . After the lock - out ( 2005 -- 2014 ) Following the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out , the Maple Leafs experienced their longest playoff drought in the club 's history . They struggled in 2005 -- 06 and , despite a late - season surge ( 9 -- 1 -- 2 in their final 12 games ) , led by third - string goaltender Jean - Sebastien Aubin , Toronto was out of playoff contention for the first time since 1998 . This marked the first time the team had missed under Quinn , who was later relieved as head coach . Quinn 's dismissal was controversial since many of the young players who were key contributors to the Leafs ' late - season run had been drafted by him before Ferguson 's arrival , while Ferguson 's signings ( Jason Allison , Belfour , Alexander Khavanov , and Eric Lindros ) had suffered season - ending injuries . In the 2009 -- 10 season the Maple Leafs acquired Dion Phaneuf as a part of a seven - player trade . Named team captain in the following off - season , he continued in the role until he was traded to Ottawa in 2016 . Paul Maurice , who previously coached the Maple Leafs ' farm team the Toronto Marlies ' inaugural season , was named as Quinn 's replacement . On June 30 , 2006 , the Leafs bought out fan - favourite Tie Domi 's contract .", "18": "The team also decided against picking up the option year on goaltender Ed Belfour 's contract ; he became a free agent . However , despite the coaching change , as well as a shuffle in the roster , the team did not make the playoffs in 2006 -- 07 . During the 2007 -- 08 season , John Ferguson , Jr. was fired in January 2008 , and replaced by former Leafs ' general manager Cliff Fletcher on an interim basis . The Leafs did not qualify for the post-season , marking the first time since 1928 the team had failed to make the playoffs for three consecutive seasons . It was also Sundin 's last year with the Leafs , as his contract was due to expire at the end of the season . However , he refused Leaf management 's request to waive his no - trade clause in order for the team to rebuild by acquiring prospects and / or draft picks . On May 7 , 2008 , after the 2007 -- 08 season , the Leafs fired Maurice , as well as assistant coach Randy Ladouceur , naming Ron Wilson as the new head coach , and Tim Hunter and Rob Zettler as assistant coaches . On November 29 , 2008 , the Maple Leafs hired Brian Burke as their 13th non-interim , and the first American , general manager in team history . The acquisition ended the second Cliff Fletcher era and settled persistent rumours that Burke was coming to Toronto . On June 26 , 2009 , Burke made his first appearance as the Leafs GM at the 2009 NHL Entry Draft , selecting London Knights forward Nazem Kadri with the seventh overall pick . On September 18 , 2009 , Burke traded Toronto 's first - and second - round 2010 , as well as its 2011 first - round picks , to the Boston Bruins in exchange for forward Phil Kessel . On January 31 , 2010 , the Leafs made another high - profile trade , this time with the Calgary Flames in a seven - player deal that brought defenceman Dion Phaneuf to Toronto . On June 14 , during the off - season , the Leafs named Phaneuf captain after two seasons without one following Sundin 's departure .", "19": "On February 18 , 2011 , the Leafs sent long - time Maple Leaf Tomas Kaberle to the Bruins in exchange for prospect Joe Colborne , Boston 's first - round pick in 2011 , and a conditional second - round draft choice . On March 2 , 2012 , Burke fired Wilson and named Randy Carlyle the new head coach . However , the termination proved to be controversial as Wilson had received a contract extension just two months prior to being let go . Changes at the ownership level also occurred in August 2012 , when the OTPP completed the sale of their shares in MLSE to BCE Inc. and Rogers Communications . On January 9 , 2013 , Burke was fired as general manager , replaced by Dave Nonis . In their first full season under the leadership of Carlyle , Toronto managed to secure a playoff berth in the 2012 -- 13 season ( which was shortened again due to another lock - out ) for the first time in eight years . However , the Leafs lost in seven games to eventual 2013 Stanley Cup finalist Boston in the first round . Despite the season 's success , it was not repeated during the 2013 -- 14 season , as the Leafs failed to make the playoffs . Brendan Shanahan era ( 2014 -- present ) Brendan Shanahan was named the president and an alternate governor of the club shortly after the 2013 -- 2014 season ended . Shortly after the end of the 2013 -- 14 regular season , Brendan Shanahan was named as the president and an alternate governor of the Maple Leafs . On January 6 , 2015 , the Leafs fired Randy Carlyle as head coach , and assistant coach Peter Horachek took over on an interim basis immediately after the firing . While the Leafs had a winning record before Carlyle 's firing , the team eventually collapsed . On February 6 , 2015 , the Leafs set a new franchise record of 11 consecutive games without a win . At the beginning of February , Shanahan gained the approval of MLSE 's Board of Directors to begin a `` scorched earth '' rebuild of the club . Both Dave Nonis and Horachek were relieved of their duties on April 12 , just one day after the season concluded .", "20": "In addition , the Leafs also fired a number of assistant coaches , including Steve Spott , Rick St. Croix ; as well as individuals from the Leafs ' player scouting department . On May 20 , 2015 , Mike Babcock was named as the new head coach , and on June 23 , Lou Lamoriello was named the 16th general manager in team history . On July 1 , 2015 , the Leafs packaged Kessel in a multi-player deal to the Pittsburgh Penguins in return for three skaters , including Kasperi Kapanen and a conditional first round pick , and a third round pick . Toronto also retained $1.2 million of Kessel 's salary for the remaining seven seasons of his contract . During the following season , on February 9 , 2016 , the Leafs packaged Phaneuf in another multi-player deal , acquiring four players , as well as a 2017 2nd - round pick from the Ottawa Senators . The team finished last in the NHL for the first time since the 1984 -- 85 season and secured a 20 percent chance at winning the first overall pick in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft . They were also guaranteed to pick no lower than fourth . They subsequently won the draft lottery and used the first overall pick to draft Auston Matthews . In their second season under Babcock , Toronto secured the final Eastern Conference wildcard spot for the 2017 playoffs . On April 23 , 2017 , the Maple Leafs were eliminated from the playoffs by the top - seeded Washington Capitals . With a score of 2 -- 1 in the sixth game of the first round , Marcus Johansson scored the winner for the Capitals 6 : 31 into overtime . Team culture Fan base Tickets to Maple Leafs ' home games have long been among the most difficult to acquire even during losing seasons . The Air Canada Centre holds 18,900 seats for Leafs games , with 15,500 reserved for season ticket holders . Because of the demand for season tickets , their sale is limited to the 10,000 people on the waiting list . As of March 2016 , Leafs ' season tickets saw a renewal rate of 99.5 percent , a rate that would require more than 250 years to clear the existing waiting list .", "21": "With an average of US $1.9 million per game , the Leafs had the highest average ticket revenue per game in the 2007 -- 08 season . Fans gather at Maple Leaf Square to watch game two between the Maple Leafs and the Boston Bruins during the 2013 NHL playoffs . Leafs ' fans have been noted for their loyalty to the team , in spite of its performance . In a study conducted by Fanatics in March 2017 , the Leafs and the Minnesota Wild were the only two NHL teams to average arena sellouts , with average win percentages below the league 's average . In a 2014 survey by ESPN The Magazine , the Leafs were ranked last out of the 122 professional teams in the Big Four leagues . Teams were graded by stadium experience , ownership , player quality , ticket affordability , championships won and `` bang for the buck '' ; in particular , the Leafs came last in ticket affordability . Conversely , fans of other teams harbour an equally passionate dislike of the team . In November 2002 , the Leafs were named by Sports Illustrated hockey writer Michael Farber as the `` Most Hated Team in Hockey . '' Despite their loyalty , there have been several instances where the fanbase voiced their displeasure with the club . During the 2011 -- 12 season , fans attending the games chanted for the dismissal of head coach Ron Wilson , and later general manager Brian Burke . Wilson was let go shortly after the fans ' outburst , even though he had been given a contract extension months earlier . Burke alluded to the chants noting `` it would be cruel and unusual punishment to let Ron coach another game in the Air Canada Centre '' . During in the 2014 -- 15 season fans threw Leafs jerseys onto the ice to show their disapproval of the team 's poor performances in the past few decades . Similarly , during the late - regular season that overlaps with the opening Major League Baseball ( MLB ) season , and the success of MLB 's Toronto Blue Jays , fans have also been heard sarcastically chanting `` Let 's go Blue Jays ! '' as a sign of their shift in priority from an underperforming team to the start of the 2016 Blue Jays season . Many Leaf fans live outside the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , and throughout Ontario , including the Ottawa Valley , the Niagara Region , and Southwestern Ontario .", "22": "As a result , Leafs - Senators games at the Canadian Tire Centre in Ottawa , and Leafs - Sabres games at the KeyBank Center in Buffalo , host a more neutral attendance , due in part to the Leafs fans in those areas , and to those cities ' proximity to the GTA and the relative ease in getting tickets to those teams ' games . The Leafs are also a popular team in Atlantic Canada . In November 2016 , a survey was conducted that found 20 percent of respondents from Atlantic Canada viewed the Leafs as their favourite team ; second only to the Montreal Canadiens at 26 percent . The Leafs were found to be the most favoured team in Prince Edward Island , with 24 percent of respondents favouring the Leafs ; and the second favourite team in Nova Scotia , and Newfoundland and Labrador ( 19 and 24 percent respectively , both trailing respondents who favoured the Canadiens by one percent ) . Rivalries Main article : Maple Leafs -- Red Wings rivalry `` Montreal - Toronto was the traditional rivalry , Detroit - Toronto was the bitter rivalry . '' -- Bob Nevin During the 25 years of the Original Six - era ( 1942 -- 67 ) , teams played each other 14 times during the regular season , and with only four teams continuing into the playoffs , rivalries were intense . As one of this era 's most successful teams , the Maple Leafs established historic rivalries with the two other most successful teams of the time , the Montreal Canadiens and the Detroit Red Wings . Detroit Red Wings The Red Wings hosted the Maple Leafs at the 2014 NHL Winter Classic . Both teams are Original Six teams , with the clubs ' first game played in 1927 . From 1929 -- 1993 , the teams met each other in the 16 playoff series , as well as seven Stanley Cup Finals . Meeting one another for a combined 23 times in the postseason , they have played each other in more postseason series than any other two teams in NHL history with the exception of the Bruins and Canadiens who have played a total of 34 postseason series . The teams are approximately 380 kilometres ( 240 mi ) apart via Ontario Highway 401 -- and their proximity means the number of shared fans ( particularly in markets such as Windsor , Ontario ) added to the rivalry . The rivalry between the Detroit Red Wings and the Maple Leafs was at its height during the Original Six - era .", "23": "The Leafs and Red Wings met in the postseason six times during the 1940s , including four Stanley Cup finals . The Leafs beat the Red Wings in five of their six meetings . In the 1950s , the Leafs and Red Wings met one another in six Stanley Cup semifinals ; the Red Wings beat the Leafs in five of their six meetings . From 1961 to 1967 , the two teams met one another in three playoff series , including two Stanley Cup finals . Within those 25 years , the Leafs and Red Wings played a total of 15 postseason series including six Cup Finals ; the Maple Leafs beat the Red Wings in all six Cup Finals . The teams have only met three times since the Original Six - era , with their last postseason meeting in 1993 . After the Leafs moved to the Eastern Conference in 1998 , they faced each other less often , and the rivalry began to stagnate . The rivalry became intradivisional once again in 2013 , when Detroit was moved to the Atlantic division of the Eastern Conference as part of a realignment . Montreal Canadiens Main article : Canadiens -- Maple Leafs rivalry Toronto 's rivalry with the Montreal Canadiens has been called hockey 's greatest . It is the oldest in the NHL , featuring two clubs that were active during the inaugural NHL season in 1917 . In the early 20th century , the rivalry was an embodiment of a larger culture war , English Canada versus French Canada . The Canadiens have won 24 Stanley Cups , while the Maple Leafs have won 13 , ranking them first and second for most Cup wins . The Hockey Knights in Canada are two murals at College subway station , the nearest station to Maple Leaf Gardens . A mural of Toronto 's rival , the Montreal Canadiens is on the northbound side of the station , while another mural of the Maple Leafs stands directly across from it on southbound side of the station . The height of the rivalry was during the 1960s , when the Canadiens and Leafs combined to win all but one Cup . The two clubs had 15 postseason meetings . However , failing to meet each other in the playoffs since 1979 , the rivalry has waned .", "24": "It also suffered when Montreal and Toronto were placed in opposite conferences in 1981 , with the Leafs in the Clarence Campbell / Western Conference and the Canadiens in the Prince of Wales / Eastern Conference . In 1998 , the Leafs were moved into the Eastern Conference 's Northeast Division . This has served to rekindle the rivalry , although the two teams have yet to appear in a playoff series against each other . The rivalry 's cultural imprint may be seen in literature and art . The rivalry from the perspective of the Canadiens fan is perhaps most famously captured in the popular Canadian short story `` The Hockey Sweater '' by Roch Carrier . Originally published in French as `` Une abominable feuille d'érable sur la glace '' ( `` An abominable maple leaf on the ice '' ) , it referred to the Maple Leafs sweater a mother forced her son to wear . The son is presumably based on Carrier himself when he was young . This rivalry is also evident in Toronto 's College subway station on Line 1 , which displays murals depicting the two teams , one on each platform . Ottawa Senators Main article : Battle of Ontario The modern Ottawa Senators entered the NHL in 1992 , but the rivalry between the two teams did not begin to emerge until the late 1990s . From 1992 to 1998 , Ottawa and Toronto played in different conferences ( Eastern and Western respectively ) , which meant they rarely played each other . However , before the 1998 -- 99 season , the conferences and divisions were realigned , with Toronto moved to the Eastern Conference 's Northeast Division with Ottawa . From 2000 to 2004 , the teams played four post-season series ; the Leafs won all four playoff series . Due in part to the number Leafs fans living in the Ottawa Valley , and in part to Ottawa 's proximity to Toronto , Leafs - Senators games at the Canadian Tire Centre in Ottawa hold a more neutral audience . Team Information Broadcasters See also : List of Toronto Maple Leafs broadcasters Foster Hewitt was the Maple Leafs ' first play - by - play announcer on the radio from 1927 to 1968 As a result of both Bell Canada and Rogers Communications having an ownership stake in MLSE , Maple Leafs broadcasts are split between these two media companies .", "25": "Due to this arrangement , regional TV broadcasts are split between Rogers ' Sportsnet Ontario and Bell 's TSN4 . Colour commentary for Bell 's television broadcasts is performed by Jamie McLennan and Ray Ferraro , while play - by - play is provided by Chris Cuthbert and Gord Miller . Colour commentary for Rogers ' television broadcasts is performed by Greg Millen , while play - by - play is provided by Paul Romanuk . Prior to the 2014 -- 15 season , Leafs TV , a regional specialty channel directly owned by MLSE , also aired selected regional games . Like the Maple Leafs television broadcasts , radio broadcasts are split evenly between Rogers ' CJCL ( Sportsnet 590 , The Fan ) and Bell 's CHUM ( TSN Radio 1050 ) . Both Bell and Rogers ' radio broadcasts have their colour commentary provided by Jim Ralph , with play - by - play provided by Joe Bowen . Foster Hewitt was the Leafs ' first play - by - play broadcaster , providing radio play - by - play from 1927 to 1978 . In addition , he provided play - by - play for television from 1952 to 1958 , and colour commentary from 1958 to 1961 . Originally aired over CFCA , Hewitt 's broadcast was picked up by the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission ( the CRBC ) in 1933 , moving to CBC Radio ( the CRBC 's successor ) three years later . As the show was aired on Canadian national radio , Hewitt became famous for the phrase `` He shoots , he scores ! '' as well as his sign - on at the beginning of each broadcast , `` Hello , Canada , and hockey fans in the United States and Newfoundland . '' Home Arenas and practice facilities The team 's first home was the Arena Gardens , later known as the Mutual Street Arena , at Mutual and Shuter Streets . From 1912 until 1931 , the Arena was ice hockey 's premier site in Toronto . The Arena Gardens was the third arena in Canada to feature a mechanically - frozen , or artificial , ice surface and for 11 years was the only such facility in Eastern Canada . The Arena was demolished in 1989 , with most of the site converted to residential developments . In 2011 , parts of the site were made into a city park , known as Arena Gardens .", "26": "Opening in 1931 , Maple Leaf Gardens was the home arena for the Maple Leafs from 1931 to 1999 . In 1931 , over a six - month period , Conn Smythe built Maple Leaf Gardens on the northwest corner of Carlton Street and Church Street , at a cost of C $1.5 million ( C $23.5 million in 2017 ) . Viewed locally as a temple of hockey , it acquired nicknames including the `` Carlton Street Cashbox , '' and the `` Maple Leaf Mint , '' since the team 's games were constantly sold out . The Leafs won 11 Stanley Cups while playing at the Gardens . The first annual NHL All - Star Game was also held at Maple Leaf Gardens in 1947 . The Gardens opened on November 12 , 1931 , with the Maple Leafs losing 2 -- 1 to the Chicago Blackhawks . On February 13 , 1999 , the Maple Leafs played their last game at the Gardens , suffering a 6 -- 2 loss to the Blackhawks . Maple Leaf Gardens is presently used as a multi-purpose facility , with a Loblaws grocery store occupying retail space on the lower floors , and an athletics arena for Ryerson University , occupying another level . The Maple Leafs presently use two facilities in the City of Toronto . The club moved from the Gardens on February 20 , 1999 , to their current home arena , the Air Canada Centre , a multi-purpose indoor entertainment arena on Bay Street in Downtown Toronto . The arena is owned by the Maple Leafs ' parent company MLSE , and is shared with the NBA 's Toronto Raptors ( another MLSE subsidiary ) , as well as the National Lacrosse League 's Toronto Rock . In addition to the main arena , the Maple Leafs also operate a practice facility at the MasterCard Centre for Hockey Excellence . Opened in 2009 by the Lakeshore Lions Club , the arena adopted the name of the Lions ' old arena , the Lakeshore Lions Arena . Facing financial difficulties , in September 2011 , the City of Toronto took over ownership of the arena from the Lions ' Club . It is now a City of Toronto controlled Corporation . Renamed the Mastercard Centre , the facility has three NHL rinks and one Olympic - sized rink .", "27": "Logo , uniform and mascot Wordmark for the Toronto Maple Leafs ( 2016 -- present ) . Former Kabel bold - font wordmark used by the Toronto Maple Leafs ( 1970 -- 2016 ) . The team is represented through a number of images and symbols , including the maple leaf logo found on the club 's uniform , and their mascot . The Maple Leafs ' jersey has a long history and is one of the best - selling NHL jerseys among fans . Throughout franchise history , Toronto 's uniform has had four major incarnations and many minor alterations . The club 's first uniforms were blue and featured the letter T . The first major alteration came in 1919 , when the club was renamed the St. Patricks . The uniforms were green with `` Toronto St. Pats '' on the logo , lettered in green either on a white `` pill '' shape or stripes . When the club was renamed the Maple Leafs in the 1927 -- 28 season , the logo was changed , and the team reverted to blue uniforms . The logo was a 48 - point maple leaf with the words lettered in white . The home jersey was blue with alternating thin - thick stripes on the arms , legs and shoulders . The road uniform was white with three stripes on the chest and back , waist and legs . For 1933 -- 34 , the alternating thin - thick stripes were replaced with stripes of equal thickness . This remained the basic design for the next 40 years . In 1937 , veins were added to the leaf and `` Toronto '' curved downwards at the ends instead of upwards . In 1942 , the 35 - point leaf was introduced . In 1946 , the logo added trimming to the Leaf with a white or blue border , while `` C '' for captain and `` A '' for alternate captain first appeared on the sweaters . In 1947 , the `` Toronto Maple Leafs '' lettering was in red for a short time . In 1958 , a six - eyelet lace and tie was added to the neck and a blue shoulder yoke was added . In 1961 , player numbers were added on the sleeves .", "28": "The fourth major change came in the 1966 -- 67 season , when the logo was changed to an 11 - point leaf , similar to the leaf on the then - new flag of Canada to commemorate the Canadian Centennial . Before the 1970 -- 71 season , the Leafs adopted a new 11 - point leaf logo , with a Kabel bold - font `` Toronto '' going straight across , running parallel to the other words . Other changes to the sweater removed the arm stripes , extended the yoke to the end of the sleeves , added a solid stripe on the waist , three stripes on the stockings and a miniature Leaf crest on the shoulders . In 1973 , the jersey 's neck was a lace tie - down design , before the V - neck returned in 1976 . In 1977 , player names were added to the away jerseys and in 1979 to the home jerseys , but not until after the Leafs were fined by the NHL for refusing to comply with a new rule . With the NHL 's 75th anniversary season ( 1991 -- 92 season ) , the Leafs wore `` Original Six '' style uniforms similar to the designs used in the 1940s . Because of the fan reaction to the previous season 's classic uniforms , the first changes to the Leaf uniform in over twenty years were made . Two stripes on the arms and waist were added . A `` TML '' logo was added to the shoulder . The older veined - style Leaf logo was reused as a shoulder crest on the sweater from 1992 -- 2000 , and again from 2008 -- 2016 . When the Reebok Edge uniform system was introduced in the 2007 -- 08 season , the tail stripes were absent from the change , but returned three years later . In addition , the veined leaf logo returned to the uniforms . For the 2014 NHL Winter Classic the Leafs wore a sweater inspired by their earlier uniforms in the 1930s .", "29": "On February 2 , 2016 , the team unveiled a new logo for the 2016 -- 17 season in honour of its centennial , dropping the use of the Kabel - style font lettering used from 1970 ; it returns the logo to a form inspired by the earlier designs , with 31 points to allude to the 1931 opening of Maple Leaf Gardens , and 17 veins a reference to its establishment in 1917 . 13 of the veins are positioned along the top part in honour of its 13 Stanley Cup victories . The logo was subsequently accompanied by a new uniform design that was unveiled during the 2016 NHL Entry Draft on June 24 , 2016 . The Maple Leafs ' mascot is Carlton the Bear , an anthropomorphic polar bear whose name and number ( # 60 ) comes from the location of Maple Leaf Gardens at 60 Carlton Street , where the Leafs played throughout much of their history . Logo for the Arenas ( 1917 -- 1919 ) . Logo for the St. Patricks ( 1919 -- 1922 ) . Logo for the St. Patricks ( 1922 -- 1925 ) . Logo for the Maple Leafs ( 1927 ) . Logo for the Maple Leafs ( 1938 -- 1967 ) . Alternate logo for the Maple Leafs ( 1992 -- 2000 ; 2008 -- 2016 ) . Ownership The Maple Leafs is one of six professional sports teams owned by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment ( MLSE ) . Initially the ownership of the club was granted to the Arena Gardens of Toronto , Limited ; an ownership group fronted by Henry Pellatt , that owned and managed Arena Gardens . After the League 's inaugural season , Arena Gardens petitioned the League for a permanent franchise , with team manager Charles Querrie , and the Arena Gardens treasurer Hubert Vearncombe as its owners . Facing financial issues stemming from litigations from Eddie Livingstone , Querrie brokered the sale of the Arena Garden 's share to the owners of the amateur St. Patricks Hockey Club . Maintaining his shares in the club , Querrie fronted the new ownership group until 1927 , when the club was put up for sale .", "30": "Toronto Varsity Blues coach Conn Smythe put together an ownership group and purchased the franchise for $160,000 . In 1929 , Smythe decided , in the midst of the Great Depression , that the Maple Leafs needed a new arena . To finance it , Smythe launched Maple Leaf Gardens Limited , a publicly traded management company to own both the Maple Leafs and the new arena , which was named Maple Leaf Gardens . Smythe transferred his ownership of the Leafs to the company in exchange for shares in MLGL , and sold shares in the holding company to the public to help fund construction of the arena . Conn Smythe was the principal owner of the Maple Leafs from 1927 to 1961 . Although Smythe was the face of MLGL from its founding , he did not gain principal ownership of the company until 1947 . Smythe remained the principal owner of the company until 1961 , when he sold 90 percent of his shares to an ownership group consisting of Harold Ballard , John Bassett , and Stafford Smythe . Ballard gained principal ownership of the company in February 1972 , shortly following the death of Stafford Smythe . Ballard was the principal owner of MLGL until his death in 1990 . The company remained a publicly traded company until 1998 , when an ownership group fronted by Steve Stavro privatized the company by acquiring more than the 90 percent of stock necessary to force objecting shareholders out . The present ownership structure emerged in 2012 , after the Ontario Teachers ' Pension Plan ( the company 's former principal owner ) announced the sale of its 75 percent stake in MLSE to a partnership between Bell Canada and Rogers Communications , in a deal valued at $ 1.32 billion . As part of the sale , two numbered companies were created to jointly hold stock . This ownership structure ensures that , at the shareholder level , Rogers and Bell vote their overall 75 percent interest in the company together and thus decisions on the management of the company must be made by consensus between the two . The remaining 25 percent is owned by Larry Tanenbaum , who is also the chairman of MLSE .", "31": "Bell 's pension fund is involved in Bell 's ownership stake , at least in part , intended to ensure they can retain its existing 18 percent interest in the Montreal Canadiens , as NHL rules prevent any shareholder that owns more than 30 percent of a team from holding an ownership position in any other team . While initially primarily a hockey company , with ownership stakes in a number of junior hockey clubs including the Toronto Marlboros of the Ontario Hockey Association , the company later branched out to own the Hamilton Tiger - Cats of the CFL from the late 1970s to late 1980s . On February 12 , 1998 , MLGL purchased the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , who were constructing the Air Canada Centre . After the Raptors purchase , MLGL changed names to MLSE . The company 's portfolio has since expanded to include the Toronto FC of Major League Soccer , the Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League , and a 37.5 percent stake in Maple Leaf Square .", "32": "( show ) Ownership structure of Maple Leafs Sports & Entertainment MLSE 100 % Rogers / Bell holding company 75 % Kilmer Sports 25 % Rogers Communications 50 % Bell holding company 50 % Larry Tanenbaum 100 % Bell Canada Enterprises 74.67 % BCE Master Trust Fund 25.33 % Season - by - season record Main article : List of Toronto Maple Leafs seasons Season GP Losses OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2012 -- 13 48 26 17 5 57 145 133 3rd , Northeast Lost in Conference Quarterfinals , 3 -- 4 ( Bruins ) 2013 -- 14 82 38 36 8 84 231 256 6th , Atlantic Did not qualify 2014 -- 15 82 30 44 8 68 211 262 7th , Atlantic Did not qualify 2015 -- 16 82 29 42 11 69 198 246 8th , Atlantic Did not qualify 2016 -- 17 82 40 27 15 95 251 242 4th , Atlantic Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Capitals ) Players and personnel Current roster view talk Last change to roster on October 23 , 2017 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Denmark ! Andersen , Frederik Frederik Andersen 1.0 ! G 28 2016 Herning , Denmark 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Sweden ! Borgman , Andreas Andreas Borgman 2.0 ! D 22 2017 Stockholm , Sweden 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Canada ! Bozak , Tyler Tyler Bozak ( A ) 4.0 !", "33": "C 31 2009 Regina , Saskatchewan 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Canada ! Brown , Connor Connor Brown 7.0 ! RW 23 2012 Toronto , Ontario 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 United States ! Carrick , Connor Connor Carrick 2.0 ! D 23 2016 Orland Park , Illinois 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Canada ! Fehr , Eric Eric Fehr 4.3 ! C / RW 32 2017 Winkler , Manitoba 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 United States ! Gardiner , Jake Jake Gardiner 2.0 ! D 27 2011 Minneapolis , Minnesota 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 United States ! Hainsey , Ron Ron Hainsey 2.0 ! D 36 2017 Bolton , Connecticut 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Canada ! Hyman , Zach Zach Hyman 4.0 ! C 25 2015 Toronto , Ontario 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 Canada ! Kadri , Nazem Nazem Kadri 4.0 ! C 27 2009 London , Ontario 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 Finland ! Komarov , Leo Leo Komarov ( A ) 4.0 ! C 30 2012 Narva , Soviet Union 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Canada ! Leivo , Josh Josh Leivo 6.0 ! LW 24 2011 Innisfil , Ontario 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Canada ! Marleau , Patrick Patrick Marleau 6.0 ! LW 38 2017 Swift Current , Saskatchewan 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Canada ! Marner , Mitchell Mitchell Marner 7.0 !", "34": "RW 20 2015 Markham , Ontario 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Canada ! Martin , Matt Matt Martin 6.0 ! LW 28 2016 Windsor , Ontario 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 United States ! Matthews , Auston Auston Matthews 4.0 ! C 20 2016 San Ramon , California 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Canada ! McElhinney , Curtis Curtis McElhinney 1.0 ! G 34 2017 London , Ontario 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Canada ! Moore , Dominic Dominic Moore 4.0 ! C 37 2017 Thornhill , Ontario 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Sweden ! Nylander , William William Nylander 4.0 ! C 21 2014 Calgary , Alberta 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 Czech Republic ! Polak , Roman Roman Polak 2.0 ! D 31 2016 Ostrava , Czechoslovakia 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Canada ! Rielly , Morgan Morgan Rielly ( A ) 2.0 ! D 23 2012 West Vancouver , British Columbia 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 United States ! van Riemsdyk , James James van Riemsdyk 6.0 ! LW 28 2012 Middletown Township , New Jersey 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Russia ! Zaitsev , Nikita Nikita Zaitsev 2.0 ! D 25 2016 Moscow , Soviet Union Team captains There have been twenty - one team captains throughout the team 's history . Ken Randall served as the team 's first captain in the inaugural 1917 -- 18 NHL season .", "35": "John Ross Roach was the first goaltender to be named captain in the NHL , and the only goaltender to serve as the Leafs ' captain . He was one of only six goalies in NHL history to have been officially recognized as the team captain . The first captain to have served the position for multiple seasons was Reg Noble , serving as captain from 1920 to 1924 . Named captain in 1956 , Jimmy Thomson was the first non-Ontarian born captain in Maple Leaf history . In 1997 , Mats Sundin became the first non-Canadian to captain the Maple Leafs . His tenure as captain holds the distinction as the longest captaincy for a non-North American born player in NHL history . George Armstrong , captain from 1958 through 1969 , was the longest serving captain in the team 's history . The last player named to the position was Dion Phaneuf on June 14 , 2010 . No replacement has been named since he was traded on February 9 , 2016 . Three captains of the Maple Leafs have held the position at different points in their career . Syl Apps ' first tenure as the captain began from 1940 to 1943 , before he stepped down and left the club to enlist in the Canadian Army . Bob Davidson served as the Maple Leafs captain until Apps ' return from the Army in 1945 , when he resumed his captaincy until 1948 . Ted Kennedy 's first tenure as captain was from 1948 to 1955 . He announced his retirement from the sport at the end of the 1954 -- 55 season , with Sid Smith succeeding him as captain . Although Kennedy missed the entire 1955 -- 56 season , he came out of retirement to play the second half of the 1956 -- 57 season . During that half season , Kennedy served his second tenure as the Maple Leafs ' captain . Darryl Sittler was the player to have been named the team 's captain twice . As a result of a dispute between Sittler and the Maple Leafs ' general manager Punch Imlach , Sittler relinquished the captaincy on December 29 , 1979 . The dispute was resolved in the following off - season , after a heart attack hospitalized Imlach .", "36": "Sittler arranged talks with Ballard to resolve the issue , eventually resuming his captaincy on September 24 , 1980 . No replacement captain was named during the interim period . Syl Apps led the team to three Stanley Cups as captain from 1940 to 1943 and again from 1945 to 1948 . From 1943 to 1945 Apps was serving with the Canadian Army . No . Name Appointment Departure Ken Randall 1917 1918 Reg Noble 1920 1924 John Ross Roach 1924 1925 Bert Corbeau 1925 1927 5 Hap Day 1927 1937 6 Charlie Conacher 1937 1938 7 Red Horner 1938 1940 8 Syl Apps 1940 1943 9 Bob Davidson 1943 1945 N / A Syl Apps 1945 1948 10 Ted Kennedy 1948 1955 11 Sid Smith 1955 1956 No . Name Appointment Departure 12 Jimmy Thomson 1956 1957 N / A Ted Kennedy 1957 1957 13 George Armstrong 1958 1969 14 Dave Keon 1969 15 Darryl Sittler 1979 N / A Darryl Sittler 1980 1982 16 Rick Vaive 1982 1986 17 Rob Ramage 1989 1991 18 Wendel Clark 1991 1994 19 Doug Gilmour 1994 1997 20 Mats Sundin 1997 2008 21 Dion Phaneuf 2016 Dick Carroll was the first coach for the club . Coach from 1917 to 1919 , he won one Stanley Cup with the Arenas .", "37": "Head coaches Main article : List of Toronto Maple Leafs head coaches The Maple Leafs have had 39 head coaches ( including four interim coaches ) . Ten head coaches spent their entire head coaching career with the club . The franchise 's first head coach was Dick Carroll , who coached the team for two seasons . Punch Imlach coached the most games of any Leafs ' head coach with 750 games , and has the most all - time points with the Maple Leafs , with 865 . He is followed by Pat Quinn , who coached 574 games , with 678 points all - time with the Maple Leafs . Quinn also has the most points in a season of any Maple Leafs ' coach , with 103 in the 2002 -- 03 season . Five Maple Leafs ' coaches have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame as players , while four others were inducted as builders . Pat Burns is the only Leafs ' head coach to win a Jack Adams Award with the team . Both Mike Rodden and Dick Duff , have the fewest points with the Maple Leafs , with 0 . Both were interim coaches who coached only two games each in 1927 and 1980 respectively , losing both games . A number of coaches have served as the Leafs head coach on multiple occasions . King Clancy was named the head coach position on three separate occasions while Charles Querrie and Punch Imlach served the position on two occasions . Mike Babcock is the current head coach . He was named as coach on May 20 , 2015 , signing an eight - year $50 - million contract , becoming the highest paid NHL coach in history . Draft picks Main article : List of Toronto Maple Leafs draft picks The Maple Leafs selected Walt McKechnie , a centre from the London Nationals with their first pick , sixth overall in the 1963 NHL Amateur Draft . Two Maple Leafs captains were obtained through the draft , Darryl Sittler in the 1970 draft ; as well as Wendel Clark in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft . The Maple Leafs have had 11 top - five draft picks since the draft 's inception in 1963 . Two of these picks were the first overall draft pick ; Clark in the 1985 draft , and Auston Matthews in the 2016 draft .", "38": "Timothy Liljegren was the most recent player selected by the Maple Leafs in the first round , using the seventeenth overall pick at the 2017 draft . Team and League honours Main article : List of Toronto Maple Leafs award winners Retired numbers The Maple Leafs have retired the numbers of 19 players ( as some players used the same number , only 13 numbers have been retired ) . Between October 17 , 1992 , and October 15 , 2016 , the Maple Leafs took a unique approach to retired numbers . Whereas players who suffered a career ending injury had their numbers retired , `` great '' players had their number `` honoured '' . This meant that , although it hung from the rafters , the number was still in team circulation , and could still be worn by other players . During this period , only two players met the criteria , the first being the # 6 worn by Ace Bailey retired on February 14 , 1934 , with Bill Barilko 's # 5 following on October 17 , 1992 . The retirement of Bailey 's number holds the distinction of being the first retired number in professional sports . It was briefly taken out of retirement before to the 1968 -- 69 season , after he asked that Ron Ellis be allowed to wear his number . Bailey 's number was re-retired after Ellis ended his career . The first players to have their numbers honoured were Syl Apps and Ted Kennedy , on October 3 , 1993 . Mats Sundin was the last player to have his number honoured on February 11 , 2012 . On October 15 , 2016 , before the home opening game of the team 's centenary season , the Maple Leafs announced they had changed their philosophy on retiring numbers , and that the numbers of those 16 honoured players would now be retired , in addition to the retirement of Dave Keon 's number . As well as honouring and retiring numbers , the club also commissioned statues of a number of former players for the Leafs ' Legends Row . As of October 2016 , statues have been made of ten players with retired numbers . Legends Row is a 30 - foot ( 9.2 m ) granite hockey bench with statues of former club players .", "39": "Unveiled in September 2014 , it is located outside Gate 5 of the Air Canada Centre , at Maple Leaf Square . The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's # 99 for all its member teams , including the Maple Leafs , at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . Player elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame Number retired for multiple players Number was not honoured before being retired Toronto Maple Leafs retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure Date of honour Date of retirement Turk Broda 1935 -- 1943 , 1946 -- 1951 March 11 , 1995 October 15 , 2016 Johnny Bower 1958 -- 1969 March 11 , 1995 October 15 , 2016 Hap Day 1924 -- 1937 October 4 , 2006 October 15 , 2016 Red Kelly 1960 -- 1967 October 4 , 2006 October 15 , 2016 5 Bill Barilko 1945 -- 1951 Not honoured October 17 , 1992 6 Ace Bailey RW 1926 -- 1933 Not honoured February 14 , 1934 7 King Clancy 1930 -- 1937 November 21 , 1995 October 15 , 2016 7 Tim Horton 1949 -- 1970 November 21 , 1995 October 15 , 2016 9 Charlie Conacher RW 1929 -- 1938 February 28 , 1998 October 15 , 2016 9 Ted Kennedy 1942 -- 1955 , 1956 -- 1957 October 3 , 1993 October 15 , 2016 10 Syl Apps 1936 -- 1943 , 1945 -- 1948 October 3 , 1993 October 15 , 2016 10 George Armstrong RW 1949 -- 1971 February 28 , 1998 October 15 ,", "40": "2016 13 Mats Sundin 1994 -- 2008 February 11 , 2012 October 15 , 2016 14 Dave Keon 1960 -- 1975 Not honoured October 15 , 2016 17 Wendel Clark LW 1985 -- 1994 , 1996 -- 1998 , 2000 November 22 , 2008 October 15 , 2016 21 Borje Salming 1973 -- 1989 October 4 , 2006 October 15 , 2016 27 Frank Mahovlich LW 1956 -- 1968 October 3 , 2001 October 15 , 2016 27 Darryl Sittler 1970 -- 1982 February 8 , 2003 October 15 , 2016 93 Doug Gilmour 1992 -- 1997 January 31 , 2009 October 15 , 2016 Notes ^ Jump up to : Spent their entire NHL careers with the Maple Leafs Hall of famers The following members of the Toronto Maple Leafs have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame . The list includes anyone who played for the Leafs who was later inducted as a player . The list of builders includes inductees who served the Maple Leafs ' organization in other roles . King Clancy , inducted 1958 . Tim Horton , inducted 1977 . Players Name Positions Tenure Inducted Name Positions Tenure Inducted Jack Adams 1922 -- 1926 1959 Syd Howe LW 1931 -- 1932 1965 Glenn Anderson RW 1991 -- 1994 2008 Busher Jackson LW 1929 -- 1939 1971 Syl Apps 1936 -- 1943 1945 -- 1948 1961 Red Kelly", "41": "1960 -- 1967 1969 George Armstrong RW 1950 -- 1971 Ted Kennedy 1943 -- 1957 1966 Ace Bailey RW 1926 -- 1933 1978 Dave Keon 1960 -- 1975 1986 Ed Belfour 2002 -- 2006 2011 Brian Leetch 2009 Andy Bathgate RW 1963 -- 1965 1978 Eric Lindros 2005 -- 2006 2016 Max Bentley 1947 -- 1953 1966 Harry Lumley 1952 -- 1956 1980 Leo Boivin 1951 -- 1955 1986 Frank Mahovlich LW 1957 -- 1968 1981 Johnny Bower 1958 -- 1970 1976 Lanny McDonald RW 1973 -- 1979 1992 Turk Broda 1936 -- 1943 1946 -- 1951 1967 Dickie Moore LW 1964 -- 1965 Harry Cameron 1917 -- 1923 1962 Larry Murphy 1995 -- 1997 Gerry Cheevers 1961 -- 1962 1985 Joe Nieuwendyk 2003 -- 2004 2011 King Clancy 1930 -- 1936 1958 Reg Noble 1919 -- 1924 1962 Sprague", "42": "Cleghorn 1920 -- 1921 1958 Bert Olmstead LW 1958 -- 1962 1985 Charlie Conacher RW 1929 -- 1937 1961 Bernie Parent 1970 -- 1972 1984 Rusty Crawford LW 1917 -- 1919 1962 Pierre Pilote 1968 -- 1969 Hap Day 1924 -- 1937 1961 Jacques Plante 1970 -- 1973 1978 Gordie Drillon RW 1937 -- 1942 Babe Pratt 1942 -- 1946 1966 Dick Duff LW 1954 -- 1964 2006 Joe Primeau 1927 -- 1936 1963 Babe Dye RW 1920 -- 1926 1930 1970 Marcel Pronovost 1965 -- 1970 1978 Fernie Flaman 1950 -- 1954 Bob Pulford : W 1956 -- 1970 1991 Ron Francis 2007 Börje Salming 1973 -- 1989 Grant Fuhr 1991 -- 1993 2003 Terry Sawchuk 1964 -- 1967 1971 Mike Gartner RW 1994 -- 1996 2001 Sweeney Schriner LW 1939 -- 1946 1962 Doug Gilmour 1991 -- 1997", "43": "2003 2011 Darryl Sittler 1970 -- 1982 1989 George Hainsworth 1933 -- 1937 1961 Allan Stanley 1958 -- 1968 1981 Hap Holmes 1917 -- 1919 1972 Mats Sundin 1994 -- 2008 2012 Red Horner 1928 -- 1940 1965 Norm Ullman 1968 -- 1975 1982 Tim Horton 1928 -- 1940 1965 Harry Watson LW 1946 -- 1955 1994 Phil Housley 2003 2015 Pat Quinn played for Toronto from 1968 to 1970 , coached from 1998 to 2006 and was the general manager from 1999 to 2003 . Inducted as a builder in 2016 . Builders Builder Role in organization Tenure Year of induction Harold Ballard Director , executive , and shareholder Principal owner 1957 -- 1990 1971 -- 1990 1977 J.P.", "44": "Bickell Director , and shareholder 1919 -- 1951 1978 Pat Burns Head coach 1992 -- 1996 2014 Cliff Fletcher General manager President , and Chief Operation Officer Senior advisor 1991 -- 1997 , 2008 1991 -- 1997 2008 -- present Jim Gregory General manager 1969 -- 1979 2007 Foster Hewitt Announcer 1927 -- 1963 1965 William A. Hewitt Manager of attractions at Maple Leaf Gardens 1931 -- 1932 1947 Punch Imlach Head coach General manager 1958 -- 1969 , 1979 -- 1980 1958 -- 1969 , 1979 -- 1981 1984 Dick Irvin Head coach 1931 -- 1940 1958 Roger Neilson Head coach 1977 -- 1979 2002 Pat Quinn Player ( defence ) Head coach General manager 1968 -- 1970 1998 -- 2006 1999 -- 2003 2016 Frank J. Selke Executive 1929 -- 1946 1960 Conn Smythe Director , executive , and shareholder Principal owner 1927 -- 1966 1927 -- 1931 , 1947 -- 1961 1958 Franchise career leaders Main article : List of Toronto Maple Leafs records These are the top franchise leaders in regular season points , goals , assists , points per game , games played , and goaltending wins as of the end of the 2015 -- 16 season . * -- current Maple Leafs player Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Mats Sundin 981 420 567 987 1.01 Darryl Sittler 844 389 527 916 1.09 Dave Keon 1,062 365 493 858 . 81 Borje Salming 1,099 148 620 768 .", "45": "70 George Armstrong RW 1,187 296 417 713 . 60 Ron Ellis RW 1,034 332 308 640 . 62 Frank Mahovlich LW 720 296 303 599 . 83 Bob Pulford LW 947 251 312 563 . 59 Ted Kennedy 696 231 329 560 .", "46": "80 Rick Vaive RW 534 299 238 537 1.01 Goals Player Pos Mats Sundin 420 Darryl Sittler 389 Dave Keon 365 Ron Ellis RW 332 Rick Vaive RW 299 George Armstrong RW 296 Frank Mahovlich LW 296 Wendel Clark LW 260 Bob Pulford LW 251 Ted Kennedy 231 Assists Player Pos Borje Salming 620 Mats Sundin 567 Darryl Sittler 527 Dave Keon 493 Tomáš Kaberle 437 George Armstrong RW 417 Tim Horton 349 Ted Kennedy 329 Doug Gilmour 321 Bob Pulford LW 312 Points per game Player Pos P / G Babe Dye RW 1.21 Doug Gilmour 1.15 Reg Noble 1.15 Wilf Paiement RW 1.09 Darryl Sittler 1.09 Ed Olczyk 1.04 Corb Denneny 1.03 Syl Apps 1.02 Mats Sundin 1.01 Rick Vaive RW 1.01 Games played Player Pos GP George Armstrong RW 1,187 Tim Horton 1,185 Borje Salming 1,099 Dave Keon 1,062 Ron Ellis RW 1,034 Mats Sundin 981 Bob Pulford LW 947 Tomáš Kaberle 878 Darryl Sittler 844 Ron Stewart 838 George Armstrong is the Leafs ' all - time leader in games played and fifth - highest in points .", "47": "Goaltenders Player Seasons GP TOI OT GA GAA SA SV % SO Turk Broda 1935 -- 1943 , 1946 -- 1951 629 38,167 302 224 101 -- 1,609 2.53 -- -- 62 Johnny Bower 1945 -- 1969 475 27,396 219 160 79 -- 1,139 2.49 -- -- 32 Felix Potvin 1991 -- 1999 369 21,641 160 149 49 -- 1,026 2.87 11,133 . 908 12 Curtis Joseph 1998 -- 2002 270 15,808 138 97 28 -- 656 2.49 7,257 . 910 17 Mike Palmateer 1976 -- 1984 296 16,868 129 112 41 -- 964 3.43 986 . 849 15 Harry Lumley 1952 -- 1956 267 16,007 103 106 58 -- 586 2.20 -- -- 34 Lorne Chabot 1928 -- 1933 215 13,126 103 79 31 -- 475 2.17 -- -- 31 John Ross Roach 1921 -- 1928 222 13,674 98 107 17 -- 639 2.80 -- -- 13 Ed Belfour 2002 -- 2006 170 10,079 93 61 11 422 2.51 4,775 .", "48": "912 17 James Reimer 2010 -- 2016 207 11,176 85 76 -- 23 528 2.83 6,118 . 914 11 In popular culture References to the Maple Leafs may be found in Canadian movies , television shows , on radio , and in literature . In 1946 , the comedy team of Wayne and Shuster performed a sketch on their CBC radio program in which the imaginary hockey team , the Mimico Mice , competed against the Leafs . Foster Hewitt provided the play - by - play of the game , with real player names used for the Leafs and Wayne and Shuster voiced the entire Mimico team . In 1992 , Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip released the song `` Fifty Mission Cap , '' which memorialized Bill Barilko . References to the Leafs in literature includes Foster Hewitt juvenile hockey novel , He Shoots , he scores ! . Published in 1949 , it featured the members of the team , including actual managers and players . In 1963 , Scott Young wrote A Boy at the Leafs ' Camp , a children 's book giving a behind - the - scenes insight into the sport . In 1971 , Young and George Robertson co-wrote an adult hockey - romance novel , Face - off , about the experiences of a star rookie player , Billy Duke , with the Leafs . The novel became a movie in 1971 with Art Hindle as Billy Duke . The film featured many of the players . Jim McKenny , body - doubled for Hindle for the on - ice action scenes because of his resemblance to Hindle . Owner Ballard had a part as the team doctor . In 1979 , Roch Carrier wrote the short story The Hockey Sweater about a boy whose mother forces him to wear the hated the Maple Leafs sweater he has been given as a present , instead of a sweater for his beloved Montreal Canadiens . In 1980 , the story was turned into an animated short by the National Film Board of Canada . References to the Leafs may also be found in film . In 1993 , the film Gross Misconduct was about the life of former Maple Leaf Brian Spencer . Comedian Mike Myers , a fan , often included references and even an entire plot line in his films .", "49": "In Austin Powers in Goldmember , the ticker below the news item on a television reads , `` Maple Leafs win Stanley Cup . '' In another scene , the character Mini-Me wears a Maple Leafs sweater . Myers played a guru hired to help the Leafs ' star player in the 2008 movie The Love Guru . At the beginning of the 2010 spy film Fair Game , CIA agent Valerie Plame is being questioned by a suspicious weapons trafficker . He asks her if she is an American , and after responding that she is Canadian , he asks her about the Leafs . She replies that she is not a fan . Minor League affiliates The Toronto Marlboros were the Leafs Junior A affiliate from 1927 to 1967 . They shared a common owner from 1927 to 1989 . The Toronto Marlies are the current AHL farm team of the Maple Leafs . Historical Toronto Marlboros , OHA / Metro Jr. affiliate , 1927 -- 1967 . Markham Waxers , former Marlboros farm team Toronto St. Michael 's Majors , OHA / Metro Jr. affiliate , 1933 -- 1961 . Syracuse Stars , AHL farm team , 1936 -- 1940 . Pittsburgh Hornets , AHL farm team , 1940 -- 1956 . Rochester Americans , AHL farm team , 1956 -- 1968 . Denver Invaders , WHL farm team , 1963 -- 1964 . Victoria Maple Leafs , WHL farm team , 1964 -- 1967 . Tulsa Oilers , CPHL / CHL farm team , 1964 -- 1973 . Oklahoma City Blazers , CHL farm team , 1973 -- 1976 . Dallas Black Hawks , CHL farm team , 1976 -- 1981 . Cincinnati Tigers , CHL farm team , 1981 -- 1982 . St. Catharines Saints , AHL farm team , 1982 -- 1986 . Newmarket Saints , AHL farm team farm team , 1986 -- 1991 . St. John 's Maple Leafs , AHL farm team , 1991 -- 2005 .", "50": "Memphis RiverKings , CHL farm team , 2001 -- 2006 . Columbia Inferno , ECHL farm team , 2006 -- 2008 . Reading Royals , ECHL farm team , 2008 -- 2012 . Current Toronto Marlies , AHL farm team , 2005 -- present . Orlando Solar Bears , ECHL farm team , 2013 -- present . See also Ice hockey portal Toronto portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toronto Maple Leafs . List of Toronto Maple Leafs players List of Toronto Maple Leafs general managers References Holzman , Morey ; Nieforth , Joseph ( 2002 ) . Deceptions and Doublecross : How the NHL Conquered Hockey . Dundurn Press . ISBN 1 - 5500 - 2413 - 2 . LeafsPR ( 2016 ) . McNaughton , Scott ; Meagher , Ian ; Lund , Chris ; Keogh , Steve , eds . Toronto Maple Leafs Media Guide 2016 -- 17 . Toronto Maple Leafs . Leonetti , Michael ( 2014 ) . 100 Things Maple Leafs Fans Should Know & Do Before They Die . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 6007 - 8935 - 8 . Obodiac , Stan ( 1976 ) . The First 50 Years . McClelland and Stewart Limited . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 9064 - 1 . Shea , Kevin ; Wilson , Jason ( 2016 ) . The Toronto Maple Leafs Hockey Club : The Official Centennial Publication . McClelland & Stewart . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 7929 - X . Smythe , Conn ; Young , Scott ( 1981 ) . Conn Smythe : If you ca n't beat ' em in the alley . Toronto , Ontario : McClelland and Stewart . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 9078 - 1 . Notes Jump up ^ Ulmer , Mike ( June 14 , 2010 ) . `` The History Of The Sweater '' . Toronto Maple Leafs . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto Maple Leafs History - 1920s '' .", "51": "Maple Leafs Sports & Entertainment . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Business of Hockey '' . Forbes . Forbes Media LLC . November 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CRTC Approves Sale Of Maple Leaf Sports And Entertainment To Bell And Rogers `` . Allaccess.com . August 17 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dynasties '' . Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum . 2017 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Dynasties '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Holzman & Nieforth 2002 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Holzman & Nieforth 2002 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Douglas ( 1997 ) . Champions : The Illustrated History of Hockey 's Greatest Dynasties . Chicago : Triumph Books . pp. 18 -- 19 . ISBN 1 - 5724 - 3213 - 6 . Jump up ^ Holzman & Nieforth 2002 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Morrison , John ; McLatchy , Doug ( 1996 ) . The Toronto Blue Shirts a.k.a. The Torontos , the NHL 's First Stanley Cup Champions 1917 -- 1918 . Hockey Information Service Inc . ISBN 1 - 8940 - 1400 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 10 .", "52": "Jump up ^ Holzman & Nieforth 2002 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Holzman & Nieforth 2002 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Builders - J.P. Bickell - Biography '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . ^ Jump up to : Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Proteau , Adam ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Deep Ties Between the Maple Leafs and Canadian Armed Forces '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smythe , Thomas Stafford ; Shea , Kevin ( 2000 ) . Centre Ice : The Smythe Family , the Gardens and the Toronto Maple Leafs Hockey Club . Fenn Publishing . p. 36 . ISBN 1 - 5516 - 8250 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Good - bye St. Pats , howdy Maple Leafs '' , The Globe , February 15 , 1927 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto crumbles New York chances '' , The Globe , February 18 , 1927 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 47 -- 48 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto Maple Leafs History - 1930s '' . Maple Leafs Sports & Entertainment . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ McParland , Kelly ( 2012 ) . The Lives of Conn Smythe : From the Battlefield to Maple Leaf Gardens : A Hockey Icon 's Story . McClelland & Stewart . p. 138 .", "53": "ISBN 0 - 7710 - 5684 - 2 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 81 . ^ Jump up to : Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Flameout : The 25 worst collapses in sports history '' . ESPN . June 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto Maple Leafs History - 1940s '' . Maple Leafs Sports & Entertainment . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto Maple Leafs History - 1950s '' . Maple Leafs Sports & Entertainment . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Pagan , Ken ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Barilko 's plane finally arrives home '' . Toronto Sun . Postmedia Network Inc . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gudgeon , Christopher ( 2017 ) . The Sound of One Team Sucking : Mindful Meditations for Recovering Leafs Fans . Dundurn . p. 106 . ISBN 1 - 4597 - 3836 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto Maple Leafs History - 1960s '' . Maple Leafs Sports & Entertainment . 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Symthe & Young 1981 , p. 217 -- 218 .", "54": "Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ McKee , Ken ( March 8 , 1966 ) . `` ' Cash rated over class ' Conn quits '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 161 -- 162 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ McAuliffe , Bill ( July 1 , 2008 ) . The Story of the Toronto Maple Leafs . The Creative Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58341 - 621 - 1 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maple Leafs History - 1970s '' . Maple Leafs Sports & Entertainment . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Beddoes , Dick ( January 5 , 1972 ) . `` MLG control at stake : Smythe bid for Ballard stock rejected '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ Orr , Frank ( February 5 , 1972 ) . `` Harrold Ballard : From rink rat to Gardens ' boss '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ Dunnell , Milt ( February 4 , 1972 ) . `` Ballard buys Gardens control for $7,546,350 '' . Toronto Star . ^ Jump up to : Lutsky , Irvin ( February 5 , 1972 ) . `` Gardens ' president Harold Ballard to buy Smythe shares '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 238 .", "55": "Jump up ^ Kernaghan , Jim ( December 29 , 1979 ) . `` Lanny McDonald trade has Sittler in tears '' . Toronto Star . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maple Leafs History - 1980s '' . Maple Leafs Sports & Entertainment . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 253 -- 254 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Cox , Damien ; Stellick , Gord ( 2004 ) . ' 67 , The Maple Leafs : Their Sensational Victory and the End of an Empire . Wiley . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 83400 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maple Leafs History - 1990s '' . Maple Leafs Sports & Entertainment . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zeisberger , Mike ( April 7 , 2007 ) . `` Better than a Game 7 : Hockey icons ' true colours show through '' . Canoe.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tedesco , Theresa ( February 13 , 1998 ) . `` Raptors bought by Leafs '' . The Hamilton Spectator . Torstar Corp . ^ Jump up to : Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 302 . ^ Jump up to : Jozsa Jr , Frank P ( 2017 ) . National Basketball Association Franchises : Team Performance and Financial Success . Lexington Books . p. 32 . ISBN 1 - 4985 - 4800 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 303 -- 304 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 307 .", "56": "^ Jump up to : Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Shea & Wilson 2016 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Kp , Wee ( 2009 ) . Oh So Close , Canada ! Lamenting Some of the Missed Championships in Canadian Sports History . Lulu.com . p. 112 . ISBN 0 - 5570 - 5122 - 3 . Jump up ^ Leonetti 2014 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Devellano , Jim ; Lajoie , Roger ( 2010 ) . The Road to Hockeytown : Jimmy Devellano 's Forty Years in the NHL . John Wiley and Sons . p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 4707 - 3870 - 7 . 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External links Official website Toronto Maple Leafs Founded in 1917 Based in Toronto , Ontario Franchise Franchise General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Seasons Current season History History ( Original Six ) Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment ( Larry Tanenbaum , chairman ) President Brendan Shanahan General manager Lou Lamoriello Head coach Mike Babcock Team captain Vacant Current roster Arenas Arena Gardens Maple Leaf Gardens Air Canada Centre Rivalries Detroit Red Wings Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Affiliates AHL Toronto Marlies ECHL Orlando Solar Bears Media Broadcasters TV : Sportsnet Ontario TSN4 Leafs Nation Network ( team - related programs only ) Radio : Sportsnet 590 The Fan TSN Radio 1050 Choq FM 105 , 1 Culture and lore Toronto Blueshirts Toronto Arenas Toronto St. Patricks Maple Leaf Square Fifty Mission Cap J.P.", "72": "Bickell Memorial Award Carlton the Bear The Kid Line The Love Guru 2014 NHL Winter Classic NHL Centennial Classic 2018 NHL Stadium Series Links to related articles Preceded by Seattle Metropolitans Toronto Stanley Cup champions 1917 -- 18 Succeeded by Ottawa Senators Preceded by Ottawa Senators Toronto St. Pats Stanley Cup champions 1921 -- 22 Succeeded by Ottawa Senators Preceded by Montreal Canadiens Stanley Cup champions 1931 -- 32 Succeeded by New York Rangers Preceded by Boston Bruins Stanley Cup champions 1941 -- 42 Succeeded by Detroit Red Wings Preceded by Montreal Canadiens Stanley Cup champions 1944 -- 45 Succeeded by Montreal Canadiens Preceded by Montreal Canadiens Stanley Cup champions 1946 -- 47 , 1947 -- 48 , 1948 -- 49 Succeeded by Detroit Red Wings Preceded by Detroit Red Wings Stanley Cup champions 1950 -- 51 Succeeded by Detroit Red Wings Preceded by Chicago Black Hawks Stanley Cup champions 1961 -- 62 , 1962 -- 63 , 1963 -- 64 Succeeded by Montreal Canadiens Preceded by Montreal Canadiens Stanley Cup champions 1966 -- 67 Succeeded by Montreal Canadiens Toronto Maple Leafs seasons 1910s 1910 -- 11 . 1911 -- 12 . 1912 -- 13 . 1913 -- 14 . 1914 -- 15 . 1915 -- 16 . 1916 -- 17 . 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920s 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930s 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 --", "73": "33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940s 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950s 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960s 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970s 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 --", "74": "88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990s 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St.", "75": "Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8677459248394445003	who is hosting e live from the red carpet	[ "Ryan Seacrest", "Giuliana Rancic", "Ryan Seacrest", "Giuliana Rancic" ]	{ "0": "Live From the Red Carpet - wikipedia Live From the Red Carpet Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Live From the Red Carpet is the pre-show to the major award shows that airs on E ! Entertainment Television . Live From the Red Carpet covers celebrity arrivals and gets you right up for a first - row seat to see the stars and all the excitement with live coverage of the fashion , flair , glitz and glamour . The show is hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Giuliana Rancic . The program airs the day of every major award show ( Primetime Emmy Awards , Golden Globe Award , Academy Awards , Screen Actors Guild Awards and Grammy Awards ) and have three other programs that correspond with it : Countdown to the Red Carpet : Commentary on nominees and coverage of behind - the - scenes preparations . Insider interviews , swag - suite peeks , expert predix and more Live Post Show - E ! After Party : E ! talks up all the big winners and highlights of the night Fashion Police : takes a look at the best dress and worst dress fashion of the night with Melissa Rivers as host In 2005 TV Guide channel begin airing its own red carpet pre-show . The program got Joan Rivers and her daughter Melissa Rivers to host the program for a reported $8 million for three years . Contents ( hide ) 1 UK Show 2 Current Host 3 UK Hosts 4 Past Host 5 References 6 External links UK show ( edit ) The UK Edition is aired for the British Academy Film Awards and is hosted by Dermot O'Leary and Fearne Cotton .", "1": "Current Host ( edit ) Ryan Seacrest ( 2006 -- present ) Giuliana Rancic ( 2004 -- present ) Jason Kennedy ( 2017 - present ) Alexander von Roon ( 2006 -- present ) German version and German voice of Ryan Seacrest UK Hosts ( edit ) Dermot O'Leary ( 2012 -- present ) Fearne Cotton ( 2012 -- present ) Past Host ( edit ) Joan Rivers ( 1996 - 2004 ) ( as interview host ) Joan Rivers ( 2009 -- 2014 ) ( Fashion Police ) Melissa Rivers ( 1996 - 2004 ) Star Jones ( 2004 - 2005 ) Kathy Griffin ( 2004 - 2005 ) Nicky Hilton ( 2004 ) Debbie Matenopoulos ( 2006 - 2009 ) References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Live From the Red Carpet - E ! Online E ! original programming Former 1990s debuts The Dick Tracy Show ( 1990 ) TV 's Bloopers & Practical Jokes ( 1990 ) Talk Soup ( 1991 -- 2002 ) E ! Behind the Scenes ( 1991 ) Coming Attractions ( 1991 ) Melrose Place ( 1992 ) Howard Stern ( 1994 -- 2005 ) Models Inc. ( 1994 -- 95 ) Night Stand with Dick Dietrick ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Michael Essany Show ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Wild On ! ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Mysteries and Scandals ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Search Party ( 1999 ) 2000s debuts Revealed with Jules Asner ( 2001 -- 03 ) Daly / Nightly ( 2002 ) The Anna Nicole Show ( 2002 -- 03 ) Star Dates ( 2002 -- 03 ) Celebrities Uncensored ( 2003 -- 04 ) Totally Outrageous Behavior ( 2003 -- 05 ) It 's Good to Be ... ( 2003 ) Love Chain ( 2003 ) Dr.", "2": "90210 ( 2004 -- 08 ) The Soup ( 2004 -- 15 ) Love Is in the Heir ( 2004 -- 05 ) Life is Great with Brooke Burke ( 2004 ) Filthy Rich : Cattle Drive ( 2005 ) The Gastineau Girls ( 2005 -- 06 ) Fight for Fame ( 2005 ) E ! Hollywood Hold'em ( 2005 ) The Girls Next Door / Girls of the Playboy Mansion ( 2005 -- 10 ) Kill Reality ( 2005 ) Taradise ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Entertainer starring Wayne Newton ( 2005 ) Party @ The Palms ( 2005 ) My Crazy Life ( 2005 ) The Daily 10 ( 2006 -- 10 ) The Chelsea Handler Show ( 2006 ) House of Carters ( 2006 ) Love Ride ( 2006 ) # 1 Single ( 2006 ) The Simple Life ( 2006 -- 07 ) Boulevard of Broken Dreams ( 2007 ) Katie & Peter ( 2007 ) Saturday Night Live ( 2007 -- 09 ) Snoop Dogg 's Father Hood ( 2007 -- 09 ) Starveillance ( 2007 ) Sunset Tan ( 2007 -- 08 ) Paradise City ( 2007 ) Chelsea Lately ( 2007 -- 14 ) Denise Richards : It 's Complicated ( 2008 -- 09 ) Kimora : Life in the Fab Lane ( 2008 ) Living Lohan ( 2008 ) Match Mistress ( 2008 ) Party Monsters Cabo ( 2008 ) Pop Fiction ( 2008 ) Pam : Girl on the Loose !", "3": "( 2008 ) Candy Girls ( 2009 ) Reality Hell ( 2009 ) Kendra ( 2011 ) Kourtney and Kim Take Miami ( 2009 -- 13 ) Leave It to Lamas ( 2009 ) Holly 's World ( 2009 -- 11 ) Wildest Naked TV Moments ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts A-List Listings ( 2012 ) After Lately ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Bridalplasty ( 2010 -- 11 ) Chasing the Saturdays ( 2013 ) Christina Milian Turned Up ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Dance Scene ( 2011 ) Dash Dolls ( 2015 ) Dirty Soap ( 2011 ) Eric & Jessie : Game On ( 2013 -- 14 ) Escape Club ( 2014 ) The Grace Helbig Show ( 2015 ) Hello Ross ( 2013 -- 14 ) I Am Cait ( 2015 -- 16 ) Ice Loves Coco ( 2011 -- 13 ) Khloé & Lamar ( 2011 -- 12 ) Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons ( 2014 -- 15 ) Kourtney and Kim Take New York ( 2011 -- 12 ) Love You , Mean It with Whitney Cummings ( 2012 -- 13 ) Married to Jonas ( 2012 -- 13 ) Married to Rock ( 2010 ) Mrs. Eastwood & Company ( 2012 ) Opening Act ( 2012 ) Playing with Fire ( 2013 ) Pretty Wild ( 2010 ) Scouted ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Spin Crowd ( 2010 ) Stewarts & Hamiltons ( 2015 ) The Wanted Life ( 2013 ) What Would Ryan Lochte Do ? ( 2013 ) What 's Eating You ( 2010 ) Current The Arrangement ( 2017 -- ) Botched ( 2014 -- ) Botched by Nature ( 2016 -- ) The Comment Section ( 2015 -- ) Daily Pop ( 2017 -- ) E !", "4": "Investigates ( 2009 -- ) E ! News ( 1991 -- ) E ! True Hollywood Story ( 1996 -- ) EJNYC ( 2016 -- ) Famously Single ( 2016 -- ) Fashion Police ( 2010 -- ) Good Work ( 2015 -- ) Hollywood & Football ( 2016 -- ) Hollywood Cycle ( 2015 -- ) Hollywood Medium With Tyler Henry ( 2016 -- ) House of DVF ( 2014 -- ) Just Jillian ( 2016 -- ) Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( 2007 -- ) L.A. Clippers Dance Squad ( 2016 -- ) Life of Kylie ( 2017 -- ) Live from the Red Carpet ( 2005 -- ) Mariah 's World ( 2016 -- ) New Money ( 2015 -- ) Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian ( 2017 ) Rich Kids of Beverly Hills ( 2014 -- ) Rob & Chyna ( 2016 -- ) The Royals ( 2015 -- ) So Cosmo ( 2017 ) Sex with Brody ( 2015 -- ) Total Bellas ( 2016 -- ) Total Divas ( 2013 -- ) WAGS ( 2015 -- ) WAGS Atlanta ( 2018 -- ) WAGS Miami ( 2016 -- ) We Have Issues ( 2015 -- ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Live_from_the_Red_Carpet&oldid=812308838 '' Categories : 1996 American television series debuts 1990s American television series 2000s American television series E ! network shows English - language television programs 2010s American television series Infotainment Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from March 2014 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 05 : 11 . 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7043091093231734503	who plays the voice of chucky in seed of chucky	[ "Brad Dourif", "Brad Dourif", "Brad Dourif", "Brad Dourif" ]	{ "0": "Seed of Chucky - wikipedia Seed of Chucky This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 23 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Seed of Chucky Theatrical release poster Directed by Don Mancini Produced by David Kirschner Corey Sienega Written by Don Mancini Based on Characters by Don Mancini Starring Jennifer Tilly Redman Hannah Spearritt John Waters Billy Boyd Brad Dourif Music by Pino Donaggio Cinematography Vernon Layton Edited by Chris Dickens Production company La Sienega Productions Distributed by Rogue Pictures Release date November 12 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 12 ) Running time 86 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $12 million Box office $24.8 million Seed of Chucky is a 2004 American supernatural comedy slasher film , the fifth installment of the Child 's Play series , and sequel to 1998 's Bride of Chucky . The film was written and directed by Don Mancini , who created the series and has written all of the films . With this entry , Mancini made his directorial debut . The film is set six years after Child 's Play 3 and Bride of Chucky and follows a young doll named Glen , the son of Chucky and Tiffany , resurrecting his parents , causing chaos . The film , shot in Romania , continues the series ' evolution from the pure horror genre of the first movie to a hybrid horror - comedy . It was the last Child 's Play film to be released in theaters , with all future installments to be released direct to DVD . The film was followed by another sequel , Curse of Chucky , released on home video and Netflix in 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release and reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 5 Awards 6 Sequels 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Six years after the previous film , Glen , the son of Chucky and Tiffany , has a nightmare in which he murders a little girl 's parents .", "1": "In reality , he is living a life of embarrassment and abuse as a ventriloquist 's dummy . After being forced to perform and locked inside a cage , Glen sees Chucky and Tiffany on television . Desperate to know his parents , Glen tracks Chucky and Tiffany to Hollywood , to the prop room of Jennifer Tilly 's horror film , which includes the Chucky and Tiffany dolls . Glen uses a voodoo amulet to bring them back to life . Jennifer unwarily brings the inanimate - seeming Chucky , Tiffany , and Glen home with her . Glen asks his parents why they murder , as he feels violence is bad . Chucky replies that it helps them to relax , but Tiffany , feeling parental responsibility , agrees with Glen and forces Chucky to agree to stop killing people for the sake of their son . Chucky pretends to do so , crossing his fingers behind his back . Jennifer tries to get a role as the Virgin Mary in Redman 's directorial debut , and after he tells her she is not right for the part , she invites him to her house . Chucky and Tiffany make plans to transfer their souls into Redman and Jennifer . As Jennifer and Redman start to make love , Tiffany knocks them out and uses a turkey baster to inseminate Jennifer with Chucky 's semen . Chucky takes Glen on a car ride . After driving Britney Spears ' car off the road , killing her , they proceed to photographer Pete Peters ' darkroom . Peters had taken pictures of Tilly kissing Redman and of Chucky masturbating . When Glen tries to warn Peters that Chucky is about to attack , Peters bump into a shelf , causing a jar of sulphuric acid to fall into his head , accidentally killing him . Chucky , overjoyed with pride , believes Glen did this on purpose . Jennifer awakens the following morning , realizes that she is pregnant , and claims Redman is responsible When he denies this , Tiffany kills him . The next day , Jennifer is horrified to find herself with a fully pregnant belly , a consequence of the voodoo magic . Chucky captures Jennifer . Her chauffeur , Stan , serves as Chucky 's replacement body due to Redman 's death .", "2": "Jennifer 's assistant Joan tries to help her , but she is killed by Glen 's murderous twin sister , Glenda , whose soul shares Glen 's body . Tiffany discovers this and smacks Glenda to bring back Glen , who is horrified at what has happened . After Jennifer gives birth to twins , a boy and a girl , m Tiffany rejects Chucky and resolves to take Glen with her . Chucky throws a knife at Tiffany , but Stan jumps in front of it to save her , causing him to be stabbed in his chest . As police arrive , the dolls flee . Jennifer is rushed to the hospital but claims she wants to see her babies . Tiffany drugs Jennifer and begins to possess her , but Chucky breaks in and kills Tiffany with an ax . Before Tiffany dies , she tells Glen not to make the same mistakes she and Chucky have . Devastated by his mother 's death , Glen snaps and challenges Chucky to a fight . Jennifer throws Chucky 's ax to Glen , and Glen impales Chucky . Chucky assumes it 's Glenda again , but Glen reveals it is actually him , finally able to kill in revenge for his mother 's death . He dismembers Chucky and suffers an emotional breakdown . Five years later , at a birthday party for Jennifer 's children Glen and Glenda , a nanny quits her job because Jennifer 's daughter Glenda scares her . Jennifer lets the nanny quit , only to kill her when she turns away . Jennifer 's eyes glow green , revealing that Tiffany was successful in possessing her . Glen has one more birthday present to open . When he does so , Chucky 's severed arm springs up to grab him .", "3": "Cast ( edit ) Brad Dourif as the voice of Chucky Jennifer Tilly as herself / the voice of Tiffany Billy Boyd as the voice of Glen Beans El - Balawi as Human Glen Kristina Hewitt as Human Glenda Redman as Himself Hannah Spearritt as Joan John Waters as Pete Peters Jason Flemyng as himself / Santa Steve Lawton as Stan Tony Gardner as himself Martha Stewart ( uncredited , archive footage ) as herself Rebecca Santos as Fulvia Keith - Lee Castle as Psychs Paul Grossman as Little Boy Simon James Morgan as Richard Stephanie Chambers as Claudia 's mom Betty Simons - Denville as Claudia Debbie Lee Carrington as herself ( DVD deleted scenes , uncredited ) Production ( edit ) The movie was filmed almost entirely on the Castel soundstages in Romania . All of the animatronic and makeup effects were the handiwork of Effects Designer Tony Gardner ( designer ) and his company Alterian , Inc . Release and reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Seed of Chucky opened at # 4 with $8,774,520 on November 12 -- 14 , 2004 . When the film closed on December 23 , 2004 , the domestic gross was $17,083,732 and $24,829,644 worldwide . In Australia , Seed of Chucky opened at # 8 with $260,958 for the week of February 6 -- 8 , 2005 behind Million Dollar Baby ( # 2 ) and Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow ( # 6 ) . In Australia , Seed of Chucky was distributed by United International Pictures . In France , Seed of Chucky opened at # 11 with $694,948 for the week of March 2 -- 8 , 2005 . It opened behind Le Couperet ( # 2 ) and the remake of Assault of Precinct 13 ( # 4 ) . In France , Seed of Chucky was distributed by SND Distribution . In the United Kingdom , Seed of Chucky opened at # 10 with $202,022 for the week of May 13 -- 15 , 2005 .", "4": "It opened behind Monster - in - Law ( # 2 ) , The Jacket ( # 8 ) , and A Good Woman ( # 9 ) . In the United Kingdom , Seed of Chucky was distributed by Momentum Pictures . Critical reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a Rotten 32 % rating based on 75 reviews , with 23 fresh ratings . On Metacritic , it has an average score of 46 , indicating mixed to average reviews . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` C + '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four stating , `` Seed of Chucky is actually two movies , one wretched , the other funny . '' Awards ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Winner / Nominee Result Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Actress Jennifer Tilly 3rd place Best Score Pino Donaggio Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Frightened Performance Jennifer Tilly Nominated Sitges - Catalan International Film Festival Best Film Don Mancini Nominated World Stunt Awards Best Fire Stunt Heather Phillips Nominated Best Overall Stunt by a Stunt Woman Heather Phillips Nominated Sequels ( edit ) The film was followed by Curse of Chucky in 2013 and Cult of Chucky in 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seed of Chucky at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Seed of Chucky ( 2004 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` Seed of Chucky '' . Chicago Sun - Times .", "5": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Seed of Chucky Seed of Chucky on IMDb Seed of Chucky at AllMovie Seed of Chucky at Rotten Tomatoes Seed of Chucky at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Chucky Films Child 's Play Child 's Play 2 Child 's Play 3 Bride of Chucky Seed of Chucky Curse of Chucky Cult of Chucky Characters Chucky Andy Barclay Tiffany Valentine Nica Pierce Kyle Video games Chucky : Slash & Dash Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_of_Chucky&oldid=806758066 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2004 horror films 2000s sequel films British films Romanian films Directorial debut films Films shot in Bucharest Films set in 2004 Films set in 2009 Films set in Los Angeles Metafictional works Parody films Pregnancy films American sequel films American slasher films 2000s comedy horror films Child 's Play ( film series ) American splatter films Film scores by Pino Donaggio American LGBT - related films American films Films directed by Don Mancini LGBT - related horror films Rogue ( company ) films Films about dolls Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 23 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "6": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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851748373100995456	when does season 8 for blue bloods start	[ "September 29, 2017", "September 29, 2017", "September 29, 2017", "September 29, 2017", "September 29, 2017" ]	{ "0": "Blue Bloods ( season 8 ) - wikipedia Blue Bloods ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search Blue Bloods ( season 8 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network CBS Original release September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of Blue Bloods episodes The eighth season of Blue Bloods , a police procedural drama series created by Robin Green and Mitchell Burgess , premiered on CBS on September 29 , 2017 . The season is set to contain 22 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Donnie Wahlberg ( Danny Reagan ) , Bridget Moynahan ( Erin Reagan ) , Will Estes ( Jamie Reagan ) , and Len Cariou ( Henry Reagan ) are first credited . Then Sami Gayle ( Nicky Reagan - Boyle ) is credited next , marking the fourth season she has been included in the opening credits . Tom Selleck ( Frank Reagan ) receives an `` and '' billing at the close of the main title sequence . Amy Carlson ( Linda Reagan ) left between Seasons 7 and 8 . Marisa Ramirez , as Danny 's partner Detective Maria Baez , and Vanessa Ray , as Jamie 's partner Eddie Janko , continue to receive `` also starring '' billing for season 8 . Appearing regularly and receiving `` special guest star '' billing are Gregory Jbara as Deputy Commissioner of Public Information Garrett Moore , Robert Clohessy as Lt. Sidney Gormley , and Abigail Hawk as Detective Abigail Baker , Frank 's primary aide . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.", "1": "viewers ( millions ) 156 `` Cutting Losses '' David M. Barrett Siobhan Byrne O'Connor September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 801 10.04 Erin pleads with Danny , who has been contemplating retirement since Linda 's death in a rescue helicopter crash , to help her with a case involving her ex-husband , Jack ( Peter Hermann ) who 's been attacked in his office . Jamie and Eddie go undercover as a couple to bust a shady drug dealer ; new mayor Margaret Dutton ( Lorraine Bracco ) butts heads with Frank . 157 `` Ghosts of the Past '' John Behring Kevin Riley October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 803 9.49 Frank receives an order from the mayor to attend the annual West Indies parade , which this year is honoring a man who served time for conspiring in an attack against the police . Meanwhile , Danny and Maria investigate the return of Selena Moore ( Caroline Pluta ) , who suspiciously disappeared as a teen 13 years ago . Also , Jamie and Eddie try to help a young woman they believe is being exploited by Congressman Richard Walters ( Richard Thomas ) . 158 `` The Enemy of My Enemy '' Robert Harmon Ian Biederman October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 802 8.98 Erin 's case against human trafficker Chao Lin ( Tia Carrere ) faces difficulty when the presiding judge falls off a roof to his death . Danny and Baez investigate , while also trying to protect a key witness for the prosecution . Elsewhere , Frank 's enhanced public safety initiative is opposed by Mayor Dutton , but gains a surprising ally , City Council Speaker Regina Thomas ( Whoopi Goldberg ) . 159 `` Out of the Blue '' David M. Barrett Brian Burns October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 804 9.08 Danny and Baez work the case of a detective who was gunned down prior to testifying against a career criminal .", "2": "Also , Frank personally investigates when Garrett is attacked by a SWAT team outside his home , and Erin brings in a confidential informant against Anthony 's wishes . 160 5 `` The Forgotten '' Ralph Hemecker Allie Solomon October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 805 8.29 Danny and Baez investigate the murder of a single mother whose ex-husband has a documented history of violence . Also , Frank deals with the fallout when Mayor Dutton eliminates solitary confinement in prisons , while Jamie 's effort to save a young woman who overdosed on heroin has unexpected consequences . 161 6 `` Brushed Off '' Eric Laneuville Daniel Truly November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 806 9.27 When a famous basketball player is found dead of an apparent drug overdose , Danny and Maria look into his possible ties to a local drug gang . Also , Erin revisits the case of a man she may have wrongfully convicted nine years ago , and Frank is approached by Archbishop Kearns ( Stacey Keach ) regarding an eviction matter Jamie and Eddie are working on . 162 7 `` Common Ground '' David M. Barrett Siobhan Byrne O'Connor November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 807 9.94 A case turns personal for Danny when he works to protect a nurse , Faith Madson ( Jessie Mueller ) , from her violent ex-boyfriend . Meanwhile , Shelly Wayne ( Cassandra Freeman ) , an acquaintance of Frank 's , comes to him with a theory regarding the death of an inmate . Also , Jamie and Eddie help deliver a baby , only to learn that the mother and her family are undocumented immigrants living in deplorable conditions . 163 8 `` Pick Your Poison '' Heather Cappiello Kevin Wade November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 808 9.25 Eddie makes a questionable arrest of a man revealed to be a college acquaintance who once humiliated her in a frat house .", "3": "Frank learns one of his best lieutenants tested positive for marijuana after a trip to Colorado , and gets caught between department regulations and Mayor Dutton 's stance on making pot legal . Meanwhile , Danny and Baez investigate a murder linked to a white supremacist group . 164 9 `` Pain Killers '' John Behring Ian Biederman December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 809 8.84 As Danny and Baez join a narcotics task force to track down a drug supplier at a prep school , Baez comes into contact with fentanyl and is soon fighting for her life from an accidental overdose . Also , Jamie and Eddie work to protect a rehabilitated sex offender whose neighbors are angry he lives in their apartment building , and Frank forms an unlikely alliance with Mayor Dutton when the Governor refuses to involve the NYPD during a major state trooper initiative . 165 10 `` Heavy Is the Head '' David M. Barrett Brian Burns December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 810 9.40 Erin is conflicted when Jamie and Eddie ask her to help drop old charges against a man , Parker Mack ( Spencer House ) , who just bravely rescued a woman from a local hostage situation . Meanwhile , Danny and Baez work a case involving car thieves and discover the leader is Victor Lugo ( Nick Cordero ) , a mobster they 've dealt with before . Also , Baker receives a job offer which Frank learns may have strings attached . 166 11 `` Second Chances '' Deran Sarafian Kevin Riley January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 811 9.98 When a journalist disappears while working on an exposé about an innocent man serving time for murder , Danny and Baez hope that reexamining the original case will help find her . Also , Frank reluctantly speaks out against an initiative led by Erin 's office to consider drug abuse as a disease first , and a crime second .", "4": "Erin , who happens to be instrumental in destruction of a doctor 's life remains adamant , reverting to her narcissistic self and uses her arguing skills to twist words around to avoid the truth that she is guilty of it . 167 12 `` The Brave '' Tom Moore Siobhan Byrne O'Connor January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) 812 TBD 168 13 `` Erasing History '' Jane Raab Daniel Truly January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 813 TBD Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Cutting Losses '' September 29 , 2017 1.1 / 5 10.04 0.7 4.57 1.8 14.60 `` Ghosts of the Past '' October 6 , 2017 1.0 / 4 9.49 0.7 4.18 1.7 13.67 `` The Enemy of My Enemy '' October 13 , 2017 0.9 / 4 8.98 0.6 4.13 1.5 13.11 `` Out of the Blue '' October 20 , 2017 0.9 / 4 9.08 0.7 4.12 1.6 13.20 5 `` The Forgotten '' October 27 , 2017 0.9 / 4 8.29 N / A 4.14 N / A 12.43 6 `` Brushed Off '' November 3 , 2017 0.9 / 4 9.27 N / A 3.97 N / A 13.24 7 `` Common Ground '' November 10 ,", "5": "2017 1.0 / 5 9.94 0.7 3.84 1.7 13.78 8 `` Pick Your Poison '' November 17 , 2017 0.9 / 4 9.25 N / A 4.14 N / A 13.40 9 `` Pain Killers '' December 1 , 2017 0.8 / 4 8.84 0.7 4.54 1.5 13.41 10 `` Heavy is the Head '' December 8 , 2017 0.9 / 4 9.40 0.7 4.07 1.6 13.47 11 `` Second Chances '' January 5 , 2018 1.0 / 4 9.98 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` The Brave '' January 12 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` Erasing History '' January 19 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews 5 Freshman & 11 Returning Series , Including ' MacGyver ' , ' Superior Donuts ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Hawaii Five - O ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces Fall 2017 - 2018 Primetime Premiere Dates '' . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' premiere adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) .", "6": "`` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and World Series adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) .", "7": "`` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Child Support , ' ' MacGyver , ' everything else steady : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # BB812 ) `` The Brave '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # BB813 ) `` Erasing History '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) .", "8": "`` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Blue Bloods episodes on IMDb List of Blue Bloods episodes at TV.com ( hide ) Blue Bloods Characters Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Bloods_(season_8)&oldid=819528152 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Blue Bloods ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 21 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7372080505091857769	mainland greece is a body of land with water on three sides called	[ "peninsula", "peninsular" ]	{ "0": "Geography of Greece - wikipedia Geography of Greece Jump to : navigation , search A geographical map of Greece and its offshore territories Greece is a country in Southern Europe , bordered to the north by Albania , the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria ; to the east by the Aegean Sea and Turkey , to the south by the Libyan Sea and to the west by the Ionian Sea , which separates Greece from Italy . The country consists of a mountainous , peninsular mainland jutting out into the Mediterranean Sea at the southernmost tip of the Balkans , and two smaller peninsulas projecting from it : the Chalkidice and the Peloponnese , which is joined to the mainland by the Isthmus of Corinth . Greece also has many islands , of various sizes , the largest being Crete , Euboea , Rhodes and Corfu ; groups of smaller islands include the Dodecanese and the Cyclades . According to the CIA World Factbook , Greece has 13,676 kilometres ( 8,498 mi ) of coastline , the largest in the Mediterranean Basin . Greece 's latitude ranges from 35 ° N to 42 ° N and its longitude from 19 ° E to 28 ° E. As a result of this and its physical geography , the country has considerable climatic variation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Climate 2 Physical geography 2.1 Extremities of Greece 2.2 Mainland 2.3 Islands 2.3. 1 Aegean 2.3. 2 Ionian Islands 2.3. 3 Crete 2.4 Land use 3 Environment 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Greece link = File : Greece % 27s_K % C3 % B6ppen_Climate_Types_Peel_et_al. _ % 282007 % 29. png Greece 's climate is divided into three main classes : A Mediterranean climate features mild , wet winters and hot , dry summers . Temperatures rarely reach extremes , although snowfalls do occur occasionally even in Athens , Cyclades or Crete during the winter .", "1": "An alpine climate is found primarily in Western Greece ( Epirus , Central Greece , Thessaly , Western Macedonia as well as central parts of the Peloponnese such as Achaea , Arkadia and parts of Lakonia ) . A temperate climate is found in Central and Eastern Macedonia and parts of Thrace , including Komotini , Xanthi and northern Evros . This climate is characterized by cold , damp winters and hot , dry summers . Greece 's largest island , Crete straddles two climatic zones , due to its geographical position and large size : the Mediterranean and the North African , mainly falling within the former . As such , the climate in Crete is primarily temperate . The atmosphere can be quite humid , depending on the proximity to the sea , while winter is fairly mild . Snowfall is common on the mountains between November and May , but rare in low - lying areas , especially near the coast . During the summer , average temperatures may reach the low 30s ° C , with maxima touching the mid 40s . The south coast of the island , including the Mesara Plain and Asterousia Mountains , falls in the North African climatic zone , and thus reaches higher temperatures throughout the year . In southern Crete , date palms bear fruit and swallows remain all year round , without migrating to Africa . Physical geography ( edit ) Greece is located in Southern Europe , bordering the Ionian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea , between Albania and Turkey . It is a peninsular country , with an archipelago of about 3,000 islands . It has a total area of 131,957 km ( 50,949 sq mi ) , of which land area is 130,647 km and internal waters ( lakes and rivers ) account for 1,310 km . Land boundaries with Albania ( 212 km ) , Republic of Macedonia ( 234 km ) , Bulgaria ( 472 km ) and Turkey ( 192 km ) measure approximately 1,110 km in total . Of the country 's total territory , 83.33 % or 110,496 km ( 42,663 sq mi ) is mainland territory and the rest 16.67 % or 21,461 km ( 8,286 sq mi ) is island territory .", "2": "Greece 's coastline measures 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) . 80 % of Greece is mountainous . The Pindus mountain range lies across the center of the country in a northwest - to - southeast direction , with a maximum elevation of 2,637 m . Extensions of the same mountain range stretch across the Peloponnese and underwater across the Aegean , forming many of the Aegean Islands including Crete , and joining with the Taurus Mountains of southern Turkey . Central and western Greece contain high and steep peaks intersected by many canyons and other karstic landscapes , including the Meteora and the Vikos Gorges -- the latter being the world 's deepest canyon in proportion to its width , and the third deepest after the Copper Canyon in Mexico and the Grand Canyon in the United States , plunging vertically for more than 1,100 metres . Mount Olympus is the highest point in Greece and the fourth highest in relative topographical prominence in Europe , rising to 2,919 m above sea level . The Rhodope Mountains form the border between Greece and Bulgaria ; that area is covered with vast and thick forests . Greece 's lowest point is sea level . Plains are found in eastern Thessaly , in central Macedonia and in Thrace . Extremities of Greece ( edit ) The extreme points of Greece are North : Ormenio village ( 41 ° 45 ′ 41 '' N , 26 ° 13 ′ 15 '' E ) South : Gavdos island ( 34 ° 48 ′ 11 '' N , 24 ° 07 ′ 25 '' E ) East : Strongyli island ( 36 ° 06 ′ 17 '' N , 29 ° 38 ′ 39 '' E ) West : Othonoi island ( 39 ° 51 ′ 11 '' N , 19 ° 22 ′ 41 '' E ) Macedonia Thessaly Sporades Islands Epirus Central Greece Thrace Peloponnese Attica Cyclades Dodecanese North Aegean Islands Crete Ionian Islands Albania Rep.", "3": "Macedonia Bulgaria Turkey Mediterranean Sea Ionian - Sea Aegean - Sea Regions of Greece ATHENS Thessaloniki Kavala -- - Thasos Alexandroupolis -- Samothrace Corfu Igoumenitsa Larissa Volos Ioannina Chalcis Patras Serres Kozani Florina Lamia Arta Agrinio Chania Kalamata Corinth Nafplion Sparta Piraeus Eleusina Lavrion Heraklion M. Olympus ( 2917 m ) Lefkada Kefalonia Zakynthos - Lemnos Lesbos Chios Samos Andros Tinos Mykonos Icaria -- Patmos Naxos Milos Santorini -- - Kos Rhodes Karpathos Kassos Kythira Gavdos Megisti Cities and islands of Greece Greece 's cities , main towns , main rivers , islands and selected archaeological sites . Mainland ( edit ) Mainland Greece forms the southernmost part of the Balkan peninsula with two additional smaller peninsulas projecting from it : the Chalcidice and the Peloponnese . The north of the country includes the regions of Macedonia and Thrace . To the south the mainland narrows and includes the regions of Epirus , Thessaly and Central Greece , where the region of Attica and the capital city Athens are located . Further south , the smaller peninsula of Peloponnese is separated from the rest of the Greek mainland by the Corinthian and Saronic Gulfs , but joined by the Isthmus of Corinth . Mainland Greece covers about 80 % of the total territory and is largely mountainous . The largest mountain range of Greece is the Pindus range , the southern extension of the Dinaric Alps , which forms the spine of the Greek mainland , separating Epirus from Thessaly and Macedonia . The country 's tallest mountain is Mount Olympus , which also separates Thessaly from Macedonia . Its highest peak rises to 2,919 m above sea level , making it the second highest of the Balkan peninsula after Musala in the Rila Mountains . Islands ( edit ) Further information : List of islands of Greece Greece has a vast number of islands , with most of them being in the Aegean Sea and the rest in the Ionian Sea .", "4": "Estimates of the number of islands vary between 1,200 and 6,000 . A figure frequently cited in travel guides is 1,425 islands , of which 166 are said to be inhabited . The Greek Tourism Organization reports a figure of 6,000 , with 227 of them inhabited . Paris Match , however , raises this number to 9,841 islands , of which only 169 have a recorded continuous human presence . The Greek islands account for about 20 % of the country 's total territory , and vary greatly in size as well as in climate . The country 's largest island is Crete , with Euboea being second largest . Other large Greek islands include Rhodes and Lesbos in the Aegean Sea , and Corfu and Cephalonia in the Ionian Sea . Many of the smaller Greek islands form groups or chains , often called archipelagos , with notable examples being the Cyclades and the Sporades in the south and central Aegean Sea respectively . Aegean ( edit ) Main articles : Aegean Islands , Aegean Sea , and List of Aegean Islands The islands of the Aegean Sea are situated between mainland Greece to the west and north , Anatolia to the east and the island of Crete to the south . Traditionally , the islands are classified into seven groups , from north to south : North Aegean Islands Sporades Euboea Saronic Islands Cyclades Dodecanese ( Southern Sporades ) Crete Ionian islands ( edit ) Main article : Ionian Islands The Ionian Islands are a group of seven islands . The six northern islands lie off the western coast of Greece , in the Ionian Sea . The other island , Kythira , lies off the southern tip of the Peloponnese . Kythira is part of the modern administrative region of Attica , not the Ionian Islands ( Ionioi Nisoi ) . The Ionian Islands are distinct from the historical region of Ionia , which is today part of western Turkey . Crete ( edit ) NASA photograph of Crete Crete is the largest island of Greece and the second largest in the Eastern Mediterranean , after Cyprus .", "5": "The island spans 260 km from east to west and 60 km from north to south at its widest . The island narrows in the region close to Ierapetra , where it is only 12 km wide . Crete covers an area of 8,336 km ( 3,219 sq mi ) , with a coastline of 1046 km . It is surrounded to the north by the Sea of Crete ; to the south by the Libyan Sea ; to the west by the Myrtoan Sea ; and to the east by the Karpathion Sea . It lies about 160 km south of the Greek mainland . Crete is characterized by a mountain range crossing from west to east , formed by three different subranges : The White Mountains or Lefka Ori ( 2,452 m ) ; The Idi Range ( Psiloritis ( 35 ° 11 ′ N 24 ° 49 ′ E / 35.18 ° N 24.82 ° E / 35.18 ; 24.82 ) 2,456 m ) ; The Dikti Mountains ( 2,148 m ) These encompass fertile plateaus , such as Lasithi , Omalos and Nidha ; caves such as Diktaion and Idaion ; and gorges such as the Samariá Gorge . The protected area of the Samariá Gorge is the home of the Cretan goat , or kri - kri , while the endangered Bearded vulture or lammergeyer lives in the Cretan mountains and gorges . Crete 's rivers include the Ieropotamos River in the southern part of the island . Land use ( edit ) Arable land : 19.71 % Permanent crops : 8.95 % Other : 71.37 % ( 2012 est . ) Irrigated land : 15,550 km ( 2007 ) Environment ( edit ) Map of earthquakes in Greece and adjacent countries 1900 - 2017 Greece 's natural hazards include severe earthquakes , floods , droughts and wildfires . Current environmental issues include air pollution and water pollution .", "6": "Greece is party to the following international agreements : Air Pollution , Air Pollution - Nitrogen Oxides , Air Pollution - Sulphur 94 , Antarctic - Environmental Protocol , Antarctic Treaty , Biodiversity , Climate Change , Desertification , Endangered Species , Environmental Modification , Hazardous Wastes , Law of the Sea , Marine Dumping , Nuclear Test Ban , Ozone Layer Protection , Ship Pollution , Tropical Timber 83 , Tropical Timber 97 , Wetlands Gallery ( edit ) Mount Olympus Volcanic crater , Santorini Achelous River Taygetus ( Mountain Range ) Pindus National Park Vikos -- Aoös National Park Samariá Gorge Kremasta ( lake ) Mount Pelion Potidea Kanal , Chalkidiki Manganari beach , Ios ( island ) Landscape of Stymfalia with Mount Kyllini Palm beach of Vai ( Crete ) Navagio , Zakynthos Mount Parnassus See also ( edit ) Geography of Europe Greek names of mountains List of earthquakes in Greece List of islands of Greece National parks of Greece Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean by Michael and Reynold Higgins , Cornell University Press , 1996 Jump up ^ `` UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES : Working Paper No. 48 '' ( PDF ) . UN. 2006 . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World Fact Book -- Field Listing : : Coastline '' . CIA . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ National me = `` CIA '' > CIA World Fact Book , ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Artificial Structures and Shorelines Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2005 : Special 50th Anniversary Edition Jump up ^ Schmitt A ( 1983 ) Nouvelles contributions à l'étude géologique des Pieria , de l'Olympe , et de l'Ossa ( Grèce du Nord ) ( Ph. D. dissert . ) . Mons , Belgium , Faculté Polytechnique de Mons Jump up ^ CIA . `` Europe : : Greece '' . The World Factbook .", "7": "CIA . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Yearbook of Greece 2009 & 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Hellenic Statistical Authority . p. 27 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Marker , Sherry ; Kerasiotis , Peter ( 2010 ) . `` Greece in depth '' . In Nadeau , Mark . Frommer 's Greece . Hoboken : Wiley . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Poffley , Frewin ( 2002 ) . Greek Island Hopping . Thomas Cook . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Ellinikos Organismos Tourismou ( EOT ) . `` Greek islands '' . Archived from the original on 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ parismatch.com . `` Top 5 : Les plus belles îles grecques '' . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Law of the Sea '' .", "8": "Geography of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Greece articles History Chronology Pelasgian civilizations Aegean civilizations Minoan civilization Mycenaean period Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical period Hellenistic period Roman era Byzantine era Frankish and Latin era Stato da Màr Ottoman era War of Independence Balkan Wars Modern Greece By topic Constitutional Economic Military Greek countries and regions Hellenic languages Megali Idea Geography Cities Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Islands Lakes Mountains National Parks Regions Rivers Volcanoes Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Hellenic Parliament Human rights LGBT Judicial system Law enforcement Military Political parties President Prime Minister Economy Agriculture Athens Stock Exchange Banking Central bank Companies Debt crisis Energy Greek economic miracle Ports Rankings Shipping Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transportation Society Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Language Minorities Religion Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Castles Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine ( wine ) Dances Dress Greek Orthodox Church Flag and national colours Flags Literature Media Modern Greek Enlightenment Music ( Folk ,", "9": "Rebetiko ) Mythology Name of Greece Names of the Greeks Newspapers Orders and decorations People Philhellenism Public holidays Sport ( Ancient Olympics , Modern Olympics ) Television Theatre World Heritage Sites Outline Index Bibliography Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Greece&oldid=835748748 '' Categories : Geography of Greece Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 14 : 49 . 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-5541770295102028548	when did south america take form that it has today	[ "In the last million years since the Late Miocene" ]	{ "0": "History of South America - wikipedia History of South America Jump to : navigation , search See also : History of Latin America This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1892 map of South America European states claimed sovereignty over South America , 1700 The history of South America is the study of the past , particularly the written record , oral histories , and traditions , passed down from generation to generation on the continent of South America . South America has a history that has a wide range of human cultures and forms of civilization . The Norte Chico civilization in Peru is the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the first six independent civilizations in the world ; it was contemporaneous with the Egyptian pyramids . It predated the Mesoamerican Olmec by nearly two millennia . While millennia of independent development were interrupted by the Portuguese and Spanish colonization of the late 15th century and the demographic collapse that followed , the continent 's mestizo and indigenous cultures remain quite distinct from those of their colonizers . Through the trans - Atlantic slave trade , South America ( especially Brazil ) became the home of millions of people of the African diaspora . The mixing of races led to new social structures . The tensions between colonial countries in Europe , indigenous peoples , and escaped slaves shaped South America from the 16th through the 19th centuries . With the revolution for independence from the Spanish crown achieved during the 19th century , South America underwent yet more social and political changes . These have included nation building projects , absorbing waves of immigration from Europe in the late 19th and 20th centuries , dealing with increased international trade , colonization of hinterlands , and wars about territory ownership and power balance . During this period there has also been reorganization of Indian rights and duties , subjugation of Indians living in the states ' frontiers , that lasted until the early 1900s ; liberal - conservative conflicts among the ruling classes , and major demographic and environmental changes accompanying development of sensitive habitats . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory 2 Pre-Columbian era 2.1 Agriculture and domestication of animals 2.2 Human activity 2.2.", "1": "1 Norte Chico 2.3 Cañari 2.4 Chibchan Nations 2.4. 1 Muisca 2.5 Amazon 2.6 Andean civilizations 2.6. 1 Chavín 2.6. 2 Moche 2.6. 3 Tiwanaku 2.6. 4 Inca 2.7 Arawac and Carib civilizations 3 European colonization 4 17th and 18th centuries 5 Independence and 19th century 6 20th century 6.1 1900 -- 1920 6.2 1930 -- 1960 6.3 Economics 6.4 Cold War 6.5 Late 20th century military regimes and revolutions 6.6 Washington Consensus 7 21st century 7.1 A turn to the left 7.2 Pink tide 7.3 Politics 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Historiography 11 Bibliography 11.1 Prehistory 11.2 Muisca 12 Further reading Prehistory ( edit ) Aerial view of the Amazon rainforest , near Manaus Main article : Pre-Columbian South America Paleogeography of northern South America around 105 Ma In the Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic eras , South America and Africa were connected in a landmass called Gondwana , as part of the supercontinent Pangaea . In the Albian , around 110 Ma , South America and Africa began to diverge along the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge , giving rise to a landmass of Antarctica and South America . During the late Eocene , around 35 Ma , Antarctica and South America separated and South America became a massive , biologically rich island - continent . During approximately 30 million years , the biodiversity of South America was isolated from the rest of the world , leading to evolution of species within the continent . In the last million years since the Late Miocene , South America became connected with the continent of North America via the Panama Block that closed the marine Bolivar Trough , leading to the Great American Interchange , the interchange of biota from both continents .", "2": "The first species discovered to have made the northward migration was Pliometanastes , a fossil ground sloth species , roughly the size of a modern black bear . Several migrations to the Southern Hemisphere were undertaken by tougher , North American mammal carnivores ; fewer species migrated in the opposite direction from south to north . The result of the intrusion of North American fauna was that hundreds of South American species became extinct in a relatively short time and that about 60 % of present - day South American mammals have evolved from North American species . However , some species were able to adapt and spread into North America . Apart from Pliometanastes , during the Irvingtonian stage of the mammal land stages , around 1.9 Ma , species as Pampatherium , a giant armadillo , ground sloth Megatherium , giant anteater Myrmecophaga , a Neogene capybara ( Hydrochoerus ) , Meizonyx , opossum Didelphis , and Mixotoxodon followed the route north . The terror bird Titanis was the only discovered South American carnivore species who made the journey into North America . Pre-Columbian era ( edit ) Main article : Pre-Columbian South America Agriculture and domestication of animals ( edit ) The Americas are thought to have been first inhabited by people from eastern Asia who crossed the Bering Land Bridge to present - day Alaska ; the land separated and the continents are divided by the Bering Strait . Over the course of millennia , three waves of migrants spread to all parts of the Americas . Genetic and linguistic evidence has shown that the last wave of migrant peoples settled across the northern tier , and did not reach South America . The first evidence for the existence of agricultural practices in South America dates back to circa 6500 BCE , when potatoes , chilies and beans began to be cultivated for food in the Amazon Basin . Pottery evidence suggests that manioc , which remains a staple foodstuff today , was being cultivated as early as 2000 BCE . South American cultures began domesticating llamas and alpacas in the highlands of the Andes circa 3500 BCE . These animals were used for both transportation and meat ; their fur was shorn or collected to use to make clothing . Guinea pigs were also domesticated as a food source at this time .", "3": "By 2000 BCE , many agrarian village communities had developed throughout the Andes and the surrounding regions . Fishing became a widespread practice along the coast , with fish being the primary source of food for those communities . Irrigation systems were also developed at this time , which aided in the rise of agrarian societies . The food crops were quinoa , corn , lima beans , common beans , peanuts , manioc , sweet potatoes , potatoes , oca and squashes . Cotton was also grown and was particularly important as the only major fiber crop . The earliest permanent settlement , dated to 3500 BC by ceramic dating , is the Valdivia on the coast of Ecuador . Other groups also formed permanent settlements . Among those groups were the Muisca or `` Muysca , '' and the Tairona , located in present - day Colombia . The Cañari of Ecuador , Quechua of Peru , and Aymara of Bolivia were the three most important Indian peoples who developed societies of sedentary agriculture in South America . In the last two thousand years , there may have been contact by Polynesians who sailed to and from the continent across the South Pacific Ocean . The sweet potato , which originated in South America , spread through some areas of the Pacific . There is no genetic legacy of human contact . Human activity ( edit ) Members of an uncontacted tribe encountered in the Brazilian state of Acre in 2009 Based on archaeological evidence from an excavation at Caverna da Pedra Pintada , human inhabitants first settled in the Amazon region at least 11,200 years ago . Subsequent human development led to late - prehistoric settlements along the periphery of the forest that caused alterations in the forest cover by 1250 CE . Geoglyphs on deforested land in the Amazon rainforest , Acre For a long time it was thought that the Amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated , as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil . Archaeologist Betty Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea , as described in her book Amazonia : Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise .", "4": "She claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 0.52 / sq mi ) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting , with agriculture needed to support a larger population . However , recent archaeological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated . From the 1970s , numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between 0 -- 1250 CE , leading to claims about Pre-Columbian civilisations . The BBC 's Unnatural Histories claimed that the Amazon rainforest , rather than being a pristine wilderness , has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening . Recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated . Some 5 million people may have lived in the Amazon region in 1500 CE , divided between dense coastal settlements , such as that at Marajó , and inland dwellers . Norte Chico ( edit ) Caral On the north - central coast of present - day Peru , the Norte Chico civilization emerged as one of six civilizations to develop independently in the world . It was roughly contemporaneous with the Egyptian pyramids . It preceded the civilization of Mesoamerica by two millennia . It is believed to have been the only civilization dependent on fishing rather than agriculture to support its population . The Caral Supe complex is one of the larger Norte Chico sites and has been dated to 27th century BCE . It is noteworthy for having absolutely no signs of warfare . It was contemporary with urbanism 's rise in Mesopotamia . Cañari ( edit ) Ingapirca , Ecuador , Caħari ruins : astronomical stone ( left ) , tomb ( right ) and reconstructed house ( background ) The Cañari were the indigenous natives of today 's Ecuadorian provinces of Cañar and Azuay at the time of European contact . They were an elaborate civilization with advanced architecture and religious belief . Most of their remains were either burned or destroyed from attacks by the Inca and later the Spaniards . Their old city `` Guapondelig '' , was replaced twice , first by the Incan city of Tomipamba , and later by the colonial city of Cuenca .", "5": "The city was believed by the Spanish to be the site of El Dorado , the city of gold from the mythology of Colombia . The Cañari were most notable in having repulsed the Incan invasion with fierce resistance for many years until they fell to Tupac Yupanqui . It is said that the Inca strategically married the Cañari princes Paccha to conquer the people . Many of their descendants still reside in Cañar ; some believe they have pure descent from these ancestors , without any mixing with Europeans . Chibchan nations ( edit ) Distribution of Chibchan languages in southern Central America and northwestern South America , present - day Colombia See also : Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations The Chibcha - speaking communities were the most numerous , the most extended by territory , and the most socio - economically developed of the Pre-Hispanic Colombian cultures . They were divided into two linguistic subgroups ; the Arwako - Chimila languages , with the Tairona , Kankuamo , Kogi , Arhuaco , Chimila and Chitarero people and the Kuna - Colombian languages with Kuna , Nutabe , Motilon , U'wa , Lache , Guane , Sutagao and Muisca . Muisca ( edit ) The fine goldworking of the Muisca formed the basis for the expedition from the Caribbean coast into the heart of the Andes , where they developed an advanced civilisation based on agriculture , salt production and trade Main articles : Muisca people and Muisca Confederation Of these indigenous groups , the Muisca were the most advanced and formed one of the four grand civilisations in the Americas . With the Inca in Peru , they constituted the two developed and specialised societies of South America . The Muisca , meaning `` people '' or `` person '' in their version of the Chibcha language ; Muysccubun , inhabited the Altiplano Cundiboyacense , the high plateau in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes and surrounding valleys , such as the Tenza Valley . Commonly set at 800 AD , their history succeeded the Herrera Period . The people were organised in a loose confederation of rulers , later called the Muisca Confederation .", "6": "At the time of the Spanish conquest , their reign spread across the modern departments Cundinamarca and Boyacá with small parts of southern Santander with a surface area of approximately 25,000 square kilometres ( 9,700 sq mi ) and a total population of between 300,000 and two million individuals . The Muisca were known as `` The Salt People '' , thanks to their extraction of and trade in halite from brines in various salt mines of which those in Zipaquirá and Nemocón are still the most important . This extraction process was the work of the Muisca women exclusively and formed the backbone of their highly regarded trading with other Chibcha - , Arawak - and Cariban - speaking neighbouring indigenous groups . Trading was performed using salt , small cotton cloths and larger mantles and ceramics as barter trade . Their economy was agricultural in nature , profiting from the fertile soils of the Pleistocene Lake Humboldt that existed on the Bogotá savanna until around 30,000 years BP . Their crops were cultivated using irrigation and drainage on elevated terraces and mounds . To the Spanish conquistadors they were best known for their advanced gold - working , as represented in the tunjos ( votive offer pieces ) , spread in museum collections all around the world . The famous Muisca raft , centerpiece in the collection of the Museo del Oro in the Colombian capital Bogotá , shows the skilled goldworking of the inhabitants of the Altiplano . The Muisca were the only pre-Columbian civilisation known in South America to have used coins ( tejuelos ) . The gold and tumbaga ( a gold - silver - copper alloy elaborated by the Muisca ) created the legend of El Dorado ; the `` land , city or man of gold '' . The Spanish conquistadors who landed in the Caribbean city of Santa Marta were informed of the rich gold culture and led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and his brother Hernán Pérez , organised the most strenuous of the Spanish conquests into the heart of the Andes in April 1536 .", "7": "After an expedition of a year , where 80 % of the soldiers died due to the harsh climate , carnivores as caimans and jaguars and the frequent attacks of the indigenous peoples found along the route , Tisquesusa , the zipa of Bacatá , on the Bogotá savanna , was beaten by the Spanish on April 20 , 1537 and died `` bathing in his own blood '' , as prophesised by the mohan Popón . Amazon ( edit ) See also : Amazon rainforest § History , and Chachapoya culture Geoglyphs on deforested land in the Amazon rainforest For a long time , scholars believed that Amazon forests were occupied by small numbers of hunter - gatherer tribes . Archeologist Betty J. Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea , as described in her book Amazonia : Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise . However , recent archeological findings have suggested that the region was densely populated . From the 1970s , numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between 0 -- 1250 AD . Additional finds have led to conclusions that there were highly developed and populous cultures in the forests , organized as Pre-Columbian civilizations . The BBC 's Unnatural Histories claimed that the Amazon rainforest , rather than being a pristine wilderness , has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening . The first European to travel the length of the Amazon River was Francisco de Orellana in 1542 . The BBC documentary Unnatural Histories presents evidence that Francisco de Orellana , rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought , was correct in his observations that an advanced civilization was flourishing along the Amazon in the 1540s . It is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of infectious diseases from Europe , such as smallpox , to which the natives had no immunity . Some 5 million people may have lived in the Amazon region in 1500 , divided between dense coastal settlements , such as that at Marajó , and inland dwellers . By 1900 the population had fallen to 1 million , and by the early 1980s , it was less than 200,000 .", "8": "Researchers have found that the fertile terra preta ( black earth ) is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest . It is now widely accepted that these soils are a product of indigenous soil management . The development of this soil enabled agriculture and silviculture to be conducted in the previously hostile environment . Large portions of the Amazon rainforest are therefore probably the result of centuries of human management , rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed . In the region of the Xinguanos tribe , remains of some of these large , mid-forest Amazon settlements were found in 2003 by Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida . Among those remains were evidence of constructed roads , bridges and large plazas . Andean civilizations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chavín ( edit ) The Chavín , a South American preliterate civilization , established a trade network and developed agriculture by 900 BCE , according to some estimates and archeological finds . Artifacts were found at a site called Chavín de Huantar in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,177 meters . Chavín civilization spanned 900 to 200 BCE . Moche ( edit ) The ancient city of Moche with the `` Huaca del Sol '' in the background The Moche thrived on the north coast of Peru 2000 -- 1500 years ago . The heritage of the Moche comes down to us through their elaborate burials , recently excavated by UCLA 's Christopher B. Donnan in association with the National Geographic Society . Skilled artisans , the Moche were a technologically advanced people who traded with faraway peoples , like the Maya . Knowledge about the Moche has been derived mostly from their ceramic pottery , which is carved with representations of their daily lives . They practiced human sacrifice , had blood - drinking rituals , and their religion incorporated non-procreative sexual practices ( such as fellatio ) . Tiwanaku ( edit ) The Tiwanaku were settled in present - day Bolivia in around 400 BC .", "9": "Inca ( edit ) Holding their capital at the great puma - shaped city of Cuzco , the Inca civilization dominated the Andes region from 1438 to 1533 . Known as Tawantin suyu , or `` the land of the four regions , '' in Quechua , the Inca civilization was highly distinct and developed . Inca rule extended to nearly a hundred linguistic or ethnic communities , some 9 to 14 million people connected by a 25,000 - kilometer road system . Cities were built with precise , unmatched stonework , constructed over many levels of mountain terrain . Terrace farming was a useful form of agriculture . There is evidence of excellent metalwork and successful skull surgery in Inca civilization . The Inca had no written language , but used quipu , a system of knotted strings , to record information . Arawac and Carib civilizations ( edit ) The Arawak lived along the eastern coast of South America , from present - day Guayana to as far south as what is now Brazil . Explorer Christopher Columbus described them at first encounter as a peaceful people , although the Arawak had already dominated other local groups such as the Ciboney . The Arawak had , however , come under increasing military pressure from the Carib , who are believed to have left the Orinoco river area to settle on islands and the coast of the Caribbean Sea . Over the century leading up to Columbus ' arrival in the Caribbean archipelago in 1492 , the Carib are believed to have displaced many of the Arawak who previously settled the island chains . The Carib also encroached on Arawak territory in what is modern Guyana . The Carib were skilled boatbuilders and sailors , and owed their dominance in the Caribbean basin to their military skills . The Carib war rituals included cannibalism ; they had a practice of taking home the limbs of victims as trophies . It is not known how many indigenous peoples lived in Venezuela and Colombia before the Spanish Conquest ; it may have been approximately one million , including groups such as the Auaké , Caquetio , Mariche , and Timoto - cuicas .", "10": "The number of people fell dramatically after the Conquest , mainly due to high mortality rates in epidemics of infectious Eurasian diseases introduced by the explorers , who carried them as endemic disease . There were two main north - south axes of pre-Columbian population ; producing maize in the west and manioc in the east . Large parts of the llanos plains were cultivated through a combination of slash and burn and permanent settled agriculture . European colonization ( edit ) Before the arrival of Europeans 20 - 30 million people lived in South America . Between 1452 and 1493 , a series of papal bulls ( Dum Diversas , Romanus Pontifex , and Inter caetera ) paved the way for the European colonization and Catholic missions in the New World . These authorized the European Christian nations to `` take possession '' of non-Christian lands and encouraged subduing and converting the non-Christian people of Africa and the Americas . In 1494 , Portugal and Spain , the two great maritime powers of that time , signed the Treaty of Tordesillas in the expectation of new lands being discovered in the west . Through the treaty they agreed that all the land outside Europe should be an exclusive duopoly between the two countries . The treaty established an imaginary line along a north - south meridian 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands , roughly 46 ° 37 ' W. In terms of the treaty , all land to the west of the line ( which is now known to include most of the South American soil ) , would belong to Spain , and all land to the east , to Portugal . Because accurate measurements of longitude were not possible at that time , the line was not strictly enforced , resulting in a Portuguese expansion of Brazil across the meridian . In 1498 , during his third voyage to the Americas , Christopher Columbus sailed near the Orinoco Delta and then landed in the Gulf of Paria ( Actual Venezuela ) . Amazed by the great offshore current of freshwater which deflected his course eastward , Columbus expressed in his moving letter to Isabella I and Ferdinand II that he must have reached heaven on Earth ( terrestrial paradise ) : Great signs are these of the Terrestrial Paradise , for the site conforms to the opinion of the holy and wise theologians whom I have mentioned .", "11": "And likewise , the ( other ) signs conform very well , for I have never read or heard of such a large quantity of fresh water being inside and in such close proximity to salt water ; the very mild temperateness also corroborates this ; and if the water of which I speak does not proceed from Paradise then it is an even greater marvel , because I do not believe such a large and deep river has ever been known to exist in this world . Beginning in 1499 , the people and natural resources of South America were repeatedly exploited by foreign conquistadors , first from Spain and later from Portugal . These competing colonial nations claimed the land and resources as their own and divided it into colonies . European diseases ( smallpox , influenza , measles and typhus ) to which the native populations had no resistance were the overwhelming cause of the depopulation of the Native American population . Cruel systems of forced labor ( such as encomiendas and mining industry 's mita ) under Spanish control also contributed to depopulation . Lower bound estimates speak of a decline in the population of around 20 -- 50 per cent , whereas high estimates arrive at 90 per cent . Following this , African slaves , who had developed immunity to these diseases , were quickly brought in to replace them . The Spaniards were committed to converting their American subjects to Christianity and were quick to purge any native cultural practices that hindered this end . However , most initial attempts at this were only partially successful ; American groups simply blended Catholicism with their traditional beliefs . The Spaniards did not impose their language to the degree they did their religion . In fact , the missionary work of the Roman Catholic Church in Quechua , Nahuatl , and Guarani actually contributed to the expansion of these American languages , equipping them with writing systems . Eventually the natives and the Spaniards interbred , forming a Mestizo class . Mestizos and the Native Americans were often forced to pay unfair taxes to the Spanish government ( although all subjects paid taxes ) and were punished harshly for disobeying their laws . Many native artworks were considered pagan idols and destroyed by Spanish explorers . This included a great number of gold and silver sculptures , which were melted down before transport to Europe . 17th and 18th centuries ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources .", "12": "Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1616 , the Dutch , attracted by the legend of El Dorado , founded a fort in Guayana and established three colonies : Demerara , Berbice , and Essequibo . In 1624 France attempted to settle in the area of modern - day French Guiana , but was forced to abandon it in the face of hostility from the Portuguese , who viewed it as a violation of the Treaty of Tordesillas . However French settlers returned in 1630 and in 1643 managed to establish a settlement at Cayenne along with some small - scale plantations . Since the sixteenth century there were some movements of discontent to Spanish and Portuguese colonial system . Among these movements , the most famous being that of the Maroons , slaves who escaped their masters and in the shelter of the forest communities organized free communities . Attempts to subject them by the royal army was unsuccessful , because the Maroons had learned to master the South American jungles . In a royal decree of 1713 , the king gave legality to the first free population of the continent : Palenque de San Basilio in Colombia today , led by Benkos Bioho . Brazil saw the formation of a genuine African kingdom on their soil , with the Quilombo of Palmares . Between 1721 and 1735 , the Revolt of the Comuneros of Paraguay arose , because of clashes between the Paraguayan settlers and the Jesuits , who ran the large and prosperous Jesuit Reductions and controlled a large number of Christianized Indians . Between 1742 and 1756 , was the insurrection of Juan Santos Atahualpa in the central jungle of Peru . In 1780 , the Viceroyalty of Peru was met with the insurrection of curaca Condorcanqui or Tupac Amaru II , which would be continued by Tupac Catari in Upper Peru . In 1763 , the African Cuffy led a revolt in Guyana which was bloodily suppressed by the Dutch .", "13": "In 1781 , the Revolt of the Comuneros ( New Granada ) , an insurrection of the villagers in the Viceroyalty of New Granada , was a popular revolution that united indigenous people and mestizos . The villagers tried to be the colonial power and despite the capitulation were signed , the Viceroy Manuel Antonio Flores did not comply , and instead ran to the main leaders José Antonio Galán . In 1796 , Essequibo ( colony ) of the Dutch was taken by the British , who had previously begun a massive introduction of slaves . During the eighteenth century , the figure of the priest , mathematician and botanist José Celestino Mutis ( 1732 -- 1808 ) , was delegated by the Viceroy Antonio Caballero y Gongora to conduct an inventory of the nature of the Nueva Granada , which became known as the Botanical Expedition , which classified plants , wildlife and founded the first astronomical observatory in the city of Santa Fé de Bogotá . On August 15 , 1801 , the Prussian scientist Alexander von Humboldt reached Fontibón where Mutis , and began his expedition to New Granada , Quito . The meeting between the two scholars are considered the brightest spot of the botanical expedition . Humboldt also visited Venezuela , Mexico , United States , Chile , and Peru . Through his observations of temperature differences between the Pacific Ocean between Chile and Peru in different periods of the year , he discovered cold currents moving from south to north up the coast of Peru , which was named the Humboldt Current in his honour . Between 1806 and 1807 , British military forces tried to invade the area of the Rio de la Plata , at the command of Home Riggs Popham and William Carr Beresford , and John Whitelocke . The invasions were repelled , but powerfully affected the Spanish authority . Independence and 19th century ( edit ) Countries in the Americas by date of independence The Spanish colonies won their independence in the first quarter of the 19th century , in the Spanish American wars of independence . Simón Bolívar ( Greater Colombia , Peru , Bolivia ) , José de San Martín ( United Provinces of the River Plate , Chile , and Peru ) , and Bernardo O'Higgins ( Chile ) led their independence struggle .", "14": "Although Bolivar attempted to keep the Spanish - speaking parts of the continent politically unified , they rapidly became independent of one another . Unlike the Spanish colonies , the Brazilian independence came as an indirect consequence of the Napoleonic Invasions to Portugal -- French invasion under General Junot led to the capture of Lisbon on 8 December 1807 . In order not to lose its sovereignty , the Portuguese Court moved the capital from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro , which was the Portuguese Empire 's capital between 1808 and 1821 and rose the relevance of Brazil within the Portuguese Empire 's framework . Following the Portuguese Liberal Revolution of 1820 , and after several battles and skirmishes were fought in Pará and in Bahia , the heir apparent Pedro , son of King John VI of Portugal , proclaimed the country 's independence in 1822 and became Brazil 's first emperor ( He later also reigned as Pedro IV of Portugal ) . This was one of the most peaceful colonial independences ever seen in human history . A struggle for power emerged among the new nations , and several further wars were soon fought thereafter . The first few wars were fought for supremacy in the northern and southern parts of the continent . The Gran Colombia -- Peru War of the north and the Cisplatine War ( between the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of the River Plate ) ended in stalemate , although the latter resulted in the independence of Uruguay ( 1828 ) . A few years later , after the break - up of Gran Colombia , the balance of power shifted in favor of the newly formed Peru - Bolivian Confederation ( 1836 -- 1839 ) . Nonetheless , this power structure proved temporary and shifted once more as a result of the Northern Peruvian State 's victory over the Southern Peruvian State - Bolivia War of the Confederation ( 1836 -- 1839 ) , and the Argentine Confederation 's defeat in the Guerra Grande ( 1839 -- 1852 ) . Later conflicts between the South American nations continued to define their borders and power status . In the Pacific coast , Chile and Peru continued to exhibit their increasing domination , defeating Spain in the Chincha Islands War . Finally , after precariously defeating Peru during the War of the Pacific ( 1879 -- 1883 ) , Chile emerged as the dominant power of the Pacific Coast of South America .", "15": "In the Atlantic side , Paraguay attempted to gain a more dominant status in the region , but an alliance of Argentina , Brazil , and Uruguay ( in the resulting 1864 -- 1870 War of the Triple Alliance ) ended Paraguayan ambitions . Thereupon , the Southern Cone nations of Argentina , Brazil , and Chile entered the 20th century as the major continental powers . A few countries did not gain independence until the 20th century : Panama , from Colombia , in 1903 Guyana , from the United Kingdom , in 1966 Suriname , from the Dutch control , in 1975 Trinidad and Tobago , from the United Kingdom , in 1962 French Guiana remains an overseas department of France . 20th century ( edit ) SQM GE 289A `` Boxcabs '' 603 and 607 hauling empty nitrate hoppers from Tocopilla to Barriles , Chile . 1900 -- 1920 ( edit ) By the start of the century , the United States continued its interventionist attitude , which aimed to directly defend its interests in the region . This was officially articulated in Theodore Roosevelt 's Big Stick Doctrine , which modified the old Monroe Doctrine , which had simply aimed to deter European intervention in the hemisphere . 1930 -- 1960 ( edit ) See also : Latin America during World War II The Great Depression posed a challenge to the region . The collapse of the world economy meant that the demand for raw materials drastically declined , undermining many of the economies of South America . The Brazilian Minas Geraes class kindled an Argentine -- Brazilian -- Chilean naval arms race Intellectuals and government leaders in South America turned their backs on the older economic policies and turned toward import substitution industrialization . The goal was to create self - sufficient economies , which would have their own industrial sectors and large middle classes and which would be immune to the ups and downs of the global economy . Despite the potential threats to United States commercial interests , the Roosevelt administration ( 1933 -- 1945 ) understood that the United States could not wholly oppose import substitution . Roosevelt implemented a good neighbour policy and allowed the nationalization of some American companies in South America . The Second World War also brought the United States and most Latin American nations together .", "16": "The history of South America during World War II is important because of the significant economic , political , and military changes that occurred throughout much of the region as a result of the war . In order to better protect the Panama Canal , combat Axis influence , and optimize the production of goods for the war effort , the United States through Lend - Lease and similar programs greatly expanded its interests in Latin America , resulting in large - scale modernization and a major economic boost for the countries that participated . Strategically , Brazil was of great importance because of its having the closest point in the Americas to Africa where the Allies were actively engaged in fighting the Germans and Italians . For the Axis , the Southern Cone nations of Argentina and Chile were where they found most of their South American support , and they utilised it to the fullest by interfering with internal affairs , conducting espionage , and distributing propaganda . Brazil was the only country to send an Expeditionary force to the European theatre ; however , several countries had skirmishes with German U-Boats and cruisers in the Caribbean and South Atlantic . Mexico sent a fighter squadron of 300 volunteers to the Pacific , the Escuadrón 201 were known as the Aztec Eagles ( ' Aguilas Aztecas ) . The Brazilian active participation on the battle field in Europe was divined after the Casablanca Conference . The President of the U.S. , Franklin D. Roosevelt on his way back from Morocco met the President of Brazil , Getulio Vargas , in Natal , Rio Grande do Norte , this meeting is known as the Potenji River Conference , and defined the creation of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force . Economics ( edit ) According to author Thomas M. Leonard , World War II had a major impact on Latin American economies . Following the December 7 , 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , most of Latin America either severed relations with the Axis powers or declared war on them . As a result , many nations ( including all of Central America , the Dominican Republic , Mexico , Chile , Peru , Argentina , and Venezuela ) suddenly found that they were now dependent on the United States for trade . The United States ' high demand for particular products and commodities during the war further distorted trade . For example , the United States wanted all of the platinum produced in Colombia , all of Chile 's copper , and all of Peru 's cotton .", "17": "The parties agreed upon set prices , often with a high premium , but the various nations lost their ability to bargain and trade in the open market . Cold War ( edit ) Wars became less frequent in the 20th century , with Bolivia - Paraguay and Peru - Ecuador fighting the last inter-state wars . Early in the 20th century , the three wealthiest South American countries engaged in a vastly expensive naval arms race which was catalyzed by the introduction of a new warship type , the `` dreadnought '' . At one point , the Argentine government was spending a fifth of its entire yearly budget for just two dreadnoughts , a price that did not include later in - service costs , which for the Brazilian dreadnoughts was sixty percent of the initial purchase . The continent became a battlefield of the Cold War in the late 20th century . Some democratically elected governments of Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Uruguay and Paraguay were overthrown or displaced by military dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s . To curtail opposition , their governments detained tens of thousands of political prisoners , many of whom were tortured and / or killed on inter-state collaboration . Economically , they began a transition to neoliberal economic policies . They placed their own actions within the US Cold War doctrine of `` National Security '' against internal subversion . Throughout the 1980s and 1990s , Peru suffered from an internal conflict . South America , like many other continents , became a battlefield for the superpowers during the Cold War in the late 20th century . In the postwar period , the expansion of communism became the greatest political issue for both the United States and governments in the region . The start of the Cold War forced governments to choose between the United States and the Soviet Union . Late 20th century military regimes and revolutions ( edit ) Presidents of UNASUR member states at the Second Brasília Summit on 23 May 2008 . By the 1970s , leftists had acquired a significant political influence which prompted the right - wing , ecclesiastical authorities and a large portion of each individual country 's upper class to support coups d'état to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat . This was further fueled by Cuban and United States intervention which led to a political polarisation .", "18": "Most South American countries were in some periods ruled by military dictatorships that were supported by the United States of America . Also around the 1970s , the regimes of the Southern Cone collaborated in Operation Condor killing many leftist dissidents , including some urban guerrillas . However , by the early 90 's all countries had restored their democracies . Colombia has had an ongoing , though diminished internal conflict , which started in 1964 with the creation of Marxist guerrillas ( FARC - EP ) and then involved several illegal armed groups of leftist - leaning ideology as well as the private armies of powerful drug lords . Many of these are now defunct , and only a small portion of the ELN remains , along with the stronger , though also greatly reduced FARC . These leftist groups smuggle narcotics out of Colombia to fund their operations , while also using kidnapping , bombings , land mines and assassinations as weapons against both elected and non-elected citizens . Presidents Hugo Chávez , Néstor Kirchner , and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva met on January 19 , 2006 in Granja do Torto Flag of the Union of South American Nations Revolutionary movements and right - wing military dictatorships became common after World War II , but since the 1980s , a wave of democratisation came through the continent , and democratic rule is widespread now . Nonetheless , allegations of corruption are still very common , and several countries have developed crises which have forced the resignation of their governments , although , in most occasions , regular civilian succession has continued . In the 1960s and 1970s , the governments of Argentina , Brazil , Chile , and Uruguay were overthrown or displaced by U.S. - aligned military dictatorships . These detained tens of thousands of political prisoners , many of whom were tortured and / or killed ( on inter-state collaboration , see Operation Condor ) . Economically , they began a transition to neoliberal economic policies . They placed their own actions within the U.S. Cold War doctrine of `` National Security '' against internal subversion . Throughout the 1980s and 1990s , Peru suffered from an internal conflict ( see Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement and Shining Path ) .", "19": "Revolutionary movements and right - wing military dictatorships have been common , but starting in the 1980s a wave of democratisation came through the continent , and democratic rule is now widespread . Allegations of corruption remain common , and several nations have seen crises which have forced the resignation of their presidents , although normal civilian succession has continued . International indebtedness became a recurrent problem , with examples like the 1980s debt crisis , the mid 1990s Mexican peso crisis and Argentina 's 2001 default . Washington consensus ( edit ) Left - leaning leaders of Bolivia , Brazil and Chile at the Union of South American Nations summit in 2008 Main article : Washington Consensus The set of specific economic policy prescriptions that were considered the `` standard '' reform package were promoted for crisis - wracked developing countries by Washington , DC - based institutions such as the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , World Bank , and the US Treasury Department during the 1980s and ' 90s . 21st century ( edit ) A turn to the left ( edit ) According to the BBC , a `` common element of the ' pink tide ' is a clean break with what was known at the outset of the 1990s as the ' Washington consensus ' , the mixture of open markets and privatisation pushed by the United States '' . According to Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , a pink tide president herself , Hugo Chávez of Venezuela ( inaugurated 1999 ) , Lula da Silva of Brazil ( inaugurated 2003 ) and Evo Morales of Bolivia ( inaugurated 2006 ) were `` the three musketeers '' of the left in South America . By 2005 , the BBC reported that out of 350 million people in South America , three out of four of them lived in countries ruled by `` left - leaning presidents '' elected during the preceding six years . Despite the presence of a number of Latin American governments which profess to embracing a leftist ideology , it is difficult to categorise Latin American states `` according to dominant political tendencies , like a red - blue post-electoral map of the United States . '' According to the Institute for Policy Studies , a liberal non-profit think - tank based in Washington , D.C.", "20": ": a deeper analysis of elections in Ecuador , Venezuela , Nicaragua , and Mexico indicates that the `` pink tide '' interpretation -- that a diluted trend leftward is sweeping the continent -- may be insufficient to understand the complexity of what 's really taking place in each country and the region as a whole . `` '' While this political shift is difficult to quantify , its effects are widely noticed . According to the Institute for Policy Studies , 2006 meetings of the South American Summit of Nations and the Social Forum for the Integration of Peoples demonstrated that certain discussions that `` used to take place on the margins of the dominant discourse of neoliberalism , ( have ) now moved to the centre of public debate . '' Pink tide ( edit ) Rafael Correa , Evo Morales , Néstor Kirchner , Cristina Fernández , Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , Nicanor Duarte , and Hugo Chávez at the signing of the founding charter of the Bank of the South The term ' pink tide ' ( Spanish : marea rosa , Portuguese : onda rosa ) or ' turn to the Left ' ( Sp. : vuelta hacia la izquierda , Pt. : Guinada à Esquerda ) are phrases used in contemporary 21st century political analysis in the media and elsewhere to describe the perception that leftist ideology in general , and left - wing politics in particular , were increasingly becoming influential in Latin America . Since the 2000s , or 1990s in some countries , left - wing political parties have risen to power . Hugo Chávez in Venezuela , Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff in Brazil , Fernando Lugo in Paraguay , Néstor and Cristina Kirchner in Argentina , Tabaré Vázquez and José Mujica in Uruguay , the Lagos and Bachelet governments in Chile , Evo Morales in Bolivia , and Rafael Correa of Ecuador are all part of this wave of left - wing politicians who also often declare themselves socialists , Latin Americanists or anti-imperialists .", "21": "Her Excellency Dilma Rousseff , 36th President of Brazil The list of socialist South American presidents is , by date of election , the following 1998 : Hugo Chávez , Venezuela 1999 : Ricardo Lagos , Chile 2002 : Luís Inácio Lula da Silva , Brazil 2002 : Lucio Gutiérrez , Ecuador 2003 : Néstor Kirchner , Argentina 2004 : Tabaré Vázquez , Uruguay 2005 : Evo Morales , Bolivia 2006 : Michelle Bachelet , Chile 2006 : Rafael Correa , Ecuador 2007 : Cristina Kirchner , Argentina 2008 : Fernando Lugo , Paraguay 2009 : José Mujica , Uruguay 2010 : Dilma Rousseff , Brazil 2011 : Ollanta Humala , Peru 2013 : Nicolás Maduro , Venezuela 2017 : Lenín Moreno , Ecuador In 2008 , the Union of South American Nations ( USAN ) was founded , revealing South American ambition of economic integration , with plans for political integration in the European Union style . This was seen by American political commentators as a pivotal moment in the loss of U.S. hegemony in the region . According to Noam Chomsky , USAN represents that `` for the first time since the European conquest , Latin America began to move towards integration '' . Politics ( edit ) During the first decade of the 21st century , South American governments have drifted to the political left , with leftist leaders being elected in Chile , Uruguay , Brazil , Argentina , Ecuador , Bolivia , Paraguay , Peru and Venezuela . Most South American countries are making an increasing use of protectionist policies , undermining a greater global integration but helping local development . Recently , an intergovernmental entity has been formed which aims to merge the two existing customs unions : Mercosur and the Andean Community , thus forming the third - largest trade bloc in the world . This new political organization known as Union of South American Nations seeks to establish free movement of people , economic development , a common defense policy and the elimination of tariffs . ( show ) South American Heads of State timeline since 1990 Country 1990s 2000s 2010s", "22": "0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Argentina Carlos Menem de la Rúa Eduardo Duhalde Néstor Kirchner Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Bolivia Jaime Paz Zamora Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada Hugo Banzer Jorge Quiroga Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada Carlos Mesa Eduardo Rodríguez Evo Morales Brazil Fernando Collor de Mello Itamar Franco Fernando Henrique Cardoso Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Dilma Rousseff Chile Patricio Aylwin Azócar Eduardo Frei Ruiz - Tagle Ricardo Lagos Escobar Michelle Bachelet Jeria Sebastián Piñera Echenique Colombia Virgilio Barco Vargas César Gaviria Trujillo Ernesto Samper Pizano Andrés Pastrana Arango Álvaro Uribe Vélez Juan Manuel Santos Calderón Ecuador Rodrigo Borja Cevallos Sixto Durán Ballén Fabián Alarcón Jamil Mahuad Gustavo Noboa Lucio Gutiérrez Alfredo Palacio Rafael Correa Guyana Desmond Hoyte Cheddi Jagan Sam Hinds Janet Jagan Bharrat Jagdeo Donald Ramotar Paraguay Andrés Rodríguez Juan Carlos Wasmosy Luis Ángel González Macchi Nicanor Duarte Fernando Lugo", "23": "Federico Franco Horacio Cartes Peru Alan García Pérez Alberto Fujimori Valentín Paniagua Alejandro Toledo Alan García Pérez Ollanta Humala Suriname Ramsewak Shankar Johan Kraag Ronald Venetiaan Jules Wijdenbosch Ronald Venetiaan Dési Bouterse Uruguay Luis Alberto Lacalle Julio María Sanguinetti Jorge Batlle Tabaré Vázquez José Mujica Venezuela Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez Ramón José Velásquez Rafael Caldera Rodríguez Hugo Chávez Nicolás Maduro Country 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 1990s 2000s 2010s See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of South America . Gran Colombia Military history of South America Peru - Bolivian Confederacy Simón Bolívar José de San Martín Francisco Pizarro Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morales is described as the first indigenous president of Bolivia in academic studies of his presidency , such as those of Muñoz - Pogossian , Webber , Philip and Panizza , and Farthing and Kohl , as well as in press reports , such as those of BBC News . However , there have been challenges to this claim by critics who have asserted that Morales probably has some European ancestry , and thus on genetic grounds is technically mestizo rather than solely indigenous .", "24": "Harten asserted that this argument was `` misguided ( , ) wrong ( ... and ) above all irrelevant '' because regardless of his genetic makeup , the majority of Bolivians perceive Morales as being the first indigenous president . In Bolivian society , indigeneity is a fluid concept rooted in cultural identity ; for instance , many indigenous individuals that have settled in urban areas and abandoned their traditional rural customs have come to identify as mestizo . Jump up ^ She is variously known as Cristina Fernández , Cristina K , or Cristina . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marshall , 1988 , p. 380 ^ Jump up to : Marshall , 1988 , p. 382 Jump up ^ Marshall , 1988 , p. 387 Jump up ^ Marshall , 1988 , p. 383 Jump up ^ Marshall , 1988 , p. 384 ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Patrick . ( General Editor ) . Oxford Atlas of World History . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . pp. 25 Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared . Guns , Germs and Steel : The Fates of Human Societies . New York : Norton , 1999 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared . Guns , Germs and Steel : The Fates of Human Societies . New York : Norton , 1999 ( pp. 126 -- 127 ) Jump up ^ Howe , Kerry R. , The Quest for Origins , Penguin Books , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 301857 - 4 , pp 81 , 129 Jump up ^ Roosevelt , A.C. ; da Costa , M. Lima ; Machado , C. Lopes ; Michab , M. ; Mercier , N. ; Valladas , H. ; Feathers , J. ; Barnett , W. ; da Silveira , M. Imazio ; Henderson , A. ; Sliva , J. ; Chernoff , B. ; Reese , D.S. ; Holman , J.A. ; Toth , N. ; Schick , K. ( April 19 , 1996 ) . `` Paleoindian Cave Dwellers in the Amazon : The Peopling of the Americas '' . Science .", "25": "272 ( 5260 ) : 373 -- 384 . Bibcode : 1996Sci ... 272 ... 373R . doi : 10.1126 / science. 272.5260. 373 . Jump up ^ Heckenberger , Michael J. ; Kuikuro , Afukaka ; Kuikuro , Urissapá Tabata ; Russell , J. Christian ; Schmidt , Morgan ; Fausto , Carlos ; Franchetto , Bruna ( September 19 , 2003 ) . `` Amazonia 1492 : Pristine Forest or Cultural Parkland ? '' . Science . 301 ( 5640 ) : 1710 -- 1714 . Bibcode : 2003Sci ... 301.1710 H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1086112 . PMID 14500979 . Jump up ^ Meggers , Betty J. ( December 19 , 2003 ) . `` Revisiting Amazonia Circa 1492 '' . Science . 302 ( 5653 ) : 2067 -- 2070 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 302.5653. 2067b . PMID 14684803 . ^ Jump up to : Simon Romero ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` Once Hidden by Forest , Carvings in Land Attest to Amazon 's Lost World '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Unnatural Histories -- Amazon '' . BBC Four . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Chris C. Park ( 2003 ) . Tropical Rainforests . Routledge . p. 108 . Jump up ^ `` Historia '' ( in Spanish ) . Fundación Municipal `` Turismo Para Cuenca '' . Archived from the original on 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Glottolog 2.7 -- Core Chibchan '' . glottolog.org . Jump up ^ Ocampo López , 2007 , p.", "26": "26 Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Muysca -- Muysccubun Dictionary Online Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Official website Tenza Jump up ^ Kruschek , 2003 Jump up ^ Gamboa Mendoza , 2016 Jump up ^ Although sources state `` 47,000 '' , this can not be correct as that would be whole Boyacá and Cundinamarca and include Panche , Lache and Muzo Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Muisca Confederation area almost 47,000 km , page 12 Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Muisca Confederation had 300,000 to 2,000,000 inhabitants Jump up ^ Groot , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Daza , 2013 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Francis , 1993 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Ocampo López , 2007 , p. 207 Jump up ^ García , 2012 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Daza , 2013 , p. 26 Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Biography Tisquesusa -- Pueblos Originarios ^ Jump up to : `` Unnatural Histories -- Amazon '' . BBC Four . Jump up ^ Smith , A ( 1994 ) . Explorers of the Amazon . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 76337 - 4 . Jump up ^ The influence of human alteration has been generally underestimated , reports Darna L. Dufour : `` Much of what has been considered natural forest in Amazonia is probably the result of hundreds of years of human use and management . '' `` Use of Tropical Rainforests by Native Amazonians '' , BioScience 40 , no . 9 ( October 1990 ) : 658 . For an example of how such peoples integrated planting into their nomadic lifestyles , see Rival , Laura , 1993 . `` The Growth of Family Trees : Understanding Huaorani Perceptions of the Forest '' , Man 28 ( 4 ) : 635 -- 652 . Jump up ^ Heckenberger , M.J.", "27": "; Kuikuro , A ; Kuikuro , UT ; Russell , JC ; Schmidt , M ; Fausto , C ; Franchetto , B ( 19 September 2003 ) , `` Amazonia 1492 : Pristine Forest or Cultural Parkland ? '' , Science ( published 2003 ) , 301 ( 5640 ) , pp. 1710 -- 14 , doi : 10.1126 / science. 1086112 , PMID 14500979 Jump up ^ `` quipu Incan counting tool '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . 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Yahoo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Sperber , Joshua . `` How the US Lost Latin America '' . CounterPunch . November 4 , 2006 Jump up ^ ( in Portuguese ) Giovana Sanchez . `` Noam Chomsky critica os EUA e elogia o papel do Brasil na crise de Honduras '' . G1 . September 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ The phrase has been used in the past for this same purpose .", "34": "It has never been officially proposed or used . Collazo , Ariel B. La Federación de Estados : Única solución para el drama de América Latina . n / d , circa 1950 -- 1960 . OCLC 25422930 Jump up ^ Duhalde , Eduardo ( 13 July 2004 ) . `` Hacia los Estados Unidos de Sudamérica . '' La Nación . Jump up ^ Grorjovsky , Nestor ( 14 July 2004 ) . `` Duhalde señaló que el Mercosur es un paso para la Unión Sudamericana '' Archived 2012 - 02 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Reconquista - Popular . Jump up ^ Collazo , Ariel ( 15 July 2004 ) . `` Los Estados Unidos de Sudamérica '' La República . Jump up ^ 29 July 2004 , interview with Mexican President Vicente Fox by Andrés Oppenheimer . Mexico : Presidencia de la República Jump up ^ `` Estados Unidos de Sudamérica '' Herejías y silencios. ( 22 November 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Duhalde , Eduardo ( 6 December 2004 ) . `` Sudamérica y un viejo sueño . '' Clarín Jump up ^ `` Globalpolicy.org '' . Globalpolicy.org. 2008 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Historiography ( edit ) Sheil , D. ; Wunder , S. ( 2002 ) . `` The value of tropical forest to local communities : complications , caveats , and cautions '' . Conservation Ecology. 6 ( 2 ) : 9 . Deforestation . World Geography . Columbus , Ohio : McGraw - Hill / Glencoe , 2000 . 202 -- 204 Hensel , Silke . `` Was There an Age of Revolution in Latin America ? : New Literature on Latin American Independence . '' Latin American Research Review ( 2003 ) 38 # 3 pp : 237 -- 249 . online Uribe , Victor M.", "35": "`` The Enigma of Latin American Independence : Analyses of the Last Ten Years , '' Latin American Research Review ( 1997 ) 32 # 1 pp. 236 -- 255 in JSTOR Wade , Lizzie . ( 2015 ) . `` Drones and satellites spot lost civilizations in unlikely places . '' Science ( American Association for the Advancement of Science ) , DOI : 10.1126 / science. aaa7864 Bibliography ( edit ) Prehistory ( edit ) Marshall , Larry G ... 1988 . Land Mammals and the Great American Interchange . American Scientist 76 . 380 -- 388 . Accessed 2016 - 08 - 26 . Muisca ( edit ) Daza , Blanca Ysabel. 2013 . Historia del proceso de mestizaje alimentario entre Colombia y España -- History of the integration process of foods between Colombia and Spain ( PhD ) , 1 -- 494 . Universitat de Barcelona . Francis , John Michael . 1993 . `` Muchas hipas , no minas '' The Muiscas , a merchant society : Spanish misconceptions and demographic change ( M.A. ) , 1 -- 118 . University of Alberta . Gamboa Mendoza , Jorge . 2016 . Los muiscas , grupos indígenas del Nuevo Reino de Granada . Una nueva propuesta sobre su organizacíon socio - política y su evolucíon en el siglo XVI -- The Muisca , indigenous groups of the New Kingdom of Granada . A new proposal on their social - political organization and their evolution in the 16th century . Museo del Oro . Accessed 2016 - 07 - 08 . García , Jorge Luis . 2012 . The Foods and crops of the Muisca : a dietary reconstruction of the intermediate chiefdoms of Bogotá ( Bacatá ) and Tunja ( Hunza ) , Colombia ( M.A. ) , 1 -- 201 . University of Central Florida . Accessed 2016 - 07 - 08 . Groot de Mahecha , Ana María . 2014 ( 2008 ) .", "36": "Sal y poder en el altiplano de Bogotá , 1537 -- 1640 , 1 -- 174 . Universidad Nacional de Colombia . Kruschek , Michael H ... 2003 . The evolution of the Bogotá chiefdom : A household view ( PhD ) , 1 -- 271 . University of Pittsburgh . Accessed 2016 - 07 - 08 . Ocampo López , Javier. 2007 . Grandes culturas indígenas de América -- Great indigenous cultures of the Americas , 1 -- 238 . Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A. . Further reading ( edit ) Harvey , Robert . 2000 . Liberators : Latin America ` s Struggle For Independence , 1810 -- 1830 . John Murray , London . 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-5715486737703688206	where did the jungle book story come from	[ "English author Rudyard Kipling", "a collection of stories by English author Rudyard Kipling", "English author Rudyard Kipling", "a collection of stories by English author Rudyard Kipling" ]	{ "0": "The Jungle Book - wikipedia The Jungle Book Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Jungle Book ( disambiguation ) . The Jungle Book Embossed cover of first edition with artwork by John Lockwood Kipling Author Rudyard Kipling Illustrator John Lockwood Kipling ( Rudyard 's father ) Country United Kingdom Language English Series The Jungle Books Genre Children 's book Publisher Macmillan Publication date 1894 Preceded by `` In the Rukh '' Followed by The Second Jungle Book The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) is a collection of stories by English author Rudyard Kipling . The stories are fables , using animals in an anthropomorphic manner to give moral lessons . A principal character is the boy or `` man - cub '' Mowgli , who is raised in the jungle by wolves . Other characters include Shere Khan the tiger and Baloo the bear . The book has been adapted many times for film and other media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Context 2 Book 2.1 Description 2.2 Origins 2.3 Chapters 2.4 Characters 3 Reception 4 Adaptations in other media 4.1 Books 4.2 Audio 4.3 Comic books 4.4 Films and television 4.5 Theatre 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Context The stories were first published in magazines in 1893 -- 94 . The original publications contain illustrations , some by the author 's father , John Lockwood Kipling . Rudyard Kipling was born in India and spent the first six years of his childhood there . After about ten years in England , he went back to India and worked there for about six - and - a-half years . These stories were written when Kipling lived in Naulakha , the home he built in Dummerston , Vermont , in the United States .", "1": "There is evidence that Kipling wrote the collection of stories for his daughter Josephine , who died from pneumonia in 1899 , aged 6 ; a rare first edition of the book with a handwritten note by the author to his young daughter was discovered at the National Trust 's Wimpole Hall in Cambridgeshire , England , in 2010 . Book Description The tales in the book ( as well as those in The Second Jungle Book , which followed in 1895 and includes five further stories about Mowgli ) are fables , using animals in an anthropomorphic manner to teach moral lessons . The verses of `` The Law of the Jungle '' , for example , lay down rules for the safety of individuals , families , and communities . Kipling put in them nearly everything he knew or `` heard or dreamed about the Indian jungle '' . Other readers have interpreted the work as allegories of the politics and society of the time . Origins A letter written and signed by Rudyard Kipling in 1895 was put up for auction in 2013 by Andrusier . In this letter , Kipling confesses to borrowing ideas and stories in the Jungle Book : `` I am afraid that all that code in its outlines has been manufactured to meet ' the necessities of the case ' : though a little of it is bodily taken from ( Southern ) Esquimaux rules for the division of spoils , '' Kipling wrote in the letter . `` In fact , it is extremely possible that I have helped myself promiscuously but at present can not remember from whose stories I have stolen . '' Chapters The book is arranged with a story in each chapter . Each story is followed by a poem that serves as an epigram . Contents Story Description Epigrammatic poem Mowgli 's Brothers A boy is raised by Indian wolves in the Indian jungle with the help of Baloo the bear and Bagheera the black panther , and then has to fight the tiger Shere Khan . This story has also been published as a short book in its own right : Night - Song in the Jungle . `` Hunting - Song of the Seeonee Pack '' Kaa 's Hunting This story takes place before Mowgli fights Shere Khan .", "2": "When Mowgli is abducted by the Bandar - logs , Baloo and Bagheera set out to rescue him with the aid of Chil the kite and Kaa the python . `` Road Song of the Bandar - Log '' Tiger ! Tiger ! Mowgli returns to the human village and is adopted by Messua and her husband who believe him to be their long - lost son Nathoo . But he has trouble adjusting to human life , and Shere Khan still wants to kill him . The story 's title is taken from the poem `` The Tyger '' by William Blake . `` Mowgli 's Song '' The White Seal Kotick , a rare white - furred northern fur seal , searches for a new home for his people , where they will not be hunted by humans . Many names in the story are Russian , as the Pribilof Islands had been bought ( with Alaska ) by the United States in 1867 , and Kipling had access to books about the islands . `` Lukannon '' Rikki - Tikki - Tavi Rikki - Tikki the mongoose defends a human family living in India against a pair of cobras . This story has also been published as a short book . `` Darzee 's Chaunt '' Toomai of the Elephants Toomai , a ten - year - old boy who helps to tend working elephants , is told that he will never be a full - fledged elephant - handler until he has seen the elephants dance . This story has also been published as a short book . `` Shiv and the Grasshopper '' Her Majesty 's Servants On the night before a military parade , a British soldier eavesdrops on a conversation between the camp animals . `` Parade - Song of the Camp Animals '' is set to the tunes of several well - known songs . Characters Main article : List of The Jungle Book characters Many of the characters are named simply for the Hindi names of their species : for example , Baloo is a transliteration of Hindi भालू Bhālū , `` bear '' .", "3": "Akela -- An Indian wolf Bagheera -- A black panther Baloo -- A bear Bandar - log -- A tribe of monkeys Chil -- A kite , in earlier editions called Rann ( रण Raṇ , `` battle '' ) Chuchundra -- A muskrat Darzee -- A tailorbird Father Wolf -- The father wolf who raised Mowgli as his own cub Grey brother -- One of Mother and Father Wolf 's cubs Hathi -- An Indian elephant Ikki -- An Asiatic brush - tailed porcupine ( mentioned only ) Kaa -- A reticulated python Karait -- A common krait Kotick -- A white seal Mang -- A bat Mor -- An Indian peafowl Mowgli -- Main character , the young jungle boy Nag -- A male black cobra Nagaina -- A female king cobra , Nag 's mate Raksha -- The Mother wolf who raised Mowgli as her own cub Rikki - Tikki - Tavi -- An Indian mongoose Sea Catch -- A northern fur seal and Kotick 's father Sea Cow -- A Steller 's sea cow Sea Vitch -- A walrus Shere Khan -- A royal Bengal tiger Tabaqui -- An Indian jackal who is Shere Khan 's sidekick . Reception Sayan Mukherjee , writing for the Book Review Circle , calls The Jungle Book `` One of the most enjoyable books of my childhood and even in adulthood , highly informative as to the outlook of the British on their ' native population ' . '' The Jungle Book came to be used as a motivational book by the Cub Scouts , a junior element of the Scouting movement . This use of the book 's universe was approved by Kipling at the request of Robert Baden - Powell , founder of the Scouting movement , who had originally asked for the author 's permission for the use of the Memory Game from Kim in his scheme to develop the morale and fitness of working - class youths in cities . Akela , the head wolf in The Jungle Book , has become a senior figure in the movement ; the name is traditionally adopted by the leader of each Cub Scout pack .", "4": "Adaptations in other media Books Robert Heinlein got the idea for his science fiction novel , Stranger in a Strange Land ( 1961 ) , when he and his wife , Virginia , were brainstorming one evening in 1948 ; she suggested a new version of Kipling 's The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) , but with a child raised by Martians instead of wolves , and he decided to go further with the idea and worked on the story on and off for more than a decade . In 1962 , it received the Hugo Award for Best Novel . Neil Gaiman 's The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) is inspired by The Jungle Book . It follows a baby boy who is found and brought up by the dead in a cemetery . It has many scenes that can be directly linked back to Kipling , but with Gaiman 's dark twist . Mr. Gaiman has spoken in some detail about this on his website . Audio Jungle Book cycle ( 1958 ) , was written by the Australian composer Percy Grainger , an avid Kipling reader The Jungle Book , a BBC Radio adaptation first broadcast on 14 February 1994 and released as a BBC audiobook in 2008 , was directed by Chris Wallis with a cast that includes Nisha K. Nayar as Mowgli , Eartha Kitt as Kaa , Freddie Jones as Baloo , and Jonathan Hyde as Bagheera , with music by John Mayer Comic books The book 's text has often been edited or adapted for younger readers , and there have been several comic book adaptations : The DC Comics Elseworlds ' story , `` Superman : The Feral Man of Steel '' , alludes to the Jungle Book stories . The infant Superman , like Mowgli , is raised by wolves . Bagheera , Akela , and Shere Khan make appearances . Marvel Comics published several Jungle Book adaptations by Mary Jo Duffy and Gil Kane in the pages of Marvel Fanfare ( vol. 1 ) . These strips were collected in the one - shot Marvel Illustrated : The Jungle Book ( 2007 ) . Bill Willingham 's comic book series , Fables , features The Jungle Book 's Mowgli , Bagheera , and Shere Khan .", "5": "Films and television Many motion pictures have been based on Kipling 's stories : Heroes of the Soviet animation film on a postal stamp of Russia Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) -- directed by Robert J. Flaherty and Zoltan Korda , based on `` Toomai of the Elephants '' Jungle Book ( 1942 ) -- directed by Zoltán Korda , starring Sabu Dastagir as Mowgli The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) , Walt Disney Animation Studios ' animated film version of the Mowgli stories Mowgli ( Russian : Маугли ; published as Adventures of Mowgli in the US ) is an animated adaptation , first released in the Soviet Union and known as the `` heroic '' version of the story . Five animated shorts of about 20 minutes each were released between 1967 and 1971 , and combined into a single 96 - minute feature film in 1973 .", "6": "Chuck Jones 's made for - TV cartoons Rikki - Tikki - Tavi ( 1975 ) , The White Seal ( 1975 ) , and Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) stick to the original storylines more closely than most adaptations Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) , television series based on `` Toomai of the Elephants '' Jungle Book Shonen Mowgli ( broadcast in 1989 ) is a Japanese anime television series , whose adaptation represents a compromise between the original stories and the Walt Disney version Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) , starring Jason Scott Lee as Mowgli , is the second Jungle Book film produced by Disney The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli and Baloo ( 1997 ) stars Jamie Williams as Mowgli The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) stars Brandon Baker as Mowgli Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) is a live - action television series starring Sean Price - McConnell as Mowgli The Jungle Book is a BBC adaptation that began production in September 2007 and continued for two years The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) is Walt Disney Pictures ' live - action / CGI adaptation of the Mowgli stories , scripted by Justin Marks and directed by Jon Favreau Jungle Book ( to be released on 19 October 2018 ) is a live - action version Warner Bros. is developing , written by Callie Kloves and directed by Andy Serkis Theatre Stuart Paterson wrote a stage adaptation in 2004 , first produced by the Birmingham Old Rep in 2004 and published in 2007 by Nick Hern Books . See also Children 's literature portal Feral children in mythology and fiction Just So Stories Pench National Park , Madhya Pradesh , near Seoni ( Madhya Pradesh ) ( Seeonee is said to be the forest where the Seeonee wolf pack lives ) The Third Jungle Book Works of Rudyard Kipling Notes Jump up ^ Many of the ' animal language ' words and names in this story are a phonetic spelling of Russian ( probably as spoken with an Aleut accent ) , for example ' Stareek ! ' ( Старик ! ) ' old man ! '", "7": "; ' Ochen scoochnie ' ( said by Kotick ) ' I am very lonesome ' Очень скучный ( correctly means ' very boring ' ) ; holluschick ( plural - ie ) ' bachelor male seal ' ( холощик ) from холостой ( ' unmarried ' ) ; Matkah ( Kotick 's mother , матка , ' dam ' , ' mother of an animal ' , or ' womb ' ) Jump up ^ Originally titled `` Servants of the Queen '' Jump up ^ `` Cavalry Horses '' is set to Bonnie Dundee . `` Elephants of the Gun - Teams '' fits the tune and has a similar first line to The British Grenadiers , as does `` Gun - Bullocks '' . `` Screw - Gun Mules '' is set to the tune of The Lincolnshire Poacher . References Jump up ^ Rao , K. Bhaskara ( 1967 ) . Rudyard Kipling 's India . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . Jump up ^ `` Kipling first edition with author 's poignant note found '' . BBC New . 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Gilmour , David ( 2003 ) . The Long Recessional : the Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling . Pimlico . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6518 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hjejle , Benedicte & Fddbek , Ole ( Editor ) & Thomson , Niels ( Editor ) ( 1983 ) . `` Kipling , Britisk Indien og Mowglihistorieine '' . Feitskrifi til Kristof Glamann . Odense , Denmark : Odense Universitetsforlag . pp. 87 -- 114 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 31 May 2013 ) . `` Rudyard Kipling ' admitted to plagiarism in Jungle Book ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The White Seal '' . The Kipling Society .", "8": "Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Page 1 of 38 The Musical Settings of Kipling 's Verse '' ( PDF ) . The Kipling Society . 16 May 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mukherjee , Sayan . `` Book : The Jungle Book '' . Book Review Circle . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of Cub Scouting '' . Boy Scouts of America . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . A strong influence from Kipling 's Jungle Book remains today . The terms `` Law of the Pack , '' `` Akela , '' `` Wolf Cub , '' `` grand howl , '' `` den , '' and `` pack '' all come from the Jungle Book . Jump up ^ `` Biography : Robert A. Heinlein '' . Heinlein Society . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Award Winners & Nominees '' . Worlds Without End . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Journal : The Graveyard Book '' . Neil Gaiman 's Journal . 13 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CD Review . Percy Grainger . Jungle Book '' . Classical Net . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Press Office - new releases '' . bbc.co.uk. 2008 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Diversity Website - Radio Plays - The Jungle Book '' . suttoelm.org.uk . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Superman Annual . DC Comics. 1994 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book '' . Fanfare # 8 -- 11 , 64 pages , . Marvel. April 2007 . Jump up ^ SPH Magazines ( 2007 ) . GameAxis Unwired . SPH Magazines . p. 78 . ISSN 0219 - 872X . Jump up ^ `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi ( TV 1975 ) -- IMDB '' .", "9": "Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The White Seal ( TV 1975 ) -- IMDB '' . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mowgli 's Brothers ( TV 1976 ) -- IMDB '' . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Elephant Boy '' . IMDB . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC , Pathe team for ' Jungle Book ' -- Entertainment News , Film News , Medi '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Stuart Paterson -- complete guide to the Playwright and Plays External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Jungle Book Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Jungle Book . The Jungle Book at Project Gutenberg The Jungle Book public domain audiobook at LibriVox Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book Books The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) Mowgli stories `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' Other stories `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' `` The White Seal '' Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar - log King Louie Disney franchise Film The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Television TaleSpin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Jungle Cubs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Soundtrack `` Colonel Hathi 's March ''", "10": "`` The Bare Necessities '' `` I Wan'na Be like You '' `` Trust in Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` My Own Home '' `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' Video games The Jungle Book ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book Groove Party ( 2000 ) Other The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi 's Pizza Outpost Other adaptations Film Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) Adventures of Mowgli ( 1973 ) The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo ( 1997 ) Jungle Book ( 2018 ) Television Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ( 1989 -- 90 ) episodes Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book ( 2010 -- ) Other The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) A dzsungel könyve Djungelboken Related Law of the jungle Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) Rudyard Kipling Novels The Light that Failed ( 1891 ) Captains Courageous ( 1896 ) Kim ( 1901 ) Collections Plain Tales from the Hills ( 1888 ) Soldiers Three ( 1888 ) The Story of the Gadsbys ( 1888 ) In Black and White ( 1888 ) The Phantom ' Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales ( 1888 ) Under the Deodars ( 1888 ) Wee Willie Winkie", "11": "and Other Child Stories ( 1888 ) From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches , Letters of Travel ( 1889 ) Barrack - Room Ballads ( 1892 , poetry ) Many Inventions ( 1893 ) The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' All the Mowgli Stories ( c. 1895 ) The Seven Seas ( 1896 , poetry ) The Day 's Work ( 1898 ) Stalky & Co. ( 1899 ) Just So Stories ( 1902 ) The Five Nations ( 1903 , poetry ) Puck of Pook 's Hill ( 1906 ) Rewards and Fairies ( 1910 ) The Fringes of the Fleet ( 1915 , non-fiction ) Debits and Credits ( 1926 ) Limits and Renewals ( 1932 ) Rudyard Kipling 's Verse : Definitive Edition ( 1940 ) A Choice of Kipling 's Verse ( by T.S.", "12": "Eliot , 1941 ) Poems `` The Absent - Minded Beggar '' `` The Ballad of the `` Clampherdown '' '' `` The Ballad of East and West '' `` The Beginnings '' `` The Bell Buoy '' `` The Betrothed '' `` Big Steamers '' `` Boots '' `` Cold Iron '' `` Dane - geld '' `` Danny Deever '' `` A Death - Bed '' `` The Female of the Species '' `` Fuzzy - Wuzzy '' `` Gentleman ranker '' `` The Gods of the Copybook Headings '' `` Gunga Din '' `` Hymn Before Action '' `` If -- '' `` In the Neolithic Age '' `` The King 's Pilgrimage '' `` The Last of the Light Brigade '' `` The Lowestoft Boat '' `` Mandalay '' `` My Boy Jack '' `` Recessional '' `` A Song in Storm '' `` The Sons of Martha '' `` Submarines '' `` The Sweepers '' `` Tommy '' `` Ubique '' `` The White Man 's Burden '' `` The Widow at Windsor '' Short stories ``. 007 '' `` The Arrest of Lieutenant Golightly '' `` Baa Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Bread upon the Waters '' `` The Broken Link Handicap '' `` The Butterfly that Stamped '' `` Consequences '' `` The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin '' `` Cupid 's Arrows '' `` The Devil and the Deep Sea '' `` The Drums of the Fore and Aft '' `` Fairy - Kist '' `` False Dawn '' `` A Germ - Destroyer '' `` His Chance in Life '' `` His Wedded Wife '' `` In the House of Suddhoo '' `` Kidnapped '' `` Learoyd ,", "13": "Mulvaney and Ortheris '' `` Lispeth '' `` The Man Who Would Be King '' `` A Matter of Fact '' `` Miss Youghal 's Sais '' `` The Mother Hive '' `` Ortheris '' `` The Other Man '' `` The Rescue of Pluffles '' `` The Ship that Found Herself '' `` The Sing - Song of Old Man Kangaroo '' `` The Taking of Lungtungpen '' `` Three and -- an Extra '' `` The Three Musketeers '' `` Thrown Away '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' `` Watches of the Night '' `` Wireless '' `` Yoked with an Unbeliever '' Related Bibliography Bateman 's home Indian Railway Library Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer Iron Ring Law of the jungle Aerial Board of Control My Boy Jack ( 1997 play ) Rudyard Kipling : A Remembrance Tale ( 2006 documentary ) My Boy Jack ( 2007 film ) Family Elsie Bambridge ( daughter ) John Kipling ( son ) John Lockwood Kipling ( father ) MacDonald sisters ( mother 's family ) Stanley Baldwin ( cousin ) Georgiana Burne - Jones ( aunt ) Edward Burne - Jones ( uncle ) Philip Burne - Jones ( cousin ) Edward Poynter ( uncle ) Alfred Baldwin ( uncle ) VIAF : 72145857800523020097 LCCN : n79129910 GND : 4326028 - 7 BNF : cb121621071 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Jungle_Book&oldid=804602717 '' Categories : 1894 short story collections Short story collections by Rudyard Kipling 19th - century British children 's literature Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters The Jungle Book Macmillan Publishers books British children 's books Children 's short story collections Novels about orphans Novels set in India Animal tales Rudyard Kipling writings about India 1890s children 's books Hidden categories : CS1 maint", "14": ": Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles containing Russian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands", "15": "日本語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 01 : 47 . 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-1057147240720779888	who does stefan marry in the vampire diaries	[ "Caroline Forbes", "Caroline Forbes", "Caroline Forbes" ]	{ "0": "Stefan Salvatore - wikipedia Stefan Salvatore Jump to : navigation , search Stefan Salvatore The Vampire Diaries character First appearance Novels : The Awakening Television : `` Pilot '' Last appearance Novels : The Salvation : Ummasked Television : `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Created by L.J. Smith Portrayed by Paul Wesley Sawyer Bell ( 10 years old ) Luke Judy ( Little Kid ) Information Species Vampire ( Seasons 1 - 8 ) Human ( Season 8 ) Doppelgänger ( Season 5 - 6 ) Gender Male Occupation High school student ( Seasons 1 - 4 ) Automobile repairman ( Season 6 ) Family Giuseppe Salvatore ( father ) Lillian ( Lily ) Salvatore ( mother ) Damon Salvatore ( brother ) Caroline Forbes - Salvatore ( wife ) Zach Salvatore ( nephew ) Silas ( ancestor ) Tom Avery ( doppelgänger of ) Significant other ( s ) Katherine Pierce ( ex-girlfriend ) Valerie Tulle ( ex-girlfriend ) Rebekah Mikaelson ( few encounters ) Elena Gilbert ( ex - girlfriend / friend ) Caroline Forbes ( wife ) Relatives Silas ( Doppelgänger of ) Sarah Salvatore ( great - niece ) Nationality American Status Deceased Stefan Salvatore is a fictional character from L.J. Smith 's novel series The Vampire Diaries . He is portrayed by Paul Wesley in the television series of the same name . Born on November 5 , 1846 , Stefan was turned into a vampire in 1864 , at the age of 17 , by Katherine Pierce , with his brother Damon Salvatore . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and reception 2 Development 2.1 Characterization 2.2 Relationships 2.3 Blood addiction 3 Television series 3.1 Backstory 3.2 Storyline 3.2. 1 Season 1 - 3 3.2. 2 Season 4 3.2. 3 Season 5 3.2.", "1": "4 Season 6 4 References 5 External links Casting and reception ( edit ) On March 27 , 2009 , The Hollywood Reporter announced that Paul Wesley had joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries as Stefan . He was the last main cast member whose casting was announced . Wesley has become popular with viewers . Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times noted that he spent `` 10 years as a successful but under - the - radar TV actor '' but shortly after the show premiered , he was `` everywhere '' . MacKenzie wrote : `` Last summer his face was on more than 30 `` Vampire Diaries '' posters at the Century City / Westfield mall alone , not to mention billboards over seemingly every major boulevard in Hollywood `` . In November 2011 , Wesley 's ex-wife Torrey DeVitto joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries in the recurring role of Dr. Meredith Fell , who is `` intrigued by '' Alaric Saltzman ( Matt Davis ) . Development ( edit ) Characterization ( edit ) Stefan was described as a `` beautiful young man '' who turns out to be a Vampire 162 years old , who develops a `` strong connection '' with `` tragic heroine '' Elena Gilbert ( Nina Dobrev ) . Wesley described the young Stefan as `` naive and willing to ride whatever wave life threw '' him , because he was `` easily manipulated '' and `` innocent '' with a `` beautiful young soul '' . However , Stefan at the age of 160 years has more wisdom in him . Stefan consumes animal blood , refusing to kill humans due to the guilt that he killed his own father . However , Damon on the other hand , does feed on humans . Relationships ( edit ) Stefan has a love - hate relationship with his brother , Damon Salvatore ( Ian Somerhalder ) . Wesley `` adores '' Somerhalder , who he said he has `` natural chemistry '' with . Wesley stated : `` The dynamic of the characters is so interesting because they love each other , but they hate each other ( ... ) There 's always this thing in Stefan 's head where he hopes that one day Damon can just be as normal and functioning as possible '' .", "2": "However , he also described their relationship as `` beautiful '' in their flashbacks from the past , because they `` loved each other so much back then '' . Stefan begins a romance with Elena on the show 's first episode , without telling her he was a vampire . She was later shocked to find out that he was a vampire , and briefly ended their relationship before getting back together . As the show progressed , Elena began developing feelings for Damon as well . Wesley described Damon and Stefan as having a `` silent understanding of the fact that they both are in love with the same girl '' , and `` that was Stefan 's girl , and now Damon is suddenly a real factor , he 's really in the picture '' . Wesley 's favorite episode of The Vampire Diaries is `` The Turning Point '' because it was `` really beautiful '' for Stefan and Elena as a couple . In the episode , Stefan turns around `` because he 's ashamed of his face '' with blood rushing through his eyes and his veins popping out . Wesley said `` he 's terrified , and he hates himself for it . He runs from that part of himself , but she turns him around and tells him not to be afraid . She touches his face , and she thinks he 's beautiful . It 's so intimate , that moment , because she accepts the darkest part of him . '' Wesley with Nina Dobrev ( Elena ) and Ian Somerhalder ( Damon ) . When the original vampire Klaus Mikaelson ( Joseph Morgan ) is feared dead , it is revealed that everyone in his bloodline will die , including Stefan and Damon . In what International Business Times called `` the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for '' , Elena had to pick to say goodbye to Stefan or Damon . She ended up choosing Stefan . When Elena became a vampire , her feelings for Damon heightened , and it was later revealed that she had a sired bond to him . Elena and Stefan broke up , and she began a romance with Damon . Stefan became heartbroken , feeling angry and betrayed , and lashed out at Damon and Elena . Wesley urged fans of Stefan and Elena not to lose hope , stating : `` The fans should definitely maintain some hope .", "3": "The thing to remember is that Stefan and Elena have this love that is so strong , and it was sort of the core of Season 1 -- you ca n't entirely disregard that '' . The show 's head writer , Julie Plec , said `` They love each other as deeply as two people can love each other , but that does n't mean that their relationship is infallible '' . Blood addiction ( edit ) In 1864 , Stefan `` had n't yet learned the careful control that rules his life now '' and was an avid consumer of human blood , which was considered a `` dark past '' by Zap2it . Of his blood addiction , Wesley said : `` It 's awesome . It 's a drug . He 's a drug addict . I get to play a drug addict , which I love . I 'm going back to his days of usage , heavy usage . When I 'm in my lustful state , it 's so much fun . I felt like I got to play a role that I 'd never played before . I felt like I was doing something different . I just love it , and I hope it comes out the way that I envisioned . '' The show 's executive producer Kevin Williamson revealed that he was `` looking forward to Stefan eventually falling off the wagon and drinking human blood again '' after spending decades of consuming only animal blood . Wesley said `` everybody has a dark side , especially a vampire , and it 'd be unrealistic not to explore that '' . Stefan became addicted to human blood again , but got it under control with the help of Elena , who began letting him feed off her in small amounts to build up discipline . However , in the show 's third season , Stefan 's addiction returned . His humanity was taken away by Klaus , and the audience met `` The Ripper '' , his `` bloodthirsty , ruthless alter - ego who had previously only been legend '' according to Zap2it , who found `` this sociopath version of our hero far more compelling than his usual compassionate martyr self '' . Wesley , who enjoyed `` Ripper Stefan '' more , said it `` bums me out '' when Stefan quit human blood again . He said `` Good Stefan does n't feel as natural in terms of what I want to be doing on screen , and what I want to be saying .", "4": "I feel a little stifled , myself , whenever he 's resisting the urge to do vampiresque things . '' Television series ( edit ) Backstory ( edit ) Stefan Salvatore was born on November 5 , 1846 and raised in Mystic Falls , Virginia to Giuseppe Salvatore and Lily Salvatore . Stefan is the younger brother of Damon . When Stefan and Damon were human , they were very close and were best friends in life . Damon always confided and trusted in Stefan and they always defended each other , especially to their father , and was fiercely loyal to him . However , this all seemed to change when Stefan and Damon fell in love with the same girl , Katherine Pierce , who turned out to be a vampire . Stefan fell deeply in love with Katherine before finding out she was a vampire . Katherine , however , compelled Stefan to not be afraid , also to keep her secret and go on as they were . It was also revealed that Katherine compelled Stefan to drink her vampire blood against his will . Damon , on the other hand , drank Katherine 's blood willingly , wanting and desiring the immortal life in order to spend an eternity with Katherine . In 1864 , Stefan was turned into a vampire after being shot by his father , Giuseppe , along with his brother , Damon with Katherine 's blood in his system , before accidentally killing his father during a visit to tell him that he was going to let himself die . Damon , who turned into a vampire as well , promised Stefan an eternity of misery as he was angry that Stefan had forced him to turn and jealous that Katherine had also turned Stefan . A newborn vampire with uncontrollable blood lust , Stefan was unable to resist the temptations of human blood and became severely out of control and addicted ( later on known as the Ripper ) to the blood , killing many people because of his lack of control and extreme bloodlust . However , Stefan learned to change his ways when he was taught to control it by a vampire named Alexia `` Lexi '' Branson , who later on became Stefan 's best friend and companion . In 1942 , Stefan enlisted in the Army to fight in World War II ( 4x08 `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' ) . After decades of absence from the town he called home , Stefan returned to Mystic Falls to visit his home and Zach .", "5": "On May 23 , 2009 , Stefan heard the Gilbert 's car accident at Wickery Bridge . It was then and there that Stefan fatefully encountered Elena Gilbert for the first time . After only being able to save Elena , Stefan noticed that she looked exactly like Katherine . Storyline ( edit ) Season 1 - 3 ( edit ) Stefan and Elena begin a relationship and he revealed to her that he is a vampire . However , Damon returns to Mystic Falls , too , and also falls in love with Elena . Further on in the series , Damon and Stefan start to bond as brothers again and it becomes apparent that they do love each other . Because of his addiction to human blood , Stefan only drank animal blood in the beginning of the series , which made him weaker than other vampires . In season two , Stefan starts to take small amounts of Elena 's blood each day to mitigate its effect on him and to increase his strength . When Katherine returns it is discovered that she had always loved Stefan and not Damon ; however , Stefan is in love with Elena and not interested in Katherine . Stefan starts to build a friendship with Caroline Forbes after she is turned into a vampire . After Klaus gives Stefan his blood to save Damon from a werewolf bite , he turns Stefan into a Ripper again . Stefan starts working for him as he agreed to do to save Damon , and hopes it might also protect Elena by making sure Klaus never returns to Mystic Falls , since he believes her to be dead . Klaus later finds out and compels Stefan to kill her , but when he is able to resist the compulsion , Klaus makes him turn his humanity and emotions off . However , he is later able to get his humanity back , which is seen when he saves Klaus 's life to protect Damon , but yet he pretends not to care about Elena anymore . He then takes it upon himself to kill Klaus . He steals Klaus 's family as retaliation , and uses them as blackmail , when that fails ( the witches give Klaus the coffins when he threatens to end the Bennett line ) , Stefan threatens to drive Elena off Wickery Bridge with vampire blood in her system if Klaus does n't get his hybrids out of town , Klaus agrees at the last minute . He and Elena get into a fight . In the season three finale , he kisses Elena .", "6": "In the end , Elena chooses Stefan over Damon , but when Rebekah causes Matt 's truck to drive off Wickery Bridge , she is trapped underwater . Stefan barely gets there in time , but Elena makes him save Matt first and she drowns . It is later revealed Dr. Fell gave Elena vampire blood , meaning she died with vampire blood in her system . Then she became a vampire . Season 4 ( edit ) In the season four premiere , Stefan tries to get Bonnie to save her from becoming a full vampire , however , she along with several other vampires are captured by the Founder 's Council . As Elena begins to die and out of desperation to keep Elena alive , Stefan kills a guard and uses his blood to allow Elena to feed and to complete her transition into a vampire . Stefan gives Elena a daylight ring , which was made by Bonnie , in order to protect Elena from the sun . Stefan tries to assure Elena that everything will be okay and that they 'll take Elena 's newborn vampirism one day at a time . During the second episode of season 4 , Stefan tries to help Elena cope with her hunger for human blood . After his `` bunny diet '' disagrees with Elena stomach she seeks help from Damon to find an alternative blood source . When blood bags and Damon 's own blood fails too , she ends up feeding on Matt under extreme circumstances . Stefan then discovers from Klaus and Rebekah that there is a possible cure for vampirism . Stefan `` teams '' up with Klaus in order to find the possible cure , so that Stefan can give Elena the choice of becoming human again . Unfortunately , Klaus needs the vampire hunter Connor to stay alive because he holds the map to the cure in his tattoo , and Stefan must keep him alive at all costs when everyone else wants him dead . When Connor kidnaps Jeremy , April , and Matt , and keeps them hostage at the Grill , Stefan must stop Damon from rashly walking in and killing his chance at curing Elena . After tranquilizing Damon with vervain and taking his daylight ring , Stefan tries to take matters into his own hands and infiltrates the Grille by himself . With Jeremy at gunpoint , Elena comes in and takes Connor by surprise . Stefan manages to get Connor out , but Elena later kills him and is consumed with grief at being a murderer .", "7": "When Elena begins to hallucinate because of Connor 's death , Klaus informs Stefan and Damon that she must be locked away to keep from killing herself , and kidnaps her before they can say no . Later , Stefan works with one of Klaus 's hybrids , Chris , to free Elena who stabs him in the neck and runs away . Stefan sends Damon to find her and goes with Bonnie to see if the Professor Shane knows how to end the hallucinations . He informs them that a potential hunter must kill a vampire so he may take the place of that dead hunter , which is virtually impossible . Luckily , Stefan realizes that Jeremy is a potential hunter , and tells him that to save his sister , he must kill a vampire . Jeremy kills the hybrid Chris who originally helped them free Elena , and in turn her hallucinations end , and she is safe , but only barely . Later then , Stefan breaks up with Elena because of her feelings for Damon . Stefan goes to Caroline for support since she loathes Damon , and they become closer . During the Miss Mystic Falls Pageant , Stefan Turns a criminal in the hospital and convinces Jeremy to kill him to make the hunter 's mark on his arm grow . Afterward , Jeremy becomes anti-vampire and attempts to kill Elena . Stefan is there and saves her , but has to apologize for making him crazy . Elena tries to tell him that she does n't need the cure if it means it hurts Jeremy . That night Elena comes to stay at the Salvatore house , and Stefan leaves to crash at Caroline 's . While there , he and Caroline realize that Elena is sired to Damon . When Stefan informs Damon of this , they go to New Orleans to find the witch that broke a sire bond years ago that Damon had . Stefan and Damon find that in order to break the bond , Damon has to convince Elena not to care about him , and leave her , which Damon agrees to do for Stefan . Post Jeremy 's death , Damon convinces Elena to switch off her humanity leading to her becoming brutal and ruthless . Stefan and Damon try constantly to make her feel something again . Later after Elena 's humanity comes back , she chooses Damon , leaving Stefan heartbroken . Then Stefan tries to dump Silas body in the river only to find that Silas is still alive .", "8": "Silas then reveals that Stefan is his doppelganger . Silas was the one who created the immortality spell 2000 years ago however , as nature creates a balance for everything , it created a version of Silas that could be killed , a shadow - self which ends up being Stefan . Silas then locks Stefan into a vault and drowns him in the river . This incident tempts Stefan to turn his humanity off in order to escape . Stefan happens to be in the safe for 3 months where he keeps on hallucinating . Season 5 ( edit ) In season 5 , Damon and Elena manage to figure out that Silas has taken Stefan 's place and that Stefan is in that safe . When they go to rescue him , Stefan is n't there . Instead , a very powerful witch ( Qyetsiyah ) had opened the safe for him and fried his brain due to which he suffers from amnesia . Qyetsiyah ( or Tessa ) loved Silas but on the day of their marriage , he cheated on her and took the immortality spell for the women he actually loved , Amara , the original doppelgänger of Elena . Stefan returns to his old ways but when he saves Elena from Tessa , she wants revenge so he gives Stefan his memories back which gives Stefan Hallucinations of the safe . Caroline tries to help him but when that does n't work , Katherine comes back in the picture and manages to cure Stefan but they have a one - night stand , which leads Katherine to believe that Stefan still loves her , however he rejects her . Later on , Katherine takes over Elena 's body and breaks up with Damon so that she can get Stefan . After trying to woo him and failing , Stefan realises that Katherine is pretending to be Elena and Elena is with Nadia , Katherine 's daughter . They rescue her somehow by killing Katherine and sending her to some sort of hell . Then Stefan volunteers himself to the travellers to give his blood as they needed doppelganger blood . Caroline and Enzo try to find and kill Tom Avery , Stefan 's last doppelganger in order to save Stefan and they succeed due to which Stefan and Caroline grow even closer . Near the end of the season , Stefan and Elena keep seeing dreams of the two being together and of them as humans .", "9": "They work out that the travellers planted those dreams there as it was always meant to be Stefan and Elena not Damon and Elena . Through the fight , Stefan and Elena are kidnapped by the travellers as they need their blood to finish their spell . However , Enzo and Caroline save them by killing Tom Avery , Stefan 's doppelgänger . In 5x21 , Stefan tries to save Caroline 's life from Tyler ( while a passenger , Julian , is in his body ) , during which Tyler kills him , sending him to the disintegrating Other Side . In the episode ' Home ' he is Resseructed because Liv did a spell due to which he and his other friends can get back but Damon and Bonnie are left there leaving everyone broken . Season 6 ( edit ) In season 6 , Stefan moves away from Mystic Falls because of Damon 's death and finds a new girlfriend called Ivy . However , Enzo and Caroline , find him and Caroline tells Stefan that he 's a coward and the worst friend ever . She starts crying so Enzo goes and kills Ivy . Stefan vows revenge . He comes back to Whitmore , and uses Elena 's help to find Enzo leaving him to be killed by a vampire hunter . However , Enzo survives . Ivy returns as a vampire and it is revealed that Enzo had fed her vampire blood against her will before killing her . Damon , then returns to Mystic Falls and meets Stefan first which brings Stefan back to his friends . To make things worse , Enzo tells the other vampire hunter about Ivy and all the other vampires and the vampire hunter kills Ivy but is killed by Damon before the vampire hunter would kill anyone else . Enzo , figures out that Stefan 's niece , Sarah is alive and that Damon had thought that he had killed Sarah before she was born but Sarah was born before her mother died however , Stefan kept this from Damon and Enzo uses this against Stefan . Meanwhile , the vampires have another threat , a psycho killer , Kai . Added on top of that , Sheriff Liz Forbes ( Caroline 's mother ) is diagnosed with cancer . Stefan supports Caroline through this in which they bond even more and share a passionate kiss however just then Liz dies .", "10": "At the funeral , Stefan realises that he has fallen in love with Caroline but before he can confess , Caroline switches off her humanity switch after the funeral . Stefan and Elena try to bring Caroline back but it fails and Caroline vows revenge for them not giving her the year she wanted without any feelings . She kidnaps Stefan and Damon 's niece , Sarah Salvatore , and blackmails Stefan to turn off his humanity to save her . At the end of the episode ' The Downward Spiral ' , he does and joins Caroline . Stefan decides to ruin Caroline 's life because she has done the same to him . He wants her to lose control and become a Ripper . He eventually is able to and they sleep together for the first time . When Lily , Stefan and Damon 's mother , is rescued from the 1903 prison world and turns out to be a vampire , she manages to turn on Stefan 's humanity again . However , it later is revealed that Lily lied to get him back and does n't love her sons any more and only wants her travelling companions back . Stefan then pretends to still have his emotions off to get Caroline back and somehow succeeds , but Caroline tries to avoid him as she feels guilty for everything she had done . Stefan then also tries to talk Damon out of being a human again only to be with Elena but Damon decides to take the cure . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( 27 March 2009 ) . `` The CW 's final beast is risen '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( 28 January 2010 ) . `` Paul Wesley on his ' Vampire Diaries ' character 's addiction and more '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 9 November 2011 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Torrey DeVitto Joins Cast as Recurring Character ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 January 2013 .", "11": "Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( 9 November 2011 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Awkward Alert : Paul Wesley 's Wife to Seduce Another Man ! '' . E ! Online , Entertainment Television , LLC . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Barbie Kligman , Andrew Chambliss ( writers ) , David Von Ancken ( director ) ( 15 April 2010 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 18 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 18 . The CW . Jump up ^ Kevin Williamson , Julie Plec ( writers ) , Marcos Siega ( director ) ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 01 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 1 . The CW . Jump up ^ Sean Reycraft , Gabrielle Stanton ( writers ) , Kevin Bray ( director ) ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 05 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 5 . The CW . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' star Paul Wesley tells us why it 's so good to be bad -- and spills on Stefan 's response to Damon / Elena '' . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Remling , Amanda ( 10 May 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries ? Season 3 Finale : Elena Turns Into A Vampire , Chooses Stefan Before She Dies '' . International Business Times , Etienne Uzac . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Boss Previews Elena 's Dilemmas , Dueling Salvatores and a ' Lonely ' Damon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 28 December 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Boss on Stefan 's Anger , Jeremy 's Killer Urges and Caroline and Tyler 's Future '' .", "12": "TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 21 March 2012 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries ' Paul Wesley Reveals Why Stefan / Elena Fans Should n't Lose Hope '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` Post Mortem : Vampire Diaries Boss on Explosive Premiere Cliffhanger , Klaus ' New Role and More ! '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( 26 January 2011 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' : Paul Wesley reveals Stefan 's ' lustful ' side '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 12 January 2013 .", "13": "External links ( edit ) ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come ,", "14": "All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J.", "15": "Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Salvatore&oldid=837465791 '' Categories : Fictional vampires The Vampire Diaries characters Fictional characters introduced in 1991 Characters in American novels of the 20th century Fictional World War II veterans Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Magyar Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 00 : 39 . 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8716036537902940906	when does middle-earth shadow of mordor come out	[ "September 2014", "Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in September 2014", "PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in November 2014" ]	{ "0": "Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor - wikipedia Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Shadows of Mordor . Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Developer ( s ) Monolith Productions Publisher ( s ) Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Director ( s ) Michael de Plater Producer ( s ) Michael Forgey Designer ( s ) Bob Roberts Chris Hoge Artist ( s ) Phil Straub Writer ( s ) Christian Cantamessa Composer ( s ) Garry Schyman Nathan Grigg Engine LithTech Platform ( s ) Linux Microsoft Windows OS X PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Xbox 360 Xbox One Release September 30 , 2014 ( show ) Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One NA : September 30 , 2014 EU : October 3 , 2014 AU : October 8 , 2014 JP : December 25 , 2014 PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 NA : November 18 , 2014 EU : November 21 , 2014 AU : November 26 , 2014 JP : March 5 , 2015 Linux , OS X July 30 , 2015 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor is an open world action - adventure video game developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . The game was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One in September 2014 and PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in November 2014 . It is the second game set on Middle - earth to be rated Mature by the ESRB , after The Lord of the Rings : War in the North . An original story set in the legendarium created by J.R.R. Tolkien , the game takes place between the events of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings . The player controls Talion , a Ranger who bonds with the wraith of the Elf Lord Celebrimbor , as the two set out to avenge the deaths of their loved ones . Players can engage in melee combat , and use wraith abilities to fight and manipulate enemies .", "1": "The game introduces the Nemesis System , which allows the artificial intelligence of non-playable characters to remember the deaths of the game 's protagonist and react accordingly . The game 's development began in 2011 . In order to create an accurate environment and be consistent with Tolkien 's books , the developers consulted many people from Warner Brothers , as well as Peter Jackson , director of the Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies . They also received assistance from Weta Workshop , who advised on the special effects . Monolith focused on the development of the PC , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One versions , while the development of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions was outsourced to Behaviour Interactive . Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor received critical acclaim upon release . Most praise was directed at its combat , open - world design , and the Nemesis System . Some criticism was aimed at the game 's story and boss battles . Shadow of Mordor marked the biggest launch for a game based upon Tolkien 's universe , and would go on to win several awards from video gaming publications , including Game of the Year in 2015 . The game was supported by downloadable content upon release . A sequel , Middle - earth : Shadow of War , was released in October 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Nemesis system 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Plot 3 Development 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Sales 4.3 Controversy 5 Awards 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor is a third - person open world action - adventure video game , where the player controls a ranger by the name of Talion who seeks revenge on the forces of Sauron after his family , consisting of his wife and son , are killed by those that lead them . Players can travel across locations in the game through parkour , riding monsters , or accessing Forge Towers , which serve as fast travel points .", "2": "Though Talion is mortally felled in the game 's introduction , the wraith of the Elven Lord Celebrimbor is able to use his power to keep Talion alive , along with gifting him wraith - like abilities to exact his revenge . Missions in the game feature main story missions that follow Talion 's quest for revenge , side missions that involve following Gollum as to find artifacts that are tied to Celebrimbor 's past , missions to free the human slaves that have been captured by the Uruk armies and forced to work for Sauron , and additional quests to help forge new abilities for Talion 's sword , bow , and dagger . The player also has the freedom to pursue side quests and roam around Mordor , with special activities to collect specific flora or to hunt certain creatures , or to find old artifacts or Elvish seals . Completing quests earns the player a number of rewards : experience points that are used to unlock new abilities for the player from both Talion 's ranger and Celebrimbor 's wraith skills , a Power value that allows the player to access more powerful abilities to unlock , and an in - game currency called `` Mirian '' that the player can use to improve Talion 's health , wraith skill capacity , or forge new slots on his weapons to add additional runes ( as described in the Nemesis System below ) . In completing missions , the player can have Talion engage in melee , ranged combat , and stealth approaches , with some missions rewarding the player more for completing the mission in a specific manner . Talion 's ranger abilities are enhanced through Celebrimbor , allowing the player to mix combat with special focus - based attacks ; these latter attacks can be used to slow time down while aiming with the bow , drain focus out of an enemy foe , or , later in the game , brand the foe to become an ally of Talion . The combat system uses an attack - chain system that enables the player to perform special moves after building the chain to a large enough value , such as instantly draining a foe of focus or performing an area focus attack . With the combat system , they can also counter and dodge attacks . Stealth is a critical element in some missions ; several areas are considered Strongholds and should Talion 's presence be discovered , an alarm will sound and more Uruks will arrive to try to kill him .", "3": "Nemesis system ( edit ) Gameplay screenshot of Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor showcasing the nemesis system A core feature of Shadow of Mordor is the Nemesis system . The game can track any Uruk ( A `` nastier orc , '' the general antagonists of the game ) that the player comes into contact with . While there are `` generic '' Uruk for the player to fight en masse , and will be as cannon fodder as part of Sauron 's armies , the game will begin tracking Uruk that perform any notable talents within the game , such as killing the player , or surviving an encounter with the player . These Uruk will be promoted into captains . Defeating these leaders will help to weaken Sauron 's army , and these leaders will drop a rune which the player can install on Talion 's weapons to provide additional buffs in battle . Alternatively , being killed by a leader will cause the current mission to be cancelled and the player returned to a safe point to continue exploring , and the leader will gain additional power , making him more difficult to defeat in the next encounter . If the procedurally generated Orcs survive an encounter with Talion , they will also be promoted . Further , such deaths are tracked through online servers , and the player 's friends on the various network services will be notified of this death and be offered the chance to accept a Vendetta mission , and exact revenge on the Uruk . If the mission is successful the game will give rewards to both the original player and the victorious friend . The leader Uruk will have a range of strengths and weaknesses , the latter that can be exploited in combat to quickly weaken and defeat the leader . The player can gain knowledge of these through finding intelligence mostly by draining and interrogating marked Uruks for this . Being able to exploit such weaknesses in defeating the leader will gain a better quality rune and more experience points in this manner . Once the player gains the ability to brand Uruks , they can brand these leaders and convert portions of Sauron 's army to their side . At this point , the player can use the Nemesis system to trigger infighting within the Uruk forces which they can then directly participate in , helping to weaken the army further .", "4": "Uruks that survive their encounter with Talion will remember this when Talion combats them again ; for example , an Uruk who was thrown into a fire by Talion might want revenge on him for being disfigured . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) The game takes place in the 60 - year gap between the events of Tolkien 's The Hobbit and The Lord of The Rings . The family of Talion ( voiced and motion captured by Troy Baker ) , a ranger of Gondor responsible for guarding the Black Gate of Mordor , is killed by the armies of Sauron , but Talion is revived with `` wraith - like abilities '' and heads into Mordor to exact his revenge . Mordor is not yet a barren wasteland in this story . The player will encounter Gollum ( voiced by Liam O'Brien ) . Talion discovers that the wraith who revived him is Celebrimbor ( voiced by Alastair Duncan ) , the greatest Elven smith master of the Second Age , who also seeks revenge against Sauron . Plot ( edit ) Talion , a captain of Gondor , serves within a garrison stationed at the Black Gate of Mordor . The garrison is attacked by Sauron 's Orc forces led by three Black Númenórean captains : the Hammer of Sauron ( John DiMaggio ) , the Tower of Sauron ( JB Blanc ) , and their leader , the Black Hand of Sauron ( Nolan North ) . Talion , his wife Ioreth ( Laura Bailey ) , and his adult son , Dirhael , are captured and ritually sacrificed by the Black Hand in an attempt to summon into himself the wraith of the Elf Lord Celebrimbor . However , Celebrimbor ( who suffers from amnesia due to his centuries as a wraith ) instead merges with Talion , preventing him from dying alongside his family . Talion and Celebrimbor then depart to both uncover Celebrimbor 's identity -- increasing his / their power -- and avenge the death of Talion 's family . Over the course of their travels , Talion and Celebrimbor encounter Gollum multiple times , who is wandering Mordor in search of his `` Precious '' ( The One Ring ) .", "5": "Gollum possesses the ability to see and speak with Celebrimbor due to his prior contact with the One Ring , and pledges to serve the `` Bright Master '' . Hoping that Celebrimbor might lead him to the One Ring , Gollum leads Celebrimbor to relics of his past , each of which restore parts of his lost memories . Celebrimbor gradually recalls how Sauron , disguised as Annatar , the Lord of Gifts , deceived him into forging the Rings of Power . Celebrimbor ultimately assisted Sauron in forging the One Ring , but was able to steal it from him . Celebrimbor proclaimed himself the Bright Lord of Mordor and raised an army of Orcs against Sauron . However , the Ring ultimately betrayed Celebrimbor and returned to Sauron . A victorious Sauron then punished Celebrimbor by executing his wife and daughter ( whom Sauron had taken hostage to force Celebrimbor to aid him ) before finally killing him with his own smithing hammer . In his search for the Black Hand , Talion allies himself with Hirgon , a ranger deserter who leads a community of Gondorian outcasts choosing to settle in Mordor , and Ratbag the Coward ( Phil LaMarr ) , an Orc who offers to bring Talion closer to the Black Hand in exchange for his assistance in climbing Mordor 's military hierarchy . Talion helps Ratbag ascend the ranks to the level of warchief by killing each of his immediate superiors , finally becoming Warchief himself . Talion then goes after the other Warchiefs in Udun , weakening Sauron 's forces in that area . Soon enough , Hirgon has a plan to draw out the Black Captains . Using acquired grog and blasting powder , Talion helps the Outcasts destroy a statue dedicated to Sauron . Instead of the Black Hand answering the `` message '' , the Hammer of Sauron is sent , promptly executing Ratbag for not answering his duties to kill the ranger . Talion and The Hammer then face off , with packs of Uruk joining the fight , but after a savage battle , Talion manages to kill The Hammer . Talion is then sought out by the warrior Lithariel , the daughter of Queen Marwen ( Claudia Black ) , who claims to be able to assist Celebrimbor with his mission .", "6": "Marwen is the ruler of Núrn , a kingdom of sea raiders located in the south of Mordor . She uses her powers to guide Talion and Celebrimbor to another of Celebrimbor 's relics . Talion also gets help from a Dwarf hunter named Torvin , teaching Talion the ways of the hunt to dominate Caragors and Graugs ( beasts native to Mordor ) , eventually fighting a massive Graug from Torvin 's past who killed Torvin 's hunting partner , later revealed to be his brother . Later , Marwen advises them to use Celebrimbor 's powers to take control of an army of orcs and other beasts , using them to lead an assault against Sauron . Talion eventually realizes that the wizard Saruman is possessing Marwen , and assists Lithariel in freeing her from his control . Talion , however , still carries out Saruman 's plan , leading an army of mind - controlled orcs in an assault against the Black Hand 's stronghold at Ered Glamhoth . However , rather than the Black Hand , Talion finds the Tower of Sauron waiting for him . The Tower mockingly taunts Talion that Celebrimbor chose him as a host and can free him at any time and offers the elf a place at Sauron 's side . Refusing the offer , the two battle and Talion emerges victorious after viciously stabbing the Tower to death with his son 's sword . Afterwards , Celebrimbor confesses that the Tower told the truth and promises to let Talion join his family in death if he wishes , once the Black Hand is slain . Talion then travels to the Black Gate for a final confrontation with the Black Hand . The Black Hand quickly incapacitates him with a spell that also restores the last of Celebrimbor 's memories . He then kills himself as part of a ritual that forces Celebrimbor to depart from Talion and merge with himself . This allows Sauron to possess the Black Hand 's body and incarnate in physical form . However , Celebrimbor is able to briefly paralyze Sauron from within , allowing Talion to destroy Sauron 's physical form . With the Black Hand dead , Celebrimbor wishes to depart for Valinor .", "7": "Talion instead convinces him to stay and attempt to overthrow Sauron . Gazing at Mount Doom , Talion declares his intention to forge a new Ring of Power . Development ( edit ) Development of Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor , which took about three years , began in late 2011 . The game 's lead developer was Monolith Productions , who had experience on a Middle - earth game with Guardians of Middle - earth ( a multiplayer online battle arena game released in 2012 ) . According to design director Michael de Plater , Shadow of Mordor was developed in parallel with Guardians of Middle - earth but handled by a separate team . It was published by Warner Bros. , who had published the Batman : Arkham game series . The game was designed by de Plater , who had worked with Creative Assembly on Rome : Total War and Ubisoft on Tom Clancy 's EndWar and Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Future Soldier . Shadow of Mordor was Monolith 's first third - person open world video game for the eighth generation consoles PlayStation 4 and Xbox One , and de Plater considered its development an educational experience for the studio . In Monolith 's introduction to the genre , many core mechanics were built from scratch and the studio were inspired by successful video games such as the Batman : Arkham series created by Rocksteady Studios ; those games inspired Shadow of Mordor 's stealth and free - flow combat mechanics . The studio considered Rocksteady 's games good examples of how to handle a licensed title . ( Sports games ) are designed that if there 's a failure through the mid-season you do n't rewind to the last save and start playing again from that point , as much as you potentially wish you could . -- Michael de Plater , creative director of Monolith Productions The game 's signature feature is its Nemesis system . The Monolith team considered themselves experts in artificial intelligence , and wanted to push its boundaries . Allowing players to choose their story ( a sandbox - game pillar ) and `` leverage the new generation hardware through innovation '' , the team wanted to create a system allowing non-playable characters to respond to player actions ; this later became the Nemesis system . The system 's idea was frameworked three months after development began , and to best present it everyone in the studio was involved .", "8": "The developers hoped that with the system , orcs could be memorable for players . It was made more complex during the game 's early development , incorporating personal relationships among orcs , but was later pared down when the studio considered it too complicated . The Nemesis system was also inspired by pen - and - paper role - playing games . Although most orcs are similar , some were designed with distinctive behavior patterns . These orcs have dialogue written by Dan Abnett , and the team hoped the special orcs would surprise players . The team also hoped that the system would provide tension and competition , similar to a multiplayer game . The studio was inspired by sports games , where the narrative continues when players lose a match . This can prevent immersion and narrative from breaking when players die in the game . According to Rob Roberts , the system is designed so players can emotionally attach to the protagonist through gameplay drama . They also hoped that through the system , players can create their own villain , leading to an organic story . Shadow of Mordor bridges the gap between The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings , with the team wanting to show iconic elements of the universe in an original way . The team had to draw notes on Tolkien 's notes and appendices to ensure that their vision for the game would not change the franchise 's timeline . Although the game 's environment is inspired by the books and films , several places ( such as Udûn and the Sea of Nurnen ) were re-imagined . Art director Phil Straub considered consistency with the lore and presenting `` something visually new '' and realistic the most important elements of creating the game , and the team did not incorporate many fantasy elements in its world . To depict volcanic activity , the studio sent a team to Eastern Washington and the Columbia River plateau to photograph a volcano ; to create other parts of the game environment , they studied photos of Iceland and New Zealand and yellow stone found worldwide . Since Shadow of Mordor is set before The Lord of the Rings , its landscape is less post-apocalyptic ; environments also vary by weather , lighting and atmosphere . The game has a standalone plot . Early in development the team consulted Peter Jackson , director of The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies , who advised them against a film tie - in .", "9": "According to de Plater , the story is character - driven to be `` authentic '' relative to Tolkien 's themes . The game was written by Christian Cantamessa , who was lead writer and lead designer for Rockstar San Diego 's Red Dead Redemption . According to Roberts , the story is designed for accessibility by all players ( regardless of their familiarity with the franchise ) by creating natural interactions and believable relationships among the characters . Its protagonist is Talion , a half - human , half - wraith inspired by Boromir . Although Torvin was originally proposed as a playable character , the idea was scrapped , as the team wanted the game to have a single protagonist , like The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings . The wraith is later revealed as Celebrimbor , creator of the Rings of Power . The development team picked Celebrimbor because they considered his backstory sufficiently interesting to expand the canon 's authenticity , allowing the team to write a story around power ( a major theme of the game ) . Another important component was Mordor 's tone . The team created a dark atmosphere with humor , reflected in dialogue and voice acting . This was handled by Dan Abnett , who previously worked on books related to Warhammer 's `` dark and gritty '' universe . The team hired David Salo , a linguist who worked on the Tolkien 's languages for the Lord of the Rings film trilogy , to develop the Orcs ' Black Speech . The game 's narrative was also inspired by BioShock , which according to de Plater , has successfully incorporated systemic stories with players ' choices . To prevent inaccuracies , Monolith consulted several Tolkien scholars from Warner Bros. and collaborated with Weta Workshop ( Jackson 's design company ) on the game 's special effects and scenery . To depict well - known characters the company partnered with Middle - earth Enterprises , the franchise - rights holder , to prevent misuse and contradiction between the game 's story and Tolkien 's . Monolith focused on developing the game 's PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions , with development of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions outsourced to Behaviour Interactive . Although the game 's core gameplay mechanics , story and narrative are unchanged in the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 ports , some features ( such as the Nemesis system ) are less complex than the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions .", "10": "According to the game 's developer , the Nemesis system was too large for older consoles . Waterphones were used during the game 's soundtrack development . The music for Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor was composed by Garry Schyman and Nathan Grigg , and a soundtrack album was released digitally by WaterTower Music on September 30 , 2014 . In designing the game 's music , the team used a number of sonic tools which synchronize with other aspects of the game ( such as player actions and enemy movements ) ; combat music included waterphones and spring drums . In August 2013 an artist mentioned that Monolith Productions was working on a AAA title separate from Guardians of Middle - earth , and on November 12 its title was announced . Although the game was originally scheduled for release on October 7 , 2014 , according to Warner Bros. its release was moved up to September 30 in North America and October 3 in the United Kingdom due to `` fans ' excitement '' . The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were released on November 18 in North America and November 21 in Europe . On December 16 , 2014 , the downloadable content ( DLC ) Lord of the Hunt was released . Its storyline revolved around Torvin , and it included new runes , skins and bosses . Lord of the Hunt received mixed reviews from critics . The final DLC for Shadow of Mordor ( The Bright Lord ) is set 3,000 years before the main campaign and allows players to control Talion 's companion , Celebrimbor . It adds a chapter to Shadow of Mordor in which players can complete ten more missions and fight Sauron . The content was released on February 24 , 2015 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . A Game of the Year edition with DLC was announced on April 29 , 2015 and released on May 5 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . A special edition , with in - game items and a steelbook , was introduced on August 1 .", "11": "Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings ( PC ) 86.67 % ( PS4 ) 86.55 % ( XONE ) 85.82 % Metacritic ( XONE ) 87 / 100 ( PC ) 84 / 100 ( PS4 ) 84 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 6 / 10 Eurogamer 8 / 10 Game Informer 8.25 / 10 GameSpot 8 / 10 GamesRadar GameTrailers 8.7 / 10 Giant Bomb IGN 9.3 / 10 Joystiq PC Gamer ( US ) 85 / 100 Polygon 9.5 / 10 Awards Publication Award Game Developers Choice Awards Game of the Year GameSpot Game of the Year Giant Bomb Game of the Year Joystiq Game of the Year The review aggregator websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version scores of 86.67 percent ( based on nine reviews ) and 84 out of 100 ( based on 17 reviews ) ; the PlayStation 4 version scored 86.55 percent ( based on 57 reviews ) and 84 out of 100 ( based on 85 reviews ) , and the Xbox One version scored 85.82 percent ( based on 11 reviews ) and 87 out of 100 ( based on 12 reviews ) . The game 's core feature , its Nemesis system , was praised . According to Lucas Sullivan of GamesRadar , the system elevated Shadow of Mordor to excellence by making its villains memorable and adding personality to its protagonist . Brad Shoemaker of Giant Bomb agreed , writing that the system created many distinctive characters and its side content extended the game 's longevity . Joystiq 's Alexander Sliwinski said that the system made each playthrough unique and made the game stand out from other action games . Chris Carter of Destructoid found the system gimmicky , since it failed to create unique villains ; it added different appearances and weaknesses to villains without adding personality . Shadow of Mordor 's combat was considered excellent by most critics .", "12": "Shoemaker and Sliwinski compared it to the rhythm - based combat system of the Batman : Arkham game series ; both found it engaging and fluid . Shoemaker praised the game 's combat variety ; the combination of the combat and nemesis systems created `` a specific kind of chaotic , emergent nonsense '' desirable in an open world game . According to Sliwinski and Shoemaker , even without the Nemesis system the combat system would make the game compelling . Although Matt Miller of Game Informer found the game 's focus on killing made it repetitive , failing to capture the charm of its inspirations Assassin 's Creed and Batman : Arkham , Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot called Shadow of Mordor 's combat an improvement of the Assassin 's Creed formula . Reception of the game 's storyline was mixed . Although Shoemaker and Sliwinski praised its `` dark '' tone , Shoemaker found some story elements ( such as Gollum 's introduction ) forced and designed to appeal to a particular audience . According to Game Informer 's Matt Miller , Shadow of Mordor fails to successfully tie together all of its various plot threads in the game 's conclusion . Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot also found the storyline erratic , dragged down by anti-climactic fights and scenes . Dan Stapleton of IGN wrote that the story introduced memorable characters but would not make sense to fans of the series , and his interest in the game waned towards its end . Destructoid 's Chris Carter was disappointed in a plot he considered generic ( `` Go here , kill this , draw out this big bad , then kill him for your family '' ) ; the game failed to add anything new to the universe , and its side missions were more interesting than the main campaign . Other aspects of Shadow of Mordor were praised . Sullivan enjoyed its Lord of the Rings ' lore , and found the number of collectibles in the game `` staggering '' . Miller also admired Monolith 's extensive use of lore in the game , and praised its soundtrack and voice - acting ; Stapleton agreed , particularly about the voice acting . Elements of the game were criticized . Sullivan found some side missions repetitive , and Sliwinski was disappointed with some of the boss battles .", "13": "Miller wrote that some Shadow of Mordor features are too complex and inaccessible for new players or those unwilling to use strategy . Critics disagreed about the Nemesis system . Miller wrote that the system fell flat in the game 's final hours ; according to VanOrd , the system was unappealing until the game 's second half . Carter found the unskippable cutscenes after a player died annoying . Unlike Shadow of Mordor 's current - generation versions , the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions received mixed - to - negative reviews and many technical problems were noted . According to Thomas Morgan of Eurogamer its frame rate was substandard , and Yannick LeJacq of Kotaku cited `` many technical hiccups and glitches '' . Morgan believed that the game developers spent little effort on the port , and LeJacq questioned the need to release the game for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 at all . Shadow of Mordor was well received by BioShock series creator Ken Levine , who called it the first open world game with a non-linear story and narrative and said he would bring some of its elements to his upcoming science - fiction project . Sales ( edit ) Shadow of Mordor 's release was the most successful for a Lord of the Rings - based game . The game debuted at number two in the UK retail software sales chart in its first week ( behind FIFA 15 ) , and was the ninth - bestselling game in the United States in October 2014 . Controversy ( edit ) When Shadow of Mordor was introduced , Monolith was accused by former Ubisoft employee Charles Randall of using assets ( such as the protagonist - animation code ) from Assassin 's Creed II . Monolith responded that all their project 's assets were developed from scratch ; they had confidence in their originality , and the game was based upon the Nemesis system . In October 2014 , after the usual video - game review outlets were unable to obtain early access to Shadow of Mordor , John Bain ( known as TotalBiscuit ) said that YouTube video creators had been offered early access in exchange for agreeing to a contract requiring them to describe it positively . Jim Sterling of The Escapist obtained a copy of one of the contracts and analyzed it in detail .", "14": "The Federal Trade Commission began an investigation and announced in July 2016 that Warner Brothers Home Entertainment had violated the Federal Trade Commission Act , and that the company must declare sponsored advertising in the future . Awards ( edit ) ( show ) List of awards and nominations for Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Award Receiver Result Ref . Game Critics Awards Best of E3 2014 Best of Show Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Nominated Best Console Game Nominated Best RPG Nominated Best of Gamescom 2014 Best Console Game Sony PlayStation Nominated Best PC Game Nominated 2014 The Game Awards Game of the Year Nominated Best Performance Troy Baker as Talion Nominated Best Action / Adventure Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Won GamesRadar 's Game of the Year 2014 Game of the Year 4th Place Best Action - adventure Game Won Kotaku Awards 2014 Biggest Surprise Of The Year ( Reader 's Choice ) Won GameSpot 's Game of the Year 2014 PlayStation 4 Game of the Year Won Xbox One Game of the Year Won PC Game of the Year Nominated Game of the Year Won Game of the Year ( People 's Choice ) 2nd Place USA Today 's 10 best video games of 2014 Best Game of 2014 3rd Place Game Revolution 's Best of 2014 Awards Most Surprising Game Won Best Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best Publisher Warner Bros . Nominated Ars Technica 's The 20 best games of 2014 Game of the Year Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor 10th Place Hardcore Gamer 's Best of 2014 Awards 2014 's Dark Horse Nominated Best Action Game Won Best Multiplatform Game Nominated The Troy Baker Award Troy Baker as Talion Nominated Game of the Year Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor", "15": "Nominated Giant Bomb 's 2014 Game of the Year Awards Best Debut Won Best Game Won GameTrailers 's Best of 2014 Awards Best Action / Adventure Nominated Destructoid 's Best of 2014 Best Game Mechanics of 2014 Won Game of the Year 2014 Community Choice Award 6th Place The Escapist Awards Best Action / Adventure of 2014 Won Game of the Year Nominated Polygon 's Game of the Year Game of the Year 4th Place Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Best of 2014 Game of the Year 3rd Place Joystiq 's Top 10 of 2014 Game of the Year Won Eurogamer 's Reader 's top 50 games of 2014 Reader 's top 50 games of 2014 4th Place Game Informer Best Of 2014 Awards Best Action Won Best Action ( Reader 's Choice ) Won Game of the Year ( Reader 's Choice ) 3rd Place IGN 's Best of 2014 Best Overall Game Nominated Best PS4 Game Won Best Xbox One Game Nominated Best PC Game Nominated Best Action - Adventure Won Best Action - Adventure ( Reader 's Choice ) Won Most Innovative Won Most Innovative ( Reader 's Choice ) Won IGN AU 's Black Beta Select Awards Best PC Game Nominated Best Console Game Won Game of the Year Nominated", "16": "17th Game Developers Choice Awards Game of the Year Won Innovation Award Nominated Best Design Nominated Best Narrative Nominated Best Technology Nominated 11th British Academy Video Games Awards Best Game Nominated Game Design Won Game Innovation Nominated Music Nominated 18th DICE Awards Best Game Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Animation Won Outstanding Achievement in Story Won Outstanding Technical Achievement Won Outstanding Innovation in Gaming Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Design Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Won Outstanding Character Talion Won SXSW Gaming Awards Game of the Year Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Nominated Excellence in Technical Achievement Nominated Excellence in Gameplay Won Excellence in Animation Won Excellence in Design and Direction Won 2014 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers ( NAVGTR ) awards Game of the Year Nominated Animation , Technical Won Art Direction , Fantasy Nominated Control Design , 3D Won Direction In A Game Cinema Nominated Lighting / Texture Nominated Performance In A Drama , Supporting Phil LaMarr as Ratbag Won Sound Editing In A Game Cinema Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Won Sound Effects Nominated Game , Franchise Action Won Game Audio Network Guild Audio of The Year Nominated Music of The Year Nominated Sound Design of the Year Nominated Best Dialog Nominated Best Original Instrumental `` Fort Morn '' Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Middle - earth : Shadow of War The game 's sequel , Middle - earth : Shadow of War ,", "17": "was announced in February 2017 . The sequel was developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. It was released Worldwide on October 10 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Shadow of Mordor ' is morally repulsive and I ca n't stop playing it '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Matt ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Awesome Things We Did In Shadow Of Mordor '' . Game Informer . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Mike ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - Earth Shadow of Mordor Strategy Guide : Executing Captains , Combat Tactics , Best Interrogation Techniques '' . USgamer . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor from Monolith is latest Lord of the Rings title '' . VG247 . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vore , Bryan ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` Gollum Will Play A Key Role In Middle - earth : Shadow Of Mordor ( New Trailer ) '' . Game Informer . 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GamesRadar . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 .", "19": "^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Lucas ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor review '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Juba , Joe ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` 10 Beginner 's Tips For Shadow Of Mordor '' . Game Informer . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walker , John ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wot I Think Now I 've Finished Shadow Of Mordor '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Dean ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` A beautiful and brutal Shadow of Mordor lets you turn orc chiefs against each other ( hands - on preview ) '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor 's Nemesis system is simpler than you think , and should be stolen '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` In Shadow of Mordor revenge gets personal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LeJacq , Yannick ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor 's Nemesis System Could 've Been Way More Complex '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Johnathon ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Burning questions about ' Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor , ' answered '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Announced '' . IGN . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 .", "20": "Jump up ^ `` Middle - Earth : Shadows of Mordor is the new LotR RPG from Monolith '' . games.on.net . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor Dev Made `` Some Pretty Big And Painful Cuts '' `` . GameSpot . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Lord of the Rings Fans Should Be Excited for Shadow of Mordor '' . February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Ben ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Freedom In Mordor : Middle - earth 's Next - Level Sandbox '' . Game Informer . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Plater , Michael . `` Postmortem : Monolith Productions ' Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gaston , Martin ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor director discusses Assassin 's Creed copycat claims '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Corriea , Alexa ( November 22 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor 's Nemesis System Was Inspired by Batman and Sports Games '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Livington , Christopher ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor 's Nemesis system inspired by multiplayer , sports '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( August 29 , 2014 ) . `` How Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor turned me into a vengeful psychopath '' . Polygon . 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Jump up ^ Walker , Austin ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Real Human Beings : Shadow of Mordor , Watch Dogs '' . Paste Magazine . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Corriea , Alexa ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor 's Dwarven hunter was inspired by Wolverine and ' Jaws ' '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` Talion 's wraith in Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor is none other than Celebrimbor '' . VG247 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lien , Tracey ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor 's Wraith is the ring forger himself , Celebrimbor '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 23 , 2014 ) .", "22": "`` Lord of the Rings prequel Shadow of Mordor is `` not a movie game '' `` . GameSpot . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ' Focused On PlayStation 4 And Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Behaviour Interactive developing 360 / PS3 Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Slabaugh , Brett ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor 's Orcs Are Dumber on Last Gen Systems '' . The Escapist . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ' Focused on PS4 and Xbox One ' '' . IGN . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` One of Shadow of Mordor 's most ambitious features scaled back for Xbox 360 / PS3 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LeJacq , Yannick ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor Is Way Less Fun On Old Consoles '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Middle Earth : Shadow of Mordor -- Official Video Game Score '' . WaterTower Music . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Ben ( November 29 , 2013 ) . `` The Secret Behind Shadow Of Mordor 's Rhythmic Combat '' . Game Informer . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings : hints suggests new triple - A game in development '' . VG247 . August 15 , 2013 .", "23": "Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Koch , Cameron ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` December Cover -- Middle - earth : Shadow Of Mordor -- News '' . GameInformer.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fillari42 , Alessandro ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor set for release on October 7 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kubba , Sinan ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` One does not simply move up the Shadow of Mordor release date ( but WB did ) '' . Joystiq . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` PS3 and Xbox 360 Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor delayed '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Prescott , Shaun ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor ' Lord of the Hunt ' DLC pack adds new warchiefs and mounts '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor -- Lord of the Hunt for PC reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moser , Cassidee ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Fight the Dark Lord Sauron in Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor The Bright Lord DLC '' . IGN . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Bright Lord DLC : Finally able to fight sauron '' . Shadow of Mordor Fansite . March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow Of Mordor Bright Lord DLC Available Today For Current - Gen , PC '' . Game Informer . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 .", "24": "Jump up ^ Liebi , Matt ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Game of the Year Edition announced '' . GameZone . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dunsmore , Kevin ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor Game of the Year Edition Available Now '' . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( August 1 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Special Edition revealed '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for PlayStation 4 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for Xbox One '' . GameRankings . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor '' . Destructoid . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Aoife ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 .", "25": "^ Jump up to : Miller , Matt ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor : Emergent Action Evolves '' . Game Informer . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : VanOrd , Kevin ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Brandon ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor -- Review '' . GameTrailers . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shoemaker , Brad ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Review '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stapleton , Dan ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor review : Kicking ass and Tolkien Names '' . IGN . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sliwinski , Alexander ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor review : My precioussss '' . Joystiq . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Leif ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kollar , Philip ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor review : All Those Who Wander '' . Polygon . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Thomas ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Last - gen revisited : Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor at Eurogamer.net '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LeJacq , Yannick ( November 18 , 2014 ) .", "26": "`` Shadow of Mordor Is Way Less Fun On Old Consoles '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Ken Levine On Next Game : Shadow Of Mordor Validated Interest In ' Narrative Replayability ' '' . Game Informer . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` UK chart : Shadow of Mordor biggest launch for a game based on Lord of the Rings '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeff ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` October 2014 NPD : The Evil Within sets survival - horror record ; PS4 , Xbox One still on fire '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Slabaugh , Brett ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor Accused of Actually Using Assassin 's Creed Assets '' . The Escapist . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor Dev Was Never Worried By Assassin 's Creed Comparisons '' . IGN . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Jim ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Shadiness of Mordor '' . The Escapist . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grayson , Nathan ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` The Messy Story Behind YouTubers Taking Money For Game Coverage '' . Kotaku . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Ben ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` YouTubers required to be positive in return for Shadow of Mordor review code , report claims '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros.", "27": "settles with FTC over undisclosed Shadow of Mordor endorsement charges '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 Game Critics Awards Nominations Announced '' . Game Informer . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maiberg , Emanuel ( August 16 , 2014 ) . `` Evolve Wins Best of Gamescom 2014 Award , Other Winners Announced '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Game Awards Nominees Announced '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarker , Samit ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Here are the winners of The Game Awards 2014 '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year 2014 '' . GamesRadar . December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Serrels , Mark ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Kotaku Awards 2014 : Game Of The Year '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year 2014 '' . GameSpot . December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Jason ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` 10 best video games of 2014 '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ Bischoff , Daniel ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Best of 2014 Awards : Most Surprising Game '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bischoff , Daniel ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Best of 2014 Awards : Best Action - Adventure Game '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 .", "28": "Jump up ^ `` The 20 best games of 2014 , as chosen by the Ars brain trust '' . Ars Technica . December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 -- Day Five : IP , Sequel , Remaster , Dark Horse '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 -- Day Eight : Action , Shooter , DLC , Multiplatform '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 -- Day Nine : Developer , Disappointing , Worst Game , Troy Baker '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 -- Day Ten : Game of the Year '' . Hardcore Gamer . January 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giant Bomb 's 2014 Game of the Year Awards : Day Three Text Recap '' . Giant Bomb . December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Giant Bomb 's 2014 Game of the Year Awards : Day Five Text Recap '' . Giant Bomb . December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Johnathon ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` The award for Best Game Mechanics of 2014 goes to ... '' . Destructoid . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Andy ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Destructoid 's Game of the Year 2014 Community Choice Award ! '' . Destructoid . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Escapist Awards Winners -- Game of the Year Goes to ... '' . The Escapist . December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 .", "29": "Jump up ^ `` The Escapist Awards Winners -- Game of the Year Goes to ... '' . The Escapist . December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Polygon 's Games of the Year 2014 # 4 : Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor '' . Polygon . December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EGM 's Best of 2014 : Part Five : # 05 ~ # 01 '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Conditt , Jessica ( January 3 , 2015 ) . `` Joystiq Top 10 of 2014 : Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor '' . Joystiq . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Reader 's top 50 games of 2014 '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marchiafava , Jeff ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Game Informer Best Of 2014 Awards '' . Game Informer . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marchiafava , Jeff ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Readers ' Choice Best Of 2014 Awards '' . Game Informer . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marchiafava , Jeff ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Readers ' Choice Best Of 2014 Awards '' . Game Informer . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Game , By Platform '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Game , By Genre '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Game , By Achievement '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Black Beta Select Awards 2014 Winners '' . IGN .", "30": "Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Wins 17th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards GOTY '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` BAFTA Games Awards 2015 Nominees Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor snags 8 DICE awards , Dragon Age named year 's best '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Skipper , Ben ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` DICE Awards 2015 nominations announced -- Destiny , Far Cry & Shadow of Mordor up for GOTY '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ S. Good , Owen ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Dragon Age : Inquisition wins another game - of - the - year award '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Game of the Year Nominees Revealed for SXSW Gaming Awards '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Winners for NAVGTR Awards '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Annual GANG Award Finalists '' . Game Audio Network Guild . February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 .", "31": "External links ( edit ) Official website 2010s portal Middle - earth portal Role - playing games portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal Monolith Productions Games developed Blood Blood Blood : Plasma Pak Blood II : The Chosen The Nightmare Levels No One Lives Forever The Operative : No One Lives Forever No One Lives Forever 2 : A Spy in H.A.R.M. 's Way Contract J.A.C.K. F.E.A.R. F.E.A.R. F.E.A.R. 2 : Project Origin F.E.A.R. 2 : Reborn Condemned Condemned : Criminal Origins Condemned 2 : Bloodshot Middle - earth games Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Other games Aliens versus Predator 2 Claw Get Medieval Gotham City Impostors Gruntz Sanity : Aiken 's Artifact Shogo : Mobile Armor Division Tex Atomic 's Big Bot Battles Tron 2.0 The Matrix Online Games published Rage of Mages Gorky 17 Septerra Core Companies 3D Realms ( Q Studios ) GT Interactive Software Fox Interactive Buena Vista Interactive Sierra Entertainment Warner Bros.", "32": "Interactive Entertainment Snowblind Studios Surreal Software Sandlot Games HipSoft People Jace Hall Daniel Bernstein Guy Whitmore Joe Ybarra Stephan Weyte Related Cate Archer LithTech Priest Betrayer Game Developers Choice Award for Game of the Year The Sims ( 2000 ) Grand Theft Auto III ( 2001 ) Metroid Prime ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic ( 2003 ) Half - Life 2 ( 2004 ) Shadow of the Colossus ( 2005 ) Gears of War ( 2006 ) Portal ( 2007 ) Fallout 3 ( 2008 ) Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves ( 2009 ) Red Dead Redemption ( 2010 ) The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim ( 2011 ) Journey ( 2012 ) The Last of Us ( 2013 ) Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ( 2014 ) The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt ( 2015 ) Overwatch ( 2016 ) J.R.R.", "33": "Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring film soundtrack game The Two Towers film soundtrack game The Return of the King film soundtrack game Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Ceorl Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship !", "34": "( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson trilogy The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol .", "35": "I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II Kingdom O ' Magic The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth:_Shadow_of_Mordor&oldid=806537906 '' Categories : 2014 video games Fantasy video games Feral Interactive games Linux games Lithtech engine games Monolith Productions games Open world video games MacOS games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Video game controversies Video games based on Middle - earth Video games with downloadable content Warner Bros.", "36": "Interactive Entertainment games Windows games Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Good articles Use mdy dates from February 2016 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2017 Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 17 : 43 . 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1595476768245534437	why were the wars between rome and carthage called the punic wars	[ "the Latin word Punicus (or Poenicus), meaning \"Carthaginian\", with reference to the Carthaginians' Phoenician ancestry" ]	{ "0": "Punic Wars - wikipedia Punic Wars Jump to : navigation , search Rome and Carthage possession changes during the Punic Wars Carthaginian possessions Roman possessions The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC . At the time , they were some of the largest wars that had ever taken place . The term Punic comes from the Latin word Punicus ( or Poenicus ) , meaning `` Carthaginian '' , with reference to the Carthaginians ' Phoenician ancestry . The main cause of the Punic Wars was the conflicts of interest between the existing Carthaginian Empire and the expanding Roman Republic . The Romans were initially interested in expansion via Sicily ( which at that time was a cultural melting pot ) , part of which lay under Carthaginian control . At the start of the First Punic War ( 264 - 241 BC ) , Carthage was the dominant power of the Western Mediterranean , with an extensive maritime empire . Rome was a rapidly ascending power in Italy , but it lacked the naval power of Carthage . The Second Punic War ( 218 - 201 BC ) witnessed Hannibal 's crossing of the Alps in 218 BC , followed by a prolonged but ultimately failed campaign of Carthage 's Hannibal in mainland Italy . By the end of the Third Punic War ( 149 - 146 BC ) , after more than a hundred years and the loss of many hundreds of thousands of soldiers from both sides , Rome had conquered Carthage 's empire , completely destroyed the city , and became the most powerful state of the Western Mediterranean . With the end of the Macedonian Wars -- which ran concurrently with the Punic Wars -- and the defeat of the Seleucid King Antiochus III the Great in the Roman -- Seleucid War ( Treaty of Apamea , 188 BC ) in the eastern sea , Rome emerged as the dominant Mediterranean power and one of the most powerful cities in classical antiquity . The Roman victories over Carthage in these wars gave Rome a preeminent status it would retain until the 5th century AD .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 First Punic War ( 264 -- 241 BC ) 3 Interval between the First and Second Punic Wars 3.1 The Barcid Empire 4 Second Punic War ( 218 -- 201 BC ) 4.1 Hannibal 4.2 Hasdrubal 's campaign to reinforce Hannibal 5 Third Punic War ( 149 -- 146 BC ) 6 References Background Depiction of Hannibal and his army crossing the Alps during the Second Punic War During the mid-3rd century BC , Carthage was a large city located on the coast of modern Tunisia . Founded by the Phoenicians in the mid-9th century BC , it was a powerful thalassocratic city - state with a vast commercial network . Of the great city - states in the western Mediterranean , only Rome rivaled it in power , wealth , and population . While Carthage 's navy was the largest in the ancient world at the time , it did not maintain a large , permanent , standing army . Instead , Carthage relied mostly on mercenaries , especially the indigenous Numidians , to fight its wars . These mercenaries were primarily led by officers who were Carthaginian citizens . The Carthaginians were famed for their abilities as sailors , and many Carthaginians from the lower classes served in their navy , which provided them with a stable income and career . In 200 BC , the Roman Republic had gained control of the Italian peninsula south of the Po River . Unlike Carthage , Rome had a large and disciplined army , but lacked a navy at the start of the First Punic War . This left the Romans at a disadvantage until the construction of large fleets during the war .", "2": "First Punic war ( 264 -- 241 BC ) Main article : First Punic War First Punic War Messana Agrigentum Lipari Islands Mylae Sulci Tyndaris Cape Ecnomus Aspis Adys Tunis Cape Hermaeum Panormus 1st Drepana Lilybaeum 2nd Drepana Mt Ercte 1st Mt Eryx 2nd Mt Eryx Aegates Islands The First Punic War ( 264 -- 241 BC ) was fought partly on land in Sicily and Africa , but was largely a naval war . It began as a local conflict in Sicily between Hiero II of Syracuse and the Mamertines of Messina . The Mamertines enlisted the aid of the Carthaginian navy , and subsequently betrayed them by entreating the Roman Senate for aid against Carthage . The Romans sent a garrison to secure Messina , so the outraged Carthaginians then lent aid to Syracuse . Tensions quickly escalated into a full - scale war between Carthage and Rome for the control of Sicily . After a harsh defeat at the Battle of Agrigentum in 262 BC , the Carthaginian leadership resolved to avoid further direct land - based engagements with the powerful Roman legions , and concentrate on the sea where they believed Carthage 's large navy had the advantage . Initially the Carthaginian navy prevailed . In 260 BC , they defeated the fledgling Roman navy at the Battle of the Lipari Islands . Rome responded by drastically expanding its navy in a very short time . Within two months , the Romans had a fleet of over one hundred warships . Aware that they could not defeat the Carthaginians in traditional ramming combat , the Romans used the corvus , an assault bridge , to leverage their superior infantry . The hinged bridge would be swung down onto enemy vessels with a sharp spike to secure the two ships together . Roman legionaries could then board and capture Carthaginian ships . This innovative Roman tactic reduced the Carthaginian navy 's advantage in ship - to - ship engagements .", "3": "However , the corvus was also cumbersome and dangerous , and was eventually phased out as the Roman navy became more experienced and tactically proficient . Save for the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Tunis in Africa , and the early naval defeats , the First Punic War was a nearly unbroken string of Roman victories . In 241 BC , Carthage signed a peace treaty under the terms of which they evacuated Sicily and paid Rome a large war indemnity . The long war was costly to both powers , but Carthage was more seriously destabilized . Interval between the First and Second Punic Wars A Carthaginian shekel , dated 237 - 227 BC , depicting the Punic god Melqart ( equivalent of Hercules / Heracles ) , most likely with the features of Hamilcar Barca , father of Hannibal Barca ; on the reverse is a man riding an elephant According to Polybius , there had been several trade agreements between Rome and Carthage , even a mutual alliance against king Pyrrhus of Epirus . When Rome and Carthage made peace in 241 BC , Rome secured the release of all 8,000 prisoners of war without ransom and , furthermore , received a considerable amount of silver as a war indemnity . However , Carthage refused to deliver to Rome the Roman deserters serving among their troops . A first issue for dispute was that the initial treaty , agreed upon by Hamilcar Barca and the Roman commander in Sicily , had a clause stipulating that the Roman popular assembly had to accept the treaty in order for it to be valid . The assembly not only rejected the treaty but increased the indemnity Carthage had to pay . Carthage had a liquidity problem and attempted to gain financial help from Egypt , a mutual ally of Rome and Carthage , but failed . This resulted in delay of payments owed to the mercenary troops that had served Carthage in Sicily , leading to a climate of mutual mistrust and , finally , a revolt supported by the Libyan natives , known as the Mercenary War ( 240 -- 238 BC ) . During this war , Rome and Syracuse both aided Carthage , although traders from Italy seem to have done business with the insurgents .", "4": "Some of them were caught and punished by Carthage , aggravating the political climate , which had started to improve in recognition of the old alliance and treaties . During the uprising in the Punic mainland , the mercenary troops in Corsica and Sardinia toppled Punic rule and briefly established their own , but were expelled by a native uprising . After securing aid from Rome , the exiled mercenaries then regained authority on the island of Sicily . For several years , a brutal campaign was fought to quell the insurgent natives . Like many Sicilians , they would ultimately rise again in support of Carthage during the Second Punic War . Eventually , Rome annexed Corsica and Sardinia by revisiting the terms of the treaty that ended the first Punic War . As Carthage was under siege and engaged in a difficult civil war , they grudgingly accepted the loss of these islands and the subsequent Roman conditions for ongoing peace , which also increased the war indemnity levied against Carthage after the first Punic War . This eventually plunged relations between the two powers to a new low point . After Carthage emerged victorious from the Mercenary War there were two opposing factions : the reformist party was led by Hamilcar Barca while the other , more conservative , faction was represented by Hanno the Great and the old Carthaginian aristocracy . Hamilcar had led the initial Carthaginian peace negotiations and was blamed for the clause that allowed the Roman popular assembly to increase the war indemnity and annex Corsica and Sardinia , but his superlative generalship was instrumental in enabling Carthage to ultimately quell the mercenary uprising , ironically fought against many of the same mercenary troops he had trained . Hamilcar ultimately left Carthage for the Iberian peninsula where he captured rich silver mines and subdued many tribes who fortified his army with levies of native troops . Hanno had lost many elephants and soldiers when he became complacent after a victory in the Mercenary War . Further , when he and Hamilcar were supreme commanders of Carthage 's field armies , the soldiers had supported Hamilcar when his and Hamilcar 's personalities clashed . On the other hand , he was responsible for the greatest territorial expansion of Carthage 's hinterland during his rule as strategus and wanted to continue such expansion .", "5": "However , the Numidian king of the relevant area was now a son - in - law of Hamilcar and had supported Carthage during a crucial moment in the Mercenary War . While Hamilcar was able to obtain the resources for his aim , the Numidians in the Atlas Mountains were not conquered , like Hanno suggested , but became vassals of Carthage . The Iberian conquest was begun by Hamilcar Barca and his other son - in - law , Hasdrubal the Fair , who ruled relatively independently of Carthage and signed the Ebro Treaty with Rome . Hamilcar died in battle in 228 BC . Around this time , Hasdrubal became Carthaginian commander in Iberia ( 229 BC ) . He maintained this post for some eight years until 221 BC . Soon the Romans became aware of a burgeoning alliance between Carthage and the Celts of the Po river valley in northern Italy . The latter were amassing forces to invade Italy , presumably with Carthaginian backing . Thus , the Romans preemptively invaded the Po region in 225 BC . By 220 BC , the Romans had annexed the area as Gallia Cisalpina . Hasdrubal was assassinated around the same time ( 221 BC ) , bringing Hannibal to the fore . It seems that , having apparently dealt with the threat of a Gallo - Carthaginian invasion of Italy ( and perhaps with the original Carthaginian commander killed ) , the Romans lulled themselves into a false sense of security . Thus , Hannibal took the Romans by surprise a mere two years later ( 218 BC ) by merely reviving and adapting the original Gallo - Carthaginian invasion plan of his brother - in - law Hasdrubal . Map of the Mediterranean in 218 BC After Hasdrubal 's assassination by a Celtic assassin , Hamilcar 's young sons took over , with Hannibal becoming the strategus of Iberia , although this decision was not undisputed in Carthage . The output of the Iberian silver mines allowed for the financing of a standing army and the payment of the war indemnity to Rome .", "6": "The mines also served as a tool for political influence , creating a faction in Carthage 's magistrate that was called the Barcino . In 219 BC , Hannibal attacked the town of Saguntum , which stood under the special protection of Rome . According to Roman tradition , Hannibal had been made to swear by his father never to be a friend of Rome , and he certainly did not take a conciliatory attitude when the Romans berated him for crossing the river Iberus ( Ebro ) , which Carthage was bound by treaty not to cross . Hannibal did not cross the Ebro River ( Saguntum was near modern Valencia -- well south of the river ) in arms , and the Saguntines provoked his attack by attacking their neighboring tribes who were Carthaginian protectorates and by massacring pro-Punic factions in their city . Rome had no legal protection pact with any tribe south of the Ebro River . Nonetheless , they asked Carthage to hand Hannibal over , and when the Carthaginian oligarchy refused , Rome declared war on Carthage . The Barcid Empire The ' Barcid Empire ' consisted of the Punic territories in Iberia . According to the historian Pedro Barceló , it can be described as a private military - economic hegemony backed by the two independent powers , Carthage and Gades ( modern Cádiz ) . These shared the profits of the silver mines in southern Iberia with the Barcas family and closely followed Hellenistic diplomatic customs . Gades played a supporting role in this field , but Hannibal visited the local temple to conduct ceremonies before launching his campaign against Rome . The Barcid Empire was strongly influenced by the Hellenistic kingdoms of the time and for example , contrary to Carthage , it minted silver coins in its short time of existence . Second Punic war ( 218 -- 201 BC ) Main article : Second Punic War The Second Punic War ( 218 BC -- 201 BC ) is most remembered for the Carthaginian Hannibal 's crossing of the Alps . His army invaded Italy from the north and resoundingly defeated the Roman army in several battles , but never achieved the ultimate goal of causing a political break between Rome and its allies .", "7": "While fighting Hannibal in Italy , Hispania , and Sicily , Rome simultaneously fought against Macedon in the First Macedonian War . Eventually , the war was taken to Africa , where Carthage was defeated at the Battle of Zama ( 201 BC ) by Scipio Africanus . The end of the war saw Carthage 's control reduced to only the city itself . Second Punic War Prelude Saguntum Rhone Crossing of the Alps Italy Ticinus Trebia Lake Trasimene Ager Falernus Geronium Cannae 1st Nola 2nd Nola 3rd Nola 1st Beneventum 1st Tarentum 1st Capua Silarus 1st Herdonia 2nd Beneventum 2nd Capua 2nd Herdonia Numistro Battle of Canusium 2nd Tarentum Grumentum Metaurus Crotona Po Valley Iberia Cissa Dertosa Upper Baetis 1st New Carthage Baecula Carmona Sucro Ilipa Guadalquivir Sicily and Sardinia Cornus Syracuse North Africa 1st Utica 2nd Utica Great Plains Cirta Zama Naval battles Lilybaeum Ebro River Carteia Hannibal 's feat in crossing the Alps with war elephants , though many of them did not survive , passed into European legend : detail of a fresco by Jacopo Ripanda , ca . 1510 , Capitoline Museums , Rome A Carthaginian coin possibly depicting Hannibal as Hercules ( i.e. Heracles ) There were three military theaters in this war : Italy , where Hannibal defeated the Roman legions repeatedly ; Hispania , where Hasdrubal , a younger brother of Hannibal , defended the Carthaginian colonial cities with mixed success until eventually retreating into Italy ; and Sicily , where the Romans held military supremacy .", "8": "Hannibal After assaulting Saguntum in Hispania ( 219 BC ) , Hannibal attacked Italy in 218 BC by leading the Iberians and three dozen elephants through the Alps . Although Hannibal surprised the Romans and thoroughly beat them on the battlefields of Italy , he lost his only siege engines and most of his elephants to the cold temperatures and icy mountain paths . In the end he could defeat the Romans in the field , but not in the strategically crucial city of Rome itself , thus leaving him unable to win the war . Hannibal defeated the Roman legions in several major engagements , including the Battle of the Trebia ( December 218 BC ) , the Battle of Lake Trasimene ( 217 BC ) and most famously the Battle of Cannae ( 216 BC ) , but his long - term strategy failed . Lacking siege engines and sufficient manpower to take the city of Rome itself , he had planned to turn the Italian allies against Rome and to starve the city out through a siege . However , with the exception of a few of the southern city - states , the majority of the Roman allies remained loyal and continued to fight alongside Rome , despite Hannibal 's near - invincible army devastating the Italian countryside . Rome also exhibited an impressive ability to draft army after army of conscripts after each crushing defeat by Hannibal , allowing them to recover from the defeats at Cannae and elsewhere and to keep Hannibal cut off from aid . Hannibal never successfully received any significant reinforcements from Carthage . Despite his many pleas , Carthage only ever sent reinforcements successfully to Hispania . This lack of reinforcements prevented Hannibal from decisively ending the conflict by conquering Rome through force of arms . The Roman army under Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus intentionally deprived Hannibal of open battle in Italy for the rest of the war , while making it difficult for Hannibal to forage for supplies . Nevertheless , Rome was also incapable of bringing the conflict in the Italian theatre to a decisive close . Not only did Roman legions contend with Hannibal in Italy and with Hannibal 's brother Hasdrubal in Hispania , but Rome had embroiled itself in yet another foreign war , the first of its Macedonian wars against Carthage 's ally Philip V , at the same time .", "9": "Through Hannibal 's inability to take strategically important Italian cities , through the general loyalty Italian allies showed to Rome , and through Rome 's own inability to counter Hannibal as a master general , Hannibal 's campaign continued in Italy inconclusively for sixteen years . Though he managed to sustain his forces for 15 years , Hannibal did so only by ravaging farm - lands , keeping his army healthy , which brought anger among the Romans ' subject states . Realizing that Hannibal 's army was outrunning its supply lines quickly , Rome took countermeasures against Hannibal 's home base in Africa by sea command and stopped the flow of supplies . Hannibal quickly turned back and rushed to home defense , but suffered defeat in the Battle of Zama ( 202 BC ) . Hasdrubal 's campaign to reinforce Hannibal Bust of Scipio Africanus from the Villa of the Papyri In Hispania , a young Roman commander , Publius Cornelius Scipio ( later to be given the agnomen Africanus because of his feats during this war ) , eventually defeated the larger but divided Carthaginian forces under Hasdrubal and two other Carthaginian generals . Abandoning Hispania , Hasdrubal moved to bring his mercenary army into Italy to reinforce Hannibal , but never made it and was defeated by Roman forces near the Alps . Third Punic war ( 149 -- 146 BC ) Main article : Third Punic War The Third Punic War ( 149 -- 146 BC ) involved an extended siege of Carthage , ending in the city 's thorough destruction . The resurgence of the struggle can be explained by growing anti-Roman agitations in Hispania and Greece , and the visible improvement of Carthaginian wealth and martial power in the fifty years since the Second War . With no military , Carthage suffered raids from its neighbor Numidia . Under the terms of the treaty with Rome , such disputes were arbitrated by the Roman Senate . Because Numidia was a favored client state of Rome , Roman rulings were slanted heavily in favor of the Numidians . After some fifty years of this condition , Carthage had managed to discharge its war indemnity to Rome , and considered itself no longer bound by the restrictions of the treaty , although Rome believed otherwise .", "10": "Carthage mustered an army to repel Numidian forces . It immediately lost the war with Numidia , placing itself in debt yet again , this time to Numidia . This new - found Punic militarism alarmed many Romans , including Cato the Elder who , after a voyage to Carthage , ended all his speeches , no matter what the topic , by saying : `` Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam '' -- `` And I also think that Carthage must be destroyed '' . In 149 BC , in an attempt to draw Carthage into open conflict , Rome made a series of escalating demands , one being the surrender of three hundred children of the nobility as hostages , and finally ending with the near - impossible demand that the city be demolished and rebuilt away from the coast , deeper into Africa . When the Carthaginians refused this last demand , Rome declared the Third Punic War . Having previously relied on mercenaries to fight their wars for them , the Carthaginians were now forced into a more active role in the defense of their city . They made thousands of makeshift weapons in a short time , even using women 's hair for catapult strings , and were able to hold off the initial Roman attack . A second offensive under the command of Scipio Aemilianus resulted in a three - year siege before he breached the walls , sacked the city , and systematically burned Carthage to the ground in 146 BC . When the war ended , the remaining 50,000 Carthaginians , a small part of the original pre-war population , were sold into slavery by the victors -- the normal fate in antiquity of inhabitants of sacked cities . Carthage was systematically burned for 17 days ; the city 's walls and buildings were utterly destroyed . The remaining Carthaginian territories were annexed by Rome and reconstituted to become the Roman province of Africa . After Rome emerged as victorious , significant Carthaginian settlements , such as those in Mauretania , were taken over and aggrandized by the Romans . Volubilis , for example , was an important Roman town situated near the westernmost border of the Roman conquests . It was built on the site of the previous Carthaginian settlement that overlies an earlier neolithic habitation .", "11": "References This article is missing information about complete references and bibliography . Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( July 2010 ) Jump up ^ Chris Scarre , `` The Wars with Carthage , '' The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome ( London : Penguin Books , 1995 ) , 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , The Punic Wars , p. 13 Jump up ^ Sidwell , Keith C ; Jones , Peter V ( 1997 ) . The world of Rome : an introduction to Roman culture . Cambridge University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 38600 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary.com '' . Reference . contribution = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Fagan , Garret G . The History of Ancient Rome . Lecture 13 : `` The Second Punic War '' . Teaching Company , `` Great Courses '' series . Jump up ^ Eckstein , Arthur M. Mediterranean Anarchy , Interstate War , and the Rise of Rome University of California Press ( 1 April 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25992 - 8 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Barceló , P.A. Karthago und die Iberische Halbinsel vor den Barkiden Habelt , Bonn , 1988 ( in German ) ^ Jump up to : Pollard , Elizabeth ( 2015 ) . Worlds Together Worlds Apart . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 249 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 92207 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Romans : From Village to Empire : A History of Rome from Earliest Times to the End of the Western Empire '' by M. Boatwright , et al. 2nd edition . 2011 . Jump up ^ Scullard , Howard Hayes : A History of the Roman World , 753 to 146 BC . Routledge , 2002 , page 316 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 30504 - 7 On page 316 there is no reference to 50 000 Carthaginians taken captive .", "12": "Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael Volubilis at Megalithic Portal , 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Punic Wars . ( hide ) Punic Wars First Punic War Messana Agrigentum Lipari Islands Mylae Sulci Tyndaris Cape Ecnomus Aspis Adys Tunis Cape Hermaeum Panormus 1st Drepana 1st Lilybaeum 2nd Drepana Mount Ercte 1st Mt . Eryx 2nd Mt . Eryx Aegates Mercenary War Utica Bagradas River Hamilcar 's victory with Naravas Carthage `` The Saw '' Tunis Second Punic War Saguntum Crossing of the Alps Lilybaeum Rhone Ticinus Trebia Cissa Lake Trasimene Ebro River Ager Falernus Geronium Cannae 1st Nola Dertosa 2nd Nola Decimomannu 3rd Nola 1st Beneventum Syracuse 1st Tarentum 1st Capua 2nd Beneventum Silarus 1st Herdonia Upper Baetis 2nd Capua 2nd Herdonia Numistro Asculum 2nd Tarentum Baecula Grumentum Metaurus New Carthage Ilipa Guadalquivir Carteia Crotona Utica Great Plains Cirta Po Valley Zama Third Punic War Lake Tunis 1st Nepheris Port of Carthage 2nd Nepheris Carthage Military history ( hide ) Ancient Roman wars Wars of the Roman Republic Roman -- Etruscan Wars Roman - Aequian wars Roman -- Latin wars Roman -- Hernician wars Roman - Volscian wars Samnite Wars Pyrrhic War Punic Wars ( First , Second ,", "13": "Third ) Illyrian Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Macedonian Wars ( First , Second , Third , Fourth ) Roman -- Seleucid War Aetolian War Galatian War Roman conquest of Hispania ( First Celtiberian War , Lusitanian War , Numantine War , Sertorian War , Cantabrian Wars ) Achaean War Jugurthine War Cimbrian War Servile Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Social War Sulla 's civil wars ( First , Second ) Mithridatic Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Gallic Wars Caesar 's invasions of Britain Caesar 's Civil War End of the Republic ( Post-Caesarian , Liberators ' , Sicilian , Perusine , Final ) Wars of the Roman Empire Germanic Wars ( Teutoburg , Marcomannic , Alemannic , Gothic , Visigothic ) Wars in Britain Wars of Boudica Armenian War Civil War of 69 Jewish -- Roman wars Domitian 's Dacian War Trajan 's Dacian Wars Parthian Wars Persian Wars Civil Wars of the Third Century Wars of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire Military history of ancient Rome GND : 4176367 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punic_Wars&oldid=830576606 '' Categories : 3rd - century BC conflicts 2nd - century BC conflicts 3rd century BC in the Roman Republic 2nd century BC in the Roman Republic Punic Wars Hidden categories : CS1 errors : chapter ignored Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Articles to be expanded from July 2010 Use dmy dates from April 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents", "14": "About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Lingua", "15": "Franca Nova 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 17 : 51 . 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15378071390345194	when does the black panther movie soundtrack come out	[ "February 9, 2018", "February 16, 2018", "February 9, 2018", "February 16, 2018" ]	{ "0": "Black Panther ( film ) - wikipedia Black Panther ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Black Panther Theatrical release poster Directed by Ryan Coogler Produced by Kevin Feige Written by Ryan Coogler Joe Robert Cole Based on Black Panther by Stan Lee Jack Kirby Starring Chadwick Boseman Michael B. Jordan Lupita Nyong'o Danai Gurira Martin Freeman Daniel Kaluuya Letitia Wright Winston Duke Angela Bassett Forest Whitaker Andy Serkis Music by Ludwig Göransson Cinematography Rachel Morrison Edited by Michael P. Shawver Claudia Castello Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 134 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 -- 210 million Box office $1.326 billion Black Panther is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is the eighteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Ryan Coogler , who co-wrote the screenplay with Joe Robert Cole , and stars Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther , alongside Michael B. Jordan , Lupita Nyong'o , Danai Gurira , Martin Freeman , Daniel Kaluuya , Letitia Wright , Winston Duke , Angela Bassett , Forest Whitaker , and Andy Serkis . In Black Panther , T'Challa returns home as king of Wakanda but finds his sovereignty challenged by a new adversary , in a conflict with global consequences . Wesley Snipes expressed interest in working on a Black Panther film in 1992 , but the project did not come to fruition . In September 2005 , Marvel Studios announced a Black Panther film as one of ten based on Marvel characters and distributed by Paramount Pictures . Mark Bailey was hired to write a script in January 2011 .", "1": "Black Panther was announced in October 2014 , and Boseman made his first appearance as the character in Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) . By 2016 , Cole and Coogler had joined ; additional cast joined in May , making Black Panther the first Marvel film with a predominantly black cast . Principal photography took place from January to April 2017 , at EUE / Screen Gems Studios in the Atlanta metropolitan area , and Busan , South Korea . Black Panther premiered in Los Angeles on January 29 , 2018 , and was released theatrically in the United States on February 16 , 2018 , in 2D , 3D , IMAX and other premium large formats . The film received praise for its screenplay , direction , performances , action , costume design , production merits , and soundtrack , though the CGI effects received some criticism . Critics considered it one of the best films set in the MCU and noted its cultural significance . It has grossed over $1.3 billion worldwide , making it the highest - grossing film of 2018 , as well as the third - highest - grossing film ever in the United States and 10th - highest - grossing film of all time . Its four - day opening weekend gross of $242.1 million and its three - day gross of $202 million in the United States were the second - and fifth - highest of all time respectively , and the biggest debut by an African - American director . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.2. 1 Design 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 Pre-sale ticket records 6.1. 2 United States and Canada 6.1.", "2": "3 Other territories 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Black representation and analysis 6.4 Accolades 7 Future 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot Centuries ago , five African tribes war over a meteorite containing vibranium . One warrior ingests a `` heart - shaped herb '' affected by the metal and gains superhuman abilities , becoming the first `` Black Panther '' . He unites all but the Jabari Tribe to form the nation of Wakanda . The Wakandans use the vibranium to develop advanced technology and isolate themselves from the world by posing as a Third World country . In 1992 , King T'Chaka visits his brother N'Jobu , who is working undercover in Oakland , California . T'Chaka accuses N'Jobu of assisting black - market arms dealer Ulysses Klaue with stealing vibranium from Wakanda . N'Jobu's partner reveals he is Zuri , another undercover Wakandan , and confirms T'Chaka's suspicions . In the present day , following T'Chaka's death , his son T'Challa returns to Wakanda to assume the throne . He and Okoye , the leader of the Dora Milaje regiment , extract Nakia , T'Challa's ex-lover , from an undercover assignment so she can attend his coronation ceremony with his mother Ramonda and younger sister Shuri . At the ceremony , the Jabari Tribe 's leader M'Baku challenges T'Challa for the crown in ritual combat . T'Challa defeats M'Baku and persuades him to yield rather than die . After Klaue and Erik Stevens steal a Wakandan artifact from a London museum , W'Kabi , T'Challa's friend and Okoye 's lover , urges him to bring Klaue back dead or alive . T'Challa , Okoye , and Nakia travel to Busan , South Korea , where Klaue plans to sell the artifact to CIA agent Everett K. Ross . A firefight erupts and Klaue attempts to flee but is caught by T'Challa , who reluctantly releases him to Ross ' custody .", "3": "Klaue tells Ross that Wakanda 's international image is a front for a technologically advanced civilization . Erik attacks and extracts Klaue as Ross is gravely injured protecting Nakia . Rather than pursue Klaue , T'Challa takes Ross to Wakanda , where their technology can save him . While Shuri heals Ross , T'Challa confronts Zuri about N'Jobu . Zuri explains that N'Jobu planned to share Wakanda 's technology with people of African descent around the world to help them conquer their oppressors . As T'Chaka arrested N'Jobu , N'Jobu attacked Zuri , forcing T'Chaka to kill him . T'Chaka ordered Zuri to lie that N'Jobu had disappeared and left behind N'Jobu's American son , Erik , in order to maintain the lie . Erik became a U.S. black ops soldier , adopting the name `` Killmonger '' . Meanwhile , Killmonger kills Klaue and takes his body to Wakanda . He is brought before the tribal elders , revealing his identity and claim to the throne . Killmonger challenges T'Challa to ritual combat ; after killing Zuri , he defeats T'Challa and hurls him over a waterfall , where he is presumed dead . After ingesting the heart - shaped herb , Killmonger orders the rest incinerated , but Nakia extracts one first . Killmonger , supported by W'Kabi and his army , prepares to distribute shipments of Wakandan weapons to operatives around the world . Nakia , Shuri , Ramonda and Ross flee to the Jabari Tribe for aid . They find a comatose T'Challa , rescued by the Jabari in repayment for sparing M'Baku's life . Healed by Nakia 's herb , T'Challa returns to fight Killmonger , who dons his own Black Panther suit and commands W'Kabi and his army to attack T'Challa . Shuri , Nakia , and the Dora Milaje join T'Challa , while Ross remotely pilots a jet and shoots down the planes carrying the vibranium weapons . M'Baku and the Jabari arrive to reinforce T'Challa .", "4": "Confronted by Okoye , W'Kabi and his army stand down . Fighting in Wakanda 's vibranium mine , T'Challa disrupts Killmonger 's suit and stabs him . Killmonger refuses to be healed , choosing to die a free man rather than be incarcerated . T'Challa establishes an outreach center at the building where N'Jobu died to be run by Nakia and Shuri . In a mid-credits scene , T'Challa appears before the United Nations to reveal Wakanda 's true nature to the world . In a post-credits scene , Shuri helps Bucky Barnes with his recuperation . Cast ( L : R ) Producer Kevin Feige , director Ryan Coogler , and actors Lupita Nyong'o , Michael B. Jordan , Danai Gurira , and Chadwick Boseman promoting Black Panther at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International . Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther : The king of the African nation of Wakanda , who gains enhanced strength by ingesting the Heart - Shaped Herb . After the events of Captain America : Civil War , and the death of his father T'Chaka , T'Challa is in mourning while ascending to the throne . Boseman , who called T'Challa an anti-hero , said that he is `` very much aware of ( his ) responsibility '' as the leader of Wakanda . Black Panther 's suit that forms around his body was inspired by a similar design seen in Ta - Nehisi Coates ' Black Panther comic book run . Boseman worked with the same dialect coach he had during Message from the King , and worked with Marrese Crump to stay in shape between Civil War and Black Panther . In preparing for the role , Boseman examined Shaka Zulu , Patrice Lumumba , speeches from Nelson Mandela , Fela Kuti songs , and talked to a Yoruba Babalawo , while also making two trips to South Africa . Boseman trained in Dambe , Capoeira Angola and Zulu stick fighting to prepare for the role , along with taking a DNA test to better understand his African ancestry . He signed a five - film contract with Marvel . Ashton Tyler plays a young T'Challa .", "5": "Michael B. Jordan as N'Jadaka / Erik `` Killmonger '' Stevens : The son of N'Jobu , and a U.S. black - ops soldier who seeks to overthrow his cousin T'Challa . Executive producer Nate Moore said Killmonger `` has his own opinion on how Wakanda has been run and should ( be ) run '' . Jordan , who had `` been wanting to play a villain for a while '' , likened Killmonger and T'Challa's relationship to the X-Men characters Magneto and Professor X . He added that Killmonger is `` very strategic , thoughtful . He 's very patient . Very well skilled , trained to a T . '' Killmonger 's bumpy , ritualistic tribal markings on his chest and torso resemble the scar tattoos of the Mursi and Surma tribes , and consisted of 90 individually sculpted silicone molds that took two - and - a-half hours to apply . Jordan would have to sit in a sauna for two hours at the end of the day to remove the prosthetics . Killmonger 's dreadlocks hairstyle was a modern take on the character 's long hair in the comics . In preparing for the role , Jordan examined Malcolm X , Marcus Garvey , Huey P. Newton , Fred Hampton , and Tupac Shakur . Corey Calliet served as Jordan 's trainer on the film , after also doing so on Creed . Seth Carr plays a young Killmonger . Lupita Nyong'o as Nakia : T'Challa's former lover and a War Dog , an undercover spy for Wakanda placed in other countries to complete missions . She is from the River Tribe . Nyong'o called Nakia a `` departure '' from her comic counterpart . She begins the film fighting for enslaved women in Nigeria ; Nyong'o learned to speak Hausa for certain scenes in the film . She also trained in judo , jujitsu , silat and Filipino martial arts . Danai Gurira as Okoye : An `` extremely proud '' Wakandan and traditionalist from the Border Tribe , who is the head of the Dora Milaje , the all - female special forces of Wakanda , who serve as T'Challa's bodyguards .", "6": "When looking to cast Gurira , director Ryan Coogler had not seen The Walking Dead , in which Gurira portrays the popular character Michonne , and instead wanted her for the part because of her performance in Mother of George . Gurira said that the fighting skills she learned playing Michonne complemented the skills of Okoye , but that `` there 's a lot of ways that they 're extremely different ... Okoye is a whole ' nother thing . '' Gurira described the Dora Milaje as a secret service that is `` also very much about intel . It 's not just military '' , with Okoye the head of intel . Regarding Okoye 's stoic demeanor , Gurira said , `` She can be serious , but she also has an unexpected sense of humor . She has a heart , but for her country and for her people . '' Gurira 's head was re-shaved every day to have her head tattoos applied , which took two - and - a-half to three - and - a-half hours . Martin Freeman as Everett K. Ross : A member of the Central Intelligence Agency and former liaison of its Joint Counter Terrorism Task Force . Freeman said that Ross `` has an uneasy peace with T'Challa '' , and that he `` goes on a strange journey , an enlightening journey to Wakanda '' . Unlike his comic book counterpart , who mainly served as comic relief , Freeman and the filmmakers sought to turn this version of Ross into a more capable agent in terms of diplomacy and combat . Daniel Kaluuya as W'Kabi : A confidant to T'Challa and his best friend , who is the head of security for the Border Tribe , serving as the first line of defense for Wakanda . Letitia Wright as Shuri : T'Challa's 16 - year - old sister and the princess of Wakanda who designs new technology for the country . Wright described her as `` an innovative spirit and an innovative mind '' who `` wants to take Wakanda to a new place ... ( and ) has a great fashion sense '' . Wright also felt Shuri was a good role model for young black girls . Moore called Shuri the smartest person in the world , even more so than Tony Stark .", "7": "Winston Duke as M'Baku : A powerful , ruthless warrior who is the leader of Wakanda 's mountain tribe , the Jabari , who are in protest to T'Challa being the new king . Duke described the Jabari as people who `` strongly believe that to move forward , you have to have a strong adherence and respect for the past . So they have a deep moral conscience . '' Character elements from Christopher Priest 's 1998 -- 2003 Black Panther series were adapted for M'Baku's portrayal in the film . M'Baku is not referred to in the film by his comics alter ego `` Man - Ape '' , since Marvel felt there were `` a lot of racial implications that do n't sit well '' in having a black character dress up as an ape . This aspect of the character was instead reworked to have the Jabari tribe that M'Baku is the leader of worship the gorilla gods , with M'Baku still wearing elements of fur on his arms and legs and a chest - plate that hints at the gorilla . Moore continued , `` Man - Ape is a problematic character for a lot of reasons , but the idea behind Man - Ape we thought was really fascinating ( ... ) It 's a line I think we 're walking , and hopefully walking successfully . '' To further differentiate the Jabari , Duke spoke a version of the Nigerian Igbo language rather than the Xhosa language spoken by other Wakandans . Angela Bassett as Ramonda : T'Challa and Shuri 's mother and Queen Mother of Wakanda . Boseman noted that Ramonda `` is one of the advisors that ( T'Challa ) would look to ... for some of the answers of what his father might want or might do . She may not be exactly right all the time , but she definitely has insights . '' Bassett wore a silver , waist - length wig for the role that was made from 120 pieces of hair hand - rolled into dreadlocks . Calliet also served as Bassett 's trainer , working with her before she began filming , and while she was on set , by creating high - intensity interval training circuits and helping to craft her diet . Forest Whitaker as Zuri : An elder statesman in Wakanda , and the keeper of the heart - shaped herb .", "8": "Coogler called Zuri a religious and spiritual figure , and a way to reference the spirituality within Wakanda from the comics . He also added that Zuri `` is a major tie back '' to T'Chaka for T'Challa , and is `` Black Panther 's version of Obi - Wan Kenobi '' . Denzel Whitaker , who is not related to Forest , plays a young Zuri . Andy Serkis as Ulysses Klaue : A South African black - market arms dealer , smuggler and gangster , who is allied with Killmonger . He uses a piece of advanced Wakandan mining equipment as a sonic disruptor arm - cannon , replacing his left arm , which he lost in Avengers : Age of Ultron . Boseman described Klaue as a threat to Wakanda , one of the few outsiders to enter the country , and someone with access to vibranium , comparing him to Osama bin Laden . Serkis added that in addition to his desire for vibranium , Klaue is motivated by a `` personal '' vendetta against T'Challa , and `` to expose what he thinks is the hypocrisy of Wakanda '' . Additionally , John Kani and Florence Kasumba reprise their respective roles of T'Chaka and Ayo from Captain America : Civil War , with Kani 's son Atandwa portraying a young T'Chaka . Sterling K. Brown plays N'Jobu , T'Chaka's brother and Killmonger 's father , who is a War Dog sent to America . Wakandan elders in the film include Isaach de Bankolé for the River Tribe , Connie Chiume for the Mining Tribe , Dorothy Steel for the Merchant Tribe , and Danny Sapani for the Border Tribe . Sydelle Noel appears as Xoliswa , a member of the Dora Milaje , with other members played by Marija Abney , Janeshia Adams - Ginyard , Maria Hippolyte , Marie Mouroum , Jénel Stevens , Zola Williams , Christine Hollingsworth , and Shaunette Renée Wilson . Nabiyah Be initially announced that she was playing criminal Tilda Johnson , but her character was simply named Linda in the final film due to Gabrielle Dennis being cast as Johnson in the second season of Luke Cage .", "9": "Black Panther co-creator Stan Lee has a cameo in the film as a patron in the South Korean casino , and Sebastian Stan has an uncredited cameo reprising his role as Bucky Barnes in a post-credits scene . Production Development In June 1992 , Wesley Snipes announced his intention to make a film about Black Panther . Snipes wanted to highlight the majesty of Africa , which he felt was poorly portrayed in Hollywood films , saying , `` I think Black Panther spoke to me because he was noble , and he was the antithesis of the stereotypes presented and portrayed about Africans , African history and the great kingdoms of Africa . '' He had begun work on the film by that August . The next July , Snipes planned to begin The Black Panther after starring in Demolition Man , and the next month he expressed interest in making sequels to the film as well . In January 1994 , Snipes entered talks with Columbia Pictures to portray Black Panther , and Black Panther co-creator Stan Lee joined the film by March ; it had entered early development by May . Snipes had discussions with several different screenwriters and directors about the project , including Mario Van Peebles and John Singleton . When the film had not progressed by January 1996 , Lee explained that he had not been pleased with the scripts for the project . Snipes said that there was confusion among those unfamiliar with the comics , who thought that the film was about the Black Panther Party . We 've yet to have a major black comic book hero on the screen . Especially the Black Panther , which is such a rich , interesting life . It 's a dream come true to originate something ( like ) that . -- Actor Wesley Snipes , who worked on early iterations of Black Panther In July 1997 , Black Panther was listed as part of Marvel Comics ' film slate , and in March 1998 , Marvel reportedly hired Joe Quesada and Jimmy Palmiotti , who at the time were editors of the Black Panther comics under the Marvel Knights brand , to work on it . However , Quesada and Palmiotti have denied that this happened . That August , corporate problems at Marvel put the project on hold , while the next August , Snipes was set to produce , and possibly star , in the film .", "10": "In May 2000 , Artisan Entertainment announced a deal with Marvel to co-produce , finance , and distribute a film based on Black Panther . In March 2002 , Snipes said he planned to film Blade 3 or Black Panther in 2003 , and reiterated his interest five months later . In July 2004 , Blade 3 director David S. Goyer said this was unlikely , as Snipes was `` already so entrenched as Blade that another Marvel hero might be overkill '' . In September 2005 , Marvel chairman and CEO Avi Arad announced Black Panther as one of the ten Marvel films that would be developed by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures . In June 2006 , Snipes said he hoped to have a director for the project soon . In February 2007 , Kevin Feige , president of production for Marvel Studios , reiterated that Black Panther was on Marvel 's development slate . By July , John Singleton had been approached to direct the film . In March 2009 , Marvel hired writers to help come up with creative ways to launch its lesser - known properties , including Black Panther , with Nate Moore , the head of the writers program , helping to oversee the development of the Black Panther film specifically . In January 2011 , Marvel Studios hired documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey to write a script for Black Panther , to be produced by Feige . In October 2013 , Feige said `` I do n't know when it will be exactly , but we certainly have plans to bring ( Black Panther ) to life some day '' , noting that the Marvel Cinematic Universe had already introduced the metal vibranium , which comes from Black Panther 's home nation Wakanda . There had been discussions of introducing Wakanda to the MCU as early as 2010 's Iron Man 2 , but this was put off until Marvel had `` a full idea of what exactly that looked like '' . In October 2014 , Feige announced that Black Panther would be released on November 3 , 2017 , with Chadwick Boseman cast in the title role . Boseman did not audition before he was hired for the role , instead discussing what he wanted to do with the part with Marvel . The actor was set to first portray the character in Captain America : Civil War , before starring in his own film .", "11": "Feige said that Marvel was considering minority filmmakers for the director and writer , but that they were focused on `` looking for the best filmmakers , the best writers , the best directors possible . So I 'm not going to say for sure that we 're going to hire from any one demographic , but we 're meeting a lot of people . '' He added that they had met with former Black Panther comics writer Reginald Hudlin . In January 2015 , Boseman said that the film was going through a `` brainstorming phase '' , and he was looking at the different stories in the comics and how they may be merged for the film . The next month , Marvel pushed back the release date to July 6 , 2018 . In April 2015 , Feige said he would be meeting with directors after the release of Avengers : Age of Ultron at the end of the month , and that further casting was underway . By May 2015 , Marvel had discussions with Ava DuVernay to direct this film or Captain Marvel . In June , Feige confirmed that he had met with DuVernay alongside a number of other directors , and said that he expected a decision to be made by mid - to late 2015 . By early July , DuVernay had passed on directing the film , explaining that `` Marvel has a certain way of doing things and I think they 're fantastic and a lot of people love what they do . I loved that they reached out to me ... ( but ) we had different ideas about what the story would be ... we just did n't see eye to eye . Better for me to realize that now than cite creative differences later . '' Later in the month , DuVernay expanded , It was a process of trying to figure out , are these people I want to go to bed with ? Because it 's really a marriage , and for this it would be three years . It 'd be three years of not doing other things that are important to me . So it was a question of , is this important enough for me to do ? At one point , the answer was yes because I thought there was value in putting that kind of imagery into the culture in a worldwide , huge way ... a black man as a hero -- that would be pretty revolutionary .", "12": "These Marvel films go everywhere from Shanghai to Uganda , and nothing that I probably will make will reach that many people , so I found value in that ... ( but ) it 's important to me that ( my work ) be true to who I was in this moment . And if there 's too much compromise , it really was n't going to be an Ava DuVernay film . By October 2015 , F. Gary Gray and Ryan Coogler had been considered to direct the film , though negotiations with Coogler had cooled , and Gray had chosen to direct Fast & Furious 8 instead . Joe Robert Cole , a member of the Marvel writers program , was in talks to write the screenplay , and Marvel changed the release date once again , moving it to February 16 , 2018 . By December , discussions with Coogler were reignited after the successful opening of his film Creed . Feige described Black Panther as `` a big geopolitical action adventure that focuses on the family and royal struggle of T'Challa in Wakanda , and what it means to be a king '' , while calling the film `` a very important '' link to Avengers : Infinity War and its sequel . He added that the film would be the first Marvel Studios production to feature a `` primarily African - American cast '' . Pre-production What 's so great about Panther is he 's a superhero who , if you grab him and ask him if he 's a superhero , he 'll tell you , ' No . ' He sees himself as a politician , as a leader in his country . It just so happens that the country is a warrior - based nation where the leaders have to be warriors , as well , so sometimes he has to go fight . -- Ryan Coogler , director of Black Panther In January 2016 , Coogler was confirmed as director , and explained that he grew up reading comics , so Black Panther `` is just as personal to me as the last couple of films I was able to make . I feel really fortunate to be able to work on something I 'm this passionate about again . ''", "13": "In agreeing to direct the film after being `` wooed '' by Feige for months , Coogler insisted that he bring collaborators from his previous films to work on Black Panther , to differentiate the film from others in the MCU , that are often `` shot , composed , and edited by the same in - house people '' . This included Fruitvale Station cinematographer Rachel Morrison , as well as production designer Hannah Beachler and composer Ludwig Göransson , who both worked with Coogler on Fruitvale Station and Creed . Discussing working in with the MCU while still creating `` a Ryan Coogler movie '' , the director said , What Marvel 's doing ... is making content that exists in a particular universe , where the characters tie in and crossover , and I think that 's a great creative challenge to me -- to make this movie as personal as possible . It 's going to be my most personal movie to date , which is crazy to say , but it 's completely the case . I 'm obsessed with this character and this story right now , and I think it 's going to be very unique and still fit into the overall narrative that they 're establishing . I grew up as a comic book fan , and the same things used to happen in the comic books . You 'd have Wolverine 's books , and they 'd be so much darker and more brutal than the X-Men books , but they 'd still fit in when you open the pages of the X-Men book . It 's new to movies , but it 's not new to storytelling . Coogler promoting Black Panther at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International In April 2016 , Feige said that Coogler was working on the script with Cole , and that filming would begin at the `` very beginning of next year '' . Feige noted that Civil War laid `` the groundwork '' for T'Challa's morality , and established the `` geopolitical landscape '' that he would have to deal with on returning to Wakanda for Black Panther . Civil War also introduced the Wakandan language , based on the Xhosa language . Boseman was taught Xhosa by John Kani , who portrayed T'Challa's father King T'Chaka in that film .", "14": "Lupita Nyong'o entered negotiations to star as T'Challa's love interest the next month , and Michael B. Jordan also joined , in an undisclosed role , after previously working with Coogler on Fruitvale Station and Creed . Later in the month , Nate Moore , now serving as a producer on the film , stated that filming would occur in Atlanta , Georgia , with Marvel `` definitely investigating shooting in Africa '' as well . At San Diego Comic - Con International 2016 , Nyong'o was confirmed for the film , in the role of Nakia , while Jordan 's role was revealed to be Erik Killmonger . Also announced was Danai Gurira as Okoye . Coogler confirmed that filming would begin in January 2017 . In September 2016 , Winston Duke was cast as M'Baku , a role that Yahya Abdul - Mateen II had also tested for . The following month , Forest Whitaker was cast as Zuri and Daniel Kaluuya as W'Kabi , with Florence Kasumba revealed to be reprising her role as Ayo from Captain America : Civil War . Letitia Wright was also cast in an unspecified role . Angela Bassett was cast as T'Challa's mother , Ramonda , in November , and by January 2017 , Sterling K. Brown was cast as N'Jobu . At that time , Marvel received permission from the Oakland , California - based public transit agency AC Transit to use their logo in the film for the opening flashback sequence . The setting was chosen due to Coogler 's Oakland roots . Amandla Stenberg was also considered for a role in the film , before she ultimately declined to appear . Stenberg , who is bi-racial and light skinned , called the decision `` really challenging '' as she did not feel comfortable taking a role in the film from a dark - skinned actor saying , `` it would have just been off to see me as a bi-racial American with a Nigerian accent ( playing a dark - skinned African ) just pretending that I 'm the same color as everyone else in the movie . ''", "15": "The production team was inspired by Ta - Nehisi Coates ' run on Black Panther , who was writing the comic at the time , including Coates ' poetic dialogue , the art by Brian Stelfreeze , and `` some of the questions that it 's asking '' . Other runs of Black Panther in the comics that inspired the film include those by Jack Kirby , Christopher Priest ( which Coogler felt most influenced the film ) , Jonathan Hickman , and Hudlin . Characters for the film were picked from throughout the comics , based on what worked best for the film 's story . Coogler had hoped to include Spider - Man villain Kraven the Hunter early in the process ( before being told the character was unavailable to use in the film ) because of a scene in Priest 's run that had T'Challa fighting Kraven . Donald Glover and his brother Stephen Glover made some minor contributions to an early draft of the script , which included developing the relationship between T'Challa and his younger sister Shuri . Design The Maasai people of Kenya ( top ) inspired about 80 % of the design of the Dora Milaje , Wakanda 's all - female special forces ( bottom ) . Cole called the film an historic opportunity to depict a black superhero `` at a time when African - Americans are affirming their identities while dealing with vilification and dehumanization '' . He added that it was important to root the themes of the film in the actual cultures of Africa , and that they would be working with experts on the region of Africa that Wakanda is supposed to be located in . Elaborating on this , Cole noted that all the countries in Africa have `` different histories , mythologies , and cultures ( so ) what we tried to do was hone in on some of the history , some of the cultural influences and then extrapolate out in our technology ... we wanted to root it in reality first and then build out from there '' . Coogler compared the rarity of vibranium existing only in Wakanda to the real - life mineral coltan that can almost only be found in Congo . He wanted Wakanda to feel like a country rather than just one city by featuring multiple tribes , each with their own cultures , and created a project bible that listed each Wakandan tribe and their origins , which guided the design process .", "16": "Special care was taken in all aspects of the design to create a futuristic look that was not alien , as some of Jack Kirby 's comic designs appeared . Beachler wanted to honor the comics with her designs , and then fill in the gaps with research concentrated on Sub-Saharan Africa , pulling inspiration from Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , Congo - Kinshasa , and Ethiopia , as well as the designs of Zaha Hadid . Moore described this approach as a love letter to Africa . Beachler looked at the architecture of existing tribes , and then tried to make them technologically advanced in a natural way rather than if Wakanda had been colonized . She said that this combination of old and new was an important theme throughout the film , as well as circular motifs to signify the transmission of energy . Some of the older areas explored in the film include Warrior Falls , the City of the Dead , and the Hall of Kings , which are juxtaposed with the more modern Afro - punk style of the Golden City , the capital . Rondavels were incorporated into the tops of Wakanda 's skyscrapers , inspired by the look of mountains at Blyde River Canyon in South Africa . Beachler created different sigils and architecture for each of the Wakandan tribes , with the Border Tribe inspired by Lesotho , the Merchant Tribe having a sigil based on Nigerian writing , and the Golden Tribe using a symbol for the sun found throughout Africa . Gorilla City , home to the Jabari Tribe , was originally set in a rain forest , but Coogler suggested that it be found up a mountain in snow . Beachler based the written form of the Wakandan language seen throughout the film on an old Nigerian language . Beachler also worked on the vibranium technology used throughout the country , consulting with mining and metallurgy experts . This included the vibranium mine where the substance is depicted as glowing blue rocks , before it is refined into the stainless steel look previously seen in the MCU . The film also adapts the kimoyo bead technology from the comics , and features sand - based technology . Beachler wanted all of the futuristic elements of the film to be consistent with projections of what real world technology may be like in 25 or 30 years , including the maglev and hovercraft technology used in vehicles .", "17": "The Wakandan vehicles depicted in the film include a maglev train for carrying vibranium ; the king 's Royal Talon Fighter , which looks like a mask from the top and bottom ; and the Dragon Flyer , inspired by the Congo peafowl . The majority of Beachler 's sets were constructed on sound stages in Atlanta , including the Tribal Council , Shuri 's design space , and the Hall of Kings . The Tribal Council set was built with a glass floor through which an old ruin can be seen . The exterior set for Warrior Falls was built on a backlot north of Atlanta , and was inspired by the Oribi Gorge . The set was 36 feet ( 11 m ) , made up of a 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) high pool , and then 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) high cliff faces that were designed to be extended to 100 feet ( 30 m ) with visual effects . A framework for the cliffs was hand - sculpted from industrial styrofoam , with a system of tunnels built - in to the design to allow extras to climb up to different areas of the cliffs . The framework was then covered with 25,000 cubic feet ( 710 m ) of foam that was sculptured to match rocks found at Oribi Gorge . Six large pumps were used to fill the pool at the base of the set , and create a waterfall over the ledge at the bottom . The base of the pool was made from padding so stunts could safely be carried out on the set , but designed to look like rocks and to have enough grip that the actors would not fall over in the water . The set took four months to complete , and was used for two weeks of filming . Costume designer Ruth E. Carter referenced the Maasai , Himba , Dogon , Basotho , Tuareg , Turkana , Xhosa , Zulu , Suri and Dinka people in her designs for Wakanda . She also examined appropriate works by Japanese fashion designer Issey Miyake , French fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent and American fashion designer Donna Karan .", "18": "Winnie Mandela provided inspiration to the costumes Carter created for Angela Bassett , while the Dora Milaje costumes primarily used red to reflect different African cultures , and included beaded tabards that feature talismans for `` protection , good spirit , and good luck , and a sense of ownership , as if the costume could be handed down from mother to daughter '' . Carter specifically wanted to avoid the `` girls in the bathing suits '' look , and instead have the Dora Milaje wear full armor that they would practically need for battle . She also had to take the stunt work that the actors had to do into consideration . Anthony Francisco , the Senior Visual Development Illustrator , noted the Dora Milaje costumes were based 80 percent on the Maasai , five percent on samurai , five percent on ninjas , and five percent on the Ifugao people from the Philippines . The arm band and neck rings were a reference to the Southern Ndebele people , which denotes stature . As such , Okoye has gold bands and rings to denote she is a general , compared to the other Dora Milaje wearing silver . The costumes for T'Challa combined his role as king and as the head of the military , including combining a kente cloth cloak with military boots . Carter also used distinct colors and patterns for each of Wakanda 's tribes , such as green with shells for the River Tribe based on the Suri , blue with wood for the Border Tribe , and black with royal purple for the Black Panther and the Royal Palace . The Merchant Tribe was clothed in plums and purples for the merchants in reference to the Tuareg , and ochre for the Mining Tribe , inspired by the Himba . Three out of every five people in Wakanda go barefoot , which also influenced the costuming process . When the Wakandan characters are in other countries , their clothing looks `` quite normal '' but is intended to be consistent with their respective Wakandan designs . Carter created 700 costumes for the film , working with `` an army '' of illustrators , designers , mold makers , fabric dyers , jewelry makers and more . Hair department head Camille Friend referenced traditional African art , fabrics , hair , and textures , and the current - day natural hair movement in her designs .", "19": "Friend strived to keep the hair natural , using `` braids , locs and twists ... extensions , ( and ) wigs '' . As with Carter , each tribe had their own identifiable hair aesthetic , such as the Jabari Tribe having `` very straight , clean lines '' with war - paint detail , inspired by Senegalese warriors . Filming Principal photography had begun by January 21 , 2017 , at EUE / Screen Gems Studios in the Atlanta metropolitan area , under the working title Motherland . Filming also took place in the Sweet Auburn neighborhood in Atlanta , which doubled as Oakland ; the High Museum of Art , which served as the fictional Museum of Great Britain in London ; and Atlanta City Hall , which served as a United Nations building . Shortly after filming started , Kani 's son Atandwa stated that he would appear in the film alongside his father , the latter reprising the role of T'Chaka , while on - set photographs revealed that Martin Freeman would reprise his role as Everett K. Ross . Marvel announced the start of production on January 26 , along with confirming the casting of Freeman , Wright , and John Kani , and revealing that Andy Serkis would reprise his role as Ulysses Klaue from Avengers : Age of Ultron . Atandwa portrays a younger version of his father 's character , and also served as a cultural consultant during filming , along with dialect coach Beth McGuire who ensured there was continuity between the various actors who had to use `` Wakandan accents '' . Jordan joined the production later than the rest of the core cast . He felt that this aided his performance , since his character is separate from and in conflict with the other characters . Because of this , Jordan kept to himself while he was on set . It was revealed during a press visit to the film 's set that the Dora Milaje would be widely explored in the film , which does not adapt the ceremonial betrothal aspect from the comics . Moore compared the politics and humor of the film to Captain America : The Winter Soldier , saying that the former would be inherent but not `` preachy '' , and that the latter would be avoiding the tones of Guardians of the Galaxy and Ant - Man .", "20": "He added that the film does not depend on the plots of any other MCU films -- and the character Bucky Barnes would not come out of cryogenic sleep during Black Panther after being frozen by Wakandan scientists at the end of Civil War -- but the events of this film do affect the wider MCU moving forward . Since Black Panther and Avengers : Infinity War were filming simultaneously in Atlanta , both production teams worked together closely to ensure a unified presentation of Wakanda in the films , as the country also plays a large role in Infinity War . Additional filming took place in South Korea , with the city of Busan serving as the setting of a car chase scene , involving 150 cars and over 700 people . Filming in Busan began on March 17 , 2017 , with shooting occurring at the Jagalchi Fish Market , and filming taking place by Gwangalli Beach on March 21 . Other filming locations included Marine City in the Haeundae District and at the Gwangandaegyo Bridge . The production crew also hired hundreds of current and former film students from local universities as staff or assistant staff during the South Korea filming . Filming in the country wrapped on March 27 . At CinemaCon 2017 , Wright was revealed to be portraying Shuri in the film . Location shooting also took place at the Rwenzori Mountains and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda , while Marzano Films provided aerial footage of South Africa , Zambia , Uganda and South Korea . Filming concluded on April 19 , 2017 . Cinematographer Rachel Morrison , who was eager to work on Black Panther because of the bond that she formed with Coogler on Fruitvale Station , filmed in 3.4 K ArriRaw with Arri Alexa XT Plus cameras and Panavision Primo lenses . Morrison stated that she primarily used a two - camera set - up with a third or fourth camera on occasion . Morrison also said that lighting was her biggest challenge , the magnitude of which `` was much bigger than I 'd experienced before '' , and made extensive use of Arri SkyPanel LED light fixtures , which she could preprogram from an iPad . Morrison explained that she surrounded entire sets with SkyPanels and even `` built an entire jungle on a sound stage '' .", "21": "Post-production At the end of June 2017 , Sydelle Noel revealed she had been cast in the film as Xoliswa , a member of the Dora Milaje . In July 2017 , Moore said Black Panther would be a cross between The Godfather and the James Bond films as a `` big , operatic family drama centered around a world of international espionage . So hopefully we 're getting the best of both worlds . '' Coogler added that the film was influenced by `` the films of the ' 70s '' such as the works of Francis Ford Coppola in that decade , as well as crime fiction . Coogler also watched the film A Prophet for inspiration . Feige called the film 's story `` rich in culturally relevant ideas . These are conversations we were having two years ago because that is inherently the story within the comics . Now it 's going to seem like the most highly fluid thing we could have done . '' Boseman also indicated there were parallels to `` pull from '' in the film in relation to Donald Trump becoming President of the United States after Barack Obama . In January 2018 , Coogler hinted at the inclusion of post-credit scenes . Two are included , with the second featuring Sebastian Stan reprising his role as Bucky Barnes . Visual effects Previsualization ( top ) and completed visual effects shot of Wakanda by Industrial Light & Magic ( bottom ) Visual effects for the film were created by : Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) with help from Virtuos , Stereo D , and Scanline VFX ; Double Negative ; Luma Pictures ; Mammal Studios ; Method Studios ; Perception ; Rise Visual Effects Studios ; Torm Studios ; Trixter ; Cantina Creative ; Lola VFX ; Capital T ; Exceptional Minds ; Technicolor VFX ; Rodeo FX ; Imageloom VFX ; Anibrain ; Method Pune ; Bot VFX ; Pixstone Images ; Futureworks ; Vertigo Visual ; FX3X ; and Yannix Thailand Co . Previsualization was completed by Digital Domain and The Third Floor , while Perception also created the main title sequence for the film . ILM was primarily responsible for creating the digital urban environments of Wakanda .", "22": "VFX supervisor Craig Hammack said , `` African culture has symbology , color and richness and a certain amount of earthy material qualities that make things difficult to design as a futuristic city , '' which typically use lots of steel and glass . ILM looked to real life examples that blend modern architecture with natural environments like One Central Park in Sydney and modern African architecture like The Pearl of Africa Hotel in Kampala as influences . ILM also worked on some interior shots , extending Beachler 's set , and the initial rhinoceros . For T'Challa's ancestral plane scenes , ILM worked on the nighttime scene first , having the sky reflect the Northern Lights , and worked had to keep the sky visible in the daytime scene . ILM also added additional vibranium sand for the burial sequences to aid in the breathing of Boseman when filming , and added the flames when Killmonger burns the heart - shaped herb . Perception , which also did the main on - end title sequence that referenced the vibranium sand effect that ILM and other companies contributed through the film , also helped create Shuri 's laboratory and the interface designs for the displays . Method Studios created much of the digital natural environments of Wakanda . Method built a 3,600 square kilometers ( 1,400 sq mi ) landscape that is visible in various aerial shots in the film . VFX Supervisor Andy Brown said , `` Looking out from the top of Mount Bashenga , you can see the rich diversity of African landscapes -- it looks lush and jungle - like in one direction , and more like the plains and savannah in the other , so we had multiple ecosystems to tackle , but it really drives home the vastness of these shots . '' Method was also responsible for creating Black Panther 's and Killmonger 's digital suits , and many of the film 's digital characters , vehicles , and weapons . They also worked on the final battle sequence , including crowd simulation . Method worked with the stunt coordinators in their motion capture sessions to give each Dora Milaje or Jabari fighter their unique fighting style . Brown noted that `` In addition to randomizing the height , weight , and other characteristics of each fighter to add variance to the crowd , we had to incorporate more specific elements such as unique face tattoos for each Dora Milaje fighter and the signature hairstyles of the Jabari warriors . ''", "23": "Method also worked on the vibranium mine , animating the gadgets in Shuri 's laboratory . Luma Pictures worked on the Busan car chase sequence , digitally creating the Lexus cars featured in the sequence . Multiple digital versions of the same car were created , so the production could have the actual cars crash and do various stunts with them , with Luma then inserting the digital versions to augment them . Luma also created the sonic forces from Klaue 's cannon , while Scanline VFX worked on digitally removing Serkis ' left arm for the sonic cannon and the London museum heist sequence . Music Main article : Black Panther ( soundtrack ) Ludwig Göransson was hired to compose the film 's score by April 2017 . Göransson traveled to Senegal and South Africa to record local musicians to form the `` base '' of his soundtrack . Kendrick Lamar produced the film 's curated soundtrack , Black Panther : The Album , along with Top Dawg Entertainment founder Anthony Tiffith . Coogler chose Lamar for the project because his `` artistic themes align with those we explore in the film '' . Three singles from the album were released throughout January and February 2018 : `` All the Stars '' , `` King 's Dead '' , and `` Pray for Me '' . Black Panther : The Album was released on February 9 , 2018 , while a soundtrack of Göransson 's score was released on February 16 , 2018 . Release Black Panther had its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles on January 29 , 2018 . The premiere featured a purple carpet that was flanked by women dressed as the Dora Milaje , and was lit by futuristic lamps . Coogler , the cast members , and other guests wore African clothing , to honor the African roots of the film , at the request of Marvel for attendees to wear `` royal attire '' . Ahead of the screening at the premiere , Coogler received an extended standing ovation before he announced the cast of the film . Black Panther was released in the United Kingdom , Hong Kong , and Taiwan on February 13 , 2018 , in South Korea on February 14 , 2018 , and the United States on February 16 , 2018 .", "24": "In the United States , the film opened in 4,020 theaters , with over 3,200 of those in 3D , 404 in IMAX , over 660 in premium large format , and over 200 D - Box locations . In addition , Black Panther was the first MCU film to be converted to ScreenX , a 270 - degree wraparound format , that played in over 101 locations in eight countries . The film opened in most of its markets in its first weekend of release and had a `` cross-nation release '' in Africa , a first for a Disney film . It was originally scheduled to be released on November 3 , 2017 , before moving in February 2015 to July 6 , 2018 to accommodate Spider - Man : Homecoming . In October 2015 , it moved again to accommodate Ant - Man and the Wasp . Black Panther premiered in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia on April 18 , 2018 . The occasion marks the first public film screening since movie theaters were banned in the kingdom in the early 1980 's , after ultraconservative religious standards were introduced in 1979 . The ban was lifted in December 2017 by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman as part of an effort to revamp Saudi society . The film premiered in a newly constructed 620 leather seat cinema , owned by AMC Theatres , in Riyadh 's King Abdullah Financial District that was originally intended to be a symphony hall . Disney 's regional distributor Italia Film revealed that 40 seconds of the film had been removed , which was in line with cuts made to the film across the region . Awwad Alawwad , Saudi Arabia 's Minister of Culture and Information , and Adam Aron , CEO of AMC Entertainment , were in attendance for the premiere along with other diplomats and industry experts ; no one from the cast or production team was in attendance . The premiere also had men and women sitting together , a representation of the Saudi government 's recently relaxed enforcement of laws banning co-mingling between unrelated men and women . Black Panther will screen for five days before Avengers : Infinity War premieres on April 26 in the kingdom . Marketing Marvel debuted early footage and concept art from the film in April 2017 , at a press event for several of the MCU Phase Three films .", "25": "Kyle Buchanan at Vulture.com praised the cinematography , costume and production design , and focus on dark - skinned actors and characters , saying `` Black Panther does n't look like any of the other Marvel movies ... If this is what the future of superhero movies looks like , deal me in . '' Feige believed the screened footage was the first time Marvel had shown raw dailies , a decision made because the company wanted to show off the film 's cast ( which Feige called `` the highest - class cast we 've had on a first movie '' ) and diversity , even though editing for it had not yet begun . A teaser poster was released ahead of the first teaser trailer , which premiered during Game 4 of the 2017 NBA Finals . Fans felt the poster was poorly photoshopped , and tweets mentioning it were only 27 percent positive , and 27 percent negative , according to CNBC 's marketing technology firm Amobee . The poster was also compared to a real - life picture of Black Panther Party co-founder Huey P. Newton holding two gun spears . The trailer received a much more positive response , with Peter Sciretta of / Film saying it was `` nothing like I was expecting this movie to look like and that 's refreshing '' . io9 's Charles Pulliam - Moore called the teaser `` every bit as intense as you were hoping it would be '' and `` epic as hell '' . Andrew Husband for Uproxx felt the single teaser `` easily outshines Spider - Man : Homecoming 's big - from - the - beginning marketing campaign '' . Forbes 's Scott Mendelson felt that `` Black Panther has the chance to be a seminal event in the same way we 're now seeing with Wonder Woman . '' The trailer was viewed 89 million times in 24 hours , and `` dominated the conversation on social media for much of the night '' over Game 4 , being the top - trending item on Twitter . The Hollywood Reporter noted that the teaser generated 349,000 Twitter mentions in 24 hours , also more than Game 4 . The amount of mentions were second to the amount the Star Wars : The Last Jedi teaser received . comScore and its PreAct service noted over 466,000 new social media conversations for the film after the trailer released , the most for the week .", "26": "For the week ending on June 18 , comScore and its PreAct service again noted social media conversations for the film , with over 33,000 new ones , the second-most for the week behind Spider - Man : Homecoming . The service also noted Black Panther produced a total of over 566,000 conversations to date . ( L : R ) Moderator Chris Hardwick , Feige , Coogler , and the cast of Black Panther at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con Costumes from the film were on display at D23 Expo 2017 and the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con . Also in July , Marvel Studios unveiled a partnership with Lexus , with the 2018 Lexus LC being featured in the film . A graphic novel , Black Panther : Soul of a Machine , was released in December 2017 from writers Fabian Nicieza , Geoffrey Thorne and Chuck Brown , with cover illustrations by Scott `` Rahzzah '' Wilson and Szymon Kudranski , in which Black Panther defeats a villain with the help of the Lexus LC 500 . Lexus also unveiled the 2018 LC Inspiration Series production car and a concept coupe dubbed the Black Panther Inspired LC . Coogler , Boseman and other members of the cast presented exclusive footage of the film at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con , which received a standing ovation from the audience . The footage segued into a montage featuring Kendrick Lamar 's song `` DNA '' . Coogler called the lyrics `` amazing '' and both literally and culturally appropriate for the footage and film . In September 2017 , Coogler , Gurira , and Moore participated in a panel at the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation 's Annual Legislative Conference , where exclusive footage from the film was also shown and met with a positive response . On October 16 , 2017 , a full trailer was released . Dave Trumbore for Collider felt it was `` a killer trailer . It not only shows off a ton of action sequences , outrageous costume design , and comic book goodies for fans out there , it also brings an unmistakable sense of style that 's all Black Panther 's own . '' Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter said the message of the trailer was clear : `` this is n't like the other Marvel movies , this is something else '' .", "27": "BamSmackPow 's Brendan Day said the trailer `` does everything right '' , showing `` a lot of cool imagery and action scenes without giving us much context or story points '' and having unique music choices , featuring `` BagBak '' by Vince Staples and `` The Revolution Will Not Be Televised '' by Gil Scott - Heron . Writing for Rolling Stone , Tre Johnson felt the trailer showed T'Challa as `` someone with the arrogance of ( John ) Shaft , the coolness of ( Barack ) Obama and the hot - headed impulsiveness of Kanye West '' . He continued , `` After decades of trying to nail the modern black superhero , we may finally be getting what we 've asked for ... Coogler has set out to do something with the modern black superhero that all previous iterations have fallen short of doing : making it respectable , imaginative and powerful . The Afro - punk aesthetic , the unapologetic black swagger , the miniscule appearances from non-black characters -- it 's an important resetting of a standard of what 's possible '' . A few days later , Marvel Comics published a prelude tie - in comic focusing on one of T'Challa's first missions as the Black Panther around the time of Iron Man . The first College Football Playoff National Championship halftime show was organized by Disney for the 2018 championship game , with Kendrick Lamar performing to promote Black Panther : The Album , to release a new trailer for the film , and to begin selling tickets for the film 's opening weekend . Marvel again partnered with Lexus to create a commercial for Super Bowl LII . Promoting the 2018 Lexus LS 500 F Sport , it featured Boseman and Wright reprising their roles . The commercial was released on January 25 , 2018 , ahead of its airing during the Super Bowl . According to RelishMix , the Lexus commercial had 4.3 million views on social media after it aired in the Super Bowl . Marvel also partnered with British shoe manufacturer Clarks to create a variant of their Originals ' Trigenic Evo shoe , inspired by the film . By February 12 , 2018 , Black Panther had amassed more than 5 million tweets on Twitter globally , becoming the most tweeted about film of 2018 , after being a top film in 2017 as well .", "28": "Twitter also launched a custom emoji for the film , that appears when the hashtag # BlackPanther is used . During New York Fashion Week at Industria Studios in lower Manhattan , designers Cushnie et Ochs , Ikiré Jones , Tome , Sophie Theallet , Fear of God , Chromat , and LaQuan Smith created custom pieces that were inspired by the film for an event titled `` Welcome to Wakanda : Fashion for the Black Panther Era '' . Nick Barose applied makeup for the event , while Rodney Cutler styled hair . By mid-March 2018 , the film became the most - tweeted about film of all time on Twitter , with 35 million tweets . Twitter noted the most used Black Panther - related hashtags were # BlackPanther , # WakandaForever , and # Wakanda , with the most discussed characters Black Panther , Killmonger , and Shuri . Additionally , the most - retweeted tweets about the film were Lamar 's reveal of the soundtrack tracklist he curated , a video of kids trying to buy tickets using a Vincent Adultman - style trench coat disguise , and former First Lady Michelle Obama 's praise for the film . Other marketing partners included PepsiCo and Unilever , which launched an arts program in urban areas to provide an opportunity for young people interested in film to be mentored by established artists . Brisk created an interactive Black Panther installation at the 2018 NBA All - Star Game weekend , which showcased nine Brisk labels created by emerging artists to promote the Creators Class program . These labels debuted on all Brisk packaging nationwide in late February . Lancôme highlighted a line of makeup that Lupita Nyong'o and Letitia Wright used at the premiere of the film . Synchrony Financial worked with Coogler and Marvel to award the Ghetto Film School Fellows program with a $50,000 grant , with Coogler also visiting the school to speak to the students . Black Panther had the most expansive advertising budget and biggest line of merchandise of any Marvel non-sequel . Deadline Hollywood estimated the marketing budget globally was $140 million . In order to make the film `` feel like a cultural event '' , Asad Ayaz , Executive Vice President of Marketing for Marvel films at Disney , said the marketing campaign was about `` super-serving black moviegoers while also making it the broadest moviegoing event '' .", "29": "Disney and Marvel also created a `` synergy program '' with the College Football Playoffs on ESPN , the ABC 's television series Black - ish , Grey 's Anatomy , Scandal , and How to Get Away With Murder , the Freeform series Grown - ish , and the Bravo franchise The Real Housewives . Marketing in territories outside the United States by Disney was fairly uniform , with a few exceptions . In the Middle East , the focus was kept on Black Panther , rather than Boseman out of costume , as superhero films `` just keep working '' in the territory , according to Gianluca Chakra , Managing Partner of major regional Middle East distributor Front Row . For Asian territories , they also focused on Black Panther as well as the action in the film , a strong selling point for audiences there . A Wakanda exhibit was featured in malls in seven cities in China , along with displays showing Black Panther next to other established MCU characters . A special trailer was also created for the Chinese audience , with Boseman introducing himself and the character 's connection to the other MCU films . Weibo attended the Los Angeles premiere of the film to take pictures and videos with the cast and crew in real time for China , the first time the company has partnered with a foreign studio for this type of engagement . Home media Black Panther will be released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on May 8 , 2018 , and on Ultra HD Blu - ray , Blu - ray , and DVD on May 15 . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes ; audio commentary ; deleted scenes ; a blooper reel ; an exclusive look at Ant - Man and the Wasp ; and a featurette on the first ten years of the MCU . A two - disc BluRay is due for release on June 11 . Reception Box Office As of April 24 , 2018 , Black Panther has grossed $682.5 million in the United States and Canada , and $643.3 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $1.326 billion . The $370.5 million earned worldwide in its opening weekend was the 15th - largest of all time .", "30": "It is the highest - grossing solo superhero film , the third - highest - grossing film of the MCU after The Avengers and Age of Ultron , and 10th - highest of all time . By its second weekend , the film earned $54.6 million globally from IMAX , which was the fastest Marvel film to reach the $50 million mark . In its fourth weekend , the film surpassed $1 billion , becoming the fifth MCU film , sixteenth Walt Disney Studios film , and 33rd film overall to do so . In March 2018 , five weeks after the film released , Deadline Hollywood estimated the net profit of the film would be $461 million , accounting for production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses and ancillary revenues from home media . Presale ticket Records In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Black Panther was the second most anticipated film of 2018 , behind Avengers : Infinity War . Fandango reported that its first 24 hours of ticket pre-sales for the film were the largest ever for a Marvel film , surpassing Captain America : Civil War . Two weeks ahead of its release , Fandango announced that the film outsold all previous superhero films at the same point in the sales cycle , breaking the record previously held by Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Additionally , Black Panther had the highest number of ticket pre-sales for any superhero film at Alamo Drafthouse Cinema , after 18 days of sales . This was more than Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , the next closest film , which only had 72 % of Black Panther 's ticket sales in the same time frame . AMC Theatres also revealed that the film was out - selling all previous Marvel films , with strong sales in both urban areas and suburban locations . Four days before its United States opening , IMAX Entertainment CEO Greg Foster revealed that Black Panther had the most advanced IMAX ticket sales of any Marvel film . He added that it did not appear the ticket sales had peaked , stating that a film usually peaks 10 days before it opens , but Black Panther `` feels like it 's going to peak the day it opens '' . Atom Tickets also revealed strong pre-sales for the film .", "31": "On February 15 , 2017 , Fandango announced that the film had the fourth - highest pre-sale tickets sold , behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Star Wars : The Last Jedi , and Rogue One . It also became the top pre-seller for a superhero film , beating Captain America : Civil War and Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , for a film released in February , beating Deadpool , as well as for the first quarter of the year , beating The Hunger Games and Beauty and the Beast . United States and Canada Black Panther earned $75.8 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada ( including $25.2 million from Thursday night previews ) , and earned $242.1 million over the four - day Presidents ' Day weekend , which was the best Presidents ' Day weekend opening , the second - best four - day opening after Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( $288 million ) and best ever for an African - American director . The Thursday night gross was the second - best for a MCU film , behind Avengers : Age of Ultron ( $27.6 million ) , the second - best preview night for a non-summer release , behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $27.7 million ) , and the best preview night for a February release , beating Deadpool ( $12.7 million ) . $3 million of the Thursday preview gross came from IMAX , which was tied for the most with Age of Ultron and Captain America : Civil War . The total opening day gross was the third - highest for a superhero film , behind Age of Ultron ( $84 million ) and The Avengers ( $80 million ) , the second - highest pre-summer release , behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $81 million ) , and the eighth - highest opening day ever . The $50.6 million earned on Friday was the largest single - day gross for a solo superhero film and the largest single - day gross for a non-sequel film . The $60.1 million earned on Sunday was the best single - day gross for a superhero film and the second best Sunday ever , behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( $60.5 million ) . The three - day total weekend gross of $202 million was the fifth - best three - day opening ever and the biggest opening for a pre-summer and February release .", "32": "The film 's $40.2 million gross on Monday was the best Monday gross of all time . IMAX contributed $23.5 million to the opening weekend gross , which was the best ever for a February release and any Marvel film , and the fourth - best opening ever . Speaking to the success of the film in its opening weekend , Anthony D'Alessandro of Deadline Hollywood said it was `` summer box office records during the second month of the year '' . AMC Theatres also reported that Black Panther became the highest - grossing film in history at 33 of their locations after two days , earning more than other films have earned in an entire weekend . They later stated that the film became the highest - grossing film in an opening weekend for 150 of their theaters , with 15 locations more than doubling their previous record and two tripling their previous record . Black Panther also had the second - largest Saturday and largest Sunday in AMC history , and had the second - largest opening weekend for the chain with 4.4 million admissions . Atom Tickets sold more tickets for Black Panther than any other superhero film . Fandango 's pre-sales accounted for 30 % of the opening weekend gross , one of the largest box office shares for any film in Fandango 's history . The opening weekend gross surpassed early projections for the film . Early projections in December 2017 had it earning between $80 -- 90 million , which increased to $100 -- 120 million by the end of January 2018 , and ultimately increasing again closer to the film 's release , projecting it to earn $150 -- 170 million or more . Several other film studios projected the total could be as high as $180 -- 200 million , while Disney initially projected the film to gross around $150 million in its opening weekend . On the Tuesday after its opening weekend , Black Panther earned an estimated $21.07 million , which was the best pre-summer Tuesday ever , beating Beauty and the Beast ( $17.8 million ) , the best Tuesday ever for an MCU film , beating The Avengers ( $17.6 million ) , and the second - best Tuesday all time , after The Force Awakens ( $37.3 million ) . Its five - day total of $263.2 million was still second to The Force Awakens ( $325.4 million ) .", "33": "The $14.3 million earned the Thursday after its opening weekend was the best Thursday ever for a MCU film , beating The Avengers ( $12.4 million ) . It also surpassed $300 million on Friday , becoming the fastest MCU film to reach that mark in eight days , once again surpassing The Avengers , which had reached the mark in nine days , and tying The Last Jedi and Jurassic World . It also became the MCU film with the highest first - week gross . In its second weekend , the film earned $112 million , which was a 45 percent decrease from its opening week . This percentage was the smallest decline in a second weekend for any MCU film and was described by D'Alessandro as `` an amazing second - weekend hold '' . It was the second - best second weekend ever after The Force Awakens ( $149.2 million ) and the best second weekend ever for a Marvel film , beating The Avengers ( $103 million ) . Over its second weekend , the film also surpassed $400 million for its total domestic gross , reaching the mark in ten days ; this was the second fastest to reach that milestone , tied with Jurassic World behind The Force Awakens ( eight days ) . It became the highest - grossing film released in the month of February , surpassing The Passion of the Christ ( $370.3 million ) . IMAX also contributed $9 million to the weekend gross , bringing the domestic total to $36 million , which was the most for any MCU film . By surpassing $400 million , Black Panther exceeded initial early projections for its total domestic gross . By February 28 , 2018 , the film had earned $421.8 million , which made it the highest - grossing superhero origin film , surpassing Wonder Woman ( $412.6 million ) . The third weekend at the box office saw the film remain the top grossing film , earning $65.7 million and having its total gross surpass $500 million becoming the second - highest - grossing MCU film ; the $65.7 million was the third - best third weekend ever , behind The Force Awakens ( $90.2 million ) and Avatar ( $68.5 million ) . Black Panther remained the top film for the fourth straight weekend with an additional $41.1 million , which was the third - highest fourth weekend of all time , again behind The Force Awakens and Avatar .", "34": "Black Panther remained number one in its fifth weekend , having the fourth - highest fifth weekend ever with $27 million . It became the first film to hold the number one spot at the box office for at least five weekends since Avatar , which led for seven weeks , and the first February release to hold the top box office spot for five weekends since The Silence of the Lambs in 1991 and Wayne 's World in 1992 . By surpassing $600 million , it became the seventh film ever to break that point , and the second fastest film to do so in 31 days , after The Force Awakens ( 12 days ) . The film 's sixth weekend saw it fall to number two at the box office , behind Pacific Rim : Uprising , while also becoming the highest - grossing superhero film ever . The next weekend it fell to third , behind Ready Player One and Acrimony , to fourth in its eighth weekend , to sixth in its ninth weekend , and to eighth in its tenth weekend . The film is the third - highest - grossing film of all time . Other territories Outside the United States and Canada , the film opened in 48 territories in its first weekend and has earned $184 million , opening at number one in most territories ( and second in territories where Fifty Shades Freed performed better such as in Germany and Italy ) , and becoming the top February opening in many as well . The film opened at number one in the United Kingdom , where it had the best single day gross of 2018 so far and the highest - grossing February opening weekend ever . In South Korea , where it also opened at number one , the opening day gross of $4.7 million was the second - best MCU opening and the best ever for February . The $25.3 million it earned in its opening weekend was the fifth - highest Western release in South Korea . The other Asian markets that opened in its first weekend were also number one along with the biggest opening weekend of 2018 to date . The Latin America market also had all territories open at number one , and Black Panther was the best opening of 2018 in all except Argentina and Uruguay . It also was the highest - grossing opening of February of all time in Mexico , Brazil , Colombia , Bolivia , Ecuador , Panama and Paraguay .", "35": "The African market saw the highest - grossing February opening of all - time in Bahrain , East Africa , Kuwait , Qatar , South Africa , the United Arab Emirates , and West Africa . South Africa also had the highest - grossing Saturday ever and the second highest - grossing opening weekend of all time . The Netherlands had the highest - grossing day ever for a superhero film and the highest - grossing February opening weekend ever . Other territories opening at number one included Australia , Bosnia , Croatia , Czech Republic , Greece , Israel , Portugal , Serbia , Ukraine , and in France , Belgium , and Switzerland for the remainder of the opening weekend , after Fifty Shades Freed 's top gross on Valentine 's Day . Malaysia , Thailand , the Philippines , and Indonesia recorded the largest opening day ever for February , while Malaysia was the third - highest MCU opening of all time and Indonesia had the third - largest opening weekend of all time . In Hong Kong , the opening was the second - largest opening day in February , while Taiwan and Australia had the third - largest February opening . IMAX accounted for $11.5 million of the opening weekend gross on 272 screens , with Nigeria , Kenya , and Indonesia having the best opening weekend ever in the format , South Korea had the second - best opening weekend , and Angola , Belgium , Bahrain , France , Israel , Netherlands , and Argentina and the best IMAX opening ever for a Marvel film . In its second weekend in 55 territories , the film earned $83.5 million and remained number one in most territories , including retaining the top spot in the Latin America market and becoming the top film in Germany . The West Africa region saw a 7 % increase , which resulted in the biggest three - day weekend ever . In South Africa , the second weekend gross became the third - biggest three - day weekend ever , behind the first weekend gross and The Fate of the Furious . The film opened in Russia in IMAX , earning $1.7 million which was a February record in the country , while the opening in Vietnam ( $2.5 million , including previews ) was the fifth - highest opening weekend , and Trinidad had the biggest opening weekend ever ( $700,000 ) .", "36": "In its third weekend in 56 territories , the film remained number one in Austria , the Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , Germany , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , Australia , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Singapore , and all markets in Latin America , while its opening in Japan was the top Western film for the weekend , the second overall . IMAX contributed $713,000 to Japan 's opening weekend , which was a record for a March opening and the fourth - highest Marvel IMAX opening ever . Black Panther also became the highest - grossing film of all time in West and East Africa , the fifth - highest - grossing film all time in South Africa , and the top MCU film in the Netherlands . In its fourth weekend , Black Panther opened in China ( $66.5 million ) , which was the fourth - highest MCU and superhero opening ever in the market . $7.3 million came from IMAX , which was the best - ever March opening weekend and the best - ever opening day for March in the territory . The film also remained at number one in the United Kingdom and the Latin America market except Argentina for the fourth straight weekend , as well as number one in South Africa , Australia and New Zealand . The film 's fifth weekend saw it once again be the top film in South Africa for the fifth weekend , where it also became the highest - grossing film ever , along with becoming the highest - grossing film in West , East , and southern Africa . It also became the fifth - highest - grossing MCU film in other territories of all time . Black Panther remained the top film in South Africa for a sixth weekend and became the highest - grossing superhero film ever in the Netherlands . The film continued to be the top film in South Africa for a seventh week , where it also became the fourth best MCU film in the country , and became the second - highest grossing MCU film in the United Kingdom in its eighth weekend . As of April 8 , 2018 , the film 's largest markets were China ( $104.6 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $67.7 million ) , and South Korea ( $42.8 million ) . Critical response The performances of Chadwick Boseman , Michael B. Jordan , and Letitia Wright ( L to R ) were widely praised by critics .", "37": "The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 96 % based on 369 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Black Panther elevates superhero cinema to thrilling new heights while telling one of the MCU 's most absorbing stories -- and introducing some of its most fully realized characters . '' As of February 18 , 2018 , it is the best - reviewed live - action superhero film on the site , beating The Dark Knight and Iron Man ( both 94 % ) . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 88 out of 100 , based on 55 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , the second superhero film to receive that grade after Marvel 's own The Avengers . Filmgoers polled by Screen Engine / comScore 's PostTrak service gave the film a 92 % overall positive score and a 88 % `` definite recommend '' , with a third of people planning to see the film again . RelishMix reported that Twitter hashtags for # BlackPanther and tagging of the film 's Twitter account from audiences leaving the theater set an all - time film record in its opening weekend , with 559,000 unique posts in one day . This was twice the amount The Last Jedi received in December 2017 , with 232,000 , while 100,000 posts for a film is average . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` The actors are all seen to very good advantage . Boseman certainly holds his own , but there are quite a few charismatic supporting players here keen to steal every scene they can -- and they do , notably the physically imposing Jordan , the radiant Nyong'o and especially Wright , who gives her every scene extra punch and humor . '' Peter Debruge of Variety said , `` Black Panther celebrates its hero 's heritage while delivering one of Marvel 's most all - around appealing standalone installments to date . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times called Black Panther `` a jolt of a movie '' , and said , `` in its emphasis on black imagination , creation and liberation , the movie becomes an emblem of a past that was denied and a future that feels very present .", "38": "And in doing so opens up its world , and yours , beautifully . '' Kenneth Turan of Los Angeles Times said , `` With dialogue that deftly explores serious questions , such as how much if anything do wealthy countries owe the poor and oppressed of the world , Black Panther draws energy from Coogler 's sense of excitement at all he 's attempting . The result is a superhero movie that 's worth seeing twice , and that is a rare sighting indeed . '' Richard Roeper , writing for the Chicago Sun - Times , called the film `` one of the best superhero movies of the century '' and said , `` If you appreciate finely honed storytelling with a Shakespearean core ; winning performances from an enormously talented ensemble ; provocative premises touching on isolationism , revolution and cultures of oppression , and oh yeah , tons of whiz - bang action sequences and good humor -- then you should see Black Panther . '' Brian Truitt of USA Today awarded the film four out of four stars , and called it Marvel Studios ' best origin film since Guardians of the Galaxy . Truitt also praised the `` superb cast '' and stated , `` While the themes are deep , Black Panther is at the same time a visual joy to behold , with confident quirkiness , insane action sequences and special effects , and the glorious reveal of Wakanda , whose culture is steeped in African influences but which also offers a jaw - dropping look at what a city of the future could be . '' Also giving the film four stars , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called it `` ( un ) like any other Marvel movie -- an exhilarating triumph on every level from writing , directing , acting , production design , costumes , music , special effects to you name it '' . Natasha Alford of The Grio said , `` Black Panther is remarkable because this film is a movement , a revolution in progress , and a joy to experience all wrapped into one '' , and called it `` a master class in what it means to be proud of who you are , where you have been and where you and your people are going . '' Jamie Broadnax of Black Girl Nerds said Marvel `` created a masterpiece with Black Panther '' , adding , `` it 's afro - futuristic and Blackity - black as hell . It 's everything I 've ever desired in a live - action version of this popular superhero and yet so much more .", "39": "Quite frankly , the experience is indescribable . '' Jamelle Bouie of Slate said , `` it is fair to say that Black Panther is the most political movie ever produced by Marvel Studios , both in its very existence ... and in the questions its story raises . '' He added that the film should be included with Superman , Spider - Man 2 and The Dark Knight as a film in the superhero genre that does not `` transcend the genre as much as they embrace it in all its respects '' . Bouie concluded , `` Black Panther could have been just another Marvel romp -- a fun but ultimately disposable entry in the studio 's catalogue . But Ryan Coogler and company had the power , and perhaps the responsibility , to do much more . And they did . '' Black representation and analysis In early January 2018 , New York resident Frederick Joseph created a GoFundMe campaign in hopes to raise money to help children of color at the Boys & Girls Club in Harlem see Black Panther . Joseph called the release of Black Panther a `` rare opportunity for young students ( primarily of color ) to see a black major cinematic and comic book character come to life . This representation is truly fundamental for young people , especially those who are often underserved , unprivileged , and marginalized both nationally and globally . '' The campaign exceeded its goal , and given the popularity of its intent , Joseph asked others to create their own campaigns in their own communities to take more children to see the film , which he named the `` Black Panther Challenge '' . GoFundMe created a centralized page for anyone wishing to create a campaign for the challenge , and revealed that 10 campaigns created using the sign - up page would receive a $100 donation from GoFundMe . Over 400 additional campaigns were started around the world , with many celebrities offering their support and contributions to the campaigns , such as actress Octavia Spencer , who intended to buy out a theater in Mississippi for underserved members of the community . Obi Umunna , a Jacksonville , Florida - based attorney born to Nigerian immigrants , participated in the challenge , saying , `` I just want for kids in my community to have the same opportunity and to see this movie ... I think this is an awesome opportunity for them to see themselves represented in a very positive light ... compared to some of the negative images that you see on a daily basis . ''", "40": "The campaign became the largest GoFundMe in history for an entertainment event and raised over $400,000 . Science & Entertainment Exchange Director for the National Academy of Sciences Richard Loverd felt the film would increase interest in science , technology , and Africa for young black Americans , similarly to how The Hunger Games films and Brave sparked girls ' interest in archery . Jamie Broadnax , editor - in - chief and creator of the website Black Girl Nerds , felt Black Panther would `` bring in a lot of people ( of color ) who do n't even really go to comic - book movies ... ( since ) they 're going to see themselves reflected in a huge way that they just have n't been able to see before '' , especially since the film avoided black pain , suffering , and poverty , usual topics in films about the black experience . She added that the strong female characters , such as Shuri , would be an inspiration for girls and young people . Gil Robertson , co-founder and president of the African American Film Critics Association , added that the film was `` critically important '' and `` a gate - opener opportunity for other black - centered projects '' . Child development expert Deborah Gilboa felt the film would make a huge impact on children 's spirits , by offering positive role models and knowing that `` not only can they succeed , they need to see that lots of people want to sit in a theater and watch someone like them succeed in a big , big way . That 's how we help build a generation of young people who are engaged in the greater good and courageous in their actions . '' In the film 's opening weekend , 37 % of audiences in the United States were African - American , according to Screen Engine / comScore 's PostTrak service , compared to 35 % Caucasian , 18 % Hispanic , and 5 % Asian . This was the most diverse audience for a superhero film ever , where African - Americans generally make up 15 % of audiences for such films . In its second weekend , demographics were 37 % Caucasian , 33 % African American , 18 % Hispanic and 7 % Asian .", "41": "Writing for Time , Jamil Smith felt Black Panther , which he described as a film `` about what it means to be black in both America and Africa -- and , more broadly , in the world '' , was `` poised to prove to Hollywood that African - American narratives have the power to generate profits from all audiences . And , more important , that making movies about black lives is part of showing that they matter . '' He added , `` In the midst of a regressive cultural and political moment fueled in part by the white - nativist movement , the very existence of Black Panther feels like resistance . Its themes challenge institutional bias , its characters take unsubtle digs at oppressors , and its narrative includes prismatic perspectives on black life and tradition . '' Discussing why the film was a defining moment for black America in The New York Times Magazine , Carvell Wallace said that in contrast to earlier black superhero films , Black Panther `` is steeped very specifically and purposefully in its blackness '' . He continued , `` Black Panther is a Hollywood movie , and Wakanda is a fictional nation . But coming when they do , from a director like Coogler , they must also function as a place for multiple generations of black Americans to store some of our most deeply held aspirations . We have for centuries sought to either find or create a promised land where we would be untroubled by the criminal horrors of our American existence . '' Wallace also commented on how the film fits into the larger idea of Afrofuturism , particularly in its presentation of Wakanda . Historian Nathan D.B. Connolly felt Black Panther was `` a breakthrough in black cultural representation . It 's a powerful fictional analogy for real - life struggles . And Black Panther owes its very existence to centuries of political and artistic activity , always occurring in real places and under the mortal ( but still super - ) powers of real people ... Black Panther taps a 500 - year history of African - descended people imagining freedom , land and national autonomy . '' Connolly also felt , culturally , the film would be this generation 's A Raisin in the Sun . A number of writers looked to the film 's subtext and what it said about African history , colonialism ( including post-colonialism and neocolonialism ) , and tensions between African and African - American cultures .", "42": "Patrick Gathara , writing in The Washington Post , described the film as offering a `` regressive , neocolonial vision of Africa '' , which -- rather than a `` redemptive counter-mythology '' -- offers `` the same destructive myths '' . Gathara highlighted the Africa that is portrayed as being divided and tribalized , with Wakanda run by a wealthy and feuding elite , centered upon `` royalty and warriors '' , whose fortune comes not from its citizens ' endeavors , skill or innate abilities , but from a `` lucky meteor strike '' , and as a country which , despite its advanced technical abilities , does not evince any great thinkers , nor even a means of succession beyond lethal combat and primeval trials of strength . Gathara continued that the very idea of `` Africa '' is essentially of European creation , and concluded that `` Despite their centuries of vibranium - induced technological advancement , the Wakandans remain so remarkably unsophisticated that a ' returning ' American can basically stroll in and take over , just as 19th - century Europeans did to the real Africa ... ( The film ) should not be mistaken for an attempt at liberating Africa from Europe . Quite the opposite . Its ' redemptive counter-mythology ' entrenches the tropes that have been used to dehumanize Africans for centuries . The Wakandans , for all their technological progress , still cleanly fit into the Western molds , a dark people in a dark continent '' . Dwayne Wong ( Omowale ) writing in HuffPost saw the film and its comic origins as `` address ( ing ) serious political issues concerning Africa 's relationship to the West that is very rarely given the serious attention that it deserves '' . Wakandans are `` at times portrayed as being very suspicious towards outsiders , to the point of almost being xenophobic '' and `` no outsider can truly be trusted '' with its security . He concludes that while the country is fictional , `` the politics ... are very real . The end of colonialism did not end Western tampering in Africa 's politics . We see this issue still going on in Africa today ... The Black Panther movie offers an opportunity to explore this issue of neo-colonialism and its continued impact on Africa 's development '' . Carlos Rosario Gonzalez of Bam ! Smack ! Pow !", "43": ", noting the struggle between T'Challa and Killmonger , saw `` two very distinct philosophies collide ... what it means to be African and conversely , what Africa means to Afro - minorities today '' , and described the film as exploring these themes `` through the lens of colonialism '' . In this view , Wakanda represents Africa without Western colonialism , and Killmonger shows us that `` we can sometimes inevitably become what we seek to destroy ... With Wakanda 's resources in his fingertips , Killmonger want ( s ) to become the new colonizer ; a colonizer of the West ... In the end , Wakanda 's conservative ways created the very problem that sought to destroy them , Eric ( sic ) Killmonger '' . Jelani Cobb , writing in The New Yorker , discussed the divide between Africans and African - Americans , which he called a `` fundamental dissonance '' . He felt T'Challa and Killmonger represented `` dueling responses to five centuries of African exploitation at the hands of the West . The villain , to the extent that the term applies , is history itself '' . Cobb added , `` nothing in Marvel 's collection of films is or could be political in the same way as Black Panther , because , in those other stories , we were at least clear about where the lines of fantasy departed from reality . '' The film `` exists in an invented nation in Africa , a continent that has been grappling with invented versions of itself ever since white men first declared it the ' dark continent ' and set about plundering its people and its resources . '' By contrast , James Wilt , writing for Canadian Dimension , stated that `` at its core , Black Panther contains a fundamentally reactionary understanding of black liberation that blatantly advocates respectability politics over revolution , sterilizes the history of real - life anti-colonial struggles in Africa and elsewhere , and allows white folks such as myself to feel extremely comfortable watching it '' . Wilt considered the scene where Ross is portrayed as `` the hero '' for shooting down the Wakandan ships attempting to leave as the film 's way of endorsing the crushing of armed revolt against oppression , and in particular , `` it helped solidify the message that violence is perfectly fine , so long as it 's not directed against white people . ''", "44": "Wilt also wrote , concerning the villain Killmonger , that `` all the most hideous traits imaginable are downgraded on to ( him ) , making the only major African - American character and agitator for revolution a manic killer consumed by rage and violence '' , which is a common trope . Russell Rickford of Africa is a Country agreed with Wilt 's assessment of Killmonger , whose role as a character is `` to discredit radical internationalism '' and reproduce `` a host of disturbing tropes '' . Faisal Kutty from Middle East Eye felt the film had underlying Islamophobic themes , such as in the beginning of the film where Islamic characters are depicted as villains by showing a group based on Boko Haram that kidnapped several girls and forced them to wear hijab . Christopher Lebron , in a piece for Boston Review , saw Black Panther as `` racist '' . He observed that black Americans who had been left in poverty and oppression , as exemplified by Killmonger , were still being `` relegated to the lowest rung of political regard '' in the film , treated as less deserving of empathy and less capable of their acts being deemed heroic , than even Ross ' white spy . Lebron felt that T'Challa could have shown himself a good person by `` understand ( ing ) that Killmonger is in part the product of American racism and T'Chaka's cruelty '' and by `` realiz ( ing ) that Wakanda has been hoarding resources '' , and could have agreed that justice sometimes requires violence as a last resort against oppression . He comments rhetorically on this , `` After all , what else do comic - book heroes do but dispense justice with their armored fists and laser rifles '' ? Instead , T'Challa stays silent despite Killmonger 's description of the oppression suffered by his fellows around the world , until eventually Killmonger allows himself to die . He summed up by commenting that `` In 2018 , a world home to both the Movement for Black Lives and a president who identifies white supremacists as fine people , we are given a movie about black empowerment where the only redeemed blacks are African nobles . They safeguard virtue and goodness against the threat not of white Americans or Europeans , but a black American '' .", "45": "Accolades Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2018 Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Motion Picture Release Black Panther Pending Best Actor in a Film Chadwick Boseman Pending Best Actress in a Film Lupita Nyong'o Pending Best Supporting Actor in a Film Michael B. Jordan Pending Best Supporting Actress in a Film Danai Gurira Pending Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Film Letitia Wright Pending Best Film Director Ryan Coogler Pending Best Film Screenplay Ryan Coogler , Joe Robert Cole Pending Best Film Production Design Hannah Beachler Pending Best Film Editing Michael P. Shawver , Claudia Castello Pending Best Film Music Ludwig Goransson Pending Best Film Costume Designer Ruth E. Carter Pending Best Film Make - Up Joel Harlow , Ken Diaz Pending Best Film Special / Visual Effects Geoffrey Baumann , Craig Hammack , Dan Sudick Pending Billboard Music Awards Top Soundtrack Black Panther : The Album Pending Future With the release of Black Panther , Feige said `` there are many , many stories to tell '' about the character , and that he wanted Coogler to return for any potential sequel . Coogler added that he wanted to see how T'Challa would grow as a king in future films , since his reign only began recently in the MCU , while in the comics , he has been king since childhood . In March 2018 , Feige added there was `` nothing specific to reveal '' in terms of a sequel , but that there `` absolutely '' were `` ideas and a pretty solid direction on where we want to head with the second one '' . See also Afrofuturism in film List of black film box office receipts List of black films of the 2010s Notes Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2016 film Captain America : Civil War References ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Studios Begins Production On ' Black Panther ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 .", "46": "Jump up ^ `` Black Panther ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Chadwick Boseman and Ryan Coogler on How ' Black Panther ' Makes History '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised For $460 M+ Profit ; Faith - Based ' I Can Only Imagine ' Surprises With $15 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Panther ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jenna ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` New Black Panther Synopsis Revealed '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Black Panther ' Screenwriter on Wakanda 's Rise Within the Marvel Universe ( TCA 2016 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Announces Black Panther , Captain Marvel , Inhumans , Avengers : Infinity War Films , Cap & Thor 3 Subtitles '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Chadwick Boseman to Star in Marvel 's Black Panther '' . Marvel.com .", "47": "Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Donn , Emily ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther Director Explains T'Challa's Powers '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , David ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : 90 Things to Know about the MCU 's Game - Changing Movie '' . Collider . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rosen , Christopher ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Chadwick Boseman teases Black Panther as the ' anti-hero ' superhero '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Black Panther : Meet Marvel 's fearsome warrior from Captain America : Civil War '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther cast details their secret Comic - Con footage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eells , Josh ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` The ' Black Panther ' Revolution '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2018 . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Chadwick Boseman Signed For 5 Films As Black Panther , Captain Marvel Bring Diversity To Superhero Slate '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2015 .", "48": "Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Panther Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . Disney . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Michael B. Jordan Joins Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchard , Tom ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` All the Easter Eggs and References We Spotted in Black Panther '' . Gizmodo UK . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` How Black Panther aims to be the superhero version of The Godfather and 007 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Starnes , Joshua ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : Kevin Feige , Directors and Stars on the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Crystal ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Michael B. Jordan 's Black Panther Villain Is ' Unapologetically Who He Is ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con 2017 : What Motivates Villain Killmonger in Black Panther '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 .", "49": "Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther : 20 New Images From the Marvel Adventure ! -- Killmonger 's Tribal Scars '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoo , Fawina Soo ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` The Costume , Hair and Makeup in Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' Are A Celebration of Black Culture and Heritage '' . Fashionista . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Olya , Gabrielle ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's How Angela Bassett Will Shape Up for Marvel 's Black Panther '' . People . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Danai Gurira Compares Black Panther Role to the Walking Dead 's Michonne '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Joseph ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther 's Martin Freeman Talks About His Character 's Journey '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther Character Bios Released , New Preview Coming Next Week '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Daniell , Mark ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` He 's no ' goofy white guy ' : Black Panther 's Martin Freeman explains what makes his character tick '' . Toronto Sun . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forest Whitaker Joins Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' '' . Marvel.com . October 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mullen , Matt ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Letitia Wright '' . Interview . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Black Panther solves the problem of M'Baku '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Jenna ( July 23 , 2017 ) .", "51": "`` Ryan Coogler , Winston Duke and Letitia Wright Talk Black Panther at Comic - Con '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Morse , Ben ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Angela Bassett Boards Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther trailer decoded : Secrets of the new Marvel movie -- Slide 8 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ' He 's somewhat a religious figure , or spiritual figure , ' Coogler says of Zuri . ' Spirituality is something that exists in Wakanda in the comics and it 's something we wanted to have elements of in the film . Forest 's character , more than anything , is a major tie back to T'Challa's father . Zuri is someone he looks to for guidance . ' He says think of him as the Wise Old Man -- Black Panther 's version of Obi - Wan Kenobi . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel confirms Andy Serkis for Black Panther , releases plot summary '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther trailer decoded : Secrets of the new Marvel movie -- Slide 14 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . In the comics , Klaue 's weapon was an ultra-sonic emitter he used as a prosthetic for his missing arm .", "52": "In this film , he attaches a piece of advanced Wakandan mining equipment as his arm - cannon -- which is presumable what led the CIA and Black Panther to capture him . In this shot , we can see the limb has been taken from him . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Chadwick Boseman reveals Black Panther plot details , explains political relevance '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` Andy Serkis ' Black Panther Villain Out to Expose Wakanda 's ' Hypocrisy ' '' . IGN . 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Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/Black-Panther-Blu-ray-Region-Free/dp/B079QBKL5G/ref=as_li_ss_tl?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1524777033&sr=1-1&linkCode=ll1&tag=anorakzonecom-21&linkId=70195e73af57cdbadd7a297182969307 ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Blasts Off With $169 M Overseas ; $371 M WW Weekend -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 25 , 2018 ) .", "72": "`` ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Tops $150 M In Global Bow ; ' Black Panther ' Now # 1 Solo Superhero Movie WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Houlb , Christian ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther becomes fourth biggest movie at domestic box office '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Runs Past $300 M Offshore , $700 M WW ; ' Operation Red Sea ' Rises in China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 10 , 2018 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Black Panther ' Joins Billion - Dollar Club '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fans pick ' Avengers , ' ' Black Panther ' as 2018 's most - anticipated films in Fandango poll '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tiffany , Kaitlyn ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther had the biggest first day ticket presale of any Marvel movie '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Slashes Superhero Advance Ticket Sales Records on Fandango '' . Deadline Hollywood .", "73": "Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Sets Alamo Drafthouse Superhero Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ; Lopez , Ricardo ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther 's ' Grassroots Marketing Movement Is Unlike Any Other Marvel Movie '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Ricardo ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Sees More Imax Pre-Sales Than Any Other Marvel Film '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Khosla , Proma ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' has one of the highest ticket presale rates of all time '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Black Panther ' See One of the Best Second Weekends Ever ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Superhero Fatigues To Record $76 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Box Office Halo Heats Up Exhibition Stocks '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 .", "74": "Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Top - Grossing Film in History at 33 AMC Theaters '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Fandango Ticket Sales Rep More Than 30 % Of ' Black Panther 's $242 M Record Opening Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` Long Range Forecast : Is Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' Poised to Become 2018 's First Blockbuster ? '' . BoxOffice . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised To Pounce on B.O. : Advance Ticket Sales Beating ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tracking for Heroic $100 M -- $120 M U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Bounds Toward Huge $150 Million Presidents Day Weekend Opening '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Now Tracking for Massive $165 M U.S. Debut '' .", "75": "The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Posts Record $21 M Pre-Summer Tuesday ; Second Weekend To Reap $104 M -- $109 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Dashes Past $520 M Worldwide , Eyes $190 M+ In Second Global Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Breaks More Records : $112 M Second Weekend Is Second - Best Ever As Marvel Movie Crosses $400 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Becomes Highest - Grossing MCU Film in First Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Rules With $108 Million in Second Weekend '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Long Range Tracking : ' Ready Player One ' '' . BoxOffice . February 2 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( February 28 , 2018 ) .", "76": "`` Black Panther Is About To Hit A Major Superhero Movie Milestone '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Passes ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Toy Story 3 ' at U.S. Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Busts Past Half Billion ; ' Red Sparrow ' Flies Low With $17 M -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Surpasses ' Tomb Raider ' for Fifth Box Office Crown '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Can ' Tomb Raider ' Take Down ' Black Panther ' At The Weekend Box Office ? -- Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Surpasses ' The Avengers ' as Highest - Grossing Superhero Movie of All Time in U.S. '' Variety .", "77": "Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Opens To $50 M : How Paramount Turned Up The Volume on the John Krasinski - Emily Blunt Pic '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` The Rock Rebounds : ' Rampage ' Shushes ' A Quiet Place ' With $35.7 M No. 1 Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Still Noisy With $21.7 M As ' Rampage ' Beats Chest , ' Super Trooper 2 ' Surprises -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Sails Past ' Titanic ' to Become No. 3 Title of All Time in U.S. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 17 , 2018 ) .", "78": "`` ' Black Panther ' Rises To $82 M Through Friday ; $150 M+ Weekend in Sight -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Pouncing On $400 M Overseas , $900 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tops $500 M Overseas , $1 B WW With $67 M China Bow ; ' Tomb Raider ' Kicks Off -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Tops $100 M Offshore , Digs Up $41 M in China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chutel , Lynsey ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' is now the highest grossing film ever in East , West and southern Africa '' . Quartz Africa . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Grabs $128 M Abroad While Taking $181 M+ Globally ; ' Peter Rabbit ' Crosses $200 M -- Int'l Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 8 , 2018 ) .", "79": "`` ' Ready Player One ' Racing To $400 M WW ; Scores $161 M+ In China For WB Best -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther Reviews : More Than Just Another Marvel Triumph '' . Rotten Tomatoes . February 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Fandango ) . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Earns Highest - Ever Score for Live - Action Superhero Pic on Rotten Tomatoes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Black Panther ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Black Panther ' Shakes Up Marvel With Flair and Feeling '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' is a royally imaginative standout in the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Los Angeles Times .", "80": "Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richrd ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : One of Marvel 's best movie superheroes comes out of Africa '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Rousing , representative ' Black Panther ' is one spectacular superhero '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : Marvel 's History - Making Superhero Movie 's a Masterpiece '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alford , Natasha ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Early Review : ' Black Panther ' is a masterpiece . Here 's why you need to see it for yourself '' . The Grio . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Broadnax , Jamie ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` BGN Film Review : ' Black Panther ' -- Marvel 's Greatest Accomplishment '' . Black Girl Nerds . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bouie , Jamelle ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther Is a Marvel Movie Superpowered by Its Ideas '' . Slate . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Breanna ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` # BlackPantherChallenge Has Taken the Internet by Storm and Celebrities Are Chipping In '' . The Root .", "81": "Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tate , Allison Slater ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Man wants kids everywhere to see ' Black Panther ' -- and he 's going to send them '' . Today . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosario , Richy ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` # BlackPantherChallenge Inspires Nationwide Initiative For Kids To Watch ' Black Panther ' '' . Vibe . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Lauren ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` An activist starts a GoFundMe campaign to help kids in Harlem see ' Black Panther ' '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Octavia Spencer plans to buy out Mississippi screening of ' Black Panther ' for underserved communities '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tiffanie ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Local attorney puts Jacksonville up to Black Panther Challenge for underprivileged youth '' . The Florida Times - Union . Jacksonville . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Daring , diverse ' Black Panther ' promises to be Hollywood 's latest ' cultural touchstone ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jamil ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` The Revolutionary Power of Black Panther '' . Time .", "82": "Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Nathan D.B. ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` How ' Black Panther ' Taps into 500 Years of History '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gathara , Patrick ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' offers a regressive , neocolonial vision of Africa '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wong ( Omowale ) , Dwayne ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` The Black Panther and Neo-Colonial Politics in Africa '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Carlos Rosario ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` The remnants of colonialism still haunt us , but Black Panther offers a solution '' . Bam ! Smack ! Pow ! ( Fansided ) . Time , Inc . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jelani ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' and the Invention of ' Africa ' '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wilt , James ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` How Black Panther liberalizes black resistance for white comfort '' . Canadian Dimension . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rickford , Russell ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` I have a problem with Black Panther '' . Africa is a Country .", "83": "Archived from the original on March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kutty , Faisal ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Is Black Panther Islamophobic ? '' . Middle Eastern Eye . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lebron , Christopher ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Is Not the Movie We Deserve '' . Boston Review . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Music Awards 2018 Nominations : See the Full List '' . Billboard. April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Setoodeh , Ramin ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige on Casting Chadwick Boseman and Sequel Talk '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erao , Matthew ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Coogler Interested in Seeing What Kind of King Black Panther Becomes in Sequels '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel Studios chief Kevin Feige on the future of Black Panther , Captain Marvel , X-Men -- and beyond '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . 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language films 2010s action films 2010s science fiction films 2010s spy films 2010s superhero films 2018 3D films American action adventure films Afrofuturism American action films American films American science fiction action films American spy films Black Panther Films about revenge Films about royalty Films about terrorism Films based on works by Jack Kirby Films based on works by Stan Lee Films directed by Ryan Coogler Films scored by Ludwig Göransson Films set in 1992 Films set in a fictional African country Films set in Busan Films set in London Films set in Nigeria Films set in Oakland ,", "89": "California Films set in Vienna Films shot in Atlanta Films shot in Busan Films shot in South Korea Films shot in Uganda IMAX films Marvel Cinematic Universe films Performance capture in film Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from April 2018 Use list - defined references from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Comics navigational boxes purge Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 17 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8552164842318045778	who is singing in something just like this	[ "Chris Martin", "Chris Martin", "Will Champion", "The Chainsmokers", "Coldplay" ]	{ "0": "Something Just Like This - wikipedia Something Just Like This Jump to : navigation , search `` Something Just like This '' Single by The Chainsmokers and Coldplay from the album Memories ... Do Not Open and Kaleidoscope Released February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Genre EDM Length 4 : 07 Label Disruptor Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Andrew Taggart Guy Berryman Jonny Buckland Will Champion Chris Martin Producer ( s ) The Chainsmokers Jordan `` DJ Swivel '' Young The Chainsmokers singles chronology `` Paris '' ( 2017 ) `` Something Just like This '' ( 2017 ) `` Honest '' ( 2017 ) `` Paris '' ( 2017 ) `` Something Just like This '' ( 2017 ) `` Honest '' ( 2017 ) Coldplay singles chronology `` Everglow '' ( 2016 ) Everglow 2016 `` Something Just like This '' ( 2017 ) Something Just like This2017 `` Miracles ( Someone Special ) '' ( 2017 ) Miracles ( Someone Special ) 2017 Music video `` Something Just like This '' ( Lyric video ) on YouTube `` Something Just like This '' is a song by American electronic music duo The Chainsmokers and British rock band Coldplay . It was released as the second single from The Chainsmokers ' debut album , Memories ... Do Not Open , on February 22 , 2017 and as the lead single from Coldplay 's thirteenth extended play Kaleidoscope . `` Something Just like This '' was used as the theme for the 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . The song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo / Group Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Lyric video 4 Chart performance 5 Live performances 6 Track listing 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) In September 2016 , the Chainsmokers shared two short clips of an upcoming song featuring vocals from Chris Martin . On February 22 , 2017 , Spotify prematurely posted a banner ad at the top of the site 's home page with a Listen Now button . The song was also used during Miss USA 2017 swimsuit competition . Composition ( edit ) The song is written in the key of D Major and has a tempo of 103 beats per minute in common time . It follows a chord progression of G ( add9 ) -- Asus -- Bm -- Asus , and the vocals span two octaves , from G to G . Lyric video ( edit ) The lyric video was released on February 22 , 2017 on the Chainsmokers ' Vevo channel . It has received over 1 billion views and is the 94th most viewed video on YouTube . It was directed by James Zwadlo . Chart Performance ( edit ) `` Something Just like This '' debuted at number fifty - six on the Billboard Hot 100 , but on its second week , the song soared to number five , becoming the Chainsmokers ' third top five entry after `` Do n't Let Me Down '' and `` Closer '' . The song also became Coldplay 's second top five entry after `` Viva la Vida '' . Also , it became the Chainsmokers ' fifth and Coldplay 's fourth top 10 entry on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song has since peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song reached its millionth sales mark in July 2017 . It was the sixth best - selling song of 2017 in the US , with 1,348,000 copies sold in 2017 , and 4,000,000 units including streaming .", "2": "In the United Kingdom , `` Something Just like This '' debuted at number thirty on February 24 , 2017 , reaching its number two peak position the following week , behind Ed Sheeran 's `` Shape of You '' . It spent nine consecutive weeks in the top 10 . It was the ninth biggest song in the United Kingdom . Live performances ( edit ) On February 22 , 2017 , Coldplay premiered `` Something Just like This '' with the Chainsmokers on stage at the Brit Awards at The O2 Arena in London , England . They then performed the song at the 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards at The Forum in Inglewood , California on March 5 , 2017 , and on their A Head Full of Dreams Tour since the Singapore show on March 31 , 2017 . It was performed again at the One Love Manchester benefit concert for the victims of the Manchester Arena bombing on June 4 , 2017 . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Something Just like This '' 4 : 07 Digital download -- Remix Pack EP No . Title Length 1 . `` Something Just like This '' ( Alesso Remix ) 4 : 12 2 . `` Something Just like This '' ( R3hab Remix ) 2 : 42 3 . `` Something Just like This '' ( Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike Remix ) 3 : 50 4 . `` Something Just like This '' ( Don Diablo Remix ) 3 : 50 5 . `` Something Just like This '' ( Jai Wolf Remix ) 2 : 56 6 . `` Something Just like This '' ( ARMNHMR Remix ) 3 : 44 Digital download -- Kaleidoscope EP No . Title Length 1 . `` Something Just like This '' ( Tokyo Remix ) 4 : 33 Credits and personnel ( edit ) The Chainsmokers Andrew Taggart -- keyboards Alex Pall -- keyboards Coldplay Guy Berryman -- bass guitar Jonny Buckland -- lead guitar Will Champion -- drums , backing vocals , programming Chris Martin -- lead vocals , piano Production The Chainsmokers -- production DJ", "3": "Swivel -- production Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 19 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Hot 100 ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 37 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 5 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Germany Dance ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 5 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Iceland ( RÚV ) 10 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 11 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico Streaming ( AMPROFON ) 16 Mexico ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 6 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 )", "4": "Portugal ( AFP ) Romania Airplay ( Media Forest ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 6 Singapore ( RIAS ) 30 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Ukraine Airplay ( Tophit ) 29 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 24 US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 52 Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 24 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 19 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 12 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9", "5": "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 Poland ( ZPAV ) 6 Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 22 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 9 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 41 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 10 US Adult Pop Songs ( Billboard ) US Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 7 × Platinum 490,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 6 × Platinum 480,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 90,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 600,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 × Platinum 300,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 3 × Platinum 30,000 Portugal ( AFP ) Platinum 10,000 South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) 936,917 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 9 × Platinum 360,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,", "6": "000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Worldwide February 22 , 2017 Digital download Disruptor Columbia Italy Contemporary hit radio Sony United States February 28 , 2017 Columbia Worldwide April 28 , 2017 Digital download -- Remix Pack EP Disruptor Columbia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sartor , Terry ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Chainsmokers Awesomely Continue Their Epic EDM Adventure With Coldplay Collab '' . The Odyssey Online . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . `` Something Just This '' is a perfect winter anthem for the radio waves and dance floors alike . It glistens with the inspired signature alt - rock and uplifting indie - pop vibe of Coldplay fused with the dubstep - laced EDM sound that Chainsmokers have come to be known for . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers , Coldplay team for love song `` Something Just Like This '' `` . PanARMENIAN.Net . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Are Working With Coldplay 's Chris Martin '' . Billboard . September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Jay - Z , Kendrick Lamar , Bruno Mars Lead 2018 Grammy Nominees '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers & Chris Martin Preview New Song That 'll Give You Chills '' . www.hollywoodlife.com . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chainsmokers and Coldplay to Release New Single ' Something Just Like This ' . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taggart , Andrew . `` The Chainsmokers & Coldplay `` Something Just Like This '' Sheet Music in B Minor ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` .", "7": "Musicnotes.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Official Lyric video of `` Something Just Like This '' on Youtube Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Chart Watch : Why Is This Week 's Top - Selling Album Way Down at No. 8 ? '' . Yahoo Music . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Is Nielsen Music 's Top Album of 2017 in U.S. '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 28 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Chainsmokers & Coldplay Deliver Live Debut of ' Something Just Like This ' at 2017 Brit Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Chainsmokers Ran The Show At The 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gig Report : Coldplay performs stellar first night in Singapore with over 50,000 in attendance '' . Bandwagon Asia . March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` One Love Manchester : Ariana Grande Opens Benefit Concert With ' Be Alright , ' Joins Black Eyed Peas for ' Where Is the Love ? ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 .", "8": "Jump up ^ `` Something Just Like This by The Chainsmokers and Coldplay '' . Spotify . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Something Just Like This ( Remix Pack ) - EP by The Chainsmokers & Coldplay on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Chainsmokers , Coldplay team for love song `` Something Just Like This '' `` . PanARMENIAN.Net . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Argentina -- Del 15 al 21 de Mayo , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard Brasil . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Colombia - Semana 26 del 2017 - Del 23 / 06 / 2017 al 29 / 06 / 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . June 30 , 2017 .", "9": "Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201725 into search . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201715 into search . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers , Coldplay : Something Just Like This '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) .", "10": "Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Something Just Like This Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Something Just Like This '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . April 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Streaming ( del 20 de Enero al 26 de Enero ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 General '' . Monitor Latino . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 14 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 .", "11": "Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest -- Know You Are On Air '' . Media Forest . July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Romanian and international positions are rendered together by the number of plays before resulting an overall chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 16 ) '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 2 `` '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201725 into search . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201709 into search . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' .", "12": "slotop50.si . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Ukraine Top 100 Airplay Chart '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 .", "13": "Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual Argentina '' . Monitor Latino . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Singles 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Single - Charts 2017 '' . oe3.orf.at . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rádiós Top 100 - hallgatottsági adatok alapján - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 - eladási darabszám alapján - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 .", "14": "Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslisten 2017 '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norge . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 2017 -- w pierwszej trójce Sheeran , Tiësto i Hyży '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Detection Tophit 200 Yearly '' . Tophit. 25 January 2017 . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official Year - End singles chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Alternative Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs : Year End 2017 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs : Year End 2017 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance / Electronic Songs : Year End 2017 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 December 2017 .", "15": "Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 466 '' . auspOp . March 31 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Enter The Chainsmokers & Coldplay in the field Interpret . Enter Something Just Like This in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( The Chainsmokers & Coldplay ; ' Something Just Like This ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com - Singles Top 100 ( 08 / 2018 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Chart : Online download ( Foreign ) -- 2017 Year - End Chart '' . Gaon Chart ( in Korean ) . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter ' in the field `` Year '' . Select ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Type The Chainsmokers & Coldplay in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Something Just Like This and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( The Chainsmokers & Coldplay ; ' Something Just Like This ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Enter Something Just Like This in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Chainsmokers & Coldplay -- Something Just Like This '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Worldwide digital release of `` Something Just like This '' : `` Amazon.com : Something Just Like This : The Chainsmokers & Coldplay : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . `` Something Just Like This : The Chainsmokers & Coldplay : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon UK .", "17": "Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . `` Something Just Like This : The Chainsmokers & Coldplay : Amazon.fr : Téléchargements MP3 '' ( in French ) . Amazon FR . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers & Coldplay - Something Just Like ThisRadioDate '' . Radioairplay.fm . February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . AllAccess Music Group . February 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at Metrolyrics The Chainsmokers Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Memories ... Do Not Open Extended plays Bouquet Collage Singles `` # Selfie '' `` Roses '' `` Until You Were Gone '' `` New York City '' `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` Inside Out '' `` Closer '' `` All We Know '' `` Paris '' `` Something Just like This '' `` Honest '' `` Sick Boy '' `` You Owe Me '' `` Everybody Hates Me '' `` Somebody '' Promotional singles `` Setting Fires '' `` The One '' `` Young '' Coldplay songs Parachutes `` Do n't Panic '' `` Shiver '' `` Yellow '' `` Trouble '' A Rush of Blood to the Head `` In My Place '' `` God Put a Smile upon Your Face '' `` The Scientist '' `` Clocks '' Coldplay Live 2003 `` Moses '' X&Y `` White Shadows '' `` Fix You '' `` Talk '' `` Speed of Sound '' `` The Hardest Part '' Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends `` Life in Technicolor '' `` Cemeteries of London '' `` Lost ! ''", "18": "`` 42 '' `` Lovers in Japan '' `` Yes '' `` Viva la Vida '' `` Violet Hill '' `` Strawberry Swing '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Prospekt 's March `` Life in Technicolor II '' `` Glass of Water '' `` Prospekt 's March / Poppyfields '' Mylo Xyloto `` Hurts Like Heaven '' `` Paradise '' `` Charlie Brown '' `` Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall '' `` Major Minus '' `` U.F.O. '' `` Princess of China '' `` Up in Flames '' `` Up with the Birds '' Ghost Stories `` Always in My Head '' `` Magic '' `` Ink '' `` True Love '' `` Midnight '' `` Another 's Arms '' `` Oceans '' `` A Sky Full of Stars '' `` O '' `` Ghost Story '' `` O ( Reprise ) '' A Head Full of Dreams `` A Head Full of Dreams '' `` Birds '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` Everglow '' `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' `` Fun '' `` Up & Up '' Kaleidoscope EP `` All I Can Think About Is You '' `` Miracles ( Someone Special ) '' `` Aliens '' `` Something Just like This '' `` Hypnotised '' Other songs `` Brothers & Sisters '' `` Gravity '' `` Lhuna '' `` Christmas Lights '' `` Moving to Mars '' `` Atlas '' `` Miracles '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Something_Just_like_This&oldid=838198726 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs The Chainsmokers songs Coldplay songs Songs written by Will Champion Songs written by Chris Martin Songs written by Guy Berryman Songs written by Jonny Buckland Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Poland UK Dance Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Dance / Electronic Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40", "19": "( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Songs written by Andrew Taggart Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Use mdy dates from November 2017 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart", "20": "usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardrockairplay Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Монгол Nederlands Polski Português Scots Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 14 : 50 . 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-7373167931693684593	created propaganda to support the war effort & encourage the sale of war bonds	[ "the government" ]	{ "0": "American propaganda during World war II - wikipedia American propaganda during World war II Jump to : navigation , search Further information : United States home front during World War II In the face of obstacles - COURAGE BE SURE YOU HAVE CORRECT TIME ! This poster intended for navigation students combines instruction with caricatures of enemy leaders , L-R : Hitler , Mussolini , and Hirohito . During active American involvement in World War II ( 1941 -- 45 ) , propaganda was used to increase support for the war and commitment to an Allied victory . Using a vast array of media , propagandists instigated hatred for the enemy and support for America 's allies , urged greater public effort for war production and victory gardens , persuaded people to save some of their material so that more material could be used for the war effort , and sold war bonds . Patriotism became the central theme of advertising throughout the war , as large scale campaigns were launched to sell war bonds , promote efficiency in factories , reduce ugly rumors , and maintain civilian morale . The war consolidated the advertising industry 's role in American society , deflecting earlier criticism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Campaign 2 Media 2.1 Posters 2.2 Advertising 2.3 Comic books and cartoons 2.4 Leaflets 2.5 Radio 2.6 Books 2.7 Movies 2.8 Animation 2.9 Magazines 2.10 Newspapers 3 Themes 3.1 Anti-German 3.2 Anti-Italian 3.3 Anti-Japanese 3.4 Careless talk 3.5 Victories 3.6 False optimism 3.7 Death and injury 3.8 War effort 3.8. 1 Civil defense 3.8. 2 Conservation 3.8. 2.1 Industry 3.8. 3 Production 3.8. 4 Victory gardens 3.8. 5 War bonds 3.8. 6 Womanpower 3.8. 6.1 In the armed forces 3.9 African American : Double V campaign 3.10 Home fires 3.11 Allies 3.11.", "1": "1 Pro-British 3.11. 2 Pro-Soviet 3.11. 3 Pro-Chinese 3.11. 4 Occupied Europe 3.11. 5 Pro-Filipino 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Campaign ( edit ) At first , the government was reluctant to engage in propaganda campaigns , but pressure from the media , the business sector and advertisers who wanted direction persuaded the government to take an active role . Even so , the government insisted that its actions were not propaganda , but a means of providing information . These efforts were slowly and haphazardly formed into a more unified propaganda effort , although never to the level of World War I . In 1942 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Office of War Information ( OWI ) . This mid-level agency joined a host of other wartime agencies , including the War and State Departments , in the dissemination of war information and propaganda . Officials at OWI used numerous tools to communicate to the American public . These included Hollywood movie studios , radio stations and printing presses . The Writers ' War Board was privately organized for the purposes of propaganda and often acted as liaison between the government and the writers . Many of the writers involved regarded their efforts as superior to governmental propaganda , as they regarded their material as bolder and more responsive than governmental efforts . However , the writers both responded to official requests and initiated their own campaigns . In 1944 ( lasting until 1948 ) , prominent U.S. policy makers launched a domestic propaganda campaign aimed at convincing the U.S. public to accept a harsh peace for the German people . One method used in this campaign was an attempt to remove the commonly held view that the German people and the Nazi party were separate entities . A key participant in this campaign was the Writers ' War Board , which was closely associated with the Roosevelt administration . Media ( edit ) Posters ( edit ) The United States used posters to advertise , and produced more propaganda posters than any other country fighting in World War II . Almost 200,000 different designs were printed during the war . O'er the ramparts we watch : United States Army Air Forces . These posters used a number of themes to encourage support for the war , including conservation , production , recruiting , home efforts and secrecy .", "2": "Posters were usually placed in areas without paid advertisements . The most common areas were post offices , railroad stations , schools , restaurants and retail stores . Smaller posters were printed for the windows of private homes and apartment buildings . These were places where other propaganda media could n't be used . The Office of War Information ( OWI ) Bureau of Graphics was the government agency in charge of producing and distributing propaganda posters . The main distinction between United States poster propaganda and that of British and other allied propaganda was that the U.S. posters stayed mostly positive in their messages . The United States posters focused on duty , patriotism and tradition , whereas those of other countries focused on fueling the people 's hatred for the enemy . The positive messages on U.S. posters were used to increase production on the home front instead of insuring that the `` money raised was not lost . '' U.S. Posters rarely used images of war casualties , and even battlefield scenes became less popular , and were replaced by commercial images to satisfy the `` consumer '' need for the war . The war posters were not designed by the government , but by artists who received no compensation for their work . Government agencies held competitions for artists to submit their designs , allowing the government to increase the number of designs that it could choose from . Advertising ( edit ) Many companies ran advertising supporting the war . This helped keep their names before the public although they had no products to sell , and they were allowed to treat this advertising as a business expense . The War Advertising Council helped supervise such efforts . Car manufacturers and other producers that retooled for the war effort took out ads depicting their efforts . Other companies connected their products in some way with the war . For example , Lucky Strike claimed the change from green to white in its packaging was to save bronze for weapons , and , as a result , saw its sales skyrocket . Coca - Cola , as did many other soft drink manufacturers , depicted its product being drunk by defense workers and members of the armed forces . Many commercial ads also urged the purchase of war bonds . Much of the war effort was defined by advertising , and the armed forces overseas preferred magazines with full ads rather than a slimmed down version without them .", "3": "Comic books and cartoons ( edit ) Cover of the August 1943 issue of the Four Favorites showing a War Bond character beating Hirohito , Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini . The heroes on the cover are shown singing Spike Jones ' hit song `` Der Fuehrer 's Face '' . Just as is done today , editorial cartoonists sought to sway public opinion . For example , Dr. Seuss supported Interventionism even before the attack on Pearl Harbor . Comic strips , such as Little Orphan Annie and Terry and the Pirates , introduced war themes into their stories . Even before the war , sabotage and subversion were common motifs in action - oriented strips . Many superheroes were shown combating Axis spies or activities in America and elsewhere . A comic book depicting Superman attacking the German Westwall was attacked in an issue of Das Schwarze Korps , the SS weekly newspaper , with the Jewish origin of creator Jerry Siegel given prominent attention . In 1944 , after being praised by Ernie Pyle , Bill Mauldin 's cartoons were syndicated in the United States . This effort was supported by the War Department due to Mauldin 's grimmer depiction of everyday military life in his cartoons . Mauldin 's cartoons not only publicized the efforts of the ground forces , but they made the war appear bitter and onerous , helping convince Americans that victory would not be easy . While his cartoons omitted carnage , they showed the difficulty of war through his depiction of the soldiers ' disheveled appearance , and sad , vacant eyes . This helped produce continued support for the troops , by conveying the hardships of their daily experiences . Leaflets ( edit ) Leaflets could be dropped from aircraft to populations in locations unreachable by other means ; for example , when the population was afraid or unable to listen to foreign radio broadcasts . As such , the United States extensively used leaflets to convey short informational tidbits . In fact , one squadron of B - 17 bombers was entirely dedicated to this purpose . Leaflets were also used against enemy forces , providing `` safe conduct passes '' that enemy troops could use to surrender as well as counterfeit ration books , stamps and currency . The very scale of the leaflet operations had its effect on enemy morale , showing that the Allied armament industry was so productive that planes could be diverted for this purpose .", "4": "The use of leaflets against Japanese troops was of little effect . Many civilians in Okinawa discounted pamphlets declaring that prisoners would not be harmed . By the time American planes could reach the Japanese home islands , the leaflets had improved , providing `` advance notice '' of bombings ensured that the leaflets were read avidly despite prohibitions . These pamphlets declared they had no wish to harm civilians , only the military installations , and that the bombings could be stopped by demanding new leaders who would end the war . After the atomic attacks , more pamphlets were dropped , warning that the Americans had an even more powerful explosive at their disposal . When the Japanese government subsequently offered to surrender , the U.S. continued to drop pamphlets , telling the Japanese people of their government 's offer and that they had a right to know the terms . The American Historical Association 's G.I. Roundtable Series of pamphlets was used to ease transition to the post-war world . Radio ( edit ) In the United States , radio was so widely used for propaganda that it greatly exceeded the use of other media that was typically used against other nations . President Roosevelt 's fireside chats are an excellent example of this use of radio . In February 1941 , Norman Corwin 's This is War series was broadcast throughout the country and , by shortwave , throughout the world . Other significant uses of radio overseas includes messages to the Italian Navy , which persuaded it to surrender . CBS Radio 's counterpropaganda series Our Secret Weapon ( 1942 -- 43 ) , featuring writer Rex Stout representing Freedom House , monitored Axis shortwave radio propaganda broadcasts and rebutted the most entertaining lies of the week . In 1942 -- 43 Orson Welles created two CBS Radio series that are regarded as significant contributions to the war effort . Hello Americans was produced under the auspices of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs to promote inter-American understanding and friendship during World War II . Ceiling Unlimited , sponsored by the Lockheed - Vega Corporation , was conceived to glorify the aviation industry and dramatize its role in World War II . The CBS international radio network continued to support the cultural diplomacy initiatives of the State Department and the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs throughout the 1940s .", "5": "Included in this effort were live broadcasts to North and South America of the show Viva America , featuring the journalistic expertise of Edmund A. Chester and the artistic talents of Alfredo Antonini , Terig Tucci , Nestor Mesta Chayres and John Serry Sr . Since radio was often a `` live ' media , there were restrictions . Broadcasters were warned not to cut to a commercial with the line , `` and now for some good news , '' and reporters were instructed not to describe bombings precisely enough so that the enemy could tell what they hit , for example , they were to state `` the building next to the one I am standing on , '' not `` the First National Bank . '' While audience participation and man - on - the - street programs were immensely popular , broadcasters realized there was no way to prevent enemy agents from being selected , and these were discontinued . Many broadcasters worked war themes into their programming to such an extent that they confused the targeted audiences . As a result , the Radio War Guide urged broadcasters to focus on selected themes . At first the Japanese population could not receive propaganda by radio because short - wave receivers were prohibited in Japan . However , the capture of Saipan not only shocked the Japanese because it was considered invincible , but allowed Americans to use medium - wave radio to reach the Japanese islands . Books ( edit ) Books were more often used in the post-combat consolidation phases than in combat , particularly because their intent was indirect , to mold the thinkers who would be molding public opinion in the post-war period , and therefore books had more of a long - range influence rather than an immediate effect . And some topics were considered off limits . Books on submarines were suppressed , even ones drawing on public knowledge and made with naval assistance . In fact , attempts were made to suppress even fictional stories involving submarines . As fiction grew less popular , bookstores promoted non-fiction war books . A few weeks after D - Day , crates of books were landed in Normandy to be distributed to French booksellers . An equal number of American and British efforts were included in these shipments . Books had been stockpiled for this purpose , and some books were specifically published for it .", "6": "Movies ( edit ) Hollywood movie studios , obviously sympathetic to the Allied cause , soon adapted standard plots and serials to feature Nazis in place of the usual gangster villains while the Japanese were depicted as being bestial , incapable of reason or human qualities . Although Hollywood lost access to most foreign markets during the war , it was now able to use Germans , Italians and Japanese as villains without diplomatic protests or boycotts . Many actors such as Peter Lorre , Conrad Veidt , Martin Kosleck , Philip Ahn and Sen Yung specialized in playing Axis spies , traitors and soldiers . Irreplaceable film workers received draft deferments to allow them to continue producing pro-Allied films . In the early ' 40s , as war was starting to gain importance in Europe , the goal of Hollywood studios was still to entertain . Many productions were musicals , comedies , melodramas or westerns . Major studios kept their neutrality and showed on screen the same isolationist sentiment as their audience . After noticing President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's concern about US foreign policy , fascism began to be reported on screen by Hollywood . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the studios were fully supportive of the Allied cause and its demands . Patriotic propaganda was seen as profitable by Hollywood , and it helped to transform the social and political stances of the country , while serving as an instrument of national policy . Most of movies produced had a background of war , even if their story was a complete invention . However , there were pictures that were made especially in tie with a past event , or even a current event of that period of time that made the release of the film synchronized with the happening in real life . For example , the Academy Award winner for Best Picture Casablanca , was a movie released in the context of American attitudes toward Vichy and Free French Forces . This picture was considered as anti-Vichy , but there was a strong debate about the fact that this position was representative or not of the American government policy . This movie was one of the most important productions of Hollywood during wartime , and also very representative of the studio 's role and position during World War II . The war happened in the moment of an important national conflict : racial segregation . White America was united in its cause but in Black America , there was opposition .", "7": "While Roosevelt was describing the Allied War goals as democratic , Walter Francis White , the executive secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) , said that colored people had to `` fight for the right to fight '' . Many blacks were weighing their loyalty to the country against loyalty to their race . To address the identity problem , the Office of War Information ( that had control and influence on the contents and subjects of American motion pictures . ) decided to collaborate with Black leaders to try to improve Hollywood 's portrayal of colored people and obtain their support to the Allied cause , but it was a failure . The earliest Hollywood production to satirize any of the Axis governments was You Nazty Spy ! , a Three Stooges short released on January 19 , 1940 , satirizing Hitler ( Moe Howard as `` Moe Hailstone '' ) , Goering ( Curly Howard as `` Field Marshal Gallstone '' ) and Goebbels ( Larry Fine as `` Larry Pebble '' ) , nearly two years before the attack on Pearl Harbor . The 1941 Nazi attack on the Soviet Union resulted in pro-Russian movies . The war also produced an interest in newsreels and documentaries , which had been unable to compete against entertainment films prior to the war . America 's allies were no longer allowed to be depicted negatively in any way . From `` War Comes To America '' , in the Why We Fight series - the dire consequences for the US of an Axis victory in Eurasia At the request of General George C. Marshall , Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army , Frank Capra created a documentary series that was used as orientation films for new recruits . Capra designed the series to illustrate the enormous danger of Axis conquest and the corresponding justness of the Allies . This Why We Fight series documented the war in seven segments : Prelude to War , the rise of Fascism ; The Nazi Strike , from Anschluss to the invasion of Poland ; Divide and Conquer , the conquest of continental Europe ; The Battle of Britain , The Battle of Russia , The Battle of China , and War Comes to America , covering subsequent events . At President Roosevelt 's urging , Why We Fight was also released to the theaters for the general public . In Britain , Churchill ordered the entire sequence to be shown to the public .", "8": "Movies were also useful in that propaganda messages could be incorporated into entertainment films . The 1942 film Mrs. Miniver portrayed the experiences of an English housewife during the Battle of Britain and urged the support of both men and women for the war effort . It was rushed to the theaters on Roosevelt 's orders . Furthermore , the 1943 film `` The Negro Soldier '' , a government produced documentary also directed by Frank Capra , challenged racial stereotypes in the ranks . Its popularity allowed it to pass over into mainstream distribution . The 1944 film The Purple Heart was used to dramatize Japanese atrocities and the heroics of American flyers . Animation ( edit ) World War II transformed the possibilities for animation . Prior to the war , animation was seen as a form of childish entertainment , but that perception changed after Pearl Harbor was attacked . On 8 December 1941 , the U.S. Army immediately began working with Walt Disney . Army personnel were stationed at his studio and lived there for the duration of the war . A military officer was actually based in Walt Disney 's office . The U.S. Army and Disney set about making various types of films for several different audiences . Most films meant for the public included some type of propaganda , while films for the troops included training and education about a given topic . Scrap Happy Daffy Films intended for the public were often meant to build morale . They allowed Americans to express their anger and frustration through ridicule and humor . Many films simply reflected the war culture and were pure entertainment . Others carried strong messages meant to arouse public involvement or set a public mood . Cartoons such as Bugs Bunny Bond Rally and Foney Fables pushed viewers to buy war bonds , while Scrap Happy Daffy encouraged the donation of scrap metal , and Disney 's The Spirit of ' 43 implored viewers to pay their taxes . Der Fuehrer 's Face The U.S. and Canadian governments also used animation for training and instructional purposes . The most elaborate training film produced , Stop That Tank ! , was commissioned by the Canadian Directorate of Military Training and created by Walt Disney Studios . Troops became familiar with Private Snafu and Lance Corporal Schmuckatelli .", "9": "These fictional characters were used to give soldiers safety briefs and instructions on expected behavior , while often portraying behavior that which was not recommended . The short Spies depicts an intoxicated Private Snafu giving secrets to a beautiful woman who is really a Nazi spy . Through the information he gives her , the Germans are able to bomb the ship Private Snafu is traveling on , sending him to hell . Education for Death Animation was increasingly used in political commentary against the Axis powers . Der Fuehrer 's Face was one of Walt Disney 's most popular propaganda cartoons . It poked fun at Hitler 's Germany by depicting Donald Duck dreaming that he is a German war worker , eating breakfast by only spraying the scent of bacon and eggs onto his breath , dipping a single coffee bean into his cup of water , and eating bread so stale or having wood in it , he had to saw a piece off . Disney and the U.S. Army wanted to depict Germans as living in a land that was a facade of the wonderful promises made by Hitler . Producers of the cartoon also wished to show that the working conditions in German factories were not as glorious as Hitler made them sound in his speeches . In the film , Donald works continuously with very little compensation and no time off , making him go crazy . At the end , Donald awakes from his nightmare and is forever thankful he is a citizen of the United States of America . Education for Death was a very serious film based on the best - selling book of the same name by Gregor Ziemer . The film shows how a young boy in Nazi Germany is indoctrinated and brainwashed at an early age and learns to believe all that the German government tells him . While this short is educational , it also provides comic relief by mocking Hitler . However , the film is both shocking in its content and despairing in its ending , depicting the death of numerous such boys who are now German soldiers . Magazines ( edit ) Magazines were a favored propaganda dissemination tool , as they were widely circulated . The government issued a Magazine War Guide which included tips for supporting the war effort . Women 's magazines were the favored venue for propaganda aimed at housewives , particularly the Ladies ' Home Journal . Magazine editors were asked to depict women as coping heroically with the sacrifices of wartime .", "10": "Fiction was a particularly favored venue , and was used to subtly shape attitudes . Ladies ' Home Journal and other magazine also promoted the activities of women in the armed services . The pulp magazine industry was especially supportive , if only to prevent their being perceived as unessential to the war effort and discontinued for the duration of the war . The Office of War Information distributed guides to writers for Western , adventure , detective and other pulp genres with possible story lines and themes that would help the war effort . Among the suggestions were a detective who was `` cheerful '' about following a suspect without using an automobile , a woman working in a traditionally male job , the importance of the 35 miles per hour speed limit and carpooling , and good Chinese and British characters . Newspapers ( edit ) Newspapers were told that government press releases would be true , and to give no aid and comfort to the enemy -- but this latter was not to be considered a prohibition on releasing bad news . However , partially through the cooperation of supportive journalists , the Office of Censorship ( OOC ) managed to remove negative news and other items useful to the enemy -- such as weather forecasts -- although neither the OOC nor any other agency managed to completely slant the news in a positive , morale - boosting manner . Indeed , some government officials found that both newspapers and radio were using uncorroborated news from Vichy France and Tokyo . Themes ( edit ) The Axis as a Japanese / Nazi two - headed monster . As in Britain , American propaganda depicted the war as an issue of good versus evil , which allowed the government to encourage its population to fight a `` just war , '' and used themes of resistance in and liberation to the occupied countries . In 1940 , even prior to being drawn into World War II , President Roosevelt urged every American to consider the effect if the dictatorships won in Europe and Asia . Precision bombing was praised , exaggerating its accuracy , to convince people of the difference between good and bad bombing . Hitler , Tojo , Mussolini and their followers were the villains in American film , even in cartoons where characters , such as Bugs Bunny , would defeat them -- a practice that began before Pearl Harbor . Cartoons depicted Axis leaders as not being human . Roosevelt proclaimed that the war against the dictatorships had to take precedence over the New Deal .", "11": "Artists and writers were strongly divided on whether to encourage hatred for the enemy , which occasioned debates . The government rarely intervened in such debates , only occasionally suggesting lines for art to take . However , the OWI suggested plot lines using Axis agents in place of traditional villainous roles , such as the rustler in Westerns . In one speech , Henry Wallace called for post-war efforts to psychologically disarm the effect of the Axis powers , requiring schools to undo , as far as possible , the poisoning of children 's minds by Hitler and the Japanese `` warlords . '' Two days later , a Dr. Seuss 's editorial cartoon showed Uncle Sam using bellows to drive germ out of the mind of the child `` Germany , '' while holding the child `` Japan '' ready for the next treatment . Anti-german ( edit ) Ten years ago , the Nazis burned these books but free Americans can still read them . Hitler was often depicted in situations ridiculing him , and editorial cartoons usually depicted him in caricature . Hitler 's dictatorship was often heavily satirized . To raise morale , even prior to the turning of the war in the Allies favor , Hitler often appeared in editorial cartoons as doomed . He and the German people were depicted as fools . For example , in an editorial cartoon by Dr. Seuss , a German father scolded his hungry son , telling him that the Germans ate countries , not food . Nazi Germany was treated as the worst evil within the Axis , a greater threat than Japan and Italy . To counter the much greater desire in the United States to attack Japan , operations in the North African theater were implemented , despite military counterindications , to increase support for attacking Germany . Without such involvement , public pressure to more heavily support the war in the Pacific might have proven irresistible to American leaders . Germans were often stereotyped as evil in films and posters , although many atrocities were specifically ascribed to Nazis and Hitler specifically , rather than to the undifferentiated German people . Alternate history novels depicted Nazi invasions of America to arouse support for interventionism . The Writers ' War Board compiled lists of books banned or burned in Nazi Germany and distributed them for propaganda purposes , and thousands of commemorations of the book burnings were staged . Anti-italian ( edit ) Mussolini also appeared in situations ridiculing him .", "12": "Editorial cartoons depicted him as a two - bit dictator . Italians were often stereotyped as evil in films and posters . Anti-japanese ( edit ) Remember Pearl Harbor ! See also : American mutilation of Japanese war dead Propaganda portrayed the Japanese more than any other Axis power as a foreign , grotesque and uncivilized enemy . Drawing on Japanese samurai traditions , American propagandists portrayed the Japanese as blindly fanatic and ruthless , with a history of desiring overseas conquests . Japanese propaganda , such as Shinmin no Michi or The Way of the Subjects , called for the Japanese people to become `` one hundred million hearts beating as one '' -- which Allied propagandists used to portray the Japanese as a mindless , unified mass . Atrocities were ascribed to the Japanese people as a whole . Even Japanese - Americans would be portrayed as massively supporting Japan , only awaiting the signal to commit sabotage . Japanese atrocities and their fanatical refusal to surrender supported the portrayal of otherwise racist elements in propaganda . Even prior to the Attack on Pearl Harbor , accounts of atrocities in China roused considerable antipathy for Japan . This stemmed from as early as the Japanese invasion of Manchuria , when accounts were received of Japanese forces of bombing civilians , or firing upon shell - shocked survivors . Such books as Pearl Buck 's The Good Earth and Freda Utley 's China At War aroused sympathy for the Chinese . As early as 1937 , Roosevelt condemned the Japanese for their aggression in China . The Rape of Nanking , due to the large number of Western witnesses , achieved particularly notoriety , with Chinese propagandists using it to cement Allied opinion . Propaganda based on the attack on Pearl Harbor was used with considerable effectiveness , because its outcome was enormous and impossible to counter . Initial reports termed it a `` sneak attack '' and `` infamous behavior '' . `` Remember Pearl Harbor ! '' became the watchword of the war . Reports of the maltreatment of American prisoners of war also aroused fury , as did reports of atrocities against native populations , with babies being thrown in the air to be caught on bayonets receiving particular attention . When three of the Doolittle Raiders were executed , it evoked a passion for revenge in America , and the image of the `` Japanese ape '' became common in film and cartoons .", "13": "The film The Purple Heart dramatized their story , with an airman giving a concluding speech that he now knew that he had understood the Japanese less than he had thought , and that they did not understand Americans if they thought this would frighten them . The diary of a dead Japanese soldier , which contained an entry coolly recounting the execution of a downed airman , was given considerable play as a demonstration of the true nature of the enemy . The early overwhelming Japanese successes led to a pamphlet `` Exploding the Japanese ' Superman ' Myth '' to counter the effect . The limitations of Japanese troops it cited , although minor , were actual flaws to counter the impression GIs had of Japanese military prowess . The Doolittle Raid was staged after urging from Roosevelt for a counter-attack , if only for morale reasons . Bataan Death March in propaganda Japanese calls for devotion to death were used to present a war of extermination as the only possibility , without any question as to whether it was desirable . One Marine unit was briefed : `` Every Japanese has been told that it is his duty to die for the emperor . It is your duty to see that he does so . '' The suicides at Saipan -- of women , children , and the elderly as well as fighting men -- only reinforced that belief . A thorough defeat of the Japanese was argued for in magazines so as to prevent a resurgence , as happened in Germany after World War I , of Japanese military power or ambition . This encouraged American forces to attack civilians , on the belief they would not surrender , which fed into Japanese propaganda about American atrocities . Hirohito and undifferentiated `` Japs '' were often portrayed in caricature . Dr. Seuss 's editorial cartoons , which often depicted Hitler and Mussolini , opted for a `` Japan '' figure rather than any given leader . One OWI suggestion for adapting `` pulp '' formulas was a sports story of a professional baseball team touring Japan , which would allow the writers to show the Japanese as ruthless and incapable of sportsmanship . American popular songs at the time included `` We 're Gonna Have to Slap the Dirty Little Jap , '' `` Taps for the Japs , '' `` We 'll Nip the Nipponese , '' `` We 're going to play Yankee Doodle in Tokyo , '' and `` You 're a Sap , Mr.", "14": "Jap . '' Wartime filmmakers embellished characteristics of Japanese culture that the American people would find scandalously foreign . At the beginning of the war artists portrayed the Japanese as nearsighted , bucktoothed , harmless children . Indeed , many Americans believed that Germany had convinced Japan to attack Pearl Harbor . As the war progressed , Japanese soldiers and civilians would be portrayed in films as evil , rat faced enemies that desired global domination . In countries occupied by Japan and forced to join its would - be Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , the failure to sustain the economic level prior to the war , particularly in the Philippines , was quickly use in propaganda about the `` Co-Poverty Sphere . '' Leaflets air - dropped to the Japanese people informed them of the Potsdam Declaration , which brought to bear the extent of Allied victory , and of the Japanese government 's peace negotiations , undermining the ability of the Japanese hard - liners to insist on continued war . Careless talk ( edit ) A careless word ... A needless loss . ( by Anton Otto Fischer ) Many posters depicted careless talk as providing information to the enemy , resulting in Allied deaths . This effort was used to prevent people with sensitive information from talking about it where spies or saboteurs could listen in . Posters with this theme conveyed the reality of war to the general public . This was a major topic endorsed by the Office of War Information . Some of these posters contained the most well known slogans of the war and many were depicted by propaganda artist Cyril Kenneth Bird . Other slogans used for this type of poster were `` loose talk costs lives '' , `` loose lips sink ships '' , `` Another careless word , another wooden cross '' , and `` bits of careless talk are pieced together by the enemy '' . Stories also emphasized an anti-rumor theme , as when one woman advised another not to talk with a man about her war job , because the woman he is dating is untrustworthy and might be an enemy agent . Rumor mongering was discouraged on the grounds it fomented divisions in America and promoted defeatism and alarmism . Alfred Hitchcock directed Have You Heard ? , a photographic dramatization of the dangers of rumors during wartime , for Life magazine . Victories ( edit ) Battle victories and heroism were promoted for morale purposes , while losses and defeats were underplayed .", "15": "Despite his blunders in the first days of the war , General Douglas MacArthur was presented as a war hero due to the dire need for one . The desperate situation on Bataan was played down , although its fall caused considerable demoralization . The Doolittle Raid was carried out solely to help morale rather than to cause damage , a purpose which it fulfilled . After the Battle of Coral Sea , the Navy reported more Japanese damage than had actually been inflicted , and declared it a victory , which the Japanese also did . The decisive victory at the Battle of Midway was emblazoned on newspaper headlines , but was reported with restraint and the U.S. Navy overstated the Japanese damage . Life warned that Midway did not mean that Japan was no longer on the offensive . In 1942 , the survivors of the Battle of Savo Island were removed from public circulation to prevent news from leaking , and the August 9th disaster did not reach the newspapers until mid-October . Limiting the distribution of bad news caused difficulty with gasoline rationing , as Americans were kept unaware of numerous tanker sinkings . Earlier , people complained that the government was covering up the extent of the damage at Pearl Harbor , although this was partly to keep it from the Japanese . The Japanese had a good idea of the damage they inflicted , so only Americans were kept ignorant . One reporter reported , `` Seven of the two ships sunk at Pearl Harbor have now rejoined the fleet . '' Although complaints of news suppression continued , both the newspapers and radio took favorable news and embellished it , a process not countered by the government . Joseph Goebbels countered this propaganda to prevent it from influencing Germany , downplaying the defense of Corrigidor and attacking Douglas MacArthur as a coward . This was not very successful , as the German people knew it understated the American defense and that MacArthur had left under orders . The invasion of North Africa produced a morale boost when American forces were bogged down in New Guinea and the Guadalcanal Campaign . After Guadalcanal , attention was focused on Europe , where Italy was taken , heavy bombing was hammering Germany , and the Red Army was steadily advancing west . False optimism ( edit ) Some propaganda was directed to counter people 's hopes that it would not be a long , hard war . Despite air victories in Europe , Dr.", "16": "Seuss depicted Hitler as a mermaid destroying Allied shipping . The U.S. War Department supported the syndication of Bill Mauldin 's cartoons because Mauldin made the war appear bitter and onerous , showing that the victory would not be easy . His depiction of U.S. soldiers with disheveled appearances and sad , vacant eyes conveyed the difficulty of the war . Death and injury ( edit ) With the Marines at Tarawa showed more gruesome battle scenes than previous films . Until 1944 , the mayhem of war ( dead and wounded ) was mostly toned down by American propagandists , who followed instructions allowing them to show a few wounded soldiers in a crowd . Later , more realistic presentations were allowed , partly owing to popular demand . The earlier attitude was supported by the media ; for example , NBC warned that broadcasts were not to be `` unduly harrowing . '' However , the American public wanted more realism on the grounds that they could handle bad news . Roosevelt finally authorized photos of dead soldiers , to keep the public from growing complacent about the toll of war . When The Battle of San Pietro showed dead GIs wrapped in mattress covers , some officers tried to prevent troopers in training from seeing it , for fear of morale ; General Marshall overrode them , to ensure that the soldiers took their training seriously . The OWI emphasized to returning , battle - scarred soldiers that there were places and jobs for them in civilian life . This promise was also featured in romantic stories , where a sweet , gentle heroine would help the veteran adjust to civilian life after his return from the war . War effort ( edit ) Service on the Home Front Americans were called upon to support the war effort in many ways . Cartoons depicted those who talked about victory but clearly were sitting around waiting for others to ensure it or showed how red tape was detrimental to the war effort . Defeatism was attacked , national unity was promoted , and themes of community and sacrifice were emphasized . Fictional characters were sharply divided into selfish villains and heroes who put the needs of others first and learned to identify with the defenders of freedom .", "17": "Propagandists were instructed to convey the message that the person viewing the propaganda media stood to personally lose if he or she failed to contribute ; for example , the appeal for women to contribute to the war effort more closely personalized the soldiers dependent on their work as their sons , brothers and husbands . Considerable complications were caused by censorship and the need to prevent the enemy from learning how much damage they had inflicted . For example , Roosevelt 's fireside chat described the damage at Pearl Harbor as `` serious '' but he could not `` give exact damage . '' Many artists and writers knew that keeping up morale was important , but considerable debate arose over whether to go for light frivolous diversions , or to impress the severity of the war to stir up support . Authors of fiction were encouraged to show their characters buying warbonds , conserving , planting victory gardens , and otherwise acting war - mindedly ; characters could refrain from calling loved ones to avoid straining the phone system , or a romance would start when a man and woman carpooled . Many stories were set in the frontier era or on family farms , to emphasize traditional virtues such as hard work , innocence , piety , independence and community values . Civil defense ( edit ) The Office of Civil Defense was created to inform Americans what to do in case of enemy attack . Within a day of the attack of Pearl Harbor , it produced pamphlets describing what to do in event of an air raid . It also promoted civilian morale , and its emblems helped remind people that the war was continuing . Conservation ( edit ) Save Waste Fats for Explosives Women 's magazines carried numerous tips for housewives on thrifty purchasing , dealing with rationing , and how to cope in a period of limited supplies . General Mills distributed a Betty Crocker `` cookbooklet '' with wartime recipes . A Victory Cookbook explained the principles of wartime cooking , starting with the need to share food with the fighting men . Ladies ' Home Journal explained the principles behind sugar rationing , for example , sugarcane could be used to make explosives . The Office of Price Administration urged Americans in restaurants not to ask for extra butter or a refill on coffee . Radio soap operas used plots about wartime rationing and condemned the hoarding of goods . Rubber was in particularly short supply , and rubber rationing had the deepest impact on American life .", "18": "However , the Rubber Survey Report , produced by a committee to investigate the rubber supply , succeeded in changing public opinion by showing the good reasons for rationing . Since gasoline was needed to power planes and military automobiles , Americans were encouraged to conserve . This also helped conserve rubber . Carpooling was promoted in government campaigns . Scrap drives were instituted , and supported by government PR efforts , even before the declaration of war . Such programs as Salvage for Victory redoubled after the outbreak . Many private individuals organized and publicized some of the most successful scrap drives of the war . President Roosevelt sent a letter to Boy Scout and Girl Scout groups , urging the children to support scrap drives . Cartoons ridiculed those who did not collect scrap . A call for scrap metal Conservation was the largest theme in poster propaganda , accounting for one of every seven posters during the war . Conserving materials , in the kitchen and around the home , was one of five major topics in posters with conservation themes . Other topics included purchasing war bonds , planting victory gardens , the Office of Price Administration , and rationing . Women were encouraged to help with conservation in their cooking , saving fat and grease for explosives , and rationing sugar , meat , butter , and coffee to leave more for the soldiers . Butcher shops and markets handed out bulletins that urged the conservation of waste fat , which could be brought back to the butcher . Due to these posters and other forms of propaganda the United States recycled 538 million pounds ( 244 kt ) of waste fats , 46 billion pounds ( 21 Mt ) of paper , and 800 million pounds ( 360 kt ) of tin . People were told to conserve materials used in clothing , which resulted in clothing becoming smaller and shorter . Fiction often depicted a heroine who spent her high wages on fancy dress , but found that her soldier boyfriend disapproved until he learned she had a war job . Even then , he wanted her to change back to the clothes he knew her in before they went out . Industry ( edit ) Industry was also called on to conserve . Lucky Strike used the metals in their dyes as a justification for changing their packaging from green to white . Prior to the shutdown of commercial production , cars no longer carried chrome . Production ( edit ) A sailor saluting war production : `` I 'm proud of you folks too !", "19": "Even prior to Pearl Harbor , Roosevelt called on the United States to be the arsenal of democracy in support of other countries at war with Fascism . Industrial and agricultural production was a major focus of poster campaigns . Although the wartime boom meant that people had money to buy things for the first time since the Depression , propaganda emphasized the need to support the war effort , and not spend their money on non-essential items and so divert material from the war effort . The manufacture of the last civilian car was publicized in such venues as Life . Factories were represented as part of the war effort , and greater worker cooperation with management was urged . Stories symbolized such harmony by featuring romances between a working - class war worker and her employer . Cartoons depicted labor unrest as pleasing Hitler and racial discrimination as preventing the accomplishment of essential work . Fictional treatments of war issues emphasized the need for workers to combat absenteeism and high turnover . Business entrepreneurs founding new businesses for military production were hailed as exemplars of American economic individualism . After the death of the Sullivan brothers , their parents and sister made visits to shipyards and armament factories to encourage increased production . Veterans of the Guadalcanal campaign , America 's first major offensive of the war , were also sent to factories to encourage production and discourage absenteeism . Economy and industry were strongly emphasized in United States propaganda posters because of the need for long term production during the war . Factory workers were encouraged to become not just workers , but `` Production Soldiers '' on the home front . These posters were used to persuade workers to take shorter breaks , work longer hours , and produce as many tools and weapons as possible to increase production for the military . Ship factories hung out banners to encourage ships for victory . Increased production resulted in more workers moving to factory towns , straining available housing and other amenities . As a result , fictional plots often dealt with the need for homeowners to take in boarders and the necessity for tolerance and unity between residents and newcomers . Victory gardens ( edit ) Your Victory garden counts more than ever ! The government encouraged people to plant vegetable gardens to help prevent food shortages . Magazines such as Saturday Evening Post and Life printed articles supporting it , while women 's magazines included directions for planting .", "20": "Because planting these gardens was regarded as being patriotic , they were termed victory gardens , and women were encouraged to can and preserve food they raised from these gardens . While the U.S. Department of Agriculture provided information , many commercial publishers also issued books on how to plant these gardens . During the war years , Americans planted 50 million victory gardens . These produced more vegetables than the total commercial production , and much of it was preserved , following the slogan : `` Eat what you can , and can what you ca n't . '' The slogan `` grow your own , can your own '' also encouraged victory gardens to be planted . War bonds ( edit ) During the war , the sale of War Bonds was extensively promoted . Originally termed `` Defense Bonds '' , they were called `` war bonds '' after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Much of the nation 's artistic talent and best advertising techniques were used to encourage people to buy the bonds so as to keep the program voluntary . Buy War Bonds The War Advertising Board did its best to convince people that buying bonds was a patriotic act , giving buyers a stake in the war . Advertisements were initially used on radio and in newspapers , but later magazines were also used , with both government and private companies producing the advertisements . The Writers ' War Board was founded for the purpose of writing copy for war bond ads . War bond rallies and drives were common , and were staged at many social events . Teachers passed out booklets to children to allow them to save toward a bond by purchasing war bond stamps . Marlene Dietrich and many other female movie stars sold many thousands of dollars worth of war bonds . The Little Orphan Annie radio show urged its young listeners to sell war stamps and war bonds . Even product ads often contained the slogan , `` Buy War Bonds and Stamps ! '' . Enrolling in payroll deduction plans to buy war bonds was also urged through the media . One hundred and thirty - five billion dollars worth of liberty bonds were sold , most of which were purchased by banks , insurance companies and corporations . However , individuals purchased $36 billion in bonds , with children accounting for close to $1 billion . Womanpower ( edit ) See also : Rosie the Riveter and Women 's roles in the World Wars The `` We Can Do It ! '' poster was produced during WWII but was n't that popular until the 1960s .", "21": "Bring him home sooner ... Join the WAVES . Major campaigns were launched to encourage women to enter the work force and convince their husbands that this was appropriate behavior . Government campaigns targeting women were addressed solely at housewives , perhaps because already employed women could move to the higher - paid `` essential '' jobs on their own , or perhaps in the belief that housewives would be the primary source of new workers . Propaganda was also directed at husbands , many of whom were unwilling to have their wives working . Fiction also addressed husbands ' resistance to their wives working . Key symbolic figures such as `` Rosie the Riveter '' and `` Mrs. Casey Jones '' appeared in posters across the country representing strong women who supported their husbands in the war effort . Due to all the propaganda targeting female wartime duties , the number of women working jumped 15 % from 1941 to 1943 . Women were the primary figures of the home front , which was a major theme in the poster propaganda media , and , as the war continued , women began appearing more frequently in war posters . At first , they were accompanied by male counterparts , but later women began to appear as the central figure in the posters . These posters were meant to show a direct correlation with the efforts of the home front to the war overseas and portray women as directly affecting the war . Radios also broadcast information and appeals , drawing on patriotic calls and the need of such work to save men 's lives . Two major campaigns were launched : `` Women in the War , '' to recruit for the armed services and war - related jobs ; and `` Women in Necessary Services , '' or such jobs as laundry , clerking in grocery and drug stores , and other employment necessary to support the economy . Books and magazines addressed women with the need for their labor . Many works of fiction depicted women working in industries suffering labor shortages , although generally in the more glamorous industries . Major magazines covers movies , and popular songs all depicted women workers . The woman war worker was commonly used as a symbol of the home front , perhaps because , unlike a male figure , the question of why she was not serving in the armed forces would not be raised . In many stories , the woman worker appeared as an example to a selfish woman who then reformed and obtained employment . Magazines were urged to carry fiction suitable for wartime .", "22": "For instance , True Story toned down its Great Depression hostility to working women and featured war work favorably . At first , it continued sexual themes , such as female war workers being seduced , having affairs with married men , or engaging in casual affairs . The Magazine Bureau objected to this as hindering recruitment , and argued that war workers should not be shown as more prone to dalliance than other women . As a result , True Story removed such themes from stories featuring female war workers . The ambitious career woman whose life culminated in disaster still appeared , but only when motivated by self - interest ; whereas women who worked from patriotic motives were able to maintain their marriages and bear children rather than suffer miscarriages and infertility , as working women invariably suffered in pre-war stories . Stories showed that war work could redeem a woman with a sordid past . Saturday Evening Post changed its depiction of working women even more : the pre-war , destructive career wife vanished entirely , and now employed women could also have happy families The image of the `` glamour girl '' was adapted to wartime conditions by depicting women in factory work as attractive and overtly showed that a woman could keep her looks while performing war work . Fictional romances presented war workers as winning the attention of soldiers , in preference to girls who lived for pleasure . The motives for female war workers motives were often presented as bringing their men home earlier , or making a safer world for their children . Depictions of female war workers often suggested that they were working only for the duration , and planned to return full - time to the home afterward . The appeal for women workers suggested that by performing war work , a woman supported her brother , boyfriend or husband in the armed forces , and hastened the day when he could return home . In the armed forces ( edit ) Women 's groups and organizations were asked to recruit women for the WACS , WAVES , WASPS and other female branches of the services . The image of the `` glamour girl '' was applied to women in the military , to reassure women that joining the military did not make them less feminine . In fictional romances , women in uniform won the hearts of soldiers who preferred them to women who did not support the war effort . African American : Double V campaign ( edit ) Main article : Double V campaign Participants in the Double V campaign , 1942 .", "23": "The African American community in the United States resolved on a Double V campaign : Victory over fascism abroad , and victory over discrimination at home . Large numbers migrated from poor Southern farms to munitions centers . Racial tensions were high in overcrowded cities like Chicago ; Detroit and Harlem experienced race riots in 1943 . Black newspapers created the Double V campaign to build black morale and head off radical action . Special posters and pamphlets were prepared for distribution in black neighborhoods . Most Black women had been farm laborers or domestics before the war . Despite discrimination and segregated facilities throughout the South , they escaped the cotton patch and took blue - collar jobs in the cities . Working with the federal Fair Employment Practices Committee , the NAACP and CIO unions , these Black women fought a `` Double V '' campaign -- against the Axis abroad and against restrictive hiring practices at home . Their efforts redefined citizenship , equating their patriotism with war work , and seeking equal employment opportunities , government entitlements , and better working conditions as conditions appropriate for full citizens . In the South black women worked in segregated jobs ; in the West and most of the North they were integrated , but wildcat strikes erupted in Detroit , Baltimore , and Evansville where white migrants from the South refused to work alongside black women . Home fires ( edit ) Be with him at every mail call ! ( by Lejaren Hiller , Sr . ) Most of the entertainment aimed at soldiers was heavy on sentiment and nostalgia , to help sustain morale . In most media , the girl next door was often used as the symbol of all things American . Betty Grable characterized it as women giving soldiers something to fight for , but one soldier wrote to her saying that her pin - up photographs told them , in the midst of fighting , what they were fighting for . Songs on armed forces request programs were not about Rosie the Riveter , but of the girls who were waiting for the soldiers to return . Many such songs were also popular at the home front . Themes of love , loneliness and separation were given more poignancy by the war . German intelligence officers , interrogating American prisoners , mistakenly concluded that the Americans notions of why they were fighting were for such vague concepts , such as `` Mom 's apple pie , '' and concluded that American servicemen were idealistically soft and could be convinced to desert their allies .", "24": "Stories for the home front recounted the soldiers ' need for their sweethearts and families to remain as they were , because they were what the soldier were fighting for . As the war ended , real and fictional stories often featured women who left war work to return to their homes and to raise children . Women , particularly wives whose husbands were at war , and children were often portrayed as what was at risk in the war . Home - front posters also invoked an idealized America , as in the series declaring `` This is America '' , portraying `` the family is a sacred institution , '' `` where Main Street is bigger than Broadway , '' and `` where a man picks his job '' . Typically , men were presented as ordinary but women as beautiful and glamorous . Allies ( edit ) Pro-British ( edit ) This man is your FRIEND -- Englishman -- He fights for FREEDOM Roosevelt urged support for Britain before the United States entered the war , to gain support for the Lend - Lease Act . Part of this reasoning was that those who were currently fighting the Axis powers would keep war from the United States , if supported . In propaganda media , posters urged support for Great Britain , while the stock character of the `` supercilious Englishman '' was removed from film . Newsreels depicted the Blitz , showing the famous St Paul 's Survives image of St. Paul 's dome rising above the flames , and Ed Murrow reported the effects . Frank Capra 's film The Battle of Britain ( 1943 ) , in the Why We Fight series , depicted the RAF 's fight against Germany . While it embellished real life dogfights , it did depict the frightening night raids , which the British people nevertheless managed to carry - on through . Before 7 December 1941 and the Japanese surprise attack on Hawaii , a number of Americans in the north and mid-west United States were either sympathetic to Nazi Germany or simply opposed to another war with Germany because they were of German ancestry . In addition , numerous Irish - Catholic Americans were pro-Nazi because they were openly hostile to the British and British interests . However , the American South was very pro-British at this time , because of the kinship southerners felt for the British .", "25": "The South was deemed `` a total failure '' for the non-interventionist America First Committee for reasons such as traditional southern pride in the military , pro-British sentiment and Anglophilia due to a predominance of British ancestry among most Southerners , political loyalty to the Democratic Party and the role of defense spending in aiding the region 's depressed economy . Pro-Soviet ( edit ) Depicting the Soviet Union in American propaganda was a delicate issue throughout the war , as the Soviet Union could not possibly be presented as a liberal democracy . However , the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union inspired propaganda in its favor , and Hollywood produced pro-Soviet movies . At Roosevelt 's urging , the film Mission to Moscow was made and depicted the purge trials as a just punishment of a Trotskyite conspiracy . On the other hand , the 1939 Greta Garbo film Ninotchka was not re-released as it ridiculed Russians . Frank Capra 's Why We Fight series included The Battle of Russia . The first part of the film depicted the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union , recounted past failures to invade Russia , and described Russian scorched earth and guerrilla tactics . It also omitted all references to the pre-War Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact . The second part of the film depicts Germany being drawn too far into Russia ; and mostly concentrates on the siege of Leningrad . Indeed , it unrealistically portrays the great withdrawal into Russian territory as a deliberate ploy of the Soviet government . Stories written in the US or Britain that were critical of the Soviet Union and its policies were often put on hold or not published at all due to the need to maintain friendly relationships with it . One notable example of this was George Orwell 's anti-Soviet novel Animal Farm , which was written during the war but could not be published until afterwards . Pro-chinese ( edit ) China ! First to Fight ! Support for the Chinese people was urged in posters . Even prior to the United States ' entry into the war , many Chinese figures appeared on the cover of Time . Japanese propaganda attributed this not to any disgust Americans felt for Japanese atrocities in China , but simply to more effective Chinese propaganda . Frank Capra 's Why We Fight series included The Battle of China .", "26": "It depicted the brutal attack on China by Japan as well as atrocities such as the Rape of Nanking , which helped galvanize Chinese resistance to Japanese occupation . The film also depicted the building of the Burma Road , which helped keep China in the war as the Japanese had occupied most Chinese ports The film ridiculed the Japanese anti-Western propaganda of `` co-prosperity '' and `` co-existence '' by reciting these themes over scenes of Japanese atrocities , it was the most stark , `` Good vs Evil '' film of the Why We Fight series . Pearl Buck , a famous author of books on China , warned Americans to take seriously the appeal of the Japanese Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere to the people of China and other Asian nations . This was due to those people being treated as inferior races , an attitude many in the West had toward orientals . Elmer Davis of the Office of War Information also declared that since the Japanese were proclaiming the Pacific conflict as a racial war , the United States could only counter this propaganda by deeds that showed Americans believed in the equality of races . However , this was not officially addressed , and American propaganda did not confront the problem of prejudice based on color . Occupied Europe ( edit ) Frank Capra 's films The Nazis Strike and Divide and Conquer , part of the Why We Fight series , depicted the conquest of Europe . The Nazis Strike covers the seizure of land starting with the Anschluss and concluding with the invasion of Poland , as it depicts Hitler creating an enormous military force . Divide and Conquer depicts German conquests in Denmark , Norway , Luxembourg , Belgium , the Netherlands and France . Special attention is given to atrocities , and the French population is depicted as enslaved after the conquest . An American poster depicted Frenchmen with raised hands warning them that German victory meant slavery , starvation and death . The tragedy of Lidice , shooting of the men and the sending of the women to concentration camps , was also depicted in posters . The Free French also had posters published , urging the American population to support them . The Belgian Information Center had posters declaring that the people of Belgium still resisted . American propaganda was circulated in occupied countries through the efforts of the underground movements . Stockpiled books were shipped to France within weeks of D - Day , in order to counteract Nazi propaganda , particularly anti-American propaganda .", "27": "This was part of `` consolidation propaganda '' , intended to pacify occupied regions so as to limit the forces needed to occupy ; to counter-act Nazi propaganda , particularly about the United States ; and to explain what the United States had done during the war . Pro-filipino ( edit ) Propaganda poster depicting the Philippine resistance movement . Posters were used to portray and support the Filipino resistance forces , which , while often listed as one of the greatest organized resistances in history , also exacted a terrible toll on the Filipino people . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World War II posters from the United States . United States home front during World War II British propaganda during World War II British Security Coordination Japanese propaganda during World War II List of Allied propaganda films of World War II Nazi propaganda Propaganda in the United States Propaganda of Fascist Italy Walt Disney 's World War II propaganda production World War II political cartoons References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Inger L. Stole , ' ' Advertising at War : Business , Consumers , and Government in the 1940s ' ' ( University of Illinois Press ; 2012 ) Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 30 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Leila J. Rupp , Mobilizing Women for War , p 90 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04649 - 5 Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 140 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ Clayton Laurie , The Propaganda Warriors ( University of Kansas Press ) Jump up ^ Allan Winkler , The Politics of Propaganda : Office of War Information , 1942 - 1945 .", "28": "( Yale University Press ) Jump up ^ Barbara Savage , Broadcasting Freedom ( Duke University Press ) ^ Jump up to : William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 141 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration ... : The United States Goes To War p 166 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Steven Casey , ( 2005 ) , The Campaign to sell a harsh peace for Germany to the American public , 1944 - 1948 , ( online ) . London : LSE Research Online . ( Available online at eprints.lse.ac.uk ) Originally published in History , 90 ( 297 ) . pp. 62 - 92 ( 2005 ) Blackwell Publishing ^ Jump up to : Terrence H. Witkowski `` World War II Poster Campaigns : Preaching Frugality to American Consumers . '' Journal of Advertising , Vol 32 No 1 Page 72 Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 36 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ William L. Bird , JR. and Harry R. Rubenstein . Design for Victory : World War II Posters on the American Home Front . Princeton Architectural Press . New York , 1998 . Page 12 Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 37 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ The Poster 's Place in Wartime ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Christopher C. `` A Thousand Words : Themes and Trends in Home Front Posters '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ William L. Bird , JR. and Harry R. Rubenstein . Design for Victory : World War II Posters on the American Home Front . Princeton Architectural Press . New York , 1998 . Page 48 Jump up ^ William L. Bird , JR.", "29": "and Harry R. Rubenstein . Design for Victory : World War II Posters on the American Home Front . Princeton Architectural Press . New York , 1998 . Page Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 253 - 4 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 254 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 128 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 ^ Jump up to : Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 128 - 9 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 129 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 ^ Jump up to : Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 130 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 255 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr.", "30": "Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartoons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 16 ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 83 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration ... : The United States Goes To War p 6 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 84 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ The SS and Superman Jump up ^ Bill Mauldin , edited by Todd DePastino , Willie & Joe : The War Years p 13 ISBN 978 - 1 - 56097 - 838 - 1 Jump up ^ Bill Maudlin , edited by Todd DePastino , Willie & Joe : The War Years p 15 ISBN 978 - 1 - 56097 - 838 - 1 Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p150 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II pp. 146 . 1976 Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , pp. 146 - 7 . 1976 Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , pp. 147 . 1976 Chelsea House Publishers , New York ^ Jump up to : Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , pp. 262 . 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ John Toland , The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936 - 1945 p. 724 . Random House New York 1970 Jump up ^ Max Hastings , Retribution : The Battle for Japan 1944 - 45 p. 313 .", "31": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26351 - 3 Jump up ^ John Toland , The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936 - 1945 p. 799 . Random House New York 1970 Jump up ^ John Toland , The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936 - 1945 p. 829 . Random House New York 1970 Jump up ^ The G.I. Roundtable Series Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , pp. 147 - 8 . 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p148 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , pp. 148 - 9 . 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p. 150 . 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ Dunning , John , On the Air : The Encyclopedia of Old - Time Radio . New York : Oxford University Press , Inc. , 1998 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507678 - 3 hardcover ; revised edition of Tune In Yesterday ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Orson Welles on the Air : The Radio Years . New York : The Museum of Broadcasting , catalogue for exhibition October 28 -- December 3 , 1988 , page 64 Jump up ^ Anthony , Edwin D. Records of the Office of Inter-American Affairs . National Archives and Record Services - General Services Administration Washington D.C. , 1937 p. 1 - 8 & p. 25 - 26 Library of Congress Catalog No. 73 - 600146 Records of the Office of Inter-American Affairs - Radio Division at the U.S. National Archive on www.archives.gov p. 1 - 8 & p. 25 - 26 Jump up ^ Settel , Irving .", "32": "A Pictorial History of Radio , Grosset & Dunlap Publishers , New York , 1960 & 1967 , Pg. 146 , Library of Congress # 67 - 23789 Jump up ^ Media Sound & Culture in Latin America . Editors : Bronfman , Alejanda & Wood , Andrew Grant . University of Pittsburgh Press , Pittsburg , PA , USA , 2012 , p. 48 - 49 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 6187 - 1 books.google.com See p. 48 - 49 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration ... : The United States Goes To War p 143 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration ... : The United States Goes To War p 144 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration ... : The United States Goes To War p 170 - 1 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p259 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ John B. Hench , Books As Weapons , p69 - 70 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4891 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Lee Kennett , For the Duration ... : The United States Goes To War p 164 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration ... : The United States Goes To War p 167 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ John B. Hench , Books As Weapons , p1 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4891 - 1 Jump up ^ John B. Hench , Books As Weapons , p6 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4891 - 1 Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p151 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ `` Speaking of Pictures ... '' Life . 1942 - 11 - 23 . pp.", "33": "12 -- 15 . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 95 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ Lewis , Jacobs . World War II and the American film . University of Texas Press , 1967 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Raskin , Richard . CASABLANCA and United States Foreign Policy . Indiana University Press , 1990 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Koppes , Clayton . Black , Gregory . Blacks , Loyalty , and Motion - Picture Propaganda in World War II . The Journal of American History , 1986 , p. 383 . Jump up ^ Koppes , Clayton . Black , Gregory . What to Show to the World : The Office of War Information and Hollywood , 1942 - 1945 . The Journal of American History , 1977 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Thomas Smith , William . Hollywood Report . Clark Atlanta University , 1945 , p. 13 .", "34": "^ Jump up to : Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p152 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ John W. Dower , War Without Mercy : Race & Power in the Pacific War p15 ISBN 0 - 394 - 50030 - X Jump up ^ Richard Overy , Why the Allies Won , p295 ISBN 0 - 393 - 03925 - 0 Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p152 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p152 , 158 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York ^ Jump up to : Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p158 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ John W. Dower , War Without Mercy : Race & Power in the Pacific War p14 ISBN 0 - 394 - 50030 - X Jump up ^ Emily Yellin , Our Mothers ' War , p 99 ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4514 - 8 Jump up ^ Emily Yellin , Our Mothers ' War , p 99 - 100 ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4514 - 8 Jump up ^ Harry M. Benshof and Sean Griffith , `` African Americans and American Film , '' in America on Film : Representing Race , Class , Gender and Sexuality at the Movies ( Malden , Ma : Blackwell , 2004 ) , 82 . ^ Jump up to : John W. Dower , War Without Mercy : Race & Power in the Pacific War p50 ISBN 0 - 394 - 50030 - X Jump up ^ Buena Vista Home Entertainment in association with David A. Bossert and Kurtti Pellerin and Leonard Maltin , In an Interview with John Hench , 2004 , DVD Jump up ^ Walt Disney Productions , Canadian Department of National Defence , National Film Board of Canada , Stop That Tank ! , 1942 , Film Jump up ^ I. Freleng , U.S.", "35": "Army Signal Corps , Animation by Warner Staff , Spies , 1944 , Film Jump up ^ Walt Disney Productions , Der Fueher 's Face , 1942 , Film Jump up ^ Walt Disney Production , Education for Death : The Making of a Nazi , 1943 , Film ^ Jump up to : Emily Yellin , Our Mothers ' War , p 23 ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4514 - 8 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 41 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Emily Yellin , Our Mothers ' War , p 24 ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4514 - 8 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 43 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Desperate Dorothy '' . Life . 1942 - 12 - 07 . p. 133 . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 .", "36": "Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration ... : The United States Goes To War p 142 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration ... : The United States Goes To War p 144 - 5 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration ... : The United States Goes To War p 149 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Richard Overy , Why the Allies Won , p 22 - 3 ISBN 0 - 393 - 03925 - 0 Jump up ^ Meirion and Susie Harries , Soldiers of the Sun : The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army p 284 ISBN 0 - 394 - 56935 - 0 Jump up ^ Richard Overy , Why the Allies Won , p 295 ISBN 0 - 393 - 03925 - 0 Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 33 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 78 ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ Richard Overy , Why the Allies Won , p 261 ISBN 0 - 393 - 03925 - 0 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration ... : The United States Goes To War p 164 - 5 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration ... : The United States Goes To War p 165 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 45 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Richard H. Minear , Dr.", "37": "Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 25 ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Anti-Axis Images Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 73 ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ Michael Balfour , Propaganda in War 1939 - 1945 : Organization , Policies and Publics in Britain and Germany , p163 ISBN 0 - 7100 - 0193 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Richard H. Minear , Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 75 ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 76 ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ Richard Overy , Why the Allies Won , p 23 ISBN 0 - 393 - 03925 - 0 Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 166 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Home Front : Propaganda ^ Jump up to : John W. Dower , War Without Mercy : Race & Power in the Pacific War p34 ISBN 0 - 394 - 50030 - X Jump up ^ Gavriel D. Rosenfeld , The World Hitler Never Made , p97 - 99 ISBN 0 - 521 - 84706 - 0 Jump up ^ The Book Mobilization Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr.", "38": "Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 115 ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ Sheppard , W. A : An Exotic Enemy : Anti-Japanese Musical Propaganda in World War II Hollywood , University of California Press , 2001 , Vol. 54 , N. 2 , p 305 Jump up ^ John W. Dower , War Without Mercy : Race & Power in the Pacific War p20 ISBN 0 - 394 - 50030 - X Jump up ^ John W. Dower , War Without Mercy : Race & Power in the Pacific War p30 - 1 ISBN 0 - 394 - 50030 - X Jump up ^ Max Hastings , Retribution : The Battle for Japan 1944 - 45 p 8 ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26351 - 3 ^ Jump up to : JAPANESE PSYOP DURING WWII Jump up ^ Meirion and Susie Harries , Soldiers of the Sun : The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army p 161 ISBN 0 - 394 - 56935 - 0 Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 57 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ John Toland , The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936 - 1945 p 57 Random House New York 1970 Jump up ^ Meirion and Susie Harries , Soldiers of the Sun : The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army p 226 ISBN 0 - 394 - 56935 - 0 Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p257 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ Edwin P. Hoyt , Japan 's War , p 232 ISBN 0 - 07 - 030612 - 5 Jump up ^ Andrew Gordon , A Modern History of Japan : From Tokugawa to the Present , p210 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 511060 - 9 .", "39": "OCLC 49704795 Jump up ^ Marius Jansen , The Making of Modern Japan p 655 ISBN 0 - 674 - 00334 - 9 Jump up ^ John W. Dower , War Without Mercy : Race & Power in the Pacific War p43 - 4 ISBN 0 - 394 - 50030 - X Jump up ^ John W. Dower , War Without Mercy : Race & Power in the Pacific War p50 - 1 ISBN 0 - 394 - 50030 - X Jump up ^ Richard Overy , Why the Allies Won , p 210 ISBN 0 - 393 - 03925 - 0 Jump up ^ Meirion and Susie Harries , Soldiers of the Sun : The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army p 417 - 8 ISBN 0 - 394 - 56935 - 0 Jump up ^ Edwin P. Hoyt , Japan 's War , p 271 ISBN 0 - 07 - 030612 - 5 Jump up ^ John W. Dower , War Without Mercy : Race & Power in the Pacific War p52 - 3 ISBN 0 - 394 - 50030 - X Jump up ^ John W. Dower , War Without Mercy : Race & Power in the Pacific War p53 ISBN 0 - 394 - 50030 - X Jump up ^ Max Hastings , Retribution : The Battle for Japan 1944 - 45 p 34 ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26351 - 3 Jump up ^ John W. Dower , War Without Mercy : Race & Power in the Pacific War p56 ISBN 0 - 394 - 50030 - X Jump up ^ Edwin P. Hoyt , Japan 's War , p 391 ISBN 0 - 07 - 030612 - 5 Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 33 - 4 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr.", "40": "Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 121 ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 44 - 5 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Sheppard , W. A : An Exotic Enemy : Anti-Japanese Musical Propaganda in World War II Hollywood , University of California Press , 2001 , Vol. 54 , N. 2 , p 306 Jump up ^ Sheppard , W. A : An Exotic Enemy : Anti-Japanese Musical Propaganda in World War II Hollywood , University of California Press , 2001 , Vol. 54 , N. 2 , p 306 Jump up ^ John W. Dower , War Without Mercy : Race & Power in the Pacific War p37 ISBN 0 - 394 - 50030 - X Jump up ^ Palmer , M. and Legg , S : The Mask of Nippon , Black and White film , NFB / ONF , 1942 , National Film Board of Canada Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p263 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p262 - 3 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p172 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York ^ Jump up to : `` War Aims Through Art : The U.S. Office of War Information '' ^ Jump up to : `` American Propaganda in WWII '' . Library.thinkquest.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 .", "41": "Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 193 - 4 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 183 ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 184 ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ `` '' Have You Heard ? `` : The Story of Wartime Rumors '' . Life . 1942 - 07 - 13 . pp. 68 -- 73 . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 .", "42": "Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 111 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 114 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ John Toland , The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936 - 1945 p 310 Random House New York 1970 Jump up ^ Edwin P. Hoyt , Japan 's War , p 273 - 4 ISBN 0 - 07 - 030612 - 5 Jump up ^ John Toland , The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936 - 1945 p 309 - 10 Random House New York 1970 Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 119 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ John Toland , The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936 - 1945 p 324 Random House New York 1970 Jump up ^ Masanori Ito , The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy p68 New York W.W. Norton & Company 1956 Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 125 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ James D. Hornfischer , Neptune 's Inferno : The U.S. Navy at Guadalcanal p91 ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80670 - 0 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration . : The United States Goes To War p 139 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Lee Kennett , For the Duration . : The United States Goes To War p 141 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration .", "43": ": The United States Goes To War p 150 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration . : The United States Goes To War p 152 - 3 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Heroes and Film Heroes Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 167 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ John Toland , The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936 - 1945 p 467 Random House New York 1970 Jump up ^ Bill Maudlin , edited by Todd DePastino , Willie & Joe : The War Years p 13 - 5 ISBN 978 - 1 - 56097 - 838 - 1 Jump up ^ Richard Overy , Why the Allies Won , p293 ISBN 0 - 393 - 03925 - 0 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration . : The United States Goes To War p 155 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration . : The United States Goes To War p 181 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Buna Beach : Shock of the Real Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 258 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 120 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 94 - 5 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr.", "44": "Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 186 ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 187 ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 189 ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 191 ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 52 - 3 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 87 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 149 - 50 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 126 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration . : The United States Goes To War p139 - 140 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration . : The United States Goes To War p 140 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 42 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class ,", "45": "Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 85 - 6 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 44 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration . : The United States Goes To War p 35 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration . : The United States Goes To War p 47 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Emily Yellin , Our Mothers ' War , p 22 ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4514 - 8 Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 54 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 55 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 ^ Jump up to : Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 57 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 55 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 91 - 2 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration . : The United States Goes To War p 171 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Salvaging Victory : Scrap Drives for the War Effort Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II ,", "46": "p 135 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 61 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 194 ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Terrence H. Witkowski `` World War II Poster Campaigns : Preaching Frugality to American Consumers '' Journal of Advertising , Vol 32 No 1 Page 73 ^ Jump up to : Terrence H. Witkowski `` World War II Poster Campaigns : Preaching Frugality to American Consumers . '' Journal of Advertising , Vol 32 No 1 Page 71 Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 58 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ Terrence H. Witkowski `` World War II Poster Campaigns : Preaching Frugality to American Consumers . ''", "47": "Journal of Advertising , Vol 32 No 1 Page 79 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 93 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration ... : The United States Goes To War p 100 - 1 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 214 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ PRODUCE FOR VICTORY Jump up ^ Emily Yellin , Our Mothers ' War , p 21 ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4514 - 8 Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 39 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ Every Citizen a Soldier Jump up ^ Retooling for Victory : The Factory Front Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 157 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 24 , 26 ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 156 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Richard Overy , Why the Allies Won p 198 ISBN 0 - 393 - 03925 - 0 Jump up ^ Emily Yellin , Our Mothers ' War , p 35 - 6 ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4514 - 8 Jump up ^ James D. Hornfischer , Neptune 's Inferno : The U.S.", "48": "Navy at Guadalcanal p419 ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80670 - 0 Jump up ^ Chrisptopher C. Thomas , A Thousand Words : Themes and Trends in Home Front Posters , pages 62 - 84 Jump up ^ `` Efficient Workers '' . Americanhistory.si.edu. 2008 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Christopher C. Thomas . A Thousand Words : Themes and Trends in Home Front Posters pages 62 - 84 Jump up ^ Richard Overy , Why the Allies Won p 194 ISBN 0 - 393 - 03925 - 0 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 84 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Victory Gardens Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 62 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ Terrence H. Witkowski `` World War II Poster Campaigns : Preaching Frugality to American Consumers . '' Journal of Advertising , Vol 32 No 1 Page 73 Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 137 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ `` World war II : civic responsibility '' ( PDF ) . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : U.S.", "49": "War Bonds Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 40 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration ... : The United States Goes To War p 186 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 40 - 41 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 41 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ Emily Yellin , Our Mothers ' War , p 79 ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4514 - 8 Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 82 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr.", "50": "Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 192 - 3 ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ Leila J. Rupp , Mobilizing Women for War , p 125 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04649 - 5 Jump up ^ Leila J. Rupp , Mobilizing Women for War , p 142 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04649 - 5 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 24 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Emily Yellin , Our Mothers ' War , p 45 ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4514 - 8 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 80 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Leila J. Rupp , Mobilizing Women For War ( Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1978 ) , 147 - 149 . Jump up ^ Leila J. Rupp , Mobilizing Women For War ( Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1978 ) , 179 . ^ Jump up to : Sara Harrington . `` Women 's Work : Domestic Labor in American World War II Posters . '' Art Documentation . Vol 22 No 2 . Rutgers University 2003 . Page 41 Jump up ^ Doris Weatherford , American Women and World War II p 117 ISBN 0 - 8160 - 2038 - 8 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 39 - 49 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Leila J. Rupp , Mobilizing Women for War , p 143 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04649 - 5 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 102 ,", "51": "ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 106 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Leila J. Rupp , Mobilizing Women for War , p 144 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04649 - 5 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 89 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 89 - 90 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 150 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 154 - 5 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 164 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 180 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 79 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Leila J. Rupp , Mobilizing Women for War , p 146 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04649 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 78 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Susan M. Hartmann ,", "52": "The Home Front And Beyond : American Woman in the 1940s , p 23 ISBN 0 - 8057 - 9901 - X Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 176 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Leila J. Rupp , Mobilizing Women for War , p 156 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04649 - 5 Jump up ^ Doris Weatherford , American Women and World War II p 35 ISBN 0 - 8160 - 2038 - 8 Jump up ^ Meghan K. Winchell , Good Girls , Good Food , Good Fun p 60 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3237 - 0 Jump up ^ Robert Shogan and Tom Craig , The Detroit Race Riot : A Study in Violence ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Lee Finkle , `` The Conservative Aims of Militant Rhetoric : Black Protest during World War II , : Journal of American History , ( 1973 ) 60 # 3 pp 692 - 713 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Maureen Honey Bitter Fruit : African American Women in World War II ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Megan Taylor Shockley , `` Working For Democracy : Working - Class African - American Women , Citizenship , and Civil Rights in Detroit , 1940 - 1954 , '' Michigan Historical Review ( 2003 ) , 29 : 125 - 157 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Women at War , pp 128 - 9 Jump up ^ Daniel Kryder , Divided Arsenal : Race and the American State During World War II ( 2000 ) , pp 113 - 29 ) Jump up ^ Emily Yellin , Our Mothers ' War , p 77 - 8 ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4514 - 8 Jump up ^ Meghan K. Winchell , Good Girls , Good Food , Good Fun p 73 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3237 - 0 Jump up ^ Emily Yellin , Our Mothers ' War ,", "53": "p 71 ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4514 - 8 Jump up ^ Emily Yellin , Our Mothers ' War , p 98 ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4514 - 8 Jump up ^ John Costello , Virtue Under Fire p 125 ISBN 0 - 316 - 73968 - 5 Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 262 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ Robert Heide and John Gilman , Home Front America : Popular Culture of the World War II Era p 116 ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0927 - 7 OCLC 31207708 Jump up ^ Edwin P. Hoyt , Hitler 's War p253 ISBN 0 - 07 - 030622 - 2 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 93 - 4 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 97 - 8 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 Jump up ^ Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II , p 6 - 7 , ISBN 0 - 87023 - 453 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Fighting For An Ideal America Jump up ^ Wars and Battles , 1939 - 1945 Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 15 ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ Richard Overy , Why the Allies Won , p109 ISBN 0 - 393 - 03925 - 0 Jump up ^ Why We Fight : The Battle of Britain Jump up ^ Gordon , David . `` America First : the Anti-War Movement , Charles Lindbergh and the Second World War , 1940 -- 1941 . ''", "54": "New York Military Affairs Symposium , September 26 , 2003 . Jump up ^ American Foreign Relations since 1600 : A Guide to the Literature , Second Edition By Kurt Hanson , Robert L. Beisner page 860 Jump up ^ Richard Overy , Why the Allies Won , p294 ISBN 0 - 393 - 03925 - 0 Jump up ^ Piers Brendon , The Dark Valley : A Panorama of the 1930s , p498 ISBN 0 - 375 - 40881 - 9 Jump up ^ Why We Fight : The Battle of Russia Part I Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 256 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ Why We Fight : The Battle of Russia Part II Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p 257 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ Why We Fight : The Battle of China Jump up ^ John W. Dower , War Without Mercy : Race & Power in the Pacific War p18 ISBN 0 - 394 - 50030 - X Jump up ^ John Toland , The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936 - 1945 p 450 - 1 Random House New York 1970 Jump up ^ John Toland , The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936 - 1945 p 453 Random House New York 1970 Jump up ^ John Toland , The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936 - 1945 p 452 Random House New York 1970 Jump up ^ Why We Fight : The Nazi Strike Jump up ^ Why We Fight : Divide and Conquer Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p170 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p171 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes ,", "55": "Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p204 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p205 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ John B. Hench , Books As Weapons , p29 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4891 - 1 Jump up ^ John B. Hench , Books As Weapons , p6 - 7 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4891 - 1 Jump up ^ John B. Hench , Books As Weapons , p69 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4891 - 1 Further reading ( edit ) Bredhoff , Stacey ( 1994 ) , Powers of Persuasion : Poster Art from World War II , National Archives Trust Fund Board . Cooke , James J. American Girls , Beer , and Glenn Miller : GI Morale in World War II ( University of Missouri Press , 2012 ) excerpt and text search Albert Hadley Cantril ; Mildred Strunk ( 1951 ) . Public opinion : 1935 - 1946 . Princeton University Press . , summaries of thousands of polls in US , Canada , Europe Fox , Frank W ( 1975 ) , Madison Avenue Goes to War : The Strange Military Career of American Advertising , 1941 -- 45 , Brigham Young University Press . Fyne , Robert ( 1994 ) , The Hollywood Propaganda of World War II , Scarecrow Press . Gregory , G.H. ( 1993 ) , Posters of World War II , Gramercy Books . Gallup , George H. ( 1972 ) , The Gallup Poll : Public Opinion 1935 - 1971 , Vol. 1 , 1935 -- 1948 , short summary of every poll Holsinger , M. Paul and Mary Anne Schofield ; Visions of War : World War II in Popular Literature and Culture ( 1992 ) online edition Honey , Maureen. ( 1984 ) Creating Rosie the Riveter : Class , Gender and Propaganda during World War II Laurie , Clayton .", "56": "( 1996 ) The Propaganda Warriors : America 's Crusade Against Nazi Germany ( University of Kansas Press ) excerpt and text search Winkler , Allan . ( 1978 ) The Politics of Propaganda : Office of War Information , 1942 - 1945 . ( Yale University Press ) Witkowski , Terrence H. `` World War II Poster Campaigns : Preaching Frugality to American Consumers '' Journal of Advertising , Vol. 32 , 2003 External links ( edit ) Faked German South America map WWII : Intense Propaganda Posters - slideshow by Life magazine The Kitschified Mass Soul : American War Advertisements Goebbels 's analysis of American propaganda , for the German population The Historical Society of Pennsylvania War Poster Collection , including over 500 original World War I and World War II posters , are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania . Finding Aid to American war posters from the Second World War , circa 1940 - 1945 , The Bancroft Library Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_propaganda_during_World_War_II&oldid=838362589 '' Categories : American propaganda during World War II United States home front during World War II Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 14 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6944367624436080483	who is stillwater from almost famous based on	[ "rock bands Poco, The Allman Brothers Band, Led Zeppelin, Eagles and Lynyrd Skynyrd" ]	{ "0": "Almost Famous - Wikipedia Almost Famous Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Almost Famous ( disambiguation ) . Almost Famous Theatrical release poster Directed by Cameron Crowe Produced by Cameron Crowe Ian Bryce Written by Cameron Crowe Starring Billy Crudup Frances McDormand Kate Hudson Jason Lee Patrick Fugit Anna Paquin Fairuza Balk Noah Taylor Philip Seymour Hoffman Music by Nancy Wilson Cinematography John Toll Edited by Joe Hutshing Saar Klein Production company Vinyl Films Distributed by DreamWorks Pictures Release date September 13 , 2000 Running time 122 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $60 million Box office $47.4 million Almost Famous is a 2000 American comedy - drama film written and directed by Cameron Crowe , and starring Billy Crudup , Kate Hudson and Patrick Fugit . It tells the fictional story of a teenage journalist writing for Rolling Stone magazine in the early 1970s while covering the fictitious rock band Stillwater , and his efforts to get his first cover story published . The film is semi-autobiographical , as Crowe himself was a teenage writer for Rolling Stone . The film is based on Crowe 's experiences touring with rock bands Poco , The Allman Brothers Band , Led Zeppelin , Eagles and Lynyrd Skynyrd . Crowe has discussed how during this period he lost his virginity , fell in love , and met his heroes -- experiences that are shared by William Miller ( Patrick Fugit ) , the boyish main character of the film . Although a box office bomb , the film received widespread acclaim from critics , and received four Oscar nominations , one of which led to an award to Crowe for his screenplay . It was also awarded the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media . Roger Ebert hailed it the best film of the year , and also the ninth best film of the 2000s . It also won two Golden Globes , for Best Picture and Kate Hudson won Best Supporting Actress . In a 2016 international poll conducted by BBC , Almost Famous was ranked the 79th greatest film since 2000 .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Personnel 4.1. 1 `` Stillwater '' 4.1. 2 Other personnel 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1969 , child prodigy William Miller struggles to fit in with the world . His widowed mother Elaine has led him to believe he is 13 years old , until William 's older sister , Anita , tells their mother to tell the truth . His age is actually 11 ; his mother had him start first grade at 5 years old and then he skipped fifth grade . Their mother strictly controls and protects him and Anita , forbidding rock music and other unwelcome influences , driving Anita to leave home and become a flight attendant . In 1973 , 15 - year - old William , influenced by the rock albums left by his sister , aspires to be a rock journalist , writing freelance articles for underground papers in San Diego . Rock journalist Lester Bangs , impressed with his writing , gives him a $35 assignment to review a Black Sabbath concert . He ca n't get backstage , but opening band Stillwater arrives , and after he flatters them with critical praise they bring him along . Lead guitarist Russell Hammond takes a liking to him , partly because of William 's new friendship with veteran groupie Penny Lane , though she prefers the term Band - Aid . Feigning retirement from her glory days , she takes William under her wing . William is contacted by Ben Fong - Torres , editor of Rolling Stone , who believes him to be older and hires him to write a story . He convinces Ben to let him write about Stillwater , and he is instructed to go on the road with them . Tensions between Russell and lead singer Jeff Bebe are evident . William begins to interview the members of the band , but Russell repeatedly puts it off . Penny watches the interaction and sympathizes with William , whom they jokingly call `` the enemy '' because he 's a journalist , but he quickly becomes part of their inner circle as he loses his objectivity .", "2": "The band experiences problems with promoters and venues on the tour , and hires Dennis , a professional manager . Penny is told she must leave them before New York , where Russell 's ex-wife - girlfriend Leslie will join them . Stillwater `` loses '' Penny and her three protégé groupies to another band in a poker game ; Penny acts nonchalant but is devastated . Also , Dennis has chartered a small plane to allow them to play more gigs than their tour bus does , and there is no room on it for Penny , who is left behind . However , Penny goes to New York on her own , and shows up at the restaurant where the band is celebrating the news that they will be featured on the cover of Rolling Stone . Leslie notices her apparent attempts to get Russell 's attention , and Penny is asked to leave . William chases her back to her hotel , where he saves her from overdosing on quaaludes . The next day , the band flies to another gig , and the plane encounters severe weather . Believing they are about to die , members of the group confess their secrets to one another , bringing the conflicts between Jeff and Russell into the open . Jeff insults Penny , but William defends her and confesses that he loves her . The plane lands safely in Tupelo , leaving everyone to ponder the changed atmosphere . William leaves the group , to finish the article at the Rolling Stone office in San Francisco , writing the whole truth about what he has observed . Fearful the story will damage the band 's image , Russell tells the magazine 's fact - checker that the boy 's story is untrue , killing the article and crushing William emotionally . William 's sister happens to encounter him sitting dejected in the airport , and offers to take him anywhere in the world ; he chooses to go home to San Diego , where their mother is overcome to have both of them back . One of the groupies chastises Russell for what he did to William . Russell calls Penny and asks to meet with her , but she tricks him , giving him William 's home address instead . When the door to the house is opened , rather than Penny appearing , he finds himself face to face with William 's mother who , upon hearing who he is , scolds him for his behavior .", "3": "He is forced to face William and apologizes ; William finally gets his interview , and Russell reverses himself and confirms William 's article to Rolling Stone , which runs it as a cover feature . Meanwhile , Penny purchases a ticket to Morocco , fulfilling her long - standing fantasy . Cast ( edit ) Patrick Fugit as William Miller Michael Angarano as Young William Billy Crudup as Russell Hammond Frances McDormand as Elaine Miller Kate Hudson as Penny Lane Jason Lee as Jeff Bebe Zooey Deschanel as Anita Miller Anna Paquin as Polexia Aphrodisia Fairuza Balk as Sapphire Bijou Phillips as Estrella Starr Noah Taylor as Dick Roswell Philip Seymour Hoffman as Lester Bangs Terry Chen as Ben Fong - Torres Jay Baruchel as Vic Munoz Jimmy Fallon as Dennis Hope Rainn Wilson as David Felton Mark Kozelek as Larry Fellows Liz Stauber as Leslie Hammond Zack Ward as The Legendary Red Dog John Fedevich as Ed Vallencourt Eric Stonestreet as Sheldon the Desk Clerk Production ( edit ) Crowe used a composite of the bands he had known to come up with Stillwater , the emerging act that welcomes the young journalist into its sphere , then becomes wary of his intentions . Seventies rocker Peter Frampton served as a technical consultant on the film . Crowe and his then - wife , musician Nancy Wilson of Heart , co-wrote three of the five Stillwater songs in the film , and Frampton wrote the other two , with Mike McCready of Pearl Jam playing lead guitar on all of the Stillwater songs . Crowe based the character of Penny Lane on the real - life Pennie Lane Trumbull and her group of female promoters who called themselves the Flying Garter Girls Group . Though they were not in the Flying Garter Girls group , various other women have been described as Crowe 's inspiration , for instance Pamela Des Barres and Bebe Buell . The character of William Miller 's mother ( played by Frances McDormand ) was based on Crowe 's own mother , who even showed up on the set to keep an eye on him while he worked . Though he asked his mother not to bother McDormand , the two women ended up getting along well .", "4": "Alice in Chains ' guitarist / vocalist Jerry Cantrell was Crowe 's first choice for the role of Stillwater bass player Larry Fellows . Cantrell is friends with Crowe and had previously appeared in two films directed by him , Singles ( 1992 ) and Jerry Maguire ( 1996 ) . Cantrell was busy writing the songs for his solo album Degradation Trip and had to turn the role down . Mark Kozelek was cast instead . Crowe took a copy of the film to London for a special screening with Led Zeppelin members Jimmy Page and Robert Plant . After the screening , Led Zeppelin granted Crowe the right to use one of their songs on the soundtrack -- the first time they had ever consented to this since allowing Crowe to use `` Kashmir '' in Fast Times at Ridgemont High -- and also gave him rights to four of their other songs in the movie itself , although they did not grant him the rights to `` Stairway to Heaven '' for an intended scene ( on the special `` Bootleg '' edition DVD , the scene is included as an extra , sans the song , where the viewer is instructed by a watermark to begin playing it ) . In his 2012 memoir My Cross to Bear , Gregg Allman confirms that several aspects of the movie are directly based on Crowe 's time spent with the Allman Brothers Band . The scene in which Russell jumps from the top of the Topeka party house into a pool was based on something Duane Allman did : `` the jumping off the roof into the pool , that was Duane -- from the third floor of a place called the Travelodge in San Francisco . My brother wanted to do it again , but the cat who owned the place came out shaking his fist , yelling at him . We told that story all the time , and I have no doubt that Cameron was around for it . '' He also confirms that he and Dickey Betts played a joke on Crowe by claiming clauses in their contract did not allow his story to be published -- just before he was to deliver it to Rolling Stone . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Almost Famous ( soundtrack ) The Almost Famous soundtrack album was awarded the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media .", "5": "Personnel ( edit ) `` Stillwater '' ( edit ) Billy Crudup ( `` Russell Hammond '' ) - lead guitar Jason Lee ( `` Jeff Bebe '' ) - lead singer John Fedevich ( `` Ed Vallencourt '' ) - drums Mark Kozelek ( `` Larry Fellows '' ) - bass guitar Other personnel ( edit ) Peter Frampton Mike McCready Jon Bayless Ben Smith Gordon Kennedy Marti Frederiksen -- vocals Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Almost Famous had its premiere at the 2000 Toronto International Film Festival . It was subsequently given a limited release on September 15 , 2000 , in 131 theaters where it grossed $2.3 million on its first weekend . It was given a wider release on September 22 , 2000 , in 1,193 theaters where it grossed $6.9 million on its opening weekend . The film went on to make $32.5 million in North America and $14.8 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of $47.4 million against a $60 million budget . Critical response ( edit ) Almost Famous received widespread critical acclaim , and currently holds an 89 percent approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 166 reviews , with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Almost Famous , with its great ensemble performances and story , is a well - crafted , warm - hearted movie that successfully draws you into its era . '' The film also holds a score of 90 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on 38 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars and described it as `` funny and touching in so many different ways . '' In his review for The New York Times , A.O. Scott wrote , `` The movie 's real pleasures are to be found not in its story but in its profusion of funny , offbeat scenes . It 's the kind of picture that invites you to go back and savor your favorite moments like choice album cuts . ''", "6": "Time magazine 's Richard Corliss praised the film 's screenplay for `` giving each character his reasons , making everyone in the emotional debate charming and compelling , creating fictional people who breathe in a story with an organic life . '' In her review for the L.A. Weekly , Manohla Dargis wrote that `` the film shimmers with the irresistible pleasures that define Hollywood at its best -- it 's polished like glass , funny , knowing and bright , and filled with characters whose lives are invariably sexier and more purposeful than our own . '' Rolling Stone magazine 's Peter Travers wrote , `` Not since A Hard Day 's Night has a movie caught the thrumming exuberance of going where the music takes you . '' In his review for Newsweek , David Ansen wrote , `` Character - driven , it relies on chemistry , camaraderie , a sharp eye for detail and good casting . '' Entertainment Weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` Every Cameron Crowe film is , in one way or another , about romance , rock & roll , and his romance with rock & roll . This power ballad of a movie , from 2000 , also happens to be Crowe 's greatest ( and most personal ) film thanks to the golden gods of Stillwater and their biggest fan , Kate Hudson 's incomparable Penny Lane . '' Entertainment Weekly gave the film an `` A − '' rating and Owen Gleiberman praised Crowe for depicting the 1970s as `` an era that found its purpose in having no purpose . Crowe , staying close to his memories , has gotten it , for perhaps the first time , onto the screen . '' In his review for the Los Angeles Times , Kenneth Turan praised Philip Seymour Hoffman 's portrayal of Lester Bangs : `` Superbly played by Philip Seymour Hoffman , more and more the most gifted and inspired character actor working in film , what could have been the cliched portrait of an older mentor who speaks the straight truth blossoms into a marvelous personality . '' However , in his review for The New York Observer , Andrew Sarris felt that `` none of the non-musical components on the screen matched the excitement of the music . For whatever reason , too much of the dark side has been left out . ''", "7": "Desson Howe , in his review for the Washington Post , found it `` very hard to see these long - haired kids as products of the 1970s instead of dressed up actors from the Seattle - Starbucks era . I could n't help wondering how many of these performers had to buy a CD copy of the song and study it for the first time . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Almost Famous References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Almost Famous ( 2000 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Biography , '' The Uncool : The Official Website for Everything Cameron Crowe . Accessed Dec. 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 21st century 's 100 greatest films '' . BBC . August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ammann , Ana ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Will the real Penny Lane please stand up ? '' . Oregon Music News . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lecaro , Lina ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Zooey Deschanel to Play Original ' 60s Groupie Pamela `` I 'm With the Band '' Des Barres in HBO Series ( NSFW ) `` . LA Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Wild Things : Cameron Crowe and Bebe Buell '' . Talk . March 2001 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Patrick . `` This Time , It 's Personal A ' 70s rock film co-starring ... Mom ? It 's Cameron Crowe 's life story , and he 's tried to tell it for years , '' Los Angeles Times ( August 27 , 2000 ) . Archie on The Uncool.com . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Chains ' Jerry Cantrell almost starred in the movie ' Almost Famous ' '' . YouTube . November 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allman , Gregg ; Light , Alan ( 2012 ) . My Cross to Bear . William Morrow . pp.", "8": "242 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 0062112033 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( August 25 , 2000 ) . `` Organic Growth In Toronto '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Almost Famous '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Almost Famous '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Almost Famous '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( September 15 , 2000 ) . `` Almost Famous '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O ( September 15 , 2000 ) . `` Almost Famous '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( September 10 , 2000 ) . `` Absolutely Fabulous '' . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( September 21 , 2000 ) . `` Gonna Make You Groove '' . L.A. Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 10 , 2000 ) . `` Almost Famous '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Ansen , David ( September 18 , 2000 ) . `` He 's With The Band '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 .", "9": "Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ; Jensen , Jeff ; Jordan , Tina ; Lyons , Margaret ; Markovitz , Adam ; Nashawaty , Chris ; Pastorek , Whitney ; Rice , Lynette ; Rottenberg , Josh ; Schwartz , Missy ; Slezak , Michael ; Snierson , Dan ; Stack , Tim ; Stroup , Kate ; Tucker , Ken ; Vary , Adam B. ; Vozick - Levinson , Simon ; Ward , Kate ( December 11 , 2009 ) , `` The 100 Greatest Movies , Tv Shows , Albums , Books , Characters , Scenes , Episodes , Songs , Dresses , Music Videos , And Trends That Entertained Us Over The Past 10 Years '' . Entertainment Weekly . ( 1079 / 1080 ) : 74 - 84 Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( September 15 , 2000 ) . `` Almost Famous '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( September 13 , 2000 ) . `` Almost Famous '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sarris , Andrew ( September 17 , 2000 ) . `` It 's Only Rock ' n ' Roll - Where Are the Sex and Drugs ? '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( September 22 , 2000 ) . `` Almost Poignant '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 .", "10": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Almost Famous Official website Almost Famous on IMDb Almost Famous at AllMovie Almost Famous at Rotten Tomatoes Almost Famous at Metacritic Almost Famous at Box Office Mojo Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! 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5916467752638709427	what is the meaning of molech in the bible	[ "biblical name of a Canaanite god associated with child sacrifice", "the biblical name of a Canaanite god associated with child sacrifice", "king", "a Canaanite god associated with child sacrifice" ]	{ "0": "Moloch - wikipedia Moloch Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Moloch ( disambiguation ) . 18th - century depiction of the Moloch idol ( Der Götze Moloch mit 7 Räumen oder Capellen . `` The idol Moloch with seven chambers or chapels '' ) , from Johann Lund 's Die Alten Jüdischen Heiligthümer ( 1711 , 1738 ) . Moloch is the biblical name of a Canaanite god associated with child sacrifice . The name of this deity is also sometimes spelled Molech , Milcom , or Malcam . The name Moloch results from a dysphemic vocalisation in the Second Temple period of a theonym based on the root mlk `` king '' . There are a number of Canaanite gods with names based on this root , which became summarily associated with Moloch , including Biblical מַלְכָּם ‎ Malkam `` great king '' ( KJV Milcom ) , which appears to refer to a god of the Ammonites , as well as Tyrian Melqart and others . Rabbinical tradition depicted Moloch as a bronze statue heated with fire into which the victims were thrown . This has been associated with reports by Greco - Roman authors on the child sacrifices in Carthage to Baal Hammon , especially since archaeological excavations since the 1920s have produced evidence for child sacrifice in Carthage as well as inscriptions including the term MLK , either a theonym or a technical term associated with sacrifice . In interpretatio graeca , the Phoenician god was identified with Cronus , due to the parallel mytheme of Cronus devouring his children . Otto Eissfeldt in 1935 argued that mlk was not to be taken as a theonym at all but as a term for a type of fire sacrifice , and that * lĕmōlek `` as a molk - sacrifice '' had been reinterpreted as the name of a Canaanite idol following the Deuteronomic reform under Josiah ( r . 640 -- 609 BC ) . According to Eissfeldt , this 7th - century reform abolished the child sacrifice that had been happening .", "1": "Moloch has been used figuratively in English literature from John Milton 's Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) to Allen Ginsberg 's `` Howl '' ( 1955 ) , to refer to a person or thing demanding or requiring a very costly sacrifice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Biblical texts 2.1 Masoretic Molek 2.2 LXX Μολοχ ( Moloch , Molech ) 2.3 Malkam ( Milcom ) 3 Carthaginian Cronus 4 Rabbinical commentary 5 Modern interpretations 6 Moloch in art and culture 6.1 Depictions of Canaanite Moloch 6.1. 1 Milton 's Paradise Lost 6.1. 2 Flaubert 's Salammbô 6.2 As social or political allegory 6.3 References in fantastical fiction and pop culture 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Name ( edit ) Babylonian cylinder seal representing child sacrifice Biblical Hebrew מלך ( mlk ) usually stands for מֶלֶךְ ‎ melek `` king '' ( Akkadian malku ) but when vocalized as מֹלֶךְ ‎ mōlek in the Masoretic text , it has been traditionally understood as a proper name . While the received Masoretic text is medieval , the existence of the form Μολοχ ( Molokh , whence Vulgate Moloch ) in the Septuagint establishes that the distinction dates to the Second Temple period . Moloch has been traditionally interpreted as the name of a god , possibly a god surnamed `` the king '' ( cf . adon `` lord '' , baʿal `` master '' ) , but pejoratively mispronounced as Molek instead of Melek using the vocalisation of Hebrew בּשֶׁת ‎ bosheth `` shame '' , distinguishing it from the title of melek `` king '' , written identically in the consonantal text , which is also frequently given to Yahweh .", "2": "Thus , in Psalm 5 : 2 , the מלךי mlk - y ( `` my mlk '' ) of the Hebrew text is vocalized מַלְכִּי malk - ī and translated ὁ βασιλεύς μου ( `` my king '' ) in the Septuagint ; by contrast , in Amos 5 : 26 , מלככם mlk - km ( `` your ( plural ) mlk '' ) is vocalized מַלְכְּכֶם malk - chem ( `` your king '' ) but translated Μολοχ ὑμῶν ( `` your Moloch '' ) in the Septuagint . The name of the god of the Ammonites is also given as מַלְכָּם malkam ( `` great king '' ) , ) rendered as Milcom in KJV .", "3": "In 1 Kings 11 : 7 , לְמֹלֶךְ שִׁקֻּץ בְּנֵי עַמֹּֽון ‎ ( KJV : `` for Molech , the abomination of the children of Ammon '' ) , the Septuagint has τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῶν εἰδώλῳ υἱῶν Αμμων ( `` for their king , idol of the sons of Ammon '' ) , while in 1 Kings 11 : 33 לְמִלְכֹּם אֱלֹהֵי בְנֵֽי ־ עַמֹּון ‎ ( KJV : `` Milcom the god of the children of Ammon '' ) is translated τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῶν προσοχθίσματι υἱῶν Αμμων ( `` for their king , the abomination of the sons of Ammon '' ) . Biblical texts ( edit ) Masoretic Molek ( edit ) Offering to Molech ( illustration from the 1897 Bible Pictures and What They Teach Us by Charles Foster ) The vocalization Molek occurs eight times in the Masoretic Text , predominantly ( five times ) in Leviticus : Leviticus 18 : 21 `` And thou shalt not let any of thy seed pass through the fire to Molech , neither shalt thou profane the name of thy God : I am the LORD . '' Leviticus 20 : 2 : `` Again , thou shalt say to the children of Israel , Whosoever he be of the children of Israel , or of the strangers that sojourn in Israel , that giveth any of his seed unto Molech ; he shall surely be put to death : the people of the land shall stone him with stones . ''", "4": "Leviticus 20 : 3 : `` And I will set my face against that man , and will cut him off from among his people ; because he hath given of his seed unto Molech , to defile my sanctuary , and to profane my holy name . '' Leviticus 20 : 4 : `` And if the people of the land do any ways hide their eyes from the man , when he giveth of his seed unto Molech , and kill him not '' Leviticus 20 : 5 : `` Then I will set my face against that man , and against his family , and will cut him off , and all that go a whoring after him , to commit whoredom with Molech , from among their people . '' Two further occurrences connect the practice with Tophet , a place of sacrifice in the Valley of Hinnom ( Gehenna , which later acquired the connotation of `` Hell '' ) : 2 Kings 23 : 10 : `` And he ( King Josiah of Judah ) defiled Topheth , which is in the valley of the children of Hinnom , that no man might make his son or his daughter to pass through the fire to Molech . '' Jeremiah 32 : 35 : `` And they built the high places of Baal , which are in the valley of the son of Hinnom , to cause their sons and their daughters to pass through the fire unto Molech which I commanded them not , neither came it into my mind , that they should do this abomination , to cause Judah to sin . '' The practice of `` passing through fire '' ( ` abar ba - ' esh עָבַר בָּאֵשׁ ‎ ) associated with the name Moloch in the citations above also occurs without reference to Moloch in Deuteronomy 18 : 10 -- 13 , 2 Kings 16 : 3 and 21 : 6 and Ezekiel 20 : 26 , 31 and 23 : 37 .", "5": "Isaiah 30 : 33 has the vocalization melek ( `` king '' ) , but this is widely accepted as an omission of the Masoretic correctors : `` For Tophet is ordained of old ; yea , for the king it is prepared ; he hath made it deep and large : the pile thereof is fire and much wood ; the breath of the LORD , like a stream of brimstone , doth kindle it . '' On the other hand , while 1 Kings 11 : 7 has the vocalization Molek , in `` Molech , the abomination of the children of Ammon '' , this is widely accepted as an error for Malkam ( Milcom ) , the specifically Ammonite idol . LXX Μολοχ ( Moloch , Molech ) ( edit ) The Septuagint uses Μολοχ three times , rendered by KJV as Moloch or Molech , in 2 Kings 23 : 10 , Jeremiah 32 : 35 ( both verses have Masoretic molek , cited above ) , and Amos 5 : 26 ( where the Masoretic text has melek `` king '' ) . In the other instances of Masoretic molek , LXX has βασιλεύς basileus `` king '' . Malkam ( Milcom ) ( edit ) The variant Malkam , rendered by KJV as Milcom , is found only three times in Kings ( 1 Kings 11 : 5 , 11 : 33 and 2 Kings 23 : 13 ) . Malkam is each time specifically mentioned as a god of the Ammonites , while Molek is generally depicted as a god worshipped by the Israelites in the context of the `` passing through fire '' of their children ( with the exception of 1 Kings 11 : 7 , which mentions `` Molech , the abomination of the children of Ammon '' , widely accepted as an error for Malkam . ) .", "6": "Carthaginian Cronus ( edit ) Main article : Child sacrifice in Cartaginian religion Further information : Baal Hammon Later commentators have compared these accounts with similar ones from Greek and Latin sources speaking of the offering of children by fire as sacrifices in the Punic city of Carthage , a Phoenician colony . Cleitarchus , Diodorus Siculus and Plutarch all mention burning of children as an offering to Cronus or Saturn , that is to Baal Hammon , the chief god of Carthage . It has been suggested that the practice of child sacrifice may have been exaggerated in Roman post-war propaganda in order to make their arch - enemies seem cruel and less civilized . Cleitarchus ' paraphrase of a scholium to Plato 's Republic has a description of the practice which predates the fall of Carthage in 146 BC : There stands in their midst a bronze statue of Kronos , its hands extended over a bronze brazier , the flames of which engulf the child . When the flames fall upon the body , the limbs contract and the open mouth seems almost to be laughing until the contracted body slips quietly into the brazier . Thus it is that the ' grin ' is known as ' sardonic laughter , ' since they die laughing . ( trans . Paul G. Mosca ) Diodorus Siculus ( 20.14 ) : There was in their city a bronze image of Cronus extending its hands , palms up and sloping toward the ground , so that each of the children when placed thereon rolled down and fell into a sort of gaping pit filled with fire . Diodorus also relates that relatives were forbidden to weep and that when Agathocles defeated Carthage , the Carthaginian nobles believed they had displeased the gods by substituting low - born children for their own children . They attempted to make amends by sacrificing 200 children of the best families at once , and in their enthusiasm actually sacrificed 300 children . Freeman in The History of Sicily from the Earliest Times ( 1894 ) states that the Carthaginian nobles had acquired and raised children not of their own for the express purpose of sacrificing them to the god .", "7": "The author states that during the siege , the 200 high - born children were sacrificed in addition to another 300 children who were initially saved from the fire by the sacrifice of these acquired substitutes . Plutarch wrote in De Superstitione 171 : ... but with full knowledge and understanding they themselves offered up their own children , and those who had no children would buy little ones from poor people and cut their throats as if they were so many lambs or young birds ; meanwhile the mother stood by without a tear or moan ; but should she utter a single moan or let fall a single tear , she had to forfeit the money , and her child was sacrificed nevertheless ; and the whole area before the statue was filled with a loud noise of flutes and drums that the cries of wailing should not reach the ears of the people . Rabbinical commentary ( edit ) The 12th - century Rashi , commenting on Jeremiah 7 : 31 stated : Tophet is Moloch , which was made of brass ; and they heated him from his lower parts ; and his hands being stretched out , and made hot , they put the child between his hands , and it was burnt ; when it vehemently cried out ; but the priests beat a drum , that the father might not hear the voice of his son , and his heart might not be moved . A rabbinical tradition attributed to the Yalkout of Rabbi Simeon , says that the idol was hollow and was divided into seven compartments , in one of which they put flour , in the second turtle - doves , in the third a ewe , in the fourth a ram , in the fifth a calf , in the sixth an ox , and in the seventh a child , which were all burned together by heating the statue inside . Modern interpretations ( edit ) Scholars of the 17th century received from medieval rabbinical tradition the notion that the various gods named mlk `` king '' in the Hebrew Bible are closely related , if not identical .", "8": "Early modern scholarship tended to accept the Biblical and Greco - Roman accounts of child sacrifice at face value , although there were early suggestions that the biblical account might refer to a symbolic practice , among them an essay by John Selden of 1617 with the suggestion that the phrase h'byr b'sh lmlk `` making to pass over the fire to Molek '' might have entailed a februation ( purification ritual ) rather than human sacrifice . Valentin Greissing in 1678 suggested that the vocalisation Molek was modelled after חֹלֵם ḥōlem `` dreamer ; prophet '' to distinguish it from melek `` king '' , presaging the much more influential suggestion by Abraham Geiger ( 1857 ) that the vocalisation is a dysphemism modelled after בּשֶׁת bōshet `` shame '' . John Spenser wrote a seminal study on Molek , Lex transitum per ignem , in honorem Molechi prohibens in 1686 , initiating the influential interpretation of Molek as a solar deity . Greco - Roman authors describe the Carthaginian practice of child sacrifice as dedicated to Baal Hammon or , in interpretatio graeca , to Cronus . The explicit identification of this Punic deity with the Biblical Moloch is modern , suggesting a continuity of the practice of child sacrifice from Iron Age , or possibly Late Bronze Age Canaan to 2nd - century BC Carthage . Carthaginian child sacrifice in the context of biblical Moloch is studied , still based on the authority of ancient authors rather than archaeology , by Friedrich Münter in Die Religion der Karthager ( 1816 ) and by Franz Karl Movers in Die Phönizier ( 1841 ) . Both Münter and Movers concluded that Molek was identical with Baal and to be categorized as a fire god . In 1841 , both Georg Friedrich Daumer and Friedrich Wilhelm Ghillany published influential works on the topic . These authors came to the conclusion that the Biblical text reflects an original identity of Molek and Yahweh , and that the cult of Yahweh grew out of that of Molek by the abolishing of human sacrifice .", "9": "The authors find numerous instances of vestigial references to human sacrifice , most notably the law that all firstborns must be `` consecrated '' or `` given '' to Yahweh ( Exodus 13 : 2 , 22 : 28 ) . Abraham Geiger ( 1857 ) argued that the vocalisation molek was a secondary `` dysphemic '' correction due to the redactors of the Masoretic text , and argued that there were a further 25 or so instances that should be taken to refer to molek which had been missed by the correctors ( and remain vocalised melek in the received text ) . Of these proposed instances , Isaiah 30 : 33 has become commonly accepted , while the others have at best found partial support . The hypothesis of Daumer and Ghillany of the original identity of Yahweh and Molek was controversially discussed by widely accepted in mid-19th century scholarship . It was influentially rejected by Wolf Wilhelm Friedrich von Baudissin in his dissertation Jahve et Moloch : sive de ratione inter deum Israelitarum et Molochum intercedente ( Leipzig , 1874 ) . Baudissin argued that the theonym Mlk was of genuinely Phoenician ( and neither Hebrew nor Assyrian ) origin , reflected in Melqart of Tyre and the later reports of child sacrifice in the Tyrian colony of Carthage , and that it was only the import of the cult of the Tyrian Baal ( i.e. Melqart ) under king Ahab ( r . ca . 885 -- 850 BC ) that gave rise to his worship among the Israelites ( and the corresponding condemnation of the practice by the Yahwist faction represented in the Hebrew Bible ) . In the early 20th century , scholarly opinion on the topic begins to be informed by the results of archaeological excavations in the Near East , notably those by R.A.S. Macalister at Gezer during 1902 -- 1909 . Macalister reported evidence of child sacrifice in Late Bronze Age Canaan . Consensus shifted towards the assumption of widespread child sacrifice in Canaan , although there were dissenting opinions .", "10": "French - led excavations at Carthage began in 1921 , and from 1923 reported finds of a large quantity of urns containing a mixture of animal and children 's bones . René Dussaud identified a 4th - century BC stela found in Carthage as depicting a child sacrifice . A temple at Amman ( 1400 -- 1250 BC ) excavated and reported upon by J.B. Hennessy in 1966 , shows the possibility of bestial and human sacrifice by fire . While evidence of child sacrifice in Canaan was the object of academic disagreement , with some scholars arguing that merely children 's cemeteries had been unearthed , in Carthage , the mixture of children 's with animal bones as well as associated epigraphic evidence involving mention of mlk led to a consensus that , at least in Carthage , child sacrifice was indeed common practice . The term mlk in Punic epigraphy was given a re-interpretation by Otto Eissfeldt in 1935 . Eissfeldt 's suggestion was that molk was not to be taken as a theonym at all but as a term for a type of fire sacrifice . For the Hebrew Bible , he argued that seven out of the eight instances of Masoretic Molek ( excising 1 Kings 11 : 7 as an error for Milkom ) should also be regarded as the technical term for child sacrifice rather than as the name of a god , and that * lĕmōlek `` as a molk - sacrifice '' had been reinterpreted as the name of a Canaanite idol following the Deuteronomic reform under Josiah ( r . 640 -- 609 BC ) . According to Eissfeldt , this 7th - century reform abolished the child sacrifice that had hitherto been an acceptable part of the cult of Yahweh . Paul G. Mosca 's Child Sacrifice in Canaanite and Israelite Religion : A Study in Mulk and Molech ( 1975 ) similarly argued in support of the theory that child sacrifice ( molk ) to Yahweh was practiced until the Deuteronomic reform of the 7th century BC .", "11": "Moshe Weinfield ( 1972 ) once again revived the `` februarist '' position , suggesting that the practice of `` passing through fire '' prohibited for the Israelites in Leviticus did not refer to actual child sacrifice but to a symbolic rite in which infants were passed across a flame . Smith ( 1975 ) responded to this proposal by arguing that the Hebrew phrase implies a translation of `` to burn '' rather than `` to pass between flame '' . John Day ( 1989 ) argued for the existence of a god named Molek based on Ugaritic evidence . In the 21st century the myth of Moloch has been referred to by Asturian political parties with the name of Molloch and also by Iberian patriotic writers specialized in the myth of Saturn , once painted by Goya , to describe some regional editions based in Barcelona . Moloch in art and culture ( edit ) Depictions of Canaanite Moloch ( edit ) Milton 's Paradise Lost ( edit ) In John Milton 's Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) , Moloch is one of the greatest warriors of the fallen angels , `` First MOLOCH , horrid King besmear 'd with blood Of human sacrifice , and parents tears , Though , for the noyse of Drums and Timbrels loud , Their children 's cries unheard that passed through fire To his grim Idol . Him the AMMONITE Worshipt in RABBA and her watry Plain , In ARGOB and in BASAN , to the stream Of utmost ARNON . Nor content with such Audacious neighbourhood , the wisest heart Of SOLOMON he led by fraud to build His Temple right against the Temple of God On that opprobrious Hill , and made his Grove The pleasant Vally of HINNOM , TOPHET thence And black GEHENNA call 'd , the Type of Hell . '' He is listed among the chief of Satan 's angels in Book I , and is given a speech at the parliament of Hell in Book 2 : 43 -- 105 , where he argues for immediate warfare against God . He later becomes revered as a pagan god on Earth .", "12": "Flaubert 's Salammbô ( edit ) Moloch statue from Giovanni Pastrone 's Cabiria ( 1914 ) , Museo nazionale del Cinema ( Turin ) . Gustave Flaubert 's Salammbô , a semi-historical novel about Carthage published in 1862 , included a version of the Carthaginian religion , including the god Moloch , whom he characterized as a god to whom the Carthaginians offered children . Flaubert described this Moloch mostly according to the Rabbinic descriptions , but with a few of his own additions . From chapter 7 : Then further back , higher than the candelabrum , and much higher than the altar , rose the Moloch , all of iron , and with gaping apertures in his human breast . His outspread wings were stretched upon the wall , his tapering hands reached down to the ground ; three black stones bordered by yellow circles represented three eyeballs on his brow , and his bull 's head was raised with a terrible effort as if in order to bellow . Chapter 13 describes how , in desperate attempt to call down rain , the image of Moloch was brought to the center of Carthage , how the arms of the image were moved by the pulling of chains by the priests ( apparently Flaubert 's own invention ) , and then describes the sacrifices made to Moloch . First grain and animals of various kinds were placed in compartments within the statue ( as in the Rabbinic account ) . Then the children were offered , at first a few , and then more and more . The brazen arms were working more quickly . They paused no longer . Every time that a child was placed in them the priests of Moloch spread out their hands upon him to burden him with the crimes of the people , vociferating : `` They are not men but oxen ! '' and the multitude round about repeated : `` Oxen ! oxen ! '' The devout exclaimed : `` Lord ! eat ! '' and the priests of Proserpine , complying through terror with the needs of Carthage , muttered the formula : `` Pour out rain ! bring forth ! ''", "13": "The victims , when scarcely at the edge of the opening , disappeared like a drop of water on a red - hot plate , and white smoke rose amid the great scarlet colour . Nevertheless , the appetite of the god was not appeased . He ever wished for more . In order to furnish him with a larger supply , the victims were piled up on his hands with a big chain above them which kept them in their place . Some devout persons had at the beginning wished to count them , to see whether their number corresponded with the days of the solar year ; but others were brought , and it was impossible to distinguish them in the giddy motion of the horrible arms . This lasted for a long , indefinite time until the evening . Then the partitions inside assumed a darker glow , and burning flesh could be seen . Some even believed that they could descry hair , limbs , and whole bodies . Night fell ; clouds accumulated above the Baal . The funeral - pile , which was flameless now , formed a pyramid of coals up to his knees ; completely red like a giant covered with blood , he looked , with his head thrown back , as though he were staggering beneath the weight of his intoxication . Italian director Giovanni Pastrone 's silent film Cabiria ( 1914 ) was largely based on Salammbo and included an enormous image of Moloch modeled on Flaubert 's description . American anti-communist agitator Elizabeth Dilling , and her husband Jeremiah Stokes , wrote an anti-Semitic book , The Plot Against Christianity ( 1964 ) . Re-released under the title The Jewish Religion : Its Influence Today -- with Talmudic writings annotated by Dilling -- it quoted Flaubert 's description as if it were historically accurate . Information from the novel and film still finds its way into serious writing about Moloch , Melqart , Carthage , and Ba'al Hammon . As social or political allegory ( edit ) A rhetorical connection between abortion and the child sacrifice to Moloch has been drawn by the anti-abortion movement since the late 19th century .", "14": "In Bertrand Russell 's A Free Man 's Worship ( 1903 ) , Moloch is used to describe a particularly savage brand of religion : The savage , like ourselves , feels the oppression of his impotence before the powers of Nature ; but having in himself nothing that he respects more than Power , he is willing to prostrate himself before his gods , without inquiring whether they are worthy of his worship . Pathetic and very terrible is the long history of cruelty and torture , of degradation and human sacrifice , endured in the hope of placating the jealous gods : surely , the trembling believer thinks , when what is most precious has been freely given , their lust for blood must be appeased , and more will not be required . The religion of Moloch -- as such creeds may be generically called -- is in essence the cringing submission of the slave , who dare not , even in his heart , allow the thought that his master deserves no adulation . Since the independence of ideals is not yet acknowledged , Power may be freely worshipped , and receive an unlimited respect , despite its wanton infliction of pain . During the growth of vehicle ownership in the United States , the concern for automobile deaths prompted at least one editorial cartoonist to label the automobile `` the Modern Moloch , '' viewing the car as a machine of death . In letters of the Munich Cosmic Circle the name Moloch was used to symbolize a Jewish God , hostile to life . In The Gathering Storm ( 1948 ) , the first volume of Winston Churchill 's history of World War II , Churchill describes Hitler 's triumph at the moment he finally achieved total power in 1933 ; He had called from the depths of defeat the dark and savage furies latent in the most numerous , most serviceable , ruthless , contradictory and ill - starred race in Europe . He had conjured up the fearful idol of an all - devouring Moloch of which he was the priest and incarnation . '' In Allen Ginsberg 's poem `` Howl '' ( 1955 ) , Moloch is used as a metaphor for capitalism and industrial civilization , and for America more specifically . The word is repeated many times throughout Part II of the poem , and begins ( as an exclamation of `` Moloch ! '' ) in all but the first and last five stanzas of the section .", "15": "References in fantastical fiction and pop culture ( edit ) See Moloch ( disambiguation ) and Moloch in popular culture In H.G. Wells ' novel The Time Machine ( 1895 ) and subsequent movies , the antagonists were futuristic creatures called ' Morlocks ' who routinely ate childlike ' Eloi ' ( which suggests he was making a Biblical analogy ) . In Fritz Lang 's Metropolis ( 1927 ) , the industrial machinery of the factory is envisioned as a sacrificial temple to Moloch . It lacks the ability to connect hands to heart . In Karel Čapek 's War with the Newts ( 1936 ) , the Newts counter Christian attempts at conversion by turning to a god of their own creation named Moloch : At a later period and almost universally the Newts themselves came to accept a different faith , whose origin among them is unknown ; this involved adoration of Moloch , whom they visualized as a giant Newt with a human head ; they were reported to have enormous submarine idols made of cast iron , manufactured to their orders by Armstrong or Krupp , but no further details ever leaked out of their cultic rituals since they were conducted under water ; they were , however , believed to be exceptionally cruel and secret . It would seem that this faith gained ground rapidly because the name Moloch reminded them of the zoological `` molche '' or the German `` Molch , '' the terms for Newt . In the science fiction show Stargate SG1 , Moloch ( Moloc ) was a Goa'uld who demanded that all female Jaffa ( warrior caste among Goa'uld society ) in his domain be sacrificed shortly after they were born . He was eventually assassinated by Stargate Command . In Supernatural , Season 12 Episode 18 , Sam and Dean Winchester investigate missing youths in Tomahawk , Wisconsin , only to find out they are being sacrificed to Moloch . In the TV series Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency , season 2 , Project Moloch is a code name for one of the gifted people kept by the government facility called Blackwing . On the 2012 album Noctourniquet by The Mars Volta , Moloch is mentioned in both the title and the lyrics of the song `` Molochwalker '' .", "16": "See also ( edit ) Mythology portal Ancient Near East portal Binding of Isaac Brazen bull Child sacrifice Melqart Minotaur Tophet Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Phoenician : 𐤌𐤋𐤊 ‬ , Masoretic מֹלֶךְ ‎ mōlek , Greek Μολόχ References ( edit ) Jump up ^ D.D. Hughes , Human Sacrifice in Ancient Greece , London : 1991 , S. 115 ff . Jump up ^ following a widely - adopted suggestion going back to Abraham Geiger ( 1857 ) , e.g. `` Molech '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Amos 5 : 26 ( `` ye have borne the tabernacle of your Moloch '' ) is cited in Acts 7 : 43 , as `` Yea , ye took up the tabernacle of Moloch '' ( καὶ ἀνελάβετε τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ Μολὸχ ( ... ) ὑμῶν ) , the only occurrence of the name Moloch in the New Testament . Jump up ^ Strong 's Concordance H4445 מַלְכָּם ^ Jump up to : George C. Heider , Cult of Molek : A Reassessment ( 1985 ) , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : George C. Heider , Cult of Molek : A Reassessment ( 1985 ) , 36f . Jump up ^ `` Then did Solomon build a high place for Chemosh , the abomination of Moab , in the hill that is before Jerusalem , and for Molech , the abomination of the Sons of Ammon . ''", "17": "( KJV ) Here , למלך lmlk ( `` for Molech '' ) is vocalized לְמֹלֶךְ lĕ - molek , while the Septuagint translates τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῶν `` for their king '' . Jump up ^ In addition , 1 Chronicles 8 : 9 mentions an unrelated Malkam , son of Shaharaim , of the tribe of Benjamin . Jump up ^ Of Roman - Carthaginian diplomacy leading up to the final confrontation , A.E. Astin , F.W. Walbank , M.W. Frederiksen , ( Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C. , Cambridge Ancient History VIII , `` Rome and Carthage '' 1989 : 149 ) note that the sources , `` principally Appian and the Epitome of Livy are contaminated by more or less obvious falsehoods , especially the Epitome . The reason for this was of course the desire of contemporary and , even more , of later Romans to justify Rome 's conduct '' . Jump up ^ Edward Augustus Freeman ( 1894 ) . The History of Sicily from the Earliest Times : Volume IV . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Attributed , for example , by Moses Margoliouth , A Pilgrimage to the Land of my Fathers 1850 : 125 . Jump up ^ George C. Heider , Cult of Molek : A Reassessment ( 1985 ) , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Selden , De Dîs Syris ( 1617 ) , 93f . Jump up ^ J. Greissing Immolatio Liberorum Molocho Facta , Wittenberg ( 1678 ) Jump up ^ G.F. Daumer , Der Feuer - und Molech - dienst der alten Hebräer als urväterlicher , legaler , orthodoxer Kultus der Nation , Brunswick ( 1842 ) . F.W. Ghillany , Die Menschenopfer der alten Hebräer , Nuremberg ( 1842 ) .", "18": "Jump up ^ Baudissin ( d . 1926 ) continued to publish influential treatises on the subject of Molek for a period of fifty years , notably the relevant articles in Schaff -- Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge , second and third editions , and substantial chapters in his Adonis and Esmun ( 1911 ) and Kyrios ( published posthumously in 1929 ) . Jump up ^ Friedrich Schwally ( 1919 ) , see George C. Heider , Cult of Molek : A Reassessment ( 1985 ) , 24f . Jump up ^ Dussaud , Bulletin Archéologique ( 1922 ) , p. 245 . Jump up ^ * J.B. Hennessey , Palestine Exploration Quarterly ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ Otto Eissfeldt , Molk als Opferbegriff im Punischen und Hebräischen und das Ende des Gottes Moloch ( 1935 ) . Jump up ^ Weinfield , M. `` The Worship of Molech and of the Queen of Heaven and its Background , '' Ugarit - For - schungen. 4 ( 1972 ) , pp 133 -- 154 Jump up ^ Smith , Morton . `` A Note on Burning Babies '' Journal of the American Oriental Society , Vol. 95 , No. 3 ( Jul . -- Sep. , 1975 ) , pp 477 -- 479 Jump up ^ , in his book Molech : A God of Human Sacrifice in the Old Testament ( Cambridge , 1989 ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 36474 - 4 ) Jump up ^ so in B.G. Jefferis , J.L. Nichols , Searchlights on Health : Light on Dark Corners A Complete Sexual Science and a Guide to Purity and Physical Manhood , Advice To Maiden , Wife , And Mother , Love , Courtship , And Marriage ( 1894 ) , p. 139 ( `` The abiding interest we feel in the preservation of the morals in our country , constrains us to raise our voice against the daily increasing practice of infanticide , especially before birth .", "19": "The notoriety this monstrous crime has obtained of late , and the hecatombs of infants that are annually sacrificed to Moloch , to gratify an unlawful passion , are a sufficient justification for our alluding to a painful and delicate subject , which should ' not even be named , ' only to correct and admonish the wrong - doers . '' ) . Jump up ^ 99 % Invisible : `` The Modern Moloch '' PRX. April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Karl und Hanna Wolfskehl -- Briefwechsel mit Friedrich Gundolf . Edited by Karlhans Kluncker . Castrum Peregrini Presse , 1977 ISBN 90 - 6034 - 032 - 9 `` Aus Anspielungen der Propheten muss man schliessen , dass Moloch von seinen Verehrern mit dem Nationalgott Jahwe kombiniert wurde . '' Jump up ^ Winston Churchill ; The Gathering Storm ; 1948 Bibliography ( edit ) González Wagner , C. & Ruiz Cabrero , L.A. ( 2007 ) . El Sacrificio Molk . Madrid : Ediciones del Orto . ISBN 84 - 7923 - 394 - X . Grena , G.M. ( 2004 ) . LMLK -- A Mystery Belonging to the King vol. 1 . Redondo Beach , California : 4000 Years of Writing History . ISBN 0 - 9748786 - 0 - X . `` Molech '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22 . Ruiz Cabrero , L.A. ( 2008 ) . El Sacrificio Molk entree los fenicio - púnicos . Madrid : Universidad Complutense de Madrid . Servicio de Publicaciones . ISBN 978 - 84 - 669 - 3039 - 0 . Isidore Singer , George A. Barton , `` Moloch ( Molech ) '' in Jewish Encyclopedia ( 1971 / 2 ) . Moloch , Cult of , Encyclopedia Judaica ( 1906 ) .", "20": "Molech - Moloch in Encyclopædia Biblica ( 1899 ) F. Gigot , Moloch , in Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1911 ) . Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Moloch '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Look up Moloch in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Media related to Moloch at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Minotaur at Wikimedia Commons A Preliminary Report on the Incirli Stele ( Discussion of a stele with Phoenician text which may equate molk / mulk to first - born son ) . HelgaSeeden , `` A tophet in Tyre ? '' 1991 . from Bertyus 39 ( American University of Beirut ) .", "21": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moloch&oldid=838135310 '' Categories : Ammon Deities in the Hebrew Bible West Semitic gods Phoenician mythology Human sacrifice Book of Leviticus Child sacrifice Mythological bulls Horned deities Mythological bovines Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Boarisch Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 04 : 12 . 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-8183939475798743203	different ways to say bless you in french	[ "à tes / vos souhaits", "Santé", "Que dieu te/vous bénisse" ]	{ "0": "Responses to sneezing - wikipedia Responses to sneezing Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In English - speaking countries , the common verbal response to another person 's sneeze is `` God bless you '' , or , less commonly in the United States and Canada , `` Gesundheit '' , the German word for health ( and the response to sneezing in German - speaking countries ) . There are several proposed bless - you origins for use in the context of sneezing . In non-English - speaking cultures , words referencing good health or a long life are often used instead of `` bless you , '' though some also use references to God . In some Asian cultures such as Korean , Vietnamese and Japanese cultures , the practice of responding to another person 's sneeze does not exist . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of responses in other languages 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading List of responses in other Languages ( edit ) Language Usual Responses and Notes Response Meaning in English Sneezer Reply and Pronunciation Reply Meaning in English Albanian Shëndet ( shuhn - det ) `` Health ! '' Faleminderit or Shëndet paç `` Thank you ! '' and `` May you have health , '' respectively Amharic ይማርሽ ( yimarish ) for female or ይማርህ ( yimarih ) for male `` May God forgive you ! '' ያኑሪሽ ( yanurish ) for female or ያኑርህ ( yanurih ) for male `` May you live for long . '' Afrikaans Gesondheid `` Health ! ''", "1": "Dankie `` Thank You '' Arabic ( Islamic ) Correct Way : يرحمكم الله ( yarhamkum Allah ) if the sneezer says الحمدلله ( Alhamdulillah ) , as an alternative interaction . Rude Way : فرج ( Faraj ) , صحة ( Sahha ) . `` God have mercy on you '' if the sneezer says `` All praise is for God . '' Relief ! `` , `` Health ! '' علينا و عليك ( Alayna wa Alayk ) , شكراً ( Shukran ) or يهديكم الله و يصلح بالكم ( Yahdeekum Allah wa youslah balakum ) after the alternative interaction `` For you and me '' , `` Thank you ! '' or `` God guide you and set your affairs aright . '' Armenian առողջություն ( aroghjootyoon ) `` Health '' շնորհակալություն ( shnorhakalutyun ) `` Thank you '' Assamese মঙ্গল হওক ( môngôl hôwk ) `` May good happen . '' Unknown Unknown Azeri Sağlam ol , or sometimes Afiat ( see Persian ) `` Be healthy . ''", "2": "Sağ ol Thank You Bangla ( Bangladesh ) Yarhamukallah ( আল্লাহ তোমার উপর রহম দান করুন ) ( India ) Jibah Jibah ( জীবঃ জীবঃ ) `` ( Bangladesh ) May Allah have mercy on you ( India ) May you live long `` `` Silence '' `` Silence '' Basque Doministiku , from Latin `` dominus tecum '' `` The Lord be with you . '' Unknown Unknown Belarusian будзь здаровы for both genders , or будзь здароў ( Budz zdarovy / budz zdarou ) for male and будзь здаровая ( Budz zdarovaja ) for female `` Be healthy '' for each gender дзякуй ( dziakuj ) `` Thank you . '' Bosnian Nazdravlje `` To your good health . '' Hvala `` Thank you . '' Breton Doue d'ho pennigo . `` God will bless you . '' Bulgarian Наздраве ( Nazdrave ) `` To your health . '' or `` Cheers . '' Благодаря ( Blagodarya ) `` Thank you . '' Burmese Ta Baw Pout Pi Lar ? `` Understood ? '' or `` Got it ? '' Hote , Pout Pi `` Yes or No . '' Khmer សុខភាព ( sokhpheap ) `` Health '' Unknown N / A Catalan Jesús or Salut `` Jesus . '' or `` Health ! '' Gràcies `` Thank you . '' Cantonese ' 大吉利事 / `` 好嘅 '' . Sneezing in Southern Chinese culture means that someone is speaking ill behind your back . `` A great fortunate occurrence . '' / `` A good one . '' 唔好意思 `` Excuse me . ''", "3": "Chechen Dukha vehil for male or Dukha yehil for female `` Live for a long time . '' Dela reze hiyla `` Thank you , literally means `` I wish God will bless you '' . '' Chinese Chinese speakers do n't typically comment on another person 's sneeze . When someone does give a response , he or she might say 百岁 ( bǎisuì ) . More rarely there is the expression 多保重 ( duōbǎozhòng ) `` live to 100 '' ( years old ) . `` Take care '' 不好意思 ( bùhǎoyìsi ) `` Excuse me . '' Croatian Nazdravlje or Istina ! `` To your health . '' or `` Truth ! '' Hvala `` Thank you . '' Czech Na zdraví or Pozdrav Pánbůh or Je to pravda `` To your health . '' or `` Bless God '' or `` It is true . '' Ať slouží or Dejž to Pánbůh ( in reply to Pozdrav Pánbůh ) `` May it last . '' or `` May God let it happen ( bless you ) '' Danish Prosit `` May it help . '' Tak `` Thank you . '' Dutch Gezondheid , Proost , or if the person has sneezed three times , ( Drie keer ) morgen mooi weer `` Health ! '' , the equivalent of respectively `` Gesundheit '' as said in English , `` Cheers '' , or if the person has sneezed three times , `` ( Three times ) the weather will be nice tomorrow . '' Dank u ( wel ) formally , or Dank je ( wel ) `` Thank you . '' English ( God ) bless you `` ( God ) bless you '' Thank you `` Thank you '' Esperanto Sanon `` Health ! '' Dankon `` Thank you '' Estonian Terviseks `` For your health . '' Aitäh `` Thank you '' Faroese Jesuspápi vælsigni teg !", "4": "This can be shortened to Vælsigni teg ! `` May Jesus bless you . '' or `` Bless you . '' Takk ( fyri ) ! `` Thanks ( for ( it ) ) ! '' Finnish Terveydeksi `` For health ! '' Kiitos `` Thank you '' French à tes / vos souhaits or Santé Old - fashioned : à tes / vos amours after the second sneeze , and qu'elles durent toujours after the third . More archaically , one can say Que dieu te / vous bénisse . `` To your wishes '' or `` health '' . Old - fashioned : after the first sneeze , `` To your loves . '' after the second , and `` that they last forever '' after the third . More archaically , the translation is `` God bless you '' . Merci or Merci , que les tiennes durent toujours after the second sneeze `` Thank you '' or `` Thanks , may yours last forever '' after the second sneeze Georgian იცოცხლე ( itsotskhle ) `` Live long . '' გმადლობთ ( gmadlobt ) `` Thank you . '' German 1 ) Gesundheit ! 2 ) Helf Gott ! / Helfgott ! ( Southern Germany / Austria / Transylvanian - Saxon ; archaic / mostly used by more or less religious elderly ) 3 ) Großwachsen ! ( Transylvanian - Saxon ; from Romanian `` Să creşti mare ! '' ; used solely for children , usually after the usual `` Gesundheit '' for the first and / or second response ) 1 ) `` Health ! '' ( in the meaning of I wish you good health or I wish that you do n't get sick ) 2 ) `` May God help you ! '' 3 ) `` You shall grow tall ! '' Danke ( schön ) `` Thank you ( very much ) . ''", "5": "Greek στην υγεία σου ( steen ygeia su ) or γείτσες ( geitses ) `` To your health ! '' or `` Healths ! '' Ευχαριστώ ( Efharisto ) `` Thank You '' Gujarati Ghanu Jivo `` May God bless you with a long life . '' Aabhar `` Thank You '' Hawaiian Kihe , a mauli ola , or simply Ola `` Sneeze , and you shall live '' , or simply `` live '' Mahalo `` Thank You '' Hebrew לבריאות ( livri'oot or labri'oot ) `` To your health ! '' תודה ( todah ) `` Thank you ! '' Sanskrit शतम् जीवः ( Shatam Jeevah ) , `` चिरञ्जीवी भव '' `` Live 100 years '' , `` May you live long `` धन्यवादः , धन्यवादाः ( Dhanyavaadah , Dhanyavaadaah ) '' `` Thanks '' Hungarian Egészségedre ! `` To your health ! '' Köszönöm `` Thank you . '' Igbo Ndo `` Sorry . '' Daalu `` Thank you . '' Icelandic Guð hjálpi þér ! to first sneeze , styrki þig to second sneeze , og styðji to third sneeze . This can be shortened to Hjálpi þér . `` God help you ! '' to first sneeze , `` strengthen you '' to second sneeze , `` and support . '' to third sneeze . This can be shortened to `` Bless you . '' Takk fyrir `` Thank you '' Indonesian Tuhan berkati `` God bless . '' Terima Kasih `` Thank you . ''", "6": "Irish Dia linn or Dia leat or Deiseal which may be a form of Dia seal The first two both mean `` God be with us . '' The last means `` May it go right , '' but might be a form of `` God with us for a while . '' gabh mo leithscéal `` Excuse me . '' Italian Salute ! `` Health ! '' Grazie or ( ironic ) Che se ne va The former meaning `` Thank you '' , the latter ( ironic ) meaning `` Which is going away '' Japanese お大事に ( Odaiji - ni ) as assuming one got cold . Or , an Asian superstition says that if one sneezes , they are being talked about by someone , somewhere . Note , however , that it is very rare for anyone to acknowledge a sneeze in Japan , and it is customary not to say anything at all . `` Take care of yourself . '' すみません ( sumimasen ) or 失礼しました ( shitsurei shimashita ) `` Sorry . '' or `` Excuse me . '' Kannada ದೇವರು ಕಾಪಾಡಲಿ ( devaru kaapadali ) `` Let God protect you '' ' ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು ' `` Thanks ! '' Kazakh Сау Болыңыз ( Saw Bolıñız ) `` Be healthy . '' Рахмет ! `` Thank you ! '' Khmer ស្បើយ ( S'baoi ) `` Fast recovery . '' សាធុ ( Satu ) `` Amen '' Kirundi Kira `` Be healthy . '' Twese `` Us all . '' Kinyarwanda Urakire `` May you be healthy . '' Twese `` Us all . '' Korean 개치네쒜 ( gae - chi - ne - sswe ) or 에이 쒜 ( e-i - sswe ) .", "7": "However , in Korean culture , the practice of responding to someone 's sneeze is rare . Only a small number of old people use these words . These may be based on an onomatopœia of the sound of a sneeze Kurdish Kher be inshalla . Many times when one sneezes , they say that the thing they are about to do will not happen . So , a listener says Kher be . `` It will be a good thing , God willing , '' or the shorter version , `` A good sign hopefully . '' Unknown Unknown Kyrgyz Ак чүч ! ( aqˈt͡ʃut͡ʃ ) . This may be based on an onomatopœia of the sound of a sneeze , like the English `` Atchoo . '' Рахмат , if the person who spoke after the sneeze is liked . `` Thank you . '' Ladino Vivas , or Crescas after a second sneeze . `` May you live , '' or `` May you grow '' after a second sneeze . Unknown Unknown Latgalian Veseleibā `` To your health . '' Paldis `` Thank you . '' Latvian Uz veselību `` To your health . '' Paldies `` Thank you . '' Lithuanian Į sveikatą ( pronounced ' EE sweh kata ' ) `` To your health . '' Says Atsiprašau immediately ; responds to a responder with Ačiū . Says `` Excuse me '' immediately ; responds to a responder with `` Thank you . '' Lojban No set phrase , but one commonly says kanro . a'o ( kanro aho ) or . a'o do kanro . `` ( hopefully ) Health ! '' or `` ( said with hope ) You are healthy , '' respectively . Unknown Unknown Luganda Bbuka `` Recover . '' Unknown Unknown Luxembourgish Gesondheet `` Health ! '' Merci `` Thank you . '' Macedonian На здравје ( na zdravye ) `` To your health . ''", "8": "Здравје да имаш ( zdravye da imash ) or Благодарам ( blagodaram ) or Фала ( fala ) `` Have health yourself . '' or `` Thank you . '' or `` Thanks . '' Malayalam Depending on the religion , one would say Hari Krishna ( ഹരി കൃഷ്ണാ ) or Eesho rakshikka ( ഈശോ രക്ഷിക്ക ) Let Lord Krishna bless you or Jesus save you നന്ദി Thanks Maltese Evviva `` May he / she live . '' An alternate translation is `` Long live _____ . '' Grazzi `` Thank you . '' Marathi सत्य आहे `` It 's the Truth '' Unknown Unknown Mongolian Бурхан өршөө ( Burkhan örshöö ) `` May God forgive you . '' Unknown Unknown Navajo T'áá bí ání or Háíshį́į́ naa ntsékees / naa yáłti ' `` That / the one said it '' ( lit . `` S / he in particular said it '' ) or `` Someone is thinking of you / talking about you '' ' Aoo ' t'áá bí ání ( in response to `` Someone is thinking / talking about you '' ) `` Yes , that / the one said it '' Nepali चिरञ्जीवी भव ( Chiranjeevi Bhawa ) `` May you live long . '' धन्यवाद ( Dhan - ya - bad ) `` Thank You '' Norwegian Prosit From Latin `` ( tibi ) prosit , '' lit . `` May it be of benefit ( to you ) . '' Takk `` Thank you . '' Afaan Oromo Gudadhu Huddu Sarre Dhungadhu `` Progress . '' Galatoomi `` Thank you . ''", "9": "Pashto صبر ( Sah - bur ) . `` Patience '' مننه ( Mah - nah - nah ) . `` Thank you . '' Persian عافیت باشه ( Afiat Basheh ) . `` May Cleanliness / Purity be bestowed upon you , '' or `` may it be for your health . '' The sneezer will often say سلامت باشید ( Salaamat Bashid ) . The sneezer will say `` Be healthy . '' Polish Na zdrowie ! or Sto lat ! or Zdrówko ! ( a diminutive form of `` zdrowie '' -- health ) `` To your health ! '' or `` Live a hundred years ! '' or `` ( To your ) health ! '' Dziękuję / Dzięki . Thank you / Thanks . Portuguese Saúde or Deus te crie or Deus te abafe or Santinho ! These mean , in order : `` Health '' or `` May God raise you '' or `` May God keep you covered ( as in warm and covered ) '' or `` Little Saint ! '' obrigado / a or Amém `` Thank you '' or `` Amen . '' Punjabi ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ ( Waheguru ) or ਤੇਰਾ ਭਲਾ ਹੋਵੇ ! `` Glorious Lord '' or `` May you be blessed , '' respectively . Thanvaad `` Thank you '' Romanian 1 ) Sănătate / Sănătos or Noroc 2 ) Să creşti mare ! ( for children ; usually `` Noroc '' comes first , then `` Sănătate '' and , as a third option , `` Să creşti mare ! '' ) 1 ) `` To your health / Healthy '' or `` To your luck , '' respectively . 2 ) `` May you grow up ! ''", "10": "Mulţumesc Thank you Russian будь здоров ( bood ' zdorov ) for male ( informal ) or будь здорова ( bood ' zdorova ) for female ( informal ) or будьте здоровы ( boot'tye zdorovy ) for both genders ( formal ) . правду говорю ( pravdu govor'u ) if someone sneezes while talking . `` Be healthy . '' `` I 'm telling the truth . '' спасибо ( spasiba ) `` Thank you . '' Serbian 1 ) Наздравље 2 ) Pis Maco mostly used with children 1 ) `` To your health . '' 2 ) `` go away kitten '' as sound of sneezing often sounds like cat 's cough Хвала or less frequently Истина or Здравље да имаш . `` Thank you , '' or less frequently `` It is true '' or `` Health you have '' . Sinhala ආයුබෝවන් ( Ayubowan ) `` Have a long life . '' Thank you `` Thank you '' Slovak Na zdravie `` To your health . '' Ďakujem `` Thank you . '' Slovenian Na zdravje , Res je or the old - fashioned Bog pomagaj `` To your health , '' `` it is true '' or `` God help to you . '' Folk belief has it that a sneeze , which is involuntary , proves the truth of whatever was said just prior to it . Hvala `` Thank you . '' Spanish In Latin America , Salud , or Dios te bendiga . In Spain , it can also be Jesús after the first , María after the second and y José after the third , while in Latin America , particularly in Venezuela , Colombia and Argentina , it 's replaced by salud after the first , dinero after the second and amor after the third .", "11": "`` To your health '' , `` Jesus '' , or `` God bless you '' , or `` Jesus '' after the first , `` Mary '' after the second and `` and Joseph '' after the third in Spain , while in Latin America , they say health , money and love . Gracias `` Thank you '' Kiswahili Afya or often , no response `` Health '' Asante `` Thank you . '' Swedish Prosit Latin prōsit ( `` may it be good '' ) , the third - person singular present active subjunctive of prōsum ( `` to be good '' ) : literally `` may it be good ( for you ) '' Tack `` Thank you . '' Tamil Needu valgha Also , Dheergayusu , Poornayusu , Sadayusu , `` Cheeranjeevi bhava '' `` Live long . '' Different variations of long life after consecutive sneezes. , `` Live long '' Nandri `` Thank You '' Telugu Chiranjeevi bhava or దీర్ఘాయుష్మాన్ భవ `` May you be blessed with a life without death , '' or `` may you live long . '' `` ధన్యవాద '' `` Thank You '' Turkish Çok yaşa followed by Sağlıklı yaşa if a second sneeze occurs `` Live long , live healthy . '' Sen de gör or Hep beraber or ' Siz de görün `` And I hope that you live to see it ( my long life ) , '' or `` All together , '' or `` And may you witness it ( my long life ) , '' respectively . Ukrainian будь здоровий ( BООD ' zdoh - RO - vyy ) to an informal male sneezer , будь здорова ( BООD ' zdoh - RO - va ) to an informal female sneezer , or будьте здорові ( BООD ' - te zdoh - RO - vee ) to a formal sneezer . На здоров'я !", "12": "( na zdoh - RO - v - ia ) . Правда ( pra - vda ) if person sneezes while other person 's speech . `` Be healthy . '' `` To your health ! '' `` It is true . '' дякую ( DIA - koo - you ) `` Thank you . '' Urdu yar - hum - o - kullah ( First the person who sneezed says `` Alhamdulillah , '' i.e. , praise be to God ) `` May God have mercy on you . '' Yah - de-kum - ullah `` May God guide you to the right path . '' Uzbek Sogʻ boʻling or Salomat boʻling `` Be healthy . '' Rahmat `` Thank you . '' Vietnamese Cơm muối . In Vietnamese culture , the custom of responding to someone 's sneeze is very rare . `` Rice with salt . '' Cảm ơn / Cám ơn `` Thank you . '' Welsh Bendith or Bendith ( Duw ) arnat ti ( familiar ) or Bendith ( Duw ) arnoch chi ( respectful ) `` God 's blessing on you . '' Diolch `` Thank You '' Yiddish זײַ געזונט ( zay gezunt ) , or צו געזונט ( tzu gezunt ) after a second sneeze . Another response among Yiddish and Hebrew speaking Jews is אסותא ( asute ) , from Aramaic . `` Be healthy , '' `` to health , '' and `` health , '' respectively . A sneezer responds to his or her own sneeze with חיים ( chaim ) in another Jewish custom . `` Life . '' Yoruba kara o le ( cara oh lay ) `` Be healthy '' ose ( oh shay ) `` Thank you . '' See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sneeze . Look up sneeze in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .", "13": "Photic sneeze reflex Snatiation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Duden ( in German ) , DE / RO Jump up ^ Duden ( in German ) , DE / RO Jump up ^ `` Siebenbürgisches Wörterbuch zwischen Ajuria und Ziweben '' by Monika Ronneberger ( in German ) , DE / RO Jump up ^ Visindavefur ( in Icelandic ) , IS . Jump up ^ The Korean Standard Unabridged Dictionary ( in Korean ) Jump up ^ The Korean Standard Unabridged Dictionary ( in Korean ) Jump up ^ ThemeFuse ( 26 April 2012 ) . `` Say Cheers in 50 Different Languages '' . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ dict.leo.org ( in German ) , RO Further reading ( edit ) Barbara Mikkelson ( 2001 ) . `` Bless You ! '' Urban Legends Reference Pages . Karen Stollznow ( 2014 ) `` `` God Bless You ! '' -- A Blessing in Disguise ? '' `` Skeptic Magazine ( 19 ) 4 . The Origins of Popular Superstitions and Customs - T. Sharper Knowlson ( 1910 ) , a book that listed many superstitions and customs that are still common today .", "14": "( hide ) Common cold Viruses Adenovirus Coronavirus Enterovirus Human metapneumovirus Human parainfluenza viruses Human respiratory syncytial virus Orthomyxoviruses Influenza A virus Influenza B virus Influenza C virus Rhinovirus Symptoms Cough Fatigue Fever Headache Loss of appetite Malaise Muscle aches Nasal congestion Rhinorrhea Sneezing Sore throat Weakness Complications Acute bronchitis Bronchiolitis Croup Otitis media Pharyngitis Pneumonia Sinusitis Strep throat Drugs Antiviral drugs Pleconaril ( experimental ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Responses_to_sneezing&oldid=838411257 '' Categories : Sneeze Physiology Etiquette lists Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 20 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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886131320590126673	who wrote the song fly me to the moon	[ "Bart Howard", "Bart Howard", "Bart Howard", "Bart Howard", "Bart Howard" ]	{ "0": "Fly Me to the Moon - wikipedia Fly Me to the Moon Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fly Me to the Moon ( disambiguation ) . `` In Other Words '' First recording titled `` In Other Words '' Song by Kaye Ballard Released April 1954 Recorded 1954 Genre Jazz Length 2 : 14 Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Bart Howard `` Fly Me to the Moon '' , originally titled `` In Other Words '' , is a song written in 1954 by Bart Howard . Kaye Ballard made the first recording of the song in 1954 . Since then it has become a frequently recorded jazz standard often featured in popular culture ; Frank Sinatra 's 1964 version was closely associated with the Apollo missions to the Moon , and the Japanese animated series Neon Genesis Evangelion played the song ( as covered by various artists ) at the end of every episode . In 1999 , the US - based Songwriters Hall of Fame recognized the importance of `` Fly Me to the Moon '' by inducting it as a `` Towering Song '' which is an award `` ... presented each year to the creators of an individual song that has influenced our culture in a unique way over many years . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Early recordings 3 `` Fly Me to the Moon '' 3.1 Other releases 4 In popular culture 4.1 NASA association 5 References 6 External links Background and composition ( edit ) In 1954 , when writing the song which would become `` Fly Me to the Moon '' , Bart Howard had been pursuing a career in music for more than 20 years . He played piano to accompany cabaret singers but also wrote songs with Cole Porter , his idol , in mind . In response to a publisher 's request for a simpler song , Bart Howard wrote a cabaret ballad in waltz time which he titled `` In Other Words '' . A publisher tried to make him change some lyrics from `` fly me to the moon '' to `` take me to the moon '' but Howard refused to do this . Many years later Howard commented that `` ... it took me 20 years to find out how to write a song in 20 minutes '' .", "1": "He used his position as a piano accompanist and presenter at the Blue Angel cabaret venue to promote the song , and it was soon introduced in cabaret performances by Felicia Sanders . Early recordings ( edit ) Kaye Ballard circa late 1950s Kaye Ballard made the first commercial recording of `` In Other Words '' . It was released by Decca in April 1954 . A brief review published on 8 May 1954 in Billboard said that `` In Other Words '' was `` A love song sung with feeling by Miss Ballard . '' This recording was released as the flipside of `` Lazy Afternoon '' which Kaye Ballard was currently performing as star of the stage show The Golden Apple . Over the next few years , jazz and cabaret singers released cover versions of `` In Other Words '' on EP or LP record albums , including Chris Connor , Johnny Mathis , Portia Nelson and Nancy Wilson . Eydie Gormé featured the song on her 1958 album Eydie In Love , which reached # 20 in the Cashbox Album Charts and was nominated for a Grammy Award . `` Fly Me to the Moon '' ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1960 , Peggy Lee recorded the song , then made it more popular when she performed it in front of a large television audience on The Ed Sullivan Show . As the song 's popularity increased , it became better known as `` Fly Me to the Moon '' , and in 1963 Peggy Lee convinced Bart Howard to make the name change official . In the early 1960s , versions of the song were released under its new name by many well - known singers , including Nat King Cole , Sarah Vaughan and Brenda Lee . Connie Francis released two non-English versions of the song in 1963 : in Italian as `` Portami Con Te '' and in Spanish as `` Llévame a la Luna '' . Fly Me to the Moon Bossa Nova 1963 album by Joe Harnell In 1962 , Joe Harnell arranged and recorded an instrumental version in a bossa nova style .", "2": "It was released as a single in late 1962 , reached # 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in early 1963 and won Harnell a Grammy award . Harnell 's version was included on his album Fly Me to the Moon and the Bossa Nova Pops released in early 1963 which reached # 3 stereo album on the Billboard 200 chart . Versions of the song were released by many other 1960s instrumental artists , including Roy Haynes , Al Hirt and Oscar Peterson . Frank Sinatra included the song on his 1964 album It Might as Well Be Swing , accompanied by Count Basie . The music for this album was arranged by Quincy Jones , who had worked with Count Basie a year earlier on the album This Time by Basie , which also included a version of `` Fly Me to the Moon '' . Will Friedwald commented that `` Jones boosted the tempo and put it into an even four / four '' for Basie 's version , but `` when Sinatra decided to address it with the Basie / Jones combination they recharged it into a straight swinger ... ( which ) ... all but explodes with energy '' . Other releases ( edit ) Bart Howard estimated that by the time Frank Sinatra covered the song in 1964 , more than 100 other versions had been recorded . By 1995 , it had been recorded more than 300 times . A search of the website Second Hand Songs lists more than 150 versions of the song in chronological order . Other releases include those by : Harry James on his 1981 album For Listening And Dancing ( Reader 's Digest RD4A 213 ) Anita O'Day on her 2013 album The Complete Anita O'Day Verve Clef Sessions In popular culture ( edit ) Quincy Jones presents platinum copies of Frank Sinatra 's album to Senator John Glenn and Apollo 11 Commander Neil Armstrong `` Fly Me to the Moon '' has often been used or referenced in popular culture including television shows , films and video games . In 1967 an episode of I Dream of Jeannie was titled `` Fly Me to the Moon '' . In the 1978 - 82 series WKRP in Cincinnati , character Jennifer Marlowe 's doorbell plays the song .", "3": "In 1998 Sesame Street featured Tony Bennett performing a parody of the song for an action sequence in which the show 's character Slimey the Worm took a trip to the moon . The song has been featured in film soundtracks , including the 1987 film Wall Street and the 2001 films Space Cowboys and Bridget Jones 's Diary . Multiple modern recordings of `` Fly Me to the Moon '' were individually used as the end of each episode for the closing credits of the anime series Neon Genesis Evangelion , as well as the basis for several background non-vocal themes used in the TV show . The song was also used extensively in the 2009 video game Bayonetta . In 2014 , the song was played in the scene of the movie RoboCop where the main protagonist was waking up after being made into a cyborg . English singer Stephanie Tarling 's rendition of the song was featured in Microsoft 's Surface Book 2 promotion video in 2017 . NASA association ( edit ) Frank Sinatra 's 1964 recording of `` Fly Me to the Moon '' became closely associated with NASA 's Apollo space program . A copy of the song was played on the Apollo 10 mission which orbited the Moon . It became the first music heard on the Moon when played on a portable cassette player by Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin after he stepped onto the Moon . The song 's association with Apollo 11 was reprised many years later when Diana Krall sang it at the mission 's 40th anniversary commemoration ceremony . She also sang a `` slow and solemn version '' in 2012 at the national memorial service for Apollo 11 mission commander Neil Armstrong . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1999 Award and Induction Ceremony '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame . 1999 - 06 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Towering Song '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Iowans - Bart Howard The Des Moines Register DesMoinesRegister.com '' . Data.desmoinesregister.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 .", "4": "^ Jump up to : STEPHEN HOLDEN ( 2004 - 02 - 23 ) . `` Bart Howard , 88 , Songwriter Known for ' Fly Me to the Moon ' - New York Times '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Fly Me to the Moon `` : Song History , Commentary , Discography , Performances on Video '' . Greatamericansongbook.net. 2004 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Will Friedwald , `` Sinatra ! The Song Is You : A Singer 's Art '' , Scribner , New York , 1995 , page 411 ^ Jump up to : Stephen Holden ( December 19 , 1988 ) . `` Product of 20 Minutes : A Million Dollar Song '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kaye Ballard - In Other Words / Lazy Afternoon - Decca - USA - 9 - 29114 '' . 45cat.com. 2012 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Books.google.com. 1954 - 05 - 08 . p. 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Liz Smith , Liner Notes for the CD Portia Nelson , `` Let Me Love You : Portia Nelson Sings the Songs of Bart Howard '' , DRG 91442 , 1995 Jump up ^ `` ABC - Paramount Album Discography , Part 2 '' . Bsnpubs.com. 2005 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Hope ( 2007 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Barry 's Hits of All Decades Pop rock n roll Music Chart Hits '' . Hitsofalldecades.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bart Howard : 1915 - 2004 '' . Jazzhouse.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 .", "5": "Jump up ^ `` Connie Francis - Mala Femmena / Portami Con Te ( Fly Me To The Moon ) - MGM - Italy - K 2078 '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Francis - Connie Francis Canta En Español - MGM - Spain '' . 45cat.com. 2015 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Books.google.com. 1963 - 02 - 23 . p. 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Harnell , 80 ; Pianist , Conductor , Composer , Arranger - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com. 1994 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . Books.google.com. 1963 - 03 - 16 . p. 78 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Cover versions of In Other Words written by Bart Howard '' . SecondHandSongs . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` '' I Dream of Jeannie '' Series 3 , Episode 1 `` . IMDB.com . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael B. Kassel ( 1993 - 06 - 15 ) . America 's Favorite Radio Station : WKRP in Cincinnati . Books.google.com . p. 49 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` ` Sesame Street ' Jumps The Gun On Its 30th - but So What ? - Page 2 - tribunedigital - chicagotribune '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com. 1998 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Wall Street ( 1987 ) , Soundtrack '' . IMBd.com . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Soundtracks '' .", "6": "IMDb.com . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SEGA Tunes : Bayonetta 's Fly Me to the Moon '' . SEGAbits.com. 2012 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCYCvREMcCM Jump up ^ `` Lunar Collections : April 2006 '' . Apollotribute2.blogspot.com.au. 2006 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Diane K. Shah ( November 18 , 1990 ) . `` '' On Q `` '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NASA TV 's This Week @ NASA , July 24 '' . Nasa.gov. 2009 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Armstrong remembered at public memorial '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ASCAP Foundation : Bart Howard Provides A Musical Gift `` Fly Me to the Moon ( In Other Words ) '' at MusicBrainz ( information and list of recordings ) Brenda Lee Albums Grandma , What Great Songs You Sang !", "7": "Brenda Lee This Is ... Brenda Emotions All the Way Sincerely , Brenda Lee All Alone Am I ... `` Let Me Sing '' Brenda , That 's All Gospel Duets with Treasured Friends Other albums The Winning Hand Singles `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' `` One Step at a Time '' `` Let 's Jump the Broomstick '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` Sweet Nothin 's '' `` That 's All You Gotta Do '' `` I 'm Sorry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Emotions '' `` You Can Depend on Me '' `` Dum Dum '' `` Fool # 1 `` Break It to Me Gently '' `` Speak to Me Pretty '' `` Everybody Loves Me But You '' `` Here Comes That Feeling '' `` Heart in Hand '' `` It Started All Over Again '' `` All Alone Am I '' `` Your Used to Be '' `` She 'll Never Know '' `` Losing You '' `` I Wonder '' `` My Whole World Is Falling Down '' `` The Grass Is Greener '' `` As Usual '' `` Think '' `` Alone with You '' `` When You Loved Me '' `` Truly , Truly True '' `` Is It True '' `` Jingle Bell Rock '' `` Too Many Rivers '' `` Rusty Bells '' `` Coming on Strong '' `` Johnny One Time '' `` Let It Be Me '' `` Always on My Mind '' `` Sunday Sunrise '' `` Wrong Ideas '' `` Big Four Poster Bed '' `` Rock on Baby '' `` He 's My Rock '' `` Tell Me What It 's Like '' `` The Cowgirl and the Dandy '' `` Broken Trust '' Other singles `` Hallelujah , I Love You So '' `` America the Beautiful '' Songs `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` The Letter '' `` Our Day Will Come '' Related topics Discography Connie Francis Skeeter Davis Ricky Nelson Lesley Gore Red Foley Muruga Booker Book : Brenda Lee Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr.", "8": "C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba ,", "9": "Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Surrender '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young ,", "10": "Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito Category Westlife singles Discography Westlife `` Swear It Again '' `` If I Let You Go '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' `` Fool Again '' Coast to Coast `` Against All Odds '' `` My Love '' `` What Makes a Man '' `` I Lay My Love on You '' `` Uptown Girl '' `` When You 're Looking Like That '' World of Our Own `` Queen of My Heart '' `` Evergreen '' `` World of Our Own '' `` Bop Bop Baby '' Unbreakable `` Unbreakable '' `` Tonight / Miss You Nights '' Turnaround `` Hey Whatever '' `` Mandy '' `` Obvious '' Allow Us to Be Frank `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' `` Fly Me To The Moon '' `` Smile '' Face to Face `` You Raise Me Up '' `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Amazing '' The Love Album `` The Rose '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Back Home `` Home '' `` Us Against the World '' `` Something Right '' Where We Are `` What About Now '' Gravity `` Safe '' Greatest Hits `` Lighthouse '' `` Beautiful World '' Book Category Neon Genesis Evangelion Media Anime episodes Manga chapters Angelic Days Petit Eva : Evangelion@School Campus Apocalypse Films Death & Rebirth The End of Evangelion Rebuild of Evangelion 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 + 1.", "11": "0 Video games Ayanami Raising Project Shinji Ikari Raising Project Girlfriend of Steel 2nd Neon Genesis Evangelion Shinji and Good Friends Battle Orchestra Misato Katsuragi 's Reporting Plan City Shrouded in Shadow Music `` A Cruel Angel 's Thesis '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` Beautiful World '' `` Sakura Nagashi '' Studios Gainax Khara Production I.G Tatsunoko Characters Shinji Ikari Rei Ayanami Asuka Langley Soryu Misato Katsuragi Gendo Ikari Kaworu Nagisa People Hideaki Anno Mahiro Maeda Yoshiyuki Sadamoto Shirō Sagisu Kazuya Tsurumaki Related Angels Evangelions Themes Aoki Uru `` Arue '' Japan Animator Expo Antônio Carlos Jobim Studio albums The Composer of Desafinado , Plays ( 1963 ) The Wonderful World of Antonio Carlos Jobim ( 1965 ) A Certain Mr. Jobim ( 1967 ) Wave ( 1967 ) Tide ( 1970 ) Stone Flower ( 1970 ) Jobim ( 1973 ) Urubu ( 1976 ) Terra Brasilis ( 1980 ) Antonio Brasileiro ( 1995 ) Live albums Jazzvisions ( 1986 ) Compilations Sinatra -- Jobim Sessions ( 1979 ) Soundtracks Lost Highway ( 1997 ) Collaborations Getz / Gilberto ( 1963 , Stan Getz ) Jazz Samba Encore ! ( 1963 , Stan Getz and Luiz Bonfá ) Getz / Gilberto Vol. 2 ( 1963 , Stan Getz ) Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim ( 1967 , Frank Sinatra ) Sinatra & Company ( 1971 , Frank Sinatra ) Elis & Tom ( 1974 , Elis Regina ) `` Fly Me to the Moon '' ( 1994 ,", "12": "Frank Sinatra ) Compositions `` Água de Beber '' ( Drinking - Water ) `` Waters of March '' `` Chega de Saudade '' ( No More Blues ) `` Corcovado '' ( Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ) `` Desafinado '' ( Slightly Out of Tune ) `` Dindi '' `` The Girl from Ipanema '' `` How Insensitive '' `` Inútil Paisagem '' ( If You Never Come to Me ) `` Meditation '' `` One Note Samba '' `` Someone to Light Up My Life '' `` Wave '' As contributor Canção do Amor Demais ( 1958 , Elizete Cardoso ) Chega de Saudade ( 1959 , João Gilberto ) Do the Bossa Nova with Herbie Mann , Latin Fever ( 1962 , Herbie Mann ) The Swinger from Rio ( 1965 , Sérgio Mendes ) Love , Strings and Jobim ( 1966 , various ) Abandoned Garden ( 1995 , Michael Franks ) VIAF : 177805984 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "13": "php?title=Fly_Me_to_the_Moon&oldid=812559781 '' Categories : 1954 songs 1962 singles Songs written by Bart Howard Frank Sinatra songs Trini Lopez songs Tony Bennett songs Judy Garland songs Perry Como songs Patti Page songs Bobby Womack songs Westlife songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Ella Fitzgerald songs Johnny Mathis songs Michael Bolton songs Al Hirt songs Neon Genesis Evangelion songs Bossa nova jazz standards Pop standards Outer space themed songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references MusicBrainz work same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz work links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Kiswahili 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 15 : 03 . 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6271082866234001806	who discovered one of the first taxonomic classification schemes	[ "Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus" ]	{ "0": "Taxonomy ( biology ) - Wikipedia Taxonomy ( biology ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Taxonomy ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the field of biology . For the practice of stuffing and mounting animals , see Taxidermy . `` Scientific classification '' redirects here . For other uses , see Scientific classification ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Evolutionary biology Diagrammatic representation of the divergence of modern taxonomic groups from their common ancestor Key topics ( show ) Introduction to evolution Common descent Evidence of common descent Processes and outcomes ( show ) Population genetics Variation Diversity Mutation Natural selection Adaptation Polymorphism Genetic drift Gene flow Speciation Adaptive radiation Co-operation Coevolution Divergence Convergence Parallel evolution Extinction Natural history ( show ) Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Human evolution Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory ( show ) Overview Renaissance Before Darwin Darwin Origin of Species Before synthesis Modern synthesis Molecular evolution Evo - devo Current research History of speciation History of paleontology ( timeline ) Fields and applications ( show ) Applications of evolution Biosocial criminology Ecological genetics Evolutionary aesthetics Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary computation Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary economics Evolutionary epistemology Evolutionary ethics Evolutionary game theory Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary medicine Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary physiology Evolutionary psychology Experimental evolution Phylogenetics Paleontology Selective breeding Sociobiology Systematics Universal Darwinism Social implications ( show ) Evolution as fact and theory Social effects Creation -- evolution controversy Objections to evolution Level of support Evolutionary biology portal Book Related topics Taxonomy ( from Ancient Greek τάξις ( taxis ) , meaning ' arrangement ' , and - νομία ( - nomia ) , meaning ' method ' ) is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics .", "1": "Organisms are grouped together into taxa ( singular : taxon ) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank ; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a super-group of higher rank , thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy . The principal ranks in modern use are domain , kingdom , phylum ( division is sometimes used in botany in place of phylum ) , class , order , family , genus and species . The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the father of taxonomy , as he developed a system known as Linnaean taxonomy for categorization of organisms and binomial nomenclature for naming organisms . With the advent of such fields of study as phylogenetics , cladistics , and systematics , the Linnaean system has progressed to a system of modern biological classification based on the evolutionary relationships between organisms , both living and extinct . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 1.1 Alpha and beta taxonomy 1.2 Microtaxonomy and macrotaxonomy 2 History 2.1 Pre-Linnaean 2.1. 1 Early taxonomists 2.1. 2 Bhagavata Purana 2.1. 3 Ancient times 2.1. 4 Medieval 2.1. 5 Renaissance and Early Modern 2.2 The Linnaean era 3 Modern system of classification 3.1 Kingdoms and domains 3.2 Recent comprehensive classifications 4 Application 4.1 Classifying organisms 4.2 Taxonomic descriptions 4.3 Author citation 5 Phenetics 6 Databases 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Definition ( edit ) The exact definition of taxonomy varies from source to source , but the core of the discipline remains : the conception , naming , and classification of groups of organisms .", "2": "As points of reference , recent definitions of taxonomy are presented below : Theory and practice of grouping individuals into species , arranging species into larger groups , and giving those groups names , thus producing a classification A field of science ( and major component of systematics ) that encompasses description , identification , nomenclature , and classification The science of classification , in biology the arrangement of organisms into a classification `` The science of classification as applied to living organisms , including study of means of formation of species , etc . '' `` The analysis of an organism 's characteristics for the purpose of classification '' `` Systematics studies phylogeny to provide a pattern that can be translated into the classification and names of the more inclusive field of taxonomy '' ( listed as a desirable but unusual definition ) The varied definitions either place taxonomy as a sub-area of systematics ( definition 2 ) , invert that relationship ( definition 6 ) , or appear to consider the two terms synonymous . There is some disagreement as to whether biological nomenclature is considered a part of taxonomy ( definitions 1 and 2 ) , or a part of systematics outside taxonomy . For example , definition 6 is paired with the following definition of systematics that places nomenclature outside taxonomy : Systematics : `` The study of the identification , taxonomy , and nomenclature of organisms , including the classification of living things with regard to their natural relationships and the study of variation and the evolution of taxa '' . A whole set of terms including taxonomy , systematic biology , systematics , biosystematics , scientific classification , biological classification , and phylogenetics have at times had overlapping meanings -- sometimes the same , sometimes slightly different , but always related and intersecting . The broadest meaning of `` taxonomy '' is used here . The term itself was introduced in 1813 by de Candolle , in his Théorie élémentaire de la botanique . Alpha and beta taxonomy ( edit ) Not to be confused with Alpha diversity . The term `` alpha taxonomy '' is primarily used today to refer to the discipline of finding , describing , and naming taxa , particularly species . In earlier literature , the term had a different meaning , referring to morphological taxonomy , and the products of research through the end of the 19th century .", "3": "William Bertram Turrill introduced the term `` alpha taxonomy '' in a series of papers published in 1935 and 1937 in which he discussed the philosophy and possible future directions of the discipline of taxonomy . ... there is an increasing desire amongst taxonomists to consider their problems from wider viewpoints , to investigate the possibilities of closer co-operation with their cytological , ecological and genetical colleagues and to acknowledge that some revision or expansion , perhaps of a drastic nature , of their aims and methods , may be desirable ... Turrill ( 1935 ) has suggested that while accepting the older invaluable taxonomy , based on structure , and conveniently designated `` alpha '' , it is possible to glimpse a far - distant taxonomy built upon as wide a basis of morphological and physiological facts as possible , and one in which `` place is found for all observational and experimental data relating , even if indirectly , to the constitution , subdivision , origin , and behaviour of species and other taxonomic groups '' . Ideals can , it may be said , never be completely realized . They have , however , a great value of acting as permanent stimulants , and if we have some , even vague , ideal of an `` omega '' taxonomy we may progress a little way down the Greek alphabet . Some of us please ourselves by thinking we are now groping in a `` beta '' taxonomy . Turrill thus explicitly excludes from alpha taxonomy various areas of study that he includes within taxonomy as a whole , such as ecology , physiology , genetics , and cytology . He further excludes phylogenetic reconstruction from alpha taxonomy ( pp. 365 -- 366 ) . Later authors have used the term in a different sense , to mean the delimitation of species ( not subspecies or taxa of other ranks ) , using whatever investigative techniques are available , and including sophisticated computational or laboratory techniques . Thus , Ernst Mayr in 1968 defined beta taxonomy as the classification of ranks higher than species . An understanding of the biological meaning of variation and of the evolutionary origin of groups of related species is even more important for the second stage of taxonomic activity , the sorting of species into groups of relatives ( `` taxa '' ) and their arrangement in a hierarchy of higher categories . This activity is what the term classification denotes ; it is also referred to as beta taxonomy .", "4": "Microtaxonomy and macrotaxonomy ( edit ) Main article : Species problem How species should be defined in a particular group of organisms gives rise to practical and theoretical problems that are referred to as the species problem . The scientific work of deciding how to define species has been called microtaxonomy . By extension , macrotaxonomy is the study of groups at higher taxonomic ranks , from subgenus and above only , than species . History ( edit ) While some descriptions of taxonomic history attempt to date taxonomy to ancient civilizations , a truly scientific attempt to classify organisms did not occur until the 18th century . Earlier works were primarily descriptive and focused on plants that were useful in agriculture or medicine . There are a number of stages in this scientific thinking . Early taxonomy was based on arbitrary criteria , the so - called `` artificial systems '' , including Linnaeus 's system of sexual classification . Later came systems based on a more complete consideration of the characteristics of taxa , referred to as `` natural systems '' , such as those of de Jussieu ( 1789 ) , de Candolle ( 1813 ) and Bentham and Hooker ( 1862 -- 1863 ) . These were pre-evolutionary in thinking . The publication of Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species ( 1859 ) led to new ways of thinking about classification based on evolutionary relationships . This was the concept of phyletic systems , from 1883 onwards . This approach was typified by those of Eichler ( 1883 ) and Engler ( 1886 -- 1892 ) . The advent of molecular genetics and statistical methodology allowed the creation of the modern era of `` phylogenetic systems '' based on cladistics , rather than morphology alone . Pre-Linnaean ( edit ) Early taxonomists ( edit ) Naming and classifying our surroundings has probably been taking place as long as mankind has been able to communicate . It would always have been important to know the names of poisonous and edible plants and animals in order to communicate this information to other members of the family or group . Medicinal plant illustrations show up in Egyptian wall paintings from c. 1500 BC , indicating that the uses of different species were understood and that a basic taxonomy was in place .", "5": "Bhagavata Purana ( edit ) In Canto 3 , chapter 10 of Bhagavata Purana 6 types of trees are recognised , by name : Vanaspatis -- large trees that grow fruits without flowering Drumas -- large trees that bloom and give fruits Osadhis -- trees that die soon after they give fruits Latas -- creepers and tiny plants Viruts -- plants that grow as bushes Tvaksaras -- plants hollow inside with strong barks like bamboos Ancient times ( edit ) Further information : Aristotle 's biology § Classification Organisms were first classified by Aristotle ( Greece , 384 -- 322 BC ) during his stay on the Island of Lesbos . He classified beings by their parts , or in modern terms attributes , such as having live birth , having four legs , laying eggs , having blood , or being warm - bodied . He divided all living things into two groups : plants and animals . Some of his groups of animals , such as Anhaima ( animals without blood , translated as invertebrates ) and Enhaima ( animals with blood , roughly the vertebrates ) , as well as groups like the sharks and cetaceans , are still commonly used today . His student Theophrastus ( Greece , 370 -- 285 BC ) carried on this tradition , mentioning some 500 plants and their uses in his Historia Plantarum . Again , several plant groups currently still recognized can be traced back to Theophrastus , such as Cornus , Crocus , and Narcissus . Medieval ( edit ) Taxonomy in the Middle Ages was largely based on the Aristotelian system , with additions concerning the philosophical and existential order of creatures . This included concepts such as the Great chain of being in the Western scholastic tradition , again deriving ultimately from Aristotle . Aristotelian system did not classify plants or fungi , due to the lack of microscope at the time , as his ideas were based on arranging the complete world in a single continuum , as per the scala naturae ( the Natural Ladder ) . This , as well , was taken into consideration in the Great chain of being . Advances were made by scholars such as Procopius , Timotheos of Gaza , Demetrios Pepagomenos , and Thomas Aquinas .", "6": "Medieval thinkers used abstract philosophical and logical categorizations more suited to abstract philosophy than to pragmatic taxonomy . Renaissance and early modern ( edit ) During the Renaissance , the Age of Reason , and the Enlightenment , categorizing organisms became more prevalent , and taxonomic works became ambitious enough to replace the ancient texts . This is sometimes credited to the development of sophisticated optical lenses , which allowed the morphology of organisms to be studied in much greater detail . One of the earliest authors to take advantage of this leap in technology was the Italian physician Andrea Cesalpino ( 1519 -- 1603 ) , who has been called `` the first taxonomist '' . His magnum opus De Plantis came out in 1583 , and described more than 1500 plant species . Two large plant families that he first recognized are still in use today : the Asteraceae and Brassicaceae . Then in the 17th century John Ray ( England , 1627 -- 1705 ) wrote many important taxonomic works . Arguably his greatest accomplishment was Methodus Plantarum Nova ( 1682 ) , in which he published details of over 18,000 plant species . At the time , his classifications were perhaps the most complex yet produced by any taxonomist , as he based his taxa on many combined characters . The next major taxonomic works were produced by Joseph Pitton de Tournefort ( France , 1656 -- 1708 ) . His work from 1700 , Institutiones Rei Herbariae , included more than 9000 species in 698 genera , which directly influenced Linnaeus , as it was the text he used as a young student . The Linnaean era ( edit ) Main article : Linnaean taxonomy Title page of Systema Naturae , Leiden , 1735 The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus ( 1707 -- 1778 ) ushered in a new era of taxonomy . With his major works Systema Naturae 1st Edition in 1735 , Species Plantarum in 1753 , and Systema Naturae 10th Edition , he revolutionized modern taxonomy . His works implemented a standardized binomial naming system for animal and plant species , which proved to be an elegant solution to a chaotic and disorganized taxonomic literature .", "7": "He not only introduced the standard of class , order , genus , and species , but also made it possible to identify plants and animals from his book , by using the smaller parts of the flower . Thus the Linnaean system was born , and is still used in essentially the same way today as it was in the 18th century . Currently , plant and animal taxonomists regard Linnaeus ' work as the `` starting point '' for valid names ( at 1753 and 1758 respectively ) . Names published before these dates are referred to as `` pre-Linnaean '' , and not considered valid ( with the exception of spiders published in Svenska Spindlar ) . Even taxonomic names published by Linnaeus himself before these dates are considered pre-Linnaean . Modern system of classification ( edit ) Main articles : Evolutionary taxonomy and Phylogenetic nomenclature Evolution of the vertebrates at class level , width of spindles indicating number of families . Spindle diagrams are typical for Evolutionary taxonomy The same relationship , expressed as a cladogram typical for cladistics Whereas Linnaeus classified for ease of identification , the idea of the Linnaean taxonomy as translating into a sort of dendrogram of the Animal - and Plant Kingdoms was formulated toward the end of the 18th century , well before On the Origin of Species was published . Among early works exploring the idea of a transmutation of species were Erasmus Darwin 's 1796 Zoönomia and Jean - Baptiste Lamarck 's Philosophie Zoologique of 1809 . The idea was popularised in the Anglophone world by the speculative but widely read Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation , published anonymously by Robert Chambers in 1844 . With Darwin 's theory , a general acceptance quickly appeared that a classification should reflect the Darwinian principle of common descent . Tree of life representations became popular in scientific works , with known fossil groups incorporated . One of the first modern groups tied to fossil ancestors was birds . Using the then newly discovered fossils of Archaeopteryx and Hesperornis , Thomas Henry Huxley pronounced that they had evolved from dinosaurs , a group formally named by Richard Owen in 1842 . The resulting description , that of dinosaurs `` giving rise to '' or being `` the ancestors of '' birds , is the essential hallmark of evolutionary taxonomic thinking .", "8": "As more and more fossil groups were found and recognized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , palaeontologists worked to understand the history of animals through the ages by linking together known groups . With the modern evolutionary synthesis of the early 1940s , an essentially modern understanding of the evolution of the major groups was in place . As evolutionary taxonomy is based on Linnaean taxonomic ranks , the two terms are largely interchangeable in modern use . The cladistic method ( or cladism ) has emerged since the 1960s . In 1958 , Julian Huxley used the term clade . Later , in 1960 , Cain and Harrison introduced the term cladistic . The salient feature is arranging taxa in a hierarchical evolutionary tree , ignoring ranks . A taxon is called monophyletic , if it includes all the descendants of an ancestral form . Groups that have descendant groups removed from them ( e.g. dinosaurs , with birds as offspring group ) are termed paraphyletic , while groups representing more than one branch from the tree of life are called polyphyletic . The International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature or PhyloCode is intended to regulate the formal naming of clades . Linnaean ranks will be optional under the PhyloCode , which is intended to coexist with the current , rank - based codes . Kingdoms and domains ( edit ) The basic scheme of modern classification . Many other levels can be used ; domain , the highest level within life , is both new and disputed . Main article : Kingdom ( biology ) Well before Linnaeus , plants and animals were considered separate Kingdoms . Linnaeus used this as the top rank , dividing the physical world into the plant , animal and mineral kingdoms . As advances in microscopy made classification of microorganisms possible , the number of kingdoms increased , five and six - kingdom systems being the most common . Domains are a relatively new grouping . First proposed in 1977 , Carl Woese 's three - domain system was not generally accepted until later . One main characteristic of the three - domain method is the separation of Archaea and Bacteria , previously grouped into the single kingdom Bacteria ( a kingdom also sometimes called Monera ) , with the Eukaryota for all organisms whose cells contain a nucleus .", "9": "A small number of scientists include a sixth kingdom , Archaea , but do not accept the domain method . Thomas Cavalier - Smith , who has published extensively on the classification of protists , has recently proposed that the Neomura , the clade that groups together the Archaea and Eucarya , would have evolved from Bacteria , more precisely from Actinobacteria . His 2004 classification treated the archaeobacteria as part of a subkingdom of the Kingdom Bacteria , i.e. he rejected the three - domain system entirely . Stefan Luketa in 2012 proposed a five `` dominion '' system , adding Prionobiota ( acellular and without nucleic acid ) and Virusobiota ( acellular but with nucleic acid ) to the traditional three domains . Linnaeus 1735 Haeckel 1866 Chatton 1925 Copeland 1938 Whittaker 1969 Woese et al . Cavalier - Smith 1998 2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms 2 empires 4 kingdoms 5 kingdoms 3 domains 6 kingdoms ( not treated ) Protista Prokaryota Monera Monera Bacteria Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota Protoctista Protista Eucarya Protozoa Chromista Vegetabilia Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Fungi Fungi Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Main article : Kingdom ( biology ) § Summary Recent comprehensive classifications ( edit ) Partial classifications exist for many individual groups of organisms and are revised and replaced as new information becomes available , however comprehensive treatments of most or all life are rarer ; two recent examples are that of Adl et al. , 2012 , which covers eukaryotes only with an emphasis on protists , and Ruggiero et al. , 2015 , covering both eukaryotes and prokaryotes to the rank of Order , although both exclude fossil representatives . Application ( edit ) Biological taxonomy is a sub-discipline of biology , and is generally practiced by biologists known as `` taxonomists '' , though enthusiastic naturalists are also frequently involved in the publication of new taxa .", "10": "Because taxonomy aims to describe and organize life , the work conducted by taxonomists is essential for the study of biodiversity and the resulting field of conservation biology . Classifying organisms ( edit ) Main article : Taxonomic rank Biological classification is a critical component of the taxonomic process . As a result , it informs the user as to what the relatives of the taxon are hypothesized to be . Biological classification uses taxonomic ranks , including among others ( in order from most inclusive to least inclusive ) : Domain , Kingdom , Phylum , Class , Order , Family , Genus , and Species . Taxonomic descriptions ( edit ) See also : Species description Type specimen for Nepenthes smilesii , a tropical pitcher plant . The `` definition '' of a taxon is encapsulated by its description or its diagnosis or by both combined . There are no set rules governing the definition of taxa , but the naming and publication of new taxa is governed by sets of rules . In zoology , the nomenclature for the more commonly used ranks ( superfamily to subspecies ) , is regulated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN Code ) . In the fields of botany , phycology , and mycology , the naming of taxa is governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) . The initial description of a taxon involves five main requirements : The taxon must be given a name based on the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet ( a binomial for new species , or uninomial for other ranks ) . The name must be unique ( i.e. not a homonym ) . The description must be based on at least one name - bearing type specimen . It should include statements about appropriate attributes either to describe ( define ) the taxon or to differentiate it from other taxa ( the diagnosis , ICZN Code , Article 13.1. 1 , ICN , Article 38 ) . Both codes deliberately separate defining the content of a taxon ( its circumscription ) from defining its name . These first four requirements must be published in a work that is obtainable in numerous identical copies , as a permanent scientific record . However , often much more information is included , like the geographic range of the taxon , ecological notes , chemistry , behavior , etc .", "11": "How researchers arrive at their taxa varies : depending on the available data , and resources , methods vary from simple quantitative or qualitative comparisons of striking features , to elaborate computer analyses of large amounts of DNA sequence data . Author citation ( edit ) Main articles : Author citation ( botany ) and Author citation ( zoology ) An `` authority '' may be placed after a scientific name . The authority is the name of the scientist or scientists who first validly published the name . For example , in 1758 Linnaeus gave the Asian elephant the scientific name Elephas maximus , so the name is sometimes written as `` Elephas maximus Linnaeus , 1758 '' . The names of authors are frequently abbreviated : the abbreviation L. , for Linnaeus , is commonly used . In botany , there is , in fact , a regulated list of standard abbreviations ( see list of botanists by author abbreviation ) . The system for assigning authorities differs slightly between botany and zoology . However , it is standard that if a species ' name or placement has been changed since the original description , the original authority 's name is placed in parentheses . Phenetics ( edit ) Main article : Phenetics In phenetics , also known as taximetrics , or numerical taxonomy , organisms are classified based on overall similarity , regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary relationships . It results in a measure of evolutionary `` distance '' between taxa . Phenetic methods have become relatively rare in modern times , largely superseded by cladistic analyses , as phenetic methods do not distinguish plesiomorphic from apomorphic traits . However , certain phenetic methods , such as neighbor joining , have found their way into cladistics , as a reasonable approximation of phylogeny when more advanced methods ( such as Bayesian inference ) are too computationally expensive . Databases ( edit ) Main article : Taxonomic database Modern taxonomy uses database technologies to search and catalogue classifications and their documentation . While there is no commonly used database , there are comprehensive databases such as the Catalogue of Life , which attempts to list every documented species . The catalogue listed 1.64 million species for all kingdoms as of April 2016 , claiming coverage of more than three quarters of the estimated species known to modern science .", "12": "See also ( edit ) Automated species identification Consortium for the Barcode of Life Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities Genetypes Glossary of scientific naming Identification ( biology ) Incertae sedis , or `` of uncertain placement '' , a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined Taxonomy ( general ) Type ( biology ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This ranking system can be remembered by the mnemonic `` Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Glass Sets ? '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wilkins , J.S. ( 5 February 2011 ) . `` What is systematics and what is taxonomy ? '' . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . 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( December 2015 ) . `` The revised classification of eukaryotes '' . Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 ( 5 ) : 429 -- 493 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1550 - 7408.2012. 00644. x . PMC 3483872 . PMID 23020233 . ^ Jump up to : Ruggiero , M.A. ; Gordon , D.P. ; Orrell , T.M. ; Bailly , N. ; Bourgoin , T. ; Brusca , R.C. ; et al. ( 2015 ) . `` A higher level classification of all living organisms '' . PLOS One . 10 ( 4 ) : e0119248 . Bibcode : 2015PLoSO ... 1019248R . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0119248 . PMC 4418965 . PMID 25923521 . Jump up ^ `` What is taxonomy ? '' . London : Natural History Museum . Archived from the original on 1 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ McNeely , Jeffrey A. ( 2002 ) . `` The role of taxonomy in conserving biodiversity '' ( PDF ) .", "19": "J. Nat . Conserv. 10 : 145 -- 153 -- via Semantic Scholar . Jump up ^ `` Mnemonic taxonomy / biology : Kingdom Phylum Class Order ... '' Jump up ^ `` ICZN Code '' . www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de . Jump up ^ `` International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants '' . www.iapt-taxon.org . Jump up ^ `` How can I describe new species ? '' . International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature . Jump up ^ `` taxonomy -- Evaluating taxonomic characters biology '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : `` Editing Tip : Scientific Names of Species AJE American Journal Experts '' . www.aje.com . Jump up ^ `` Carolus Linnaeus : Classification , Taxonomy & Contributions to Biology -- Video & Lesson Transcript Study.com '' . Study.com . Jump up ^ Biocyclopedia.com . `` Biological Classification '' . www.biocyclopedia.com . Jump up ^ `` Zoological nomenclature : a basic guide for non-taxonomist authors '' . Annelida.net . Jump up ^ `` Classification '' . North Carolina State University . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Molecular Marker Glossary '' . University of Wyoming . Jump up ^ Wood , Dylan ; King , Margaret ; Landis , Drew ; Courtney , William ; Wang , Runtang ; Kelly , Ross ; Turner , Jessica A. ; Calhoun , Vince D. ( 26 August 2014 ) . `` Harnessing modern web application technology to create intuitive and efficient data visualization and sharing tools '' . Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. 8 : 71 . doi : 10.3389 / fninf. 2014.00071 . ISSN 1662 - 5196 . PMC 4144441 . PMID 25206330 . Jump up ^ `` About -- The Plant List '' . www.theplantlist.org . Jump up ^ `` About the Catalogue of Life : 2016 Annual Checklist '' . Catalogue of Life . Integrated Taxonomic Information System ( ITIS ) . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Stace , Clive A.", "20": "( 1989 ) ( 1980 ) . Plant taxonomy and biosystematics ( 2nd . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521427852 . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Datta , Subhash Chandra ( 1988 ) . Systematic Botany ( 4 ed . ) . New Delhi : New Age International . ISBN 8122400132 . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Stuessy , Tod F. ( 2009 ) . Plant Taxonomy : The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 14712 - 0 . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Look up taxonomy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Taxonomy ( biology ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taxonomy ( biology ) . Wikisource has original works on the topic : Taxonomy What is taxonomy ? at the Natural History Museum London Taxonomy at NCBI the National Center for Biotechnology Information Taxonomy at UniProt the Universal Protein Resource ITIS the Integrated Taxonomic Information System CETaF the Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities Wikispecies free species directory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "21": "php?title=Taxonomy_(biology)&oldid=822261591 '' Categories : Taxonomy ( biology ) Biological nomenclature Biological classification Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2016 Good articles All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা भोजपुरी Català Čeština Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaelg Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Scots Sicilianu سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو West - Vlams 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 10 : 12 .", "22": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5677169355193962977	who sings in everybody dies in their nightmares	[ "XXXTentacion" ]	{ "0": "17 ( XXXTentacion album ) - wikipedia 17 ( XXXTentacion album ) Jump to : navigation , search 17 Studio album by XXXTentacion Released August 25 , 2017 Genre Indie rock emo lo - fi alternative hip hop Length 22 : 01 Label Bad Vibes Forever Empire Producer XXXTentacion ( also exec . ) Dex Duncan John Cunningham Natra Average Nick Mira Potsu Taz Taylor Tobias Jesso Jr . XXXTentacion chronology Members Only , Vol. 3 ( 2017 ) Members Only , Vol. 3 2017 17 ( 2017 ) A Ghetto Christmas Carol ( 2017 ) A Ghetto Christmas Carol 2017 XXXTentacion solo chronology Revenge ( 2017 ) Revenge 2017 17 ( 2017 ) 172017 A Ghetto Christmas Carol ( 2017 ) A Ghetto Christmas Carol 2017 Singles from 17 `` Revenge '' Released : May 18 , 2017 `` Jocelyn Flores '' Released : October 31 , 2017 `` Fuck Love '' Released : January 23 , 2018 17 is the debut studio album by American rapper XXXTentacion , released on August 25 , 2017 by Bad Vibes Forever and Empire Distribution . It features 11 tracks and was supported by the lead single `` Revenge '' . 17 is X 's second solo commercial project , succeeding the compilation mixtape Revenge , also released in 2017 . It includes a guest appearance from Trippie Redd and production from X himself , Nick Mira , Taz Taylor , Natra Average , and Potsu . The album experiments with a variety of genres , such as emo , indie rock , and lo - fi . The album received polarizing reviews but fared well commercially , charting at number two on the US Billboard 200 while selling 88,000 units in its first week of sales . It also performed well internationally , charting highly in numerous European countries .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Promotion 2.1 Instagram controversy 3 Singles 4 Composition 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 References Background ( edit ) While XXXTentacion was in prison for false imprisonment , witness tampering , and aggravated battery on his alleged pregnant ex-girlfriend , including charges of domestic battery by strangulation placed by the victim , he signed with Empire Distribution on exclusively a distribution deal . Empire Distribution made an official announcement on March 2 , 2017 while he was still in prison that his debut album Bad Vibes would be released in Spring 2017 . Talking to XXL while in prison , XXXTentacion announced 17 , I Need Jesus and Members Only , Vol. 3 saying : I got this really really , really good album called 17 . That 's more of an alternative , R&B sound . Then I 've got this mixtape called I Need Jesus , which is mainly rap and the underground sound I did . So I 'm trying to give my fans and anybody that comes in and listens to me everything with the mixtape and album . And then I want to come out with Members Only Vol. 3 . People are gon na be really surprised about the shit I drop . X later reaffirmed the announcement of 17 , Revenge , Members Only Vol. 3 and I Need Jesus during an interview with WMIB following his release from prison in March 2017 . He later used the app Periscope to talk to his followers and announce the three albums once again . He later said that 17 would be released after he finished working on Members Only Vol. 3 with his collective , `` Members Only '' . Members Only Vol. 3 was released on June 26 , 2017 . He began to preview short snippets on his Instagram page that were later taken down , one of the snippets had the caption `` Working on a the ( sic ) album , what do you think ? ''", "2": "Promotion ( edit ) Snippets were released showing him in a collaboration with Kodak Black and Juicy J. He later announced via his Snapchat story that the release date for 17 was August 25 , 2017 . In the same story , he claimed that the album would be different from his previous works and more for people with depression . X previewed snippets on August 6 , 2017 , via his Snapchat story . The snippets shown was his iTunes library page with the album being played showcasing a tracklist of 8 songs . He kept his thumb on the feature that showcases the song count on the computer monitor and did n't announce the tracklist as official . The songs showcased in the snippets included `` Jocelyn Flores '' , `` Save Me '' , `` Fuck Love '' featuring Trippie Redd , `` Orlando '' and `` Ayala ( Outro ) '' . XXL 's Vernon Coleman called the snippets `` very somber '' . On August 22 , 2017 , X revealed the official tracklist alongside the final cover for the album . The day before the album 's release , the song `` Fuck Love '' featuring Trippie Redd was uploaded to SoundCloud . Instagram controversy ( edit ) On August 23 , 2017 , Onfroy posted a short 3.5 second clip of what appeared to be him hanging himself from a tree to his Instagram account . The video circulated much controversy and criticism , and led to rumors that Onfroy had indeed committed suicide . However , many were quick to point out that the video was fake and was a publicity stunt to draw more attention to his upcoming album . This was heavily criticized by the press , with many calling the act an insensitive ploy to draw attention by projecting a message of suicide to a young fanbase . Later in the day , Onfroy posted another clip to his Instagram , showing more clips of the hanging , but this time elaborating that the clips were a teaser for an upcoming music video . He later offered an explanation of the situation fully and publicly apologized on his Instagram Live . Singles ( edit ) The lead single `` Revenge '' was released on May 18 , 2017 , for streaming and digital download , originally titled as `` Garrette 's Revenge '' .", "3": "The second single , `` Jocelyn Flores '' was sent to rhythmic radio on October 31 , 2017 . The third single , `` Fuck Love '' featuring Trippie Redd , will be sent to rhythmic radio on January 23 , 2018 . Composition ( edit ) Trippie Redd ( pictured ) is the only feature on the album for its 8th track . Speaking to XXL , X said the album would consist of `` an alternative R&B sound '' . Following the release of his solo mixtape Revenge ( 2017 ) , and his collaborative mixtape Members Only Vol. 3 ( 2017 ) , X began to promote the album on Snapchat . Speaking on the sound of 17 , X explained that the album was different from his previous works , saying `` If you listen to me to get hype or to not think , do n't buy this album , this one is for the depression , for the depressed ones , for the lost ones . '' 17 released on August 25 , 2017 . The album was barely a LP with a total length of 22 minutes . 17 is eleven tracks long with not a single track being longer than three minutes long , abnormal for a studio album . The album takes a different style from X 's traditional music which is often considered rap rock and trap music . The album adapts different genres of music , including emo and indie rock to create an unconventional style that fits within the genre of alternative R&B . The singer Shiloh Dynasty is sampled frequently on the album . The album itself is produced mainly by X , Natra Average and Potsu , a producer who generally creates lo - fi instrumental hip hop on the audio distribution platform , SoundCloud . The lyrics for 17 are based around depressing themes such as suicide , failed relationships and infidelity . It also focuses on events in X 's life and involves a lot of internal dialogue . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Fiend Fix Pitchfork 6.5 / 10 Pulse Salute Magazine 17 was met with a majority of positive reviews , and while most critics praised its subject matter , musical diversity , and production , they criticized its length and intentional lack of polish .", "4": "Meaghan Garvey of Pitchfork stated that 17 `` presents X as impressively adept at reconciling his influences into a sound that is shockingly elegant , even at its most unpolished -- an album whose disparate influences dissolve in an acid bath of raw feeling . '' Adrian Glover of Salute Magazine lauded 17 , praising it as one of the year 's best albums , while also directing praise at XXXTentacion for his originality and resistance to change his style to conform to the traditional radio standards of the hip hop music industry . Alabaster Jones also similarly applauded 17 for its musical scope and overall message . Jon Powell with Respect . compared 17 's use of guitar arrangements to Staind 's Aaron Lewis and noted how the album was different from XXXTentacion 's breakout single `` Look at Me ! '' Mitch Findlay with HotNewHipHop called the album `` different from your average hip hop album '' stating its lo - fi aesthetic , experimentation with guitar arrangements and unique vocals . Pigeons and Planes ' Eric Skelton called the album 's composition `` progressive '' and `` genre - defiant . '' Uproxx complimented 17 's experimentation with different genres and the album 's lyrics and narrative though criticized the album 's short length and its inability to depict fully what it was trying to convey . The Argentinian music platform Rocktails described the album as `` something you 'd like to hate and not listen to , but the truth is all songs in this album are irresistible '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) 17 was released on August 25 , 2017 , on iTunes , Spotify and Apple Music for streaming . Following the release , the album was promoted on social media by numerous other artists including Kendrick Lamar , Tory Lanez , 9th Wonder and Lil Yachty . The sales projections for the album , managed by the magazine Hits estimated that 17 would collect over 80 million streams and would sell 74 - 79,000 album - equivalent units , including 16 -- 18,000 pure sales . In the United States , 17 debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 with 87,000 album - equivalent units , of which 18,000 were pure sales . 17 dropped down to No.", "5": "3 on the Billboard 200 for its second week of release with 51,275 total album equivalent units sold . In its third week , 17 fell to No. 6 with 40,100 album - equivalent units sold . 17 had sold 313,000 album - equivalent units by October 12 , 2017 , dropping to No. 12 in the same week . 17 debuted at number one in Norway ( where it remained for three weeks ) and in the top twenty in numerous album charts , including the UK Albums Chart , where it entered at number 12 , selling 4,520 album - equivalent units . The album also charted in Belgium , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Italy , and Sweden . Seven songs -- `` Jocelyn Flores '' , `` Revenge '' , `` Fuck Love '' , `` Everybody Dies in Their Nightmares '' , `` Depression & Obsession '' , `` Save Me '' and `` Carry On '' -- debuted in the Billboard Hot 100 at number 31 , 77 , 41 , 54 , 91 , 94 and 95 respectively with Jocelyn Flores becoming XXXTentacion 's highest charting song since Look At Me , which peaked at 31 on September 16 , 2017 . Three songs -- `` Jocelyn Flores '' , `` Everybody Dies in Their Nightmares '' and `` Fuck Love '' -- debuted in the top 100 of the UK Singles Chart , at number 56 , 88 and 99 respectively . Jocelyn Flores peaked at 39 on the UK Singles Chart . Track listing ( edit ) 17 No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Explanation '' Jahseh Onfroy XXXTentacion 0 : 51 2 . `` Jocelyn Flores '' Onfroy Potsu 1 : 59 3 . `` Depression & Obsession '' Onfroy XXXTentacion 2 : 25 4 . `` Everybody Dies in Their Nightmares '' Onfroy Potsu 1 : 35 5 . `` Revenge '' Onfroy XXXTentacion 2 : 00 6 .", "6": "`` Save Me '' Onfroy Natra Average 2 : 43 7 . `` Dead Inside ( Interlude ) '' Onfroy Natra Average XXXTentacion 1 : 27 8 . `` Fuck Love '' ( featuring Trippie Redd ) Onfroy Michael White IV Nick Mira Taz Taylor Dex Duncan 2 : 27 9 . `` Carry On '' Onfroy Potsu 2 : 10 10 . `` Orlando '' Onfroy XXXTentacion 2 : 44 11 . `` Ayala ( Outro ) '' Onfroy XXXTentacion John Cunningham Tobias Jesso Jr . 1 : 40 Total length : 22 : 01 Notes `` Jocelyn Flores '' , `` Everyone Dies in Their Nightmares '' and `` Carry On '' features uncredited vocals from Shiloh Dynasty Personnel ( edit ) XXXTentacion -- vocals , production , composition Genius Turkey -- vocals Translations -- vocals Shiloh Dynasty -- additional vocals , composition Trippie Red -- vocals , composition John Cunningham -- production Natra Avarage -- production , piano Nick Mira -- production Potsu -- production Taz Taylor -- production Tobias Jesso , Jr -- production , piano Koen Heldens -- mix engineering ,", "7": "master engineering JonFX -- mixing engineering Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 29 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 21 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 16 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 32 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) 13 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 12 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) French Albums ( SNEP ) 33 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 9 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 37 UK Albums ( OCC ) 12 UK Independent Albums ( OCC ) 12 UK R&B Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Top Album Sales 6 US Top R&B Albums US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 91 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 40 US Billboard 200 80 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 10,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` XXXTentacion 's Promising Debut ' 17 ' Falls Just Short Of Real Growth '' . Uproxx . August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Should You Listen to XXXTentacion 's ' 17 ' ? '' . Mass Appealdate = August 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://news.hiphopearly.com/listen-to-xxxtentacions-debut-album-17/ Jump up ^ Martínez - Cachero , Wilko ( 8 September 2017 ) .", "8": "`` XXXTentacion impresses on gloomy debut album ' 17 ' '' . Underground Flux . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Uzi Vert and XXXTentacion Keep Going Strong on the Billboard 200 Chart '' . Complex . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTentacion incarcerated on charges of battery on Pregnant Ex-Girlfriend '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Jahseh Onfroy 's Complicated Incarceration '' . Complex Magazine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winslow , Mike ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Empire Records Boss Comments On New Deal With XXXTentacion '' . Exclusive Hip Hop News , Interviews , Rumors , Rap & Music Videos Allhiphop . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ XXL ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) , XXXTentacion Profile Interview - 2017 XXL Freshman , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 Jump up ^ `` XXXTentacion 's Debut Project ' Bad Vibes ' to Be Released This Spring - XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://hiphopdx.com , HipHopDX - . `` XXXTENTACION 's Debut Project Coming Soon '' . HipHopDX . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` XXXTentacion Released From Jail - XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTENTACION Is Free , Announces 4 Projects '' . HYPEBEAST . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's What XXXTentacion Plans to Do Now That He 's Free From Jail - XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://hiphopdx.com , HipHopDX - .", "9": "`` XXXTENTACION & Crew Release `` Members Only Vol. 3 '' Mixtape `` . HipHopDX . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTentacion Previews Kodak Black Collab '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Juicy J Debuts New Collaboration With XXXTENTACION '' . HYPEBEAST . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Juicy J Previews Upcoming XXXTentacion Collab - XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Did XXXTentacion Announce A Release Date For His Next Album ? '' . Complex UK . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` From Biggie to XXXTentacion : Rap 's Grim Relationship with Depression Mass Appeal '' . Mass Appeal. 2017 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` XXXTentacion Reveals ' 17 ' Album Tracklist - XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTENTACION Reveals Tracklist for Debut Album ' 17 ' '' . Highsnobiety. 2017 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` XXXTentacion Reveals Final Cover , Tracklist for ' 17 ' Album - XXL '' . XXL . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` XXXTentacion Hangs Himself on Instagram ( NSFW ) '' . HotNewHipHop.com. 2017 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTentacion Says He Would Never Pretend to Kill Himself for a Publicity Stunt After Posting Controversial Instagram Video - XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 .", "10": "Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Rhythmic Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Rhythmic Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hear Snippets From XXXTentacion 's Debut Album ' 17 ' '' . PigeonsandPlanes . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hip - Hop Responds To XXXTentacion 's New Album `` 17 '' RESPECT `` . RESPECT. 2017 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` 17 by XXXTENTACION on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Should You Listen to XXXtentacion 's ' 17 ' ? '' . Mass Appeal. 2017 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Mystery of Shiloh Dynasty , The Beautiful Voice All Over XXXTENTACION 's ' 17 ' '' . PigeonsandPlanes . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Read All The Lyrics To XXXTENTACION 's New Album ' 17 ' '' . Genius . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` potsu '' . SoundCloud . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTENTACION , 17 ( Album Review ) '' . Fiend Fix . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Meaghan Garvey ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` XXXTentacion Album Review '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTentacion rides through music 's darkest streets on `` 17 '' `` . Pulse . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 .", "11": "^ Jump up to : `` Review : XXXTentacion Drops Perfection on 17 '' . Salute Mag . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTentacion - 17 ( album review ) '' . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stream XXXTENTACION 's `` 17 '' Here `` . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTentacion Shares best ever ' 17 ' '' . PigeonsandPlanes . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTENTACION - Jocelyn Flores Rocktails Musica Online '' . ROCKTAILS MUSICA ONLINE ( in Spanish ) . 2017 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ 17 , 2017 - 08 - 25 , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 Jump up ^ Lamar , Kendrick ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) . `` ... listen to this album if you feel anything . raw thoughts ... '' @ kendricklamar . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar Urges His Fans to Listen to XXXTentacion 's ' 17 ' Album -- XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ # SWAVEY , Tory Lanez ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) . `` @ xxxtentacion big up yourself ... that is an incredible body of wrk '' . @ torylanez . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wonder , 9th ( 2017 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Aye ... @ xxxtentacion got some things to say on this album . Very honest ... shouts to @ EMPIRE ... '' @ 9thwonder . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ youth , king of the ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) .", "12": "`` It 's more my style shit I like to listen to ride to ... I love it ... '' @ lilyachty . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` HITS Daily Double : Rumor Mill - YOUR STONE AGETOP 20 '' . HITS Daily Double . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` Lil Uzi Vert 's ' Luv Is Rage 2 ' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://hiphopdx.com , HipHopDX - . `` Hip Hop Album Sales : Lil Uzi Vert & XXXTENTACION Keep Their Lead '' . HipHopDX . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://hiphopdx.com , HipHopDX - . `` Hip Hop Album Sales : Lil Uzi Vert & XXXTENTACION Dip In Third Week '' . HipHopDX . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ahead of XXXTentacion 's Domestic Violence Trial , Can the Industry Focus On the Music ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` norwegiancharts.com - XXXTentacion - 17 '' . www.norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Analysis : Queens Of The Stone Age debut at No. 1 on albums chart '' . Music Week . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- XXXTentacion -- 17 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- XXXTentacion -- 17 '' ( in Dutch ) .", "13": "Hung Medien . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- XXXTentacion -- 17 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italiancharts.com -- XXXTentacion -- 17 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- XXXTentacion -- 17 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTENTACION - Chart history Billboard '' . www.billboard.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTentacion full Official Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTENTACION full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jacob Moore ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` The Mystery of Shiloh Dynasty , The Beautiful Voice All Over XXXTENTACION 's ' 17 ' '' . Pigeons & Planes . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- XXXTentacion -- 17 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- XXXTentacion -- 17 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- XXXTentacion -- 17 '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTentacion Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201735 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data .", "14": "Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- XXXTentacion -- 17 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTentacion : 17 '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums -- SNEP ( Week 35 , 2017 ) '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography XXXTentacion '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- XXXTentacion -- 17 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- XXXTentacion -- 17 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTENTACION : Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTENTACION : Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTentacion Chart History ( Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Album combined '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Albums of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ .", "15": "Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Billboard 200 Albums -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTentacion `` 17 '' `` . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ( hide ) XXXTentacion Discography Studio albums 17 Mixtapes Revenge EPs A Ghetto Christmas Carol Singles `` Look at Me '' `` Gospel '' `` Revenge '' `` Jocelyn Flores '' Featured singles `` Again '' with Noah Cyrus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=17_(XXXTentacion_album)&oldid=819463649 '' Categories : 2017 debut albums Empire Distribution albums XXXTentacion albums Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 14 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-5964458761860143367	where does this season's survivor take place	[ "Mamanuca Islands, Fiji", "Ghost Island" ]	{ "0": "Survivor ( U.S. TV series ) - Wikipedia Survivor ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent season , see Survivor : Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers . For the upcoming season , see Survivor : Ghost Island . Survivor Logo used for the first season Genre Reality competition Created by Charlie Parsons Presented by Jeff Probst Starring Survivor contestants Theme music composer Russ Landau Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 35 No. of episodes 527 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Charlie Parsons Mark Burnett Jeff Probst Location ( s ) see below Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Survivor Productions LLC Castaway Television Productions Mark Burnett Productions ( 2000 -- 12 ) One Three Media ( 2012 -- 14 ) United Artists Media Group ( 2014 -- 15 ) MGM Television ( 2016 -- ) Distributor CBS Television Distribution ( TV broadcast ) Paramount Home Media Distribution ( DVD release ) Release Original network CBS Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 2000 -- 08 ) 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2008 -- ) Original release May 31 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 31 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Expedition Robinson International versions External links Website www.cbs.com/shows/survivor/ Survivor is the American version of the international Survivor reality competition television franchise , itself derived from the Swedish television series Expedition Robinson created by Charlie Parsons which premiered in 1997 . The American series premiered on May 31 , 2000 , on CBS . It is hosted by television personality Jeff Probst , who is also an executive producer along with Mark Burnett and original creator , Parsons . The television show places a group of strangers in an isolated location , where they must provide food , fire , and shelter for themselves . The contestants compete in challenges for rewards and immunity from elimination .", "1": "The contestants are progressively eliminated from the game as they are voted out by their fellow contestants , until only one remains and is given the title of `` Sole Survivor '' and is awarded the grand prize of US $ 1,000,000 . The American version has been very successful . From the 2000 -- 01 through the 2005 -- 06 television seasons , its first eleven seasons ( competitions ) rated among the top ten most watched shows . It is commonly considered the leader of American reality TV because it was the first highly rated and profitable reality show on broadcast television in the U.S. , and is considered one of the best shows of the 2000s ( decade ) . The series has been nominated for several Emmy Awards , including winning for Outstanding Sound Mixing in 2001 , Outstanding Special Class Program in 2002 , and was subsequently nominated four times for Outstanding Reality - Competition Program when the category was introduced in 2003 . Jeff Probst won the award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program four consecutive times after the award was introduced in 2008 . In 2007 , the series was included in Time magazine 's list of the 100 greatest TV shows of all - time . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked it at # 39 on its list of the `` 60 Best Series of All Time '' . The 36th season , Survivor : Ghost Island , will premiere on February 28 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format and rules 2 Series overview 3 Production 3.1 Concept 3.2 Locations 4 Reception 4.1 U.S. television ratings 4.2 Awards and nominations 4.2. 1 Primetime Emmy Awards 4.2. 2 Other awards 5 Post-show auctions 6 Controversies and legal action 7 Merchandise 8 Home media releases 9 Other media 9.1 Video games 9.2 Soundtracks 9.3 Thrill ride 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Format and rules ( edit ) Further information : Survivor ( franchise ) § Game rules The first U.S. season of Survivor followed the same general format as the Swedish series .", "2": "Sixteen or more players , split between two or more `` tribes '' , are taken to a remote isolated location ( usually in a tropical climate ) and are forced to live off the land with meager supplies for 39 days ( 42 in The Australian Outback ) . Frequent physical and mental challenges are used to pit the teams against each other for rewards , such as food or luxuries , or for `` immunity '' , forcing the other tribe to attend `` Tribal Council '' , where they must vote off one of their tribe mates . Once about half the players are remaining , the tribes are merged into a single tribe , and competitions are on an individual basis ; winning immunity prevents that player from being voted out . Most players that are voted out at this stage form the game 's `` jury '' . Once down to two or three people , a final Tribal Council is held where the remaining players plead their case to the jury members . The jury then votes for which player should be considered the `` Sole Survivor '' and win the show 's grand prize . In all seasons for the United States version , this has included a $1 million prize in addition to the Sole Survivor title ; some seasons ( particularly earlier seasons ) have included additional prizes , such as a car . The U.S. version has introduced numerous modifications , or `` twists '' , on the core rules in order to keep the players on their toes and to prevent players from relying on strategies that succeeded in prior seasons . These changes have included tribal switches , seasons starting with more than two tribes , the ability to exile a player from a tribe for a short time , hidden immunity idols that players can use to save themselves or others at Tribal Council , special voting powers which can be used to influence the result at Tribal Council and a chance to return to regular gameplay after elimination through the `` Redemption Island '' or `` The Outcast Tribe '' twists . Series overview ( edit ) See also : List of Survivor ( U.S. TV series ) episodes The United States version is produced by Mark Burnett and hosted by Jeff Probst . Each competition is called a season , has a unique name , and lasts from 13 to 16 episodes . The first season was broadcast as a summer replacement show in 2000 . Starting with Survivor : Africa , there have been two seasons aired during each U.S. television season .", "3": "In the first season , there was a 75 - person crew . By season 22 , the crew had grown to 325 people . A total of 516 contestants have competed on Survivor 's 35 seasons . List of Survivor ( U.S. ) seasons No . Season title Location Original tribes Winner Runner ( s ) - up Final vote Survivor : Borneo Pulau Tiga , Sabah , Malaysia Two tribes of eight Richard Hatch Kelly Wiglesworth 4 -- 3 Survivor : The Australian Outback Herbert River at Goshen Station , Queensland , Australia Tina Wesson Colby Donaldson 4 -- 3 Survivor : Africa Shaba National Reserve , Kenya Ethan Zohn Kim Johnson 5 -- 2 Survivor : Marquesas Nuku Hiva , Marquesas Islands , French Polynesia Vecepia Towery Neleh Dennis 4 -- 3 5 Survivor : Thailand Ko Tarutao , Satun Province , Thailand Two tribes of eight picked by the two oldest players , Jake and Jan Brian Heidik Clay Jordan 4 -- 3 6 Survivor : The Amazon Rio Negro , Amazonas , Brazil Two tribes of eight divided by gender Jenna Morasca Matthew Von Ertfelda 6 -- 1 7 Survivor : Pearl Islands Pearl Islands , Panama Two tribes of eight Sandra Diaz - Twine Lillian Morris 6 -- 1 8 Survivor : All - Stars Three tribes of six returning players Amber Brkich Rob Mariano 4 -- 3 9 Survivor : Vanuatu Efate , Shefa , Vanuatu Two tribes of nine divided by gender Chris Daugherty Twila Tanner 5 -- 2 10 Survivor : Palau Koror , Palau A schoolyard pick of two tribes of nine ; two eliminated without a tribe Tom Westman Katie Gallagher 6 -- 1 11 Survivor : Guatemala Laguna Yaxhá , Yaxhá - Nakúm - Naranjo National Park , Petén , Guatemala Two tribes of nine ,", "4": "including two returning players Danni Boatwright Stephenie LaGrossa 6 -- 1 12 Survivor : Panama Pearl Islands , Panama Four tribes of four divided by age and gender Aras Baskauskas Danielle DiLorenzo 5 -- 2 13 Survivor : Cook Islands Aitutaki , Cook Islands Four tribes of five divided by ethnicity : African Americans , Whites , Hispanics , and Asians Yul Kwon Ozzy Lusth Becky Lee 5 -- 4 -- 0 14 Survivor : Fiji Macuata , Vanua Levu , Fiji Two tribes of nine divided by a selected castaway , who would join the tribe who lost the first challenge Earl Cole Cassandra Franklin & Andria `` Dreamz '' Herd 9 -- 0 -- 0 15 Survivor : China Zhelin , Jiujiang , Jiangxi , China Two tribes of eight Todd Herzog Courtney Yates Amanda Kimmel 4 -- 2 -- 1 16 Survivor : Micronesia Koror , Palau Two tribes of ten : new players against past contestants Parvati Shallow Amanda Kimmel 5 -- 3 17 Survivor : Gabon Wonga - Wongue Presidential Reserve , Estuaire , Gabon A schoolyard pick of two tribes of nine , starting with the oldest players , Bob & Gillian Robert `` Bob '' Crowley Susie Smith Jessica `` Sugar '' Kiper 4 -- 3 -- 0 18 Survivor : Tocantins Jalapão , Tocantins , Brazil Two tribes of eight James `` J.T. '' Thomas Jr . Stephen Fishbach 7 -- 0 19 Survivor : Samoa Upolu , Samoa Two tribes of ten Natalie White Russell Hantz Mick Trimming 7 -- 2 -- 0 20 Survivor : Heroes vs.", "5": "Villains Two tribes of ten returning players , divided by `` hero '' or `` villain '' status Sandra Diaz - Twine Parvati Shallow Russell Hantz 6 -- 3 -- 0 21 Survivor : Nicaragua San Juan del Sur , Rivas , Nicaragua Two tribes of ten divided by age Jud `` Fabio '' Birza Chase Rice Matthew `` Sash '' Lenahan 5 -- 4 -- 0 22 Survivor : Redemption Island Two tribes of nine , including two returning players Rob Mariano Phillip Sheppard Natalie Tenerelli 8 -- 1 -- 0 23 Survivor : South Pacific Upolu , Samoa Sophie Clarke Benjamin `` Coach '' Wade Albert Destrade 6 -- 3 -- 0 24 Survivor : One World Two tribes of nine divided by gender living on the same beach Kim Spradlin Sabrina Thompson Chelsea Meissner 7 -- 2 -- 0 25 Survivor : Philippines Caramoan , Camarines Sur , Philippines Three tribes of six , including three returning players who had been medically evacuated in a previous season Denise Stapley Lisa Whelchel & Michael Skupin 6 -- 1 -- 1 26 Survivor : Caramoan Two tribes of ten : new players against past contestants John Cochran Dawn Meehan & Sherri Biethman 8 -- 0 -- 0 27 Survivor : Blood vs. Water Palaui Island , Santa Ana , Cagayan , Philippines Two tribes of ten : returning contestants against their loved ones Tyson Apostol Monica Culpepper Gervase Peterson 7 -- 1 -- 0 28 Survivor : Cagayan Three tribes of six divided by primary attribute : `` brawn '' vs. `` brains '' vs.", "6": "`` beauty '' Tony Vlachos Yung `` Woo '' Hwang 8 -- 1 29 Survivor : San Juan del Sur San Juan del Sur , Rivas , Nicaragua Nine pairs of new players , each with a pre-existing relationship , divided onto two tribes of nine Natalie Anderson Jaclyn Schultz Missy Payne 5 -- 2 -- 1 30 Survivor : Worlds Apart Three tribes of six divided by social class : `` white collar '' vs. `` blue collar '' vs. `` no collar '' Mike Holloway Carolyn Rivera & Will Sims II 6 -- 1 -- 1 31 Survivor : Cambodia Koh Rong , Cambodia Two tribes of ten returning players . Players selected by public vote Jeremy Collins Spencer Bledsoe & Tasha Fox 10 -- 0 -- 0 32 Survivor : Kaôh Rōng Three tribes of six divided by primary attribute : `` brains '' vs. `` brawn '' vs. `` beauty '' Michele Fitzgerald Aubry Bracco Tai Trang 5 -- 2 -- 0 33 Survivor : Millennials vs. Gen X Mamanuca Islands , Fiji Two tribes of ten divided by generation : millennials vs. Generation X Adam Klein Hannah Shapiro & Ken McNickle 10 -- 0 -- 0 34 Survivor : Game Changers Two tribes of ten returning players Sarah Lacina Brad Culpepper Troy `` Troyzan '' Robertson 7 -- 3 -- 0 35 Survivor : Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers Three tribes of six divided by dominant perceived trait : `` heroes '' vs. `` healers '' vs. `` hustlers '' Ben Driebergen Chrissy Hofbeck Ryan Ulrich 5 - 2 - 1 36 Survivor : Ghost Island Two tribes of ten TBA Production ( edit ) Concept ( edit ) The original idea of Survivor was developed by Charlie Parsons in 1994 under the name Castaway . Parsons formed Planet24 with Bob Geldof to produce the show and tried to have the BBC broadcast it , but the network turned it down .", "7": "Parsons went to Swedish television and was able to find a broadcaster , ultimately producing Expedition Robinson in 1997 . The show was a success , and plans for international versions were made . Mark Burnett intended to be the person to bring the show to the United States , though he recognized that the Swedish version was a bit crude and mean - spirited . Burnett retooled the concept to use better production values , based on his prior Eco-Challenge show , and wanted to focus more on the human drama experienced while under pressure . Burnett spent about a year trying to find a broadcaster that would take the show , retooling the concept based on feedback . On November 24 , 1999 , Burnett made his pitch to Les Moonves of CBS , and Moonves agreed to pick up the show . The first season , Survivor : Borneo was filmed during March and April 2000 , and was first broadcast on May 31 , 2000 . The first season became a ratings success , leading to its current ongoing run . Locations ( edit ) The American version of Survivor has been shot in many locations around the world since the first season , usually favoring warm and tropical climates . Though locations varied across the globe in the first dozen seasons , more recent seasons have used the same general location for back - to - back filming of two cycles ( for example , the use of Samoa for filming of seasons 19 , 20 ) .", "8": "Continent / Region Locations ( season number ) Africa ( 2 ) Kenya ( 3 ) , Gabon ( 17 ) Asia ( 9 ) Malaysia ( 1 ) , Thailand ( 5 ) , China ( 15 ) , Philippines ( 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ) , Cambodia ( 31 , 32 ) Oceania ( 15 ) Australia ( 2 ) , French Polynesia ( 4 ) , Vanuatu ( 9 ) , Palau ( 10 , 16 ) , Cook Islands ( 13 ) , Fiji ( 14 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ) , Samoa ( 19 , 20 , 23 , 24 ) Central America ( 8 ) Panama ( 7 , 8 , 12 ) , Guatemala ( 11 ) , Nicaragua ( 21 , 22 , 29 , 30 ) South America ( 2 ) Brazil ( 6 , 18 ) Since The Australian Outback , the announcement of each season 's winner and subsequent reunion have been broadcast live in front of a studio audience , usually alternating between the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York City ( home to the CBS ' Late Show franchise ) and CBS Television City or the CBS Studio Center in Los Angeles . Reception ( edit ) U.S. television Ratings ( edit ) Survivor has consistently been one of the top 20 most watched shows through its first 18 seasons and from seasons 21 to 23 . Seasonal rankings ( based on average total viewers per episode ) of the United States version of Survivor on CBS . Note : Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Premiered Ended TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Reunion viewers ( in millions ) Survivor : Borneo Wednesday 8 : 00 pm May 31 , 2000 15.51 August 23 , 2000 51.69 36.70 2000 28.", "9": "30 Survivor : The Australian Outback Thursday 8 : 00 pm January 28 , 2001 45.37 May 3 , 2001 36.35 28.01 2000 -- 01 29.80 Survivor : Africa October 11 , 2001 23.84 January 10 , 2002 27.26 19.05 2001 -- 02 8 20.69 Survivor : Marquesas February 28 , 2002 23.19 May 19 , 2002 25.87 17.89 6 20.77 Survivor : Thailand September 19 , 2002 23.05 December 19 , 2002 24.08 20.43 2002 -- 03 21.21 Survivor : The Amazon February 13 , 2003 23.26 May 11 , 2003 22.29 17.65 9 19.97 Survivor : Pearl Islands September 18 , 2003 21.50 December 14 , 2003 25.23 21.87 2003 -- 04 7 20.72 Survivor : All - Stars February 1 , 2004 33.53 May 9 , 2004 24.76 23.92 21.49 Survivor : Vanuatu September 16 , 2004 20.06 December 12 , 2004 19.72 15.23 2004 -- 05 10 19.64 Survivor : Palau February 17 , 2005 23.66 May 15 , 2005 20.80 15.48 5 20.91 Survivor : Guatemala September 15 , 2005 18.41 December 11 , 2005 21.18 15.21 2005 -- 06 8 18.30 Survivor : Panama February 2 , 2006 19.", "10": "20 May 14 , 2006 17.07 11.65 11 16.82 Survivor : Cook Islands September 14 , 2006 18.00 December 17 , 2006 16.42 13.53 2006 -- 07 13 15.75 Survivor : Fiji February 8 , 2007 16.68 May 13 , 2007 13.63 11.43 15 14.83 Survivor : China September 20 , 2007 15.35 December 16 , 2007 15.10 12.22 2007 -- 08 8 15.18 Survivor : Micronesia February 7 , 2008 14.02 May 11 , 2008 12.92 10.84 11 13.61 Survivor : Gabon September 25 , 2008 13.05 December 14 , 2008 13.77 11.74 2008 -- 09 15 13.81 Survivor : Tocantins February 12 , 2009 13.63 May 17 , 2009 12.94 11.59 19 12.86 Survivor : Samoa September 17 , 2009 11.66 December 20 , 2009 13.97 11.68 2009 -- 10 17 12.34 Survivor : Heroes vs.", "11": "Villains February 11 , 2010 14.15 May 16 , 2010 13.46 10.65 14 12.60 Survivor : Nicaragua Wednesday 8 : 00 pm September 15 , 2010 12.23 December 19 , 2010 13.58 11.19 2010 -- 11 11 13.61 Survivor : Redemption Island February 16 , 2011 11.17 May 15 , 2011 13.30 10.97 18 12.59 Survivor : South Pacific September 14 , 2011 10.74 December 18 , 2011 13.07 9.92 2011 -- 12 18 12.77 Survivor : One World February 15 , 2012 10.79 May 13 , 2012 10.34 7.72 26 11.64 Survivor : Philippines September 19 , 2012 11.37 December 16 , 2012 11.46 8.77 2012 -- 13 21 11.85 Survivor : Caramoan February 13 , 2013 8.94 May 12 , 2013 10.16 8.13 28 10.82 Survivor : Blood vs.", "12": "Water September 18 , 2013 9.73 December 15 , 2013 10.19 7.46 2013 -- 14 25 11.30 Survivor : Cagayan February 26 , 2014 9.40 May 21 , 2014 9.58 7.14 Survivor : San Juan del Sur September 24 , 2014 9.75 December 17 , 2014 9.79 7.31 2014 -- 15 31 11.35 Survivor : Worlds Apart February 25 , 2015 10.04 May 20 , 2015 9.74 7.21 Survivor : Cambodia September 23 , 2015 9.70 December 16 , 2015 9.45 6.49 2015 -- 16 26 10.99 Survivor : Kaôh Rōng February 17 , 2016 8.30 May 18 , 2016 9.54 6.42 Survivor : Millennials vs. Gen X September 21 , 2016 9.46 December 14 , 2016 9.09 6.40 2016 -- 17 24 10.32 Survivor : Game Changers March 8 , 2017 7.64 May 24 , 2017 8.48 5.84 Survivor : Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers September 27 , 2017 8.33 December 20 , 2017 8.70 5.97 2017 -- 18 Survivor : Ghost Island February 28 , 2018 Notes ^ 1 The season premieres of Survivor : The Australian Outback and Survivor : All - Stars each aired after a Super Bowl . ^ 2 Starting with the 2013 -- 14 TV series ranking , the two seasons aired in that time are listed together as Survivor . Previously , seasons were listed separately .", "13": "^ 3 The season finales of Survivor : Marquesas , and Survivor : The Amazon through Survivor : Blood vs. Water , were aired on Sunday at 8 : 00 pm . Additionally , when Survivor regularly aired on Thursdays , some episodes were moved to Wednesday at 8 : 00 pm to accommodate broadcasts of the first two weeks of the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Awards ( edit ) Main article : Creative Arts Emmy Awards Year Category Nominee / Episode Result 2001 Outstanding Non-Fiction Program ( Special Class ) Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Non-Fiction Program `` The Marooning '' Won Outstanding Cinematography for Non-Fiction Programming `` Honeymoon or Not ? '' Nominated Outstanding Main Title Theme Music Russ Landau Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for Non-Fiction Programming `` Trial by Fire '' Nominated Outstanding Technical Direction , Camerawork , Video for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special `` Survivor : The Reunion '' Nominated 2002 Outstanding Lighting Direction ( Electronic , Multi-Camera ) for VMC Programming `` Finale and the Reunion '' Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for Non-Fiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` Two Peas in a Pod '' Nominated Outstanding Technical Direction , Camerawork , Video for a Series `` Finale and the Reunion '' Nominated 2003 Outstanding Art Direction for a Variety or Music Program Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for Non-Fiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` The Importance of Being Earnest '' Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for Non-Fiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` More Than Meats the Eye '' Nominated Outstanding Reality / Competition Program Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` Beg ,", "14": "Barter and Steal '' Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` Swimming with Sharks '' Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for Non-Fiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` Shark Attack '' Nominated Outstanding Reality / Competition Program Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` They 're Back '' Nominated 2005 Outstanding Cinematography for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` This Has Never Happened Before '' Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` This Has Never Happened Before '' Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for Non-Fiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` Culture Shock and Violent Storms '' Nominated Outstanding Reality / Competition Program Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` Love is in the Air , Rats are Everywhere '' Nominated 2006 Outstanding Cinematography for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` Big Trek , Big Trouble , Big Surprise '' Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` Starvation and Lunacy '' Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for Non-Fiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` Salvation and Desertion '' Nominated Outstanding Reality / Competition Program Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` Big Trek , Big Trouble , Big Surprise '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` Big Trek , Big Trouble , Big Surprise '' Nominated 2007 Outstanding Picture Editing for Non-Fiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` An Evil Thought '' Nominated 2008 Outstanding Picture Editing for Non-Fiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` He 's a Ball of Goo ! ''", "15": "Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Jeff Probst Won Outstanding Cinematography for Reality Programming `` Just Do n't Eat the Apple '' Nominated 2009 Outstanding Sound Mixing for Non-Fiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` The Poison Apple Needs to Go '' Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Jeff Probst Won Outstanding Cinematography for Reality Programming `` This Camp is Cursed '' Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for Non-Fiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` Tonight , We Make Our Move '' Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Jeff Probst Won Outstanding Cinematography for Reality Programming `` Slay Everyone , Trust No One '' Won 2011 Outstanding Picture Editing for Non-Fiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` Do n't You Work for Me ? ''", "16": "Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Jeff Probst Won Outstanding Cinematography for Reality Programming `` Rice Wars '' Nominated 2012 Outstanding Picture Editing for Non-Fiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` Cult - Like '' Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for Reality Programming `` Running the Show '' Nominated 2013 Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) `` Create a Little Chaos '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for Nonfiction Programming Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for Reality Programming Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for Reality Programming `` Zipping Over the Cuckoo 's Nest '' Nominated Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming `` Live Finale and Reunion '' ( Survivor : Caramoan ) Nominated `` Live Finale and Reunion '' ( Survivor : Philippines ) Nominated 2014 Outstanding Cinematography for Reality Programming `` Mad Treasure Hunt '' Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for Reality Programming `` Mad Treasure Hunt '' Nominated 2015 Outstanding Cinematography for Reality Programming `` It 's Survivor Warfare '' Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for Reality Programming `` It 's Survivor Warfare '' Nominated 2016 Outstanding Cinematography for Reality Programming `` Second Chance '' Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for Reality Programming `` Signed , Sealed and Delivered '' Nominated 2017 Outstanding Casting for Reality Programming Lynne Spiegel Spillman Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for Reality Programming `` The Stakes Have Been Raised '' Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for Reality Programming `` About to Have a Rumble '' Nominated Other awards ( edit ) Year Association Category Result Ref .", "17": "2001 TCA Awards Program of the Year Nominated 2001 Outstanding New Program Nominated 2011 Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming Nominated 2013 Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming Nominated 2013 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Reality Series -- Competition Nominated 2014 Best Reality Series -- Competition Nominated 2014 TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming Nominated 2016 Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming Nominated 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming Nominated Post-show auctions ( edit ) At the end of each U.S. Survivor season from Survivor : Africa onward , various Survivor props and memorabilia are auctioned online for charity . The most common recipient has been the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation . Most recently , proceeds have gone toward The Serpentine Project , a charity founded by Jeff Probst , dedicated to helping those transitioning out of foster care upon emancipation at 18 years of age . Items up for auction have included flags , mats , tree mails , contestant torches , contestant clothing , autographed items , immunity idols and the voting urn . Controversies and legal action ( edit ) In February 2001 , Stacey Stillman filed a lawsuit claiming that producers interfered in the process of Survivor : Borneo by persuading two members of her tribe ( Sean Kenniff and Dirk Been ) to vote her off instead of Rudy Boesch . During a reward trip on Survivor : The Australian Outback , Colby Donaldson removed coral from the Great Barrier Reef and , on the same trip , a helicopter involved with the production crew flew around protected seabird rookeries . Both acts violated Australian law and the incidents could have resulted in fines up to A $ 110,000 . Mark Burnett , the executive producer , issued an apology on behalf of Donaldson and the Survivor production team . At the tribal immunity challenge for the final four players on Survivor : Africa , host Jeff Probst asked which female player in their season had no piercings . Kim Johnson answered Kelly Goldsmith , got the point , and went on to win the challenge , which put her through to the final three and ultimately ( after winning another immunity challenge ) the final two .", "18": "Unbeknownst to the producers , another contestant on `` Africa '' , Lindsey Richter , also had no piercings . Lex van den Berghe 's answer had been Lindsey , but the show did not award him a point , which could have significantly changed the outcome of the challenge and the overall game . CBS later paid van den Berghe and Tom Buchanan , who had finished in fourth place , a settlement . In the fifth episode of Survivor : All - Stars , a naked Richard Hatch came into contact with Sue Hawk after she blocked his path during an immunity challenge . Hatch was voted out that day for other reasons , but Hawk quit the game two days later as a result of what had happened . Hawk considered filing a lawsuit against the parties involved , but appeared with Hatch on The Early Show the morning after the sixth episode aired , stating she opted out of legal action because CBS had helped her `` deal with the situation '' . Rupert Boneham , a contestant on Pearl Islands and All - Stars , was extremely popular with television audiences , but finished eighth and fourth , respectively , in his appearances on the show . As part of a special on the All - Stars reunion ( Survivor : America 's Tribal Council ) , a contest for the 18 players was created , where the winner would be selected by the viewing audience to receive a $1 million prize . Boneham unsurprisingly won this prize , with more than 80 % of the votes cast . Many fans of the show saw this as a way of diluting the overall concept of the show , that instead of outwitting , outplaying and outlasting your fellow tribe members to win the game , a player could now play specifically just to gain popularity with the show 's audience , regardless of how well they played the game , and still be rewarded with a large prize . In January 2006 , Richard Hatch , the winner of the first season of Survivor , was charged and found guilty of failing to report his winnings to the IRS to avoid taxes . He was sentenced to four years and three months in prison . In the beginning of Survivor : Cook Islands , the tribes were grouped according to their race .", "19": "Probst claimed the choice came from the criticism that Survivor was `` not ethnically diverse enough '' , but several long - term sponsors , including Campbell 's Soup , Procter & Gamble , Home Depot , and Coca - Cola dropped their support of the show shortly after this announcement , leading to speculation that the decisions were in response to the controversy . Each company has either denied the link to the controversy or declined to comment . The selection process for the 14th season came under fire when it was revealed that , of the entire Survivor : Fiji cast , only Gary Stritesky had gone through the application process for the show ; the rest of the contestants were recruited . Probst defended the process , citing finding diversity of cast as a reason . At the Survivor : China reunion show , Denise Martin told producers and the audience that she had been demoted to a janitor from a lunch lady due to the distraction she was to students from her appearance on the show . Because of her misfortune , Burnett awarded Martin $50,000 . But Martin would later recant her story after the school district she worked for publicly stated that she had taken the custodial position before appearing on the show . Martin then decided to donate the $50,000 to charity . A brief uncensored shot of Marcus Lehman 's genitals during the premiere episode of Survivor : Gabon led to the show and network being asked to apologize for the incident . Jim Early ( aka Missyae ) , who was a user on one of the fan forums for Survivor , was sued by Burnett , his production company , and CBS in August 2010 , for allegedly releasing detailed spoiler information for Survivor : Samoa and Survivor : Heroes vs. Villains . Early revealed that he was getting his information from Russell Hantz , a contestant on both seasons , through both phone calls and emails . Early complied in the lawsuit by providing such evidence , eventually leading to its dismissal in January 2011 . Although legal action has yet to be taken against Hantz , the contract for a player in Survivor includes a liability of up to $5 million for the premature revealing of a season 's results . Hantz has stated that the claim is false . Contestants that did not make the jury in Survivor : Caramoan were not allowed on stage for the reunion show .", "20": "While Jeff Probst claimed that the new stage could not accommodate all 18 of the attending contestants , the format change was panned because the show 's fans and fellow contestants felt that it was unfair for them to be left out in the audience . Erik Reichenbach , who finished 5th and did not even get a chance to speak at the reunion , called out the producers for their treatment of the contestants . Calling it a farce , he criticized how the reunion show left so many unanswered questions about the other contestants and his own evacuation during the season finale . He also criticized how the pre-jury members were completely left out in favor of featuring the show 's former contestants , like Rob Mariano and Rudy Boesch . In the sixth episode of Survivor : Game Changers , Jeff Varner revealed at Tribal Council that fellow contestant Zeke Smith was a transgender man . This caused an immediate uproar amongst his tribemates and host Jeff Probst , which led to Varner 's immediate elimination . The incident was covered by various news outlets , with fans heavily criticizing Varner 's actions . Varner explained himself following the episode 's airdate and expressed regret for his actions . Varner was also fired from his real estate job after the episode aired . Merchandise ( edit ) The wild success of Survivor spawned a wide range of merchandise from the very first season . While early items available were limited to buffs , water bottles , hats , T - shirts , and other typical souvenir items , the marketability of the franchise has grown tremendously . Today , fans can find innumerable items , including computer and board games , interactive online games , mugs , tribal - themed jewelry , beach towels , dog tags , magnets , multi-function tools , DVD seasons , Survivor party kits , insider books , soundtracks , and more . Home Media releases ( edit ) Best of DVD name Release date Season One : The Greatest and Most Outrageous Moments January 9 , 2001 Season Two : The Greatest and Most Outrageous Moments September 25 , 2001 Full seasons Seasons 1 , 2 , 7 , 8 , 9 and 10 were released in stores . The remaining seasons have been released exclusively on Amazon.com through their CreateSpace manufacture on demand program . Select seasons have also been released on Blu - ray .", "21": "DVD name DVD release date Blu - ray release date The Complete First Season : Borneo May 11 , 2004 n / a The Complete Second Season : The Australian Outback April 26 , 2005 n / a The Complete Third Season : Africa October 5 , 2010 n / a The Complete Fourth Season : Marquesas October 5 , 2010 n / a The Complete Fifth Season : Thailand October 25 , 2011 n / a The Complete Sixth Season : The Amazon November 22 , 2011 n / a The Complete Seventh Season : Pearl Islands February 7 , 2006 n / a The Complete Eighth Season : All - Stars September 14 , 2004 n / a The Complete Ninth Season : Vanuatu -- Islands of Fire December 5 , 2006 n / a The Complete Tenth Season : Palau August 29 , 2006 n / a The Complete Eleventh Season : Guatemala -- The Maya Empire May 22 , 2012 n / a The Complete Twelfth Season : Panama -- Exile Island May 22 , 2012 n / a The Complete Thirteenth Season : Cook Islands December 11 , 2012 n / a The Complete Fourteenth Season : Fiji December 11 , 2012 n / a The Complete Fifteenth Season : China January 27 , 2014 n / a The Complete Sixteenth Season : Micronesia -- Fans vs. Favorites January 31 , 2014 n / a The Complete Seventeenth Season : Gabon -- Earth 's Last Eden September 11 , 2014 n / a The Complete Eighteenth Season : Tocantins -- The Brazilian Highlands August 5 , 2014 n / a The Complete Nineteenth Season : Samoa November 18 , 2014 n / a The Complete Twentieth Season : Heroes vs.", "22": "Villains February 22 , 2011 n / a The Complete Twenty - First Season : Nicaragua November 18 , 2014 n / a The Complete Twenty - Second Season : Redemption Island October 7 , 2015 TBA The Complete Twenty - Third Season : South Pacific October 7 , 2015 TBA The Complete Twenty - Fourth Season : One World September 23 , 2016 July 11 , 2017 The Complete Twenty - Fifth Season : Philippines September 23 , 2016 July 11 , 2017 The Complete Twenty - Sixth Season : Caramoan -- Fans vs. Favorites October 26 , 2017 December 22 , 2017 The Complete Twenty - Seventh Season : Blood vs. Water November 13 , 2017 November 1 , 2017 The Complete Twenty - Eighth Season : Cagayan December 22 , 2017 November 1 , 2017 The Complete Twenty - Ninth Season : San Juan del Sur -- Blood vs. Water TBA TBA The Complete Thirtieth Season : Worlds Apart TBA TBA The Complete Thirty - First Season : Cambodia -- Second Chance TBA TBA The Complete Thirty - Second Season : Kaôh Rōng TBA TBA The Complete Thirty - Third Season : Millennials vs. Gen X TBA TBA The Complete Thirty - Fourth Season : Game Changers -- Mamanuca Islands TBA TBA CBS All Access All seasons are available on CBS All Access , the network 's over-the - top subscription streaming service . Other Media ( edit ) Video games ( edit ) In the 2001 Survivor video game for PC , developed by Infogrames , it allows players to play and create characters for the game based on the Borneo or Australian Outback cast members . The game also includes a character creation system for making custom characters . Gameplay consists of choosing survivors ' skills ( fishing , cooking , etc . ) , forming alliances , developing relationships with other tribe members , and voting off competitors at tribal council . The game was very poorly received by critics .", "23": "GameSpot gave the game a ' Terrible ' score of 2.0 out of 10 , saying `` If you 're harboring even a tiny urge to buy this game , please listen very carefully to this advice : Do n't do it . '' Likewise , IGN gave the game a ' Painful ' 2.4 out of 10 , stating `` It is horribly boring and repetitive . The graphics are weak and even the greatest Survivor fan would break the CD in two after playing it for 20 minutes . '' The game was the recipient of Game Revolution 's lowest score of all time , an F - . An ' interactive review ' was created specially for the game , and features interactive comments like `` The Survival periods are about as much fun as '' followed by a drop - down menu , `` watching paint dry / throbbing hemorrhoids / staring at air / being buried alive . '' On November 4 , 2009 , it was announced that a second game based on the show would be turned into a video game . The game would require players to participate in various challenges like those in the reality shows in order to win . Soundtracks ( edit ) Various soundtracks have been released featuring music composed by Russ Landau , including soundtracks for seasons 9 through 27 ( with the exception of season 14 ) . Thrill ride ( edit ) The Tiki Twirl thrill ride at California 's Great America in Santa Clara , California was originally called Survivor : The Ride . The ride includes a rotating platform that moves along an undulating track . Riders can be sprayed by water guns hidden in oversized tribal masks . Theme elements included drums and other familiar Survivor musical accents playing in the background , Survivor memorabilia throughout the queue and other merchandise for sale in nearby gift shops . See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal Pirate Master Total Drama List of longest - running U.S. primetime television series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( December 27 , 2009 ) . `` Best of the decade : Television '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` The decade in television : Cable , the Internet become players '' . USA Today .", "24": "Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Decade in review : Television '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( September 6 , 2007 ) . `` All - TIME 100 TV Shows '' . TIME . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Reveals Winter Premiere Dates For New Shows And Returning Favorites '' . CBS . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Loveline April 19 , 2011 , with Jeff Probst , 9 - minute mark Jump up ^ Lacey , Marc ( August 13 , 2001 ) . `` Shaba National Reserve Journal ; TV Adventure Show Ignores the Real Survivors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Nicaragua to host two seasons of hit TV series Survivor '' . PR Log . May 16 , 2010 . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Survivor Cagayan : Paulaui Island hosting the show , which wo n't leave the Philippines '' . Reality Blurred . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` InsideTV Podcast : Jeff Probst reveals the big ' Survivor : Blood vs. Water ' twist . Plus : Joss Whedon and Gillian Anderson ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( December 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Survivor : Cagayan ' : Jeff Probst gives intel on NEXT season '' .", "25": "EW.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Survivor : San Juan del Sur -- Blood vs. Water ' : Jeff Probst gives intel on NEXT season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Gordon ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Survivor ' Host Jeff Probst Spills the Beans on ' Survivor : Worlds Apart ' '' . xfinity . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pisey , Hay ; Henderson , Simon ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` TV 's ' Survivor ' to Film on Koh Rong '' . The Cambodia Daily . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Gordon ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Survivor : Second Chance ' Invites Viewers to Select the Castaways '' . Xfinity . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Survivor : Kaoh Rong : Jeff Probst gives intel on next season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Survivor : Millennials vs Gen X : Jeff Probst gives intel on NEXT season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Survivor : Game Changers host Jeff Probst says next season is like Jaws '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Survivor : Heroes v. Healers v. Hustlers : Jeff Probst gives intel on NEXT season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Survivor : Ghost Island : Jeff Probst shares intel on NEXT season '' . EW.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 .", "26": "^ Jump up to : Murray , Noel ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Survivor 's first `` alliance '' changed the game -- and reality TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Cameron ( February 16 , 2011 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' 10 Years Later : Why It 's Outlasted Its Competitors '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Variety : ' Survivor ' Finale Racks Up Phenomenal Ratings '' . Variety . August 25 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` CBS News : The Million - Dollar Man '' . CBS News . August 24 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` E ! Online : `` Survivor '' Sequel Takes on `` Friends '' `` . E ! Online . December 19 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Reality TV World : ' Survivor : All - Stars ' to premiere after Super Bowl XXXVIII on Sunday , February 1 '' . Reality TV World . November 17 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Zap2It : ' Survivor ' Finale Reaches 41 Million '' . Zap2it . May 4 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` E ! Online : CBS Wins Season ( via WNDU ) '' . E ! Online . May 25 , 2001 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2001 . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` News Roundup : Carey makes McBeal guest appearance '' . Hollywood.com . October 22 , 2001 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zap2It : ' Survivor ' Finale Draws 27 Million Viewers '' . Zap2it . January 11 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Mercy , it 's a killer of a midseason '' . Media Life Magazine . January 16 , 2002 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2012 .", "27": "Jump up ^ `` Zap2It : ' Survivor : Thailand ' Debut Draws Tribe of Young Viewers '' . Zap2it . September 20 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Media Life Magazine : There are finales and , yes , finales '' . Media Life Magazine . May 22 , 2002 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` For Mark Burnett , Life 's a Beach '' . The Wall Street Journal . September 26 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` News Roundup : A Hero Will Rise Again '' . Hollywood.com . September 23 , 2001 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reality TV World : ' Survivor : Thailand ' finale draws big ratings '' . Reality TV World . December 23 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` E ! Online : TV Season Wraps ; `` CSI '' Rules `` . E ! Online . May 22 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Zap2It : ' Survivor ' Finds A Way To Beat the Heat in Thursday Premieres '' . Zap2it . February 14 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Reality TV World : ' Survivor : The Amazon ' finale places 3rd in weekly ratings , draws 22.29 million viewers '' . Reality TV World . May 13 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Reality TV World : ' Survivor : Pearl Islands ' finale dominates , draws over 25 million viewers '' . Reality TV World . December 16 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Reality TV World : Donald Trump disses Martha Stewart 's ' Apprentice , ' blames her for his own ratings problems '' . Reality TV World . October 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Reality TV World : ' Survivor : All - Stars ' finale averages 24.8 million viewers , over 28 million watch Rob 's marriage proposal '' . Reality TV World . May 4 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Media Life Magazine : A new tribe clears its pipes '' . Media Life Magazine . September 16 , 2004 .", "28": "Jump up ^ `` Zap2It : Tepid ' Survivor : Vanuatu ' Premiere Still Beats NBC '' . Zap2it . September 17 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Reality TV World : ' Survivor : Vanuatu ' finale averages nearly 20 million viewers , but ABC 's ' Housewives ' still wins its hour '' . Reality TV World . December 14 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reality TV World : ' Survivor : Palau ' debuts to the show 's biggest ratings in years , destroys ' Joey ' '' . Reality TV World . February 21 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Reality TV World : CBS 's ' Survivor : Palau ' finale averages 20.8 million viewers , but still trails ABC 's ' Housewives ' '' . Reality TV World . May 19 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zap2It : ' Guatemala ' Finale Outrates Past Two ' Survivors ' '' . Zap2it . December 12 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Media Life Magazine : So spooky : Sci - fi me - toos start strong '' . Media Life Magazine . September 21 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Reality TV World : ' Survivor : Guatemala ' ends with a bang , delivers best finale ratings since ' Survivor : All - Stars ' '' . Reality TV World . December 15 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` US - Jahrescharts 2005 / 2006 '' . June 6 , 2006 . Retrieved October 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` E ! Online : `` Survivor '' Aligns with `` Stars '' `` . E ! Online . February 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Series Rankings for 2005 -- 2006 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mediaweek : The Programming Insider '' . Mediaweek . September 20 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 -- 07 Primetime Wrap '' .", "29": "The Hollywood Reporter . May 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Survivor '' Heads For Fiji `` . CBS News . CBS . January 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` Sluggish start for ' Survivor ' '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet . September 23 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Survivor : Micronesia - Fans Vs. Faves '' and `` The 50th Annual Grammy Awards '' Boost CBS `` . The Futon Critic . February 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Overnight Nielsen TV Ratings Thursday , September 25 , 2008 : A Paler Shade of Grey 's Boosts ABC -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . September 26 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` American Idol , The Mentalist and NCIS lead weekly broadcast viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( June 24 , 2009 ) . `` Fall TV : CBS Announces Premiere Dates '' . TV Guide Online . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday night broadcast original final numbers '' . TV by the Numbers .", "30": "^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( December 22 , 2009 ) . `` TV Ratings : New episodes of Big Bang Theory , Two and a Half Men , Survivor and NCIS propel CBS to top of charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Survivor Reuniting Former Cast Members for Heroes vs. Villains '' . TV Guide.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast Finals : Grey 's Anatomy , The Mentalist Tick Up , Private Practice , 30 Rock Tick Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings Top 25 : American Idol Back On Top With Both Viewers and Adults 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . May 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces 2010 -- 2011 Premiere Dates '' ( Press release ) . CBS . July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 16 , 2010 ) . `` Survivor & Big Brother Rise in Finals ; Outlaw Falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Survivor : Nicaragua ' Finale ; Plus Patriots / Packers Final Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . December 21 , 2010 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Full 2010 -- 11 Season Series Rankings '' .", "31": "Deadline Hollywood . 2010 -- 11 Season : Series Ranking In Total Viewers ( in thousands ) . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Premiere of `` Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior '' Sweeps Time Period in Viewers and Key Demographic '' ( Press release ) . CBS . February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Places First in Viewers and Adults 25 -- 54 in the Next - to - Last Full Week of the 2010 -- 2011 Season '' ( Press release ) . CBS . May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces 2011 -- 2012 Premiere Dates '' ( Press release ) . CBS . June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 15 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Finale Adjusted Up ; Plus ' Up All Night , ' ' Free Agents ' 15 Min . Rating '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Finale Equals Series Low ; As NBC Did , Early PR To The Contrary , Top CBS Among Adults 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . December 20 , 2011 . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Full 2011 -- 2012 TV Season Series Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' One Tree Hill , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Whitney , ' and ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up , ' The Middle , ' ' CSI , ' ' Rock Center , ' and ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 .", "32": "Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' Family Guy ' , ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor : Reunion ' , ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces 2012 -- 2013 Premiere Dates '' ( Press release ) . CBS . July 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Bachelorette ' Special Adjusted Up , ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Down + Unscrambled Football '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' Survivor ' Finale Up From Last Spring & ' Bachelorette ' Special Flops '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers .", "33": "Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : ' Survivor ' premiere and ' America 's Got Talent ' finale lead Wednesday , ' Big Brother ' finale down '' . Zap2it . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment for ' Revenge ' or ' Survivor ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Mixology ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law and Order : SVU ' , & ' Red Band Society ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' or ' The Sing - Off ' '' . TV by the Numbers .", "34": "Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ De Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Primetime Shows 2013 -- 2014 -- Total Viewers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Suvivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Survivor : Reunion ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' holds at all - time low for a season finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Survivor , ' ' Code Black ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 .", "35": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Goldbergs , ' & ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Arrow ' & ' Supernatural ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' finale adjusts down , ' SNL Christmas ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` NCIS and 24 Others Get Finale Dates at CBS -- Which Might Be Series Finales ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down , ' Pitch Perfect ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' .", "36": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Survivor '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Tim ( June 17 , 2001 ) . `` The critics have their own awards / If nothing else , July 's ceremony proves that we do n't hate everything '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Television Critics Association Awards nominees include ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Justified , ' ' Parks and Recreation ' and more '' . HitFix . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( August 3 , 2013 ) . `` FX 's TCA Awards : AMC 's ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Program Of The Year -- Winners List ( Live ) '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees for the 3rd Annual Critics ' Choice Television Awards '' . Critics ' Choice Awards . June 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Winners and Nominees from the 4th Annual Critics ' Choice Television Awards '' . Critics ' Choice Awards . June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` TCA nominations : ' True Detective ' starts awards season fight '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Television Critics Association Announces 2016 TCA Award Nominees '' . Television Critics Association . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Television Critics Association Announces 2017 TCA Award Nominees '' . Television Critics Association . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS to Promote New Season with Unique Auction on Ebay '' ( Press release ) . CBS .", "37": "September 7 , 2004 . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Survivor auctions have made $400,000 for Jeff Probst 's charity '' . Reality Blurred . January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Survivor : Pearl Islands '' Props and Memorabilia Up for Bid on eBay December 14 -- 24 to Benefit the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation '' ( Press release ) . Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation . December 14 , 2003 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Survivor '' Castaway Claims Show Was Rigged `` . The Smoking Gun . February 6 , 2001 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Colby 's Great Barrier Reef coral theft , helicopter flight are being investigated '' . reality blurred . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( February 20 , 2002 ) . `` ' SURVIVOR ' ' SCREW - UP ' COSTS CBS $200 G '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hawk And Hatch : Getting Past It : ' Survivor ' Contestant Quits Game , Claims ' Violated ' By Another Player '' . cbsnews.com . March 4 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Survivor : America 's Tribal Council -- Why Rupert Won '' . realitynewsonline.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Hatch Hit With Tax Evasion Rap '' . The Smoking Gun . January 18 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( September 15 , 2006 ) . `` Will a Gimmick Help ' Survivor ' Save Itself ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Sponsors race to get off the island '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 .", "38": "Jump up ^ `` Survivor Fiji debuts tonight ; only one cast member applied while the rest were recruited '' . Reality Blurred . February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ' Survivor ' contestant apologizes for deception '' . The Boston Globe . December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Survivor : China 's Denise Martin to donate Burnett 's US $50,000 to charity '' . realitytvworld.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PTC Blasts CBS for Nudity on `` Survivor '' Premiere `` . Parents Television Council . September 30 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` Survivor Spy Exposed '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Deutsch , Lindsay ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Russell , Rob fight for redemption in new ' Survivor ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Medically evacuated Erik slams the ' disrespectful ... ridiculous ... insane ... farce ' of a ' Survivor ' reunion show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' : Jeff Varner says ' I am absolutely devastated ' over outing Zeke as transgender '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Survivor on DVD , Release Info , Reviews , News '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Poole , Stephen ( December 10 , 2001 ) . `` Survivor Review '' . GameSpot . Jump up ^ `` Survivor : The Interactive Game Review '' . IGN.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Survivor video game review for the PC '' . gamerevolution.com . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate . `` Survivor , Amazing Race and Criminal Minds to Become Video Games '' . TVGuide.com .", "39": "Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Russ Landau '' . iTunes . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World 's First Reality Coaster , SURVIVOR the Ride ( TM ) , to Debut at Paramount 's Great America This Spring '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . February 22 , 2006 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Survivor ( U.S. TV show ) Official website Survivor on IMDb Survivor at TV.com Survivor ( hide ) U.S. version Seasons 2000 : Borneo 2001 : The Australian Outback Africa 2002 : Marquesas Thailand 2003 : The Amazon Pearl Islands 2004 : All - Stars Vanuatu 2005 : Palau Guatemala 2006 : Panama Cook Islands 2007 : Fiji China 2008 : Micronesia Gabon 2009 : Tocantins Samoa 2010 : Heroes vs. Villains Nicaragua 2011 : Redemption Island South Pacific 2012 : One World Philippines 2013 : Caramoan Blood vs. Water 2014 : Cagayan San Juan del Sur 2015 : Worlds Apart Cambodia 2016 : Kaôh Rōng Millennials vs. Gen X 2017 : Game Changers Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers 2018 : Ghost Island Winners Richard Hatch ( Borneo ) Tina Wesson ( The Australian Outback ) Ethan Zohn ( Africa ) Vecepia Towery ( Marquesas ) Brian Heidik ( Thailand ) Jenna Morasca ( The Amazon ) Sandra Diaz - Twine ( Pearl Islands and Heroes vs.", "40": "Villains ) Amber Brkich ( All - Stars ) Chris Daugherty ( Vanuatu ) Tom Westman ( Palau ) Danni Boatwright ( Guatemala ) Aras Baskauskas ( Panama ) Yul Kwon ( Cook Islands ) Earl Cole ( Fiji ) Todd Herzog ( China ) Parvati Shallow ( Micronesia ) Bob Crowley ( Gabon ) J.T. Thomas ( Tocantins ) Natalie White ( Samoa ) Jud `` Fabio '' Birza ( Nicaragua ) Rob Mariano ( Redemption Island ) Sophie Clarke ( South Pacific ) Kim Spradlin ( One World ) Denise Stapley ( Philippines ) John Cochran ( Caramoan ) Tyson Apostol ( Blood vs. Water ) Tony Vlachos ( Cagayan ) Natalie Anderson ( San Juan del Sur ) Mike Holloway ( Worlds Apart ) Jeremy Collins ( Cambodia ) Michele Fitzgerald ( Kaôh Rōng ) Adam Klein ( Millennials vs. Gen X ) Sarah Lacina ( Game Changers ) Ben Driebergen ( Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers ) Related articles Contestants Tribes Episodes seasons 1 -- 20 seasons 21 -- present Survivor Live Versions outside the U.S.", "41": "Africa South Africa Pan-regional : Africa Americas Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Mexico Venezuela Asia -- Pacific Australia China India Japan New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Europe ( East ) Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Trosečník Robinsonův ostrov Georgia Greece Hungary Poland Wyprawa Robinson Wyspa Przetrwania Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Turkey Ukraine Pan-regional : ex-Yugoslavia Baltics Europe ( West ) Denmark Finland France Germany Italy Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Pan-regional : Austria - Germany Belgium - Netherlands Scandinavia : Denmark - Norway - Sweden Middle East Azerbaijan Israel Pan-regional : Arab World Survivor contestants Winners of Survivor Richard Hatch ( Borneo ) Tina Wesson ( The Australian Outback ) Ethan Zohn ( Africa ) Vecepia Towery ( Marquesas ) Brian Heidik ( Thailand ) Jenna Morasca ( The Amazon ) Sandra Diaz - Twine ( Pearl Islands and Heroes vs. Villains ) Amber Brkich ( All - Stars ) Chris Daugherty ( Vanuatu ) Tom Westman ( Palau ) Danni Boatwright ( Guatemala ) Aras Baskauskas ( Panama ) Yul Kwon ( Cook Islands ) Earl Cole ( Fiji ) Todd Herzog ( China ) Parvati Shallow ( Micronesia ) Bob Crowley ( Gabon ) J.T. Thomas ( Tocantins ) Natalie White ( Samoa ) Jud `` Fabio '' Birza ( Nicaragua ) Rob Mariano ( Redemption Island ) Sophie Clarke ( South Pacific ) Kim Spradlin ( One World ) Denise Stapley ( Philippines ) John Cochran ( Caramoan ) Tyson Apostol ( Blood vs. Water ) Tony Vlachos ( Cagayan ) Natalie Anderson ( San Juan del Sur ) Mike Holloway ( Worlds Apart ) Jeremy Collins ( Cambodia ) Michele Fitzgerald ( Kaôh Rōng ) Adam Klein ( Millennials vs.", "42": "Gen X ) Sarah Lacina ( Game Changers ) Ben Driebergen ( Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers ) Other contestants Single season Alan Ball Alexis Jones Ashley Massaro Candace Smith Chase Rice Chris Hammons Christy Smith Cliff Robinson Colleen Haskell Crystal Cox Dan Barry David Samson Elisabeth Filarski Elyse Umemoto Gary Hogeboom Grant Mattos Hayden Moss Helen Glover Holly Hoffman Hunter Ellis J.P.", "43": "Calderon Jean - Robert Bellande Jeff Kent Jessica Lewis Jennifer Lyon Jimmy Johnson Joe Del Campo John Rocker Julia Landauer Julie Berry Katrina Radke Keith Famie Kelly Bruno Ken Hoang Kim Mullen Lisa Whelchel Matt Elrod Nadiya Anderson Rafe Judkins Rita Verreos Scot Pollard Sean Kenniff Steve Wright Tamara `` Taj '' Johnson - George Tammy Leitner Tyler Fredrickson Whitney Duncan Multiple seasons Amanda Kimmel Ami Cusack Andrea Boehlke Bobby Jon Drinkard Brad Culpepper Caleb Reynolds Cirie Fields Benjamin `` Coach '' Wade Colby Donaldson Gervase Peterson Jeff Varner Jenna Lewis Jerri Manthey Jonathan Penner Jonny Fairplay Laura Morett Michael Skupin Ozzy Lusth Phillip Sheppard Rob Cesternino Rudy Boesch Rupert Boneham Russell Hantz Stephenie LaGrossa Jessica `` Sugar '' Kiper Susan Hawk Terry Deitz Yau - Man Chan Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 ,", "44": "73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 - 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 - 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 - 14 , 14 - 15 , 15 - 16 ,", "45": "16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) 9JKL ( since 2017 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Kevin Can Wait ( since 2016 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Me , Myself & I ( since 2017 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) Scorpion ( since 2014 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Superior Donuts ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T.", "46": "( since 2017 ) Undercover Boss ( since 2010 ) Wisdom of the Crowd ( since 2017 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) Daytime The Bold and the Beautiful ( since 1987 ) Let 's Make a Deal ( since 2009 ) The Price Is Right ( since 1972 ) The Talk ( since 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( since 1973 ) Late night The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( since 2015 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( since 2015 ) News 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) CBSN : On Assignment ( since 2017 ) CBS Evening News ( since 1948 ) CBS Morning News ( since 1982 ) CBS News Sunday Morning ( since 1979 ) CBS Overnight News ( since 2015 ) CBS This Morning ( 1987 -- 1999 , since 2012 ) Face the Nation ( since 1954 ) Sports CBS Sports Spectacular ( since 1960 ) NCAA Basketball / Road to the Final Four ( since 1981 ) NFL on CBS / The NFL Today ( 1956 -- 1993 , since 1998 ) PGA Tour on CBS SEC on CBS NCAA March Madness ( co-produced with Turner Sports ) ( since 2011 ) Thursday Night Football ( since 2014 ) Premier Boxing Champions ( since 2015 ) Saturday morning Dr. Chris : Pet Vet ( since 2013 ) The Inspectors ( since 2015 ) Upcoming Celebrity Big Brother ( 2018 ) F.B.I ( TBA ) Living Biblically ( 2018 ) Instinct ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Survivor_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=819173375 '' Categories : Survivor ( U.S.", "47": "TV series ) Adventure reality television series 2000 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American game shows American television series based on Swedish television series CBS network shows English - language television programs Nielsen ratings winners Television series by MGM Television Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Use mdy dates from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français עברית 日本語 Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 21 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3671645670833821755	when was the first election held in india	[ "1951–52", "1951–52", "1951–52" ]	{ "0": "Indian general election , 1951 -- 52 - Wikipedia Indian general election , 1951 -- 52 Jump to : navigation , search Indian general election , 1951 ← 1945 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 1957 → All 489 seats in the Lok Sabha 245 seats were needed for a majority First party Second party Leader Jawaharlal Nehru Shripad Amrit Dange Party INC CPI Leader 's seat Phulpur Bombay City North Seats won 364 16 Popular vote 47,665,875 3,484,401 Percentage 44.99 % 3.29 % Prime Minister before election Jawaharlal Nehru INC Subsequent Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru INC The Indian general election of 1951 -- 52 elected the first Lok Sabha since India became independent in August 1947 . Until this point , the Indian Constituent Assembly had served as an interim legislature . See the ' Durations ' section below to find the time - range associated with these elections . The Indian National Congress ( INC ) won a landslide victory , winning 364 of the 489 seats and 45 % of the total votes polled . This was over four times as many votes as the second - largest party . Jawaharlal Nehru became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the country . In the first Lok Sabha polls held in 1951 , India had around 173 million voters , out of an overall population of about 360 million . Voter turnout was 45.7 % . Contents ( hide ) 1 Parties 2 Constituencies 3 Results 4 Notable losses 5 Government formation 6 Duration 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Parties ( edit ) Before Independent India went to the polls , two former cabinet colleagues of Nehru established separate political parties to challenge the INC 's supremacy . While Shyama Prasad Mookerjee went on to found the Jana Sangh in October 1951 , Dalit leader Dr. B.R. Ambedkar revived the Scheduled Castes Federation ( which was later named the Republican Party ) .", "1": "Other parties which started coming to the forefront included the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Parishad , whose prime mover was Acharya Kripalani ; the Socialist Party , which had Ram Manohar Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan 's leadership to boast of ; and the Communist Party of India . However , these smaller parties were unable to make an electoral stand against the Indian National Congress . Constituencies ( edit ) The first general elections , which were conducted for 489 seats in 401 constituencies , represented 25 Indian states . At that time , there were 314 constituencies with one seat , 86 with two seats and one with three seats . The multi-seat constituencies were abolished in the 1960s . There were also 2 nominated Anglo - Indian members . Results ( edit ) Party Abbr . Votes % Seats Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha ABHM 0.95 Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad RRP 1.97 Bharatiya Jana Sangh BJS 3,246,288 3.06 Bolshevik Party of India BPI 0.02 0 Communist Party of India CPI 3,484,401 3.29 16 Forward Bloc ( Marxist ) FB ( M ) 0.91 Forward Bloc ( Ruiker ) FB ( R ) 0.13 0 Indian National Congress INC 47,665,875 44.99 364 Krishikar Lok Party KLP 1.41 Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party KMPP 6,156,558 5.79 9 Revolutionary Communist Party of India ( Tagore ) RCPI 0.06 0 Revolutionary Socialist Party RSP 0.44 Scheduled Caste Federation SCF 2.38 Socialist Party SP 11,266,779 10.59 12 All India Republican Party REP 0.04 0 All India Republican Party RPP 0.05 0 All India United Kisan Sabha UKS 0.", "2": "06 0 All Manipur National Union AMNU 0.02 0 All People 's Party APP 0.03 0 Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party CNSPJP 0.22 Cochin Party CP 0.01 0 Commonweal Party CWP 0.31 Ganatantra Parishad GP 0.91 6 Gandhi Sebak Seva GSS 0.01 0 Hill Peoples Party HPP 0.02 0 Historical Research HR 0.00 0 Hyderabad State Praja Party HSPP 0.01 0 Jharkhand Party JKP 0.71 Justice Party JP 0.06 0 Kamgar Kisan Paksha KKP 0.13 0 Kerala Socialist Party KSP 0.1 0 Khasi - Jaintia Durbar KJD 0.03 0 Kisan Janata Sanyukta Party KJSP 0.01 0 Kisan Mazdoor Mandal KMM 0.01 0 Kuki National Association KNA 0.01 0 Lok Sevak Sangh LSS 0.29 Madras State Muslim League Party MSMLP 0.08 National Party of India NPI 0.00 0 Peasants and Workers Party of India PWPI 0.94 Peoples Democratic Front PDF 1.29 7 Praja Party PP 0.02 0 Punjab Depressed Class League PDCL 0.01 0 Pursharathi Panchayat PURP 0.01 0 Revolutionary Socialist Party ( Uttar Pradesh ) RSP ( UP ) 0.02 0 Shiromani Akali Dal SAD 0.99 S.K.", "3": "Paksha SKP 0.13 0 Saurashtra Khedut Sangh SKS 0.03 0 Tamil Nadu Toilers Party TNTP 0.84 Tamil Nadu Congress Party TNCP 0.03 0 Tribal Sangha TS 0.11 0 Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress Party TTNC 0.11 Uttar Pradesh Praja Party UPP 0.2 0 Zamindar Party ZP 0.27 0 Independents 16,817,910 15.9 37 Nominated Anglo - Indians -- -- Total 105,944,495 100 489 Notable losses ( edit ) Scheduled Caste leader B.R. Ambedkar was defeated in the Bombay ( North Central ) ( reserved seat ) constituency as Scheduled Castes Federation candidate by his little - known former assistant and Congress Candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar , who polled 1 , 38,137 votes compared to Ambedkar 's 1 , 23,576 votes . Dr Ambedkar then entered the parliament as a Rajya Sabha member . He contested by - poll from Bhandara in 1954 to try to enter Lok Sabha but again lost to Mr Borkar of Congress . Acharya Kripalani lost from Faizabad in UP as KMPP candidate , but his wife Sucheta Kripalani defeated the Congress candidate Manmohini Sahgal in Delhi . Government formation ( edit ) The Speaker of the first Lok Sabha was Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar . The first Lok Sabha also witnessed 677 sittings ( 3,784 hours ) , the highest recorded count of the number of sittings . The Lok Sabha lasted its full term from 17 April 1952 until 4 April 1957 .", "4": "Duration ( edit ) While Indian Government 's official websites and official documents assign the year 1951 to these polls , it is a misrepresentation because all territories except Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir voted in February -- March 1952 ; no polls were held for Lok Sabha seats in Kashmir until 1967 , and only Himachal Pradesh voted in 1951 for the first Lok Sabha because weather tends to be inclement in February and March , heavy snow impending free movement . The rest of the India voted only in February -- March 1952 for the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha elections . Polling was held between 25 October 1951 and 27 March 1952 . The very first votes of the election were cast in the tehsil ( district ) of Chini in Himachal Pradesh . See also ( edit ) Election Commission of India Indian presidential election , 1952 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha Results 1951 - 52 '' . Election Commission of India . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1951 - 52 '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha Elections Stats Summary 1951 - 52 '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Jump up ^ India has nearly 83 crore voters : Brahma Jump up ^ Dieter Nohlen , Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann ( 2001 ) Elections in Asia : A data handbook , Volume I , p. 572 ISBN 0 - 19 - 924958 - X Jump up ^ `` General Election of India 1951 , List of Successful Candidate '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . p. 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ramachandra Guha ( 2008 ) . India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 095858 - 9 . Jump up ^ David Gilmartin ( 2014 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The paradox of patronage and the people 's sovereignty '' . In Anastasia Pivliavsky .", "5": "Patronage as Politics in South Asia . Cambridge University Press . pp. 151 -- 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 05608 - 4 . Jump up ^ India 's first voter in Himachal Pradesh , by Gautam Dhmeer , in the Deccan Herald ; published 30 October 2012 ; retrieved 7 April 2014 Further reading ( edit ) Guha , Ramachandra . `` Democracy 's Biggest Gamble , '' World Policy Journal , ( Spring 2002 ) 19 # 1 pp. 95 -- 103 ( hide ) Elections in India General elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1945 1951 -- 52 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1998 1999 2009 2014 2019 State elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1937 1946 1952 1954 1955 1957 1960 1961 1962 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1977 1978 1979 1980 1982 1984 1985 1989 2017 2018 2019 See also : Elections in Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_general_election,", "6": "_1951 -- 52&oldid = 833240406 '' Categories : Indian general election , 1951 Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Română Svenska தமிழ் 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 12 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7569834957276353470	what age do you have to be to buy cigarettes in california	[ "21", "21", "21", "21" ]	{ "0": "Smoking age - wikipedia Smoking age Jump to : navigation , search The smoking age is the minimum legal age required to purchase or smoke tobacco products . Most countries have laws that restrict those below a minimum age from legally purchasing tobacco products . Contents 1 Smoking age laws by region 1.1 Africa 1.2 Americas 1.3 Asia 1.4 Europe 1.5 Oceania 2 Historical regulations 3 See also 4 References Smoking age laws by region ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Africa as of 2015 : Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Country De jure Notes Legal age to smoke any tobacco products Legal age to buy any tobacco products Algeria None 19 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 19 years . ( Chapitre IV sur les problèmes de santé l'article 93 : `` la vente de tabac ou produits du tabac aux mineurs est interdite '' . ) Angola None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18 . Benin None 18 Botswana None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18 . Any person who sells , by retail , any tobacco product , shall display clearly , for the public , a notice to the effect that the sale of any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years is prohibited . Burkina Faso None 18 Burundi None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes to anyone under the age of 18 . Other tobacco products are not regulated . Cameroon 15 Cape Verde 15 Central African Republic 14 Chad 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor . Minors and pregnant women may not smoke in public . Comoros None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited . Vendors of tobacco products must visibly and prominently display at their point of sale a notice of prohibition of the sale of tobacco to minors and by minors .", "1": "Republic of the Congo 18 Democratic Republic of the Congo 18 It is illegal for minors to smoke in public , and for anyone to give or sell tobacco to a minor . ( ARRETE MINISTERIEL Article 1 : L'usage , la vente , l'achat et la consommation du tabac , de ses produits et de ses dérivés sont strictement interdits aux mineurs . ) Djibouti None 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor under the age of 16 years . A notice with the sale restrictions has to be placed at point of sale . Egypt 21 The sale of tobacco products to persons under the age of 21 is prohibited . Equatorial Guinea 18 Eritrea None 18 Ethiopia None 18 `` No person may directly or indirectly give , provide or sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 . '' Gabon None 18 Gambia None Ghana 18 Guinea - Bissau 15 Kenya None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . There is no minimum age to possess tobacco or smoke in public . Lesotho 14 Liberia 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . Minors may not consume tobacco at any public place . Libya None 18 It is strictly prohibited to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . Madagascar None 18 Malawi 14 Mali None 18 Mauritius 18 A person must be 18 years old to purchase or to smoke cigarettes including any tobacco products as is indicated in Public Health ( Restrictions on Tobacco Products ) Regulations 1999 , Sec. 2 ( e ) ( i ) ) . Morocco 16 Mozambique None 18 Namibia None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . No minimum age prior to 14 April 2010 . Niger None 18 ( to enter smoking room or facility ) 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor .", "2": "Minors may not enter any smoking room or facility where smoking is permitted by law . No minimum age prior to 17 July 2008 . Nigeria None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco products to a minor . Republic of the Congo 14 Rwanda None 18 It is prohibited to involve a person under 18 in , buying , selling and exchanging of tobacco and tobacco products . It is also prohibited for the seller to sell tobacco and tobacco products to a person under 18 . São Tomé and Príncipe None 16 Senegal None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . ( Chapitre III. - Il est interdit de vendre ou d'offrir aux mineurs ou de faire vendre ou de faire offrir par les mineurs du tabac ou tout produit du tabac . ) Seychelles 18 Somalia 15 South Africa 18 It is illegal to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 . South Sudan 15 Swaziland None 18 It is illegal to sell and give tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Sudan None 18 ( to enter smoking room or facility ) 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor . Anyone under the age of 18 may also not handle , store , work or produce with tobacco or within such a facility . Tanzania 18 It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco products to a minor , and to smoke such tobacco products if the individual is younger than 18 years . Togo None 18 It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor . Tunisia None 18 Uganda None 21 It is now illegal for a person below the age of 21 to access cigarettes . Zambia None 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under age 16 . No minimum age for consumption and possession in public . No minimum age prior to 1 January 1993 .", "3": "Zimbabwe None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 . Minors may not sell tobacco . Americas ( edit ) Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Canada , Greenland , Mexico , and the United States as of January 2018 : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Antigua and Barbuda None Antigua and Barbuda does n't have any restrictions towards selling tobacco to minors or smoking in general . Argentina None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors . Bahamas None 18 Belize None Bermuda None 18 No person shall sell or supply any cigarettes , tobacco or tobacco products to a minor . A person selling or supplying any cigarettes , tobacco or tobacco products to a person who appears to be under 25 years of age shall , before selling or supplying them , ensure , by requiring photo identification , that the latter person is not a minor . Bolivia None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years is prohibited . Brazil 18 18 It is illegal to `` sell Products whose ingredients can cause physical or psychic dependence , even if only through improper use '' ( ... ) . This also includes tobacco products of any kind . British Virgin Islands None 18 It is illegal to sell or offer to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to purchase , possess or consume tobacco . Canada Regulations by province and territory : Province / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Federal Government None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18 . The minimum age was 16 years of prior to 1994 . Alberta 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18 . Further , minors are not permitted to smoke at any public place . British Columbia None 19 Manitoba None 18 It is illegal to sell , give , buy for , lend or otherwise provide tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years .", "4": "Parents can provide tobacco products to their children on private property . Further it is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies . New Brunswick None 19 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years . It is also illegal to attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of , or for the purpose of resale to , a person under the age of 19 years . Newfoundland and Labrador None 19 It is illegal to sell , give or furnish , directly or indirectly , tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years . Northwest Territories None 18 No person shall sell or supply , or offer to sell or supply , tobacco or a tobacco accessory to a person under the age of 18 . No one under the age of 18 years shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco or a tobacco accessory . Nova Scotia 19 19 No vendor or employee of a vendor shall sell or give tobacco or a tobacco product to a person under the age of nineteen years . No person shall purchase tobacco or a tobacco product on behalf of , or for the purpose of resale or give tobacco or a tobacco product , to a person under the age of nineteen years . No person under the age of nineteen years may possess tobacco . Nunavut None 19 No person shall sell or supply , or offer to sell or supply , tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old . Ontario None 19 No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old . No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who appears to be less than 25 years old unless he or she has required the person to provide identification and is satisfied that the person is at least 19 years old . Prince Edward Island None 19 No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years . No person shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of , or for the purpose of resale to , a person under the age of 19 years . It is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies .", "5": "Quebec None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not give tobacco to a minor . The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not sell tobacco to an adult , if the operator knows the person is purchasing the tobacco for a minor . Saskatchewan None 18 It is illegal to sell , lend , assign , give or send tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Yukon 18 ( federal law ) The territory Yukon has no legislations which restrict the sale of tobacco products to minors . Federal laws apply . Chile None 18 It is illegal to sell any form of tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Colombia None 18 It is forbidden for any individual or legal entity to directly or indirectly sell tobacco products and its derivatives in any of its presentations to minors under the age of 18 years . In case of question , one must ask each tobacco purchaser to show that he has reached majority age . Costa Rica None 18 Tobacco products may not be sold to minors . Wholesale or retail vendors of products shall have the obligation , at their own expense , to display posters that are visible , clear and prominently placed on the inside of places of sale , stating that the sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited . Cuba None 18 Minors can not legally buy tobacco , but stores may sell it to those who look 13 or older . Cayman Islands None 18 Tobacco Law , 2007 PART V -- Section 10 : No person shall sell tobacco to a minor . Dominican Republic None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Ecuador None 18 It is illegal to sell or let sell tobacco to or by a minor . El Salvador None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor . Falkland Islands None Guatemala 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Public consumption of tobacco by minors is prohibited .", "6": "( El decreto 90 - 97 , Código de Salud , indica en su artículo 50 ) Guyana None 18 No tobacco may be sold or furnished to a minor . Haiti None 18 Honduras None 21 The sale and / or gifting of tobaccoderived products to persons under 21 years of age is prohibited . Jamaica None 18 Mexico None 18 Nicaragua None 18 Panama None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited . Paraguay None 18 It is unlawful to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Peru 18 The sale of tobacco products to / by minors under the age of 18 is prohibited . Trinidad and Tobago None 18 Tobacco shall not be sold to or by a child under the age of 18 years . United States ( 50 states and integral territories ) The federal law requires states to have a minimum age of 18 years for sale / purchase of tobacco products ( 21 U.S.C. § 387f. ( 3 ) ( a ) ( ii ) ) . State laws may extend this ban and also prohibit supply , possession and consumption to / by person underage , or increase the age beyond 18 . However , most states do not directly ban the consumption of tobacco by a minor . The federal law requiring states to have a minimum purchasing age at 18 is enforced by withholding FEMA disaster and non-disaster grants from states that have purchasing ages under 18 , and currently no state falls under that category . Regulations by state : State / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Alabama 19 ( including Alabama National Guard Bases ) 18 ( on military bases under federal law ) It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years . Minors are prohibited from using and possessing tobacco products . The minimum age was introduced in 1896 . Alaska None 19 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years . Possession by minors is prohibited . The minimum age requirement does not apply to a person who is a prisoner at an adult correctional facility .", "7": "The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1978 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 19 in 1988 . American Samoa 18 Arizona None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products or smoking equipment to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for a minor to be in possession of tobacco or smoking equipment , or to receive them . None 21 Cottonwood and Douglas have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Arkansas 18 It is illegal to give or sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco products and to smoke in public . 18 21 Helena -- West Helena has raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21 . California 18 21 As of 9 June 2016 , it is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age , with an exception for people in active military service who are 18 years old . Before 9 June , the age to purchase tobacco was 18 years of age . Colorado 18 It is illegal to sell , give or distribute tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors under the age of 18 years are prohibited from being in possession of any tobacco product . 18 21 Aspen has raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21 . Connecticut None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under 18 . It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public . A minimum age of 16 was introduced in 1902 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987 . Delaware None 18 Selling , giving or otherwhise distributing tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years is illegal . Minors under the age of 18 years are not allowed to attempt to purchase tobacco or to be in the possession of tobacco products . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1953 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1992 .", "8": "Florida None 18 The Florida Statutes make it a criminal offence so sell or supply tobacco to an individual under the age of 18 years . Minors may also not be in possession of tobacco products . Georgia None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public . Minors are allowed to possess tobacco products and to consume those , in private home if permission is given by parents or legal guardian . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1987 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1993 . Guam 21 The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 , as of 1 January 2018 . Hawaii 21 It is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age . It is also illegal for a person under 21 years of age to attempt to purchase tobacco . The minimum age of 15 years was introduced on 11 November 1890 . The minimum age was raised from 15 to 18 on 1 January 1988 . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 on 1 January 2016 . Idaho 18 Illinois 18 18 21 Fourteen cities in Illinois , including Chicago and Naperville , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Indiana None 18 Giving , selling , providing and distributing tobacco to minors is illegal . Minors may not possess , accept or purchase tobacco . Minors are not allowed to enter a tobacco business , defined in state law as a business whose primary activity is the sale of tobacco products and accessories . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1980 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987 . Iowa 18 It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco , to smoke in public or to purchase tobacco products . It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Kansas None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . Minors may not possess or purchase or attempt to possess or purchase tobacco .", "9": "None 21 Nineteen cities in Kansas , including Overland Park and Olathe , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Kentucky None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase or possess tobacco products . Prior to 1990 Kentucky had no minimum age to purchase tobacco . From 1990 until 1992 the minimum age was 16 years . In 1992 the age was raised from 16 to 18 years of age . Louisiana None 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor . A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco , except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian 21 years of age or older . Prior to 1991 there was no minimum age limit in Louisiana . Maine 18 21 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor . A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco , except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian 21 years of age or older . Implementation for 21 and older July 2018 . Maryland None 18 Minimum age raised from 16 to 18 in 1989 . Massachusetts None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors . Anyone else than the parents or guardian are prohibited from giving any form of tobacco to a minor . None 21 Over 100 cities in Massachusetts , including Boston , have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21 years . Michigan 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Minors are permitted to smoke on private premises . 18 21 Ann Arbor and Genesee County have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Minnesota 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Indian may furnish tobacco to an Indian under the age of 18 years if the tobacco is furnished as part of a traditional Indian spiritual or cultural ceremony .", "10": "18 21 Four cities in Minnesota have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21 . Mississippi 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . 18 21 Adams County has raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Missouri None 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . It is not illegal to give tobacco to minors on private premises nor is it illegal for minors to smoke in public . Prior to 1992 Missouri did not have a minimum age limit . None 21 Twelve cities in Missouri , including Kansas City , St. Louis and Jefferson City , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Montana None 18 Sale or distribution of tobacco products to persons under 18 years of age is prohibited , whether over the counter , by vending machine , or otherwise . Prior to 1993 there was no minimum age limit . Nebraska 18 It is illegal to sell , give or furnish , in any way tobacco to a minor . Minors may not smoke in public . Nevada None 18 New Hampshire 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . New Jersey None 21 No person shall sell , give or furnish to a person under 21 years of age , any cigarettes made of tobacco . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1904 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988 . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 19 in 2005 . The minimum age was raised from 19 to 21 on 1 November 2017 . New Mexico None 18 Prior to 1991 New Mexico had no minimum age . New York None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years .", "11": "None 21 Fourteen cities in New York , including New York City , have raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21 . North Carolina None 18 It is illegal for anyone under age 18 to buy , attempt to buy , to receive , or to use a false or misleading proof of age for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product or cigarette wrapping papers . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1891 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991 . North Dakota 18 Northern Mariana Islands 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . Ohio 18 None 21 Nine cities in Ohio , including Cleveland and Columbus , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Oklahoma None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . The minimum age of 18 years was introduced in 1915 . Oregon None 21 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years since 1 January 2018 . Pennsylvania None 18 It is illegal to sell , furnish , give or otherwise provide tobacco to a minor . Minors may not purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco products . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1972 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990 . Puerto Rico None 18 Rhode Island 18 No person under eighteen years of age shall purchase , nor shall any person sell , give , or deliver to any person under eighteen years of age , any tobacco products . No person under eighteen years of age shall use or possess , tobacco in any public street , place , or resort , any tobacco and / or electronic nicotine delivery system in any form . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1896 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988 . 18 21 Barrington and Central Falls have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21 years . South Carolina None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years .", "12": "It is illegal for minors to purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , or attempt to possess a tobacco product , or present or offer proof of age that is false or fraudulent for the purpose of purchasing or possessing a tobacco product . South Dakota None 18 Prior to 1989 South Dakota did n't regulate the sale of cigarettes to minors . Only smokeless tobacco products could not be sold to minors . Tennessee None 18 It is unlawful for a person who has not attained 18 years of age to possess a tobacco product , to purchase or accept receipt of a tobacco product , or to present or offer to any person any purported proof of age which is false , fraudulent , or not actually that person 's own for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product . Texas 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Exception : The individual younger than 18 years of age possessed the cigarette or tobacco product in the presence of an adult parent , a guardian , or a spouse of the individual or an employer of the individual , if possession or receipt of the tobacco product is required in the performance of the employee 's duties as an employee . The minimum age to purchase , possess and consume tobacco was 16 years of age from 1899 to 1989 . 18 21 San Antonio has raised its sales age for tobacco products to 21 . United States Virgin Islands None 18 Utah 19 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products or smoking devices to anyone under the age of 19 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 19 years to possess , consume , purchase any tobacco product . Vermont None 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1888 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991 .", "13": "Virginia 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products . Prior to 1991 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age . Washington None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Washington , D.C. None 21 It is illegal to sell , give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21 years . It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Tobacco use is prohibited at organized sporting events . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1891 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990 . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 in 2016 . West Virginia 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess , consume or purchase tobacco products . Wisconsin None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Wyoming 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess , consume or purchase tobacco products . Prior to 1991 Wyoming had no minimum purchase / sale age for tobacco products . Uruguay None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor . A clearly legible notice with the sale ban to under anyone under the age of 18 years has to be placed inside and outside the premises . Venezuela None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor . Asia ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it .", "14": "Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Afghanistan 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal to smoke or the use of tobacco in public buildings such as hospitals , schools and restaurants . Bhutan Illegal In 2004 , Bhutan became the first country to ban the sale , cultivation , and production of tobacco . People 18 and over may bring a limited amount of tobacco into Bhutan if they pay import duties . Brunei 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to possess , buy or consume tobacco products . Bangladesh 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 16 years . Any police - officer in uniform or any other person or class of persons duty authorized by the Government has the power to seize and destroy tobacco products of anyone under the age of 16 years whom he finds smoking in public . Cambodia None 18 Any act of selling or distributing all types of tobacco products to persons aged under 18 years or to pregnant women whose pregnancy is obvious or is realized must be punished with six days to one month in prison and a fine of 100,000 riel to 1 million riel . China None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors . No one shall smoke on school or education premises . Weakly enforced to not enforced . No age limit prior to 29 December 2006 . Hong Kong 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . India None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . It is illegal to sell tobacco within a radius of one hundred yards of any educational institution . Indonesia None 18 It is illegal to sell an supply tobacco products to pregnant women anyone under the age of 18 years . Iran None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violation will result in confiscation of tobacco from the minor and a fine for the salesperson .", "15": "Iraq 14 Israel None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . No minimum age prior to 12 November 2004 . Jordan None 18 ( consumption of water pipes on premises ) 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor . It is also illegal to provide water pipes in cafes , restaurants and similar places . Japan 20 It is illegal to supply tobacco to persons under 20 years . It is punishable by a ¥ 10,000 fine . Kazakhstan None 18 Kuwait None 21 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21 years . Kyrgyzstan None 18 No minor shall sell or be sold tobacco products . Lebanon 18 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor . Macau None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for a minor to smoke or to obtain tobacco from a person of the legal age . Malaysia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . Maldives None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . The retailer must ensure that the buyer is at least 18 years of age . Furthermore , a clearly legible notice has to be displayed at point of sale stating that tobacco sales to minors are illegal . Mongolia 21 Nepal None 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco products to minors and pregnant women . North Korea None 17 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . ( The tobacco law does not define the word `` minor '' , but age of majority is reached at the age of 17 years ) . Oman 18 Pakistan None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . A clearly legible notice with the sale restriction has to be placed at point of sale . Palestine 14 Philippines 18 Only people over 18 may buy cigarettes and tobacco due to the `` STOP for Health Act '' .", "16": "( Stop Tobacco and Other Products for Health ) Qatar None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco to a person unter the age of 18 years . Saudi Arabia 18 Singapore 18 Smoking age in Singapore is currently 18 , increasing to 19 by 2019 and 21 by 2021 . It is illegal to sell or give , directly or indirectly any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . No minor is allowed to consume or possess any tobacco product in public . South Korea 19 20 Sri Lanka None 21 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 21 years . Syria None 18 It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Taiwan 18 It is illegal to sell or provide tobacco to persons under the age of 18 years . It is illegal to force , induce or use other means to cause a pregnant woman to smoke . It is illegal for a pregnant women or a minor to smoke . No penalty is provided for pregnant women who smoke . Tajikistan 14 Thailand None 18 Turkmenistan Illegal In January 2016 , President Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedow reportedly banned tobacco sales in Turkmenistan . United Arab Emirates 18 Vietnam 18 It is illegal for people less than 18 years of age use , buy , and sell tobacco products . It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco product to people less than 18 years of age . Yemen 14 Europe ( edit ) Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Europe as of 2015 : Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 Depending on jurisdiction Note : Regulation by canton in Switzerland is below . Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Switzerland by canton as of 2015 : Minimum age is 16 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Albania None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years .", "17": "Armenia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors may not sell tobacco products . No minimum age prior to 24 December 2004 . Austria 16 The minimum age is regulated by each federal state , but is nationwide 16 years . It is illegal in every state to sell or give tobacco products to a person under the age of 16 years as well as the consumption by a person under the age of 16 years in any public place . Azerbaijan None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . The packaging of tobacco products must contain a warning that sale to minors is prohibited . No minimum age prior to 1 January 2002 . Belarus None 18 ( Decree No. 28 of 2002 `` It is banned to sell tobacco products to citizens ( by citizens ) of the Republic of Belarus , foreign citizens and individuals with no citizenship under 18 years old . '' ) Belgium None 16 ( `` Il est interdit de vendre des produits de tabac aux jeunes de moins de 16 ans et la publicité pour les produits de tabac est interdite . '' ) Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 It is illegal to sell and gift tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors under the age of 18 years to gift , sell and consume tobacco products . The minimum age was 15 years prior to 28 September 2004 . No minimum age prior to 9 March 1998 . Bulgaria None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Croatia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors . It is the responsibility of any salesperson to ensure that no tobacco is sold to minors and therefore to request an ID to make sure that the purchaser is at least 18 years of age . Minors may not sell tobacco products . Cyprus None 18 It is illegal to sell or otherwise provide tobacco products to a minor .", "18": "`` ( ... ) any person who provides a tobacco product to a minor is guilty of offense and in any case of his / her conviction , he / she shall be subject to a penalty not exceeding one thousand pounds or to incarceration not exceeding six months and / or to both penalties . '' Czech Republic None 18 Selling tobacco products to anyone under 18 is prohibited . Sale of tobacco products and tobacco through vending machines is permitted if the tobacco purchase age is not violated . The seller shall place a clearly visible notice displaying the sale restrictions of tobacco to person under the age of 18 . A person selling tobacco must be 18 years or older , unless the minor is preparing for a future career in the hotel or tourism industry , as a cook - waiter or salesman . However , it is very easy to get tobacco products for minors as many sellers do n't check the age . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 2 September 1999 . Denmark None 18 The minimum age was 16 years prior to 1 September 2008 . Estonia 18 The minimum age to purchase tobacco products or to smoke in public is set at 18 . Minors may not be in possession of , or handle tobacco products . Finland 18 Prior to October 2010 it was not illegal for minors to smoke in public . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 1 March 1995 . France None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors under the age of 18 years may not smoke in any school or on school property . Vending machines outside a tobacco shop is prohibited . Prior to 21 July 2009 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age . Georgia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 . Germany 18 The Protection of Young Persons Act states that children and young people under 18 years of age shall not be sold tobacco products nor should they be permitted to smoke in public . This does not apply to married adolescents . Minimum age was 18 from 10 June 1943 until 1 January 1952 .", "19": "Minimum age was 16 from 1 January 1952 to 1 September 2007 . Gibraltar 18 It is illegal to sell and furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Any police officer may confiscate tobacco from a minor in public . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 7 July 2006 . Greece None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors . Hungary 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 . It is illegal to smoke under the age of 18 . The sale of tobacco is prohibited within 200 m of schools and health care units . Iceland None 18 It is illegal to sell or deliver tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors may not handle or sell tobacco products . No minimum age prior to 1 January 1985 . The minimum age was 16 years from 1 January 1985 to 1 October 1996 . Ireland 18 The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal . It is illegal to buy or smoke cigarettes if you are under the age of 18 . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 27 March 2002 . Italy None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violation is punished with a fine between € 250.00 and € 1000.00 . If the law is violated more than once the fine is increased to € 500.00 and € 2,000.00 and a revocation of the tobacco license for at least 3 months . Minimum age for electronic cigarettes was 16 prior to 1 May 2013 . Kosovo None Latvia 18 The sale of tobacco products to persons under the age of 18 is prohibited . Liechtenstein 16 It is illegal for anyone under the age of 16 to possess or consume tobacco products . Lithuania 18 No minimum age to smoke prior to 1 May 2015 . Luxembourg None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years .", "20": "No minimum age prior to 1 January 2006 . Minimum purchase age increased from 16 to 18 on 1 August 2017 . Macedonia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Malta None 18 `` No person shall sell , supply or distribute by way of compensation or otherwise , any cigarettes , cigars , tobacco , tobacco products or smoking requisites to any person who is under the age of 18 years , or in any manner induce such person to smoke . '' Moldova None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Montenegro None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 . A poster with the sale restrictions must be placed at point of sale . Netherlands None 18 The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal . Smoking of tobacco is prohibited by law in all public buildings and in public transport . As of 1 January 2004 every employee has the right to work in a smoke - free environment . All forms of tobacco advertising , promotion or sponsorship are prohibited . Smoking remains prevalent in the Netherlands despite these efforts . Tobacco can be bought at every supermarket and at other stores . Norway None 18 No age limit for use of tobacco but no sales of cigarettes or Swedish snus to people under 18 by law . Vending machines are only allowed when they are cited inside an approved store , with a demand of buying a receipt from the cashier first . and imitation tobacco products are not allowed . Cigarette commercials are also strictly forbidden by law . As of June 2004 , smoking is prohibited in all public places , including restaurants , pubs and work places . Poland None 18 Minors are not allowed to buy tobacco products . Portugal 18 It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor as well as the consumption of a tobacco product in any public place by a minor . There is a proposition to ban vending machines in places accessible to people younger than 18 . Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 January 2008 .", "21": "Romania None 18 There is a ban on sale of tobacco to those younger than 18 . Vending machines selling tobacco are banned . There is no minimum legal age of smoking . Russia None 18 Retail sales of tobacco products to any person under the age of 18 years are an offence . Serbia None 18 The sale to persons under 18 is prohibited . Contrary to that , a lot of salesmen sell cigarettes to minors in Serbia . Acquiring tobacco products is very easy for minors despite the law . Slovakia None 18 Tobacco sales to under 18 year olds are prohibited . Slovenia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 . ID - Card or passport has to be shown if requested . Spain None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product or other smoking substances ( e.g. electronic cigarettes ) to a person under the age of 18 years . Minimum age was 16 in most regions prior to 1 January 2006 . Sweden None 18 It is illegal to sell or commercially distribute tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . No minimum age prior to 1 January 1997 . Switzerland Regulations by canton : States / territories Smoking age Purchase age Notes Aargau None 16 It is an offence to sell or supply ( except for Parents ) any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age . Appenzell Ausserrhoden None 16 It is an offence to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age . Appenzell Innerrhoden None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Basel - Landschaft None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Basel - Stadt None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID .", "22": "Bern None 18 ( to enter smoking facility or premises ) 18 Selling or giving any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Fribourg None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Geneva None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Glarus None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Graubünden None 16 Jura None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . Luzern None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . Neuchâtel None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Nidwalden None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Obwalden None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Schaffhausen None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Schwyz None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Solothurn None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . St. Gallen None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Thurgau None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Ticino None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful .", "23": "Uri None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . Valais None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . Currently the cantonal government is planning to raise the minimum age to 18 years . Vaud None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Zug None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Zürich None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Turkey None 18 Ukraine 14 18 United Kingdom 18 ( purchase de jure ) 16 ( public possession & purchase de facto ) England and Wales : It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 . The minimum age to smoke in public is 16 and authorities have the duty to seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 16 . Minimum age to purchase was 16 from 1908 to 1 October 2007 . No minimum age prior to 1908 . 18 Scotland : A person who sells a tobacco product or cigarette papers to a person under the age of 18 commits an offence . Any person under the age of 18 who buys or attempts to buy a tobacco product or cigarette papers commits an offence as well as an adult who knowlingly buys a tobacco product or cigarette papers on behalf of a person under the age of 18 . Any constable who has reasonable grounds for suspecting that a person in a public place is under the age of 18 , and in possession of a tobacco product or cigarette papers may require the person to surrender the tobacco product . Minimum age was 16 prior to 30 September 2007 . 18 Northern Ireland : A person who sells to a person under the age of 18 any tobacco or cigarette papers , whether for his own use or not , shall be guilty of an offence .", "24": "A member of the Police Service of Northern Ireland may seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 18 whom he finds smoking in any street or public place . Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 September 2008 . ^ Disputed . Oceania ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Australia Regulations by state / territory : Province / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Australian Capital Territory None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a person under the age of 18 years . Further it is illegal to buy a tobacco product for a minor . New South Wales None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco or non-tobacco smoking product to a person who is under the age of 18 years . Northern Territory None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a minor or on behalf of a minors . It is illegal to smoke in a vehicle with a person under the age of 18 years present . Queensland None 18 It is illegal for an adult to supply a tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years ; however , a responsible adult for a child does not commit an offence by supplying a smoking product to the child . South Australia None 18 It is an offence to supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . Tasmania None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 January 1997 . Victoria None 18 It is illegal to supply tobacco to a minor . Smoking in a vehicle with a person under 18 present is an offence . Western Australia None 18 It is illegal to sell , deliver or supply tobacco or smoking implement to a minor . Purchase on behalf of people under 18 prohibited . Fiji None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . Micronesia , Federated States of 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor .", "25": "New Zealand None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor under 18 years . No minimum age prior to 1903 . Minimum age of 15 years from 1903 to 1988 . Minimum age of 16 years from 1988 to 1998 . ' Palau None 18 21 ( Only rolling papers and elaus ) It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . If the purchaser appears to be under the age of 30 years , ID must be checked before sale . It is illegal to employ anyone under the age of 21 handling tobacco products . It is illegal to sell rolling papers and elaus to anyone under the age of 21 years . Papua New Guinea None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Samoa 21 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years . It is not illegal for a person under the age of 21 years to possess or smoke tobacco in public . Solomon Islands None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor . Tonga None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor . Tokelau 16 It is illegal for a person under 16 to smoke tobacco . Vanuatu 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a persons under 18 . It is illegal for persons under 18 to smoke tobacco .", "26": "Historical regulations ( edit ) Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the European Union as of 1995 : Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the USA as of 1989 : Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 17 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age See also ( edit ) Age of candidacy Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States Alcoholism Amethyst Initiative Choose Responsibility Legal drinking age Legal drinking age controversy Mature minor doctrine National Minimum Drinking Age Act National Youth Rights Association Shoulder tap ( alcohol ) The Century Council Youth Youth rights Youth suffrage References ( edit ) ^ `` Le projet de la loi relative à la santé interdit la vente du tabac et des boissons alcoolisées aux mineurs '' . aps.dz ( in French ) . Algérie Presse Service . 16 September 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . ^ `` Lei n ° 1 / 07 de 14 de Maio 2007 `` . wipo.int . 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NATIONAL ASSEMBLY. 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` Loi relative à la fabrication , au conditionnement , l'étiquetage , à la vente et à l'usage du tabac '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org ( in French ) . L'Assemblée nationale. 2 June 2009 . p. 15 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . President and National Assembly . 19 August 2009 . p. 5 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Products Control Act , 1993 `` . acts.co.za . Acts Online . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ `` THE TOBACCO PRODUCTS CONTROL ACT , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org. 2013 . p. 11 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Control Law 2005 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . National Assembly . 2005 . p. 3 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` THE TOBACCO PRODUCTS ( REGULATION ) ACT , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Tanzania. 2005 . p. 5 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` The Law Concerning the Production , Sale and Consumption of Tobacco and its Derivative Products '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org .", "30": "Government of Togo. 14 January 2011 . p. 5 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` Loi relative à la lutte contre le tabagisme '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org ( in French ) . 23 February 1998 . p. 2 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . ^ Ladu , Ismail Musa ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` Uganda : House Passes New Anti-Tobacco Law '' -- via AllAfrica . ^ `` Public Health ( Tobacco ) Regulations , 1992 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Zambia. 11 December 1992 . p. 2 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` Public Health ( Control of Tobacco ) Regulations , 2002 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Zimbabwe. 2002 . p. 3 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ Ministry of Legal Affairs . `` Laws or Acts of Parliament In Alphabetical Order '' . Retrieved 28 February 2010 . ^ `` Ley 26.687 `` . infoleg.gob.ar ( in Spanish ) . Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas. 11 June 2011 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . ^ `` Child Protection Act '' ( PDF ) . laws.bahamas.gov.bs . Government of Bahamas . p. 35 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO PRODUCTS ( PUBLIC HEALTH ) AMENDMENT ACT 2005 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ `` CIRCULAR No. 269 / 2007 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . National Legal Office . p. 10 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . ^ `` L8069Compilado '' . www.planalto.gov.br . ^ `` Lei 8069 / 1990 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Brazil . p. 1 .", "31": "Retrieved 9 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO PRODUCTS CONTROL ACT , 2006 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Legislative Council . 2006 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Act '' ( PDF ) . laws-lois.justice.gc.ca ( in English and French ) . Minister of Justice . 27 April 2015 . p. 11 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ Mollie Dunsmuir . `` FEDERAL LEGISLATION AND REGULATORY ACTION '' . publications.gc.ca . Parliamentary Research Branch . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO AND SMOKING REDUCTION ACT '' ( PDF ) . qp.alberta.ca . Legislative Assembly of Alberta . 20 February 2015 . p. 9 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Control Act `` . bclaws.ca . Legislative Assembly of British Columbia . 1 September 2008 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ `` The Non-Smokers Health Protection Act `` . gov.mb.ca . Legislative Assembly of Manitoba . 1 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Sales Act , SNB 1993 , c T - 6.1 `` . canlii.org . Federation of Law Societies of Canada . 1 January 2009 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT `` . assembly.nl.ca . Queen 's Printer. 17 December 1993 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT '' ( PDF ) . justice.gov.nt.ca . Department of Justice . 21 January 2007 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ `` Smoke - free Places Act . 2002 , c. 12 , s . 1 '' . nslegislature.ca . Office of the Legislative Counsel , Nova Scotia House of Assembly . 2002 . 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Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings Age of Consent Legal candidacy for political office Criminal responsibility Legal drinking Legal driving Majority Legal marriage Retirement age Mandatory retirement School - leaving age Legal smoking Voting Suffrage Youth suffrage", "56": "Working age Drugs Alcohol Alcohol consumption Alcohol law Bath salts Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of MPDV Legal status of Methylone Cannabis Legality annual use lifetime use Cocaine use Legality Methamphetamine Legality LSD Legality Opiate use Salvia divinorum Legality Death Legality of euthanasia Homicide by decade Law enforcement killings Legality of suicide Legality of assisted suicide Guns Deaths Ownership Punishment Corporal punishment At home At school In court Death penalty Incarceration Obscenity Incest Laws Pornography Child pornography Simulated child pornography Drawn pornography depicting minors Internet pornography Prostitution Sexual assault Child sexual abuse Rape Sodomy law Sex trafficking Zoophilia Censorship Censorship by country Book censorship by country Film censorship by country Internet censorship by country Cartographic censorship Political censorship Video gaming censorship by country Human rights Children 's rights Children in the military Intersex rights LGBT Rights Slavery Human trafficking Freedom of movement by country In the air Abode Property and Environmental Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparian water Business Corporate Corporate liability Competition", "57": "Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Legality of bitcoin by country or territory International ownership International waters Sea law Maritime law Antarctic Treaty System Other Abortion law Minors and abortion Animal rights Immigration law Human cloning National legal systems Police brutality Prisoner abuse Religious law Separation of church and state Sharia Size of police forces World Justice Project List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Smoking Country and region Albania Argentina Brazil Canada China Colombia East Timor Ecuador Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Iran Ireland Italy Japan Korea North South Macau Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sweden Syria Taiwan Tokelau Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Vietnam Religion Smoking in Jewish law Tobacco fatwa Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Kinnikinnick Pipe bag Health Health effects of tobacco ( Nicotine poisoning Nicotine withdrawal ) Passive smoking Third - hand smoke Prevalence of tobacco consumption Schizophrenia and smoking Sidestream smoke Smokeless tobacco keratosis Smoker 's face Smoker 's melanosis Stomatitis nicotina Smoking age Smoking and male infertility Smoking cessation Tobacco - Free Pharmacies Tobacco packaging warning messages WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products", "58": "World No Tobacco Day Youth smoking Women and smoking Breastfeeding difficulties Breast cancer Cervical cancer Menopause Ptosis of the breast Smoking and female infertility Smoking and pregnancy Smoking ban Inflight smoking List of smoking bans Smoking bans in private vehicles Tobacco - Free College Campuses Country and region Australia United States Other Chain smoking Cigarette consumption per capita History of smoking Smokeasy Smoking fetishism Tobacco advertising Tobacco bowdlerization Tobacco industry Tobacco smoking Category Cigarettes Types Fashion Fire safe Kretek Lights Menthol Beedi Components Tobacco Rolling paper Filter Additives Peripherals Ashtray Case Holder Lighter Pack Receptacles Vending machine Culture Cigarette card Cigarette smoking among college students Loosie Smoking fetishism Tobacco smoking Health issues Chain smoking Cigarette smoking for weight loss Nicotine poisoning Passive smoking Third - hand smoke Schizophrenia and smoking Sidestream smoke Smoking cessation Tobacco harm reduction Related products Electronic cigarette Candy cigarette Herbal cigarette Heat - not - burn tobacco product Nicotine patch Nicotine gum Nicotine inhaler Nicotine lozenge Tobacco industry Cultivation of tobacco Egyptian cigarette industry History of commercial tobacco in the United States Tobacco advertising Government and the law Cigarette smuggling", "59": "Illicit cigarette trade Plain cigarette packaging Smoking age Smoking bans in private vehicles Tobacco control movement Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement Tobacco packaging warning messages Tobacco politics WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products Lists Cigarette brands Cigarette smoke carcinogens Countries by cigarette consumption per capita Rolling papers Smoking bans Category Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smoking_age&oldid=838315841 '' Categories : Smoking Age and society Ageism Israeli law Juvenile law Law - 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-7689623500784530408	what is the term of an official in the house of representatives	[ "Two years", "Representatives", "two-year", "Speaker of the House", "Representatives" ]	{ "0": "United States House of Representatives - Wikipedia United States House of Representatives Jump to : navigation , search For the current United States Congress , see 115th United States Congress . For state - level Houses of Representatives in the United States , see List of United States state legislatures . United States House of Representatives 115th United States Congress Seal of the House Flag of the U.S. House of Representatives Type Type Lower house of the United States Congress Term limits None History New session started January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) Leadership Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Since October 29 , 2015 Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 Majority Whip Steve Scalise ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 Minority Whip Steny Hoyer ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 Structure Seats 435 voting members 6 non-voting members 218 needed for control Political groups Majority ( 238 ) Republican ( 238 ) Minority ( 193 ) Democratic ( 193 ) Vacant ( 4 ) Vacant ( 4 ) Length of term Two years Elections Voting system First - past - the - post in most states ; nonpartisan blanket primary with a majoritarian second round in 3 states Last election November 8 , 2016 Next election November 6 , 2018 Redistricting State legislatures or redistricting commissions , varies by state Meeting place House of Representatives chamber United States Capitol Washington , D.C.", "1": ", United States Website www.house.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper chamber . Together they compose the legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of Representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all Representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty - three representatives . Seven states have the smallest delegation possible , a single representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming .", "2": "The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the President for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers which include the power to initiate all bills related to revenue , the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate , and in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for President , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party . The Speaker and other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference , depending on whichever party has more voting members . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Membership , qualifications and apportionment 2.1 Apportionments 2.2 Redistricting 2.3 Qualifications 2.4 Elections 2.5 Non-voting delegates 2.6 Terms 3 Comparison to the Senate 4 Salary and benefits 4.1 Salaries 4.2 Titles 4.3 Pension 4.4 Tax deductions 4.5 Health benefits 4.6 Personnel , mail and office expenses 4.7 Travel allowance 5 Officers 5.1 Member officials 5.1. 1 Leadership and partisanship 5.2 Non-member officials 6 Procedure 6.1 Daily procedures 6.2 Passage of legislation 7 Committees 8 Legislative functions 9 Checks and balances 10 Latest election results and current party standings 10.1 Current standing 10.2 End of previous Congress 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Surveys 12.2 Notes 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States House of Representatives Under the Articles of Confederation , the Congress of the Confederation was a unicameral body in which each state was equally represented , and in which each state had a veto over most action .", "3": "After eight years of a more limited confederal government under the Articles , numerous political leaders such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787 , which received the Confederation Congress 's sanction to `` amend the Articles of Confederation '' . All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates . Representation of all political parties as percentage in House of Representatives over time Historical graph of party control of the Senate and House as well as the presidency The issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention . Edmund Randolph 's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress : the lower house would be `` of the people '' , elected directly by the people of the United States and representing public opinion , and a more deliberative upper house that would represent the individual states , and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment , would be elected by the lower house . The House is referred to as the lower house , with the Senate being the upper house , although the United States Constitution does not use that terminology . Both houses ' approval is necessary for the passage of legislation . The Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia , Massachusetts , and Pennsylvania , as it called for representation based on population . The smaller states , however , favored the New Jersey Plan , which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states . Eventually , the Convention reached the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise , under which one house of Congress ( the House of Representatives ) would provide representation proportional to each state 's population , whereas the other ( the Senate ) would provide equal representation amongst the states . The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states ( nine out of the 13 ) in 1788 , but its implementation was set for March 4 , 1789 . The House began work on April 1 , 1789 , when it achieved a quorum for the first time . During the first half of the 19th century , the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues , including slavery . The North was much more populous than the South , and therefore dominated the House of Representatives . However , the North held no such advantage in the Senate , where the equal representation of states prevailed . Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery .", "4": "One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso , which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican -- American War . Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , which began soon after several southern states attempted to secede from the Union . The war culminated in the South 's defeat and in the abolition of slavery . All southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war , and therefore the Senate did not hold the balance of power between North and South during the war . The years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party , which many Americans associated with the Union 's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery . The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877 ; the ensuing era , known as the Gilded Age , was marked by sharp political divisions in the electorate . The Democratic Party and Republican Party each held majorities in the House at various times . Republican Speaker of the House , Thomas Brackett Reed ( 1895 -- 1899 ) The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the Speaker of the House . The rise of the Speaker 's influence began in the 1890s , during the tenure of Republican Thomas Brackett Reed . `` Czar Reed '' , as he was nicknamed , attempted to put into effect his view that `` The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch . '' The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period , with the positions of Majority Leader and Minority Leader being created in 1899 . While the Minority Leader was the head of the minority party , the Majority Leader remained subordinate to the Speaker . The Speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon , from 1903 to 1911 . The powers of the Speaker included chairmanship of the influential Rules Committee and the ability to appoint members of other House committees . These powers , however , were curtailed in the `` Revolution of 1910 '' because of the efforts of Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Cannon 's arguably heavy - handed tactics .", "5": "The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) , often winning over two - thirds of the seats . Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at various times during the next decade . The Democratic Party maintained control of the House from 1955 until 1995 . In the mid-1970s , there were major reforms of the House , strengthening the power of sub-committees at the expense of committee chairs and allowing party leaders to nominate committee chairs . These actions were taken to undermine the seniority system , and to reduce the ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor . There was also a shift from the 1990s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party ; the power of party leaders ( especially the Speaker ) grew considerably . The Republicans took control of the House in 1995 , under the leadership of Speaker Newt Gingrich . Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program , the Contract with America , on which the House Republicans had been elected , and made major reforms of the House , notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two - year terms . Many elements of the Contract did not pass Congress , were vetoed by President Bill Clinton , or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton . The Republicans held on to the House until 2006 , when the Democrats won control and Nancy Pelosi was subsequently elected by the House as the first female Speaker . The Republicans retook the House in 2011 , with the largest shift of power since the 1930s .", "6": "Membership , qualifications and apportionment ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) Apportionments ( edit ) Main article : United States congressional apportionment Under Article I , Section 2 of the Constitution , seats in the House of Representatives are apportioned among the states by population , as determined by the census conducted every ten years . Each state is entitled to at least one Representative , however , small its population . The only constitutional rule relating to the size of the House states : `` The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand , but each State shall have at Least one Representative . '' Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911 . In 1959 , upon the admission of Alaska and Hawaii , the number was temporarily increased to 437 ( seating one Representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment ) , and returned to 435 four years later , after the reapportionment consequent to the 1960 census . The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the District of Columbia or of territories . The District of Columbia and the territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and the U.S. Virgin Islands are each represented by one non-voting delegate . Puerto Rico elects a Resident Commissioner , but other than having a four - year term , the Resident Commissioner 's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories .", "7": "The five Delegates and Resident Commissioner may participate in debates ; prior to 2011 , they were also allowed to vote in committees and the Committee of the Whole when their votes would not be decisive . Redistricting ( edit ) Main article : Redistricting States that are entitled to more than one Representative are divided into single - member districts . This has been a federal statutory requirement since 1967 . Prior to that law , general ticket representation was used by some states . States typically redraw district boundaries after each census , though they may do so at other times , such as the 2003 Texas redistricting . Each state determines its own district boundaries , either through legislation or through non-partisan panels . `` Malapportionment '' is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population ( see Wesberry v. Sanders ) . Additionally , Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits redistricting plans that are intended to , or have the effect of , discriminating against racial or language minority voters . Aside from malapportionment and discrimination against racial or language minorities , federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in gerrymandering for the benefit of political parties or incumbents . In a 1984 case , Davis v. Bandemer , the Supreme Court held that gerrymandered districts could be struck down on the basis of the Equal Protection Clause , but the Court did not articulate a standard for when districts are impermissibly gerrymandered . However , the Court overruled Davis in 2004 in Vieth v. Jubelirer , and Court precedent currently holds gerrymandering to be a political question . According to calculations made by Burt Neuborne using criteria set forth by the American Political Science Association , about 40 seats , less than 10 % of the House membership , are chosen through a genuinely contested electoral process , given partisan gerrymandering . Qualifications ( edit ) Article I , Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives . Each representative must : ( 1 ) be at least twenty - five years old ; ( 2 ) have been a citizen of the United States for the past seven years ; and ( 3 ) be ( at the time of the election ) an inhabitant of the state he or she represents .", "8": "Members are not required to live in the districts they represent , but they traditionally do . The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than those for senators . The constitutional requirements of Article I , Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on a candidate . Therefore , Article I , Section 5 , which permits each House to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications . Likewise a State could not establish additional qualifications . Disqualification : under the Fourteenth Amendment , a federal or state officer who takes the requisite oath to support the Constitution , but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States , is disqualified from becoming a representative . This post -- Civil War provision was intended to prevent those who sided with the Confederacy from serving . However , disqualified individuals may serve if they gain the consent of two - thirds of both houses of Congress . Elections ( edit ) All 435 voting seats of the current House shown grouped by state , largest to smallest Population per U.S. Representative allocated to each of the 50 states and D.C. , ranked by population . Since D.C. ( ranked 50th ) receives no voting seats in the House , its bar is absent . Current U.S. congressional districts Elections for representatives are held in every even - numbered year , on Election Day the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November . By law , Representatives must be elected from single - member districts . After a census is taken ( in a year ending in 0 ) , the year ending in 2 is the first year in which elections for U.S. House districts are based on that census ( with the Congress based on those districts starting its term on the following Jan. 3 ) . In most states , major party candidates for each district are nominated in partisan primary elections , typically held in spring to late summer . In some states , the Republican and Democratic parties choose their respective candidates for each district in their political conventions in spring or early summer , which often use unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in the incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions . Exceptions can result in so - called floor fight -- convention votes by delegates , with outcomes that can be hard to predict .", "9": "Especially if a convention is closely divided , a losing candidate may contend further by meeting the conditions for a primary election . The courts generally do not consider ballot access rules for independent and third party candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and there are no federal regulations regarding ballot access . As a result , the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state , and in the case of a third party may be affected by results of previous years ' elections . In 1967 , the United States Congress passed the Uniform Congressional District Act , which requires almost all representatives be elected from single - member - districts , Following the Wesberry v. Sanders decision , Congress was motivated by fears that courts would impose at - large plurality districts on states that did not redistrict to comply with the new mandates for districts roughly equal in population , and Congress also sought to prevent attempts by southern states to use such voting systems to dilute the vote of racial minorities . Several states have used multi-member districts in the past , although only two states ( Hawaii and New Mexico ) used multi-member districts in 1967 . Hawaii and New Mexico were made exempt from the Uniform Congressional District Act , and are free to use multi-member districts , although neither state chooses to do so . Louisiana is unique in that it holds an all - party `` primary election '' on the general Election Day with a subsequent runoff election between the top two finishers ( regardless of party ) if no candidate received a majority in the primary . The states of Washington and California now use a similar ( though not identical ) system to that used by Louisiana . Seats vacated during a term are filled through special elections , unless the vacancy occurs closer to the next general election date than a pre-established deadline . The term of a member chosen in a special election usually begins the next day , or as soon as the results are certified . Non-voting delegates ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Additionally , Washington D.C. and the five inhabited U.S. territories each elect a non-voting delegate . With the exception of the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico , each representative and delegate serves for a two - year term .", "10": "They have a voice and can introduce bills on the floor , but can not vote there . Terms ( edit ) Representatives and Delegates serve for two - year terms , while the Resident Commissioner serves for four years . The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two - thirds vote . In the history of the United States , only five members have been expelled from the House ; in 1861 , three were removed for supporting the Confederate states ' secession : John Bullock Clark ( D - MO ) , John William Reid ( D - MO ) and Henry Cornelius Burnett ( D - KY ) . Michael Myers ( D - PA ) was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980 , and James Traficant ( D - OH ) was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption . The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members ; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority , and does not remove that member from office . Comparison to the Senate ( edit ) As a check on the regional , popular , and rapidly changing politics of the House , the Senate has several distinct powers . For example , the `` advice and consent '' powers ( such as the power to approve treaties ) are a sole Senate privilege . The House , however , has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue , to impeach officials , and to choose the President in the event that a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes . The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented : the Senate has longer terms of six years , fewer members ( currently one hundred , two for each state ) , and ( in all but seven delegations ) larger constituencies per member . The Senate is informally referred to as the `` upper '' house , and the House of Representatives as the `` lower '' house . Salary and benefits ( edit ) Salaries ( edit ) As of December 2014 , the annual salary of each Representative is $ 174,000 . The Speaker of the House and the Majority and Minority Leaders earn more : $223,500 for the Speaker and $193,400 for their party leaders ( the same as Senate leaders ) . A cost - of - living - adjustment ( COLA ) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes to not accept it .", "11": "Congress sets members ' salaries ; however , the Twenty - seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits a change in salary ( but not COLA ) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House . Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years . Outside pay is limited to 15 % of congressional pay , and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited . Titles ( edit ) Representatives use the prefix `` The Honorable '' before their names . A member of the House is referred to as a representative , congressman , or congresswoman . While senators are members of Congress , the terms congressman and congresswoman are not generally used by them . Pension ( edit ) All members of Congress are automatically ( without the option of withdrawal ) enrolled in the Federal Employees Retirement System , a pension system also used for federal civil servants . They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service ( two and one - half terms in the House ) . The FERS is composed of three elements : Social Security The FERS basic annuity , a monthly pension plan based on the number of years of service and the average of the three highest years of basic pay The Thrift Savings Plan , a 401 ( k ) - like defined contribution plan for retirement account into which participants can deposit up to a maximum of $18,000 in 2017 . Their employing agency matches employee contributions up to 5 % of pay . Members of Congress may retire with full benefits at age 62 after five years of service , at age 50 after twenty years of service , and at any age after twenty - five years of service . They may retire with reduced benefits at ages 55 to 59 after five years of service . Depending on birth year , they may receive a reduced pension after ten years of service if they are between 55 years and 57 years of age . Tax deductions ( edit ) Members of Congress are permitted to deduct up to $3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state .", "12": "Health benefits ( edit ) Prior to 2014 , members of Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants ; they could voluntarily enroll in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program ( FEHBP ) , an employer - sponsored health insurance program , and were eligible to participate in other programs , such as the Federal Flexible Spending Account Program ( FSAFEDS ) . However , Section 1312 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( D ) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of Congress and certain congressional staff are those created under the ACA or offered through a health care exchange . The Office of Personnel Management promulgated a final rule to comply with Section 1312 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( D ) . Under the rule , effective January 1 , 2014 , members and designated staff are no longer able to purchase FEHBP plans as active employees . However , if members enroll in a health plan offered through a Small Business Health Options Program ( SHOP ) exchange , they remain eligible for an employer contribution toward coverage , and members and designated staff who are eligible for retirement may enroll in a FEHBP plan upon retirement . The ACA and the final rule do not affect members ' or staffers ' eligibility for Medicare benefits . The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members ' and staffers ' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment , so current members and staff are eligible to participate in FSAFEDS ( which has three options within the program ) , the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program , and the Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program . There is an Office of the Attending Physician at the U.S. Capitol , which current members may seek health care from for an annual fee . The attending physician provides routine exams , consultations , and certain diagnostics , and may write prescriptions ( although it does not dispense them ) . The office does not provide vision or dental care . Current members ( but not their dependents , and not former members ) may also receive medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities . There is no charge for outpatient care if it is provided in the National Capital Region , but members are billed at full reimbursement rates ( set by the Department of Defense ) for inpatient care .", "13": "( Outside the National Capital Region , charges are at full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care ) . Personnel , mail and Office expenses ( edit ) House members are eligible for a Member 's Representational Allowance ( MRA ) to support them in their official and representational duties to their district . The MRA is calculated based on three components : one for personnel , one for official office expenses and one for official or franked mail . The personnel allowance is the same for all members ; the office and mail allowances vary based on the members ' district 's distance from Washington , D.C. , the cost of office space in the member 's district , and the number of non-business addresses in their district . These three components are used to calculate a single MRA that can fund any expense -- even though each component is calculated individually , the franking allowance can be used to pay for personnel expenses if the member so chooses . In 2011 this allowance averaged $1.4 million per member , and ranged from $1.35 to $1.67 million . The Personnel allowance was $944,671 per member in 2010 . Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees . Members ' employees ' salary is capped at $168,411 as of 2009 . Travel allowance ( edit ) Each member - elect and one staffer can be paid for one round trip between their home in their congressional district and Washington , D.C. for organization caucuses . Officers ( edit ) Member officials ( edit ) The party with a majority of seats in the House is known as the majority party . The next - largest party is the minority party . The Speaker , committee chairs , and some other officials are generally from the majority party ; they have counterparts ( for instance , the `` ranking members '' of committees ) in the minority party . Then House Speaker Nancy Pelosi , Then Majority Leader Steny Hoyer , and Then Education and Labor Committee Chairman George Miller confer with President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in 2009 . The Constitution provides that the House may choose its own Speaker . Although not explicitly required by the Constitution , every Speaker has been a member of the House . The Constitution does not specify the duties and powers of the Speaker , which are instead regulated by the rules and customs of the House .", "14": "Speakers have a role both as a leader of the House and the leader of their party ( which need not be the majority party ; theoretically , a member of the minority party could be elected as Speaker with the support of a fraction of members of the majority party ) . Under the Presidential Succession Act ( 1947 ) , the Speaker is second in the line of presidential succession behind the Vice President . The Speaker is the presiding officer of the House but does not preside over every debate . Instead , s / he delegates the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases . The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber . The powers of the presiding officer are extensive ; one important power is that of controlling the order in which members of the House speak . No member may make a speech or a motion unless s / he has first been recognized by the presiding officer . Moreover , the presiding officer may rule on a `` point of order '' ( a member 's objection that a rule has been breached ) ; the decision is subject to appeal to the whole House . Speakers serve as chairs of their party 's steering committee , which is responsible for assigning party members to other House committees . The Speaker chooses the chairmen of standing committees , appoints most of the members of the Rules Committee , appoints all members of conference committees , and determines which committees consider bills . Each party elects a floor leader , who is known as the Majority Leader or Minority Leader . The Minority Leader heads their party in the House , and the Majority Leader is their party 's second - highest - ranking official , behind the Speaker . Party leaders decide what legislation members of their party should either support or oppose . Each party also elects a Whip , who works to ensure that the party 's members vote as the party leadership desires . The current majority whip in the House of Representatives is Steve Scalise , who is a member of the Republican Party . The current minority whip is Steny Hoyer , who is a member of the Democratic Party . The whip is supported by chief deputy whips . In the 112th Congress , the Democratic Party has an additional Assistant Minority Leader , Jim Clyburn , who ranks between the whips and the caucus / conference chair .", "15": "After the whips , the next ranking official in the House party 's leadership is the Party Conference Chair ( styled as the Republican Conference Chair and Democratic Caucus Chair ) . After the Conference Chair , there are differences between each party 's subsequent leadership ranks . After the Democratic Caucus Chair is the Campaign Committee Chair ( Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ) , then the co-chairs of the Steering Committee . For the Republicans it is the Chair of the House Republican Policy Committee , followed by the Campaign Committee Chairman ( styled as the National Republican Congressional Committee ) . The chairs of House committees , particularly influential standing committees such as Appropriations , Ways and Means , and Rules , are powerful but not officially part of House leadership hierarchy . Until the post of Majority Leader was created , the Chair of Ways and Means was the de facto majority leader . Leadership and partisanship ( edit ) When the Presidency and Senate are controlled by a different party from the one controlling the House , the Speaker can become the de facto `` leader of the opposition '' . Some notable examples include Tip O'Neill in the 1980s , Newt Gingrich in the 1990s , and John Boehner in the 2010s . Since the Speaker is a partisan officer with substantial power to control the business of the House , the position is often used for partisan advantage . In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party , the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President . For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto `` leader of the opposition '' , often more so than the Senate Minority Leader , due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership . Non-member officials ( edit ) The House is also served by several officials who are not members . The House 's chief such officer is the Clerk , who maintains public records , prepares documents , and oversees junior officials , including pages , until the junior position 's discontinuation in 2011 . The Clerk also presides over the House at the beginning of each new Congress pending the election of a Speaker . Another officer is the Chief Administrative Officer , responsible for the day - to - day administrative support to the House of Representatives . This includes everything from payroll to foodservice .", "16": "The position of Chief Administrative Officer ( CAO ) was created by the 104th Congress following the 1994 mid-term elections , replacing the positions of Doorkeeper and Director of Non-Legislative and Financial Services ( created by the previous congress to administer the non-partisan functions of the House ) . The CAO also assumed some of the responsibilities of the House Information Services , which previously had been controlled directly by the Committee on House Administration , then headed by Representative Charlie Rose of North Carolina , along with the House `` Folding Room '' . The Chaplain leads the House in prayer at the opening of the day . There is also a Sergeant at Arms , who as the House 's chief law enforcement officer maintains order and security on House premises . Finally , routine police work is handled by the United States Capitol Police , which is supervised by the Capitol Police Board , a body to which the Sergeant at Arms belongs , and chairs in even - numbered years . Procedure ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the United States House of Representatives Daily procedures ( edit ) Like the Senate , the House of Representatives meets in the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. At one end of the chamber of the House is a rostrum from which the Speaker , Speaker Pro Tempore , or ( when in the Committee of the Whole ) the Chair presides . The lower tier of the rostrum is used by clerks and other officials . Members ' seats are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern facing the rostrum and are divided by a wide central aisle . By tradition , Democrats sit on the left of the center aisle , while Republicans sit on the right , facing the presiding officer 's chair . Sittings are normally held on weekdays ; meetings on Saturdays and Sundays are rare . Sittings of the House are generally open to the public ; visitors must obtain a House Gallery pass from a congressional office . Sittings are broadcast live on television and have been streamed live on C - SPAN since March 19 , 1979 , and on HouseLive , the official streaming service operated by the Clerk , since the early 2010s . The procedure of the House depends not only on the rules , but also on a variety of customs , precedents , and traditions . In many cases , the House waives some of its stricter rules ( including time limits on debates ) by unanimous consent .", "17": "A member may block a unanimous consent agreement ; in practice , objections are rare . The presiding officer , the Speaker of the House enforces the rules of the House , and may warn members who deviate from them . The Speaker uses a gavel to maintain order . The box in which legislation is placed to be considered by the House is called the hopper . In one of its first resolutions , the U.S. House of Representatives established the Office of the Sergeant at Arms . In an American tradition adopted from English custom in 1789 by the first Speaker of the House , Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania , the Mace of the United States House of Representatives is used to open all sessions of the House . It is also used during the inaugural ceremonies for all Presidents of the United States . For daily sessions of the House , the sergeant at Arms carries the mace in front of the Speaker in procession to the rostrum . It is placed on a green marble pedestal to the Speaker 's right . When the House is in committee , the mace is moved to a pedestal next to the desk of the Sergeant at Arms . The Constitution provides that a majority of the House constitutes a quorum to do business . Under the rules and customs of the House , a quorum is always assumed present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise . House rules prevent a member from making a point of order that a quorum is not present unless a question is being voted on . The presiding officer does not accept a point of order of no quorum during general debate , or when a question is not before the House . During debates , a member may speak only if called upon by the presiding officer . The presiding officer decides which members to recognize , and can therefore control the course of debate . All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer , using the words `` Mr. Speaker '' or `` Madam Speaker '' . Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches ; other members must be referred to in the third person . In most cases , members do not refer to each other only by name , but also by state , using forms such as `` the gentleman from Virginia '' , `` the distinguished gentlewoman from California '' , or `` my distinguished friend from Alabama '' . There are 448 permanent seats on the House Floor and four tables , two on each side .", "18": "These tables are occupied by members of the committee that have brought a bill to the floor for consideration and by the respective party leadership . Members address the House from microphones at any table or `` the well , '' the area immediately in front of the rostrum . Passage of legislation ( edit ) Per the constitution , the House determines the rules according to which it passes legislation . The rules are in principle open to change with each new Congress , but in practice each new session amends a standing set of rules built up over the history of the body in an early resolution published for public inspection . Before legislation reaches the floor of the House , the Rules Committee normally passes a rule to govern debate on that measure ( which then must be passed by the full House before it becomes effective ) . For instance , the committee determines if amendments to the bill are permitted . An `` open rule '' permits all germane amendments , but a `` closed rule '' restricts or even prohibits amendment . Debate on a bill is generally restricted to one hour , equally divided between the majority and minority parties . Each side is led during the debate by a `` floor manager '' , who allocates debate time to members who wish to speak . On contentious matters , many members may wish to speak ; thus , a member may receive as little as one minute , or even thirty seconds , to make his / her point . When debate concludes , the motion in question is put to a vote . In many cases , the House votes by voice vote ; the presiding officer puts the question , and members respond either `` yea '' or `` aye '' ( in favor of the motion ) or `` nay '' or `` no '' ( against the motion ) . The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote . A member may however challenge the presiding officer 's assessment and `` request the yeas and nays '' or `` request a recorded vote '' . The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one - fifth of the members present . In practice , however , members of congress second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy . Some votes are always recorded , such as those on the annual budget . A recorded vote may be taken in one of three different ways . One is electronically . Members use a personal identification card to record their votes at 46 voting stations in the chamber .", "19": "Votes are usually held in this way . A second mode of recorded vote is by teller . Members hand in colored cards to indicate their votes : green for `` yea '' , red for `` nay '' , and orange for `` present '' ( i.e. , to abstain ) . Teller votes are normally held only when electronic voting breaks down . Finally , the House may conduct a roll call vote . The Clerk reads the list of members of the House , each of whom announces their vote when their name is called . This procedure is only used rarely ( such as for the election of a Speaker ) because of the time consumed by calling over four hundred names . Voting traditionally lasts for , at most , fifteen minutes , but it may be extended if the leadership needs to `` whip '' more members into alignment . The 2003 vote on the prescription drug benefit was open for three hours , from 3 : 00 to 6 : 00 a.m. , to receive four additional votes , three of which were necessary to pass the legislation . The 2005 vote on the Central American Free Trade Agreement was open for one hour , from 11 : 00 p.m. to midnight . An October 2005 vote on facilitating refinery construction was kept open for forty minutes . Presiding officers may vote like other members . They may not , however , vote twice in the event of a tie ; rather , a tie vote defeats the motion . Committees ( edit ) Further information : United States congressional committee and List of current United States House of Representatives committees The House uses committees and their subcommittees for a variety of purposes , including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch . The appointment of committee members is formally made by the whole House , but the choice of members is actually made by the political parties . Generally , each party honors the preferences of individual members , giving priority on the basis of seniority . Historically , membership on committees has been in rough proportion to the party 's strength in the House as a whole , with two exceptions : on the Rules Committee , the majority party fills nine of the thirteen seats ; and on the Ethics Committee , each party has an equal number of seats . However , when party control in the House is closely divided , extra seats on committees are sometimes allocated to the majority party .", "20": "In the 109th Congress , for example , the Republicans controlled about 53 % of the House as a whole , but had 54 % of the Appropriations Committee members , 55 % of the members on the Energy and Commerce Committee , 58 % of the members on the Judiciary Committee , and 69 % of the members on the Rules Committee . The largest committee of the House is the Committee of the Whole , which , as its name suggests , consists of all members of the House . The Committee meets in the House chamber ; it may consider and amend bills , but may not grant them final passage . Generally , the debate procedures of the Committee of the Whole are more flexible than those of the House itself . One advantage of the Committee of the Whole is its ability to include otherwise non-voting members of Congress . Most committee work is performed by twenty standing committees , each of which has jurisdiction over a specific set of issues , such as Agriculture or Foreign Affairs . Each standing committee considers , amends , and reports bills that fall under its jurisdiction . Committees have extensive powers with regard to bills ; they may block legislation from reaching the floor of the House . Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch . In discharging their duties , standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence . The House also has one permanent committee that is not a standing committee , the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , and from time to time may establish committees that are temporary and advisory in nature , such as the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming . This latter committee , created in the 110th Congress and reauthorized for the 111th , has no jurisdiction over legislation and must be chartered anew at the start of every Congress . The House also appoints members to serve on joint committees , which include members of the Senate and House . Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies ; for instance , the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress . Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports ; for example , there exists a Joint Committee on Taxation . Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees . Hence , the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees . Each House committee and subcommittee is led by a chairman ( always a member of the majority party ) .", "21": "From 1910 to the 1970s , committee chairs were powerful . Woodrow Wilson in his classic study , suggested : Power is nowhere concentrated ; it is rather deliberately and of set policy scattered amongst many small chiefs . It is divided up , as it were , into forty - seven seigniories , in each of which a Standing Committee is the court - baron and its chairman lord - proprietor . These petty barons , some of them not a little powerful , but none of them within the reach of the full powers of rule , may at will exercise almost despotic sway within their own shires , and may sometimes threaten to convulse even the realm itself . From 1910 to 1975 committee and subcommittee chairmanship was determined purely by seniority ; congressmembers sometimes had to wait 30 years to get one , but their chairship was independent of party leadership . The rules were changed in 1975 to permit party caucuses to elect chairmen , shifting power upward to the party leaders . In 1995 , Republicans under Newt Gingrich set a limit of three two - year terms for committee chairs . The chairman 's powers are extensive ; he controls the committee / subcommittee agenda , and may prevent the committee from dealing with a bill . The senior member of the minority party is known as the Ranking Member . In some committees like Appropriations , partisan disputes are few . Legislative functions ( edit ) Most bills may be introduced in either House of Congress . However , the Constitution states , `` All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives '' . As a result of the Origination Clause , the Senate can not initiate bills imposing taxes . This provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the British Parliament , in which only the House of Commons may originate such measures . Furthermore , congressional tradition holds that the House of Representatives originates appropriation bills . Although it can not originate revenue bills , the Senate retains the power to amend or reject them . Woodrow Wilson wrote the following about appropriations bills : ( T ) he constitutional prerogative of the House has been held to apply to all the general appropriations bills , and the Senate 's right to amend these has been allowed the widest possible scope .", "22": "The upper house may add to them what it pleases ; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation , altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure , and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character . The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for a bill to become law . Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill ; if there are differences , they may be resolved by a conference committee , which includes members of both bodies . For the stages through which bills pass in the Senate , see Act of Congress . The President may veto a bill passed by the House and Senate . If he does , the bill does not become law unless each House , by a two - thirds vote , votes to override the veto . Checks and balances ( edit ) The Constitution provides that the Senate 's `` advice and consent '' is necessary for the President to make appointments and to ratify treaties . Thus , with its potential to frustrate Presidential appointments , the Senate is more powerful than the House . The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach federal officials for `` Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors '' and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments . The House may approve `` articles of impeachment '' by a simple majority vote ; however , a two - thirds vote is required for conviction in the Senate . A convicted official is automatically removed from office and may be disqualified from holding future office under the United States . No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings ; however , the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law . In the history of the United States , the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials , of whom seven were convicted . ( Another , Richard Nixon , resigned after the House Judiciary Committee passed articles of impeachment but before a formal impeachment vote by the full House . ) Only two Presidents of the United States have ever been impeached : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 . Both trials ended in acquittal ; in Johnson 's case , the Senate fell one vote short of the two - thirds majority required for conviction . Under the Twelfth Amendment , the House has the power to elect the President if no presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College .", "23": "The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . The Constitution provides that `` the votes shall be taken by states , the representation from each state having one vote . '' It is rare for no presidential candidate to receive a majority of electoral votes . In the history of the United States , the House has only had to choose a President twice . In 1800 , which was before the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment , it elected Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr . In 1824 , it elected John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson and William H. Crawford . ( If no vice-presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes , the Senate elects the Vice President from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . ) Latest election results and current party standings ( edit ) See also : United States House of Representatives elections , 2016 and 115th United States Congress Current standing ( edit ) Affiliation Members Delegates / resident commissioner ( non-voting ) State majorities Republican Party 237 32 Democratic Party 192 12 Independent 0 0 Vacant 6 0 Total 435 6 End of previous Congress ( edit ) Affiliation Members Delegates / resident commissioner ( non-voting ) State majorities Republican Party 246 0 Democratic Party 187 5 Independent 0 0 Vacant 0 Total 435 6 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal House Trade Working Group United States Presidents and control of Congress U.S. representative bibliography ( congressional memoirs ) Third - party members of the United States House of Representatives Women in the United States House of Representatives At - large References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : See Public Law 62 - 5 of 1911 , though Congress has the authority to change that number . The Reapportionment Act of 1929 capped the size of the House at 435 . Jump up ^ United States House of Representatives , Ballotpedia . Accessed November 23 , 2016 .", "24": "`` There are seven states with only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont and Wyoming . '' Jump up ^ Section 7 of Article 1 of the Constitution Jump up ^ Article 1 , Section 2 , and in the 12th Amendment Jump up ^ `` Party In Power -- Congress and Presidency -- A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 -- 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delegates of the Continental Congress Who Signed the United States Constitution '' , United States House of Representatives . Accessed February 19 , 2017 . `` While some believed the Articles should be ' corrected and enlarged as to accomplish the objects proposed by their institution , ' the Virginia Plan called for completely replacing it with a strong central government based on popular consent and proportional representation ... The Virginia Plan received support from states with large populations such as Pennsylvania , Massachusetts , and South Carolina . A number of smaller states , however , proposed the ' New Jersey Plan , ' drafted by William Paterson , which retained the essential features of the original Articles : a unicameral legislature where all states had equal representation , the appointment of a plural executive , and a supreme court of limited jurisdiction ... The committee 's report , dubbed the Great Compromise , ironed out many contentious points . It resolved the delegates ' sharpest disagreement by prescribing a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House and equal state representation in the Senate . After two more months of intense debates and revisions , the delegates produced the document we now know as the Constitution , which expanded the power of the central government while protecting the prerogatives of the states . '' Jump up ^ Neuman , Scott ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Obama , GOP Grapple With power shift '' . NPR . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Article I , Section 2 . Jump up ^ `` New House Majority Introduces Rules Changes '' . NPR . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See H. Res. 78 , passed January 24 , 2007 .", "25": "On April 19 , 2007 , the House of Representatives passed the DC House Voting Rights Act of 2007 , a bill `` to provide for the treatment of the District of Columbia as a Congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives , and for other purposes '' by a vote of 241 -- 177 . That bill proposes to increase the House membership by two , making 437 members , by converting the District of Columbia delegate into a member , and ( until the 2010 census ) grant one membership to Utah , which is the state next in line to receive an additional district based on its population after the 2000 Census . The bill was under consideration in the U.S. Senate during the 2007 session . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c `` no district to elect more than one Representative '' Jump up ^ `` Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act '' . Civil Rights Division Voting FAQ . US Dept. of Justice . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bazelon , Emily ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Supreme Court may gut the Voting Rights Act and make gerrymandering much worse '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Eaton , Whitney M. ( May 2006 ) . `` Where Do We Draw the Line ? Partisan Gerrymandering and the State of Texas '' . University of Richmond Law Review . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burt Neuborne Madison 's Music : On Reading the First Amendment , The New Press 2015 Jump up ^ David Cole , ' Free Speech , Big Money , Bad Elections , ' in New York Review of Books , November 5 , 2015 pp. 24 - 25 p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Qualifications of Members of Congress '' . Onecle Inc . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See Powell v. McCormack , a U.S. Supreme Court case from 1969 Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c ^ Jump up to : Schaller , Thomas ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Multi-Member Districts : Just a Thing of the Past ? ''", "26": ". University of Virginia Center for Politics . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 1967 Single - Member District Mandate '' . fairvote.org . Jump up ^ `` Expulsion , Censure , Reprimand , and Fine : Legislative Discipline in the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Senate Legislative Process , U.S. Senate . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Legislative Branch Archived January 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , The White House . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Salaries and Benefits of U.S. Congress Members '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brudnick , Ida A. ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schaffer v. Clinton Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service . `` Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress '' . CRS Report for Congress . United States Senate . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Annie L. Mach & Ada S. Cornell , Health Benefits for Members of Congress and Certain Congressional Staff , Congressional Research Service , February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( September 27 , 2017 ) . Members ' Representational Allowance : History and Usage ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 24 October 2017 .", "27": "^ Jump up to : Brudnick , Ida . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Article I , Legal Information Institute , Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Rostrum '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Historian . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Explore Capitol Hill : House Chamber '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2006 ) . The Congress of the United States : A Student Companion ( 3 ed . ) . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 9780195309249 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Lowenthal , Alan . `` Congress U '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` What 's in the House Chamber '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Access to Congress '' . Digital Media Law Project . Berkman Center for Internet and Society . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` U.S. House of Representatives '' . The District . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Susan ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Not everyone is a fan of C - SPAN cameras in Congress '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Training : Roadblocks at the Final Legislative Stages '' . House of Representatives . Republican Committee on Rules . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Larchuk , Travis ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Passing One Of Many , Many Gavels '' . NPR . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Hopper '' .", "28": "U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Historian . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` Legislative FAQ : 7 . How do Representatives introduce bills ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bedini , Silvio ( 1997 ) . The Mace and the Gavel : Symbols of Government in America , Volume 87 , Part 4 . Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society . pp. 23 -- 26 . ISBN 0871698749 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CRS Annotated Constitution '' . Cornell University Law School . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ House Practice : A Guide to the Rules , Precedents and Procedures of the House , Chapter 43 : Quorums . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 733 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Legislative FAQ : 6 . How do Representatives obtain permission to speak ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives The House Floor '' . Clerk.house.gov . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The House Explained '' . House.gov . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sessions , Pete . `` About the Committee on Rules -- History and Processes '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Committee on Rules . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : House Practice : A Guide to the Rules , Precedents and Procedures of the House , Chapter 58 . Voting . U.S. Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . `` The Legislative Process : House Floor '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 .", "29": "Jump up ^ Singer , Michelle ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Under the Influence '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry , Ed ; Barrett , Ted ( July 28 , 2005 ) . `` House narrowly approves CAFTA '' . CNN . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Refinery Bill Passes Amid Partisan Split '' . FOX News . Associated Press . October 8 , 2005 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sidlow , Edward ; Henschen , Beth ( 2009 ) . America at Odds , Alternate Edition ( 6 ed . ) . Belmont , California : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . p. 246 . ISBN 0495503703 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://rules.house.gov/110/comm_history.html Archived July 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rules -- Committee on Standards of Official Conduct '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics ( 1885 , Boston : Houghton , Mifflin ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Woodrow . Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics , pp. 155 -- 156 ( Transaction Publishers 2002 ) ( quotation marks omitted ) . Jump up ^ The one independent delegate , Gregorio Sablan , caucused with the Democrats Surveys ( edit ) Currie , James T . The United States House of Representatives . Krieger , 1988 . MacNeil , Neil ( 1963 ) . Forge of Democracy : The House of Representatives . New York : D. McKay . Peters , Ronald M. , Jr ( 1997 ) . The American Speakership : The Office in Historical Perspective ( 2nd ed . ) . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5758 - 9 . Polsby , Nelson W. ( 2004 ) .", "30": "How Congress Evolves : Social Bases of Institutional Change . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516195 - 5 . Poole , Keith T. ; Howard Rosenthal ( 1997 ) . Congress : A Political - Economic History of Roll Call Voting . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514242 - X . Remini , Robert V. ( 2006 ) . The House : The History of the House of Representatives . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 088434 - 7 . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1983 ) . Majority Leadership in the U.S. House . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2933 - X . Julian E. Zelizer , ed. ( 2004 ) . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy . New York : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Notes ( edit ) Abramowitz , Alan I. ; Saunders , Kyle L. ( 1998 ) . Ideological Realignment in the US Electorate. 60 . Journal of Politics . pp. 634 -- 652 . Adler , E. Scott ( 2002 ) . Why Congressional Reforms Fail : Reelection and the House Committee System ... Univ. of Chicago Press . Albert , Carl ; Goble , Danney ( 1990 ) . Little Giant : The Life and Times of Speaker Carl Albert . Univ. of Oklahoma Press . , Speaker in the 1970s Barone , Michael ; Ujifusa , Grant ( 2005 ) . The Almanac of American Politics 2006 : The Senators , the Representatives and the Governors : Their Records and Election Results , Their States and Districts . , Published every two years since 1975 ; enormous detail on every state and district and member . Barry , John M. ( 1989 ) . The Ambition and the Power : The Fall of Jim Wright . A True Story of Washington . Viking .", "31": ", Speaker in the 1980s Berard , Stanley P. ( 2001 ) . Southern Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of Oklahoma Press . Berman , Daniel M. ( 1964 ) . In Congress Assembled : The Legislative Process in the National Government . London : The Macmillan Company . , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress , 1774 -- 2005 . Washington : Government Printing Office . 2005 . , Prepared by the Office of the Clerk , Office of History and Preservation , United States House of Representatives . Contains biographical entries for every Member of Congress . Also online at Biographical Directory . Brady , David W. ( 1973 ) . Congressional Voting in a Partisan Era : A Study of the McKinley Houses and a Comparison to the Modern House of Representatives . Univ . Press of Kansas . Brady , David W. ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 2002 ) . Party , Process , and Political Change in Congress : New Perspectives on the History of Congress . Congressional Quarterly , massive , highly detailed summary of Congressional activity , and major executive and judicial decisions ; based on Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report and the annual CQ almanac .", "32": "Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1945 -- 1964 ( 1965 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1965 -- 1968 ( 1969 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1969 -- 1972 ( 1973 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1973 -- 1976 ( 1977 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1977 -- 1980 ( 1981 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1981 -- 1984 ( 1985 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1985 -- 1988 ( 1989 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1989 -- 1992 ( 1993 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1993 -- 1996 ( 1998 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1997 -- 2001 ( 2002 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 2001 -- 2004 : A Review of Government and Politics : 107th and 108th Congresses ( 2005 ) Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to Congress ( 5th ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Press . 2000 . , Cooper , Joseph ( 1970 ) . The Origins of the Standing Committees and the Development of the Modern House . Rice Univ . Press . Cox , Gary W. ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 1993 ) . Legislative Leviathan : Party Government in the House . Univ. of California Press . DeGregorio , Christine A. ( 1997 ) . Networks of Champions : Leadership , Access , and Advocacy in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of Michigan Press . Dierenfield , Bruce J. ( 1987 ) . Keeper of the Rules : Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia . Univ . Press of Virginia . , leader of Conservative coalition 1940 -- 66 Farrell , John A. ( 2001 ) . Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century . Little , Brown .", "33": ", Democratic Speaker in the 1980s Gertzog , Irwin J. ( 1984 ) . Congressional Women : Their Recruitment , Treatment , and Behavior . Praeger . Hardeman , D.B. ; Bacon , Donald C. ( 1987 ) . Rayburn : A Biography . Texas Monthly Press . Hatzenbuehler , Ronald L. ( 1972 ) . `` Party Unity and the Decision for War in the House of Representatives in 1812 '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 29 : 367 -- 90 . doi : 10.2307 / 1923870 . Hechler , Ken ( 1980 ) . Toward the Endless Frontier : History of the Committee on Science and Technology , 1959 -- 79 . Washington : Government Printing Office . Henig , Gerald S. ( 1973 ) . Henry Winter Davis : Antebellum and Civil War Congressman from Maryland . , Radical leader in Civil War era Hibbing , John R. ( 1991 ) . Congressional Careers : Contours of Life in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of North Carolina Press . Jacobs , John ( 1995 ) . A Rage for Justice : The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton . Univ. of California Press . , leader of liberal Democrats in the 1970s Jacobson , Gary C. ( 1990 ) . The Electoral Origins of Divided Government : Competition in U.S. House Elections , 1946 -- 1988 . Westview . Kiewiet , D. Roderick ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 1991 ) . The Logic of Delegation : Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process . Univ. of Chicago Press . Klingman , Peter D. ( 1976 ) . Josiah Walls : Florida 's Black Congressman of Reconstruction . Univ . Press of Florida . Grant de Pauw , Linda ; Bickford , Charlene Bangs ; Bowling , Kenneth R. , eds. ( 1992 -- 2006 ) .", "34": "Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America , March 4 , 1789 -- March 3 , 1791 . , 14 volumes of primary documents Lowitt , Richard ( 1963 ) . George W. Norris : The Making of a Progressive , 1861 -- 1912 . 1 . Syracuse Univ . Press . , leader of Republican insurgents in 1910 Margulies , Herbert F. ( 1996 ) . Reconciliation and Revival : James R. Mann and the House Republicans in the Wilson Era ... Greenwood . Merriner , James L. ( 1999 ) . Mr. Chairman : Power in Dan Rostenkowski 's America . Southern Illinois Univ . Press . Patterson , James ( 1967 ) . Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal : The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress , 1933 -- 39 . Price , David E. ( 1992 ) . The Congressional Experience : A View from the Hill . Westview . , Political scientist who served in House . Remini , Robert V. ( 1992 ) . Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ... Speaker for most of 1811 -- 1825 Rohde , David W. ( 1991 ) . Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House . Univ. of Chicago Press . Rohde , David W. ; Shepsle , Kenneth A. ( 1987 ) . `` Leaders and Followers in the House of Representatives : Reflections on Woodrow Wilson 's Congressional Government '' . Congress & the Presidency. 14 . Schickler , Eric ( 2001 ) . Disjointed Pluralism : Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress . Schooley , C. Herschel ( 1977 ) . Missouri 's Cannon in the House . Marceline , Missouri : Walsworth . , Chaired Appropriations in the 1960s Shelley II , Mack C. ( 1983 ) . The Permanent Majority : The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1982 ) .", "35": "Congressional Realignment , 1925 -- 1978 . Univ. of Texas Press . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1995 ) . Legislators , Leaders , and Lawmaking : The U.S. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era . Johns Hopkins Univ . Press . Steinberg , Alfred ( 1975 ) . Sam Rayburn : A Biography . Hawthorn . , popular biography Stewart , Charles H. , III ( 1989 ) . Budget Reform Politics : The Design of the Appropriations Process in the House of Representatives , 1865 -- 1921 . Cambridge Univ . Press . Story , Joseph ( 1891 ) . Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States ( 2 vol . ) . Boston : Brown & Little . Strahan , Randall ; Moscardelli , Vincent G. ( 2000 ) . `` The Clay Speakership Revisited '' . Polity. 32 ( 4 ) : 561 -- 593 . doi : 10.2307 / 3235293 . , uses roll call analysis Strahan , Randall ( 1990 ) . New Ways and Means : Reform and Change in a Congressional Committee . Univ. of North Carolina Press . Trefousse , Hans L. ( 1997 ) . Thaddeus Stevens : Nineteenth - Century Egalitarian . , majority leader in the 1860s VanBeek , Stephen D. ( 1995 ) . Post-Passage Politics : Bicameral Resolution in Congress . Univ. of Pittsburgh Press . Waller , Robert A. ( 1977 ) . Rainey of Illinois : A Political Biography , 1903 -- 34 . Univ. of Illinois Press . , Democratic Speaker 1932 -- 1934 Wilson , Woodrow ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . , Zelizer , Julian E. ( 2006 ) . On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences , 1948 -- 2000 .", "36": "External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States House of Representatives '' dated August 4 , 2006 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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2 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 20 '' N 77 ° 0 ′ 32 '' W / 38.88889 ° N 77.00889 ° W / 38.88889 ; - 77.00889 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_of_Representatives&oldid=838132057 '' Categories : United States House of Representatives National lower houses Hidden categories :", "44": "Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2017 Infobox legislature with background color Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Languages Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina", "45": "Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 61 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 03 : 43 . 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-8739645595476354324	where was the first t20 cricket match played	[ "Lord's", "in 2003 for the inter-county competition in England and Wales", "Lord's", "Lord's, on 15 July 2004 between Middlesex and Surrey" ]	{ "0": "Twenty20 - wikipedia Twenty20 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the sport of cricket ; `` Twenty20 '' , the professional version of the game . For details on amateur twenty over cricket , see Short form cricket . For the Malayalam film , see Twenty : 20 ( film ) . For other uses , see 2020 ( disambiguation ) . A Twenty20 match between England and Sri Lanka at the Hampshire Rose Bowl on 15 June 2006 Twenty20 cricket , sometimes written Twenty - 20 , and often abbreviated to T20 , is a short form of cricket . At the professional level , it was originally introduced by the England and Wales Cricket Board ( ECB ) in 2003 for the inter-county competition in England and Wales . In a Twenty20 game the two teams have a single innings each , which is restricted to a maximum of 20 overs . Together with first - class and List A cricket , Twenty20 is one of the three current forms of cricket recognised by the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) as being at the highest international or domestic level . A typical Twenty20 game is completed in about three hours , with each innings lasting around 75 -- 90 minutes and a 10 -- 20 - minute interval . This is much shorter than previously - existing forms of the game , and is closer to the timespan of other popular team sports . It was introduced to create a fast - paced form of the game which would be attractive to spectators at the ground and viewers on television . Since its inception the game has been very successful resulting in its spread around the cricket world . On most international tours there is at least one Twenty20 match and all Test - playing nations have a domestic cup competition . The inaugural ICC World Twenty20 was played in South Africa in 2007 with India winning by five runs against Pakistan in the final . Pakistan won the second tournament in 2009 , and England won the title in the West Indies 2010 . West Indies won in 2012 , with Sri Lanka winning the 2014 tournament . West Indies are the reigning champions , winning the 2016 competition , and in doing so , became the first nation to win the tournament twice .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Spread worldwide 1.3 Twenty20 Internationals 1.4 Impact on the game 2 Match format and rules 2.1 Format 2.2 General rules 2.3 Tie deciders 3 International 3.1 T20 International rankings 4 Domestic 5 Records 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Former England batsman Andrew Strauss batting for Middlesex against Surrey When the Benson & Hedges Cup ended in 2002 , the ECB needed another one day competition to fill its place . Cricketing authorities were looking to boost the game 's popularity with the younger generation in response to dwindling crowds and reduced sponsorship . It was intended to deliver fast paced , exciting cricket accessible to thousands of fans who were put off by the longer versions of the game . Stuart Robertson , the marketing manager of the ECB , proposed a 20 over per innings game to county chairmen in 2001 and they voted 11 -- 7 in favour of adopting the new format . The first official Twenty20 matches were played on 13 June 2003 between the English counties in the Twenty20 Cup . The first season of Twenty20 in England was a relative success , with the Surrey Lions defeating the Warwickshire Bears by 9 wickets in the final to claim the title . The first Twenty20 match held at Lord 's , on 15 July 2004 between Middlesex and Surrey , attracted a crowd of 27,509 , the highest attendance for any county cricket game at the ground -- other than a one - day final -- since 1953 . Spread worldwide ( edit ) Thirteen teams from different parts of the country participated in Pakistan 's inaugural competition in 2004 , with Faisalabad Wolves the first winners . On 12 January 2005 Australia 's first Twenty20 game was played at the WACA Ground between the Western Warriors and the Victorian Bushrangers . It drew a sell - out crowd of 20,000 , which was the first time in nearly 25 years the ground had been completely sold out . Starting 11 July 2006 19 West Indies regional teams competed in what was named the Stanford 20 / 20 tournament .", "2": "The event was financially backed by billionaire Allen Stanford , who gave at least US $28,000,000 funding money . It was intended that the tournament would be an annual event . Guyana won the inaugural event , defeating Trinidad and Tobago by 5 wickets , securing US $1,000,000 in prize money . On 5 January 2007 Queensland Bulls played the New South Wales Blues at The Gabba , Brisbane . A crowd of 11,000 was expected based on pre-match ticket sales . However , an unexpected 16,000 turned up on the day to buy tickets , causing disruption and confusion for surprised Gabba staff as they were forced to throw open gates and grant many fans free entry . Attendance reached 27,653 . For 1 February 2008 Twenty20 match between Australia and India , 85,824 people attended the match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground involving the Twenty20 World Champions against the ODI World Champions . The Stanford Super Series was held in October 2008 between Middlesex and Trinidad and Tobago , the respective winners of the English and Caribbean Twenty20 competitions , and a Stanford Superstars team formed from West Indies domestic players ; Trinidad and Tobago won the competition , securing US $280,000 prize money . On 1 November , the Stanford Superstars played England in what was expected to be the first of five fixtures in as many years with the winner claiming a US $20,000,000 in each match . The Stanford Superstars won the first match , however no further fixtures were held as Allen Stanford was charged with fraud in 2009 . Twenty20 Internationals ( edit ) Main articles : Twenty20 International and Women 's Twenty20 International The first Twenty20 International match was held on 5 August 2004 between the England and New Zealand women 's teams with New Zealand winning by nine runs On 17 February 2005 Australia defeated New Zealand in the first men 's full international Twenty20 match , played at Eden Park in Auckland . The game was played in a light - hearted manner -- both sides turned out in kit similar to that worn in the 1980s , the New Zealand team 's a direct copy of that worn by the Beige Brigade .", "3": "Some of the players also sported moustaches / beards and hair styles popular in the 1980s taking part in a competition amongst themselves for best retro look , at the request of the Beige Brigade . Australia won the game comprehensively , and as the result became obvious towards the end of the NZ innings , the players and umpires took things less seriously -- Glenn McGrath jokingly replayed the Trevor Chappell underarm incident from a 1981 ODI between the two sides , and Billy Bowden showed him a mock red card ( red cards are not normally used in cricket ) in response . The first Twenty20 international in England was played between England and Australia at the Rose Bowl in Hampshire on 13 June 2005 , which England won by a margin of 100 runs , a record victory which lasted until 2007 . On 9 January 2006 Australia and South Africa met in the first international Twenty20 game in Australia . In a first , each player 's nickname appeared on the back of his uniform , rather than his surname . The international match drew a crowd of 38,894 people at The Gabba . Australia convincingly won the match with man of the match Damien Martyn scoring 96 runs . On 16 February 2006 New Zealand defeated West Indies in a tie - breaking bowl - out 3 -- 0 ; 126 runs were scored apiece in the game proper . The game was the last international match played by Chris Cairns -- NZC handed out life - size cardboard masks of his face to patrons as they entered the ground . Every two years an ICC World Twenty20 tournament is to take place , except in the event of an ICC Cricket World Cup being scheduled in the same year , in which case it will be held the year before . The first tournament was in 2007 in South Africa where India defeated Pakistan in the final . Two Associate teams had played in the first tournament , selected through the 2007 ICC World Cricket League Division One , a 50 - over competition . In December 2007 it was decided to hold a qualifying tournament with a 20 - over format to better prepare the teams . With six participants , two would qualify for the 2009 World Twenty20 and would each receive $250,000 in prize money .", "4": "The second tournament was won by Pakistan who beat Sri Lanka by 8 wickets in England on 21 June 2009 . The 2010 ICC World Twenty20 tournament was held in West Indies in May 2010 , where England defeated Australia by 7 wickets . The 2012 ICC World Twenty20 was won by the West - Indies , by defeating Sri Lanka at the finals . It was the first time in Cricket history when a T20 World Cup tournament took place in an Asian country . The 2014 ICC World Twenty20 was won by Sri Lanka , by defeating India at the finals , where the tournament was held in Bangladesh . The 2016 ICC World Twenty20 was won by West - Indies , by defeating England at the finals , where the tournament was held in India . Impact on the game ( edit ) Twenty20 matches can have some exciting displays such as when the batsmen run out to the pitch Twenty20 cricket is claimed to have resulted in a more athletic and explosive form of cricket . Indian fitness coach Ramji Srinivasan declared in an interview with the Indian fitness website Takath.com , that Twenty20 had `` raised the bar '' in terms of fitness levels for all players , demanding higher levels of strength , speed , agility and reaction time from all players regardless of role in the team . Matthew Hayden credited retirement from international cricket with aiding his performance in general and fitness in particular in the Indian Premier League . In June 2009 , speaking at the annual Cowdrey Lecture at Lord 's , former Australian wicketkeeper Adam Gilchrist pushed for Twenty20 to be made an Olympic sport . `` It would , '' he said , `` be difficult to see a better , quicker or cheaper way of spreading the game throughout the world . '' Match format and Rules ( edit ) Format ( edit ) Twenty20 match format is a form of limited overs cricket in that it involves two teams , each with a single innings , the key feature being that each team bats for a maximum of 20 overs . In terms of visual format , the batting team members do not arrive from and depart to traditional dressing rooms , but come and go from a bench ( typically a row of chairs ) visible in the playing arena , analogous to association football 's technical area or a baseball dugout .", "5": "Middlesex playing against Surrey at Lord 's , in front of a 28,000 - strong crowd General Rules ( edit ) The Laws of cricket apply to Twenty20 , with some exceptions : Each bowler may bowl a maximum of only one - fifth of the total overs per innings . For a full , uninterrupted match , this is 4 overs . If a bowler delivers a no ball by overstepping the popping crease , it costs 1 run and his next delivery is designated a `` free - hit '' . In this circumstance the batsman can only be dismissed through a run out , hitting the ball twice , obstructing the field or handling the ball . The following fielding restrictions apply : No more than five fielders can be on the leg side at any time . During the first six overs , a maximum of two fielders can be outside the 30 - yard circle ( this is known as the powerplay ) . After the first six overs , a maximum of five fielders can be outside the fielding circle . If the fielding team does not start to bowl their 20th over within 75 minutes , the batting side is credited an extra six runs for every whole over bowled after the 75 - minute mark ; the umpire may add more time to this if he believes the batting team is wasting time . Tie deciders ( edit ) Main article : Super Over Currently , if the match ends with the scores tied and there must be a winner , the tie is broken with a one over per side Eliminator or Super Over : Each team nominates three batsmen and one bowler to play a one - over per side `` mini-match '' . The team which bats second in the match bats first in the Super Over . In turn , each side bats one over bowled by the one nominated opposition bowler , with their innings over if they lose two wickets before the over is completed . The side with the higher score from their Super Over wins . If the super over also ends up in a tie , the team that has scored the most boundaries ( 4s + 6s ) in the 20 overs wins .", "6": "In the Australian domestic competition the Big Bash League the Super Over is played slightly differently , with no 2 - wicket limit , and if the super over is also tied then a `` countback '' is used , with scores after the fifth ball for each team being used to determine the result . If it is still tied , then the countback goes to 4 balls and so on . The latest Super Over to decide a match was between the Sydney Sixers winning against the Brisbane Heat on the 25th January 2017 , in the Big Bash League at the Brisbane Cricket Ground , with the Sixers winning 0 / 22 to 0 / 15 in the Super Over after tying on 164 . Tied Twenty20 matches were previously decided by a bowl - out . International ( edit ) Main articles : Twenty20 International and Women 's Twenty20 International Women 's and men 's Twenty20 Internationals have been played since 2004 and 2005 respectively . To date , 20 nations have played the format , including all test playing nations . This considers only matches between teams with Twenty20 International status , which is limited by the International Cricket Council to a small number of top teams .", "7": "Nation Date of men 's T20I debut Date of women 's T20I debut Australia 17 February 2005 2 September 2005 New Zealand 17 February 2005 5 August 2004 England 13 June 2005 5 August 2004 South Africa 21 October 2005 10 August 2007 West Indies 16 February 2006 27 June 2008 Sri Lanka 15 June 2006 12 June 2009 Pakistan 28 August 2006 25 May 2009 Bangladesh 28 November 2006 27 August 2012 Zimbabwe 28 November 2006 India 1 December 2006 5 August 2006 Kenya 1 September 2007 Scotland 12 September 2007 Netherlands 2 August 2008 27 June 2008 Ireland 2 August 2008 27 June 2008 Canada 2 August 2008 Bermuda 3 August 2008 Afghanistan 2 February 2010 Nepal 16 March 2014 Hong Kong 16 March 2014 United Arab Emirates 17 March 2014 Oman 25 July 2015 T20 international rankings ( edit ) Main article : ICC World Twenty20 rankings In November 2011 , the ICC released the first Twenty20 International rankings for the men 's game , based on the same system as the Test and ODI rankings . The rankings cover a 2 to 3 - year period , with matches since the most recent 1 August weighted fully , matches in the preceding 12 months weighted two - thirds , and matches in the 12 months preceding that weighted one - third . To qualify for the rankings , teams must have played at least eight Twenty20 Internationals in the ranking period .", "8": "ICC T20I Championship Rank Team Matches Points Rating New Zealand 13 1,625 125 Pakistan 20 2,417 121 West Indies 20 2,395 120 England 17 2,029 119 5 India 22 2,545 116 6 Australia 15 1,665 111 7 South Africa 18 1,983 110 8 Sri Lanka 21 1,961 93 9 Afghanistan 25 2,157 86 10 Bangladesh 15 1,168 78 11 Scotland 11 737 67 12 Zimbabwe 13 842 65 13 United Arab Emirates 16 827 52 14 Netherlands 9 441 49 15 Hong Kong 13 599 46 16 Papua New Guinea 6 235 39 17 Oman 9 345 38 18 Ireland 15 534 36 Reference : ICC rankings for Tests , ODIs , Twenty20 & Women , 10 October 2017 `` Matches '' is the number of matches played in the 12 - 24 months since the May before last , plus half the number in the 24 months before that . The ICC do not maintain a separate Twenty20 ranking for the women 's game , instead aggregating performance over all three forms of the game into one overall women 's teams ranking . Domestic ( edit ) An Indian Premier League match commencing at the Chepauk Stadium between Chennai Super Kings and Kolkata Knight Riders Perth Scorchers taking on Hobart Hurricanes at the WACA during BBL 01 ( 2011 ) Main article : List of domestic Twenty20 cricket competitions This is a list of the current Twenty20 domestic competitions in several of the leading cricket countries .", "9": "Country Domestic Competition Number of Teams Afghanistan Shpageeza Cricket League 6 Australia Big Bash League 8 Bangladesh Bangladesh Premier League 8 England NatWest t20 Blast 18 Hong Kong Hong Kong T20 Blitz 5 India Indian Premier League 8 Ireland Inter-Provincial Trophy Netherlands Dutch Twenty20 Cup 16 Nepal Everest Premier League , Dhangadhi Premier League 6 , 6 New Zealand Super Smash 6 Pakistan Pakistan Super League 5 Scotland Regional Pro Series South Africa Ram Slam T20 Challenge , T20 Global League 6 , 8 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Premier League 7 West Indies Caribbean Premier League 6 Zimbabwe Stanbic Bank 20 Series Records ( edit ) Main article : List of Twenty20 cricket records See also : List of Twenty20 International records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The first official T20 in 2003 '' . Jump up ^ `` India hold their nerve to win thriller '' . ESPNcricinfo. 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Afridi fifty seals title for Pakistan '' . ESPNcricinfo. 21 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Newman , Paul ; Meet the man who invented Twenty20 cricket -- the man missing out on millions ; Daily Mail ; 11 June 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 Jump up ^ Matches played 13 June 2003 ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 9 June 2008 Jump up ^ Twenty20 Cup , 2003 , Final -- Surrey v Warwickshire ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 9 June 2008 Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 25 May 2009 ) . `` Usman Afzaal gives Surrey winning start but absent fans fuel concerns '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sellout at WACA for Twenty20 match '' . ESPNcricinfo. 12 January 2005 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guyana crowned Stanford 20 / 20 champions '' . ESPNcricinfo. 14 August 2006 .", "10": "Jump up ^ `` Dates for Stanford Twenty20 announced '' . The Jamaica Observer. 9 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Gabba fans let in for free '' . Cricket20.com . Jump up ^ `` India crash to nine - wicket defeat '' . ESPNcricinfo. 1 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Udal leads Middlesex for Stanford '' . ESPNcricinfo. 3 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 27 October 2008 ) . `` Ramdin leads T&T to big - money glory '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 1 November 2008 ) . `` Gayle leads Superstars to millions '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US tycoon charged over $8 bn fraud '' . BBC News . 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Andrew ( 6 August 2004 ) . `` Revolution at the seaside '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 24 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Team records / Largest margin of victory ( by runs ) '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier to be held in Ireland '' . ESPNcricinfo. 13 December 2007 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` An interview with Ramji Srinivasan '' . Takath.com. 19 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hayden heroics shining light of IPL '' . The Canberra Times . 13 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Booth , Lawrence . `` Myths ; And stereotypes . '' The Spin , 30 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bringing back fences could help even up the contest between bat and ball , and ensure that all sixes are genuine '' .", "11": "Jump up ^ `` Twenty20 Rules '' . CricketWorld4U . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One - over eliminator could replace bowl - out '' . cricinfo.com cricinfo.com. 27 June 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Windies edge NZ in Twenty20 thriller '' . abc.net.au Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 26 December 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Benn stars in thrilling tie '' . cricinfo.com cricinfo.com. 26 December 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vettori opposes Super Over '' . cricinfo.com cricinfo.com. 26 December 2008 . Retrieved 5 February 2009 . Jump up ^ The Explainer ( 13 January 2009 ) . `` One1 '' . cricinfo.com cricinfo.com . Retrieved 5 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` KFC T20 Big Bash League : Rules '' . KFC T20 Big Bash League . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recap : Big Bash second Semi Final : Sydney Sixers v Brisbane Heat '' . news.com.au. 25 January 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Over to replace bowl out '' . ESPN CricInfo. 27 October 2008 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ICC Team Rankings Archived 16 January 2012 at WebCite Jump up ^ Kendix , David . ICC rankings for Tests , ODIs , Twenty20 & Women . ESPN Cricinfo . ESPN Sports Media Ltd . Jump up ^ `` ICC Women 's Team Rankings launched '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twenty20 cricket . Cricinfo -- Twenty20 records ICC World Twenty20 Tournaments South Africa 2007 England 2009 West Indies 2010 Sri", "12": "Lanka 2012 Bangladesh 2014 India 2016 TBA 2018 Australia 2020 Qualifying 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Finals 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Squads 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Statistics 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Awards Format History Hosts Qualification Records Centuries Teams Officials Trophy Forms of cricket International Test cricket One Day International Twenty20 International Domestic First - class cricket Limited overs cricket List A cricket Twenty20 Club cricket Indoor Indoor cricket Indoor cricket ( UK variant ) Others Single Wicket Double Wicket French cricket Backyard or street cricket Kwik cricket Blind cricket Deaf cricket Kilikiti Trobriand cricket Short form cricket Tape ball cricket Tennis ball cricket Beach cricket Ice cricket Windball cricket Twenty20 cricket leagues Current International Cricket All - Stars Asia Shpageeza Cricket League ( Afghanistan ) Bangladesh Premier League ( Bangladesh ) Hong Kong T20 Blitz ( Hong Kong ) Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy ( India ) Indian Premier League ( India ) Celebrity Cricket League ( India )", "13": "Everest Premier League ( Nepal ) National Twenty20 Cup ( Pakistan ) Pakistan Super League ( Pakistan ) Super T20 Provincial Tournament ( Sri Lanka ) Oceania Big Bash League ( Australia ) Women 's Big Bash League ( Australia ) Super Smash ( New Zealand ) Europe NatWest t20 Blast ( England & Wales ) Women 's Cricket Super League ( England ) Interprovincial Twenty20 Cup ( Ireland ) Dutch Twenty20 Cup ( Netherlands ) Murgitroyd Twenty20 ( Scotland ) Regional Pro Series ( Scotland ) Africa Africa T20 Cup ( South Africa ) Ram Slam T20 Challenge ( South Africa ) CSA Provincial Twenty20 ( South Africa ) Stanbic Bank 20 Series ( Zimbabwe ) T20 Global League ( South Africa ) Americas Caribbean Premier League ( West Indies ) American Twenty20 Championship ( USA ) Defunct Faysal Bank Super Eight T20 Cup ( Pakistan ) International 20 : 20 Club Championship ( International ) Inter-State T20 Championship ( India ) East Africa Premier League ( Kenya & Uganda ) Indian Cricket League ( India ) Twenty20 Tournament ( Sri Lanka ) Pro Cricket ( United States ) Caribbean Twenty20 ( West Indies ) Stanford 20 / 20 ( West Indies ) Stanford Super Series ( West Indies / England ) Twenty20 Cup ( England ) North Sea Pro20 ( Scotland / Netherlands ) American Premier League ( United States ) KFC Twenty20 Big Bash ( Australia ) Australian Women 's Twenty20 Cup ( Australia ) National Cricket League ( Bangladesh ) National Elite League Twenty20 ( Kenya ) Sri Lanka Premier League ( Sri Lanka ) CIBC National Cricket League ( Canada ) Etisalat Sixes T20 Tournament ( Afghanistan ) Champions League Twenty20 ( International ) Ramadan T20 Cup ( Pakistan ) Masters Champions League ( United Arab Emirates ) Team sports", "14": "Sport Governing bodies Sportspeople National sport Basket sports Basketball beach deaf 3x3 water wheelchair Cestoball Korfball Netball Fast5 indoor wheelchair Rezball Ringball Slamball Football codes Association football amputee beach freestyle Futsal indoor Jorkyball paralympic powerchair roller street walking Australian rules football Lightning football Metro footy Nine - a-side Rec footy Gaelic football Ladies ' Circle rules football Gridiron codes American football eight - man flag nine - man six - man sprint touch wheelchair Canadian football Indoor American football Arena football Hybrid codes Austus Eton wall game International rules football Samoa rules Speedball Swedish football Universal football Volata Medieval football codes Ba game Caid Calcio fiorentino Camping Cnapan Cornish hurling Cuju Harpastum Kemari Ki - o - rahi Jegichagi La soule Lelo burti Marn grook Pasuckuakohowog Royal Shrovetide Uppies and downies Yubi lakpi Rugby codes Beach Rugby league masters mod nines sevens tag wheelchair Rugby union American flag mini sevens snow tag touch tens Touch Wheelchair", "15": "Bat - and - ball games Baseball Brännboll British baseball Corkball Cricket One Day Test Twenty20 Danish longball Indoor cricket Kickball Lapta Matball Oină Over-the - line Pesäpallo Rounders Softball Fastpitch Stickball Stoolball Town ball Vigoro Wiffle ball Wireball Stick and ball sports Bando Cammag Hurling Camogie Super11s Shinty -- Hurling Indigenous North American stickball Iomain Knattleikr Knotty Lacrosse box / indoor field intercrosse women 's Ritinis Shinty Shinty -- Hurling Hockey sports Ball hockey Bandy rink Broomball Moscow Field hockey indoor Floor hockey Floorball Ice hockey pond power ice sledge underwater Ringette Rinkball Roller hockey in - 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8846142125131602541	which us ship was captured off the coast of massachusetts by the british	[ "USS Chesapeake", "USS Chesapeake", "USS Chesapeake", "USS Chesapeake", "USS Chesapeake" ]	{ "0": "Capture of USS Chesapeake - wikipedia Capture of USS Chesapeake Jump to : navigation , search Capture of USS Chesapeake Part of the War of 1812 The Brilliant Achievement of the Shannon ... in boarding and capturing the United States Frigate Chesapeake off Boston , 1 June 1813 in fifteen minutes by W. Elmes . Date 1 June 1813 Location off Boston , Massachusetts , Boston Harbor , Atlantic Ocean Result British victory Belligerents United Kingdom United States Commanders and leaders Philip Broke James Lawrence † Strength 1 38 - gun frigate 330 Sailors and Marines 1 38 - gun frigate 379 Sailors and Marines Casualties and losses 1 frigate damaged 23 killed 56 wounded 1 frigate captured ~ 48 killed ~ 331 captured ( 99 wounded ) Naval battles of the War of 1812 Atlantic Ocean USS Essex vs HMS Alert USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere Capture of HMS Frolic USS United States vs HMS Macedonian USS Constitution vs HMS Java Sinking of HMS Peacock Rappahannock River Capture of USS Chesapeake Capture of HMS Dominica Capture of USS Argus Capture of HMS Boxer Capture of USS Frolic Capture of HMS Epervier Sinking of HMS Reindeer Sinking of HMS Avon Fayal Capture of USS President Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant Capture of HMS Penguin Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus East Coast Chesapeake Bay Alexandria Baltimore Hampden Fort Peter Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River Lake Ontario 1st Sacket 's Harbor York Fort George 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Lake Erie Fort Oswego Lake Huron Lake Champlain West Indies / Gulf Coast La Guaira 1st Fort Bowyer Action of 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St.", "1": "Philip 2nd Fort Bowyer Pacific Ocean James Island Charles Island Nuku Hiva Downes Expedition Porter Expedition Typee Valley Valparaiso ( Capture of USS Essex ) Seringapatam Mutiny Action of 9 May 1814 The Capture of USS Chesapeake , or the Battle of Boston Harbor , was fought on 1 June 1813 , between the Royal Navy 's frigate HMS Shannon and American frigate USS Chesapeake , as part of the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain . The Chesapeake was captured in a brief but intense action in which over 80 men were killed . This was the only frigate action of the war in which there was no preponderance of force on either side . At Boston , Captain James Lawrence took command of Chesapeake on 20 May 1813 , and on 1 June , put to sea to meet the waiting HMS Shannon , commanded by Captain Philip Broke , the frigate whose written challenge had just missed Chesapeake 's sailing . Chesapeake suffered early in the exchange of gunfire , having her wheel and fore topsail halyard shot away , rendering her unmanoeuvrable . Lawrence himself was mortally wounded and was carried below . The American crew , struggled to carry out their captain 's last order , `` Do n't give up the ship ! '' , but the British boarding party overwhelmed them . The battle was notably intense but of short duration , lasting ten to fifteen minutes , in which time 252 men were killed or wounded . Shannon 's captain was severely injured in fighting on the forecastle . Chesapeake and her crew were taken to Halifax , Nova Scotia , where the sailors were imprisoned ; the ship was repaired and taken into service by the Royal Navy . She was sold at Portsmouth , England in 1819 and broken up . Surviving timbers were used to build the nearby Chesapeake Mill in Wickham and can be seen and visited to this day . Shannon survived longer , being broken up in 1859 .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude 1.1 Philip Broke and his naval gunnery 1.2 James Lawrence 1.3 Issuing a challenge 2 Battle 2.1 Gunnery duel 2.2 The British board 2.3 Chesapeake is taken 3 Aftermath 4 In Fiction 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography Prelude ( edit ) Philip Broke and his naval gunnery ( edit ) Captain Philip Broke During his long period in command of Shannon , Captain Philip Broke of the Royal Navy introduced many practical refinements to his ' great guns ' , which were virtually unheard of elsewhere in contemporary naval gunnery . He had ' dispart sights ' fitted to his 18 - pounder long guns , which improved aiming as they compensated for the narrowing of the barrels from the breech to the muzzle . He had adjustable tangent sights that would give accuracy at different ranges . He had the elevating ' quoins ' ( wedge - shaped pieces of wood placed under the breech ) of his long guns grooved to mark various degrees of elevation so that his guns could be reliably levelled to fire horizontally in any state of heeling of the ship under a press of sail . The carronades were similarly treated , but the elevating screws on these cannon were marked in paint . As the decks of contemporary ships curved upwards towards the stern and bows , he cut down the wheels on the `` up - slope '' side of each cannon 's carriage in order that all guns were level with the horizon . He also introduced a system where bearings were incised into the deck next to each gun ; fire could then be directed to any bearing independent of the ability of any particular gun crew to see the target . Fire from the whole battery could also be focused on any part of an enemy ship . Broke drilled his crew to an extremely high standard of naval gunnery ; he regularly had them fire at targets , such as floating barrels . Often these drills would be made into competitions to see which gun crew could hit the target and how fast they could do so . He even had his gun crews fire at targets ' blindfold ' to good effect ; they were only given the bearing to lay their gun on without being allowed to sight the gun on the target themselves .", "3": "This constituted a very early example of ' director firing ' . In addition to these gunnery drills , Broke was fond of preparing hypothetical scenarios to test his crew . For example , after all hands had been drummed to quarters , he would inform them of a theoretical attack and see how they would act to defend the ship . Though the use of cutlasses in training was avoided a method of swordsmanship training called ' singlestick ' was regularly practised . This was a game employing roughly similar cuts , thrusts and parries as were used with the cutlass , but as it was played with wooden sticks with wicker hand guards ; hits , although painful , were not often dangerous . It soon developed quickness of eye and wrist . Many of the crew became very expert . James Lawrence ( edit ) Captain James Lawrence Commander Lawrence of the United States Navy returned from a successful war cruise having defeated the sloop HMS Peacock . He was promoted to captain for his victory , and received orders to take command of USS Chesapeake . It was not a command that he particularly wanted . He had hoped for the larger frigate USS Constitution instead . Lawrence travelled to Boston . He found that most of the former crew of Chesapeake had left over a dispute over prize money and had since been replaced . Lawrence 's prior experience of the British Navy worked against him . In his former battle with HMS Peacock the warship had been bravely fought , but the British gunnery had been nothing less than atrocious . His crew was laden with good seamen ; however , they lacked the time working together that was needed to change a collection of good seamen into an efficient fighting crew . Lawrence 's assumptions concerning the poor quality of the opposition would leave him over-confident in facing the adversary he was about to encounter . Issuing a challenge ( edit ) HMS Shannon , depicted in 1855 near the end of her working life Eager to engage and defeat one of the American frigates that had already scored a number of victories over the Royal Navy in single - ship confrontations , Broke prepared a challenge . USS President had already slipped out of the harbour under the cover of fog and had evaded the British . Constitution was undergoing extensive repairs and alterations and would not be ready for sea in the foreseeable future .", "4": "However , Chesapeake appeared to be ready to put to sea . Consequently Broke decided to challenge Chesapeake , which had been refitting in Boston harbour under the command of Captain James Lawrence , offering single ship - to - ship combat . Whilst patrolling offshore , Shannon had intercepted and captured a number of American ships attempting to reach the harbour . After sending two of them off to Halifax , he found that his crew was being dangerously reduced . Broke therefore resorted to burning the rest of the prizes in order to conserve his highly trained crew in anticipation of the battle with Chesapeake . The boats from the burnt prizes were sent into Boston , carrying Broke 's oral invitation to Lawrence to come out and engage him . Broke had already sent Tenedos away in the hope that the more favourable odds would entice the Americans out , but eventually began to despair that Chesapeake would ever come out of the harbour . He finally decided to send a written challenge . In this he was copying his adversary . Lawrence had earlier in the war , when captain of the sloop of war Hornet , sent a written invitation to the captain of the British sloop of war Bonne Citoyenne to a single - ship contest . Lawrence 's offer had been declined . As the Chesapeake appears now ready for sea , I request you will do me the favour to meet the Shannon with her , ship to ship , to try the fortune of our respective flags . The Shannon mounts twenty - four guns upon her broadside and one light boat - gun ; 18 pounders upon her maindeck , and 32 - pounder carronades upon her quarterdeck and forecastle ; and is manned with a complement of 300 men and boys , beside thirty seamen , boys , and passengers , who were taken out of recaptured vessels lately . I entreat you , sir , not to imagine that I am urged by mere personal vanity to the wish of meeting the Chesapeake , or that I depend only upon your personal ambition for your acceding to this invitation . We have both noble motives .", "5": "You will feel it as a compliment if I say that the result of our meeting may be the most grateful service I can render to my country ; and I doubt not that you , equally confident of success , will feel convinced that it is only by repeated triumphs in even combats that your little navy can now hope to console your country for the loss of that trade it can no longer protect . Favour me with a speedy reply . We are short of provisions and water , and can not stay long here . -- Philip Broke , original message edited by James and Chamier 1837 USS Chesapeake , modern painting by F. Muller Captain Lawrence did not in fact receive Broke 's letter and , according to author Ian W. Toll , it would not have made the slightest difference ; Lawrence intended to sail USS Chesapeake at the first day of favourable weather . The fact that it was not in his nation 's interests at this point in the war to be challenging British frigates seems to have not entered into his reasoning . When USS President had slipped out of harbor , it was to embark on a commerce - raiding mission , which was deemed in the U.S. national interest . Half of the officers and up to one quarter of the crew were new to the ship . In the short time he was in command of the Chesapeake Lawrence had twice exercised his crew at the great guns , walking the decks and personally supervising the drill . He also instigated a signal , a bugle call , to call on his crew to board an enemy vessel . Unfortunately the only crew member able to produce a note on the bugle was a `` dull - witted '' ' loblolly boy ' ( surgeon 's assistant ) called William Brown . Lawrence believed that he would win the battle and wrote two quick notes , one to the Secretary of the Navy pronouncing his intentions , and another to his brother in - law asking him to look after Lawrence 's wife and children in event of his death . Bostonians and their neighbours anticipated great results from the celebrated Lawrence and his crew . Local authorities reserved a space at the docks in expectation of accommodating the captured British man - of - war . Also plans were set in motion for a gala victory banquet . As the American warship moved down the harbour , citizens raced to vantage points to witness the fight .", "6": "Crowds gathered on available heights from Lynn to Malden and from Cohasset to Scituate . A diarist likened the Salem crowds to swarms of bees . The more daring took to boats to follow the Chesapeake . A Boston newspaper reported the bay being covered with civilian craft of all kinds . HMS Shannon had been off Boston for 56 days and was running short of provisions , whilst the extended period at sea was wearing the ship down . She would be at a disadvantage facing USS Chesapeake , fresh from harbour and a refit . A boat was despatched carrying the invitation , manned by a Mr Slocum , a discharged American prisoner . The boat had not reached the shore when Chesapeake was seen underway , sailing out of the harbour . She was flying three American ensigns and a large white flag at the foremast inscribed ' Free Trade and Sailor 's Rights ' . Shannon carried 276 officers , seamen and marines of her proper complement , eight recaptured seamen , 22 Irish labourers who had been 48 hours in the ship , of whom only four could speak English , and 24 boys , of whom about 13 were under 12 years of age . Broke had trained his gun crews to fire accurate broadsides into the hulls of enemy vessels , with the aim of killing their gun crews , rather than attempting to disable the enemy ship by firing at the masts and rigging . This was , however , the standard Royal Navy practise of the time , only Broke 's efficiency in gunnery training distinguished him in this regard . Lawrence , meanwhile , was confident in his ship , especially since she carried a substantially larger crew . Previous American victories over Royal Navy ships left him expectant of success . Just before the engagement , the American crew gave three cheers . The two ships had in one another about as close a match in size and force as was possible , given the variations in ship design and armament existing between contemporary navies . USS Chesapeake 's ( rated at 38 guns ) armament of 28 18 - pounder long guns was an exact match for HMS Shannon . Measurements proved the ships to be about the same deck length , the only major difference being the ships ' complements : Chesapeake 's 379 against the Shannon 's 330 .", "7": "Comparison of combatant vessels ( English measurement methods used for both ships ; dimensions from Gardiner ( 2006 ) pp. 25 , 32 and armament from Padfield p. 140 ) HMS Shannon USS Chesapeake Length ( gundeck ) 150 ft 2 in ( 45.77 m ) 151 ft 0 in ( 46.02 m ) Beam 39 ft 11 in ( 12.17 m ) 40 ft 11 in ( 12.47 m ) Tonnage 1065 tons 1135 tons Complement 330 men 379 men Armament 28 × 18 - pounder long guns 16 × 32 - pounder carronades 2 × 9 - pounder dismantling guns 1 × 6 - pounder long gun 1 × 12 - pounder boat carronade 28 × 18 - pounder long guns 20 × 32 - pounder carronades 1 × 18 - pounder chase gun Battle ( edit ) Gunnery duel ( edit ) Chesapeake , left , shortening sail as she bears down on Shannon , who has backed her main topsail to await the American ship . Aquatint by Robert Dodd , London , 1813 As the American ship approached , Broke spoke to his crew , ending with a description of his philosophy of gunnery , `` Throw no shot away . Aim every one . Keep cool . Work steadily . Fire into her quarters -- maindeck to maindeck , quarterdeck to quarterdeck . Do n't try to dismast her . Kill the men and the ship is yours . '' The two ships met at half past five in the afternoon , 20 nautical miles ( 37 km ) east of the Boston Light , between Cape Ann and Cape Cod . Shannon was flying a weather - worn blue ensign , and her dilapidated outside appearance after a long period at sea suggested that she would be an easy opponent . Observing the Chesapeake 's many flags , a sailor had questioned Broke : `` May n't we have three ensigns , sir , like she has ? '' `` No , '' said Broke , `` we 've always been an unassuming ship . ''", "8": "HMS Shannon refused to fire upon USS Chesapeake as she bore down , nor would USS Chesapeake rake HMS Shannon despite having the weather gage. Lawrence 's behaviour that day earned him praise from the British officers for gallantry . The two ships opened fire just before 18 : 00 at a range of about 35 metres ( 115 ft ) , with Shannon scoring the first hit , striking Chesapeake on one of her forward gunports with two round shot and a bag of musket balls fired by William Mindham , the gun captain of the aftmost of Shannon 's starboard 18 - pounders . Chesapeake was moving faster than Shannon , and as she ranged down the side of the British ship , the destruction inflicted by the precise and methodical gunnery of the British crew moved aft with the American 's forward gun crews suffering the heaviest losses . However , the American crew were well drilled and , despite their losses , returned fire briskly . As Chesapeake was heeling , many of their shots struck the water or waterline of Shannon causing little damage , but American carronade fire caused serious damage to Shannon 's rigging . In particular , a 32 - pound carronade ball struck the piled shot for the Shannon 's 12 - pounder gun that was stowed in the main chains ; the shot was propelled through the timbers to scatter like hail across the gundeck . The commencement of the action , with the two frigates exchanging gunfire at close range . Lithograph by L. Haghe , London , 1830 . As the distance closed , the Shannon 's gun crews and topmen kept up a relentless fire , and the unprotected quarter - deck became as uninhabitable as the surface of the moon . -- Ian W. Toll Captain Lawrence realised that his ship 's speed would take it past Shannon and ordered a ' pilot 's luff ' . This was a small and brief turn to windward which would make the sails shiver and reduce the ship 's speed . Just after Chesapeake began this limited turn away from Shannon , she had her means of manoeuvring entirely disabled as a second round of accurate British fire caused more losses , most critically to the men and officers manning Chesapeake 's quarterdeck .", "9": "Here the helmsmen were killed by a 9 - pounder gun that Broke had ordered installed on the quarter deck for that very purpose , and the same gun shortly afterwards shot away the wheel itself . Surviving American gun crews did land hits on Shannon in their second round of fire , especially American carronade fire which swept Shannon 's forecastle , killing three men , wounding others and disabling Shannon 's nine pounder bow gun while one round shot demolished Shannon 's ship 's bell . The crisis - point of the engagement - Chesapeake ( right ) has run ahead of Shannon and is ' luffing up ' out of control , and presenting her stern quarter to Shannon 's broadside . If the image is entirely accurate it must represent the moment after Chesapeake 's helm had been destroyed , but before her fore - topsail halyard was shot away . At almost the same time as Chesapeake lost control of her helm , her fore - topsail halyard was shot away , her fore - topsail yard then dropped , and she ' luffed up ' . Losing her forward momentum , she yawed further into the wind until she was ' in irons ' , her sails were pressed back against her masts and she then made sternway ( went backwards ) . Her port stern quarter ( rear left corner ) made contact with Shannon 's starboard side , level with the fifth gunport from the bow , and Chesapeake was caught by the projecting fluke of one of Shannon 's anchors , which had been stowed on the gangway . Chesapeake 's spanker boom then swung over the deck of the British ship . Mr Stevens , Broke 's boatswain , lashed the boom inboard to keep the two ships together , and lost an arm as he did so . Trapped against Shannon at an angle in which few of her guns could fire on the British ship , and unable to manoeuvre away , Chesapeake 's stern now became exposed and was swept by raking fire . Earlier in the action Shannon 's gunnery had devastated Chesapeake 's forward gun crews ; this destruction was now inflicted on the gun crews in the aft part of the ship . The American ship 's situation worsened when a small open cask of musket cartridges abaft the mizzen - mast blew up .", "10": "When the smoke cleared , Broke judged the time was right and gave the order to board . Captain Lawrence also gave the order to board , but the frightened bugler aboard Chesapeake , William Brown , failed to sound the call , and only those near Lawrence heard his command . By this time Lawrence was the only officer left on the upper deck , as Lieutenants Ludlow and Ballard had been wounded . Lieutenant Cox , who had brought up men from the lower deck to form a boarding party , reached the quarterdeck only to find that his captain had been badly , indeed mortally , wounded by a musket ball . Lawrence was clinging to the binnacle in order to stay upright ; Cox , who had served all his sea life with Lawrence , carried him down to the cockpit with the help of two sailors . As he was being taken down Lawrence called out `` Tell the men to fire faster ! Do n't give up the ship ! '' The British board ( edit ) Contrasting impressions of the taking of the Chesapeake Broke leads the boarding party aboard Chesapeake . In reality Broke wore a ' round hat ' not a cocked hat in action . George Cruikshank portrayed the Americans as hapless and cowardly The berth deck of a 38 gun frigate - HMS Trincomalee . In contrast to the confusion and loss of leadership aboard the American vessel , the British boarding party was being effectively organised . A number of small - arms men rushed aboard Chesapeake , led by Broke , including the purser , Mr G. Aldham , and the clerk , Mr John Dunn . Aldham and Dunn were killed as they crossed the gangway , but the rest of the party made it onto Chesapeake . Captain Broke , at the head of not more than twenty men , stepped from the rail of the waist - hammock netting onto the muzzle of the after - carronade of Chesapeake , and from there he jumped down to her quarterdeck . As the British boarded there were no American officers left on the quarterdeck to organise resistance . The maindeck of Chesapeake was almost deserted , having been swept by Shannon 's gunfire ; the surviving gun crews had either responded to the call for boarders or had taken refuge below .", "11": "Two American officers , Lieutenant Cox ( who had returned from carrying Captain Lawrence down to the surgeon ) and Midshipman Russell saw that the aftmost 18 - pounders on the port side , still bore on Shannon and working between them managed to fire both . Lieutenant Ludlow , who had been slightly wounded and had gone down to Chesapeake 's cockpit for treatment , now returned to the upper decks , rallying some of the American crew as he did so . Lieutenant Budd joined him with a band of men he had led up the fore - hatch . Ludlow led them in a counter-attack which pushed the British back as far as the binnacle . However , a wave of British reinforcements arrived , Ludlow received a mortal wound from a cutlass , and the Americans were again thrown back . James Bulger , one of Shannon 's Irishmen , charged into the Americans wielding a boarding pike and shouting Gaelic curses - `` And then did I not spit them , beJaysus ! '' Lacking officers to lead them ( Lieutenant Budd had also been wounded by a cutlass ) and lacking support from below , the Americans were driven back by the boarders . American resistance then fell apart , with the exception of a band of men on the forecastle and those in the tops . A number of the Americans driven from the upper decks jostled each other to get down the main hatchway to the comparative safety of the berth deck . Seeing this , Lt. Cox called to them , `` You damned cowardly sons of bitches ! What are you jumping below for ? '' When asked by a nearby midshipman if he should stop them by cutting a few down , Cox replied , `` No sir , it is of no use . '' Fighting had also been ongoing between the tops ( platforms at the junction of mast and topmast ) of the ships , as rival sharpshooters fired upon their opponents and upon sailors on the exposed decks below . While the ships were locked together , the British marksmen , led by midshipman William Smith , commander of the fore - top , stormed Chesapeake 's fore - top over the yard - arm and killed all the Americans there . Following this , the wind tore the two ships apart , and Chesapeake was blown around the bows of Shannon . This left the British boarders , about fifty - strong , stranded .", "12": "However , organised resistance aboard the American ship had almost ceased by this time . Broke himself led a charge against a number of the Americans who had managed to rally on the forecastle . Three American sailors , probably from the rigging , descended and attacked him . Taken by surprise , he killed the first , but the second hit him with a musket which stunned him , whilst the third sliced open his skull with his sabre , knocking him to the deck . Before the sailor could finish Broke off , the American was bayoneted by a British Marine named John Hill . Shannon 's crew rallied to the defence of their captain and carried the forecastle , killing the remaining Americans . Broke sat , dizzied and weak , on a carronade slide , and his head was bound up by William Mindham , who used his own neckerchief . One of Shannon 's lieutenants , Provo Wallis , believed that Broke 's three assailants were probably British deserters . The desperate and violent attempt on Broke 's life made by these men may have been motivated by the fact that they faced the death penalty under the Royal Navy 's Articles of War as deserters . Meanwhile , Shannon 's First Lieutenant , Mr George T.L. Watt , had attempted to hoist the British colours over Chesapeake 's , but this was misinterpreted aboard Shannon , and he was hit in the forehead by grapeshot and killed as he did so . Chesapeake is taken ( edit ) An 1830 representation of HMS Shannon leading the captured American frigate Chesapeake into Halifax , Nova Scotia in June 1813 The British had cleared the upper decks of American resistance , and most of Chesapeake 's crew had taken refuge on the berth deck . A musket or pistol shot from the berth deck killed a British marine , William Young , who was guarding the main hatchway . The furious British crewmen then began firing through the hatchway at the Americans crowded below . Lieutenant Charles Leslie Falkiner of Shannon , the leader of the boarders who had rushed the maindeck , restored order by threatening to blow out the brains of the next person to fire . He then demanded that the Americans send up the man who had killed Young , adding that Chesapeake was taken and `` We have three hundred men aboard .", "13": "If there is another act of hostility you will be called up on deck one by one -- and shot . '' Falkiner was given command of Chesapeake as a British prize - vessel . Shannon 's midshipmen during the action were Messers. Smith , Leake , Clavering , Raymond , Littlejohn and Samwell . Samwell was the only British officer other than Broke to be wounded in the action ; he was to die from an infection of his wounds some weeks later . Mr Etough was the acting master , and conned the ship into the action . Shortly after Chesapeake had been secured , Broke fainted from loss of blood and was rowed back to Shannon to be attended to by the ship 's surgeon . Nova Scotian Provo Wallis commanded Shannon back to Halifax . Depicted with the rank of Commander in 1813 , he later rose to become Admiral of the Fleet . The engagement had lasted just ten minutes according to Shannon 's log , or eleven minutes by Lieutenant Wallis ' watch . Broke more modestly claimed fifteen minutes in his official despatch . Shannon had lost 23 men killed , and had 56 wounded . Chesapeake had about 48 killed , including four lieutenants , the master and many other of her officers , and 99 wounded . Shannon had been hit by a total of 158 projectiles , Chesapeake by 362 ( these figures include grapeshot ) . In the time the batteries of both ships were firing , the Americans had been exposed to 44 roundshot , whilst the British had received 10 or 11 in reply ( these are figures for shot which would have produced casualties or material damage ; some of Chesapeake 's shot was fired low , bouncing off Shannon 's side at waterline level ) . Even before being boarded , Chesapeake had lost the gunnery duel by a considerable margin . A large cask of un-slaked lime was found open on Chesapeake 's forecastle , and another bag of lime was discovered in the fore - top . British sailors alleged the intention was to throw handfuls into the eyes of Shannon 's men in an unfair and dishonourable manner as they attempted to board , though that was never done by Chesapeake 's crew .", "14": "Historian Albert Gleaves has called the allegation `` absurd , '' noting , `` Lime is always carried in ship 's stores as a disinfectant , and the fact that it was left on the deck after the ship was cleared for action was probably due to the neglect of a junior , or petty , officer . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Newspaper announcing Shannon 's victory After the victory , a prize crew was put aboard Chesapeake . The commander of the prize , Lieutenant Falkiner , had a good deal of trouble from the restive Americans , who outnumbered his own men . He had some of the leaders of the unrest transferred to Shannon in the leg - irons that had , ironically , been shipped aboard Chesapeake to deal with expected British prisoners . The rest of the American crew were rendered docile by the expedient of a carpenter cutting scuttles ( holes ) in the maindeck through which two 18 - pounder cannon , loaded with grapeshot , were pointed at them . Shannon , commanded by Lieutenant Provo Wallis , escorted her prize into Halifax , arriving there on 6 June . On the entry of the two frigates into the harbour , the naval ships already at anchor manned their yards , bands played martial music and each ship Shannon passed greeted her with cheers . The 320 American survivors of the battle were interned on Melville Island in 1813 , and their ship , taken into British service and renamed HMS Chesapeake , was used to ferry prisoners from Melville Island to England 's Dartmoor Prison . Many officers were paroled to Halifax , but some began a riot at a performance of a patriotic song about Chesapeake 's defeat . Parole restrictions were tightened : beginning in 1814 , paroled officers were required to attend a monthly muster on Melville Island , and those who violated their parole were confined to the prison . Gravestones for the casualties of Chesapeake ( left ) and Shannon ( right ) , CFB Halifax , Halifax , Nova Scotia As the first major victory in the naval war for the British , the capture raised the shaken morale of the Royal Navy . After setting out on 5 September for a brief cruise under a Captain Teahouse , Shannon departed for England on 4 October , carrying the recovering Broke . They arrived at Portsmouth on 2 November .", "15": "After the successful action Lieutenants Wallis and Falkiner were promoted to the rank of commander , and Messrs. Etough and Smith were made lieutenants . Broke was made a Baronet that September . The Court of Common Council of London awarded him the freedom of the city and a sword worth 100 guineas . He also received a piece of plate worth 750 pounds and a cup worth 100 guineas . Captain Lawrence was buried in Halifax with full military honours , six British Naval Officers served as pall bearers . Chesapeake , after active service in the Royal Navy , was eventually sold at Portsmouth , England , for £ 500 in 1819 and broken up . Some of the timbers of Chesapeake were used in the construction of the Chesapeake Mill in Wickham , Hampshire . Shannon was reduced to a receiving ship in 1831 , and broken up in 1859 . In the US , the capture was seen as a humiliation , and contributed to popular sentiment against the war . Many New Englanders , now calling the conflict `` Madison 's war '' after James Madison , demanded that he resign the presidency . In a war that reached new lows for historical accuracy sacrificed in the name of patriotic fever , accounts of Shannon 's victory would be ascribed to many reasons . Very few of these took into account that Lawrence had rushed into a fight with an untrained and unprepared crew for what awaited him . Theodore Roosevelt would later state this plainly , lambasting former American `` history writers '' while doing so . In less than 2 minutes Shannon 's crew had taken horrible losses and did not break , while Chesapeake 's crew did . Unfortunately for Lawrence , he did not meet an average British frigate of this point in the long wars , undermanned and with many men aboard who were not real seamen , but a frigate with a crew at the highest pitch of training , led by an expert in naval gunnery . It has been said of Shannon , that `` a more destructive vessel of her force had probably never existed in the history of naval warfare '' . Broke never again commanded a ship . The head wound from a cutlass blow , which had exposed the brain , had been so severe that it was initially pronounced fatal by the ship 's surgeon .", "16": "However , Broke survived the wound into moderate old age ( 64 years ) , though he was debilitated . He suffered , to a greater or lesser extent , from headaches and other neurological problems for the rest of his life . The casualties were heavy . The British lost 23 killed and 56 wounded . The Americans lost 48 killed and 99 wounded . Between the wounded of the ships ' two companies , another 23 died of their wounds in the two weeks following the action . Relative to the total number of men participating , this was one of the bloodiest ship - to - ship actions of the age of sail . By comparison , HMS Victory suffered fewer casualties during the whole of the Battle of Trafalgar . The entire action had lasted , at most , for 15 minutes , speaking to the ferocity of the fighting . A sister ship of HMS Shannon has been restored and preserved , HMS Trincomalee of the Leda class ; she can be seen in a dock at Hartlepool in the North East of England and is the oldest British warship afloat . In fiction ( edit ) The capture of USS Chesapeake by HMS Shannon features prominently in The Fortune of War , the sixth book in the Aubrey - Maturin series of historical fiction novels by Patrick O'Brian , and first published in 1979 . The main characters , having escaped Boston as prisoners of war , are on board the Shannon during the engagement . The battle is described with considerable accuracy by O'Brian , with his fictional characters playing only minor roles in the action . Cannon from USS Chesapeake ( Province House ( Nova Scotia ) ) Cannon from HMS Shannon ( Province House ( Nova Scotia ) ) The battle was discussed in the science fiction novel Starship Troopers by Robert A. Heinlein and was referred to in the novel Anne of the Island by Lucy Maud Montgomery . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is a shortened version , the original ran to six paragraphs in length . The full message can be found in Padfield , pp. 144 -- 146 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Toll 2006 , p. 415 Jump up ^ Padfield , pp. 27 -- 29 , 206 Jump up ^ Padfield , pp.", "17": "37 -- 39 Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , p. 120 Jump up ^ Brighton , p. 150 Jump up ^ Ian W. Toll , Six Frigates pg 398 Jump up ^ Theodore Roosevelt , The Naval War of 1812 , location 2391 Jump up ^ Theodore Roosevelt , The Naval War of 1812 , location 2356 Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , pp. 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , pp. 126 -- 127 Jump up ^ James and Chamier 1837 , p. 199 ^ Jump up to : Toll 2006 , p. 409 Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , pp. 4 -- 8 Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , pp. 140 -- 141 Jump up ^ Ellis , pp. 122 - 123 Jump up ^ Fowler 1984 , p. 205 Jump up ^ Fowler 1984 , p. 206 Jump up ^ The Irishmen had been captured by the Americans when en route from Waterford to Newfoundland in a small brig , and were then released by the Royal Navy . Of these 40 Irishmen 22 volunteered for service aboard Shannon . Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , pp. 151 -- 152 Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 410 Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , pp. 160 -- 161 Jump up ^ Murdoch 1867 , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 411 Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , p. 165 Jump up ^ Andrew Lambert , The Challenge : Britain Against America in the Naval War of 1812 , Faber and Faber ( 2012 ) , p. 172 Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , p. 168 Jump up ^ Six Frigates Ian W. Toll pg 406 Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , p. 166 Jump up ^ Broke installed two 9 - pounder `` dismantling pieces '' , one at the break of the quarter deck and the other at the break of the forecastle .", "18": "These guns had picked crews and were specifically intended to target the wheel and headsails of an opponent . The 9 pounders had ' elevating and traversing carriages ' specially designed by Broke himself . The `` long nine '' , as it was known , was universally acknowledged to be the most accurate British naval cannon of the period . Jump up ^ Lambert , p. 173 Jump up ^ Dan Conlin , `` An Artifact From a Deadly War of 1812 Battle '' , The Maritime Museum of the Atlantic Jump up ^ Lossing , Benson ( 1868 ) . The Pictorial Field - Book of the War of 1812 . Harper & Brothers , Publishers . p. 706 . Jump up ^ The Americans had not secured this yard with iron chains as was often done before an action , possibly indicative of their overconfidence . As a `` headsail '' , the foretopsail was vital for manoeuvring the ship , and its loss at a critical moment in the action probably doomed the American vessel . See Padfield 1968 , pp. 167 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , pp. 167 -- 171 ^ Jump up to : Padfield 1968 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Allen 1852 , pp. 427 -- 428 Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , pp. 173 -- 176 Jump up ^ Gardiner 1998 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 , p. 178 Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , pp. 173 -- 181 Jump up ^ Historically , in the predecessors of the true frigate the deck below the deck with the main armament had been partially armed ( early to mid 18th century ) , and the Royal Navy continued to call this deck the ' gun deck ' even though it now had no cannon . The more accurate American usage was to call it the ' berth deck ' , as it was the deck where the crew slung their hammocks . Larger warships had no exact equivalent to this unarmed deck . Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , p. 181 Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , pp. 181 -- 182 Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , p.", "19": "191 Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , pp. 240 -- 245 Jump up ^ Gleaves 1904 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , p. 183 Jump up ^ Padfield 1968 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Shea & Watts 2005 , pp. 27 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Shea & Watts 2005 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Shea & Watts 2005 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` No. 16779 '' . The London Gazette. 21 September 1813 . p. 1890 . Jump up ^ `` No. 16852 '' . The London Gazette. 5 February 1814 . p. 280 . Jump up ^ Winfield ( 2007 ) , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Brown and White , p. 97 Jump up ^ Brown and White , p. 328 Jump up ^ Unger , p. 166 Jump up ^ Theodore Roosevelt The Naval War of 1812 Location 2426 Jump up ^ Padfield , p. 151 Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 416 Jump up ^ The Ship Project Archived 13 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , Joseph ( 1852 ) . Battles of the British Navy . Volume 2 . London : Henry G. Bohn . OCLC 5852951 . Brighton , J.G. ( 1866 ) . Admiral Sir P.B.V. Broke , Bart. : A Memoir . London : Sampson Low , Son and Marston . Borneman , Walter R. ( 2005 ) . 1812 : The War That Forged A Nation . New York : Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 053113 - 4 . Brown , Anthony G. and White , Colin ( 2006 ) The Patrick O'Brian Muster book : persons , animals , ships and cannon in the Aubrey - Maturin sea novels . McFarland & Co . Cray , Robert E.", "20": "`` Remembering the USS Chesapeake : The politics of maritime death and impressment . '' Journal of the Early Republic ( 2005 ) 25 # 3 pp : 445 - 474 . online Ellis , James H. ( 2009 ) . A Ruinous and Unhappy War : New England and the War of 1812 . New York : Algora Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 690 - 1 . Fowler , William M. ( 1984 ) . Jack Tars and Commodores : The American Navy , 1783 -- 1815 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 35314 - 9 . OCLC 10277756 . Gardiner , Robert , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Naval War of 1812 . London : Chatham Publishing . ISBN 1 - 86176 - 063 - 9 . Gardiner , Robert ( 2006 ) . Frigates of the Napoleonic Wars . London : Chatham Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86176 - 292 - 4 . Gleaves , Albert ( 1904 ) . James Lawrence , Captain , United States Navy , Commander of the `` Chesapeake '' . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . OCLC 526283 . James , William and Chamier , Frederick ( 1837 ) The Naval History of Great Britain , from the Declaration of War by France in 1793 , to the Accession of George IV , Vol VI . Richard Bentley , London . Lambert , Andrew ( 2012 ) The Challenge : Britain Against America in the Naval War of 1812 , Faber and Faber , London . Murdoch , Beamish ( 1867 ) . A History of Nova Scotia . Volume 3 . Halifax : J. Barnes . OCLC 11506476 . Padfield , Peter ( 1968 ) . Broke and the Shannon . London : Hodder and Stoughton . ISBN 0 - 340 - 02511 - 5 . Poolman , Kenneth ( 1962 ) .", "21": "Guns Off Cape Ann : The Story of the Shannon and the Chesapeake . Chicago : Rand McNally . OCLC 1384754 . Pullen , Hugh Francis . The Shannon and the Chesapeake ( Toronto : McClelland and Stewart , 1970 ) Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1882 ) . The Naval War of 1812 or The History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . OCLC 133902576 . Shea , Iris V. and Watts , Heather ( 2005 ) Deadman 's : Melville Island & Its Burial Ground . Glen Margaret Publishers , Tantallon Nova Scotia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05847 - 5 . Toll , Ian ( 2006 ) . Six Frigates : The Epic History of the U.S. Navy . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 920427 - 68 - 2 . Unger , Harlow Giles ( 2012 ) . John Quincy Adams . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82129 - 5 . Winfield , Rif ( 2007 ) . British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793 -- 1817 : Design , Construction , Careers and Fates . London : Seaforth . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86176 - 246 - 7 . OCLC 181927614 . Coordinates : 42 ° 39 ′ 2.2 '' N 70 ° 33 ′ 55.6 '' W / 42.650611 ° N 70.565444 ° W / 42.650611 ; - 70.565444 Conflicts of the War of 1812 Battles of the War of 1812 United States Washington , D.C. Burning of Washington Georgia Battle of Fort Peter Louisiana Battle of New Orleans Siege of Fort St. Philip Maryland Battle of Baltimore Battle of Bladensburg Battle of Caulk 's Field Battle of North Point Battle of St.", "22": "Michaels Raid on Havre de Grace Massachusetts Battle of Hampden New York Battle of Big Sandy Creek Battle of Buffalo Battle of Ogdensburg Battle of Plattsburgh Capture of Fort Niagara Raid on Black Rock Second Battle of Sacket 's Harbor Ohio Battle of Fort Stephenson Copus massacre Siege of Fort Meigs Virginia Battle of Craney Island Raid on Alexandria Skirmish at Farnham Church Battle of Rappahannock River U.S. territories Alabama Battles of Fort Bowyer Illinois Battle of Fort Dearborn Battle of Rock Island Rapids Siege of Prairie du Chien Indiana Battle of the Mississinewa Battle of Tippecanoe Battle of Wild Cat Creek Siege of Fort Harrison Siege of Fort Wayne Michigan Battle of Brownstown Battle of Frenchtown Battle of Mackinac Island Battle of Maguaga Siege of Detroit Siege of Fort Mackinac Mississippi Battle of Burnt Corn Battle of Callabee Creek Canoe Fight Battle of Holy Ground Battle of Horseshoe Bend Battle of Talladega Battle of Tallushatchee Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek Fort Mims massacre Kimbell -- James Massacre Missouri Battle of Credit Island Battle of the Sink Hole British North America Lower Canada Battle of the Chateauguay First Battle of Lacolle Mills Second Battle of Lacolle Mills Upper Canada Battle of Beaver Dams Battle of Chippawa Battle of Cook 's Mills Battle of Crysler 's Farm Battle of Fort George Battle of Frenchman 's Creek Battle of Longwoods Battle of Lundy 's Lane Battle of Malcolm 's Mills Battle of Queenston Heights", "23": "Battle of Stoney Creek Battle of the Thames Battle of York Capture of Fort Erie Raid on Elizabethtown Raid on Port Dover Raid on Gananoque Siege of Fort Erie Spanish Empire Spanish Florida Battle of Pensacola Naval battles Atlantic Ocean Capture of HMS Boxer Capture of HMS Cyane Capture of HMS Epervier Capture of HMS Frolic Capture of HMS Penguin Capture of HMS Dominica Capture of USS Argus Capture of USS Chesapeake Capture of USS President Chesapeake Bay Flotilla USS Constitution vs HMS Java Sinking of HMS Avon Battle of Fayal Sinking of HMS Peacock Sinking of HMS Reindeer USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere USS United States vs HMS Macedonian Caribbean Sea Battle of La Guaira Great Lakes Battle of Lake Erie Battle of Fort Oswego Engagements on Lake Huron Engagements on Lake Ontario First Battle of Sacket 's Harbor Gulf Coast Action of 13 December 1814 Battle of Lake Borgne Pacific Ocean Action off James Island Action off Charles Island Nuku Hiva Campaign Battle of Valparaiso ( Capture of USS Essex ) See also : American Indian Wars , Creek War , Napoleonic Wars , and Tecumseh 's War Portal definition textbooks quotes source texts media news stories Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "24": "php?title=Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake&oldid=817848169 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1813 1813 in the United States Maritime incidents in 1813 Naval battles of the War of 1812 Military history of Nova Scotia Naval battles involving the United Kingdom Naval battles involving the United States History of the Royal Navy June 1813 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from February 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 22 : 55 . 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1393634180793653648	who came up with the initial concept of protons and neutrons	[ "Werner Heisenberg", "Dmitri Ivanenko" ]	{ "0": "Discovery of the neutron - wikipedia Discovery of the neutron Jump to : navigation , search James Chadwick at the 1933 Solvay Conference . Chadwick had discovered the neutron the year before while working at Cavendish Laboratory . The discovery of the neutron and its properties was central to the extraordinary developments in atomic physics that occurred in the first half of the 20th century . Early in the century , Ernest Rutherford developed a crude model for the atom , based on the gold foil experiment of Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden . In this model , atoms had their mass and positive electric charge concentrated in a very small nucleus . By 1920 chemical isotopes had been discovered , the atomic masses had been determined to be integer multiples of the mass of the hydrogen atom , and the atomic number had been identified as the charge on the nucleus . Throughout the 1920s , the nucleus was viewed as composed of combinations of protons and electrons , the two elementary particles known at the time , but that model presented several experimental and theoretical contradictions . The essential nature of the atomic nucleus was established with the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932 and the determination that it was a new elementary particle , distinct from the proton . The uncharged neutron was immediately exploited as a new means to probe nuclear structure , leading to such discoveries as the creation of new radioactive elements by neutron irradiation ( 1934 ) and the fission of uranium atoms by neutrons ( 1938 ) . The discovery of fission led to the creation of both nuclear power and weapons by the end of World War II . Both the proton and neutron were presumed to be elementary particles until the 1960s when they were determined to be composite particles built from quarks .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Gold foil experiment 2 Discovery of isotopes 3 Atomic number and Moseley 's law 4 Rutherford atom 5 Problems of the nuclear electrons hypothesis 6 Discovery of the neutron 7 Proton -- neutron model of the nucleus 8 The nature of the neutron 9 Neutron physics in the 1930s 10 After 1939 11 Videos 12 References 13 Further reading Gold foil experiment ( edit ) See also : Atomic theory and Plum pudding model A schematic of the nucleus of an atom indicating β radiation , the emission of a fast electron from the nucleus ( the accompanying antineutrino is omitted ) . In the Rutherford model for the nucleus , red spheres were protons with positive charge and blue spheres were protons tightly bound to an electron with no net charge . The inset shows beta decay of a free neutron as it is understood today ; an electron and antineutrino are created in this process . At the start of the 20th century , the vigorous debate as to the existence of atoms had not yet been resolved . Philosophers such as Ernst Mach and Wilhelm Ostwald denied that atoms were real , viewing them as a convenient mathematical construct , while scientists such as Arnold Sommerfeld and Ludwig Boltzmann saw that physical theories required the existence of atoms . Radioactivity had been recently discovered in uranium and thorium . Ernest Rutherford had separated radioactivity into three types : alpha , beta , and gamma rays , depending on their ability to penetrate , or travel into , ordinary objects or gases . These radiations were soon identified with known particles : alpha rays were shown to be helium ions by Rutherford and Thomas Royds in 1907 ; beta rays were shown to be electrons by Henri Becquerel in 1900 ; and gamma rays were shown to be electromagnetic radiation , that is , a form of light , in 1914 . These radiations had also been identified as emanating from atoms , hence they provided clues as to processes occurring within atoms . Conversely , the radiations were also recognized as tools that could be exploited in scattering experiments to probe the interior of atoms .", "2": "At the University of Manchester between 1908 and 1913 , Rutherford directed Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in a series of experiments to determine what happens when alpha particles scatter from metal foil . Now called the Rutherford gold foil experiment , or the Geiger -- Marsden experiment , these measurements made the extraordinary discovery that alpha particles would occasionally scatter to high angle when passing through a thin gold foil . The scattering indicated that the alpha particles were reflecting from a small , but dense , component of atoms . Based on these measurements , by 1911 it was apparent to Rutherford that the atom consisted of a small massive nucleus with positive charge surrounded by a much larger cloud of negatively charged electrons . The concentrated atomic mass was required to provide the observed reflection of the alpha particles , and Rutherford developed a mathematical model that accounted for the scattering . The Rutherford model was very influential , motivating the Bohr model for electrons orbiting the nucleus in 1913 and eventually leading to quantum mechanics by the mid-1920s . Discovery of isotopes ( edit ) Concurrent with the work of Rutherford , Geiger , and Marsden , the radiochemist Frederick Soddy at the University of Glasgow was studying radioactive decay chains of uranium . Soddy had been a student of Rutherford . Soddy 's study indicated about 40 different radioactive elements , referred to as radioelements , between uranium and lead , although the periodic table only allowed for 11 elements . By 1913 Soddy had determined that several of these elements had identical chemical properties but different atomic weights . He called these chemically similar elements isotopes . For his study of radioactivity and the discovery of isotopes , Soddy was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Replica of Aston 's third mass spectrometer Building from work by J.J. Thomson on the deflection of positively charged atoms by electric and magnetic fields , Francis Aston built the first mass spectrograph at the Cavendish Laboratory in 1919 . His aim was to try to separate the two isotopes of neon , which he was able to easily do . Aston discovered that the masses of all the particles are whole numbers , called the whole number rule , that is , the masses of all the isotopes are whole number multiples of the mass of the hydrogen atom .", "3": "Aston arbitrarily computed his masses relative to oxygen - 16 , which he took to have a mass of exactly 16 . ( Today the atomic mass unit ( amu ) is relative to carbon - 12 . ) Ironically , the one exception to this rule was hydrogen itself , which had a mass value of 1.008 . The excess mass was small , but well outside experimental uncertainty . Aston and others quickly realized that the discrepancy is due to the binding energy of atoms , that is , the mass of a number of hydrogen atoms bound into a single atom must be less than the sum of the masses of the separate hydrogen atoms . Additional work determined the nuclide binding energies . Aston 's work on isotopes garnered him the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of isotopes in a large number of non-radioactive elements , and for his enunciation of the whole - number rule . Noting Aston 's recent discovery of nuclear binding energy , in 1920 Arthur Eddington suggested that stars may obtain their energy by fusing hydrogen ( protons ) into helium and that the heavier elements may form in stars . Atomic number and Moseley 's law ( edit ) Main article : Moseley 's law Rutherford and others had noted the disparity between the mass of an atom , computed in atomic mass units , and the approximate charge required on the nucleus for the Rutherford model to work . The required charge of the atomic nucleus was usually about half its atomic mass . In 1911 Antonius van den Broek made the then bold suggestion that the required charge , denoted Z , was not half of the atomic weight for elements , but instead was exactly equal to the element 's atomic number , or place in the periodic table . At that time the positions of the elements in the table were not known to have any physical significance , except as a way to order the elements in particular sequences with similar chemical properties . At the University of Manchester in 1913 Henry Moseley discussed the new Bohr model of the atom with the visiting Bohr . The model accounted for the electromagnetic emission spectrum from the hydrogen atom , and Moseley wondered if the electromagnetic emission spectra of heavier elements such as cobalt and nickel would follow their ordering by weight , or by their position in the periodic table .", "4": "In 1913 - 1914 Moseley tested the question experimentally by using x-ray diffraction techniques . He found that the most intense short - wavelength line in the x-ray spectrum of a particular element , known as the K - alpha line , was related to the element 's position in the periodic table , that is , its atomic number , Z . Indeed , Moseley introduced this nomenclature . Moseley found that the frequencies of the radiation were related in a simple way to the atomic number of the elements for a large number of elements . Within a year it was noted that the equation for the relation , now called Moseley 's law , could be explained in terms of the 1913 Bohr model , with reasonable extra assumptions about atomic structure in other elements . Moseley 's result , by Bohr 's later account , not only established atomic number as a measurable experimental quantity , but gave it a physical meaning as the positive charge on the atomic nucleus . The elements could be ordered in the periodic system in order of atomic number , rather than atomic weight . The result tied together the organization of the periodic table , the Bohr model for the atom , and Rutherford 's model for alpha scattering from nuclei . It was cited by Rutherford , Bohr , and others as a critical advance in understanding the nature of the atomic nucleus . Further research in atomic physics was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I. Moseley was killed in 1915 at the Battle of Gallipoli , while Rutherford 's student James Chadwick was interned in Germany for the duration of the war , 1914 - 1918 . In Berlin , Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn 's work on determining the radioactive decay chains of radium and uranium by precise chemical separation was interrupted . Meitner spent much of the war working as a radiologist and medical X-ray technician near the Austrian front , while Hahn , a chemist , worked on research in poison gas warfare . Rutherford atom ( edit ) Ernest Rutherford See also : Discovery of the proton In 1920 Rutherford gave a Bakerian lecture at the Royal Society entitled the `` Nuclear Constitution of Atoms '' , a summary of what was then known about the nucleus of the atom . By 1920 , the existence of electrons within the atomic nucleus was widely assumed .", "5": "It was assumed the nucleus consisted of hydrogen nuclei in number equal to the atomic mass . But since each hydrogen had charge + 1 , the nucleus required a smaller number of `` internal electrons '' each of charge - 1 to give the nucleus its correct total charge . The mass of protons is about 1800 times greater than that of electrons , so the mass of the electrons is incidental in this computation . Such a model was consistent with the scattering of alpha particles from heavy nuclei , as well as the charge and mass of the many isotopes that had been identified . There were other motivations for the proton -- electron model . As noted by Rutherford at the time , `` We have strong reason for believing that the nuclei of atoms contain electrons as well as positively charged bodies ... '' , namely , it was known that beta radiation was electrons emitted from the nucleus . In that lecture , Rutherford conjectured the existence of new particles . The alpha particle was known to be very stable , and it was assumed to retain its identity within the nucleus . The alpha particle was presumed to consist of four protons and two closely bound electrons to give it + 2 charge and mass 4 . In a 1919 paper , Rutherford had reported the apparent discovery of a new doubly charged particle of mass 3 , denoted the X++ , interpreted to consist of three protons and a closely bound electron . This result suggested to Rutherford the likely existence of two new particles , one of two protons with a closely bound electron , and another of one proton and a closely bound electron . The X++ particle was later determined to have mass 4 and to be just a low - energy alpha particle . Nevertheless , Rutherford had conjectured the existence of the neutron , a neutral particle of mass 1 , and the deuteron , a + 1 charge particle of mass 2 . The latter is the nucleus of deuterium , discovered in 1931 by Harold Urey . The mass of the hypothetical neutral particle would be little different from that of the proton . Rutherford determined that such a zero - charge particle would be difficult to detect by available techniques . By 1921 Rutherford had named the uncharged particle the neutron , while about that same time the word proton was adopted for the hydrogen nucleus .", "6": "Neutron was apparently constructed from the Latin root for neutral and the Greek ending - on ( by imitation of electron and proton ) . References to the word neutron in connection with the atom can be found in the literature as early as 1899 , however . Rutherford and Chadwick immediately began an experimental program to search for the neutron at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge . The experiments continued throughout the 1920s without success . Rutherford 's conjecture was not widely accepted . In his 1931 textbook on the Constitution of Atomic Nuclei and Radioactivity , George Gamow , then at the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen , did not mention the neutron . At the time of their 1932 measurements in Paris that would lead to the discovery of the neutron , Irène Joliot - Curie and Frédéric Joliot were unaware of the conjecture . Problems of the nuclear electrons hypothesis ( edit ) Throughout the 1920s , physicists assumed that the atomic nucleus was composed of protons and `` nuclear electrons '' . Under this hypothesis , the nitrogen - 14 ( N ) nucleus would be composed of 14 protons and 7 electrons , so that it would have a net charge of + 7 elementary charge units and a mass of 14 atomic mass units . The nucleus was also orbited by another 7 electrons , termed `` external electrons '' by Rutherford , to complete the N atom . Obvious problems with the hypothesis became apparent , however . Ralph Kronig pointed out in 1926 that the observed hyperfine structure of atomic spectra was inconsistent with the proton -- electron hypothesis . This structure is caused by the influence of the nucleus on the dynamics of orbiting electrons . The magnetic moments of supposed `` nuclear electrons '' should produce hyperfine spectral line splittings similar to the Zeeman effect , but no such effects were observed . It appeared as if the magnetic moment of the electron disappeared when it was within the nucleus . Observations of the energy levels of molecules by Franco Rasetti in 1929 were inconsistent with the nuclear spin expected from proton -- electron hypothesis . Molecular Raman spectroscopy of dinitrogen ( N ) showed that transitions originating from even - numbered rotational levels are more intense than those from odd levels , hence the even levels are more populated .", "7": "According to quantum mechanics and the Pauli exclusion principle , the spin of the N nucleus is therefore an integer multiple of ħ ( the reduced Planck constant ) . Yet both protons and electrons carry an intrinsic spin of 1⁄2 ħ , and there is no way to arrange an odd number ( 14 protons + 7 electrons = 21 ) of spins ± 1⁄2 ħ to give a spin that is an integer multiple of ħ . The Klein paradox , discovered by Oskar Klein in 1928 , presented further quantum mechanical objections to the notion of an electron confined within a nucleus . Derived from the Dirac equation , this clear and precise paradox showed that a high - energy electron approaching a potential barrier has a high probability of passing through the barrier , or escaping , by transforming to a particle of negative mass . Apparently , an electron could not be confined within a nucleus by any potential well . The meaning of this paradox was intensely debated at the time . By about 1930 it was generally recognized that it was difficult to reconcile the proton -- electron model for nuclei with the Heisenberg uncertainty relation of quantum mechanics . This relation , Δx ⋅ Δp ≥ 1⁄2ħ , implies that an electron confined to a region the size of an atomic nucleus has an expected kinetic energy of 10 -- 100 MeV . This energy is larger than the observed energy of beta particles emitted from the nucleus . The expected electron energy is also larger than the binding energy of nucleons , which Aston and others had shown to be less than 9 MeV per nucleon . While all these considerations did not `` prove '' an electron could not exist in the nucleus , they were challenging for physicists to interpret . In his 1931 textbook , Gamow summarized all these contradictions . Adding to the confusion in interpretation , the continuous energy distribution of beta decay electrons seemed to indicate that energy was not conserved by this `` nuclear electrons '' process . Indeed , Bohr , Gamow , Heisenberg and others considered the possibility that the laws of quantum mechanics were not applicable inside the nucleus . Such considerations were apparently reasonable , inasmuch as the laws of quantum mechanics had so recently overturned the laws of classical mechanics . The contradictions were mysterious and troublesome , until it was realized that there are no electrons in the nucleus .", "8": "Discovery of the neutron ( edit ) In 1930 , Walther Bothe and Herbert Becker in Giessen , Germany found that if the energetic alpha particles emitted from polonium fell on certain light elements , specifically beryllium ( Be ) , boron ( ) , or lithium ( Li ) , an unusually penetrating radiation was produced . Beryllium produced the most intense such radiation . Polonium is highly radioactive , producing energetic alpha radiation . Polonium was commonly used for such scattering experiments at the time . Since the observed radiation was not influenced by an electric field ( neutrons have no charge ) , it was thought to be gamma radiation . The radiation was more penetrating than any gamma rays known , and the details of experimental results were difficult to interpret . A schematic diagram of the experiment used to discover the neutron in 1932 . At left , a polonium source was used to irradiate beryllium with alpha particles , which induced an uncharged radiation . When this radiation struck paraffin wax , protons were ejected . The protons were observed using a small ionization chamber . Adapted from Chadwick ( 1932 ) . Two years later Irène Joliot - Curie and Frédéric Joliot in Paris showed that if this unknown radiation fell on paraffin wax , or any other hydrogen - containing compound , it ejected protons of very high energy ( 5 MeV ) . This observation was not in itself inconsistent with the assumed gamma ray nature of the new radiation , but that interpretation ( Compton scattering ) had a logical problem . From energy and momentum considerations , a gamma ray would have to have impossibly high energy ( 50 MeV ) to scatter a massive proton . In Rome , the young physicist Ettore Majorana declared that the manner in which the new radiation interacted with protons required a new neutral particle . On hearing of the Paris results , neither Rutherford nor James Chadwick at the Cavendish Laboratory believed the gamma ray hypothesis . Assisted by Norman Feather , Chadwick quickly performed a series of experiments showing that the gamma ray hypothesis was untenable . The previous year , Chadwick , J.E.R. Constable , and E.C. Pollard had already conducted experiments on disintegrating light elements using alpha radiation from polonium .", "9": "They had also developed more accurate and efficient methods for detecting , counting , and recording the ejected protons . Chadwick repeated the creation of the radiation using beryllium and aimed the radiation at paraffin following the Paris experiment . Paraffin wax is a hydrocarbon high in hydrogen content , hence offers a target dense with protons ; since neutrons and protons have almost equal mass , protons scatter energetically from neutrons . Chadwick measured the range of these protons , and also measured how the new radiation impacted the atoms of various gases . He found that the new radiation consisted of not gamma rays , but uncharged particles with about the same mass as the proton . These particles were neutrons . Chadwick won the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery in 1935 . The year 1932 was later referred to as the `` annus mirabilis '' for nuclear physics in the Cavendish Laboratory , with discoveries of the neutron , artificial nuclear disintegration by the Cockcroft -- Walton particle accelerator , and the positron . Proton -- neutron model of the nucleus ( edit ) Models depicting the nucleus and electron energy levels in hydrogen , helium , lithium , and neon atoms . In reality , the diameter of the nucleus is about 100,000 times smaller than the diameter of the atom . Given the problems of the proton -- electron model , it was quickly accepted that the atomic nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons , although the precise nature of the neutron was initially unclear . Within months after the discovery of the neutron , Werner Heisenberg and Dmitri Ivanenko had proposed proton -- neutron models for the nucleus . Heisenberg 's landmark papers approached the description of protons and neutrons in the nucleus through quantum mechanics . While Heisenberg 's theory for protons and neutrons in the nucleus was a `` major step toward understanding the nucleus as a quantum mechanical system , '' he still assumed the presence of nuclear electrons . In particular , Heisenberg assumed the neutron was a proton -- electron composite , for which there is no quantum mechanical explanation . Heisenberg had no explanation for how lightweight electrons could be bound within the nucleus . Heisenberg introduced the first theory of nuclear exchange forces that bind the nucleons . He considered protons and neutrons to be different quantum states of the same particle , i.e.", "10": ", nucleons distinguished by the value of their nuclear isospin quantum numbers . The proton -- neutron model explained the puzzle of dinitrogen . When N was proposed to consist of 3 pairs each of protons and neutrons , with an additional unpaired neutron and proton each contributing a spin of ⁄ ħ in the same direction for a total spin of 1 ħ , the model became viable . Soon , neutrons were used to naturally explain spin differences in many different nuclides in the same way . If the proton -- neutron model for the nucleus resolved many issues , it highlighted the problem of explaining the origins of beta radiation . No existing theory could account for how electrons , or positrons , could emanate from the nucleus . In 1934 , Enrico Fermi published his classic paper describing the process of beta decay , in which the neutron decays to a proton by creating an electron and a ( as yet undiscovered ) neutrino . The paper employed the analogy that photons , or electromagnetic radiation , were similarly created and destroyed in atomic processes . Ivanenko had suggested a similar analogy in 1932 . Fermi 's theory requires the neutron to be a spin - 1⁄2 particle . The theory preserved the principle of conservation of energy , which had been thrown into question by the continuous energy distribution of beta particles . The basic theory for beta decay proposed by Fermi was the first to show how particles could be created and destroyed . It established a general , basic theory for the interaction of particles by weak or strong forces . While this influential paper has stood the test of time , the ideas within it were so new that when it was first submitted to the journal Nature in 1933 it was rejected as being too speculative . The nature of the neutron ( edit ) Seventh Solvay Conference , 1933 . The question of whether the neutron was a composite particle of a proton and an electron persisted for a few years after its discovery . In 1932 Harrie Massey explored a model for a composite neutron to account for its great penetrating power through matter and its electrical neutrality , for example . The issue was a legacy of the prevailing view from the 1920s that the only elementary particles were the proton and electron .", "11": "The nature of the neutron was a primary topic of discussion at the 7th Solvay Conference held in October 1933 , attended by Heisenberg , Niels Bohr , Lise Meitner , Ernest Lawrence , Fermi , Chadwick , and others . As posed by Chadwick in his Bakerian Lecture in 1933 , the primary question was the mass of the neutron relative to the proton . If the neutron 's mass was less than the combined masses of a proton and an electron ( 7000100780000000000 ♠ 1.0078 u ) , then the neutron could be a proton - electron composite because of the mass defect from the binding energy . If greater than the combined masses , then the neutron was elementary like the proton . The question was challenging to answer because the electron 's mass is only 0.05 % of the proton 's , hence exceptionally precise measurements were required . The difficulty of making the measurement is illustrated by the wide - ranging values for the mass of the neutron obtained from 1932 - 1934 . The accepted value today is 7000100865999999999 ♠ 1.008 66 u . In Chadwick 's 1932 paper reporting on the discovery , he estimated the mass of the neutron to be between 7000100499999999999 ♠ 1.005 u and 7000100800000000000 ♠ 1.008 u . By bombarding boron with alpha particles , Frédéric and Irène Joliot - Curie obtained a high value of 7000101200000000000 ♠ 1.012 u , while Ernest Lawrence 's team at the University of California measured the small value 7000100060000000000 ♠ 1.0006 u using their new cyclotron . In 1935 Chadwick and his doctoral student Maurice Goldhaber resolved the issue by reporting the first accurate measurement of the mass of the neutron . They used the 2.6 MeV gamma rays of Thallium - 208 ( Tl ) ( then known as thorium C `` ) to photodisintegrate the deuteron + γ → + n In this reaction , the resulting proton and neutron have about equal kinetic energy , since their masses are about equal .", "12": "The kinetic energy of the resulting proton could be measured ( 0.24 MeV ) , and therefore the deuteron 's binding energy could be determined ( 2.6 MeV - 2 ( 0.24 MeV ) = 2.1 MeV , or 6997230000000000000 ♠ 0.0023 u ) . The neutron 's mass could then be determined by the simple mass balance m + b.e. = m + m where m refer to the deuteron , proton , or neutron mass , and `` b.e. '' is the binding energy . The masses of the deuteron and proton were known ; Chadwick and Goldhaber used values 2.0142 u and 1.0081 u , respectively . They found that the neutron 's mass was slightly greater than the mass of the proton 7000100840000000000 ♠ 1.0084 u or 7000100899999999999 ♠ 1.0090 u , depending on the precise value used for the deuteron mass . The mass of the neutron was too large to be a proton - electron composite , and the neutron was therefore identified as an elementary particle . Ironically , in support of Fermi 's theory , Chadwick and Goldhaber predicted that a free neutron would be able to decay into a proton , electron , and neutrino ( beta decay ) . Neutron Physics in the 1930s ( edit ) See also : Neutron magnetic moment , Enrico Fermi , Lise Meitner , and Otto Hahn Soon after the discovery of the neutron , indirect evidence suggested the neutron had an unexpected non-zero value for its magnetic moment . Attempts to measure the neutron 's magnetic moment originated with the discovery by Otto Stern in 1933 in Hamburg that the proton had an anomalously large magnetic moment . By 1934 groups led by Stern , now in Pittsburgh , and I.I. Rabi in New York had independently deduced that the magnetic moment of the neutron was negative and unexpectedly large by measuring the magnetic moments of the proton and deuteron . Values for the magnetic moment of the neutron were also determined by Robert Bacher ( 1933 ) at Ann Arbor and I.Y. Tamm and S.A.", "13": "Altshuler ( 1934 ) in the Soviet Union from studies of the hyperfine structure of atomic spectra . By the late 1930s accurate values for the magnetic moment of the neutron had been deduced by the Rabi group using measurements employing newly developed nuclear magnetic resonance techniques . The large value for the proton 's magnetic moment and the inferred negative value for the neutron 's magnetic moment were unexpected and raised many questions . Fermi and his students ( the Via Panisperna boys ) in the courtyard of Rome University 's Physics Institute in Via Panisperna , about 1934 . From Left to right : Oscar D'Agostino , Emilio Segrè , Edoardo Amaldi , Franco Rasetti and Fermi The discovery of the neutron immediately gave scientists a new tool for probing the properties of atomic nuclei . Alpha particles had been used over the previous decades in scattering experiments , but such particles , which are helium nuclei , have + 2 charge . This charge makes it difficult for alpha particles to overcome the Coulomb repulsive force and interact directly with the nuclei of atoms . Since neutrons have no electric charge , they do not have to overcome this force to interact with nuclei . Almost coincident with its discovery , neutrons were used by Norman Feather , Chadwick 's colleague and protege , in scattering experiments with nitrogen . Feather was able to show that neutrons interacting with nitrogen nuclei scattered to protons or induced nitrogen to disintegrate to form boron with the emission of an alpha particle . Feather was therefore the first to show that neutrons produce nuclear disintegrations . In Rome , Enrico Fermi bombarded heavier elements with neutrons and found the products to be radioactive . By 1934 Fermi had used neutrons to induce radioactivity in 22 different elements , many of these elements of high atomic number . Noticing that other experiments with neutrons at his laboratory seemed to work better on a wooden table than a marble table , Fermi suspected that the protons of the wood were slowing the neutrons and so increasing the chance for the neutron to interact with nuclei . Fermi therefore passed neutrons through paraffin wax to slow them and found that the radioactivity of bombarded elements increased by a hundredfold . The cross section for interaction with nuclei is much larger for slow neutrons than for fast neutrons .", "14": "In 1938 Fermi received the Nobel Prize in Physics `` for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation , and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons '' . Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn in their laboratory in 1913 . Nuclear fission caused by absorption of a neutron by uranium - 235 . The heavy nuclide fragments into lighter components and additional neutrons . In Berlin , the collaboration of Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn , together with their assistant Fritz Strassmann , furthered the research begun by Fermi and his team when they bombarded uranium with neutrons . Between 1934 and 1938 , Hahn , Meitner , and Strassmann found a great number of radioactive transmutation products from these experiments , all of which they regarded as transuranic . Transuranic nuclides are those that have an atomic number greater than uranium ( 92 ) , formed by neutron absorption ; such nuclides are not naturally occurring . In July 1938 , Meitner was forced to escape antisemitic persecution in Nazi Germany after the Anschluss , and she was able to secure a new position in Sweden . The decisive experiment on 16 -- 17 December 1938 ( using a chemical process called `` radium -- barium -- mesothorium fractionation '' ) produced puzzling results : what they had understood to be three isotopes of radium were instead consistently behaving as barium . Radium ( atomic number 88 ) and barium ( atomic number 56 ) are in the same chemical group . By January 1939 Hahn had concluded that what they had thought were transuranic nuclides were instead much lighter nuclides , such as barium , lanthanum , cerium and light platinoids . Meitner and her nephew Otto Frisch immediately and correctly interpreted these observations as resulting from nuclear fission , a term coined by Frisch . Hahn and his collaborators had detected the splitting of uranium nuclei , made unstable by neutron absorption , into lighter elements . Meitner and Frisch also showed that the fission of each uranium atom would release about 200 MeV of energy . The discovery of fission electrified the global community of atomic physicists and the public .", "15": "In their second publication on nuclear fission , Hahn and Strassmann predicted the existence and liberation of additional neutrons during the fission process . Frédéric Joliot and his team proved this phenomenon to be a chain reaction in March 1939 . In 1945 Hahn received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry `` for his discovery of the fission of heavy atomic nuclei . '' After 1939 ( edit ) The Trinity test of the Manhattan Project in 1945 was the first atomic bomb . See also : Chicago Pile - 1 and Timeline of particle discoveries The discovery of nuclear fission at the end of 1938 marked a shift in the centers of nuclear research from Europe to the United States . Large numbers of scientists were migrating to the United States to escape the troubles and antisemitism in Europe and the looming war ( See Jewish scientists and the Manhattan Project ) . The new centers of nuclear research were the universities in the United States , particularly Columbia University in New York and the University of Chicago where Enrico Fermi had relocated , and a secret research facility at Los Alamos , New Mexico , established in 1942 , the new home of the Manhattan project . This wartime project was focussed on the construction of nuclear weapons , exploiting the enormous energy released by the fission of uranium or plutonium through neutron - based chain reactions . The discoveries of the neutron and positron in 1932 were the start of the discoveries of many new particles . Muons were discovered in 1936 . Pions and kaons were discovered in 1947 , while lambda particles were discovered in 1950 . Throughout the 1950s and 1960s , a large number of particles called hadrons were discovered . A classification scheme for organizing all these particles , proposed independently by Murray Gell - Mann and George Zweig in 1964 , became known as the quark model . By this model , particles such as the proton and neutron were not elementary , but composed of various configurations of a small number of other truly elementary particles called partons or quarks . The quark model received experimental verification beginning in the late 1960s and finally provided an explanation for the neutron 's anomalous magnetic moment . Videos ( edit ) Ernest Rutherford summarizes the state of nuclear physics in 1935 . ( 7 min.", "16": ", Nobelprize.org ) Hans Bethe discusses Chadwick and Goldhaber 's work on deuteron disintegration. ( 2 min. , Web of Stories ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pais , Abraham ( 1986 ) . Inward Bound . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0198519974 . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford , E. 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( 10 February 1939 ) .", "29": "`` Proof of the Formation of Active Isotopes of Barium from Uranium and Thorium Irradiated with Neutrons ; Proof of the Existence of More Active Fragments Produced by Uranium Fission '' . Die Naturwissenschaften. 27 ( 6 ) : 89 -- 95 . Bibcode : 1939NW ... 27 ... 89H . doi : 10.1007 / BF01488988 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944 : Otto Hahn -- Biographical '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jeremy ( 2001 ) . Hitler 's uranium club : the secret recordings at Farm Hall . New York : Copernicus . p. 281 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 95089 - 3 . Jump up ^ Isaacson , Walter ( 2007 ) . Einstein : His Life and Universe . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0743264747 . Jump up ^ `` About Enrico Fermi '' . The University of Chicago Library : Digital Activities and Collections . Guide to the Enrico Fermi Collection , Special Collections Research Center , University of Chicago Library . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fermi at Columbia : The Manhattan Project and the First Nuclear Pile '' . Columbia University Department of Physics . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Richard ( 1986 ) . The Making of the Atomic Bomb . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 44133 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gell - Mann , M. ( 1964 ) . `` A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons '' . Physics Letters. 8 ( 3 ) : 214 -- 215 . Bibcode : 1964PhL ... 8 ... 214G . doi : 10.1016 / S0031 - 9163 ( 64 ) 92001 - 3 . Jump up ^ Zweig , G. ( 1964 ) .", "30": "`` An SU ( 3 ) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking '' ( PDF ) . CERN Report No. 8182 / TH. 401 . Jump up ^ Zweig , G. ( 1964 ) . `` An SU ( 3 ) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking : II '' ( PDF ) . CERN Report No. 8419 / TH. 412 . Jump up ^ Gell , Y. ; Lichtenberg , D.B. ( 1969 ) . `` Quark model and the magnetic moments of proton and neutron '' . Il Nuovo Cimento A. Series 10 . 61 : 27 -- 40 . Bibcode : 1969NCimA ... 61 ... 27G . doi : 10.1007 / BF02760010 . Further reading ( edit ) Annotated bibliography for neutrons from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues Abraham Pais , Inward Bound , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1986 . ISBN 0198519974 . Herwig Schopper , Weak interactions and nuclear beta decay , Publisher , North - Holland Pub. Co. , 1966 . OCLC 644015779 Ruth Lewin Sime , Lise Meitner : A Life in Physics , Berkeley , University of California Press , 1996 . ISBN 0520208609 . Roger H. Stuewer , `` The Nuclear Electron Hypothesis '' . In Otto Hahn and the Rise of Nuclear Physics , William R. Shea , ed . Dordrecht , Holland : D. Riedel Publishing Company . pp. 19 -- 67 , 1983 . ISBN 90 - 277 - 1584 - X . Sin - Itiro Tomonaga , The Story of Spin , The University of Chicago Press , 1997 .", "31": "ISBN 9780226807942 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_of_the_neutron&oldid=835881630 '' Categories : Neutron Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 10 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7784622653428827347	when does the regular season start in mlb	[ "March 29, 2018", "March 29, 2018", "March 29, 2018", "March 29, 2018", "March 29, 2018" ]	{ "0": "2018 Major League Baseball season - wikipedia 2018 Major League Baseball season Jump to : navigation , search 2018 MLB season League Major League Baseball Sport Baseball Duration March 29 -- October 31 , 2018 Number of games 162 Number of teams 30 Regular season League Postseason World Series MLB seasons ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 Major League Baseball season began on March 29 , 2018 , and is scheduled to end on September 30 . The postseason will begin on October 2 . The 2018 World Series is set to begin on October 23 , and a potential Game 7 is scheduled on October 31 . The 2018 MLB Draft will be held from June 4 to 6 in Secaucus , New Jersey . The 89th Major League Baseball All - Star Game will be held on July 17 at Nationals Park , the home of the Washington Nationals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Schedule 2 Rule changes 3 Standings 3.1 Division 4 Managerial changes 4.1 General managers 4.1. 1 Offseason 4.2 Field managers 4.2. 1 Offseason 4.2. 2 In -- season 5 League leaders 5.1 American League 5.2 National League 6 Milestones 6.1 Batters 6.2 Pitchers 6.2. 1 No - hitters 6.2. 2 Other pitching accomplishments 7 Uniforms 7.1 Wholesale changes 7.2 Alternate changes 7.3 Anniversaries and special events 7.4 Other uniforms 7.5 Throwbacks 8 Broadcast rights 8.1 Television 8.1. 1 National 8.2 Radio 8.2. 1 Local 8.2. 2 National 8.3 Digital 9 Retired numbers 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Schedule ( edit ) As has been the case since 2013 , all teams will play their four division opponents 19 times each for a total of 76 games .", "1": "They will play six or seven games against each of the other 10 same - league opponents for a total of 66 games , and 20 inter-league games . The primary inter-league match - ups are AL East vs NL East , AL Central vs NL Central , and AL West vs NL West . Since `` natural rivalry '' matchups are part of the three - year divisional rotation , the schedule format for interleague games will be different from previous years . The 20 interleague games each team will play will consist of two three - game series ( one home , one away ) against its natural rival ( total of six games ) , two two - game series ( one home , one away ) against each team for two other opponents ( total of eight games ) , and a single three - game series against each team for the last two ( one home , one away ; total of six games ) . Under the new collective bargaining agreement reached in December 2016 , the regular season has been extended to 187 days in order to add four additional off - days for all teams . All teams were scheduled to play Opening Day , March 29 -- the earliest domestic start of a regular season in MLB history . There will no longer be a Sunday - night game on the final Sunday before the All - Star Game . A single , nationally televised afternoon game will be played on the Thursday after the All - Star Game ( which for 2018 , will be played between the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs ) , before all other teams return from break the next day . The Minnesota Twins and the Cleveland Indians played a two - game series at Hiram Bithorn Stadium in San Juan , Puerto Rico on April 17 and 18 , while the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Diego Padres will play a three - game series at Estadio de Béisbol Monterrey in Monterrey , Mexico from May 4 to 6 . The Little League Classic game at BB&T Ballpark in Williamsport , Pennsylvania , coinciding with the Little League World Series , will return to the schedule . It will be played between the Philadelphia Phillies and the New York Mets on August 19 . Rule changes ( edit ) Beginning in the 2018 season , MLB implemented new pace of play rules , which include limiting the amount of mound visits for each team to six visits per nine innings . Teams will receive an additional visit for every extra inning played .", "2": "Standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) American League National League American League East Pct . GB Home Road Boston Red Sox 19 5 0.792 -- 8 -- 1 11 -- 4 New York Yankees 15 9 0.625 11 -- 5 4 -- 4 Toronto Blue Jays 14 10 0.583 5 8 -- 5 6 -- 5 Tampa Bay Rays 10 13 0.435 81⁄2 6 -- 7 4 -- 6 Baltimore Orioles 6 19 0.240 131⁄2 3 -- 9 3 -- 10 American League Central Pct . GB Home Road Cleveland Indians 13 10 0.565 -- 7 -- 4 6 -- 6 Detroit Tigers 10 13 0.435 6 -- 7 4 -- 6 Minnesota Twins 8 12 0.400 31⁄2 5 -- 3 3 -- 9 Chicago White Sox 6 16 0.273 61⁄2 2 -- 10 4 -- 6 Kansas City Royals 5 18 0.217 8 1 -- 10 4 -- 8 American League West Pct .", "3": "GB Home Road Houston Astros 17 9 0.654 -- 7 -- 5 10 -- 4 Los Angeles Angels 16 9 0.640 1⁄2 5 -- 7 11 -- 2 Seattle Mariners 14 10 0.583 5 -- 5 9 -- 5 Oakland Athletics 13 12 0.520 31⁄2 8 -- 6 5 -- 6 Texas Rangers 9 17 0.346 8 4 -- 12 5 -- 5 National League East Pct . GB Home Road New York Mets 15 8 0.652 -- 7 -- 4 8 -- 4 Philadelphia Phillies 15 9 0.625 1⁄2 10 -- 3 5 -- 6 Atlanta Braves 14 10 0.583 11⁄2 8 -- 4 6 -- 6 Washington Nationals 11 14 0.440 5 3 -- 7 8 -- 7 Miami Marlins 7 17 0.292 81⁄2 3 -- 9 4 -- 8 National League Central Pct . GB Home Road St. Louis Cardinals 15 9 0.625 -- 7 -- 5 8 -- 4 Milwaukee Brewers 16 10 0.615 -- 8 -- 6 8 -- 4 Pittsburgh Pirates 14 11 0.560 11⁄2 7 -- 5 7 -- 6 Chicago Cubs 12 10 0.545 4 -- 4 8 -- 6 Cincinnati Reds 5 20 0.200 101⁄2 3 -- 9 2 -- 11 National League West Pct .", "4": "GB Home Road Arizona Diamondbacks 17 7 0.708 -- 9 -- 3 8 -- 4 Colorado Rockies 14 12 0.538 5 -- 7 9 -- 5 Los Angeles Dodgers 11 12 0.478 51⁄2 7 -- 8 4 -- 4 San Francisco Giants 11 13 0.458 6 5 -- 5 6 -- 8 San Diego Padres 9 17 0.346 9 4 -- 10 5 -- 7 Managerial changes ( edit ) General managers ( edit ) Offseason ( edit ) Team Former GM Reason For Leaving New GM Story / Accomplishments Atlanta Braves John Coppolella Resigned Alex Anthopoulos John Coppolella resigned from the Braves on October 2 , 2017 , because of a Major League Baseball investigation . On November 12 , 2017 , Alex Anthopoulos was hired as the new general manager of the team . On November 21 , 2017 , Coppolella was banned for life from baseball as a result of the investigation . Field managers ( edit ) Offseason ( edit ) Team Former manager Reason for leaving New manager Story / Accomplishments Detroit Tigers Brad Ausmus Contract not renewed Ron Gardenhire The Tigers announced on September 22 , 2017 , that Ausmus ' contract would not be renewed . Ausmus compiled a 314 -- 332 (. 486 ) record in four years as manager with one playoff appearance . The Tigers hired former Minnesota Twins manager Ron Gardenhire on October 19 , 2017 . As the Twins ' manager from 2002 to 2014 he compiled a record of 1068 -- 1039 (. 507 ) , and 6 -- 21 (. 222 ) in six post-season appearances . He also won AL Manager of the Year in 2010 .", "5": "Philadelphia Phillies Pete Mackanin Reassigned Gabe Kapler It was announced on October 1 , 2017 , that Mackanin would be removed as manager but he managed the final three games of the 2017 season . Mackanin had a record of 174 -- 238 (. 422 ) in his two and a half seasons as manager with no playoff appearances . It was also announced he would remain with the organization as a special assistant to the general manager . On October 29 , 2017 , the Phillies announced the hire of former Dodgers ' Director of Development Gabe Kapler . He has no previous major league managerial or coaching experience . New York Mets Terry Collins Retired Mickey Callaway Collins announced on October 1 , 2017 , that he would retire after the last game of the season . He will move to the Mets ' front office . Collins finished with a 551 -- 583 (. 486 ) record in seven years with club , with two playoff appearances in 2015 and 2016 , where they lost to the Kansas City Royals in the World Series and lost the Wild Card to the San Francisco Giants in the following season . The Mets named Cleveland Indians pitching coach Mickey Callaway as their new manager on October 22 , 2017 . Callaway has no previous managerial experience . Boston Red Sox John Farrell Fired Alex Cora Farrell was fired on October 11 , 2017 . Farrell during his five years as manager compiled a 432 -- 378 (. 533 ) record and earned three division titles in 2013 , 2016 and 2017 . He led the Red Sox to the 2013 World Series title . Houston Astros bench coach Alex Cora was named manager on October 22 , 2017 , and formally assumed the role after the Astros ' win in the 2017 World Series . He has no previous managerial experience . Washington Nationals Dusty Baker Contract not renewed Dave Martinez The Nationals announced on October 20 , 2017 , that Baker would not be returning for the 2018 season . Baker led the Nationals to the postseason in each of his two seasons with the club but could n't get past the NLDS . The Nationals were 192 -- 132 (. 593 ) under Baker .", "6": "The Nationals hired Dave Martinez to be their new manager on October 29 , 2017 . Martinez was previously the bench coach for the Chicago Cubs , and has no managerial experience . New York Yankees Joe Girardi Aaron Boone The Yankees announced on October 26 , 2017 , that Girardi would not return for the 2018 season . Girardi led the Yankees to three division titles and one World Series championship during his ten years of managing the club . The Yankees were 910 -- 710 (. 562 ) under Girardi . On December 1 , 2017 , radio announcer Aaron Boone was hired as the team 's new manager . He has no previous coaching or managerial experience . In -- season ( edit ) Team Former manager Interim manager Reason for leaving New manager Story / Accomplishments Cincinnati Reds Bryan Price Jim Riggleman Fired TBA Price was fired after starting the season with a 3 -- 15 (. 167 ) . In four seasons , Price finished with a 279 -- 387 (. 419 ) record with no playoff appearances . Bench coach Jim Riggleman was selected as the interim manager . His previous managerial experience includes stints with the Padres , Cubs , Mariners , and Nationals . He has been a Manager in the Reds ' minor league system since 2012 . League leaders ( edit ) Updated through April 26 American League ( edit ) Hitting leaders Stat Player Total AVG Didi Gregorius ( NYY ) .", "7": "354 HR Mike Trout ( LAA ) 10 RBI Didi Gregorius ( NYY ) 29 Mookie Betts ( BOS ) 25 Jed Lowrie ( OAK ) 37 SB Dee Gordon ( SEA ) 9 Pitching leaders Stat Player Total 4 tied with Kendall Graveman ( OAK ) 5 ERA Sean Manaea ( OAK ) 1.23 Gerrit Cole ( HOU ) 49 IP Justin Verlander ( HOU ) 39.2 SV Edwin Díaz ( SEA ) 11 National League ( edit ) Hitting leaders Stat Player Total AVG Tommy Pham ( STL ) . 355 HR Ozzie Albies ( ATL ) Charlie Blackmon ( COL ) Bryce Harper ( WAS ) 8 RBI Javier Baez ( CHC ) 24 Ozzie Albies ( ATL ) 24 Ozzie Albies ( ATL ) DJ Lemahieu ( COL ) Dansby Swanson ( ATL ) 30 SB Trea Turner ( WAS ) 10 Pitching leaders Stat Player Total Max Scherzer ( WAS ) 5 Jon Gray ( COL ) Clayton Kershaw ( LAD ) ERA Johnny Cueto ( SF ) 0.35 Max Scherzer ( WAS ) 57 IP Max Scherzer ( WAS ) 39.0 SV Wade Davis ( COL ) Jeurys Familia ( NYM ) 9 Milestones ( edit ) Batters ( edit ) George Springer ( HOU ) : With his Opening Day lead - off home run on March 29 against the Texas Rangers , Springer became the first player in Major League history to lead off back - to - back seasons with a home run . Joe Panik ( SF ) : Became the first player in Major League history to hit a home run in consecutive 1 -- 0 victories by his team . Adrian Beltre ( TEX ) : With a second - inning double on April 5 against the Oakland Athletics , Beltre became the all - time leader in hits by a player from Latin America .", "8": "Beltre , from the Dominican Republic , passed Rod Carew of Panama with the 3,054 th hit in his career . Joe Mauer ( MIN ) : Recorded his 2,000 th career hit with a single in the seventh inning against the Chicago White Sox on April 12 . He became the 287th player to reach this mark . Miguel Cabrera ( DET ) : Recorded his 550th career double in the seventh inning against the Baltimore Orioles on April 19 . He became the 30th player to reach this mark . Ryan Braun ( MIL ) : Recorded his 1,000 th career RBI with a pinch - hit home run in the sixth inning against the Miami Marlins on April 19 . He became the 285th player to reach this mark . Pitchers ( edit ) No - hitters ( edit ) Sean Manaea ( OAK ) : Threw his first career no - hitter by defeating the Boston Red Sox 3 -- 0 on April 21 . Manaea walked two and threw one wild pitch , throwing 108 pitches , 75 for strikes , and striking out ten . One other runner reached on an error . There was also a controversial call in which a runner was called out for exiting the base path near first base , after having originally been called safe . Other pitching accomplishments ( edit ) Max Scherzer ( WAS ) : Became the second pitcher in the live - ball era ( since 1920 ) to pitch a shutout , strike out at least 10 batters and steal a base in the same game by accomplishing this feat on April 9 against the Atlanta Braves . He joins Nolan Ryan who did this against the Pittsburgh Pirates on May 16 , 1984 . Roberto Osuna ( TOR ) : On April 10 , at the age of 23 years and 62 days , Osuna became the youngest pitcher in Major League history to acquire his 100th career save . Osuna was over a year younger than the previous record holder Francisco Rodríguez . Rodríguez had accomplished the feat at the age of 24 years and 246 days . Uniforms ( edit ) Wholesale changes ( edit ) The Detroit Tigers modified the Olde English D on the home jersey to match the D on the cap .", "9": "This is the first major change to the Tigers ' home jersey since 1934 ( not counting the hiatus in 1960 ) . The Cleveland Indians have confirmed this will be final season using the Chief Wahoo logo on its uniforms . It will be replaced at the start of the 2019 season . Alternate changes ( edit ) The Oakland Athletics added a kelly green alternate jersey to commemorate the franchise 's 50th anniversary in Oakland . The uniforms are used during every Friday home game . The Washington Nationals added a second navy blue jersey to commemorate the team 's hosting of the 2018 All - Star Game . The uniform features the script `` Nationals '' in white with red trim and numerals in red with white trim . Both the Cincinnati Reds and the Pittsburgh Pirates replaced their camouflage uniforms with new white alternate jerseys featuring olive and military green logos , letters and numbers . Anniversaries and special events ( edit ) The following teams will wear commemorative patches for special occasions : Team Special occasion All Teams `` MSD '' patch in memory of the victims of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting ( February 23 ) # 42 patch for Jackie Robinson Day ( April 15 ) Pink ribbons for breast cancer awareness ( May 12 -- 13 , Mother 's Day weekend ) `` Play Ball '' patch in partnership with USA Baseball and USA Softball ( June 2 -- 3 ) Blue ribbons for prostate cancer awareness ( June 16 -- 17 , Father 's Day weekend ) Players Weekend ( August 24 -- 26 ) Gold ribbons for childhood cancer awareness ( August 31 ) Atlanta Braves 50th anniversary of the assassination of Reverend Martin Luther King , Jr.", "10": "( April 4 ) Arizona Diamondbacks 20th anniversary of the franchise Chicago Cubs `` MSD '' patch in memory of the victims of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting ( March 29 ) Colorado Rockies 25th anniversary of the franchise Houston Astros 2017 World Series Championship ( April 2 ) Kansas City Royals 50th season of the franchise Los Angeles Dodgers 60th anniversary in Los Angeles Miami Marlins 25th anniversary of the franchise ( began as the Florida Marlins ) `` MSD '' patch in memory of the victims of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting ( March 29 - April 1 ) New York Mets Autograph patch in memory of Rusty Staub Oakland Athletics 50th anniversary in Oakland San Francisco Giants 60th anniversary in San Francisco Tampa Bay Rays 20th anniversary of the franchise ( originally Devil Rays ) Toronto Blue Jays # 32 patch in memory of Roy Halladay Washington Nationals 2018 All Star Game Other uniforms ( edit ) The Astros wore gold - lettered uniforms at their home opener April 2 and April 3 to mark them winning the 2017 World Series title . Players , managers and coaches wore # 42 on April 15 , the 71st anniversary of Jackie Robinson 's debut in the majors . The Orioles wore special caps and green uniforms on April 22 , Earth Day . The Royals will wear an alternate uniform with a crown atop the R , and a cap with a crown instead of the `` KC '' , on June 30 in Seattle . Throwbacks ( edit ) The Phillies will wear their 1980s powder blue uniforms for select Thursday home games . The Athletics and White Sox wore 1968 throwbacks April 17 to mark the 50th anniversary of the Athletics ' first season in Oakland . The Tigers and Royals will wear Negro Leagues throwbacks May 6 . The Tigers will wear the uniforms of the Detroit Stars , and the Royals will wear the uniforms of the Kansas City Monarchs . The Marlins will wear 1993 throwbacks June 8 - 10 to mark their 25th anniversary . The Mariners will mark the 20th anniversary of their 1998 `` Turn Ahead the Clock '' promotion by wearing the uniforms from that game June 30 against Kansas City .", "11": "The Rays wore throwbacks from their inaugural season on March 31 against the Boston Red Sox . They will wear these throwbacks again on June 9 against the Seattle Mariners , June 23rd against the New York Yankees and on September 8th against the Baltimore Orioles . Broadcast rights ( edit ) Television ( edit ) National ( edit ) This is the fifth year of the current eight - year deals with Fox Sports , ESPN and TBS . Fox will air eight weeks of baseball on Saturday Nights leading up to the 2018 Major League Baseball All - Star Game which will also air on Fox . Fox will then televise Saturday afternoon games for the last four weeks of the regular season . FS1 will televise games on Tuesday and on Saturdays both during the afternoon and night . ESPN will televise games on its flagship telecast Sunday Night Baseball as well as Monday and Wednesday Nights . TBS will televise Sunday afternoon games for the last 13 weeks of the regular season . Fox and ESPN Sunday Night Baseball telecasts will be exclusive ; all other national telecasts will be subject to local blackout . TBS will televise the American League Wild Card Game , Division Series and Championship Series . ESPN will televise the National League Wild Card . Fox Sports 1 and MLB Network will televise the National League Division Series . Fox and Fox Sports 1 will televise the National League Championship Series . The World Series will air exclusively on Fox for the 19th consecutive year . Radio ( edit ) Local ( edit ) The Minnesota Twins will return to Entercom 's WCCO / Minneapolis after twelve years on KSTP , followed by the Twins - owned FM station KQGO ; WCCO has been the flagship for the Twins ' network for 46 of the team 's 58 years of existence . Entercom will also take over all existing play - by - play contracts from their newly acquired stations from CBS Radio after the two companies merged their radio assets on November 17 , 2017 . The Chicago White Sox will have a new flagship station in Tribune Broadcasting 's WGN / Chicago , after Cumulus Media asked to void their agreement to carry the team 's games on WLS as part of its Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing , and Cumulus ending several high - profile talent and sports rights agreements due to their cost .", "12": "The deal allows WGN to return to MLB play - by - play after a three - year hiatus after the end of their long association with the Chicago Cubs , who moved to WBBM in the 2015 season , then WSCR in 2016 . WGN had previously carried White Sox broadcasts from 1927 until 1943 . The San Diego Padres will have a new flagship station , as they moved from Entercom 's KBZT to KEGY ( FM ) , the latter of which flipped from contemporary hit radio to hot talk branded as `` 97.3 The Machine '' . National ( edit ) ESPN Radio will air its 21st season of national coverage , including Sunday Night Baseball , Saturday games , Opening Day and holiday games , the All - Star Game , and Home Run Derby , and the entire Major League Baseball postseason . Digital ( edit ) Nine regular season games will be broadcast exclusively in the United States on Facebook Watch , beginning with the April 4 game between the New York Mets and Philadelphia Phillies . Retired numbers ( edit ) Roy Halladay had his # 32 retired posthumously by the Toronto Blue Jays on March 29 . Barry Bonds will have his # 25 retired by the San Francisco Giants on August 11 . Jack Morris will have his # 47 retired by the Detroit Tigers on August 12 . Alan Trammell will have his # 3 retired by the Detroit Tigers on August 26 . See also ( edit ) 2018 in baseball 2018 Nippon Professional Baseball season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ October 31 is the date of a potential Game 7 of the World Series . The earliest the season can end is October 27 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark . `` 2018 Major League Baseball schedule released '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MLB minimum salary , 10 - day DL , the 187 - day season , and other CBA minutiae '' . True Blue LA ( SB Nation ) . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Major League Baseball schedule released '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 .", "13": "Jump up ^ `` 2018 Major League Baseball schedule released '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Shane . `` Indians , Twins to play in Puerto Rico in 2018 '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaikin , Bill . `` Dodgers and Padres set for Mexico series in May '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Trezza , Joe ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' MLB Little League Classic ' : Phillies , Mets to play game in Williamsport '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adler , David ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` MLB announces pace of play initiatives for ' 18 '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Coppolella resigns as Braves ' general manager '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Scott ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Braves Hire Alex Anthopoulos General Manager '' . Talking Chop.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rapaport , Daniel . `` Brad Ausmus Out as Tigers Manager After Season '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Tigers will hire Ron Gardenhire as manager '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelb , Matt . `` Phillies fire Pete Mackanin as manager '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Phillies tap Dodgers exec Gabe Kapler as next manager '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( October 1 , 2017 ) .", "14": "`` Collins resigns , set to move to front - office role '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ `` Indians pitching coach Mick Callaway to be Mets ' new manager '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Red Sox dismiss Farrell after five seasons '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sox finalize 3 - year deal with Cora to manage '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dusty Baker wo n't return as Nationals manager '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Matz , Eddie ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sources : Davey Martinez is Nationals ' next pick for manager '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Girardi out as Yankees manager after 10 years '' . MLB.com . MLB . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Boone become next manager of the New York Yankees / '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheldon , Mark . `` Reds dismiss Price ; Riggleman named interim '' . mlb.com . MLB . Retrieved 19 April 2018 .", "15": "Jump up ^ https://www.yahoo.com/sports/george-springer-pulls-off-opening-day-feat-youve-never-seen-230711723.html Jump up ^ https://www.yahoo.com/sports/joe-panik-dodgers-number-powering-giants-historic-start-162243296.html Jump up ^ https://www.mlb.com/news/adrian-beltre-sets-latin-american-hits-record/c-270955046 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId=380412109 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId=380419108 Jump up ^ Townsend , Mark . `` A 's Sean Manaea stuns Red Sox with first no - hitter of 2018 '' . sports.yahoo.com . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.mlb.com/news/max-scherzer-pitches-shutout-steals-a-base/c-271495016 Jump up ^ https://www.mlb.com/cut4/roberto-osuna-might-break-mariano-riveras-record/c-271683282 Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers Honor Club Heritage with Unified Olde English ' D ' on Caps and Home Jerseys '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Indians removing Chief Wahoo logo from uniforms starting in 2019 season '' . www.cincinnati.com . January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland A 's to wear kelly green alternate jersey for Friday home games '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Nationals introduced new alternate jersey at WinterFest '' . www.federalbaseball.com . March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bucs announce new military jersey , cap for ' 18 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds support social movements with alternate uniforms '' . www.blogredmachine.com . March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Braves on Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` Astros to wear special gold jerseys to celebrate World Series '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MLB unveils 2018 holiday & special event uniforms '' . mlb.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Orioles to wear special caps , uniforms for Earth Day '' . WNST.net . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals on Twitter '' . Kansas City Royals . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phillies to sport powder blue uniforms at select 2018 home games '' . NBCsports.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics - Twitter '' . Oakland Athletics . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Salute to Negro Leagues Kansas City Royals '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Marlins will sport teal throwback jerseys to honor the 1993 season '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mariners - Twitter '' . Seattle Mariners . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Merkin , Scott ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` Twins radio broadcasts set to return to WCCO '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Feder , Robert ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Play ball ! WGN Radio picks up White Sox '' . Robert Feder blog . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Phil ( 18 January 2018 ) . `` WLS - AM parent company asks court to end ' unprofitable ' White Sox , Bulls deals '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Castle , George ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` WGN - Radio and 720 signal best possible 2018 home for White Sox '' . Chicago Baseball Museum . Retrieved 17 February 2018 .", "17": "Jump up ^ `` As Padres Move To KEGY , Format Flip Expected '' . Inside Radio . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Acee , Kevin . `` Padres announce new radio home , spring broadcast schedule '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Padres Make 97.3 KEGY Its New Home Ahead of Flip '' . RadioInsight . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Lin , Dennis . `` Controversial radio host Dan Sileo will not be involved with Padres '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Former ALT 105 hosts of morning show Kevin Klein Live relocate to revive program in San Diego '' . SFGate . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 97.3 The Machine San Diego Debuts '' . RadioInsight. 2018 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` KEGY ( Energy 97.3 ) / San Diego Turns Off The Top 40 , Rocks Out In Prep For New Format '' . All Access . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` PHI - NYM airs exclusively on Facebook on Wed '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blue Jays retiring No. 32 for Roy Halladay . MLB.com . Published on February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved on February 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ Shea , John ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Giants retiring Barry Bonds ' jersey number : 25 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tigers to retire Trammell 's No. 3 , Morris ' No. 47 . MLB.com . Published on December 17 , 2017 . Retrieved on January 25 , 2018 .", "18": "External links ( edit ) 2018 Major League Baseball season schedule 2018 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston New York Tampa Bay Toronto AL Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Kansas City Minnesota AL West Houston Los Angeles Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Atlanta Miami New York Philadelphia Washington NL Central Chicago Cincinnati Milwaukee Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Arizona Colorado Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco 2018 MLB draft 2018 All - Star Game 2018 World Series Major League Baseball seasons Pre-modern era Beginnings 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 Competition 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 NL monopoly 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 Modern era Deadball era 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 Liveball era 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925", "19": "1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 World War II 1942 1943 1944 1945 Postwar 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 First expansion 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 Birth of division play 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1993 Wildcard begins Wildcard expansion 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 See also Major League Baseball schedule Major League Baseball Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "20": "php?title=2018_Major_League_Baseball_season&oldid=838517738 '' Categories : Current baseball seasons 2018 Major League Baseball season Major League Baseball seasons Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本語 Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 14 : 41 . 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5139066537796894038	when is season 4 of flash coming out	[ "on October 10, 2017", "October 10, 2017", "October 10, 2017", "October 10, 2017", "October 10, 2017" ]	{ "0": "The Flash ( season 4 ) - wikipedia The Flash ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Flash ( season 4 ) Promotional poster Starring Grant Gustin Candice Patton Danielle Panabaker Carlos Valdes Keiynan Lonsdale Neil Sandilands Tom Cavanagh Jesse L. Martin Country of origin United States No. of episodes 19 Release Original network The CW Original release October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of The Flash episodes The fourth season of the American television series The Flash , which is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , follows a crime scene investigator with superhuman speed who fights criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . It is set in the Arrowverse , sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe , and is a spin - off of Arrow . The season is produced by Berlanti Productions , Warner Bros. Television , and DC Entertainment , with Andrew Kreisberg and Todd Helbing serving as showrunners . The season was ordered in January 2017 , and filming began that July . Grant Gustin stars as Barry , with principal cast members Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin also returning from previous seasons , and are joined by Neil Sandilands . The fourth season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , and is set to run for 23 episodes on The CW until May 22 , 2018 .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Arrowverse tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Flash episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 Iris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City for six months , but refuses to grieve Barry . A flying samurai with superpowers appears in Central City , threatening to destroy the city if the real Flash does not face him . Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force and tracks down Caitlin for help , but is forbidden by Iris to bring Barry back . Against Iris ' orders , Team Flash successfully returns Barry , who rambles random statements and continually writes symbols on the walls . Wally engages the samurai , but is defeated . Cisco deciphers Barry 's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence . In an attempt to recover Barry 's memories , Iris gives herself up to the samurai . The plan works and Barry speeds away , rescuing Iris and defeating the samurai , who is revealed to be an android . Caitlin rejoins Team Flash , but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called Amunet , while also continuing to prevent the Killer Frost personality from emerging . The `` Samuroid '' is revealed to have been controlled by the Thinker , whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes .", "2": "71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 When Barry , Joe , and Cisco report to a crime scene , they discover remnants of a mysterious code . Cisco presents Barry with a technologically advanced suit , intended to facilitate his activities . He tests it out , trying to save someone from a haywire car controlled by metahuman Ramsey Deacon . Gypsy arrives on Earth - 1 for a date with Cisco , who is forced to cancel it so as to focus on Deacon . Acting on a suggestion from Caitlin , Iris signs her and Barry up for couples therapy to sort out their relationship . Deacon kidnaps a witness , a former member of a tech team that stole his idea for profit . Barry and Wally go to save him , but Deacon uses his abilities to send Barry 's suit haywire . On Iris ' instruction , Barry throws lightning at himself , shorting out his suit . He then incapacitates Deacon , who is locked up in the meta wing of Iron Heights , revealed to be part of the Thinker 's plan . Cisco finally goes out with Gypsy . Wondering how Deacon gained his powers being absent during the particle accelerator incident , Barry and Joe learn from Deacon that there are `` others . '' 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27. 13403 2.62 In flashbacks , the Thinker observes Becky Sharpe , a woman with seemingly unending bad luck , and determines that she will be easily manipulated . In the present , Becky robs a bank and gets away when Barry slips on marbles . Harry arrives from Earth - 2 and tells Wally that Jesse has decided to break up with him in order to focus on her vigilantism . Cisco deduces that Becky is a metahuman with the power of favorable luck while inducing misfortune to others .", "3": "Barry realizes that the portal he used to escape the Speed Force exposed an entire busload of people , including Becky and Deacon , to transformative dark matter . Harry informs Cisco that Jesse has expelled him from her crime - fighting team due to his attitude . Becky 's powers expand out of control , reactivating the particle accelerator , which Harry deliberately allows , nullifying Becky 's powers and leading to her incarceration . Cisco and Harry identify twelve new metahumans created on the bus and the latter suspects that an unknown party has manipulated the events surrounding Barry 's return . Wally decides to leave on a journey to find himself . The Thinker is revealed to be spying on S.T.A.R. Labs through the `` Samuroid '' helmet . Joe learns Cecile is pregnant . 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 Gypsy 's father , Breacher , attacks Cisco , vowing to hunt and kill him in 24 hours , allowing the romance should he survive . Team Flash learns that the bus driver was murdered and tracks down another passenger , Ralph Dibny , former corrupt CCPD detective exposed by Barry and currently an infamous private investigator . As two thugs attack Dibny , he is revealed to have the power to stretch . Caitlin stabilizes his powers with a serum . The team learns that Ralph has been blackmailing Mayor Bellows for adultery , with the latter revealed to have hired the thugs . Barry confronts Ralph for his actions while the latter scolds him , claiming to have been a `` good cop '' . He later stops blackmailing Bellows , who still attempts to kill him while Breacher mistakes the former for a Plastoid , the species that invaded Earth - 19 previously , and attacks him . Cisco intervenes and saves Ralph , whom Barry , having revealed his alter - ego , convinces to help arrest an escaping Bellows . Admiring Cisco 's gallantry , Breacher allows the relationship . Barry recruits Ralph for Team Flash and learns that someone named DeVoe instructed Ralph to watch Bellows . Barry remembers that Abra Kadabra and Savitar both mentioned DeVoe .", "4": "Meanwhile , Caitlin finds a message on her apartment door . 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 While failing to track DeVoe , Team Flash is visited by Felicity , who joins Iris 's bachelorette party . Mocking Cisco 's plans for Barry 's bachelor party , Ralph takes the men to a strip club , where they learn that Cecile 's daughter , Joanie , is working . Joe confronts her , who states she is only doing feminist research . Ralph incites a brawl , leading to the men 's arrest until Harry posts bail . Meanwhile , Amunet 's enforcer , Norvock , demands Caitlin 's return and attacks the women when she refuses . Killer Frost emerges and repels him , later telling Iris that Caitlin accepted Amunet 's employment in exchange for the means to control Frost . Learning that Amunet is holding a metahuman she calls `` the Weeper '' , whose tears are a strong narcotic , prisoner and intends to sell him , Iris 's party decides to stop her . Though Caitlin refuses to join , she attacks Amunet when seeing her friends in danger . Using a strong magnet , the team robs Amunet 's metal shards , leaving her powerless . Iris dissuades Frost from killing Amunet , who promises revenge . Both parties refuse to tell each other about their adventures . Iris asks Caitlin to be her maid of honor while Joe convinces Joanie to tell Cecile about her research . DeVoe captures the Weeper . 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 Barry trains Ralph to use his abilities , with Cisco making a stretchable suit for him . Another bus metahuman , a Lakota Sioux Native named Mina Chayton , who can animate statues , starts attacking Central City & stealing pieces of a Black Bison necklace , which she claims belongs to her tribe .", "5": "When Barry and Ralph catch up to her , she attacks Barry with a caveman statue and attempts a getaway . Ralph chooses to stop her , but a little girl is injured in the process . Ralph regrets his actions , but is comforted by Barry . Chayton escapes CCPD , going after the last necklace piece held at the museum . When Barry and Ralph confront her , she brings a dinosaur skeleton to life . Barry arrests Chayton while Ralph saves a security guard from the skeleton . Later , Ralph reveals he mailed the necklace back to Chayton 's tribe , before visiting the little girl in the hospital , using his abilities to entertain her . Meanwhile , Harry , trying to make friends , works with his doppelgangers of alternate Earths , The Council of Wells . They figure out that DeVoe is a man named Clifford DeVoe . Barry and Joe head to DeVoe 's house , to find out that he is a middle - aged man in a wheelchair . 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 Barry and Joe interrogate DeVoe and his wife to try and get more information . In flashbacks , DeVoe and his wife build a thinking cap to improve his brain capacity , powering it through the particle accelerator explosion . DeVoe 's increased brain power accelerates his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , forcing his wife to build him a special chair to keep him alive . Barry discovers the camera in the Samuroid head and goes to DeVoe 's house , narrowly avoiding being caught by DeVoe 's wife . Barry later confronts DeVoe , who reveals his true identity , leading to Cisco dubbing him `` The Thinker '' . Wally returns to Team Flash from Blue Valley . 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27.", "6": "13408 2.82 Barry , Oliver , Sara , Alex , Martin and Jax wake up in a Nazi concentration camp on Earth - X wearing power dampeners . The arriving SS Sturmbannführer is revealed to be the Earth - X doppelgänger of Quentin Lance , who plans to execute them , but they are saved by Citizen Cold ( the Earth - X doppelgänger of Leonard Snart ) and Ray Terrill . Snart and Terrill take them to the headquarters of the Freedom Fighters , where the team meets the resistance movement 's leader , General Schott ( Winn Schott 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) . They learn that the only way back to Earth - 1 is through a temporal gateway in a research facility , which Schott plans to blow up to strand Dark Arrow ( Oliver 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) on Earth - 1 . Oliver disguises himself as Dark Arrow to infiltrate the facility and discovers the Nazi doomsday device against parallel Earths is a militarized timeship called Wellenreiter . Barry and Ray battle the Freedom Fighters ' Red Tornado to stop it from destroying the gateway while the rest of the team enters the facility to reactivate its portal , during which Stein is shot and gravely wounded . On Earth - 1 , Eobard Thawne prepares to perform surgery on Kara to save Overgirl . Felicity and Iris try to stop him , but are captured . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 While out Christmas shopping , Barry is ambushed and kidnapped by DeVoe while Caitlin is kidnapped from Jitters by Amunet . Iris claims they have to look for both of them , despite Harry 's claim that they have insufficient time and resources and that they can only afford to search for one . Barry is held in DeVoe 's lair .", "7": "Caitlin is forced by Amunet to perform surgery on a metahuman named Dominic Lanse , who can read minds . They try to escape , but Amunet blocks their exit . Caitlin manages to briefly incapacitate Amunet , and she and Dominic flee the building they are being held in . Once outside , they are rescued by Cisco and Ralph , as Iris has chosen to focus on finding Caitlin . Barry manages to escape from DeVoe . Team Flash celebrates Christmas at the West house and Dominic joins them . Barry gets a security alert from his apartment . When he arrives , he receives a phone call from Dominic , who reveals that Amunet re-kidnapped Dominic and DeVoe has transferred his consciousness into Dominic 's body . Barry discovers DeVoe 's original body dead on his apartment floor and he realizes DeVoe has framed him for his `` murder '' ; the police arrive , and Barry lets himself get arrested , not wanting to leave Iris again . 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' Philip Chipera Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) T27. 13410 2.51 Barry stands trial for the murder of Clifford DeVoe , with Cecile representing him . Cisco and Joe have to leave during the trial for a meta investigation , in which a meta caused people to collapse . Singh reveals to Joe he is appearing as a witness for the prosecution against Barry . The meta is eventually discovered as Neil Borman , who is a meta who produces radiation , which is causing the illness and collapsing . Barry takes him on , but is ill equipped to deal with the situation . Cisco and Killer Frost travel to the scene where Caitlin tries to freeze Borman , who quickly defrosts and incapacitates Caitlin . Barry creates a vacuum seal around Borman to contain the radiation , with Cisco transporting the radiation to the dead Earth - 15 , draining the meta and defeating him . Barry is eventually found guilty by the jury and is sentenced to life in prison .", "8": "80 11 `` The Elongated Knight Rises '' Alexandra La Roche Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) T27. 13411 2.12 Barry uses his speed to secretly help the guards contain the other inmates during a prison riot . He also befriends Dave Ratchet , his father 's former cellmate . The next day , Barry meets Axel Walker who was later broken out of prison by his mother Zoey Clark , his father 's one - time partner Prank . Axel challenges Ralph by threatening to cause chaos in the city . Ralph attempts to stop him but is wounded by Axel and is evacuated by Cisco . Ralph sneaks into the prison to talk to Barry about how scared he is . Barry reassures him that being a hero is n't about not being scared , but about having the ability to rise above your fear . Cisco and Caitlin go to rescue the hostages , but get captured by Axel and Zoey , who intend to kill them . Ralph arrives , and attempts to shield the two from an acid shower , until Wells manages to hack into the shower system to neutralize its acidity . Iris visits Barry in prison , where they reaffirm their love for each other . Ralph and Cisco go to get coffee , where they meet the excitable girl from the wedding . The girl writes in her journal , where she appears to be writing in the language Barry was using when he came out of the Speed Force . 81 12 `` Honey , I Shrunk Team Flash '' Chris Peppe Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) T27. 13412 2.60 Cecile develops telepathic abilities as a result of her pregnancy , combined with dormant dark matter in her cells , which Caitlin assures her should be temporary . In prison , Barry learns that Ratchet is innocent of a robbery - homicide that was actually committed by Sylbert Rundine fifteen years prior . Barry asks the team to look into the case . Rundine turns out to be a bus meta with the ability to shrink and enlarge objects , and he shrinks Cisco and Ralph while escaping .", "9": "Harry 's attempted cure backfires , and Caitlin determines that if they are not re-enlarged within a certain period of time , their bodies will explode . The team confronts Rundine at a warehouse , where Harry tricks him into re-enlarging Ralph and Cisco . Rundine is arrested , but refuses to confess to the earlier crime . Barry gathers that even if Ratchet went free , he would be as unhappy in the city as he is in prison ; he wishes to live in a secluded Chinese village called Jiaju , but fears he will never get there . Barry then uses his speed to take Ratchet to Jiaju , where he can live out his dream . After discovering Barry is the Flash , the prison 's warden , Gregory Wolfe , locks Barry in his private metahuman wing , intending to sell him to Amunet . 82 13 `` True Colors '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) T27. 13413 2.28 Wolfe plans to sell Barry and the imprisoned bus metas ( Ramsey Deacon , Becky Sharpe , Mina Chaytan , and Sylbert Rundine ) to Amunet , so they plan to escape . Cecile discovers Wolfe 's plans after reading his mind . Ralph encounters a former colleague and his negative interaction with him prompts the discovery that he can shapeshift . His lack of mastery of the new ability prevents his attempt to foil Amunet 's deal with Wolfe . Barry helps the metas escape the power dampeners , but they are cornered by Wolfe and Amunet . DeVoe arrives and again uses his chair to extract the metas ' abilities , before transferring his mind into Sharpe 's body . He then crushes Wolfe 's skull as Marlize looks on in horror ; Amunet flees . Ralph uses his shapeshifting ability to appear as the original DeVoe at Barry 's appeal , claiming that he was unconscious at Barry 's loft but not dead , which clears Barry 's name .", "10": "Team Flash realizes that DeVoe is only stealing powers from metahumans who were on the bus when the dark matter wave was unleashed , which means he will likely target Ralph as well . Back at the DeVoes ' house , their marriage continues to deteriorate , and DeVoe drugs his wife with the Weeper 's tears to maintain her devotion towards him . 83 14 `` Subject 9 '' Ralph Hemecker Mike Alber & Gabe Snyder February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) T27. 13414 2.12 Barry is put on indefinite leave at the CCPD due to his connection with the DeVoe case . The team encounter another bus metahuman named Izzy with sound wave abilities , amplified by her violin . She manages to use her abilities when DeVoe ( inside Sharpe 's body ) comes to claim her . Barry and Ralph help to train Izzy to refine her abilities , which proves difficult when she gets hurt . Eventually DeVoe shows up once again , using Dominic 's and Becky 's abilities to make Barry experience a brain aneurysm , while using Rundine 's abilities to incapacitate Ralph . DeVoe then once again uses the chair to transfer his mind into Izzy 's body and escapes . Both Ralph and Barry comfort each other over their respective losses : Barry being let go from the police force and Ralph losing Izzy to DeVoe . These losses enforce both Barry 's and Ralph 's determination to bring DeVoe down and save the three remaining metas . 84 15 `` Enter Flashtime '' Gregory Smith Todd Helbing & Sterling Gates March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) T27. 13415 2.04 Jesse comes to Earth - 1 to have a talk with her dad . Eco-terrorist Veronica Dale sets off a nuclear bomb , which Barry tries to stop , entering a form of superspeed known as Flashtime , where everything is frozen . However , the bomb has already detonated , and he and Jesse can not stop it or save everyone with superspeed . Jay Garrick comes from Earth - 3 to help , but they are still unable to stop it .", "11": "Barry remains in Flashtime for hours , bringing each of his friends into it , in an attempt to find a solution ; they discuss options such as freezing it or sending it to another Earth , but none of those solutions prove to be viable . Eventually , Iris gives him the idea to retrieve the Quark Sphere from the Speed Force to send a blast lightning through the bomb , enough to disable it . Barry does so , and throws the Sphere back into the Speed Force , saving Central City . Jay admits he is retiring and going to train a new `` female '' speedster . Jesse and Jay return to their Earths , and Caitlin and Wells go for a coffee , where they encounter the mysterious girl . 85 16 `` Run , Iris , Run '' Harry Jierjian Eric Wallace March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) T27. 13416 2.09 A metahuman with fire powers tries to rob Central City bank . Another bus meta named Matthew Kim touches the metahuman , which causes his powers to transfer to another individual . When Joe , Iris and Barry turn up to ask Kim a few questions , Barry and Iris come into contact with Kim , causing Barry to lose his speed and Iris to gain superspeed . Inspired by Thawne , Harry plans to build his own thinking cap to outwit DeVoe . With their roles reversed , Iris becomes Central City 's hero speedster , while Barry must learn to act as team leader . The new metahuman demands money and terrorizes the city with his fire powers . Using Wells ' thinking cap , the Team comes up with the idea for Iris to create a tidal wave , negating the flames and defeating the meta . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Kim touches Iris and Barry again , restoring the Flash 's speed . At home , Iris admits that while she did enjoy having superspeed , Central City needs the light that Barry was , and she is happy being team leader . Wells uses his thinking cap once more , determining the final two bus metas are Janet Petty and Edwin Gauss .", "12": "86 17 `` Null and Annoyed '' Kevin Smith Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) T27. 13417 1.82 Barry and Ralph train to defeat DeVoe , with Barry becoming annoyed at Ralph 's apparent inability to be serious . The team manages to locate another bus meta , Janet Petty . When Barry and Ralph confront her , it is revealed that Petty can manipulate a person 's gravitational pull , which she demonstrates on Barry . Fearing once again that Ralph is not taking things seriously , Barry refuses to work with him . Ralph reveals his comedic attitude is due to a difficult childhood where his father abandoned him , causing him to make jokes whenever he is scared or under pressure . Barry relents and they go to stop Janet at a gala event . Janet uses her powers on Barry , causing him to float into the atmosphere . Barry tells the team to trust Ralph to improvise . Ralph detains Janet , then becomes a giant airbag to allow Barry to land safely . DeVoe 's wife discovers he has been drugging her , so she will continue to assist him . Breacher comes to Earth - 1 to ask Cisco for help as some of his powers have failed . Harry takes the thinking cap to Thawne 's time vault to recharge it and activates Gideon . 87 18 `` Lose Yourself '' Hanelle Culpepper Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) T27. 13418 1.88 Team Flash track down the final bus meta Edwin Gauss , but are followed by the Samuroid , who injures Caitlin . The team rush back to Star Labs to regroup and heal . Caitlin reveals to Iris that Killer Frost is activated by her adrenal gland , and she is working on a way to separate them . Harry comes up with a tuning fork weapon that mimics Izzy 's abilities in order to defeat DeVoe . Ralph reveals to Barry that he is n't afraid of losing his own life , but of Team Flash losing theirs , as he considers them family .", "13": "Wells is shown to be addicted to the Thinking Cap , which Joe helps him deal with . Ralph takes the fork , with the intent to go with Edwin to kill DeVoe , which Barry argues against . Eventually , DeVoe manages to take over Edwin 's mind , and as well takes the abilities of Janet Petty and Matthew Kim , before transferring his mind into Ralph 's body . The team try to stop him , but DeVoe incapacitates them , and alters Caitlin 's DNA , removing the dark matter and Killer Frost , before leaving . Back at his lair , DeVoe uses Ralph 's morphing abilities to morph back into his original form , while he and Marlize plan their next move to destroy Team Flash . 88 19 `` Fury Rogue '' Rachel Talalay Joshua V. Gilbert & Jeff Hersh April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) TBA 1.90 With DeVoe moving forwards with his plans , Team Flash decide to secure Neil Borman . Barry and Cisco travel to Earth X to recruit Leo Snart as a backup , but are followed to Earth 1 by the Earth X doppelganger of Laurel Lance . Team Flash plan to deliver Borman to a safe ARGUS facility , using a suit to contain the radiation , with Snart on hand , in case Borman goes nuclear . Snart agrees to help , but claims he can only stay for 24 hours , as he is due to get married to Ray Terrill . DeVoe attempts to intercept the transfer , but he and Team Flash are further ambushed by Earth X Laurel , who kidnaps Caitlin , Borman and Joe , holding them at CCPD . Snart learns about Ralph , and convinces Barry to allow himself to grieve his fallen allies , which Barry eventually does , giving him strength to defeat Laurel . Lyla transfers Borman to another facility and Leo returns to Earth X . Cisco and Wells come up with a plan to boost Wells ' thinking cap . Devoe goes more into his `` god - complex '' ; stating that human emotion is a weakness , causing Marlize to doubt him . 89 20 `` Therefore She Is '' Rob J. Greenlea Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound May 1 ,", "14": "2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) TBA TBD 90 21 `` Harry and the Harrisons '' Kevin Mock Judalina Neira & Lauren Certo May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) TBA TBD 91 22 `` Think Fast '' Viet Nguyen Sam Chalsen & Kristen Kim May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) TBA TBD 92 23 `` We Are the Flash '' TBA TBA May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) TBA TBD Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Flash characters Main ( edit ) Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / Flash Candice Patton as Iris West Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash Neil Sandilands as Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Tom Cavanagh as Harrison `` Harry '' Wells Jesse L. Martin as Joe West Recurring ( edit ) Danielle Nicolet as Cecile Horton Kim Engelbrecht as Marlize DeVoe / Mechanic Jessica Camacho as Cynthia / Gypsy Patrick Sabongui as David Singh Donna Pescow as Sharon Finkel Richard Brooks as Gregory Wolfe Hartley Sawyer as Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man Katee Sackhoff as Amunet Black / Blacksmith Sugar Lyn Beard as Rebecca Sharpe / Hazard and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Guest ( edit ) Britne Oldford as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo Mark Sweatman as Norvok Dominic Burgess as Ramsey Deacon / Kilg % re Chelsea Kurtz as Mina Chayton / Black Bison Violett Beane as Jesse Chambers Wells / Jesse Quick Danny Trejo as Josh / Breacher Vito D'Ambrosio as Anthony Bellows Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak Riley Jade Berglund as", "15": "Joanie Matt Afonso as Weeper Stephen Amell as Oliver Queen / Green Arrow and Dark Arrow Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary Chyler Leigh as Alex Danvers Franz Drameh as Jefferson Jackson / Firestorm Paul Blackthorne as Quentin Lance / Sturmbannführer Jeremy Jordan as General Schott Juliana Harkavy as Dinah Drake / Black Canary Melissa Benoist as Kara Zor - El / Kara Danvers / Supergirl and Overgirl Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Citizen Cold Russell Tovey as Ray Terrill / The Ray Frederick Schmidt voices Metallo - X Kendrick Sampson as Dominic Lanse / Brainstorm and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Mark Valley as Anton Slater Ryan Alexander McDonald as Neil Borman / Fallout Devon Graye as Axel Walker / Trickster Corinne Bohrer as Zoey Clark / Prank Bill Goldberg as Dave Ratchet / Big Sir Derek Mears as Sylbert Rundine / Dwarfstar Paul McGillion as Earl Cox Miranda MacDougall as Izzy Bowin / Fiddler and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker John Wesley Shipp as Jay Garrick Leonardo Nam as Matthew Kim / Melting Point Max Adler as Jaco Birch / Pyro Bethany Brown as Janet Petty / Null Arturo Del Puerto as Edwin Gauss / Folded Man Katie Cassidy as Siren - X David Ramsey as John Diggle / Spartan Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand Victoria Askounis as young Caitlin Snow Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 8 , 2017 , earlier than usual for the series . Executive producer Andrew Kreisberg said on this , `` The great thing about our dear friends at The CW and Mark Pedowitz picking the shows up as early as they did has allowed us to start building the schedules for next season . ''", "16": "In May 2017 , it was announced that Aaron Helbing would not return as an executive producer for season four , with only Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , Sarah Schechter , and Todd Helbing returning from previous seasons . Todd Helbing and Kreisberg were slated to serve as the season 's showrunners . In November 2017 , Kreisberg was suspended from his role as executive producer and showrunner on The Flash over allegations of sexual harassment . By the end of the month , he had been fired , with his name eventually being removed from the credits from all shows he worked on . In addition , Berlanti would take additional responsibilities working with Helbing to co-showrun the season . Writing ( edit ) The way I see it is , time is non-linear and everything is happening at once in the Speed Force . In some ways he 's had an awakening and he 's had a rebirth . Our first episode is called ' Reborn , ' and it is a rebirth for Barry , but he 's kind of scrambled , too , because he 's experienced so much so quick over the course of six months , even though for him it was an eternity . He 's not Barry when we see him for the first time . -- Grant Gustin on the rebirth of Barry in season four . In March 2017 , Kreisberg confirmed that the main villain for the fourth season would not be a speedster , like the previous three seasons . Executive producers Aaron and Todd Helbing also mentioned that there would be less time travel in the season , with Aaron saying , `` We like playing with the timelines and the different time periods and future and past . For now , I think we 're going to focus on the present . '' In June 2017 , Clifford DeVoe / Thinker was reported to be the main antagonist of the season . He was first hinted in the third season episode `` Abra Kadabra '' when the titular villain mentions him among the Flash 's greatest enemies , and again in the season finale `` Finish Line '' when Savitar mentions facing DeVoe but states that the Flash has not dealt with him yet .", "17": "At the series ' San Diego Comic - Con panel , the speculation was confirmed , with Todd Helbing saying , `` With three Speedsters in a row , this year it 's the fastest man alive against the fastest mind alive . '' He added that the writers were `` making a conscious effort this year to get the fun quotient back up '' . Regarding the possibility of Wally West taking on the mantle of the Flash in Barry 's absence , Keiynan Lonsdale said that `` It 's not something that 's on my radar . I feel as though there is so much story to tell and Wally has so much growing to do ... We need to see how these character realistically get to where they are headed for . '' With the action picking up six months after season three , Kid Flash and Vibe are left to protect Central City , with Carlos Valdes saying `` the team is sort of clutching at straws to keep the city together , ... there is a unanimous feeling amongst the remaining members that it 's just not the same without Barry ... So in light of that , Cisco does whatever it takes to get his friends back . '' Valdes also confirmed the return of Cisco 's more lighthearted joking manner . Candice Patton explained Iris West 's larger role within Team Flash as `` a way of distracting herself , '' adding that `` ( Iris ) is forced to deal with that anger and resentment and abandonment by kind of focusing on protecting Central City ... We 're seeing a very different Iris , almost a very hardened Iris . '' Kreisberg also hinted at some major growth for Iris this season , and noted that `` the season premiere is all about Iris and Cisco , not Barry '' . In July 2017 , Sterling Gates , DC Comics comic book writer , joined as a member of the fourth season 's writing staff . At the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2017 , Pedowitz stated that the fourth season of The Flash is `` going to try to find the lightness ... of the Barry Allen of the first two seasons , '' and said that the show was likely `` done with Speedster villains '' .", "18": "Later in the month , Kreisberg confirmed the return of Harry Wells from Earth - 2 , saying that `` season 4 for Harry is really realizing what he 's missing in his life and what it is he needs to become a better , more complete person , and so he 's going to be going on a fairly epic emotional journey this season that is tied to the Thinker 's plan , '' in addition to confirming the introduction of a new version of the Wells character . In September 2017 , Helbing noted `` There 's a lot of love in the air this season , '' and compared Barry and Iris ' reunion to `` somebody going off to war for six months and coming back . There 's a lot that Iris experienced that Barry did n't when he was gone , and it 's really ( about ) the fun and the emotional component of making up that time when they were n't together . '' Helbing also explained that the Speed Force `` let ( Barry ) deal with all of the baggage ( from the past three seasons ) . When he comes out , he 's sort of left that all behind . '' That month , Kreisberg also confirmed that Barry and Iris will be getting married this season , while also revealing that the pair will be going to couples therapy since `` ( they ) keep comically clashing inadvertently because ( both are ) used to being in charge , and so they wind up going ... to work through it . '' He added , `` The two of them with the therapist is some of the funniest stuff we have ever done on this show , but it also leads to a deepening of their relationship . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Grant Gustin , Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin return from previous seasons as Barry Allen / The Flash , Iris West , Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost , Cisco Ramon / Vibe , Wally West / Kid Flash , Harrison Wells , and Joe West , respectively . Cavanagh will portray Harry Wells from Earth - 2 at the start of the season , without ruling out the possibility of introducing another incarnation of the Wells character later on .", "19": "Teasing the arrival of a new Harrison Wells , Cavanagh said , `` We 're going to start with Harry and then find a way , I think , to try and get a different version of Wells in there , be it some version of Harry or whatnot as the season 's gaps present themselves . '' Also returning from earlier in the series are Jessica Camacho as Gypsy , and Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand . It was revealed that Tom Felton , who joined the cast as Julian Albert in the third season , would not be a series regular in the fourth season , and that there were no plans for him to appear . Julian 's absence will be addressed `` pretty quickly -- there 's a reason why he 's no longer with the team , '' said Helbing . In the season premiere , it is revealed that Julian has returned to London . Kreisberg also confirmed that he had put on hold the planned return of Violett Beane as Jesse Quick due to the high number of speedsters on the show , but did not rule out a possible return in the future . Beane eventually appeared as Jesse on the episode `` Luck Be a Lady '' . Britne Oldford , who previously appeared as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo in the first season and the web series The Chronicles of Cisco , reprised her role in the season premiere . In July 2017 , Neil Sandilands was announced to be cast as Clifford DeVoe , a metahuman genius who embarks on a seasonlong battle with the Flash in order to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity ; while Kim Engelbrecht was announced as The Mechanic , Devoe 's right hand and a highly intelligent engineer who designs devices for him ; and Danny Trejo as Breacher , a bounty hunter from Earth - 19 and the father of Gypsy . Also in June , the series was looking to cast a role that `` should put the visual effects department to the test '' , with the role later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man , a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes . Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast - talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City 's greatest mysteries .", "20": "The character was previously mentioned in the first season , as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion . The next month , Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith , who operates an underground black market of metahuman supervillains . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 4 , 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and is set to conclude on April 21 , 2018 . Kevin Smith will return to direct an episode in January 2018 . Music ( edit ) In August 2017 , series composer Blake Neely and Nathaniel Blume began to compose the music for the fourth season . Arrowverse tie - ins ( edit ) In May 2017 , The CW president Mark Pedowitz officially announced plans for a four - show Arrowverse crossover event , crossing over episodes of the television series Supergirl , The Flash , Legends of Tomorrow , and Arrow . The crossover , Crisis on Earth - X , began with Supergirl and a special airing of Arrow on November 27 , 2017 , and concluded on The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow on November 28 . In August 2017 , Berlanti noted that it would be `` a big life event for a few different people '' that would bring them all together for the crossover , adding `` There are many life events that happen . '' Prior to that , Arrow actress Emily Bett Rickards appears as Felicity Smoak in the fifth episode of the season . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Sky One acquired the rights to air the season in the UK & Ireland , airing it alongside the other Arrowverse shows . The season premiered October 17 . Marketing ( edit ) In July 2017 , cast from the series appeared at San Diego Comic - Con International to promote the season , where exclusive footage was shown .", "21": "During the panel , a trailer for the season was shown , with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the `` grim '' tone , there was `` some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without ( Barry ) , ... Sprinkle in a few wacky things , like , say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics , and ladies and gents , you 've got a good season of The Flash lined up . '' Ben Pearson with / Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was `` a nice change of pace for that character '' , but anticipated that `` Barry ( would ) be back two or three episodes in at the latest . '' Collider.com 's Allison Keene also noted Iris `` getting an actual storyline '' with Barry gone , and similarly presumed that he `` ( would ) be back in the fold by the end of the first episode '' alike to Flashpoint in the third season . She added , `` There are some new foes , lots of action , plenty of tech -- it 's great ! '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Flash Reborn '' October 10 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.84 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.77 `` Mixed Signals '' October 17 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.54 0.8 1.82 1.7 4.36 `` Luck Be a Lady '' October 24 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.62 0.8 1.84 1.8 4.46 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' October 31 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.99 0.7 1.79 1.4 3.79 5 `` Girls Night Out '' November 7 , 2017 0.", "22": "9 / 4 2.38 0.8 1.84 1.7 4.22 6 `` When Harry Met Harry . '' November 14 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.46 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.29 7 `` Therefore I Am '' November 21 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.20 0.8 2.08 1.6 4.28 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' November 28 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.82 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.64 9 `` Do n't Run '' December 5 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.22 0.6 1.45 1.4 3.67 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' January 16 , 2018 0.8 / 3 2.51 0.7 1.55 1.5 4.06 11 `` The Elongated Knight Rises '' January 23 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.12 0.7 1.69 1.4 3.81 12 `` Honey , I Shrunk Team Flash '' January 30 , 2018 0.9 / 3 2.60 0.8 1.84 1.7 4.43 13 `` True Colors '' February 6 , 2018 0.8 / 3 2.28 0.9 2.00 1.7 4.28 14 `` Subject 9 '' February 27 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.12 0.8 1.86 1.5 3.", "23": "98 15 `` Enter Flashtime '' March 6 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.04 0.8 1.83 1.5 3.87 16 `` Run , Iris , Run '' March 13 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.09 0.7 1.58 1.4 3.67 17 `` Null and Annoyed '' April 10 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.82 TBD TBD TBD TBD 18 `` Lose Yourself '' April 17 , 2018 0.7 / 3 1.88 TBD TBD TBD TBD 19 `` Fury Rogue '' April 24 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.90 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.36 / 10 based on 14 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` After an unsteady turn in season three , The Flash returns to its roots with a fourth season packed with humor , spectacle , and a whole lot of heart . '' Reviewing the first two episodes of the season , Allison Keene writing for Collider.com , felt the premiere `` wipes the slate clean , fixing a lot of the issues that plagued the end of the last season , and setting up a much more toned - down storyline . Most importantly , it 's brought back some fun . '' She added that with a `` streamlined team , '' the core characters now have time to interact and have meaningful plot lines . On the second episode , Keene described it as `` truly a delight '' with the show taking `` the time to focus on character relationships , and not just romantic relationships '' and each character `` feeling like a refreshed version of themselves , with new narrative purpose '' .", "24": "She also highlighted the setup of the Thinker `` as an Alchemy - like villain who manipulates evil metas into the Flash 's path as part of some kind of masterplan '' , saying `` The Flash is a series that truly works best as a procedural , with the team finding creative ways to bring down Villains of the Week . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actor Grant Gustin Nominated Favorite TV Show The Flash Nominated Saturn Awards Best Guest - Starring Performance on Television Hartley Sawyer Pending Best Superhero Television Series The Flash Pending Best Supporting Actress on a Television Series Candice Patton Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Catch The CW 's Season Finales This April and May ! '' . The Futon Critic . March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 .", "25": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .", "26": "Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts down , plus State of the Union analysis numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) .", "27": "`` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 420 ) Therefore She Is '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 421 ) `` Harry and the Harrisons '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 422 ) `` Think Fast '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` May Sweeps Preview and Finale Spoilers - The Flash '' . TVLine. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - flash , the on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cave , Rob ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Releases Fall Season Synopses for Arrow , Flash , Supergirl & More '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erao , Matthew ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Killer Frost Will Menace The Flash in Season 4 '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Neil Sandilands To Play The Thinker ; Danny Trejo & Kim Engelbrecht Also Cast -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Diane ( July 22 , 2017 ) .", "28": "`` ' The Flash ' Team Teases Season 4 : ' It 's the Fastest Man Alive Against the Fastest Mind Alive ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Macdonald , Lindsay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Carlos Valdes Shares Good News for Cisco and Gypsy ' Shippers '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Damore , Meagan ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Reveals Gypsy 's Given Name '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Arrow 's Latest Episode Features Surprise Cameo by Flash Character '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Law & Order ' Veteran Joins ' The Flash ' In Recurring Role '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Hartley Sawyer To Play Elongated Man In Season 4 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash adds Katee Sackhoff as DC Comics villain '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( August 9 , 2017 ) .", "29": "`` ' The Flash ' Casts Sugar Lyn Beard as Hazard ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Britne Oldford books Peek - a-Boo return in premiere '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Flash Season 4 : Katee Sackhoff Is Most Definitely Not Playing Starbuck '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arvedon , Jon ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : A New Tech - Controlling Villain Terrorizes Central City '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jenna ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Who Is The Black Bison ? '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Wally West is Absent on The Flash '' . Screen Rant . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash ' : ' Doctor Who ' , ' Titanic ' , and More Pop Culture References In `` Girls Night Out '' `` . Comicbook.com . November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Season 4 , Episode 5 Recap : Girls Night Out '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 .", "30": "^ Jump up to : Wickline , Dan ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` CW Releases 92 Images From Arrowverse Crossover : Crisis On Earth - X '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wentworth Miller Exiting Arrowverse As Leonard Snart '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Kendrick Sampson Cast As Brainstorm On The CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` The Flash Photos : Mark Valley Sees Barry as a Soft Target in Murder Trial '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` The Flash Photos : Ralph Dibny Gets Upgraded Suit to Battle New Trickster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Flash Season 4 : Introducing the Atom Villain Dwarfstar '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Hannah ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Is Izzy Bowin In DC Comics ? ' The Flash ' Made A Major Change To The Original Metahuman '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 .", "31": "Jump up ^ Cardona , Ian ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` The Flash Is Introducing a Major New Speed Force Concept '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Candice Patton Suits Up As Superhero For The First Time '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fitch , Adam ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` The Flash : Glee 's Max Adler to Play DC Comics Villain Pyro '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Supergirl , Once Upon a Time , Defenders , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Scandal , Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` CW eyes true four - way superhero crossover next season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 .", "32": "Jump up ^ Hurley , Laura ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Season 4 Is Making A Big Change Behind The Scenes '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Helbing Off the Flash in Season 4 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Scoop : Season 4 Villain Is Exactly Who You Think It Is -- Cast Him ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Patten , Dominic ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Showrunner Andrew Kreisberg Suspended Over Sexual Harassment Allegations '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Arrow ' Producer Suspended Amid Sexual Harassment Allegations by Warner Bros '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abram , Natalie ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash , Supergirl boss Andrew Kreisberg fired after sexual harassment allegations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Barry Allen will return a changed man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Villain Wo n't Be a Speedster '' .", "33": "The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` 11 Things to Expect on The Flash , Supergirl , Arrow , and Legends of Tomorrow '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Spoilers -- The Thinker / Clifford DeVoe New Villain '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash season 4 will restore the ' fun quotient ' after darkest year yet '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Autumn ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Keiynan Lonsdale Talks Spoilers , New Music And Being An Introverted Extrovert '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Rachel ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Cast on Season 4 , Barry 's Return , and Killer Frost 's Future '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Candice Patton Teases a `` Very Hardened '' Iris in The Flash Season 4 `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con 2017 : Your ' The Flash ' Burning Questions Answered '' .", "34": "TV Insider . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( July 9 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl Comic Writer Sterling Gates Joins Flash Writing Staff '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Boss Promises a Lighter Season of The Flash Is Coming '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Another The Vampire Diaries Spinoff ? Where 's the Charmed Reboot ? And More The CW News '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , Teen Wolf , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fall TV Spoilers 2017 : Scoop on 35 + Returning Favorites -- The Flash '' . TVLine . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Supergirl , Arrow , The Good Place and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Barry and Iris heading to couples therapy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 .", "35": "Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Star Tom Cavanagh Teases S4 's Harrison Wells '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Tom Felton not returning as series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Arrow , Lucifer , Flash , Supernatural , Gotham , # OneChicago , Elementary and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Review : Restoring Hope '' . Collider . October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Behind the Scenes '' . TV Guide Comic - Con Special 2017 . p. 12 . With so many speedsters present in the season finale , executive producer Andrew Kreisberg decided to put a hold on Violett Beane 's planned return as Jesse Quick . `` But she has been such a great addition to the show , '' Kreisberg says . `` We 'll see what happens in Season 4 . '' Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on The Flash , Once , Lucifer , The Strain , Blindspot , Orphan Black , This Is Us and More ! '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 13 , 2017 ) .", "36": "`` The Flash S4 Character Breakdown Reportedly Confirms Popular DC Hero '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash casts Hartley Sawyer as the Elongated Man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash Season 4 Begins Filming ! '' . Fox8 . July 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Smith Wants To Direct Arrow , But Says He Wo n't Be Allowed To '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake Neely ( @ cowonthewall ) ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` # TheFlashSeason4 scoring has begun with co-composer @ nblumeathan . And you thought last season was fun . Here we go ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Plans New 4 - Series DC Crossover & What About Peak Superhero TV '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` CW sets two - night event for four - way superhero crossover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 .", "37": "Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` This Arrowverse Crossover Will Fully Take Place Across Every Show From Supergirl To Legends of Tomorrow '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash UK air date , UK TV premiere date - Geektown '' . GeekTown . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Sky1 Sets UK Premiere Date For ' The Flash ' Season 4 '' . TVWise . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Westworld ' Is Coming to Comic - Con ; WBTV Announces Full Line - Up '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The New Flash Trailer Is All About Trying to Live in a World Without Barry Allen '' . io9 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( July 25 , 2017 ) .", "38": "`` Here 's a Round - Up of All of The DC Comics TV Show Trailers From Comic - Con '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Trailer Shows the Team Dealing with a Barry-less World '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 .", "39": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 .", "40": "Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Review : Restoring Hope '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon Unveils 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) .", "41": "`` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . General references `` The Flash Season 4 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- The Flash on CW '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Flash episodes on IMDb List of The Flash season 4 episodes at TV.com The Flash Creators Gardner Fox Harry Lampert ( Jay Garrick ) Bob Kanigher Carmine Infantino John Broome ( Barry Allen ) John Broome Carmine Infantino ( Wally West ) Mark Waid Mike Wieringo ( Bart Allen ) The Flash Family The Flash Jay Garrick Barry Allen Wally West Bart Allen Kid Flash Wally West Bart Allen Iris West II Wally West II Associates Iris West Jesse Chambers Impulse Johnny Quick Max Mercury Linda Park Tornado Twins XS Supporting characters Argus David Singh Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) Elongated Man Paul Gambi Patty Spivot Más y Menos Pied Piper Red Trinity Solovar Tina McGee Valerie Perez Winky , Blinky , and Noddy Enemies General Big Sir Doctor Alchemy Fiddler Godspeed Gorilla Grodd Peek - a-Boo Rag Doll Rainbow Raider Savitar Shade Thinker Turtle / Turtle Man T.O.", "42": "Morrow Reverse - Flashes Rival ( Edward Clariss ) Professor Zoom ( Eobard Thawne ) Zoom ( Hunter Zolomon ) Inertia ( Thaddeus Thawne ) Reverse - Flash ( Danny West ) Rogues Abra Kadabra Captain Boomerang Captain Cold Golden Glider Heat Wave Mirror Master Pied Piper Top Trickster Weather Wizard Publications Flash Comics All - Flash Comic Cavalcade The Flash The Flash : Rebirth ( 2009 ) Flashpoint Flashpoint ( Elseworlds ) The Flash Chronicles Locations Blue Valley Central City ( Central City Police Department ) Flash Museum Gorilla City Iron Heights Penitentiary Keystone City S.T.A.R. Labs In other media Film Justice League : The New Frontier Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs. Teen Titans Suicide Squad Justice League Television The Superman / Aquaman Hour of Adventure Super Friends Legends of the Superheroes The Flash ( 1990 ) Justice League of America ( pilot ) Justice League Justice League Unlimited Smallville Young Justice Arrow The Flash ( 2014 ) characters episodes season 4 Vixen Supergirl Legends of Tomorrow Video games The Flash ( video game ) Justice League Task Force Justice League Heroes : The Flash Mortal Kombat vs.", "43": "DC Universe DC Universe Online Injustice : Gods Among Us Infinite Crisis Injustice 2 DC Unchained Related articles Cosmic treadmill `` Flash of Two Worlds '' Speed Force Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' `` Doppelganger '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! ''", "44": "`` Crisis on Earth - X '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Flash_(season_4)&oldid=838436882 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons The Flash ( 2014 TV series ) episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 00 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7602825500085978355	who sang for lee bowman in my dream is yours	[ "Hal Derwin", "Hal Derwin", "Hal Derwin", "Hal Derwin", "Hal Derwin" ]	{ "0": "My Dream is Yours - wikipedia My Dream is Yours Jump to : navigation , search This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) My Dream Is Yours Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Curtiz Friz Freleng ( animated sequence ) Produced by George Amy Michael Curtiz Written by Laura Kerr ( adaptation ) Harry Kurnitz Dane Lussier Allen Rivken Paul Finder Moss ( story ) Jerry Wald ( story ) Starring Jack Carson Doris Day Lee Bowman Music by Harry Warren Cinematography Wilfred M. Cline Ernest Haller Edited by Folmar Blangsted Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date April 16 , 1949 ( 1949 - 04 - 16 ) Running time 101 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2 million Box office $1.7 million My Dream Is Yours is a 1949 musical romantic comedy film starring Jack Carson , Doris Day , and Lee Bowman . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Songs 4 Production 5 Reception 6 Sources 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens in Los Angeles , where Doug Blake ( Carson ) is dumped as a manager by Gary Mitchell ( Bowman ) . He goes to New York City to find a new singer to replace Gary on the Hour of Enchantment radio show . While in New York , he discovers Martha Gibson ( Day ) turning records in a jukebox factory . He takes her to Los Angeles and tries to introduce her to Felix Hofer ( Sakall ) . His efforts lead to a series of communication failures . Meanwhile , Martha has begun to fall in love with Gary . Doug takes her to a party at Gary 's house where Gary gets drunk and is unable to sing on his radio program . Martha replaces him and becomes successful . Gary , whose ego has driven away all of the people who once helped him , can not find anyone who will hire or even represent him .", "1": "Knowing how Martha feels about Gary , Doug helps him come back , but Gary goes back to his old ways and drives Martha away . Martha then realizes that she really loves Doug and makes up with him . Cast ( edit ) Jack Carson as Doug Blake Doris Day as Martha Gibson Lee Bowman as Gary Mitchell ( singing voice was dubbed by Hal Derwin ) Adolphe Menjou as Thomas Hutchins Eve Arden as Vivian Martin S.Z. Sakall as Felix Hofer Selena Royle as Freda Hofer Edgar Kennedy as Uncle Charlie Sheldon Leonard as Grimes Franklin Pangborn as Sourpuss Manager Ada Leonard as Herself Frankie Carle as Himself Iris Adrian as Peggy ( uncredited ) Mel Blanc as Bugs Bunny & Tweety Bird ( voice ) Songs ( edit ) The film features the following songs , mostly lyricized by Ralph Blane and composed by Harry Warren : `` My Dream Is Yours '' `` Someone Like You '' `` Love Finds a Way '' `` Tic , Tic , Tic '' `` ( You May Not Be an Angel , but ) I 'll String Along With You '' `` Freddie , Get Ready '' with lyrics by Ralph Blane and Mel Blanc `` I 'll String Along with You '' with lyrics by Al Dubin `` You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby '' `` With Plenty of Money and You '' with lyrics by Johnny Mercer `` Nagasaki '' with lyrics by Mort Dixon `` Canadian Capers ( Cuttin ' Capers ) '' with lyrics by Blane and Warren , music by Henry Cohen , Gus Chandler , and Bert White `` Someone like You '' , not to be confused with the song of the same name by Adele , has been subsequently recorded by Ella Fitzgerald in 1949 and Peggy Lee . Production ( edit ) The film serves as a remake of Twenty Million Sweethearts ( 1934 ) , in which the aspiring singer was male . The film Swing Hostess ( 1944 ) also had a similar plot , in which aspiring singer Judy Alvin ( Martha Titon ) is spinning records in a jukebox factory , and her roommate and friend Marge ( Irish Adrian ) tries to help her start her career .", "2": "Eve Arden has a key supporting role as Vivian `` Vi '' Martin , Doug Blake 's co-worker in the radio show The Hour of Enchantment . She is depicted as a highly competent professional woman . She at first agrees to financially support Doug in exchange for half his business earnings . She then allows Martha and her son Freddie to move in with her . When more is needed to finance Martha 's career , Vivian has to sell her own mink coat . The film features a love triangle among Doug Blake , Martha Gibson , and Gary Mitchell . Vivian Martin has her own romantic subplot with Thomas Hutchins , though it is limited to a few suggestive glances . This was the third and last time that Arden co-worked with Adolphe Menjou . According to gossip columnist Sheilah Graham , Day missed three days of shooting in May 1948 , due to being sick with a fever . The film features the final , feature film appearance of comic actor Edgar Kennedy , who died on November 9 , 1948 . The film is perhaps best remembered today for an extended dream sequence combining animation and live action which featured a cameo appearance by Bugs Bunny , dancing with Jack Carson and Doris Day to the tune of Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 , as well as an appearance by Tweety , which was a favorite of animation director Friz Freleng . The sequence has an Easter theme and features the actors in bunny suits . Reception ( edit ) Time magazine 's review was not favorable , finding that the film merely reused elements from older films . `` It has all been done before -- frequently much better '' . It did , however , find some positive aspects of the film . One was Doris Day 's singing , another the caustic lines of Eve Arden . John L. Scot , reviewer for the Los Angeles Times , found the basic story trite . But also praised the charm of Doris Day and her ability to sell a tune , while also favoring the comedy performance of Eve Arden . Richard L. Coe , reviewer of The Washington Post , called the film a `` supremely dull achievement '' . He found Arden 's character wittier and more human than that of Doris Day .", "3": "Tom Santopietro , in a retrospective of the film , credits Arden with the best performance of the film , praising her comic timing . Sources ( edit ) Hemming , Roy ( 1999 ) , `` Harry Warren '' , The Melody Lingers on : The Great Songwriters and Their Movie Musicals , Newmarket Press , ISBN 978 - 1557043801 Tucker , David C. ( 2012 ) , `` My Dream Is Yours ( 1949 ) '' , Eve Arden : A Chronicle of All Film , Television , Radio and Stage Performances , McFarland & Company , ISBN 978 - 0786488100 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Variety 18 February 1948 p 14 Jump up ^ `` Top Grossers of 1949 '' . Variety . 4 January 1950 . p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Hemming ( 1999 ) , p. 298 Jump up ^ `` DorisDayMagic.com '' . 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Young ( 1 January 1977 ) . The Films of Doris Day . Citadel Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 0583 - 1 . Jump up ^ J. Wilfred Johnson ( 5 August 2010 ) . Ella Fitzgerald : An Annotated Discography ; Including a Complete Discography of Chick Webb . McFarland . pp. 128 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5039 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Lewisohn ( 29 October 2013 ) . Tune In : The Beatles : All These Years . Crown / Archetype . pp. 1350 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8041 - 3934 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker ( 2012 ) , p.", "4": "107 - 109 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : My Dream Is Yours My Dream Is Yours at the TCM Movie Database My Dream Is Yours on IMDb Films directed by Michael Curtiz 1910s The Last Bohemian Today and Tomorrow Captive Souls My Husband 's Getting Married The Exile The Borrowed Babies The Princess in a Nightrobe Prisoner of the Night Bánk Bán Golddigger One Who Is Loved By Two Seven of Spades The Strength of the Fatherland The Karthauzer The Black Rainbow The Wolf The Medic Mr. Doctor Master Zoard The Red Samson The Last Dawn Spring in Winter Tartar Invasion Secret of St. Job Forest Nobody 's Son The Charlatan A Penny 's History The Fishing Bell Earth 's Man The Colonel Peace 's Road Jean the Tenant The Merry Widow Magic Waltz A skorpió I . The Devil Lulu Lu , the Coquette Júdás The Ugly Boy Alraune 99 The Sunflower Woman Liliom ( unfinished ) The Lady with the Black Gloves 1920s Boccaccio The Star of Damascus The Scourge of God Mrs. Tutti Frutti Good and Evil Mrs. Dane 's Confession Labyrinth of Horror Sodom and Gomorrah Young Medardus Avalanche Nameless A Deadly Game General Babka Harun al Raschid The Moon of Israel Red Heels Cab No.", "5": "13 The Golden Butterfly The Third Degree A Million Bid The Desired Woman Good Time Charley Tenderloin Noah 's Ark Glad Rag Doll Madonna of Avenue A The Gamblers Hearts in Exile 1930s Mammy Under a Texas Moon The Matrimonial Bed Bright Lights A Soldier 's Plaything River 's End Demon of the Sea God 's Gift to Women The Mad Genius The Woman from Monte Carlo Alias the Doctor The Strange Love of Molly Louvain Doctor X The Cabin in the Cotton 20,", "6": "000 Years in Sing Sing Mystery of the Wax Museum The Keyhole Private Detective 62 Goodbye Again The Kennel Murder Case Female Mandalay Jimmy the Gent The Key British Agent The Case of the Curious Bride Black Fury Front Page Woman Little Big Shot Captain Blood The Walking Dead The Charge of the Light Brigade Stolen Holiday Mountain Justice Kid Galahad The Perfect Specimen Gold Is Where You Find It The Adventures of Robin Hood ( with William Keighley ) Four 's a Crowd Four Daughters Angels with Dirty Faces Dodge City Daughters Courageous The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex Four Wives 1940s Virginia City The Sea Hawk Santa Fe Trail The Sea Wolf Dive Bomber Captains of the Clouds Yankee Doodle Dandy Casablanca Mission to Moscow This Is the Army Passage to Marseille Janie Roughly Speaking Mildred Pierce Night and Day Life with Father The Unsuspected Romance on the High Seas My Dream Is Yours ( with Friz Freleng ) Flamingo Road The Lady Takes a Sailor 1950s Young Man with a Horn Bright Leaf The Breaking Point Force of Arms Jim Thorpe -- All - American I 'll See You in My Dreams The Story of Will Rogers The Jazz Singer Trouble Along the Way The Boy from Oklahoma The Egyptian White Christmas We 're No Angels The Scarlet Hour The Vagabond King The Best Things in Life Are Free The Helen Morgan Story The Proud Rebel King Creole The Hangman The Man in the Net 1960s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn A Breath of Scandal Francis of Assisi The Comancheros Short films Jön az öcsém ( 1919 ) Sons of Liberty ( 1939 ) Productions Bright Lights ( 1935 ) Looney Tunes films Theatrical Space Jam Looney Tunes : Back in Action Featurettes Adventures of the Road Runner Direct - to - video Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure Bah , Humduck !", "7": "A Looney Tunes Christmas Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run Documentaries Bugs Bunny : Superstar Chuck Amuck : The Movie Compilations Bugs Bunny The Bugs Bunny / Road Runner Movie The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie Bugs Bunny 's 3rd Movie : 1001 Rabbit Tales The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame Daffy Duck Daffy Duck 's Fantastic Island Daffy Duck 's Quackbusters Cameos Haunted Gold Alice in Wonderland When 's Your Birthday ? The Big Broadcast of 1938 She Married a Cop Love Thy Neighbor The Lady Eve Hi Diddle Diddle Two Guys from Texas My Dream Is Yours Who Framed Roger Rabbit Gremlins 2 : The New Batch Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Dream_Is_Yours&oldid=837079873 '' Categories : 1949 films English - language films 1940s musical comedy films 1940s romantic comedy films Films directed by Michael Curtiz Films set in Los Angeles Films set in New York City Films with live action and animation Looney Tunes films American films American romantic musical films Warner Bros. films 1940s American animated films Screenplays by Harry Kurnitz Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from July 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català فارسی Français Nederlands Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 15 : 59 . 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1142605956451391088	where did german immigrants settled in the 1800s	[ "British colonies, settling primarily in Pennsylvania, New York, and Virginia" ]	{ "0": "German Americans - wikipedia German Americans Jump to : navigation , search German Americans Deutschamerikaner Total population 44,754,050 14.4 % of the U.S. population ( 2016 ) Regions with significant populations Nationwide , though less common in New England and the Deep South . Plurality in New York , Pennsylvania , Colorado and the Midwest . Languages English ( American English dialects , Pennsylvania Dutch English ) German ( American German dialects , Standard German , Bavarian German , Swabian German , Colognian German , Alsatian German , Bernese German , Hutterite German , Pennsylvania German , Plautdietsch , Texas German ) Religion Christian 51 % Protestant , significantly Lutheran , Reformed and Anabaptist but also multiple other branches 26 % Roman Catholic 1 % Jewish 16 % other Related ethnic groups Germans Austrians Austrian Americans Swiss Americans Dutch Americans Danish Americans Swedish Americans Norwegian Americans Pennsylvania Dutch German Canadians other German diaspora German Americans ( German : Deutschamerikaner ) are Americans who have full or partial German ancestry . With an estimated size of approximately 44 million in 2016 , German Americans are the largest of the ancestry groups reported by the US Census Bureau in its American Community Survey . The group accounts for about one third of the total ethnic German population in the world . None of the German states had American colonies . In the 1670s , the first significant groups of German immigrants arrived in the British colonies , settling primarily in Pennsylvania , New York , and Virginia . Immigration continued in very large numbers during the 19th century , with eight million arrivals from Germany . Between 1820 and 1870 over seven and a half million German immigrants came to the United States -- more than doubling the entire population of the country . By 2010 , their population grew to 49.8 million immigrants , reflecting a jump of 6 million people since 2000 . There is a `` German belt '' that extends all the way across the United States , from eastern Pennsylvania to the Oregon coast . Pennsylvania has the largest population of German - Americans in the U.S.", "1": "and is home to one of the group 's original settlements , Germantown ( Philadelphia ) , founded in 1683 and the birthplace of the American antislavery movement in 1688 , as well as the revolutionary Battle of Germantown . The state of Pennsylvania has 3.5 million people of German ancestry . They were pulled by the attractions of land and religious freedom , and pushed out of Europe by shortages of land and religious or political oppression . Many arrived seeking religious or political freedom , others for economic opportunities greater than those in Europe , and others for the chance to start fresh in the New World . The arrivals before 1850 were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land , where their intensive farming techniques would pay off . After 1840 , many came to cities , where `` Germania '' -- German - speaking districts -- soon emerged . German Americans established the first kindergartens in the United States , introduced the Christmas tree tradition , and introduced popular foods such as hot dogs and hamburgers to America . The great majority of people with some German ancestry have become Americanized and hardly can be distinguished ; fewer than 5 % speak German . German - American societies abound , as do celebrations that are held throughout the country to celebrate German heritage of which the German - American Steuben Parade in New York City is one of the most well - known and is held every third Saturday in September . Traditional Oktoberfest celebrations and the German - American Day are popular festivities . There are major annual events in cities with German heritage including Chicago , Cincinnati , Milwaukee , Pittsburgh , San Antonio , and St. Louis . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Colonial era 1.1. 1 Palatines 1.1. 2 Louisiana 1.1. 3 Southeast 1.1. 4 New England 1.1. 5 Pennsylvania 1.2 American Revolution 1.3 19th century 1.3. 1 Jews 1.3. 2 Northeastern cities 1.3. 3 Cities of the Midwest 1.3. 4 Deep South 1.3. 5 Texas 1.3. 6 Germans from Russia 1.3. 7 Civil War 1.3.", "2": "8 Farmers 1.3. 9 Politics 1.4 World Wars 1.4. 1 Intellectuals 1.4. 2 World War I anti-German sentiment 1.4. 3 World War II 1.5 Contemporary period 2 Demographics 2.1 German - American communities 2.1. 1 Communities with high percentages of people of German ancestry 2.1. 2 Large communities with high percentages of people of German ancestry 2.1. 3 Communities with the most residents born in Germany 3 Culture 3.1 Music 3.2 Turners 3.3 Media 3.4 Athletics 3.5 Religion 3.6 Language 4 Assimilation 5 German American influence 6 Education 7 Notable people 7.1 German - American presidents 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Historiography 10.2 Primary sources 10.3 In German 11 External links 11.1 German - American history and culture 11.2 German - American organizations 11.3 Local German - American history and culture History ( edit ) The Germans included many quite distinct subgroups with differing religious and cultural values . Lutherans and Catholics typically opposed Yankee moralizing programs such as the prohibition of beer , and favored paternalistic families with the husband deciding the family position on public affairs . They generally opposed women 's suffrage but this was used as argument in favor of suffrage when German Americans became pariahs during World War I. On the other hand , there were Protestant groups that emerged from European pietism such as the German Methodist and United Brethren ; they more closely resembled the Yankee Methodists in their moralism . Colonial era ( edit ) The first English settlers arrived at Jamestown , Virginia in 1607 , and were accompanied by the first German American , Dr. Johannes Fleischer . He was followed in 1608 by five glassmakers and three carpenters or house builders . The first permanent German settlement in what became the United States was Germantown , Pennsylvania , founded near Philadelphia on October 6 , 1683 .", "3": "John Jacob Astor , in an oil painting by Gilbert Stuart , 1794 , was the first of the Astor family dynasty and the first millionaire in the United States , making his fortune in the fur trade and New York City real estate . Large numbers of Germans migrated from the 1680s to 1760s , with Pennsylvania the favored destination . They migrated to America for a variety of reasons . Push factors involved worsening opportunities for farm ownership in central Europe , persecution of some religious groups , and military conscription ; pull factors were better economic conditions , especially the opportunity to own land , and religious freedom . Often immigrants paid for their passage by selling their labor for a period of years as indentured servants . Large sections of Pennsylvania , Upstate New York , and the Shenandoah valley of Virginia attracted Germans . Most were Lutheran or German Reformed ; many belonged to small religious sects such as the Moravians and Mennonites . German Catholics did not arrive in number until after the War of 1812 . Palatines ( edit ) In 1709 , Protestant Germans from the Pfalz or Palatine region of Germany escaped conditions of hardship , traveling first to Rotterdam and then to London . Anne , Queen of Great Britain , helped them get to her colonies in America . The trip was long and difficult to survive because of the poor quality of food and water aboard ships and the infectious disease typhus . Many immigrants , particularly children , died before reaching America in June 1710 . The Palatine immigration of about 2100 people who survived was the largest single immigration to America in the colonial period . Most were first settled along the Hudson River in work camps , to pay off their passage . By 1711 , seven villages had been established in New York on the Robert Livingston manor . In 1723 Germans became the first Europeans allowed to buy land in the Mohawk Valley west of Little Falls . One hundred homesteads were allocated in the Burnetsfield Patent . By 1750 , the Germans occupied a strip some 12 miles ( 19 km ) long along both sides of the Mohawk River . The soil was excellent ; some 500 houses were built , mostly of stone , and the region prospered in spite of Indian raids .", "4": "Herkimer was the best - known of the German settlements in a region long known as the `` German Flats '' . They kept to themselves , married their own , spoke German , attended Lutheran churches , and retained their own customs and foods . They emphasized farm ownership . Some mastered English to become conversant with local legal and business opportunities . They tolerated slavery ( although few were rich enough to own a slave ) . The most famous of the early German Palatine immigrants was editor John Peter Zenger , who led the fight in colonial New York City for freedom of the press in America . A later immigrant , John Jacob Astor , who came from Baden after the Revolutionary War , became the richest man in America from his fur trading empire and real estate investments in New York . Louisiana ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) John Law organized the first colonization of Louisiana with German immigrants . Of the over 5,000 Germans initially immigrating primarily from the Alsace Region as few as 500 made up the first wave of immigrants to leave France en route to the Americas . Less than 150 of those first indentured German farmers made it to Louisiana and settled along what became known as the German Coast . With tenacity , determination and the leadership of D'arensburg these Germans felled trees , cleared land , and cultivated the soil with simple hand tools as draft animals were not available . The German coast settlers supplied the budding City of New Orleans with corn , rice , eggs. and meat for many years following . The Mississippi Company settled thousands of German pioneers in French Louisiana during 1721 . It encouraged Germans , particularly Germans of the Alsatian region who had recently fallen under French rule , and the Swiss to immigrate . Alsace was sold to France within the greater context of the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 -- 1648 ) . The Jesuit Charlevoix traveled New France ( Canada and Louisiana ) in the early 1700s . His letter said `` these 9,000 Germans , who were raised in the Palatinate ( Alsace part of France ) were in Arkansas . The Germans left Arkansas en masse .", "5": "They went to New Orleans and demanded passage to Europe . The Mississippi Company gave the Germans rich lands on the right bank of the Mississippi River about 25 miles ( 40 km ) above New Orleans . The area is now known as ' the German Coast ' . '' A thriving population of Germans lived upriver from New Orleans , Louisiana , known as the German Coast . They were attracted to the area through pamphlets such as J. Hanno Deiler 's `` Louisiana : A Home for German Settlers '' . Carl Schurz was the first German born US Senator ( Missouri , 1868 ) and later US Secretary of the Interior Southeast ( edit ) Two waves of German colonists in 1714 and 1717 founded a large colony in Virginia called Germanna , located near modern - day Culpeper , Virginia . Virginia Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood , taking advantage of the headright system , had bought land in present - day Spotsylvania and encouraged German immigration by advertising in Germany for miners to move to Virginia and establish a mining industry in the colony . The name `` Germanna '' , selected by Governor Alexander Spotswood , reflected both the German immigrants who sailed across the Atlantic to Virginia and the British Queen , Anne , who was in power at the time of the first settlement at Germanna . In North Carolina , German Moravians living around Bethlehem , Pennsylvania purchased nearly 100,000 acres ( 400 km ) from Lord Granville ( one of the British Lords Proprietor ) in the Piedmont of North Carolina in 1753 . They established German settlements on that tract , especially in the area around what is now Winston - Salem . They also founded the transitional settlement of Bethabara , North Carolina , translated as House of Passage , the first planned Moravian community in North Carolina , in 1759 . Soon after , the German Moravians founded the town of Salem in 1766 ( now a historical section in the center of Winston - Salem ) and Salem College ( an early female college ) in 1772 . In the Georgia Colony , Germans mainly from the Swabia region settled in Savannah , St. Simon 's Island and Fort Frederica in the 1730s and 1740s .", "6": "They were actively recruited by James Oglethorpe and quickly distinguished themselves through improved farming , advanced tabby ( cement ) - construction , and leading joint Lutheran - Anglican - Reformed religious services for the colonists . German immigrants also settled in other areas of the American South , including around the Dutch ( Deutsch ) Fork area of South Carolina , and Texas , especially in the Austin area . New England ( edit ) Between 1742 and 1753 , roughly 1,000 Germans settled in Broad Bay , Massachusetts ( now Waldoboro , Maine ) . Many of the colonists fled to Boston , Maine , Nova Scotia , and North Carolina after their houses were burned and their neighbors killed or carried into captivity by Native Americans . The Germans who remained found it difficult to survive on farming , and eventually turned to the shipping and fishing industries . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Main article : Pennsylvania German The tide of German immigration to Pennsylvania swelled between 1725 and 1775 , with immigrants arriving as redemptioners or indentured servants . By 1775 , Germans constituted about one - third of the population of the state . German farmers were renowned for their highly productive animal husbandry and agricultural practices . Politically , they were generally inactive until 1740 , when they joined a Quaker - led coalition that took control of the legislature , which later supported the American Revolution . Despite this , many of the German settlers were loyalists during the Revolution , possibly because they feared their royal land grants would be taken away by a new republican government , or because of loyalty to a British German monarchy who had provided the opportunity to live in a liberal society . The Germans , comprising Lutherans , Reformed , Mennonites , Amish , and other sects , developed a rich religious life with a strong musical culture . Collectively , they came to be known as the Pennsylvania Dutch ( from Deutsch ) . Etymologically , the word Dutch originates from the Old High German word `` diutisc '' ( from `` diot '' `` people '' ) , referring to the Germanic `` language of the people '' as opposed to Latin , the language of the learned ( see also theodiscus ) . Only later did the word come to refer to the people who spoke the language .", "7": "Other Germanic language variants for `` deutsch / deitsch / dutch '' are : Dutch `` Duits '' and `` Diets '' , Yiddish `` daytsh '' , Danish / Norwegian `` tysk '' , or Swedish `` tyska . '' The Japanese `` doitzu '' also derives from the aforementioned `` Dutch '' variations . There were few German Catholics in Pennsylvania before the 1810s . The Studebaker brothers , forefathers of the wagon and automobile makers , arrived in Pennsylvania in 1736 from the famous blade town of Solingen . With their skills , they made wagons that carried the frontiersmen westward ; their cannons provided the Union Army with artillery in the American Civil War , and their automobile company became one of the largest in America , although never eclipsing the `` Big Three '' , and was a factor in the war effort and in the industrial foundations of the Army . From names in the 1790 U.S. census , historians estimate Germans constituted nearly 9 % of the white population in the United States . American Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Germans in the American Revolution The King of Great Britain , whose King George III was also the Elector of Hanover in Germany , hired 18,000 Hessians ( career soldiers from small German states ) to support British forces . Many were captured ; they remained as prisoners during the war but some stayed and became U.S. citizens . German Americans served on both sides of the American Revolution . The religious minorities were neutral . The Lutherans were split . In New York , many were neutral or supported the Loyalist cause . In Pennsylvania most were on the patriot side . The Muhlenberg family , led by Rev. Henry Muhlenberg was especially influential on the Patriot side . His son Peter Muhlenberg , a Lutheran clergyman in Virginia became a major general and later a Congressman . The brief Fries 's Rebellion was an anti-tax movement among Germans in Pennsylvania in 1799 - 1800 .", "8": "19th century ( edit ) German population density in the United States , 1872 German Immigration to United States ( 1820 -- 2004 ) Immigration period Number of Immigrants Immigration period Number of Immigrants 1820 -- 1840 160,335 1921 -- 1930 412,202 1841 -- 1850 434,626 1931 -- 1940 114,058 1851 -- 1860 951,667 1941 -- 1950 226,578 1861 -- 1870 787,468 1951 -- 1960 477,765 1871 -- 1880 718,182 1961 -- 1970 190,796 1881 -- 1890 1,452,970 1971 -- 1980 74,414 1891 -- 1900 505,152 1981 -- 1990 91,961 1901 -- 1910 341,498 1991 -- 2000 92,606 1911 -- 1920 143,945 2001 -- 2004 61,253 Total : 7,237,594 The largest flow of German immigration to America occurred between 1820 and World War I , during which time nearly six million Germans immigrated to the United States . From 1840 to 1880 , they were the largest group of immigrants . Following the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states , a wave of political refugees fled to America , who became known as Forty - Eighters . They included professionals , journalists , and politicians . Prominent Forty - Eighters included Carl Schurz and Henry Villard . `` From the Old to the New World '' shows German emigrants boarding a steamer in Hamburg , to New York .", "9": "Harper 's Weekly , ( New York ) November 7 , 1874 `` Latin farmer '' or Latin Settlement is the designation of several settlements founded by some of the Dreissiger and other refugees from Europe after rebellions like the Frankfurter Wachensturm beginning in the 1830s -- predominantly in Texas and Missouri , but also in other US states -- in which German intellectuals ( freethinkers , German : Freidenker , and Latinists ) met together to devote themselves to the German literature , philosophy , science , classical music , and the Latin language . A prominent representative of this generation of immigrants was Gustav Koerner who lived most of the time in Belleville , Illinois until his death . Jews ( edit ) Main article : History of the Jews in the United States A few German Jews came in the colonial era . The largest numbers arrived after 1820 , especially in the mid-19th century . They spread across the North and South ( and California , where Levi Strauss arrived in 1853 ) . They formed small German - Jewish communities in cities and towns . They typically were local and regional merchants selling clothing ; others were livestock dealers , agricultural commodity traders , bankers , and operators of local businesses . Henry Lehman , who founded Lehman Brothers in Alabama , was a particularly prominent example of such a German - Jewish immigrant . They formed Reform synagogues and sponsored numerous local and national philanthropic organizations , such as B'nai B'rith . This German - speaking group is quite distinct from the Yiddish - speaking East - European Jews who arrived in much larger numbers starting in the late 19th century and concentrated in New York . Northeastern cities ( edit ) Further information : Germans in Syracuse , New York and History of the Germans in Baltimore The port cities of New York , and Baltimore had large populations . As did Hoboken , New Jersey . Cities of the Midwest ( edit ) Further information : Germans in Chicago ; Germans in Omaha , Nebraska ; and History of the Germans in Louisville Cities along the Great Lakes , the Ohio River , and the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers attracted a large German element . The Midwestern cities of Milwaukee , Cincinnati , St. Louis , Chicago were favored destinations of German immigrants . Also , the Northern Kentucky and Louisville area along the Ohio River was a favored destination .", "10": "By 1900 , the populations of the cities of Cleveland , Milwaukee , and Cincinnati were all more than 40 % German American . Dubuque and Davenport , Iowa had even larger proportions , as did Omaha , Nebraska , where the proportion of German Americans was 57 % in 1910 . In many other cities of the Midwest , such as Fort Wayne , Indiana , German Americans were at least 30 % of the population . By 1850 there were 5,000 Germans , mostly Schwabians living in , and around , Ann Arbor , Michigan . Many concentrations acquired distinctive names suggesting their heritage , such as the `` Over-the - Rhine '' district in Cincinnati and `` German Village '' in Columbus , Ohio . A favorite destination was Milwaukee , known as `` the German Athens '' . Radical Germans trained in politics in the old country dominated the city 's Socialists . Skilled workers dominated many crafts , while entrepreneurs created the brewing industry ; the most famous brands included Pabst , Schlitz , Miller , and Blatz . Whereas half of German immigrants settled in cities , the other half established farms in the Midwest . From Ohio to the Plains states , a heavy presence persists in rural areas into the 21st century . Deep South ( edit ) Further information : Germans in Alabama Few German immigrants settled in the Deep South , apart from New Orleans , the German Coast , and Texas . Texas ( edit ) Main article : German Texan The Wahrenberger House in Austin served as a German - American school . Texas attracted many Germans who entered through Galveston and Indianola , both those who came to farm , and later immigrants who more rapidly took industrial jobs in cities such as Houston . As in Milwaukee , Germans in Houston built the brewing industry . By the 1920s , the first generation of college - educated German Americans were moving into the chemical and oil industries . Texas had about 20,000 German Americans in the 1850s . They did not form a uniform bloc , but were highly diverse and drew from geographic areas and all sectors of European society , except that very few aristocrats or upper middle class businessmen arrived . In this regard , Texas Germania was a microcosm of the Germania nationwide . The Germans who settled Texas were diverse in many ways .", "11": "They included peasant farmers and intellectuals ; Protestants , Catholics , Jews , and atheists ; Prussians , Saxons , and Hessians ; abolitionists and slave owners ; farmers and townsfolk ; frugal , honest folk and ax murderers . They differed in dialect , customs , and physical features . A majority had been farmers in Germany , and most arrived seeking economic opportunities . A few dissident intellectuals fleeing the 1848 revolutions sought political freedom , but few , save perhaps the Wends , went for religious freedom . The German settlements in Texas reflected their diversity . Even in the confined area of the Hill Country , each valley offered a different kind of German . The Llano valley had stern , teetotaling German Methodists , who renounced dancing and fraternal organizations ; the Pedernales valley had fun - loving , hardworking Lutherans and Catholics who enjoyed drinking and dancing ; and the Guadalupe valley had freethinking Germans descended from intellectual political refugees . The scattered German ethnic islands were also diverse . These small enclaves included Lindsay in Cooke County , largely Westphalian Catholic ; Waka in Ochiltree County , Midwestern Mennonite ; Hurnville in Clay County , Russian German Baptist ; and Lockett in Wilbarger County , Wendish Lutheran . Germans from Russia ( edit ) See also : Volga Germans and Russian Mennonite Temporary quarters for Volga Germans in central Kansas , 1875 Germans from Russia were the most traditional of German - speaking arrivals . They were Germans who had lived for generations throughout the Russian Empire , but especially along the Volga River in Russia and near the Crimea . Their ancestors had come from all over the German - speaking world , invited by Catherine the Great in 1762 and 1763 to settle and introduce more advanced German agriculture methods to rural Russia . They had been promised by the manifesto of their settlement the ability to practice their respective Christian denominations , retain their culture and language , and retain immunity from conscription for them and their descendants . As time passed , the Russian monarchy gradually eroded the ethnic German population 's relative autonomy . Conscription eventually was reinstated ; this was especially harmful to the Mennonites , who practice pacifism . Throughout the 19th century , pressure increased from the Russian government to culturally assimilate .", "12": "Many Germans from Russia found it necessary to emigrate to avoid conscription and preserve their culture . About 100,000 immigrated by 1900 , settling primarily in the Dakotas , Kansas and Nebraska . The southern central part of North Dakota was known as `` the German - Russian triangle '' . A smaller number moved farther west , finding employment as ranchers and cowboys . Negatively influenced by the violation of their rights and cultural persecution by the Tsar , the Germans from Russia who settled in the northern Midwest saw themselves a downtrodden ethnic group separate from Russian Americans and having an entirely different experience from the German Americans who had emigrated from German lands ; they settled in tight - knit communities that retained their German language and culture . They raised large families , built German - style churches , buried their dead in distinctive cemeteries using cast iron grave markers , and created choir groups that sang German church hymns . Many farmers specialized in sugar beets -- still a major crop in the upper Great Plains . During World War I , their identity was challenged by anti-German sentiment . By the end of World War II , the German language , which had always been used with English for public and official matters , was in serious decline . Today , German is preserved mainly through singing groups and recipes , with the Germans from Russia in the northern Great Plains states speaking predominantly English . German remains the second most spoken language in North and South Dakota , and Germans from Russia often use loanwords , such as Kuchen for cake . Despite the loss of their language , the ethnic group remains distinct , and has left a lasting impression on the American West . Civil War ( edit ) Main article : German Americans in the American Civil War Sentiment among German Americans was largely anti-slavery , especially among Forty - Eighters . Notable Forty - Eighter Hermann Raster wrote passionately against slavery and was very pro-Lincoln . Raster published anti-slavery pamphlets and was the editor of the most influential German language newspaper in America at the time . He helped secure the votes of German - Americans across the United States for Abraham Lincoln . When Raster died the Chicago Tribune published an article regarding his service as a correspondent for America to the German states saying , `` His writings during and after the Civil War did more to create understanding and appreciation of the American situation in Germany and to float U.S.", "13": "bonds in Europe than the combined efforts of all the U.S. ministers and consuls . '' Hundreds of thousands of German Americans volunteered to fight for the Union in the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . The Germans were the largest immigrant group to participate in the Civil War ; over 176,000 U.S. soldiers were born in Germany . A popular Union commander among Germans , Major General Franz Sigel was the highest - ranking German officer in the Union Army , with many German immigrants claiming to enlist to `` fight mit Sigel '' . The German vote in 1900 was in doubt ; they opposed the `` repudiation '' policy of Bryan ( right poster ) , but also disliked the overseas expansion McKinley had delivered ( left poster ) Although only one in four Germans fought in all - German regiments , they created the public image of the German soldier . Pennsylvania fielded five German regiments , New York eleven , and Ohio six . Farmers ( edit ) Western railroads , with large land grants available to attract farmers , set up agencies in Hamburg and other German cities , promising cheap transportation , and sales of farmland on easy terms . For example , the Santa Fe railroad hired its own commissioner for immigration , and sold over 300,000 acres ( 1,200 km ) to German - speaking farmers . Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries , the German Americans showed a high interest in becoming farmers , and keeping their children and grandchildren on the land . While they needed profits to stay in operation , they used profits as a tool `` to maintain continuity of the family . '' They used risk averse strategies , and carefully planned their inheritances to keep the land in the family . Their communities showed smaller average farm size , greater equality , less absentee ownership and greater geographic persistence . As one farmer explained , `` To protect your family has turned out to be the same thing as protecting your land . '' Germany was a large country with many diverse subregions which contributed immigrants . Dubuque was the base of the Ostfriesische Nachrichten ( `` East Fresian News '' ) from 1881 to 1971 . It connected the 20,000 immigrants from East Friesland ( Ostfriesland ) , Germany , to each other across the Midwest , and to their old homeland .", "14": "In Germany East Friesland was often a topic of ridicule regarding backward rustics , but editor Leupke Hündling shrewdly combined stories of proud memories of Ostfriesland . The editor enlisted a network of local correspondents . By mixing local American and local German news , letters , poetry , fiction , and dialogue , the German - language newspaper allowed immigrants to honor their origins and celebrate their new life as highly prosperous farmers with much larger farms than were possible back in impoverished Ostfriesland . During the world wars , when Germania came under heavy attack , the paper stressed its humanitarian role , mobilizing readers to help the people of East Friesland with relief funds . Younger generations could usually speak German but not read it , so the subscription based dwindled away as the target audience Americanized itself . Politics ( edit ) Relatively few German Americans held office , but the men voted once they became citizens . In general during the Third party System ( 1850s -- 1890s ) , the Protestants and Jews leaned toward the Republican party and the Catholics were strongly Democratic . When prohibition was on the ballot , the Germans voted solidly against it . They strongly distrusted moralistic crusaders , whom they called `` Puritans '' , including the temperance reformers and many Populists . The German community strongly opposed Free Silver , and voted heavily against crusader William Jennings Bryan in 1896 . In 1900 , however , many German Democrats returned to their party and voted for Bryan , perhaps because of President William McKinley 's foreign policy . At the local level , historians have explored the changing voting behavior of the German - American community and one of its major strongholds , St. Louis , Missouri . The German Americans had voted 80 percent for Lincoln in 1860 , and strongly supported the war effort . They were a bastion of the Republican Party in St. Louis and nearby immigrant strongholds in Missouri and southern Illinois . The German Americans were angered by a proposed Missouri state constitution that discriminated against Catholics and freethinkers . The requirement of a special loyalty oath for priests and ministers was troublesome . Despite their strong opposition the constitution was ratified in 1865 . Racial tensions with the blacks began to emerge , especially in terms of competition for unskilled labor jobs .", "15": "Germania was nervous about black suffrage in 1868 , fearing that blacks would support puritanical laws Especially regarding the prohibition of beer gardens on Sundays . The tensions split off a large German element in 1872 , led by Carl Schurz . They supported the Liberal Republican party led by Benjamin Gratz Brown for governor in 1870 and Horace Greeley for president in 1872 . Many Germans in late 19th century cities were communists ; Germans played a significant role in the labor union movement . A few were anarchists . Eight of the forty - two anarchist defendants in the Haymarket Affair of 1886 in Chicago were German . World Wars ( edit ) Intellectuals ( edit ) Hugo Münsterberg , Harvard professor of psychology Hugo Münsterberg ( 1863 -- 1916 ) , a German psychologist , moved to Harvard in the 1890s and became a leader in the new profession . He was president of the American Psychological Association in 1898 , and the American Philosophical Association in 1908 , and played a major role in many other American and international organizations . Arthur Preuss ( 1871 -- 1934 ) was a leading journalist , and theologian . A layman in St Louis . His Fortnightly Review ( in English ) was a major conservative voice read closely by church leaders and intellectuals from 1894 until 1934 . He was intensely loyal to the Vatican . Preuss upheld the German Catholic community , denounced the `` Americanism '' heresy , promoted the Catholic University of America , and anguished over the anti-German America hysteria during World War I. He provided lengthy commentary regarding the National Catholic Welfare Conference , the anti-Catholic factor in the presidential campaign of 1928 , the hardships of the Great Depression , and the liberalism of the New Deal . World War I anti-German sentiment ( edit ) See also : American entry into World War I and Internment of German Americans During World War I ( 1917 -- 18 ) , German Americans were often accused of being too sympathetic to Imperial Germany . Former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced `` hyphenated Americanism '' , insisting that dual loyalties were impossible in wartime . A small minority came out for Germany , or ridiculed the British ( as did H.L. Mencken ) .", "16": "Similarly , Harvard psychology professor Hugo Münsterberg dropped his efforts to mediate between America and Germany , and threw his efforts behind the German cause . The Justice Department prepared a list of all German aliens , counting approximately 480,000 of them , more than 4,000 of whom were imprisoned in 1917 -- 18 . The allegations included spying for Germany , or endorsing the German war effort . Thousands were forced to buy war bonds to show their loyalty . The Red Cross barred individuals with German last names from joining in fear of sabotage . One person was killed by a mob ; in Collinsville , Illinois , German - born Robert Prager was dragged from jail as a suspected spy and lynched . A Minnesota minister was tarred and feathered when he was overheard praying in German with a dying woman . In Chicago , Frederick Stock temporarily stepped down as conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra until he finalized his naturalization papers . Orchestras replaced music by German composer Wagner with French composer Berlioz . In Cincinnati , the public library was asked to withdraw all German books from its shelves . German - named streets were renamed . The town , Berlin , Michigan , was changed to Marne , Michigan ( honoring those who fought in the Battle of Marne ) . In Iowa , in the 1918 Babel Proclamation , the governor prohibited all foreign languages in schools and public places . Nebraska banned instruction in any language except English , but the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the ban illegal in 1923 ( Meyer v. Nebraska ) . The response of German Americans to these tactics was often to `` Americanize '' names ( e.g. , Schmidt to Smith , Müller to Miller ) and limit the use of the German language in public places , especially churches . American wartime propaganda depicted the bloodthirsty German `` Hun '' soldier as an enemy of civilization , with his eyes on America from across the Atlantic German - American farmer John Meints of Minnesota was tarred and feathered in August 1918 for allegedly not supporting war bond drives . World War II ( edit ) Marlene Dietrich signing a soldier 's cast ( Belgium , 1944 ) .", "17": "Between 1931 and 1940 , 114,000 Germans moved to the United States , many of whom -- including Nobel prize winner Albert Einstein and author Erich Maria Remarque -- were Jewish Germans or anti-Nazis fleeing government oppression . About 25,000 people became paying members of the pro-Nazi German American Bund during the years before the war . German aliens were the subject of suspicion and discrimination during the war , although prejudice and sheer numbers meant they suffered as a group generally less than Japanese Americans . The Alien Registration Act of 1940 required 300,000 German - born resident aliens who had German citizenship to register with the Federal government and restricted their travel and property ownership rights . Under the still active Alien Enemy Act of 1798 , the United States government interned nearly 11,000 German citizens between 1940 and 1948 . Civil rights violations occurred . An unknown number of `` voluntary internees '' joined their spouses and parents in the camps and were not permitted to leave . President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought out Americans of German ancestry for top war jobs , including General Dwight D. Eisenhower , Admiral Chester W. Nimitz , and USAAF General Carl Andrew Spaatz . He appointed Republican Wendell Willkie ( who ironically ran against Roosevelt in the 1940 presidential election ) as a personal representative . German Americans who had fluent German language skills were an important asset to wartime intelligence , and they served as translators and as spies for the United States . The war evoked strong pro-American patriotic sentiments among German Americans , few of whom by then had contacts with distant relatives in the old country . Number of German Americans Year Number 1980 49,224,146 1990 57,947,374 2000 42,885,162 47,911,129 Contemporary period ( edit ) Parking meter checker stands by his police vehicle which is imprinted with the German word for police ( Polizei ) . It is part of the town 's highlighting its German ethnic origins . New Ulm , Minnesota , July 1974 . In the aftermath of World War II , millions of ethnic Germans were forcibly expelled from their homes within the redrawn borders of Central and Eastern Europe , including the Soviet Union , Poland , Czechoslovakia , Romania , Hungary and Yugoslavia .", "18": "Most resettled in Germany , but others came as refugees to the United States in the late 1940s , and established cultural centers in their new homes . Some Danube Swabians , for instance , ethnic Germans who had maintained language and customs after settlement along the Danube in Hungary , later Yugoslavia ( now Serbia ) , immigrated to the U.S. after the war . After 1970 , anti-German sentiment aroused by World War II faded away . Today , German Americans who immigrated after World War II share the same characteristics as any other Western European immigrant group in the U.S. They are mostly professionals and academics who have come for professional reasons . Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and reunification , Germany has become a preferred destination for immigrants rather than a source of migrating peoples . US Ancestries by County , Germany in light blue , as of 2000 census In the 1990 U.S. Census , 58 million Americans claimed to be solely or partially of German descent . According to the 2005 American Community Survey , 50 million Americans have German ancestry . German Americans represent 17 % of the total U.S. population and 26 % of the non-Hispanic white population . The Economist magazine in 2015 interviewed Petra Schürmann , the director of the German - American Heritage Museum in Washington for a major article on German - Americans . She notes that all over the United States celebrations such as German fests and Oktoberfests have been appearing . Demographics ( edit ) Distribution of German Americans according to the 2000 Census States with the highest proportions of German Americans tend to be those of the upper Midwest , including Iowa , Minnesota , Nebraska , Wisconsin , and the Dakotas ; all at over one - third . Of the four major US regions , German was the most - reported ancestry in the Midwest , second in the West , and third in both the Northeast and the South . German was the top reported ancestry in 23 states , and it was one of the top five reported ancestries in every state except Maine and Rhode Island . At the 2000 census , this was the breakdown of German Americans by state , including the District of Columbia : State German American Population Percentage Alabama 354,259 5.7 Alaska 121,832 14.", "19": "2 Arizona 977,613 15.6 Arkansas 358,764 9.3 California 6,517,470 9.8 Colorado 1,090,983 22.0 Connecticut 365,727 9.8 Delaware 133,757 14.3 District of Columbia 27,450 4.8 Florida 2,270,456 11.8 Georgia 757,769 7.0 Hawaii 83,967 5.8 Idaho 317,536 18.8 Illinois 2,668,955 19.6 Indiana 1,629,766 22.6 Iowa 1,169,638 35.7 Kansas 856,348 25.8 Kentucky 638,231 12.7 Louisiana 403,222 7.0 Maine 109,401 8.6 Maryland 937,887 15.7 Massachusetts 402,176 5.9 Michigan 2,271,091 20.4 Minnesota 1,949,346 38.4 Mississippi 172,456 4.5 Missouri 1,576,813 23.5 Montana 282,130 27.0 Nebraska 738,894 42.7 Nevada 338,717 14.1 New Hampshire 124,430 8.6 New Jersey 1,092,054 12.6 New Mexico 219,278 9.8 New York 2,250,309 11.2 North Carolina 1,020,432 9.5 North Dakota 290,452 46.8 Ohio 3,231,788 26.5 Oklahoma 531,375 12.6 Oregon 811,780 20.5 Pennsylvania 4,491,269 25.4 Rhode Island 60,634 5.", "20": "7 South Carolina 425,455 8.4 South Dakota 334,068 44.5 Tennessee 612,669 8.3 Texas 2,542,996 9.9 Utah 313,733 11.5 Vermont 67,706 9.1 Virginia 973,438 11.7 Washington 1,319,975 18.8 West Virginia 354,704 14.0 Wisconsin 2,455,980 43.8 Wyoming 144,972 25.9 Total US 42,902,103 15.2 German - American communities ( edit ) Today , most German Americans have assimilated to the point that they no longer have readily identifiable ethnic communities , though there are still many metropolitan areas where German is the most reported ethnicity , such as Cincinnati , Northern Kentucky , Cleveland , Columbus , Indianapolis , Milwaukee , Minneapolis -- Saint Paul , Pittsburgh , and St. Louis . Communities with high percentages of people of German ancestry ( edit ) The 25 U.S. communities with the highest percentage of residents claiming German ancestry are : Monterey , Ohio 83.6 % Granville , Ohio 79.6 % St. Henry , Ohio 78.5 % Germantown Township , Illinois 77.6 % Jackson , Indiana 77.3 % Washington , Ohio 77.2 % St.", "21": "Rose , Illinois 77.1 % Butler , Ohio 76.4 % Marion , Ohio 76.3 % Jennings , Ohio and Germantown , Illinois ( village ) 75.6 % Coldwater , Ohio 74.9 % Jackson , Ohio 74.6 % Union , Ohio 74.1 % Minster , Ohio and Kalida , Ohio 73.5 % Greensburg , Ohio 73.4 % Aviston , Illinois 72.5 % Teutopolis , Illinois ( village ) 72.4 % Teutopolis , Illinois ( township ) and Cottonwood , Minnesota 72.3 % Dallas , Michigan 71.7 % Gibson , Ohio 71.6 % Town of Marshfield , Fond du Lac County , Wisconsin 71.5 % Santa Fe , Illinois 70.8 % Recovery , Ohio 70.4 % Town of Brothertown , Wisconsin 69.9 % Town of Herman , Dodge County , Wisconsin 69.8 % Large communities with high percentages of people of German ancestry ( edit ) U.S. communities with the highest percentage of residents claiming German ancestry are : Bismarck , North Dakota 56 , 1 % Dubuque , Iowa 43 % Fargo , North Dakota 31 % Madison , Wisconsin 29 % Green Bay , Wisconsin 29 % Levittown , Pennsylvania 22 % Erie , Pennsylvania 22 % Cincinnati , Ohio 19.8 % Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 19.7 % Columbus , Ohio 19.4 % Beaverton , Oregon 17 % Communities with the most residents born in Germany ( edit ) The 25 U.S. communities with the most residents born in Germany are : Lely Resort , Florida 6.8 % Pemberton Heights , New Jersey 5.0 % Kempner , Texas 4.8 % Cedar Glen Lakes , New Jersey 4.5 % Alamogordo , New Mexico 4.3 % Sunshine Acres , Florida and Leisureville , Florida 4.2 % Wakefield , Kansas 4.1 % Quantico , Virginia 4.0 % Crestwood Village , New Jersey 3.8 % Shandaken , New York 3.", "22": "5 % Vine Grove , Kentucky 3.4 % Burnt Store Marina , Florida and Boles Acres , New Mexico 3.2 % Allenhurst , Georgia , Security - Widefield , Colorado , Grandview Plaza , Kansas , and Fairbanks Ranch , California 3.0 % Standing Pine , Mississippi 2.9 % Millers Falls , Massachusetts , Marco Island , Florida , Daytona Beach Shores , Florida , Radcliff , Kentucky , Beverly Hills , Florida , Davilla , Texas , Annandale , New Jersey , and Holiday Heights , New Jersey 2.8 % Fort Riley North , Kansas , Copperas Cove , Texas , and Cedar Glen West , New Jersey 2.7 % Pelican Bay , Florida , Masaryktown , Florida , Highland Beach , Florida , Milford , Kansas , and Langdon , New Hampshire 2.6 % Forest Home , New York , Southwest Bell , Texas , Vineyards , Florida , South Palm Beach , Florida , and Basye - Bryce Mountain , Virginia 2.5 % Sausalito , California , Bovina , New York , Fanwood , New Jersey , Fountain , Colorado , Rye Brook , New York and Desoto Lakes , Florida 2.4 % Ogden , Kansas , Blue Berry Hill , Texas , Lauderdale - by - the - Sea , Florida , Sherman , Connecticut , Leisuretowne , New Jersey , Killeen , Texas , White House Station , New Jersey , Junction City , Kansas , Ocean Ridge , Florida , Viola , New York , Waynesville , Missouri and Mill Neck , New York 2.3 % Level Plains , Alabama , Kingsbury , Nevada , Tega Cay , South Carolina , Margaretville , New York , White Sands , New Mexico , Stamford , New York , Point Lookout , New York , and Terra Mar , Florida 2.2 % Rifton , Manasota Key , Florida , Del Mar , California , Yuba Foothills , California , Daleville , Alabama .", "23": "Tesuque , New Mexico , Plainsboro Center , New Jersey , Silver Ridge , New Jersey and Palm Beach , Florida 2.1 % Oriental , North Carolina , Holiday City - Berkeley , New Jersey , North Sea , New York , Ponce Inlet , Florida , Woodlawn - Dotsonville , Tennessee , West Hurley , New York , Littlerock , California , Felton , California , Laguna Woods , California , Leisure Village , New Jersey , Readsboro , Vermont , Nolanville , Texas , and Groveland - Big Oak Flat , California 2.0 % Rotonda , Florida , Grayson , California , Shokan , New York , The Meadows , Florida , Southeast Comanche , Oklahoma , Lincolndale , New York , Fort Polk South , Louisiana , and Townsend , Massachusetts 1.9 % Pine Ridge , Florida , Boca Pointe , Florida , Rodney Village , Delaware , Palenville , New York , and Topsfield , Massachusetts 1.8 % Culture ( edit ) The Germans worked hard to maintain and cultivate their language , especially through newspapers and classes in elementary and high schools . German Americans in many cities , such as Milwaukee , brought their strong support of education , establishing German - language schools and teacher training seminaries ( Töchter - Institut ) to prepare students and teachers in German language training . By the late 19th century , the Germania Publishing Company was established in Milwaukee , a publisher of books , magazines , and newspapers in German . `` Germania '' was the common term for German American neighborhoods and their organizations . Deutschtum was the term for transplanted German nationalism , both culturally and politically . Between 1875 and 1915 , the German American population in the United States doubled , and many of its members insisted on maintaining their culture . German was used in local schools and churches , while numerous Vereine , associations dedicated to literature , humor , gymnastics , and singing , sprang up in German American communities . German Americans tended to support the German government 's actions , and , even after the United States entered World War I , they often voted for antidraft and antiwar candidates . ' Deutschtum ' in the United States disintegrated after 1918 .", "24": "Music ( edit ) Beginning in 1741 , the German - speaking Moravian Church Settlements of Bethlehem , Nazareth and Lititz , Pennsylvania , and Wachovia in North Carolina had highly developed musical cultures . Choral music , Brass and String Music and Congregational singing were highly cultivated . The Moravian Church produced many composers and musicians . Haydn 's Creation had its American debut in Bethlehem in the early 19th century . The spiritual beliefs of Johann Conrad Beissel ( 1690 -- 1768 ) and the Ephrata Cloister -- such as the asceticism and mysticism of this Lancaster County , Pennsylvania , group - are reflected in Beissel 's treatises on music and hymns , which have been considered the beginning of America 's musical heritage . In most major cities , Germans took the lead in creating a musical culture , with popular bands , singing societies , operas and symphonic orchestras . A small city , Wheeling , West Virginia could boast of 11 singing societies -- Maennerchor , Harmonie , Liedertafel , Beethoven , Concordia , Liederkranz , Germania , Teutonia , Harmonie - Maennerchor , Arion , and Mozart . The first began in 1855 ; the last folded in 1961 . An important aspect of Wheeling social life , these societies reflected various social classes and enjoyed great popularity until anti-German sentiments during World War I and changing social values dealt them a death blow . The Liederkranz , a German - American music society , played an important role in the integration of the German community into the life of Louisville , Kentucky . Started in 1848 , the organization was strengthened by the arrival of German liberals after the failure of the revolution of that year . By the mid-1850s the Germans formed one - third of Louisville 's population and faced nativist hostility organized in the Know - Nothing movement . Violent demonstrations forced the chorus to suppress publicity of its performances that included works by composer Richard Wagner . The Liederkranz suspended operations during the Civil War , but afterward grew rapidly , and was able to build a large auditorium by 1873 . An audience of 8,000 that attended a performance in 1877 demonstrated that the Germans were an accepted part of Louisville life .", "25": "The Imperial government in Berlin promoted German culture in the U.S. , especially music . A steady influx of German - born conductors , including Arthur Nikisch and Karl Muck , spurred the reception of German music in the United States , while German musicians seized on Victorian Americans ' growing concern with ' emotion ' . The performance of pieces such as Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony established German serious music as the superior language of feeling ... Turners ( edit ) Turner societies in the United States were first organized during the mid-19th century so German American immigrants could visit with one another and become involved in social and sports activities . The National Turnerbund , the head organization of the Turnvereine , started drilling members as in militia units in 1854 . Nearly half of all Turners fought in the Civil War , mostly on the Union side , and a special group served as bodyguards for President Lincoln . By the 1890s , Turners numbered nearly 65,000 . At the turn of the 21st century , however , with the ethnic identity of European Americans in flux and Americanization a key element of immigrant life , there were few Turner groups , athletic events were limited , and non-Germans were members . A survey of surviving groups and members reflects these radical changes in the role of Turner societies and their marginalization in 21st - century American society , as younger German Americans tended not to belong , even in strongholds of German heritage in the Midwest . Media ( edit ) Main article : German American journalism German newspapers in North America , 1922 As for any immigrant population , the development of a foreign - language press helped immigrants more easily learn about their new home , maintain connections to their native land , and unite immigrant communities . By the late 19th century , Germania published over 800 regular publications . The most prestigious daily newspapers , such as the New Yorker Staats - Zeitung , the Anzeiger des Westens in St. Louis , and the Illinois Staats - Zeitung in Chicago , promoted middle - class values and encouraged German ethnic loyalty among their readership . The Germans were proud of their language , supported many German - language public and private schools , and conducted their church services in German . They published at least two - thirds of all foreign language newspapers in the U.S. The papers were owned and operated in the U.S.", "26": ", with no control from Germany . As Wittke emphasizes , press . it was `` essentially an American press published in a foreign tongue . '' The papers reported on major political and diplomatic events involving Germany , with pride but from the viewpoint of its American readers . For example , during the latter half of the 19th century , at least 176 different German - language publications began operations in the city of Cincinnati alone . Many of these publications folded within a year , while a select few , such as the Cincinnati Freie Presse , lasted nearly a century . Other cities experienced similar turnover among immigrant publications , especially from opinion press , which published little news and focused instead on editorial commentary . By the end of the 19th century , there were over 800 German - language publications in the United States . German immigration was on the decline , however , and with subsequent generations integrating into English - speaking society , the German language press began to struggle . The periodicals that managed to survive in immigrant communities faced an additional challenge with anti-German sentiment during World War I and with the Espionage and Sedition Acts , which authorized censorship of foreign language newspapers . Prohibition also had a destabilizing impact on the German immigrant communities upon which the German - language publications relied . By 1920 , there were only 278 German language publications remaining in the country . After 1945 , only a few publications have been started . One example is Hiwwe wie Driwwe ( Kutztown , PA ) , the nation 's only Pennsylvania German newspaper , which was established in 1997 . Athletics ( edit ) Germans brought organized gymnastics to America , and were strong supporters of sports programs . They used sport both to promote ethnic identity and pride and to facilitate integration into American society . Beginning in the mid-19th century , the Turner movement offered exercise and sports programs , while also providing a social haven for the thousands of new German immigrants arriving in the United States each year . Another highly successful German sports organization was the Buffalo Germans basketball team , winners of 762 games ( against only 85 losses ) in the early years of the 20th century . These examples , and others , reflect the evolving place of sport in the assimilation and socialization of much of the German - American population . Religion ( edit ) This 1850 census map shows the Lutheran population .", "27": "Nearly all were German , since few Scandinavians had arrived yet . German immigrants who arrived before the 19th century tended to have been members of the Evangelical Lutheran Churches in Germany , and created the Lutheran Synods of Pennsylvania , North Carolina and New York . The largest Lutheran denominations in the U.S. today -- the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America , the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod , and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod -- are all descended from churches started by German immigrants among others . Calvinist Germans founded the Reformed Church in the United States ( especially in New York and Pennsylvania ) , and the Evangelical Synod of North America ( strongest in the Midwest ) , which is now part of the United Church of Christ . Many immigrants joined different churches from those that existed in Germany . Protestants often joined the Methodist church . In the 1740s , Count Nicolas von Zinzendorf tried to unite all the German - speaking Christians -- ( Lutheran , Reformed , and Separatists ) -- into one `` Church of God in the Spirit '' . The Moravian Church in America is one of the results of this effort , as are the many `` Union '' churches in rural Pennsylvania . Before 1800 , communities of Amish , Mennonites , Schwarzenau Brethren and Moravians had formed and are still in existence today . The Old Order Amish and a majority of the Old Order Mennonites still speak dialects of German , including Pennsylvania German , informally known as Pennsylvania Dutch . The Amish , who were originally from southern Germany and Switzerland , arrived in Pennsylvania during the early 18th century . Amish immigration to the United States reached its peak between the years 1727 and 1770 . Religious freedom was perhaps the most pressing cause for Amish immigration to Pennsylvania , which became known as a haven for persecuted religious groups . The Hutterites are another example of a group of German Americans who continue a lifestyle similar to that of their ancestors . Like the Amish , they fled persecution for their religious beliefs , and came to the United States between 1874 and 1879 . Today , Hutterites mostly reside in Montana , the Dakotas , and Minnesota , and the western provinces of Canada . Hutterites continue to speak Hutterite German .", "28": "Most are able to understand Standard German in addition to their dialect . The German speaking `` Russian '' Mennonites migrated during the same time as the Hutterites , but assimilated relatively quickly in the United States , whereas groups of `` Russian '' Mennonites in Canada resisted assimilation . Immigrants from Germany in the mid-to - late - 19th century brought many different religions with them . The most numerous were Lutheran or Catholic , although the Lutherans were themselves split among different groups . The more conservative Lutherans comprised the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . Other Lutherans formed various synods , most of which merged with Scandinavian - based synods in 1988 , forming the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . Catholic Germans started immigrating in large numbers in the mid to latter 19th century , spurred in particular by the Kulturkampf . Some 19th - century immigrants , especially the `` Forty - Eighters '' , were secular , rejecting formal religion . About 250,000 German Jews had arrived by the 1870s , and they sponsored reform synagogues in many small cities across the country . About 2 million Central and Eastern European Jews arrived from the 1880s to 1924 , bringing more traditional religious practices . Language ( edit ) German speakers in the US Year Speakers 1910 2,759,032 1920 2,267,128 1930 2,188,006 1940 1,589,040 1960 1,332,399 1970 1,201,535 1980 1,586,593 1990 1,547,987 2000 1,383,442 2007 1,104,354 ^ a Foreign - born population only After two or three generations , most German Americans adopted mainstream American customs -- some of which they heavily influenced -- and switched their language to English . As one scholar concludes , `` The overwhelming evidence ... indicates that the German - American school was a bilingual one much ( perhaps a whole generation or more ) earlier than 1917 , and that the majority of the pupils may have been English - dominant bilinguals from the early 1880s on . ''", "29": "By 1914 , the older members attended German - language church services , while younger ones attended English services ( in Lutheran , Evangelical and Catholic churches ) . In German parochial schools , the children spoke English among themselves , though some of their classes were in German . In 1917 -- 18 , after the US entry into World War I on the side of the British , nearly all German language instruction ended , as did most German - language church services . About 1.5 million Americans speak German at home , according to the 2000 census . From 1860 -- 1917 , German was widely spoken in German neighborhoods ; see German in the United States . There is a false belief , called the Muhlenberg legend , that German was almost the official language of the U.S. There was never any such proposal . The U.S. has no official language , but use of German was strongly discouraged during World War I and fell out of daily use in many places . There were fierce battles in Wisconsin and Illinois around 1890 regarding proposals to stop the use of German as the primary language in public and parochial schools . The Bennett Law was a highly controversial state law passed in Wisconsin in 1889 that required the use of English to teach major subjects in all public and private elementary and high schools . It affected the state 's many German - language private schools ( and some Norwegian schools ) , and was bitterly resented by German American communities . The German Catholics and Lutherans each operated large networks of parochial schools in the state . Because the language used in the classroom was German , the law meant the teachers would have to be replaced with bilingual teachers , and in most cases shut down . The Germans formed a coalition between Catholics and Lutherans , under the leadership of the Democratic Party , and the language issue produced a landslide for the Democrats , as Republicans dropped the issue until World War I. By 1917 , almost all schools taught in English , but courses in German were common in areas with large German populations . These courses were permanently dropped . Assimilation ( edit ) `` Assimilation '' in this context means the steady loss of distinctive characteristics ( especially language ) , as the Germans melted into a common American nationality . By 1910 German Americans had created their own distinctive , vibrant , prosperous German - language communities , called `` Germania '' .", "30": "According to historian Walter Kamphoefner , a `` number of big cities introduced German into their public school programs '' . Indianapolis , Cincinnati , Cleveland and other cities `` had what we now call two - way immersion programs : school taught half in German , half in English '' . This was a tradition which continued `` all the way down to World War I . '' According to Kamphoefner , German `` was in a similar position as the Spanish language is in the 20th and 21st century '' ; it `` was by far the most widespread foreign language , and whoever was the largest group was at a definite advantage in getting its language into the public sphere . '' Kamphoefner has come across evidence that as late as 1917 , a German version of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was still being sung in public schools in Indianapolis . The transition to the English language was abrupt , forced by the federal government during World War One . After 1917 the German language was seldom heard in public ; most newspapers and magazines closed ; churches and parochial schools switched to English . Film critic Roger Ebert wrote how `` I could hear the pain in my German - American father 's voice as he recalled being yanked out of Lutheran school during World War I and forbidden by his immigrant parents ever to speak German again '' . Youth increasingly attended high schools , where they mingled , in English , and dated ( and later married ) people of other ethnicities . The Catholic high schools were deliberately structured to commingle ethnic groups so as to promote intermarriage . German - speaking taverns , beer gardens and saloons were all shut down by prohibition ; those that reopened in 1933 spoke English . By the 1940s Germania had largely vanished outside remote areas and the Germans were thoroughly assimilated . Historians have tried to explain what became of the German Americans and their descendents . Kazal ( 2004 ) looks at Germans in Philadelphia , focusing on four ethnic subcultures : middle - class Vereinsdeutsche , working - class socialists , Lutherans , and Catholics . Each group followed a somewhat distinctive path toward assimilation .", "31": "Lutherans , and the better situated Vereinsdeutsche with whom they often overlapped , after World War I abandoned the last major German characteristics and redefined themselves as old stock or as `` Nordic '' Americans , stressing their colonial roots in Pennsylvania and distancing themselves from more recent immigrants . On the other hand , working - class and Catholic Germans , groups that heavily overlapped , lived and worked with Irish and other European ethnics ; they also gave up German characteristics but came to identify themselves as white ethnics , distancing themselves above all from African American recent arrivals in nearby neighborhoods . Well before World War I , women in particular were becoming more and more involved in a mass consumer culture that lured them out of their German - language neighborhood shops and into English language downtown department stores . The 1920s and 1930s brought English language popular culture via movies and radio that drowned out the few surviving German language venues . Despite this assimilation , it is worth noting that a distinct German American ethnicity survived well into the mid-20th century in some places . Writing about the town of Hustisford , Wisconsin , Jennifer Ludden discusses Mel Grulke , who was born in 1941 , with German his first language at home ; `` Grulke 's great - grandparents immigrated to the U.S. in the late 1880s , yet three generations later , his farmer parents still spoke German at home , attended German language church services and chatted in German with shopkeepers when they brought their farm eggs into town to sell '' . Bethany Lutheran Church in Hustisford offered German - language services into the 1970s . Homer Rudolf , a man from North Dakota of German Russian descent , stated in 2004 that his maternal grandmother , who died in 1980 at the age of 90 , `` did not learn English '' . As recently as 1990 , one quarter of North Dakota 's households included a German speaker . To this day , relatively unassimilated people of German - speaking heritage can be found in the United States among different Anabaptist groups - the Old Order Amish and most Old Order Mennonites speak Pennsylvania Dutch ( or Bernese German or Alsatian by a minority of Amish ) along with High German to various degrees ( though they are generally fluent in English ) .", "32": "All Hutterites speak Hutterite German and many `` Russian '' Mennonites speak Plautdietsch , a German dialect coming originally from the area around Danzig . The three Amish dialects as well as Hutterite German are still learned by all children of the group , whereas Plautdietsch - speakers tend much more to assimilate . German American influence ( edit ) Main article : German language in the United States Late - 19th - century German - American buildings in Manhattan Freie Bibliothek und Lesehalle ( Free Library and Reading Hall ) and Deutsches Dispensary ( German Dispensary ) , both by William Schickel ( 1883 -- 1884 ) on Second Avenue at St Mark 's Place in the East Village Deutsch - Amerikanische Schützen Gesellschaft ( German - American Shooting Society ) by William C. Frohne ( 1885 ) on St. Mark 's Place in the East Village Scheffel Hall by Weber and Drosser ( 1894 ) on Third Avenue between 17th and 18th Streets , near Gramercy Park Germans have contributed to a vast number of areas in American culture and technology . Baron von Steuben , a former Prussian officer , led the reorganization of the U.S. Army during the War for Independence and helped make the victory against British troops possible . The Steinway & Sons piano manufacturing firm was founded by immigrant Henry E. Steinway in 1853 . German settlers brought the Christmas tree custom and other German Christmas traditions to the United States . The Studebakers built large numbers of wagons used during the Western migration ; Studebaker , like the Duesenberg brothers , later became an important early automobile manufacturer . Carl Schurz , a refugee from the unsuccessful first German democratic revolution of 1848 became an influential politician first in the Republican then in the Democratic party , and served as U.S. Secretary of the Interior . After World War II , Wernher von Braun , and most of the leading engineers from the former German V - 2 rocket base at Peenemünde , were brought to the U.S. They contributed decisively to the development of U.S. military rockets , as well as rockets for the NASA space program and the initiation of the Apollo program to land on the Moon .", "33": "Similarly , fellow German aviation technologist Siegfried Knemeyer , the former top aviation technologist within Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring 's Reich Air Ministry during World War II , was brought to the United States through a similar path to von Braun , and served as a civilian employee of the USAF for over twenty years . The influence of German cuisine is seen in the cuisine of the United States throughout the country , especially regarding pastries , meats and sausages , and above all , beer . Frankfurters ( or `` wieners '' , originating from Frankfurt am Main and Vienna , respectively ) , hamburgers , bratwurst , sauerkraut , and strudel are common dishes . German bakers introduced the pretzel , which is popular across the United States . Germans introduced America to lager , the most - produced beer style in the United States , and have been the dominant ethnic group in the beer industry since 1850 . The oldest extant brewery in the United States is D.G. Yuengling & Son of Pottsville , Pennsylvania ( approximately 80 miles northwest of Philadelphia ) , founded in 1829 by an immigrant from Aldingen in what is today Baden - Württemberg ; the brewery 's flagship product remains a 19th - century German - style amber lager . By the late 19th century , Milwaukee , with a large population of German origin , was once the home to four of the world 's largest breweries owned by ethnic Germans ( Schlitz , Blatz , Pabst , and Miller ) and was the number one beer producing city in the world for many years . Almost half of all current beer sales in the United States can be attributed to German immigrants , Capt . A. Pabst , Eberhard Anheuser , and Adolphus Busch , who founded Anheuser - Busch in St. Louis in 1860 . Later German immigrants figured prominently in the rebirth of craft brews following Prohibition , culminating in the microbrew movement that swept the U.S. beginning in the late 1980s . German and German - American celebrations , such as Oktoberfest , Rhenish Carnival , German - American Day and Von Steuben Day are held regularly throughout the country .", "34": "One of the largest is the German - American Steuben Parade in New York City , held every third Saturday in September . There are also major annual events in Chicago 's Lincoln Square neighborhood , a traditional a center of the city 's German population , in Cincinnati , where its annual Oktoberfest Zinzinnati is the largest Oktoberfest outside of Germany and in Milwaukee , which celebrates its German heritage with an annual German Fest . Many of the immigrants from Germany and other German - speaking countries came to Pennsylvania to what was then `` Allegheny City '' ( now part of the North Side of the City of Pittsburgh ) . So many German speakers arrived , the area became known as `` Deutschtown '' and has been revived as such . Within Deutschtown and since 1854 , The Teutonia Männerchor has been promoting and furthering German cultural traditions . Skat , the most popular card game in Germany , is also played in areas of the United States with large German American populations , such as Wisconsin and Texas . Education ( edit ) The following German international schools are in operation in the United States , serving German citizens , Americans , and other U.S. residents : German International School Boston German School New York German American School of Portland German International School of Silicon Valley German School Washington , D.C. Notable people ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of German Americans . German Americans have been influential in almost every field in American society , including science , architecture , business , sports , entertainment , theology , politics , and the military . Many of these individuals were of German Jewish descent or anti-Nazis who fleed Nazi oppression . German American general / flag military officers Baron von Steuben , George Armstrong Custer , John Pershing , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Chester W. Nimitz , Carl Andrew Spaatz and Norman Schwarzkopf commanded the United States Army in the American Revolutionary War , American Civil War , Indian Wars , World War I , World War II , and the Persian Gulf War , respectively . German Americans were famous American politicians , including Carl Schurz , Friedrich Hecker , Frederick Muhlenberg , Henry Morgenthau , Sr. , Henry Morgenthau , Jr. , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Herbert Hoover , Henry Kissinger , John Boehner and Donald Trump .", "35": "Many German Americans have played a prominent role in American industry and business , including Henry J. Heinz ( H.J. Heinz Company ) , Frank Seiberling ( Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company ) , Walt Disney ( Disney ) , John D. Rockefeller ( Standard Oil ) , William Boeing ( The Boeing Company ) and ( United Airlines ) , Walter Chrysler ( Chrysler Corporation ) , Frederick and August Duesenberg ( Duesenberg Automobile Corporation ) , Studebaker brothers ( Studebaker Automobile Corporation ) , George Westinghouse ( Westinghouse Electric Corporation ) , Levi Strauss ( Levi Strauss & Co . ) , Charles Guth ( PepsiCo Inc . ) , Bill Gates ( Microsoft Corporation ) , Elon Musk ( SolarCity ) , ( SpaceX ) and ( Tesla Motors ) , James L. Kraft ( Kraft Foods Inc . ) , Henry E. Steinway ( Steinway & Sons ) , Charles Pfizer ( Pfizer , Inc . ) , John Jacob Astor ( Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts ) , Conrad Hilton ( Hilton Hotels & Resorts ) , Guggenheim family ( Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation ) , ( Guggenheim Partners ) , Marcus Goldman and Samuel Sachs ( The Goldman Sachs Group , Inc . ) , Lehman Brothers ( Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc . ) , Carl Laemmle ( Universal Studios ) , Marcus Loew ( Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Studios Inc . ) , Harry Cohn ( Columbia Pictures Industries , Inc . ) , Herman Hollerith ( International Business Machines Corporation ( IBM ) ) , Steve Jobs ( Apple Inc . ) , Michael Dell ( Dell Inc . ) , Eric Schmidt ( Google Inc . ) and ( Alphabet Inc . ) , Peter Thiel ( PayPal Inc . ) , Adolph Simon Ochs and Arthur Ochs Sulzberger ( The New York Times ) , Charles Bergstresser ( The Wall Street Journal ) , Al Neuharth ( USA Today ) , Eugene Meyer ( The Washington Post ) etc . German Americans were pioneers and dominated beer brewing for much of American history , beginning with breweries founded in the 19th century by German immigrants August Schell ( August Schell Brewing Company ) , Christian Moerlein ( Christian Moerlein Brewing Co . )", "36": ", Eberhard Anheuser ( Anheuser - Busch InBev ) , Adolphus Busch ( Anheuser - Busch InBev ) , Adolph Coors ( Molson Coors Brewing Company ) , Frederick Miller ( Miller Brewing Company ) , Frederick Pabst ( Pabst Brewing Company ) , Bernhard Stroh ( Stroh Brewery Company ) and Joseph Schlitz ( Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company ) . Some , such as Brooklyn Bridge engineer John A. Roebling and architects Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , left behind visible landmarks . Others , including Albert Einstein , J. Robert Oppenheimer , Wernher von Braun , John Peter Zenger , John Steinbeck , Kurt Vonnegut , Joseph Weizenbaum set intellectual landmarks while Neil Armstrong was the first human to land on the moon . Still others , such as Bruce Willis , George Eyser , Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig , Jack Nicklaus , Doris Mary Ann Kappelhoff ( Doris Day ) , Grace Kelly , Clark Gable , Marlene Dietrich , Johnny Weissmuller , Ernst Lubitsch , Walter Damrosch , Henry John Deutschendorf ( John Denver ) , John Kay , Heidi Klum , Meryl Streep , Marlon Brando , Kim Basinger , Sandra Bullock , David Hasselhoff , Leonardo DiCaprio , Kirsten Dunst , and Kevin George Knipfing ( Kevin James ) became prominent athletes , actors , film directors or artists . German - American presidents ( edit ) There have been three presidents whose fathers were of German descent : Dwight D. Eisenhower ( original family name Eisenhauer and maternal side is also German / Swiss ) , Herbert Hoover ( original family name Huber ) , and Donald Trump ( whose paternal grandparents were Bavarian immigrants ) . Presidents with maternal German ancestry include Richard Milhous Nixon ( Nixon 's maternal ancestors were Germans who anglicized Melhausen to Milhous ) and Barack Obama , whose maternal family 's ancestry includes German immigrants from the South German town of Besigheim and from Bischwiller in the Alsace region that is nowadays part of France ; both families came to America around 1750 .", "37": "See also ( edit ) United States portal Germany portal Distinguished German - American of the Year Hyphenated American References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` People reporting ancestry '' . 2016 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates . US Census Bureau . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Margin of error is + / - 117,093 . ^ Jump up to : `` 6 Maps That Show How Ethnic Groups Are Divided Across America '' . 2013 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Germans in America '' . 2014 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . 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Jump up ^ `` Top 101 cities with the most residents born in Germany ( population 500 + ) '' . city-data.com . Advameg , Inc. 2012 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Deutsch - Athen Revisited ... `` '' . Uwm.edu . Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Noel Iverson , Germania , U.S.A. ( 1966 ) . Jump up ^ Andrew Yox , `` The German - American Community as a Nationality , 1880 - 1940 '' , Yearbook of German - American Studies 2001 36 : 181 - 193 ; Kazal ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Lucile E. Hackett , `` Johann Conrad Beissel : Early German - American Mystic and Musician '' , Studies in Puritan American Spirituality 1995 5 : 95 -- 121 Jump up ^ Philip V. Bohlman and Otto Holzapfel , eds . Land without Nightingales : Music in the Making of German - America . ( U. of Wisconsin Press , 2002 ) Jump up ^ Edward C. 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Ulrich , The Bennett Law of Eighteen Eighty - Nine : Education and Politics in Wisconsin ( 1981 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ludden , Jennifer ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` German '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( April 12 , 2002 ) . `` '' I could hear the pain in my German - American father 's voice `` '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edward R. Kantowicz , Corporation Sole : Cardinal Mundelein and Chicago Catholicism ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Russell A. Kazal , `` Revisiting Assimilation : The Rise , Fall , and Reappraisal of a Concept . '' American Historical Review 100 ( 1995 ) : 437 - 71 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Russell A. Kazal , Becoming Old Stock : The Paradox of German - American Identity ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` Germans from Russia Heritage Collection '' . Library.ndsu.edu . September 18 , 2004 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . 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Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . `` ' About the Teutonia Männerchor ' -- THE EARLY 1800s -- Around the early and the mid-1800s and through the end of the 20th century , there was a mass immigration from all across Europe to the United States . Many of the immigrants from Germany and other German - speaking countries came to Pennsylvania to what was then `` Allegheny City '' ( now the Northside ) -- just across the river from the City of Pittsburgh . So many German speakers arrived , the area became known as `` Deutschtown '' . '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 17 .", "51": "`` MÄNNERCHOR , DAMENCHOR , GEMISCHTER CHOR , ALPEN SCHUHPLATTLER UND TRACHTENVEREIN , PITTSBURGH DISTRICT KINDERCHOR , SCHÜTZENKAMERADEN , TEUTONIA HAUSKAPELLE , LUSTIGEN MUSIKANTEN , and 66 CARD LEAGUE '' Jump up ^ Sass , Ed . `` GermAmChron '' . www.eds-resources.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Rating the Top Baseball Players of All Time '' . Baseballguru.com . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Ambose Nixon chapter 1 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ `` Researchers : Obama has German roots '' , USA Today , June 4 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Further Reading ( edit ) Further information : German Americans in the Civil War § Further reading Adams , Willi Paul . The German - Americans : An Ethnic Experience ( 1993 ) . Bank , Michaela . Women of Two Countries : German - American Women , Women 's Rights and Nativism , 1848 -- 1890 ( Berghahn , 2012 ) . Baron , Frank , `` Abraham Lincoln and the German Immigrants : Turners and Forty - Eighters , '' Yearbook of German - American Studies , 4 ( Supplemental Issue 2012 ) , 1 -- 254 . Barry , Colman J. The Catholic Church and German Americans . ( 1953 ) . Bronner , Simon J. and Joshua R. Brown , eds . Pennsylvania Germans : An Interpretive Encyclopedia ( : Johns Hopkins UP , 2017 ) , xviii , 554 pp . Brancaforte , Charlotte L. , ed . The German Forty - Eighters in the United States . ( 1989 ) .", "52": "Bungert , Heike , Cora Lee Kluge , & Robert C. Ostergren ( eds . ) . Wisconsin German Land and Life . Madison , Wis. : Max Kade Institute , University of Wisconsin - Madison , 2006 . Coburn , Carol K. Life at Four Corners : Religion , Gender , and Education in a German - Lutheran Community , 1868 -- 1945 . ( 1992 ) . Conzen , Kathleen Neils . `` Germans '' in Stephan Thernstrom ( ed . ) . Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups . ( 1980 ) . pp. 405 -- 425 . Conzen , Kathleen Neils . Germans in Minnesota . ( 2003 ) . Conzen , Kathleen Neils . Immigrant Milwaukee , 1836 -- 1860 : Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City . ( 1976 ) . DeWitt , Petra . Degrees of Allegiance : Harassment and Loyalty in Missouri 's German - American Community during World War I ( Ohio University Press , 2012 ) . Dobbert , Guido A. `` German - Americans between New and Old Fatherland , 1870 -- 1914 '' . American Quarterly 19 ( 1967 ) : 663 -- 680 . Efford , Alison Clark . German Immigrants : Race and Citizenship in the Civil War Era . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2013 . Ellis , M. and P. Panayi . `` German Minorities in World War I : A Comparative Study of Britain and the USA '' , Ethnic and Racial Studies 17 ( April 1994 ) : 238 -- 259 . Emmerich , Alexander . John Jacob Astor and the First Great American Fortune . ( 2013 ) ; Astor ( 1763 - 1848 ) came to the US in 1783 Ernst , Robert . Immigrant Life in New York City , 1825 - 1863 ( 1949 ) , detailed coverage of Germans and Irish . Faust , Albert Bernhardt . The German Element in the United States with Special Reference to Its Political , Moral , Social , and Educational Influence. 2 vol ( 1909 ) .", "53": "vol. 1 , vol. 2 Fogleman , Aaron . Hopeful Journeys : German Immigration , Settlement , and Political Culture in Colonial America , 1717 -- 1775 ( University of Pennsylvania Press , 1996 ) online `` German - Americans : The silent minority '' . The Economist February 7 , 2015 , With a statistical map by counties German Historical Institute . Immigrant Entrepreneurship : German - American Business Biographies , 1720 to the Present. ( 2010 , updated continually ) Gross , Stephen John . `` Handing down the farm : Values , strategies , and outcomes in inheritance practices among rural German Americans '' , Journal of Family History , ( 1996 ) 21 : 2 , 192 -- 217 . Grubb , Farley . German Immigration and Servitude in America , 1709 -- 1920 ( Routledge Explorations in Economic History ) ( 2011 ) . Guenther , Karen . `` A Question of Loyalty : German Churches in Reading During the First World War , '' Pennsylvania History `` '' ( 2017 ) 84 # 3 : 325 - 53 online Hawgood , John . The Tragedy of German - America . ( 1940 ) . Iverson , Noel . Germania , U.S.A. : Social Change in New Ulm , Minnesota . ( 1966 ) . emphasizes Turners . Jensen , Richard . The Winning of the Midwest , Social and Political Conflict 1888 -- 1896 . ( 1971 ) . Voting behavior of Germans , prohibition , language , and school issues . Johnson , Hildegard B . `` The Location of German Immigrants in the Middle West '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers 41 ( 1951 ) : 1 -- 41 . Jordon , Terry G. German Seed in Texas Soil : Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth - century Texas . ( 1966 ) . Kamphoefner , Walter D. and Wolfgang Helbich , eds . German - American Immigration and Ethnicity in Comparative Perspective . Madison , Wisconsin : Max Kade Institute , University of Wisconsin -- Madison ( 2004 ) .", "54": "Kamphoefner , Walter D. , `` Uprooted or Transplanted ? Reflections on Patterns of German Immigration to Missouri , '' Missouri Historical Review , 103 ( January 2009 ) , 71 - 89 . Kamphoefner , Walter D. `` Immigrant Epistolary and Epistemology : On the Motivators and Mentality of Nineteenth - Century German Immigrants . '' Journal of American Ethnic History ( 2009 ) : 34 - 54 . in JSTOR , on deep - reading their letters Kazal , Russell A. Becoming Old Stock : The Paradox of German - American Identity. ( 2004 ) . Keller , Christian B. `` Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen : The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers , '' Journal of Military History , 73 ( January 2009 ) , 117 -- 145 . Keller , Phyllis . States of Belonging : German - American Intellectuals and the First World War . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1979 . Knarr , Mary L. `` Faith , frauen , and the formation of an ethnic identity : German Lutheran women in south and central Texas , 1831 -- 1890 '' . ( Ph. D. dissertation , Texas Christian U. 2009 ) . online Kulas , S. John . Der Wanderer of St. Paul : The First Decade , 1867 - 1877 : a Mirror of the German - Catholic Immigrant Experience in Minnesota ( Peter Lang , 1996 ) . Levine , Bruce . The Spirit of 1848 : German Immigrants , Labor Conflict , and the Coming of the Civil War . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1992 . Lohne , Raymond . `` Team of Friends : A New Lincoln Theory and Legacy '' , Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society Fall / Winter 2008 , vol. 101 no . 3 / 4 , pp. 285 -- 314 . German American politics and Abraham Lincoln Luebke , Frederick C. Bonds of Loyalty : German Americans During World War I. ( 1974 ) . Luebke , Frederick C. , ed .", "55": "Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln . ( 1971 ) . Luebke , Frederick C. Germans in the New World . ( 1990 ) . Luebke , Frederick . Immigrants and Politics : The Germans of Nebraska , 1880 -- 1900 . ( 1969 ) . Nadel , Stanley . Little Germany : Ethnicity , Religion , and Class in New York City , 1845 - 80 ( 1990 ) . O'Connor , Richard . German - Americans : an Informal History . ( 1968 ) , popular history Otterness , Philip . Becoming German : The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York ( 2004 ) 235 pp . Pickle , Linda . Contented among Strangers : Rural German - Speaking Women and Their Families in the Nineteenth - Century Midwest ( 1996 ) . Pochmann , Henry A. and Arthur R. Schultz ; German Culture in America , 1600 -- 1900 : Philosophical and Literary Influences. ( 1957 ) . Ritter , Luke , `` Sunday Regulation and the Formation of German American Identity in St. Louis , 1840 -- 1860 , '' Missouri Historical Review , ( 2012 ) , vol. 107 , no . 1 , pp. 23 -- 40 . Roeber , A.G. Palatines , Liberty , and Property : German Lutherans in Colonial British America . ( 1998 ) . Salamon , Sonya . Prairie Patrimony : Family , Farming , and Community in the Midwest ( U of North Carolina Press , 1992 ) , focus on German Americans . Salmons , Joseph C. The German Language in America , 1683 - 1991 . Madison , Wis. : Max Kade Institute , University of Wisconsin - Madison , 1993 . Schiffman , Harold . `` Language loyalty in the German - American Church : The Case of an Over-confident Minority '' ( 1987 ) . Schirp , Francis . `` Germans in the United States '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 6 . New York : Appleton , 1909 . Schlossman , Steven L.", "56": "`` Is there an American tradition of bilingual education ? German in the public elementary schools , 1840 - 1919 . '' American Journal of Education ( 1983 ) : 139 - 186 . in JSTOR Tatlock , Lynne and Matt Erlin , eds . German Culture in Nineteenth - Century America : Reception , Adaptation , Transformation. ( 2005 ) . Thernstrom , Stephan , ed . Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) online Tischauser , Leslie V . The Burden of Ethnicity : The German Question in Chicago , 1914 -- 1941 . ( 1990 ) . Tolzmann , Don H. , ed . German Americans in the World Wars , 2 vols . Munich , Germany : K.G. Saur , ( 1995 ) . Tolzmann , Don H. German - American Literature ( Scarecrow Press , 1977 ) . Trommler , Frank & Joseph McVeigh , eds . America and the Germans : An Assessment of a Three - Hundred - Year History . ( 2 vol 1985 ) ; vol 1 : Immigration , Language , Ethnicity ; vol 2 : The Relationship in the Twentieth Century . Essays by scholars covering broad themes . Turk , Eleanor L. `` Germans in Kansas : Review Essay '' . Kansas History : A Journal of the Central Plains 28 ( Spring 2005 ) : 44 -- 71 . van Ravenswaay , Charles . The Arts and Architecture of German Settlements in Missouri : A Survey of a Vanishing Culture ( 1977 ; reprint University of Missouri Press , 2006 ) . Walker , Mack . Germany and the Emigration , 1816 -- 1885 ( 1964 ) . Where Have All the Germans Gone ? . New York : Films Media Group , 1976 . Wittke , Carl Frederick . The German - Language Press in America . ( 1957 ) . Wittke , Carl Frederick . Refugees of Revolution : The German Forty - Eighters in America . ( 1952 ) . Wittke , Carl Frederick . We Who Built America : The Saga of the Immigrant.", "57": "( 1939 ) , ch. 6 , 9 . Wood , Ralph , ed . The Pennsylvania Germans . ( 1942 ) . Zeitlin , Richard . Germans in Wisconsin . Madison : Wisconsin Historical Society , ( 2000 ) . Historiography ( edit ) Hustad , Bradley Jake . `` Problems in Historiography : The Americanization of German Ethnics . '' ( MA thesis , Mankato State University , 2013 ) . online Kazal , Russell A. `` Revisiting Assimilation : The Rise , Fall , and Reappraisal of a Concept '' . American Historical Review 100 ( 1995 ) : 437 -- 71 . Kluge , Cora Lee . Other Witnesses : An Anthology of Literature of the German Americans , 1850 -- 1914 . Madison , Wis. : Max Kade Institute for German - American Studies , 2007 . Ortlepp , Anke . `` Deutsch - Athen Revisited : Writing the History of Germans in Milwaukee '' in Margo Anderson and Victor Greene ( eds . ) , Perspectives on Milwaukee 's Past . Champaign : University of Illinois Press , 2009 . Miller , Zane L. `` Cincinnati Germans and the Invention of an Ethnic Group '' , Queen City Heritage : The Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society 42 ( Fall 1984 ) : 13 -- 22 . Parish , Peter J. , ed. ( 2013 ) . Reader 's Guide to American History . Taylor & Francis . pp. 294 -- 95 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Primary sources ( edit ) Kamphoefner , Walter D. , and Wolfgang Helbich , eds . Germans in the Civil War ; The Letters They Wrote Home . ( U of North Carolina Press , 2006 ) . Kamphoefner , Walter D. , Wolfgang Johannes Helbich and Ulrike Sommer , eds . News from the Land of Freedom : German Immigrants Write Home . ( Cornell University Press , 1991 ) . `` German '' . Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey .", "58": "Chicago Public Library Omnibus Project of the Works Progress Administration of Illinois . 1942 -- via Newberry Library . ( English translations of selected German - language newspaper articles , 1855 - 1938 ) . In German ( edit ) Emmerich , Alexander . Geschichte der Deutschen in Amerika von 1680 bis in die Gegenwart. ( 2013 ) . Rehs , Michael . Wurzeln in fremder Erde : Zur Geschichte der südwestdeutschen Auswanderung nach Amerika DRW - Verlag , 1984 . ISBN 3 - 87181 - 231 - 5 `` List of Newspapers and Periodicals Printed Wholly or in Part in Languages Other Than English : German '' , American Newspaper Directory , New York : Geo . P. Rowell & Co. , 1880 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to German Americans . German - American History and culture ( edit ) Chronology : Germans in America German Immigrant Culture in America : Syllabus ( 1998 ) Emigrant Letters to Germany ( in German ) Famous Americans of German , Austrian , or German - Swiss Ancestry German - American Hall of Fame How German Is American ? The German - Hollywood Connection Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey : English translations of 120,000 pages of newspaper articles from Chicago 's foreign language press from 1855 to 1938 , many from German papers . German - American organizations ( edit ) German American Heritage Center Germans from Russia Heritage Society The Max Kade Institute for German - American Studies The Germantown Historical Society ( Philadelphia ) The German Society of Pennsylvania ( oldest German Society in the U.S. )", "59": "The Pennsylvania German Society Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center Indiana German Heritage Society Max Kade German - American Research and Resource Center Local German - American History and culture ( edit ) Germans in Chicago German Traces NYC from the Goethe - Institut Interactive German - History Map of Pittsburgh Zinzinnati History ( Cincinnati , Ohio ) Milwaukee German - American Radio Program Teutonia Männerchor in Pittsburgh Some German Contributions to Wisconsin Life Articles and topics related to German American European Americans Central Europe Austrian Czech German Amish German Texan Pennsylvania Dutch German Mennonites from Russia Hungarian Hungarian Ohioans Kashubian Liechtensteiner Luxembourgian Polish Slovak Slovene Sorbian Swiss Eastern Europe Azerbaijani Belarusian Chechen Georgian Kazakh Russian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Rusyn Northern Europe Danish Estonian Faroese Finnish Icelandic Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Norwegian Dakotan Norwegian Minnesotan Sami Swedish Southeast Europe Albanian Bosnian Bulgarian Cypriot Croatian Greek Macedonian Moldovan Montenegrin Romanian Serbian Alaskan Serbs Turkish Southern Europe Italian Sicilian Maltese Monacan Portuguese Sanmarinese Spanish Asturian Basque Canarian Catalan Galician Hispano Western Europe Belgian Flemish British Cornish English Manx Scots - Irish / Ulster Scots Scottish Welsh Dutch French Basque Breton Cajun Corsican Frisian Irish Other Europeans Non-Hispanic whites Métis Roma Hungarian Slovak Romanies Louisiana Creole Cajun Isleños By region California Hawaii White Southerners Poles came to the United States legally as Austrians , Germans , Prussians or Russians throughout the 19th century , because from 1772 -- 1795 till 1918 , all Polish lands had been partitioned between imperial Austria , Prussia ( a protoplast of Germany ) and Russia until Poland regained its sovereignty in the wake of World War I .", "60": "Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Yugoslav Americans are the American people from the former Yugoslavia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia are transcontinental countries . They have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is technically a bicontinental country , having a small portion in European hands . Disputed ; Roma have recognized origins and historic ties to Asia ( specifically to Northern India ) , but they experienced at least some distinctive identity development while in diaspora among Europeans . Demographics of the United States Demographic history By economic and social Affluence Educational attainment Emigration Home - ownership Household income Immigration Income inequality Language LGBT Middle classes Personal income Poverty Social class Unemployment by state Wealth By religion Baha'is Buddhists Christians Catholics Coptics Protestants Hindus Jains Jews Muslims Ahmadiyyas Neopagans Non-religious Rastafaris Scientologists Sikhs Zoroastrians By continent and ethnicity Africa African diaspora in the Americas Afro - Caribbean / West Indian Americans Bahamian Americans Belizean Americans Guyanese Americans Haitian Americans Jamaican Americans Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans Black Hispanic and Latino Americans African immigrants to the United States Central Africans in the United States Horn Africans in the United States North Africans in the United States Southeast Africans in the United States Southern Africans in the United States West Africans in the United States", "61": "Asia Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans East Asia Chinese Americans Hong Kong Americans Tibetan Americans Japanese Americans Korean Americans Mongolian Americans Taiwanese Americans South Asia Bangladeshi Americans Bhutanese Americans Indian Americans Nepalese Americans Pakistani Americans Romani Americans Sri Lankan Americans Southeast Asia Burmese Americans Cambodian Americans Filipino Americans Hmong Americans Indonesian Americans Laotian Americans Malaysian Americans Singaporean Americans Thai Americans Vietnamese Americans West Asia Arab Americans Assyrian Americans Iranian Americans Israeli Americans Jewish Americans Europe White Americans English Americans French Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Scandinavian Americans Slavic Americans Spanish Americans Non-Hispanic whites White Hispanic and Latino Americans Oceania Pacific Islands Americans Chamorro Americans Native Hawaiians Samoan Americans Tongan Americans Americans of Euro Oceanic origin Australian Americans New Zealand Americans North America Native Americans and Alaska Natives Canadian Americans Cuban Americans Mexican Americans Puerto Ricans ( Stateside ) South America Hispanic and Latino Americans Brazilian Americans Colombian Americans Ecuadorian Americans Multiethnic Melungeon People of the United States / Americans American ancestry Maps of American ancestries 2010 Census Race and ethnicity in the Census Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Racism German people Historical Bundesdeutsche Reichsdeutsche Volksdeutsche Diaspora Europe", "62": "Central Europe Mitteleuropa Croatia Czech Republic Sudeten Germans Hungary Poland Walddeutsche Galicia Slovakia Zipser Serbia Slovenia Gottschee Switzerland Eastern Europe Moldova Romania Transylvanian Saxons Landler Danube Banat ( including Walser ) Sathmar Bukovina Dobruja Regat Zipser Russia ( Volga Caucasus ) Ukraine Bessarabia Black Sea Russian Mennonite Crimea Galicia Northern Europe Baltic states Denmark Potato Germans Southern Europe Bulgaria Italy ( South Tyrol ) Yugoslavia Turkey Bosporus Western Europe Belgium France Netherlands United Kingdom Multinational dimension Central and Eastern Americas Argentina Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Hutterites British Columbia Chile Colombia Costa Rica Haiti Jamaica Guatemala Mexico Nicaragua Paraguay Peru United States Pennsylvania Dutch Nebraska Texas Palatines Puerto Rico by city Uruguay Venezuela Colonia Tovar El Salvador Africa Namibia South Africa Afrikaners Asia India Japan Kazakhstan Korea Kyrgyzstan Pakistan Philippines United Arab Emirates Oceania Australia New Zealand See also Ostsiedlung Flight and expulsion of Germans ( 1944 --", "63": "50 ) GND : 1027976557 BNF : cb119798805 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&oldid=837761633 '' Categories : American people of German descent German American German diaspora by country European - American society Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links `` Related ethnic groups '' needing confirmation Articles containing German - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2000 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018 Articles with failed verification from April 2018 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles containing Spanish - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 21 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.", "64": ", a non-profit organization . 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3422083454959003122	role of malonyl coa in fatty acid synthesis	[ "chain elongation" ]	{ "0": "Malonyl - CoA - wikipedia Malonyl - CoA Jump to : navigation , search Malonyl - CoA Identifiers CAS Number 524 - 14 - 1 ChemSpider 10213 ECHA InfoCard 100.007. 596 MeSH Malonyl + CoA PubChem CID 869 InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C24H38N7O19P3S / c1 - 24 ( 2 , 19 ( 37 ) 22 ( 38 ) 27 - 4 - 3 - 13 ( 32 ) 26 - 5 - 6 - 54 - 15 ( 35 ) 7 - 14 ( 33 ) 34 ) 9 - 47 - 53 ( 44 , 45 ) 50 - 52 ( 42 , 43 ) 46 - 8 - 12 - 18 ( 49 - 51 ( 39 , 40 ) 41 ) 17 ( 36 ) 23 ( 48 - 12 ) 31 - 11 - 30 - 16 - 20 ( 25 ) 28 - 10 - 29 - 21 ( 16 ) 31 / h10 - 12 , 17 - 19 , 23 , 36 - 37H , 3 - 9H2 , 1 - 2H3 , ( H , 26 , 32 ) ( H , 27 , 38 ) ( H , 33 , 34 ) ( H , 42 , 43 ) ( H , 44 , 45 ) ( H2 , 25 , 28 , 29 ) ( H2 , 39 , 40 , 41 ) / t12 - , 17 - , 18 - , 19 ? , 23 - / m1 / s1 Key : LTYOQGRJFJAKNA - VFLPNFFSSA - N Properties Chemical formula Molar mass 853.582 Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . Y verify ( what is ? )", "1": "Infobox references Malonyl - CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of malonic acid . Contents ( hide ) 1 Functions 1.1 Fatty acid biosynthesis 1.2 Polypeptide biosynthesis 1.3 Regulation 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Functions ( edit ) It plays a key role in chain elongation in fatty acid biosynthesis and polyketide biosynthesis . Fatty acid biosynthesis ( edit ) In the former , it provides 2 - carbon units to fatty acids and commits them to fatty acid chain synthesis . Malonyl - CoA is formed by carboxylating acetyl - CoA using the enzyme acetyl - CoA carboxylase . One molecule of acetyl - CoA joins with a molecule of bicarbonate , requiring energy rendered from ATP . Malonyl - CoA is utilised in fatty acid biosynthesis by the enzyme malonyl coenzyme A : acyl carrier protein transacylase ( MCAT ) . MCAT serves to transfer malonate from malonyl - CoA to the terminal thiol of holo - acyl carrier protein ( ACP ) . Polypeptide biosynthesis ( edit ) MCAT is also involved in bacterial polyketide biosynthesis . The enzyme MCAT together with an acyl carrier protein ( ACP ) , and a polyketide synthase ( PKS ) and chain - length factor heterodimer , constitutes the minimal PKS of type II polyketides . Regulation ( edit ) Malonyl - CoA is a highly regulated molecule in fatty acid synthesis ; as such , it inhibits the rate - limiting step in beta - oxidation of fatty acids . Malonyl CoA inhibits fatty acids from associating with carnitine by regulating the enzyme carnitine acyltransferase , thereby preventing them from entering the mitochondria , where fatty acid oxidation and degradation occur . See also ( edit ) Malonyl - CoA decarboxylase Malonyl - CoA decarboxylase deficiency References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nelson D , Cox M ( 2008 ) Lehninger principles of biochemistry . 5th Ed : p.", "2": "806 External links ( edit ) Hope for new way to beat obesity ( hide ) Fatty - acid metabolic intermediates Synthesis Acetyl - CoA Malonyl - CoA Degradation Acyl - CoA Acetyl - CoA Peroxisomal Phytol Phytanic acid Phytanoyl - CoA Pristanic acid Propionyl - CoA Other Mevalonic acid Very long chain fatty acid Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malonyl-CoA&oldid=818838877 '' Categories : Metabolism Thioesters of coenzyme A Hidden categories : Articles without InChI source Articles without EBI source Articles without KEGG source Articles without UNII source ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano 日本語 Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 22 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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946024084513948739	who said some are born great in twelfth night	[ "Malvolio", "Malvolio", "letter that Maria wrote" ]	{ "0": "Malvolio - wikipedia Malvolio Jump to : navigation , search Malvolio Twelfth Night character Malvolio and the Countess , 1859 engraving Created by William Shakespeare Source Twelfth Night Information Role Antagonist Malvolio is a fictional character in William Shakespeare 's comedy Twelfth Night , or What You Will . He is the vain , pompous steward of Olivia 's household . He is often portrayed as the main antagonist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Style 2 Inspiration 3 Famous lines 4 References Style ( edit ) In the play , Malvolio is defined as a kind of Puritan . He despises all manner of fun and games , and wishes his world to be completely free of human sin , yet he behaves very foolishly against his stoic nature when he believes that Olivia loves him . This leads to major conflicts with characters such as Sir Toby Belch , Sir Andrew Aguecheek , and Maria , mistress of the household . Much of the play 's humour comes from Maria , Feste , Toby Belch , and Andrew Aguecheek tormenting Malvolio with drinking , joking , and singing . Later in the play , Maria devises a way to have revenge upon Malvolio , and proposes it to Sir Toby , Sir Andrew and Feste . Maria composes a love letter in Olivia 's handwriting , and leaves it so Malvolio will find it . Beforehand , Malvolio had been wishing to marry Olivia . The letter convinces Malvolio that Olivia loves him , and leads Malvolio to think that Olivia wishes him to smile , wear yellow stockings and cross garters . Olivia is in mourning for her brother 's death , and finds smiling offensive , and yellow is `` a colour she abhors , and cross garters a fashion she detests '' , according to Maria . When Malvolio is imprisoned for being a supposed lunatic after acting out the instructions in the letter , Feste visits him both as himself and in the guise of `` Sir Topas the curate '' , and torments Malvolio by making him swear to heretical texts , for example , Pythagorean precepts .", "1": "At the end of the play he vows , `` I 'll be reveng 'd on the whole pack of you '' for his public humiliation , and Olivia acknowledges that he has `` been most notoriously abused . '' The role was first played by Richard Burbage at the Globe Theatre . John Westland Marston notes that the actors of his time often played the role with `` contemptuous superiority '' ; by contrast his favourite Malvolio , William Ferrin , performed it with `` lofty condescension '' . Other actors famed for their performance of Malvolio include Sir Alec Guinness , Henry Irving , E.H. Sothern , Herbert Beerbohm Tree , Henry Ainley , Sir John Gielgud , Simon Russell Beale , Maurice Evans , Ken Dodd , Richard Briers , Sir Nigel Hawthorne and Sir Derek Jacobi . Richard Wilson took on the role for the Royal Shakespeare Company 's 2009 production . In 2012 , Stephen Fry assumed the role at Shakespeare 's Globe . In 2017 , actress Tamsin Greig portrayed a female version of the character ( renamed Malvolia ) in Simon Godwin 's revival of the play at the Royal National Theatre . Inspiration ( edit ) Some Shakespearean scholars hypothesize that the character Malvolio was inspired by Puritan landowner Sir Thomas Posthumous Hoby , who was involved in a well known court case against many of his Yorkshire neighbours in the 1600s . Hoby sued his neighbours when they came uninvited to his house , drank , played cards , mocked his religion , and threatened to rape his wife . Hoby won damages in the case , which may have influenced the scene in Twelfth Night when Malvolio interrupts Sir Toby 's late - night reveling . Famous lines ( edit ) `` ( S ) ome are born great , some achieve greatness , and some have greatness thrust upon ' em . '' ( Act II , Scene v ; although Malvolio says this , he does so while reading from the letter that Maria wrote ) . `` My masters , are you mad ? '' The lines would later be repeated , with a slight alteration , by Feste in the final scene of the play as he mocks Malvolio , who afterward storms off . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Tennant 's Shakespearean triumph '' .", "2": "BBC News . 27 January 2009 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/feb/23/twelfth-night-review-olivier-national-theatre-tamsin-greig Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare A to Z '' by Charles Boyce , Roundtable Press , 1990 William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London", "3": "Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost William Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night Characters Viola Orsino Olivia Sebastian Malvolio Maria", "4": "Sir Toby Belch Sir Andrew Aguecheek Feste On screen 1933 1955 1966 1980 ( TV ) 1986 1988 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) Musical Your Own Thing ( 1968 ) Music Is ( 1976 ) Play On ! ( 1997 ) Illyria ( 2004 ) All Shook Up ( 2004 ) Adaptations Just One of the Guys ( 1985 ) Motocrossed ( 2001 ) She 's the Man ( 2006 ) Dil Bole Hadippa ! ( 2009 ) Opera Viola ( unfinished ) Story within a story `` Grace '' ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvolio&oldid=829717020 '' Categories : Characters in Twelfth Night Male Shakespearean characters Fictional nobility Literary villains Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 10 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2056930143704711897	what episode does goku give up against cell	[ "\"A Conclusion to the Deathmatch!! Goku's Declaration of Surrender!?\" / \"The Fight is Over\"", "180", "A Conclusion to the Deathmatch!! Goku's Declaration of Surrender!?\" / \"The Fight is Over", "165" ]	{ "0": "List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 6 ) - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search Dragon Ball Z ( season 6 ) DVD release poster Country of origin Japan No. of episodes 29 Release Original network Fuji Television Original release Invalid date range List of Dragon Ball Z episodes The Cell Games Saga is the sixth season of Dragon Ball Z anime series . The episodes are produced by Toei Animation , and are based on the final 26 volumes of the Dragon Ball manga series by Akira Toriyama . The 29 - episode season originally ran from November 1992 to July 1993 in Japan on Fuji Television . The first English airing of the series was on Cartoon Network where Funimation Entertainment 's dub of the series ran from November to December 2000 . The episodes also aired in Australia and New Zealand . The Netherlands , the United Kingdom , the Republic of Ireland , and Canada , all received a different English dub : one made in Canada . Funimation released the season in a box set on September 16 , 2008 and in June 2009 , announced that they would be re-releasing Dragon Ball Z in a new seven volume set called the `` Dragon Boxes '' . Based on the original series masters with frame - by - frame restoration , the first set was released November 10 , 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 2 References Episode list ( edit ) Orig . ep # Initial dub ep # Translated title / Funimation 's dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate English airdate 166 151 `` A Final Battle Closes In on Goku ! ! The Mystery of the New Tenkaichi Tournament '' / `` What is the Tournament ? '' `` Gokū ni Semaru Daikessen ! ! Shin - Tenkaichi Budōkai no Nazo '' ( 悟空に迫る大決戦 ! ! 新天下一武道会の謎 ) November 25 , 1992 November 9 , 2000 Trunks tells the others about Cell 's tournament .", "1": "It will be held in nine days , which does n't give them much time to prepare . Cell builds the tournament ring , and begins to get the word out about the Cell Games . 167 152 `` 100 % Ratings ! ! The Cell Games Call Forth Death with an Exclusive Live Broadcast '' / `` The Doomsday Broadcast '' `` Shichōritsu Hyaku Pāsento ! ! Shi o Yobu Seru Gēmu Dokusen Namahōsō '' ( 視聴率 100 % ! ! 死を呼ぶセルゲーム独占生放送 ) December 2 , 1992 November 13 , 2000 As Goku and Gohan continue to train in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber , Yamcha and Krillin begin to get ready for the Cell Games . Cell goes on television and announces his plan to the world . He challenges Earth 's best fighters to beat him . 168 153 `` Goku and Gohan ... The Hero Father and Son 's Ultimate Level - Up '' / `` Meet Me in the Ring '' `` Gokū to Gohan ... Hīrō Oyako Kyūkyoku Reberu Appu '' ( 悟空と悟飯 ... ヒーロー親子究極レベルアップ ) December 9 , 1992 November 14 , 2000 Goku and Gohan finally emerge from the Hyperbolic Time Chamber , and Trunks gets them up to speed on what 's happening . They decide that in the nine remaining days until the Cell Games , Piccolo will go in the Chamber first , followed by Vegeta , and finally Trunks . Goku decides that he and Gohan do n't need another period of training in the Chamber , and will finish their training outside . Goku confronts Cell to size him up . 169 154 `` Goku 's Composure ! ? Let 's Rest and Wait for the Cell Games '' / `` No Worries Here '' `` Gokū no Yoyū ! ?", "2": "Yasunde Matō Seru Gēmu '' ( 悟空の余裕 ! ? 休んで待とうセルゲーム ) December 16 , 1992 November 15 , 2000 Goku asks Korin to weigh his strength against Cell 's , and the verdict is that Cell is still stronger than Goku . However , Goku does n't seem worried by this at all . He seems to have a secret plan . Meanwhile , Cell begins to warm up for the tournament by flying into space and destroying some meteors . Goku sets out he and Gohan 's training regimen , which is three days of rest , three days of training , and then three more days of rest . 170 155 `` A Warrior 's Rest ... The Girl , the Lies , and Gohan 's Resolution '' / `` A Girl Named Lime '' `` Senshi no Kyūsoku ... Shōjo to Uso to Gohan no Ketsui '' ( 戦士の休息 ... 少女と嘘と悟飯の決意 ) January 13 , 1993 November 16 , 2000 As Goku continues to relax , Gohan goes into town and befriends a young girl named Lime . While there , he discovers that the villagers are panicked about Cell , and have built a shelter . Mr. Bourbon , the rich man who owns the shelter , hired General Tao to force the villagers to do what he says . Gohan is forced to step in and take him on . 171 156 `` Hidden Power ! ! When Gohan Was a Baby '' / `` Memories of Gohan '' `` Himerareta Chikara ! ! Gohan ga Akanbō datta Koro '' ( 秘められた力 ! ! 悟飯が赤ン坊だった頃 ) January 20 , 1993 November 20 , 2000 Chi Chi reminisces about the story of how Gohan was named . Goku , Gohan , and Krillin relax by picking apples .", "3": "Goku remembers an incident involving the tree and a baby Gohan . Later , they celebrate Gohan 's birthday . 172 157 `` Seek Out Kami - sama ! ! Goku 's Great Instantaneous Movement '' / `` A New Guardian '' `` Kamisama o Sagashidase ! ! Goku , Dai Shunkan Idō '' ( 神様を探し出せ ! ! 悟空、大瞬間移動 ) January 27 , 1993 November 21 , 2000 Piccolo emerges from the Hyperbolic Time Chamber as a much more powerful warrior , and Vegeta takes his place inside to begin his training . As Cell awaits the start of the games , the Royal Military shows up to try and stop him . Of course , their attempts are futile , and Cell smites the entire force . Goku , wanting to bring all of these innocent people back to life , decides to locate the remaining Nameks and ask one of them to become the new guardian of Earth . 173 158 `` Dende 's First Task ! ! The Dragon Balls Restored '' / `` Dende 's Dragon '' `` Dende no Hatsu Shigoto ! ! Doragon Bōru Fukkatsu da '' ( デンデの初仕事 ! ! ドラゴンボール復活だ ) February 3 , 1993 November 22 , 2000 Goku travels to the Nameks ' new planet , and Dende decides to become the new guardian . Mr. Satan announces that he will be fighting against Cell in the Tournament . Once Dende arrives on Earth , he creates a new Dragon and a new set of Dragon Balls . This new Dragon will be able to grant two wishes at a time . Goku then begins to gather up the seven balls . 174 159 `` A Hard Problem for Goku ! ? Take Back the Dragon Balls '' / `` The Puzzle of General Tao '' `` Gokū ni Nanmon ! ? Doragon Bōru o Torimodose '' ( 悟空に難問 ! ?", "4": "神龍球をとり戻せ ) February 10 , 1993 November 23 , 2000 With the Cell Games right around the corner , Mr. Satan is busy attending rallies in his own support . Meanwhile , Goku is tracking down the last two Dragon Balls . He finds that General Tao is in possession of them . Rather than risk a fight that he knows he 'll lose , Tao challenges Goku to unlock three puzzle rings to earn his Dragon Balls . Finally , Goku gathers all seven Dragon Balls , and just in time , because the Cell Games are ready to start . 175 160 `` Those Who Would Challenge Cell ! ! The Curtain Rises on the Battle '' / `` The Games Begin '' `` Seru ni Idomu Mono Tachi ! ! Kessen no Makuake '' ( セルに挑む者たち ! ! 決戦の幕開け ) February 17 , 1993 November 27 , 2000 The Cell Games have finally begun , and all of the Earth 's fighters have come to take on the evil tyrant Cell . Mr. Satan shows up first , convinced that he will be the one to take down Cell . 176 161 `` Just a Moment ! ! The Satan Squad Goes On the Rampage '' / `` Losers Fight First '' `` Chotto Matta ! ! Satangundan Daiabare '' ( ちょっと待った ! ! サタン軍団大暴れ ) March 3 , 1993 November 28 , 2000 Mr. Satan 's students show up and decide to fight Cell first . Each of them is defeated with virtually no effort from Cell . Mr. Satan then steps in , and is defeated in a more `` forceful '' manner , with Cell pushing Mr. Satan aside ... into the mountainside . Finally , Goku steps into the ring to fight Cell . 177 162 `` Fight Time , Goku ! ! The Ultra-Tense Cell Games '' / `` Goku vs. Cell '' `` Shōbu da Gokū ! !", "5": "Chō Kinpaku Seru Gēmu '' ( 勝負だ悟空 ! ! 超緊迫セルゲーム ) March 10 , 1993 November 29 , 2000 The fight between Cell and Goku begins , and the Earth begins to shake as they fight . After they finally land back on the ring , it is revealed that it was just their warm - up . Goku prepares to power up to full strength as the real battle is about to begin . 178 163 `` Direct Hit to Earth ! ! Cell 's Extra-Large Kamehame - Ha '' / `` Cell 's Bag of Tricks '' `` Chikyū Chokugeki ! ! Seru no Tokudai Kamehameha '' ( 地球直撃 ! ! セルの特大カメハメ波 ) March 17 , 1993 November 30 , 2000 With Goku and Cell fully powered up , the battle begins , and as the match progresses , Cell realizes that they are very evenly matched , and so he resorts to trickery . First , he uses Tien 's multi-form trick . Then he tries Piccolo 's Special Beam Cannon and Frieza 's final attack . Frustrated , he fires an incredibly powerful Kamehameha wave . Luckily , Goku is able to direct it away from the planet , and teleport back to the ring . 179 164 `` Defeat or Death ! ? Goku 's Turnabout Ploy '' / `` No More Rules '' `` Haiboku ka Shi ka ! ? Gokū , Gyakuten no Hisaku '' ( 敗北か死か ! ? 悟空、逆転の秘策 ) March 31 , 1993 December 4 , 2000 The battle between Goku and Cell continues to heat up . Both of them seem to have even strength and speed . After Goku nearly falls out of the ring , Cell decides to destroy the ring and continue the fight with no rules .", "6": "With nothing restricting them , the battle quickly intensifies , and as they fight , their power seems to increase . As they fight on , Goku decides to attempt to trick Cell by preparing a Kamehameha wave from up in the air . Cell does n't believe that Goku would risk destroying the Earth , and so does nothing to defend himself . As the other fighters look on in horror , believing that Goku will release it from the air , Goku uses his Instant Transmission technique , and appears directly beneath Cell . He unleashes the wave directly into Cell 's chest , and when the dust clears , Cell is severely maimed . It appears that Goku has won the tournament . 180 165 `` A Conclusion to the Deathmatch ! ! Goku 's Declaration of Surrender ! ? '' / `` The Fight is Over '' `` Shitō ni Ketchaku ! ! Gokū no Kōsan Sengen ! ? '' ( 死闘に決着 ! ! 悟空の降参宣言 ! ? ) April 7 , 1993 December 5 , 2000 As the dust clears , Cell 's mangled body becomes visible . While the rest of the Z Fighters believe that they 've won , Goku thinks differently . He senses that something is n't right when he can still feel a large amount of energy in what 's left of Cell 's body . Suddenly , Cell 's body stands up , to the horror of virtually everybody , and regenerates the missing parts . Cell 's energy has been depleted by the attack , but Goku 's energy has been depleted more severely , and as the battle continues , it becomes clear that Goku is no match for Cell . Knowing that he can not win , he declares that Cell is the winner . The Z Fighters , and Cell , ca n't believe it .", "7": "181 166 `` He Who Takes Over as Strongest ... His Name is Gohan '' / `` Faith in a Boy '' `` Saikyō o Tsugu Mono ... Sono Na wa Gohan '' ( 最強を継ぐ者 ... その名は悟飯 ) April 14 , 1993 December 6 , 2000 After Goku 's shocking declaration , Cell claims victory over Earth . But , Goku says that Cell has one more competitor to fight . Cell has already fought and defeated Vegeta , Trunks , and Piccolo , and these three are supposed to be the strongest of the remaining fighters . Goku stuns everyone by selecting Gohan . He claims that Gohan 's strength far exceeds his own . Despite the rest of the Z Fighters ' protests , and even despite the fact that Goku willingly gives Cell one of their Senzu beans , Goku remains confident in Gohan 's strength . Gohan then powers up and begins his battle with Cell . 182 167 `` Become Enraged , Gohan -- Call Forth Your Dormant Power '' / `` Gohan 's Desperate Plea '' `` Okore Gohan Nemureru Chikara o Yobiokose '' ( 怒れ悟飯眠れる力を呼び起せ ) April 21 , 1993 December 7 , 2000 It appears that Cell has delivered the final blow to Gohan . But , Gohan is able to recover , and he looks more powerful than ever . He warns Cell that if he is pushed , an unbelievable power will be unleashed . He tells him about the time Raditz came to Earth and he was forced to let loose his amazing strength to save Goku . He also tells Cell about the time he had to do the same thing to save Krillin from Frieza . Instead of being scared by this , Cell is intrigued , and is determined to push Gohan to his limit so he can test himself against this awesome strength . 183 168 `` Teeny Menaces ! ! Attack of the Cell Juniors '' / `` Android Explosion '' `` Chitchana Kyōi ! !", "8": "Seru Junia Raishū '' ( ちっちゃな脅威 ! ! セルジュニア来襲 ) April 28 , 1993 December 11 , 2000 Cell begins to punish Gohan in every way he can think of in order to unleash his hidden power . He inflicts as much pain as he can on the young Saiyan warrior . As Cell is trying to crush Gohan , Android 16 jumps in and grabs Cell . He attempts to use the self - destruct explosive inside his chest , but finds that he ca n't . Krillin reveals that Bulma removed it while repairing him . Cell destroys 16 with one blast , and then turns his attention on Gohan 's friends . His tail opens up and seven tiny `` Cell Juniors '' pop out , one for each of the Z Fighters . 184 169 `` The Tragic No. 16 ! ! An Enraged Super Gohan Begins Taking Action '' / `` Cell Juniors Attack ! '' `` Jūrokugō Muzan ! ! Ugokidasu Ikari no Sūpā Gohan '' ( 16 号無惨 ! ! 動き出す怒りの超悟飯 ) May 5 , 1993 December 12 , 2000 The Cell Juniors are attacking the Z Fighters , and there 's nothing they can do to defend themselves . Only Trunks and Vegeta are able to remotely put up a fight . As they continue to beat up on them , Android 16 's head rolls towards the camera crew , and makes his final wish : he asks Mr. Satan to bring him to Gohan . Running through the crossfire caused by Piccolo 's `` Rapid fire '' technique , he throws 16 's head towards Gohan . Once there , 16 tells Gohan that it is okay to fight if you 're doing it for the right reasons , and to unleash his power . After he utters his final words , he is crushed by Cell . This is enough to push Gohan over the edge , and to transform into a Super Saiyan 2 .", "9": "185 170 `` Devastating True Power ! ! The Cell Juniors Pulverized '' / `` The Unleashing '' and `` Awakening '' `` Fukiareru Shin no Pawā ! ! Seru Junia Funsai '' ( 吹き荒れる真の力 ! ! セルジュニア粉砕 ) May 12 , 1993 December 13 , 2000 Gohan , angered by the destruction of Android 16 , begins to ascend to a Super Saiyan 2 . Cell initially thinks that Gohan is making the same mistake that Trunks did , by simply powering up . Eventually though , Gohan fully transforms into a Super Saiyan 2 , to the amazement of the Z Fighters . Gohan is fully powered up now , to the delight of Cell , until Gohan snatches the bag of Senzu beans from Cell before he realizes it . With the beans in hand , he begins to attack the Cell Juniors . One by one , he destroys each of the Cell Juniors , each with a single blow . Trunks comments that he did the transformation right , increasing his strength without losing speed . When Gohan is finished destroying the Cell Juniors , he gives the senzu beans to Trunks , to distribute to the wounded Z Fighters , and moves on to Cell himself . 186 171 `` Cell Gets KO'ed ! ! Just Two Super Ironfisted Blows '' / `` The Unstoppable Gohan '' `` Seru o Nokkuauto ! ! Tatta Nihatsu no Chō Tekken '' ( セルを KO ( ノックアウト ) ! ! たった 2 発の超鉄拳 ) May 19 , 1993 December 14 , 2000 Cell and Gohan begin to fight , and from the start it is clear that Gohan is far superior to Cell . None of Cell 's punches are landing , and Gohan does n't even appear to be trying . Piccolo comments that the reason Goku fought Cell first was to show Gohan how Cell fights . Cell decides that he should fight at full strength . As he powers up , the Earth itself shakes .", "10": "But even at full power , and delivering a quick blow to Gohan , Gohan is able to easily deliver two crushing blows to Cell , severely damaging Cell . It appears that Gohan has won , although Piccolo comments that it 's not over yet . 187 172 `` Something Amiss With Cell ! ! His Perfect Form Crumbles '' / `` Cell 's Mighty Breakdown '' `` Seru ni Ihen ! ! Kuzusareta Kanzentai '' ( セルに異変 ! ! 崩された完全体 ) May 26 , 1993 December 18 , 2000 Gohan , no matter how many attacks Cell throws at him , is totally unfazed by Cell 's attacks , and it looks more and more like Gohan will win the battle . Desperate , Cell aims a massive Kamehameha wave at the Earth , hoping to destroy it . Gohan counters this with an even bigger wave , which hits Cell , and dismembers him . Gohan starts to reveal the sadistic qualities of the Super Saiyan 2 , preferring to let Cell suffer , despite Goku 's protests that Gohan must destroy Cell now . Cell regenerates himself , and becomes enraged , and powers up to an extreme power level , but makes the same mistake that Trunks did , and is unable to hit Gohan due to his size . Gohan then delivers several crushing blows to Cell , including a kick to his gut , which eventually causes Cell to regurgitate Android 18 . 188 173 `` Bye - Bye , Everyone ! ! Goku 's Last Instantaneous Movement '' / `` A Hero 's Farewell '' `` Bai Bai Minna ! ! Gokū Saigo no Shunkan Idō '' ( バイバイみんな ! ! 悟空最後の瞬間移動 ) June 2 , 1993 December 19 , 2000 With Android 18 no longer a part of Cell , he regresses to his second imperfect form and finds himself absolutely no match for Gohan . Goku pleads with Gohan to end the battle immediately , but Gohan 's new found arrogance causes him to simply toy with Cell .", "11": "In desperation , Cell decides to blow himself up along with the planet , but Goku makes the ultimate sacrifice . He transports Cell to King Kai 's planet , and they are destroyed in the blast . Goku has managed to save the Earth from certain doom ... at the cost of his own life . As the Z Fighters are mourning the loss of their friend , and Gohan angered that his arrogance caused him to lose his father , Cell suddenly reappears and easily kills Trunks with a single blast . 189 174 `` A Nightmare in Broad Daylight ! ! The Terror Becomes Even More Perfect '' / `` Cell Returns ! '' `` Hakuchū no Akuma ! ! Kyōfu wa yori Kanpeki ni '' ( 白昼の悪夢 ! ! 恐怖はより完璧に ) June 16 , 1993 December 20 , 2000 Cell is once again in his perfect form after regenerating from his own explosion . He reveals that one single cell was left after the explosion , and that was enough for him to come back . Vegeta becomes enraged at the loss of his son and attempts to take on Cell on his own . He unleashes a barrage of blasts at Cell , but is eventually tossed aside easily by the even more powerful Cell. Cell aims a blast at Vegeta , attempting to finish him off , but Gohan dives in front of him and takes the blast himself . Gohan survives , but is severely injured , losing the use of his left arm , and what 's more , Krillin has no senzu beans left . Cell then begins to charge up a Kamehameha blast to destroy the Earth , and proclaims that he will live forever .", "12": "190 175 `` From Goku to Gohan ... The Spirit of the Father is Handed Down '' / `` The Horror Wo n't End '' `` Gokū kara Gohan e ... Chichi no Tamashii wa Tsutawatta '' ( 悟空から悟飯へ ... 父の魂は伝わった ) June 23 , 1993 December 21 , 2000 Cell is through playing games , so he decides to take out Gohan , and the Earth , once and for all . While powering up his Kamehameha wave , he explains how he became Dr. Gero 's `` ultimate perfection '' . Gohan thinks this is the end of the world , but suddenly Goku begins to speak to him telepathically through King Kai . He tells Gohan that he has the strength and that he can not give up . So , despite only being able to use one arm , Gohan powers up the biggest Kamehameha wave he can maneuver and aims it directly at Cell , just as Cell releases his wave . 191 176 `` The Battle is Over ... Thank You , Son Goku '' / `` Save the World '' `` Tatakai wa Owatta ... Arigatō Son Gokū '' ( 戦いは終った ... ありがとう孫悟空 ) June 30 , 1993 December 26 , 2000 Gohan and Cell 's waves collide , creating a crater in the Earth . As Gohan struggles to put all of his energy into his wave , Cell 's wave begins to overtake his , despite the telepathic encouragement of Goku . Seeing that Gohan is losing , Piccolo comes to his aid and attacks Cell . Although the attack is deflected with no effort from Cell , he continues his efforts . Tien , Yamcha , and Krillin all join in , but it is all for nought . Just as it looks like Cell is going to win , Vegeta fires a giant beam directly at Cell , and this distraction is just enough for Gohan to make the final push and defeat Cell .", "13": "The Perfect Android disintegrates into nothingness , thanks to Gohan 's Kamehameha Wave , and the battle was won . 192 177 `` I 'm Going to Train In the Next World ! ! A Smile at Parting '' / `` Goku 's Decision '' `` Ora Ano Yo de Shugyō suru ! ! Egao no Wakare '' ( オラあの世で修業する ! ! 笑顔の別れ ) July 7 , 1993 December 27 , 2000 With Cell defeated , the Z Fighters head to the lookout to summon the dragon . This dragon is able to grant two wishes , but unfortunately Goku ca n't be wished back because he 's already been brought back from the afterlife . Although they think of a way to revive him , Goku suddenly speaks to all of them through King Kai . He says that all of the trouble that has been caused on Earth is because of him . Frieza , the Androids , and Cell were all after him . He seems to be a magnet for trouble , so he decides to remain in the Other World for the Earth to be safe without Goku . Now they have one more wish left . 193 178 `` New Days ... Father ! I 'm Hanging In There '' / `` One More Wish '' `` Atarashii Hibi ... Tōsan ! Boku Ganbaru '' ( 新しい日々 ... 父さん ! ボクがんばる ) July 14 , 1993 December 28 , 2000 Because no one can think of a good wish , Krillin decides to use it to turn Android 18 into a human . However , Shenron says it is beyond his power to do that . Then Krillin wishes to take the explosives out of her , which Shenron accepts . After Trunks goes back to his own time , life returns to normal for the rest of the Z Fighters as Gohan tells Chi - Chi that Goku will not come back this time and Chi - Chi begins crying about her loss . 194 179 `` One More Conclusion ! !", "14": "I Will Defend the Future '' / `` Free the Future '' `` Mō Hitotsu no Ketsumatsu ! ! Mirai wa Ore ga Mamoru '' ( もう一つの結末 ! ! 未来はオレが守る ) July 21 , 1993 December 29 , 2000 Back in his own time , Trunks decides it is time to end the fight once and for all . He finds androids 17 and 18 and easily defeats them . Later , the Imperfect Cell tries to sneak up on Trunks , but Trunks is too quick for him . Trunks , being much more powerful than Cell , quickly dispatches him . The nightmare is finally over . Meanwhile , Goku and King Kai begin their journey to the Otherworld . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Funimation Entertainment Announces First U.S. Release of Dragon Box '' ( Press release ) . Funimation . July 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . ( hide ) Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr.", "15": "Slump Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Z_episodes_(season_6)&oldid=816971133 '' Categories : 1992 Japanese television seasons 1993 Japanese television seasons Dragon Ball episode lists Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Add links This page was last edited on 25 December 2017 , at 03 : 24 . 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-8622455892578646005	how many wins does tiger woods have on the pga tour	[ "79", "79", "79", "79", "79" ]	{ "0": "List of career achievements by Tiger Woods - wikipedia List of career achievements by Tiger Woods Jump to : navigation , search For his detailed tournament performances , see List of tournament performances by Tiger Woods . This page details statistics , records , and other achievements pertaining to Tiger Woods . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career records and statistics 1.1 Awards records 1.2 Miscellaneous 2 Major championships 2.1 Wins ( 14 ) 2.2 Records and trivia 2.2. 1 Masters Tournament 2.2. 2 U.S. Open 2.2. 3 The Open Championship 2.2. 4 PGA Championship 2.3 Results timeline 2.4 Summary 3 World Golf Championships 3.1 Wins ( 18 ) 3.2 Records 3.3 Results timeline 4 FedEx Cup Playoffs 5 PGA Tour professional career summary 6 Professional wins ( 106 ) 6.1 PGA Tour wins ( 79 ) 6.1. 1 PGA Tour playoff record ( 11 -- 1 ) 6.2 European Tour wins ( 40 ) 6.2. 1 European Tour playoff record ( 10 -- 0 ) 6.3 Japan Golf Tour wins ( 2 ) 6.4 Asian Tour wins ( 1 ) 6.5 PGA Tour of Australasia wins ( 1 ) 6.6 Other professional wins ( 16 ) 7 Amateur wins ( 21 ) 7.1 Amateur major wins ( 3 ) 7.2 Results timeline 8 Reign as World No. 1 Male Golfer ( introduced 1986 ) 9 U.S. national team appearances 10 Awards 11 References 12 External links Career records and statistics ( edit ) Woods has won 79 official PGA Tour events , second only to Sam Snead , and six ahead of Jack Nicklaus with 73 wins . ( See List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins . ) Woods has won 14 majors , second all time , behind Jack Nicklaus . Woods is 14 -- 1 when going into the final round of a major with at least a share of the lead .", "1": "Woods scoring average in 2000 is the lowest in PGA Tour history , both adjusted , 67.79 , and unadjusted , 68.17 . Woods has the lowest career scoring average in PGA Tour history . Woods has amassed the most career earnings of any player in PGA Tour history ( even after inflation is considered ) . Woods is one of five players ( along with Gene Sarazen , Ben Hogan , Gary Player , and Jack Nicklaus ) to have won all four professional major championships in his career , known as the Career Grand Slam , and was the youngest to do so . Woods is the only player to have won all four professional major championships in a row , accomplishing the feat in the 2000 -- 2001 seasons . This feat became known as the `` Tiger Slam '' . Woods set the all - time PGA Tour record for most consecutive cuts made , with 142 . The streak started in 1998 , he set the record at the 2003 Tour Championship with 114 ( passing Byron Nelson 's previous record of 113 and Jack Nicklaus at 105 ) and extended this mark to 142 before it ended on May 13 , 2005 at the EDS Byron Nelson Championship . Many consider this to be one of the most remarkable golf accomplishments of all time , given the margin by which he broke the old record and given that during the streak , the next longest streak by any other player was usually only in the 10s or 20s . It should be noted that when Byron Nelson played far fewer players made the cut in a given event . Woods has won a record 25.2 % ( 79 out of 313 ) of his professional starts on the PGA Tour . Woods is the only golfer to have won the U.S. Amateur three consecutive times ( 1994 -- 96 ) . Awards records ( edit ) Woods has been the PGA Player of the Year a record eleven times . Woods has been the PGA Tour Player of the Year a record eleven times . Woods has been the PGA Tour Money Leader a record ten times . Woods has been the Vardon Trophy winner a record nine times . Woods has been the recipient of the Byron Nelson Award a record nine times .", "2": "Miscellaneous ( edit ) Woods owns a 54 -- 4 record when holding at least a share of the lead after 54 holes , and 42 -- 2 record when holding the outright lead . Woods has only lost once when leading by more than one shot after 54 holes . Yang Yong - eun began the final round of the 2009 PGA Championship two strokes behind Woods and defeated him by three strokes . Woods has a 37 -- 11 record when leading after 36 holes in Tour events , including an 8 -- 3 record in majors . Woods has won 12 tournaments wire - to - wire , including seven times while holding the lead outright after each round : 2000 U.S. Open , 2000 PGA Championship ( tied after 1st and 4th rounds ) , 2000 WGC - NEC Invitational , 2002 Bay Hill Invitational ( tied after 1st round ) , 2002 U.S. Open , 2002 WGC - American Express Championship , 2003 Western Open , 2005 Open Championship , 2005 WGC - NEC Invitational ( tied after 1st , 2nd and 3rd rounds ) , 2006 Ford Championship at Doral ( tied after 2nd round ) , 2006 WGC - American Express Championship , 2013 WGC - Cadillac Championship ( tied after 1st round ) Woods has successfully defended a title 24 times on the PGA Tour , has finished runner - up 29 times , and third place 19 times . Woods has spent the most consecutive and cumulative weeks atop the world rankings . Woods holds the PGA Tour record for most consecutive rounds at par or better with 52 . The streak began in the second round of the 2000 GTE Byron Nelson Classic and ended in the second round of the 2001 Phoenix Open . When including non-PGA Tour events , the streak was 66 . Woods ' win at the 2005 Open Championship made him only the second golfer ( after Nicklaus ) to have won all four majors more than once . With his win in the 2008 U.S. Open , Woods joined Nicklaus as the only golfers to win each major at least three times .", "3": "Woods holds at least a share of the scoring record in relation to par in one major ( The Masters ) , and also holds the margin of victory record in two majors ( The Masters and the U.S. Open ) . Woods ' victory at the 2006 WGC - American Express Championship , he became the first player in PGA Tour history to win at least eight times in three different seasons . Woods ' victory in the Buick Invitational in January 2007 placed him 2nd for the longest PGA Tour win streak at 7 ( consecutive wins in PGA events entered ) , trailing only Nelson 's streak of 11 wins in 1945 . Woods became the first golfer to win five PGA Tour events five or more times at the 2009 BMW Championship . In order of his accomplishment : WGC - CA Championship , WGC - Bridgestone Invitational , Buick Invitational , Arnold Palmer Invitational , and BMW Championship . Woods ' win at the U.S. Open in 2008 made him the sixth person to win the U.S. Open three or more times , the first person to win a PGA Tour tournament on the same course seven times , and the first person to win two tournaments at the same golf course in the same season . Woods has hit a combined total eighteen holes - in - one in the course of his lifetime -- his first at the age of six . Three have come in PGA Tour competition , at the 1996 Greater Milwaukee Open , 1997 Phoenix Open , and 1998 Sprint International . Woods is the only professional golfer to win four majors in a row . Major Championships ( edit ) Wins ( 14 ) ( edit ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runner ( s ) - up 1997 Masters Tournament 09 9 shot lead - 18 − 18 ( 70 - 66 - 65 - 69 = 270 ) 12 12 strokes Tom Kite 1999 PGA Championship 00 Tied for lead - 11 − 11 ( 70 - 67 - 68 - 72 = 277 ) 01 1 stroke Sergio García 2000 U.S.", "4": "Open 10 10 shot lead - 12 − 12 ( 65 - 69 - 71 - 67 = 272 ) 15 15 strokes Ernie Els , Miguel Ángel Jiménez 2000 The Open Championship 06 6 shot lead - 19 − 19 ( 67 - 66 - 67 - 69 = 269 ) 08 8 strokes Thomas Bjørn , Ernie Els 2000 PGA Championship ( 2 ) 01 1 shot lead - 18 − 18 ( 66 - 67 - 70 - 67 = 270 ) 00 Playoff Bob May 2001 Masters Tournament ( 2 ) 01 1 shot lead - 16 − 16 ( 70 - 66 - 68 - 68 = 272 ) 02 2 strokes David Duval 2002 Masters Tournament ( 3 ) 00 Tied for lead - 12 − 12 ( 70 - 69 - 66 - 71 = 276 ) 03 3 strokes Retief Goosen 2002 U.S.", "5": "Open ( 2 ) 04 4 shot lead - 03 − 3 ( 67 - 68 - 70 - 72 = 277 ) 03 3 strokes Phil Mickelson 2005 Masters Tournament ( 4 ) 03 3 shot lead - 12 − 12 ( 74 - 66 - 65 - 71 = 276 ) 00 Playoff Chris DiMarco 2005 The Open Championship ( 2 ) 02 2 shot lead - 14 − 14 ( 66 - 67 - 71 - 70 = 274 ) 05 5 strokes Colin Montgomerie 2006 The Open Championship ( 3 ) 01 1 shot lead - 18 − 18 ( 67 - 65 - 71 - 67 = 270 ) 02 2 strokes Chris DiMarco 2006 PGA Championship ( 3 ) 00 Tied for lead - 18 − 18 ( 69 - 68 - 65 - 68 = 270 ) 05 5 strokes Shaun Micheel 2007 PGA Championship ( 4 ) 03 3 shot lead - 08 − 8 ( 71 - 63 - 69 - 69 = 272 ) 02 2 strokes Woody Austin 2008 U.S. Open ( 3 ) 01 1 shot lead - 01 − 1 ( 72 - 68 - 70 - 73 = 283 ) 00 Playoff Rocco Mediate Defeated May in three - hole aggregate playoff by 1 stroke : Woods ( 3 - 4 - 5 = 12 ) , May ( 4 - 4 - 5 = 13 ) Defeated DiMarco in a sudden - death playoff : Woods ( 3 ) and DiMarco ( 4 ) . Defeated Mediate with a par on 1st sudden death hole after 18 - hole playoff was tied at even par 71 Records and trivia ( edit ) In all of his major victories , he has had the outright lead or a share of the lead at the end of the third round .", "6": "He has had the outright lead or a share of the lead 9 times at the end of the second round and has only lost once . Woods holds at least a share of the record for lowest 72 - hole score in relation to par in one of the four majors . Note that the `` to par '' and `` low 72 - holes '' records are not always the same because , while most championship golf courses have a par of 72 , or 288 for four rounds , some have a par of 71 or 70 . Woods is the only player to have won multiple professional majors in consecutive years , 2005 and 2006 . Bobby Jones won multiple majors in consecutive years in 1926 and 1927 , when the U.S. Amateur and the British Amateur were both considered majors . Woods has won two or more majors in a year four times . He trails only Jack Nicklaus , who won two majors in a season five times ( 1963 , ' 66 , ' 72 , ' 75 and ' 80 ) . Woods , Nicklaus , Jordan Spieth and Rickie Fowler are the only players to have finished in the top 5 in all four majors in a year . Woods and Nicklaus have both achieved this twice : Woods in 2000 and 2005 , and Nicklaus in 1971 and 1973 . Fowler joined the list in 2014 and Spieth in 2015 . Woods and Bobby Jones are the only golfers to have won 10 majors before the age of 30 . Jones achieved 13 majors in 21 attempts , ( winning percentage 62 % ) , while Woods achieved 10 wins in 44 attempts ( a 23 % winning ratio ) . Woods is only the second player all - time to win three major championships in a calendar year ( 2000 ) winning the U.S. Open , The Open Championship , and the PGA Championship respectively , along with Ben Hogan who accomplished this feat in ( 1953 ) with The Masters , the U.S. Open , and The Open Championships . Woods is the second player to have won the career grand slam three times along with Jack Nicklaus . Woods is the only professional golfer to win four majors in a row .", "7": "The last : Masters ( 2005 ) , US Open ( 2000 ) , Open Championship ( 2005 ) , and PGA ( 2000 ) , Jack Nicklaus played in ; were all won by Tiger Woods . Masters tournament ( edit ) − 18 ( 270 ) , 1997 ( outright to - par and low 72 holes record ) , tied by Jordan Spieth in 2015 Woods holds the record for the largest margin of victory at the Masters : 12 strokes ( 1997 ) Woods became the youngest winner in 1997 at the age of 21 years , 104 days His win made him the first winner of The Masters , or any other ( under - 50 ) men 's major , of African or Asian descent . He , the Indian Fijian Vijay Singh , and the South Korean Yang Yong - eun are the only winners of any major of such descent . The only other major winner whose primary ethnic heritage is undeniably non-European is 2005 U.S. Open champion Michael Campbell , a Māori from New Zealand . After a front - nine 40 in the first round , Woods played the final 63 holes 22 - under par He played 72 holes without a single three - putt Woods set a record with the lowest back - to - back total for two rounds : 131 ( 65 - 66 ) U.S. Open ( edit ) Woods holds the record for the largest margin of victory at the U.S. Open : 15 strokes ( 2000 ) ( this is the record for all majors ) . Also in 2000 , Woods became the first player to finish a U.S. Open at double digits under par . ( In 1992 , Gil Morgan was the first ever to be double digits under par at any stage of a U.S. Open , but failed to finish in double digits under par , and indeed failed to win that event , with Tom Kite winning instead . ) Woods was the only player to finish under par at the following U.S.", "8": "Opens : 2000 at Pebble Beach Golf Links : - 12 2002 at Bethpage State Park , Black Course : - 3 With his win in 2008 , Woods equaled Jack Nicklaus ' feat of winning each major at least three times . The Open Championship ( edit ) Woods shares the record for largest margin of victory at a post-1900 Open Championship : 8 strokes ( 2000 ) Woods became the fifth player to achieve the Career Grand Slam , and the youngest player ( 7003897200000000000 ♠ 24 years , 206 days ) to do so , breaking the mark held by Nicklaus ( 26 years , 6 months at the 1966 British Open ) He became the fastest to win all four majors -- in his 93rd sanctioned tournament , compared with 125 for Nicklaus He became the youngest to win a fourth major championship , breaking the mark held by Nicklaus ( 7003921200000000000 ♠ 25 years , 80 days at the 1965 Masters ) In 2006 , Woods became the first player to win the Open Championship in back - to - back years since Tom Watson in 1982 -- 83 He became the first golfer since Watson in 1982 to win the U.S. and British Opens in the same year PGA Championship ( edit ) With his 2006 PGA Championship win , Woods became the only golfer to have won all 4 majors by at least 5 strokes Woods is the only player in the stroke - play era ( since 1958 ) to repeat as PGA champion . Woods ' wins at Medinah in 1999 and 2006 make him the only player to win the PGA Championship twice on the same course . Second round 63 in the 2007 PGA Championship tied the record for second lowest single - round score in major championship history Woods is the only player to win the PGA Championship back - to - back on two different occasions : 1999 -- 2000 and 2006 -- 2007 .", "9": "Results timeline ( edit ) Tournament 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Masters Tournament T41 LA CUT T8 T18 5 T15 T22 T3 T2 T6 T4 T4 T40 T4 T17 U.S. Open WD T82 T19 T18 T3 T12 T20 T17 CUT T2 T6 T4 T21 T32 CUT The Open Championship T68 T22 LA T24 T7 T25 T28 T4 T9 T12 CUT T23 T3 T6 69 CUT PGA Championship T29 T10 T29 T39 T24 T4 T28 CUT T11 T40 CUT CUT Win Top 10 Did not play LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half - way cut WD = withdrew `` T '' = tied Summary ( edit ) Starts -- 76 ( 69 as a professional ) Wins -- 14 2nd - place finishes -- 6 Top 3 finishes -- 24 Top 5 finishes -- 31 Top 10 finishes -- 38 Top 25 finishes -- 55 Cuts missed -- 8 ( 6 as a professional ) Longest streak of wins -- 4 ( record ) Longest streak of top - 5s -- 6 Longest streak of top - 10s -- 8 Longest streak of top - 25s -- 15 World Golf Championships ( edit ) Wins ( 18 ) ( edit ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runner ( s ) - up 1999 Invitational 1 !", "10": "WGC - NEC Invitational 05 5 shot lead - 10 − 10 ( 66 - 71 - 62 - 71 = 270 ) 01 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 1999 Championship 1 ! WGC - American Express Championship - 03 1 shot deficit - 06 -- 6 ( 71 - 69 - 70 - 68 = 278 ) 00 Playoff Miguel Ángel Jiménez 2000 Invitational 2 ! WGC - NEC Invitational ( 2 ) 09 9 shot lead - 21 − 21 ( 64 - 61 - 67 - 67 = 259 ) 11 11 strokes Justin Leonard , Phillip Price 2001 Invitational 3 ! WGC - NEC Invitational ( 3 ) - 02 2 shot deficit - 12 − 12 ( 66 - 67 - 66 - 69 = 268 ) 00 Playoff Jim Furyk 2002 Championship 2 ! WGC - American Express Championship ( 2 ) 05 5 shot lead - 25 − 25 ( 65 - 65 - 67 - 66 = 263 ) 01 1 stroke Retief Goosen 2003 Match play 1 ! WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship n / an / a n / a2 & 1 n / an / a David Toms 2003 Championship 3 ! WGC - American Express Championship ( 3 ) 02 2 shot lead - 06 − 6 ( 67 - 66 - 69 - 72 = 274 ) 02 2 strokes Stuart Appleby , Tim Herron , Vijay Singh Match play 2 ! WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship ( 2 ) n / an / a n / a3 & 2 n / an / a Davis Love III 2005 Invitational 4 !", "11": "WGC - NEC Invitational ( 4 ) 00 Tied for lead - 06 − 6 ( 66 - 70 - 67 - 71 = 274 ) 01 1 stroke Chris DiMarco 2005 Championship 4 ! WGC - American Express Championship ( 4 ) - 02 2 shot deficit - 10 − 10 ( 67 - 68 - 68 - 67 = 270 ) 00 Playoff John Daly 2006 Invitational 5 ! WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 5 ) - 03 1 shot deficit - 10 − 10 ( 67 - 64 - 71 - 68 = 270 ) 00 Playoff Stewart Cink 2006 Championship 5 ! WGC - American Express Championship ( 5 ) 06 6 shot lead - 23 − 23 ( 63 - 64 - 67 - 67 = 261 ) 08 8 strokes Ian Poulter , Adam Scott 2007 Championship 6 ! WGC - CA Championship ( 6 ) 04 4 shot lead - 10 − 10 ( 71 - 66 - 68 - 73 = 278 ) 02 2 strokes Brett Wetterich 2007 Invitational 6 ! WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 6 ) - 03 1 shot deficit - 08 − 8 ( 68 - 70 - 69 - 65 = 272 ) 08 8 strokes Justin Rose , Rory Sabbatini 2008 Match play 3 ! WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship ( 3 ) n / an / a n / a8 & 7 n / an / a Stewart Cink 2009 Invitational 7 ! WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 7 ) - 01 3 shot deficit - 12 − 12 ( 68 - 70 - 65 - 65 = 268 ) 04 4 strokes Robert Allenby , Pádraig Harrington 2013 Championship 7 !", "12": "WGC - Cadillac Championship ( 7 ) 04 4 shot lead - 19 − 19 ( 66 - 65 - 67 - 71 = 269 ) 02 2 strokes Steve Stricker 2013 Invitational 8 ! WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 8 ) 07 7 shot lead - 15 − 15 ( 66 - 61 - 68 - 70 = 265 ) 07 7 strokes Keegan Bradley , Henrik Stenson Won on the first hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the seventh hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the second hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the fourth hole of a sudden - death playoff Records ( edit ) Won at least one World Golf Championships event every year from 1999 to 2009 . All - time wins leader in World Golf Championships events ( 41.9 % win rate ) . All - time money leader in World Golf Championships events . Won the WGC - World Cup with David Duval in 2000 , an unofficial money WGC event , for a total of 19 World Golf Championships titles . Only player to have held the titles of all three of the pre-2009 events ( not counting the HSBC Champions , elevated to WGC status in 2009 ) at the same time . Accenture Match Play Woods set the record for most lopsided victory ( 18 - hole match ) in his first round match against Stephen Ames in 2006 -- 9 & 8 . Mathematically , it is the fastest possible win in 18 - hole match play ( 10 & 8 would be a larger margin of victory , but the same number of holes played ) . Woods also set the record for largest margin of victory in the 36 - hole final match -- 8 & 7 over Stewart Cink in 2008 .", "13": "Cadillac Championship Lowest first 18 - hole total 63 set the course record at The Grove Tied lowest first 18 - hole total -- 63 Lowest 36 - hole total -- 127 Largest 36 - hole lead -- 5 strokes Lowest 54 - hole total -- 194 Largest 54 - hole lead -- 6 strokes Lowest 72 - hole total -- 261 Largest margin of victory -- 8 strokes Only player to record top - 10 finishes in each appearance ( more than two appearances ) Note : All Cadillac Championship records were set in 2006 , when the tournament was known as the American Express Championship Bridgestone Invitational Lowest 18 - hole total -- 61 ( twice , tied with José María Olazábal ) Lowest 36 - hole total -- 125 Lowest 54 - hole total -- 192 Lowest 72 - hole total -- 259 Largest margin of victory -- 11 strokes Note : All records were set in 2000 and 2013 ( 18 - hole record ) Results timeline ( edit ) Tournament 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 Accenture Match Play Championship QF DNP R64 R32 R16 R16 R32 DNP R64 R32 R64 DNP Cadillac Championship T5 NT 9 5 T9 DNP T10 WD T25 Bridgestone Invitational T4 T2 DNP T78 T37 T8 WD HSBC Champions T6 T6 DNP DNP DNP DNP Cancelled due to 9 / 11 DNP = Did not play QF , R16 , R32 , R64 = Round in which player lost in match play `` T '' = tied NT = No Tournament WD = Withdrew Green background for wins . Yellow background for top - 10 . Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009 .", "14": "Performance summary Tournament Starts Top - 10s Wins Earnings ( $ ) Accenture Match Play Championship 13 7 4,918,500 Cadillac Championship 13 12 7 9,369,000 Bridgestone Invitational 15 12 8 11,075,625 HSBC Champions 0 335,714 Totals 43 33 18 $25,678,839 Note that the HSBC Champions was not an official PGA Tour event . This means that the money earned in that event did not count toward his official earnings on that tour . FedEx Cup Playoffs ( edit ) Year Place Points Margin Earnings ( $ ) 2007 123,033 + 12,578 10,000,000 2008 70 100,000 − 25,101 110,000 2009 4,000 + 1,080 10,000,000 42 1,300 -- 3,635 133,000 2011 132 318 − 4,943 32,000 2012 2,663 − 1,437 2,000,000 2013 2,743 − 2,007 3,000,000 2014 218 45 n / a 0 2015 178 215 n / a 0 Total 25,275,000 PGA Tour professional career summary ( edit ) Year Starts Cuts made Wins ( Majors ) 2nd 3rd Top 10 Top 25 Earnings ( $ ) Money list rank Adjusted scoring average ( rank ) 8 8 0 5 7 790,594 24 69.44 1997 21 20 4 ( 1 ) 9 14 2,066,833 69.", "15": "10 ( 2nd ) 1998 20 19 * 13 17 1,841,117 69.21 ( 2nd ) 1999 21 21 8 ( 1 ) 16 18 6,616,585 68.43 ( 1st ) 2000 20 20 9 ( 3 ) 17 20 9,188,321 67.79 ( 1st ) 2001 19 19 5 ( 1 ) 0 9 18 5,687,777 68.81 ( 1st ) 2002 18 18 5 ( 2 ) 13 16 6,912,625 68.56 ( 1st ) 2003 18 18 5 0 12 16 6,673,413 68.41 ( 1st ) 19 19 14 18 5,365,472 69.04 ( 3rd ) 2005 21 19 6 ( 2 ) 13 17 10,628,024 68.66 ( 1st ) 2006 15 14 8 ( 2 ) 11 13 9,941,563 68.11 ( 1st ) 2007 16 16 7 ( 1 ) 0 12 15 10,867,052 67.79 ( 1st ) 2008 6 6 4 ( 1 ) 0 6 6 5,775,000 67.65 2009 17 16 6 0 14 16 10,508,163 68.05 ( 1st ) 12 11 0 0 0 7 1,294,", "16": "765 66 70.32 2011 9 7 0 0 0 660,238 128 70.46 2012 19 17 9 13 6,133,158 68.90 ( 2nd ) 2013 16 16 5 0 8 10 8,553,439 68.98 ( 2nd ) 2014 7 5 0 0 0 0 108,275 201 71.65 † 2015 11 6 0 0 0 448,598 162 71.93 † 2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n / a n / a 2017 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n / a 73.29 † Career * * 314 295 79 ( 14 ) 29 19 186 248 110,061,012 Green background for 1st place . Yellow background for top 10 . * Woods qualified for the third round in the 1998 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am but decided to withdraw from the rain - delayed event . Officially , it is counted as a missed cut . * * As of September 24 , 2017 Woods did not play the required 50 rounds to be ranked in scoring average these years : 1996 -- 41 rounds , 2008 -- 26 , 2010 -- 45 , 2011 -- 27 , 2014 -- 21 , 2015 -- 32 , 2017 -- 2 . Woods played in 14 PGA Tour events from 1992 -- 1996 as an amateur . In this span , he made 5 cuts , with his best finish and sole top - 25 performance coming at the 1996 British Open .", "17": "This brings his total tally of PGA Tour events played to 328 , his total number of cuts made to 300 , and his total number of top - 25 finishes to 249 . Professional wins ( 106 ) ( edit ) PGA Tour wins ( 79 ) ( edit ) Legend Major championships ( 14 ) Players Championships ( 2 ) World Golf Championships ( 18 ) Tour Champ / FedEx Cup events ( 4 ) Other PGA Tour ( 41 ) No . Date Tournament Winning score Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Oct 6 , 1996 Las Vegas Invitational − 27 ( 70 - 63 - 68 - 67 - 64 = 332 ) Playoff Davis Love III Oct 20 , 1996 Walt Disney World / Oldsmobile Classic − 21 ( 69 - 63 - 69 - 66 = 267 ) 1 stroke Payne Stewart 3 . Jan 12 , 1997 Mercedes Championships − 14 ( 70 - 67 - 65 = 202 ) Playoff Tom Lehman Apr 13 , 1997 Masters Tournament − 18 ( 70 - 66 - 65 - 69 = 270 ) 12 strokes Tom Kite 5 May 18 , 1997 GTE Byron Nelson Golf Classic − 17 ( 64 - 64 - 67 - 68 = 263 ) 2 strokes Lee Rinker 6 Jul 6 , 1997 Motorola Western Open − 13 ( 67 - 72 - 68 - 68 = 275 ) 3 strokes Frank Nobilo 7 May 10 , 1998 BellSouth Classic − 17 ( 69 - 67 - 63 - 72 = 271 ) 1 stroke Jay Don Blake 8 Feb 14 , 1999 Buick Invitational − 22 ( 68 - 71 - 62 - 65 = 266 ) 2 strokes Billy Ray Brown 9 Jun 6 ,", "18": "1999 Memorial Tournament − 15 ( 68 - 66 - 70 - 69 = 273 ) 2 strokes Vijay Singh 10 Jul 4 , 1999 Motorola Western Open ( 2 ) − 15 ( 68 - 66 - 68 - 71 = 273 ) 3 strokes Mike Weir 11 Aug 15 , 1999 PGA Championship − 11 ( 70 - 67 - 68 - 72 = 277 ) 1 stroke Sergio García 12 Aug 29 , 1999 NEC Invitational − 10 ( 66 - 71 - 62 - 71 = 270 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 13 Oct 24 , 1999 National Car Rental Golf Classic Disney ( 2 ) − 17 ( 66 - 66 - 66 - 73 = 271 ) 1 stroke Ernie Els 14 Oct 31 , 1999 The Tour Championship − 15 ( 67 - 66 - 67 - 69 = 269 ) 4 strokes Davis Love III 15 Nov 7 , 1999 American Express Championship − 6 ( 71 - 69 - 70 - 68 = 278 ) Playoff Miguel Ángel Jiménez 16 Jan 9 , 2000 Mercedes Championships ( 2 ) − 16 ( 71 - 66 - 71 - 68 = 276 ) Playoff Ernie Els 17 Feb 7 , 2000 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am − 15 ( 68 - 73 - 68 - 64 = 273 ) 2 strokes Matt Gogel , Vijay Singh 18 Mar 19 , 2000 Bay Hill Invitational − 18 ( 69 - 64 - 67 - 70 = 270 ) 4 strokes Davis Love III 19 May 29 , 2000 Memorial Tournament ( 2 ) − 19 ( 71 - 63 - 65 - 70 = 269 ) 5 strokes Ernie Els ,", "19": "Justin Leonard 20 Jun 18 , 2000 U.S. Open − 12 ( 65 - 69 - 71 - 67 = 272 ) 15 strokes Ernie Els , Miguel Ángel Jiménez 21 Jul 23 , 2000 The Open Championship − 19 ( 67 - 66 - 67 - 69 = 269 ) 8 strokes Thomas Bjørn , Ernie Els 22 Aug 20 , 2000 PGA Championship ( 2 ) − 18 ( 66 - 67 - 70 - 67 = 270 ) Playoff Bob May 23 Aug 27 , 2000 NEC Invitational ( 2 ) − 21 ( 64 - 61 - 67 - 67 = 259 ) 11 strokes Justin Leonard , Phillip Price 24 Sep 10 , 2000 Bell Canadian Open − 22 ( 72 - 65 - 64 - 65 = 266 ) 1 stroke Grant Waite 25 Mar 18 , 2001 Bay Hill Invitational ( 2 ) − 15 ( 71 - 67 - 66 - 69 = 273 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 26 Mar 25 , 2001 The Players Championship − 14 ( 72 - 69 - 66 - 67 = 274 ) 1 stroke Vijay Singh 27 Apr 8 , 2001 Masters Tournament ( 2 ) − 16 ( 70 - 66 - 68 - 68 = 272 ) 2 strokes David Duval 28 Jun 3 , 2001 Memorial Tournament ( 3 ) − 17 ( 68 - 69 - 68 - 66 = 271 ) 7 strokes Paul Azinger , Sergio García 29 Aug 26 , 2001 NEC Invitational ( 3 ) − 12 ( 66 - 67 - 66 - 69 = 268 ) Playoff Jim Furyk 30 Mar 17 ,", "20": "2002 Bay Hill Invitational ( 3 ) − 13 ( 67 - 65 - 74 - 69 = 275 ) 4 strokes Michael Campbell 31 Apr 14 , 2002 Masters Tournament ( 3 ) − 12 ( 70 - 69 - 66 - 71 = 276 ) 3 strokes Retief Goosen 32 Jun 16 , 2002 U.S. Open ( 2 ) − 3 ( 67 - 68 - 70 - 72 = 277 ) 3 strokes Phil Mickelson 33 Aug 11 , 2002 Buick Open − 17 ( 67 - 63 - 71 - 70 = 271 ) 4 strokes Fred Funk , Brian Gay , Mark O'Meara , Esteban Toledo 34 Sep 22 , 2002 American Express Championship ( 2 ) − 25 ( 65 - 65 - 67 - 66 = 263 ) 1 stroke Retief Goosen 35 Feb 16 , 2003 Buick Invitational ( 2 ) − 16 ( 70 - 66 - 68 - 68 = 272 ) 4 strokes Carl Pettersson 36 Mar 2 , 2003 Accenture Match Play Championship 2 & 1 David Toms 37 Mar 23 , 2003 Bay Hill Invitational ( 4 ) − 19 ( 70 - 65 - 66 - 68 = 269 ) 11 strokes Stewart Cink , Brad Faxon , Kenny Perry , Kirk Triplett 38 Jul 6 , 2003 100th Western Open ( 3 ) − 21 ( 63 - 70 - 65 - 69 = 267 ) 5 strokes Rich Beem 39 Oct 5 , 2003 American Express Championship ( 3 ) − 6 ( 67 - 66 - 69 - 72 = 274 ) 2 strokes Stuart Appleby , Tim Herron , Vijay Singh 40 Feb 29 ,", "21": "2004 Accenture Match Play Championship ( 2 ) 3 & 2 Davis Love III 41 Jan 23 , 2005 Buick Invitational ( 3 ) − 16 ( 69 - 63 - 72 - 68 = 272 ) 3 strokes Luke Donald , Charles Howell III , Tom Lehman 42 Mar 6 , 2005 Ford Championship at Doral − 24 ( 65 - 70 - 63 - 66 = 264 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 43 Apr 10 , 2005 Masters Tournament ( 4 ) − 12 ( 74 - 66 - 65 - 71 = 276 ) Playoff Chris DiMarco 44 Jul 17 , 2005 The Open Championship ( 2 ) − 14 ( 66 - 67 - 71 - 70 = 274 ) 5 strokes Colin Montgomerie 45 Aug 21 , 2005 NEC Invitational ( 4 ) − 6 ( 66 - 70 - 67 - 71 = 274 ) 1 stroke Chris DiMarco 46 Oct 9 , 2005 American Express Championship ( 4 ) − 10 ( 67 - 68 - 68 - 67 = 270 ) Playoff John Daly 47 Jan 29 , 2006 Buick Invitational ( 4 ) − 10 ( 71 - 68 - 67 - 72 = 278 ) Playoff Nathan Green , José María Olazábal 48 Mar 5 , 2006 Ford Championship at Doral ( 2 ) − 20 ( 64 - 67 - 68 - 69 = 268 ) 1 stroke David Toms , Camilo Villegas 49 Jul 23 , 2006 The Open Championship ( 3 ) − 18 ( 67 - 65 - 71 - 67 = 270 ) 2 strokes Chris DiMarco 50 Aug 6 ,", "22": "2006 Buick Open ( 2 ) − 24 ( 66 - 66 - 66 - 66 = 264 ) 3 strokes Jim Furyk 51 Aug 20 , 2006 PGA Championship ( 3 ) − 18 ( 69 - 68 - 65 - 68 = 270 ) 5 strokes Shaun Micheel 52 Aug 27 , 2006 Bridgestone Invitational ( 5 ) − 10 ( 67 - 64 - 71 - 68 = 270 ) Playoff Stewart Cink 53 Sep 4 , 2006 Deutsche Bank Championship − 16 ( 66 - 72 - 67 - 63 = 268 ) 2 strokes Vijay Singh 54 Oct 1 , 2006 American Express Championship ( 5 ) − 23 ( 63 - 64 - 67 - 67 = 261 ) 8 strokes Ian Poulter , Adam Scott 55 Jan 28 , 2007 Buick Invitational ( 5 ) − 15 ( 66 - 72 - 69 - 66 = 273 ) 2 strokes Charles Howell III 56 Mar 25 , 2007 CA Championship ( 6 ) − 10 ( 71 - 66 - 68 - 73 = 278 ) 2 strokes Brett Wetterich 57 May 6 , 2007 Wachovia Championship − 13 ( 70 - 68 - 68 - 69 = 275 ) 2 strokes Steve Stricker 58 Aug 5 , 2007 Bridgestone Invitational ( 6 ) − 8 ( 68 - 70 - 69 - 65 = 272 ) 8 strokes Justin Rose , Rory Sabbatini 59 Aug 12 , 2007 PGA Championship ( 4 ) − 8 ( 71 - 63 - 69 - 69 = 272 ) 2 strokes Woody Austin 60 Sep 9 ,", "23": "2007 BMW Championship ( 4 ) − 22 ( 67 - 67 - 65 - 63 = 262 ) 2 strokes Aaron Baddeley 61 Sep 16 , 2007 The Tour Championship ( 2 ) − 23 ( 64 - 63 - 64 - 66 = 257 ) 8 strokes Mark Calcavecchia , Zach Johnson 62 Jan 27 , 2008 Buick Invitational ( 6 ) − 19 ( 67 - 65 - 66 - 71 = 269 ) 8 strokes Ryuji Imada 63 Feb 24 , 2008 Accenture Match Play Championship ( 3 ) 8 & 7 Stewart Cink 64 Mar 16 , 2008 Arnold Palmer Invitational ( 5 ) − 10 ( 70 - 68 - 66 - 66 = 270 ) 1 stroke Bart Bryant 65 Jun 16 , 2008 U.S. Open ( 3 ) − 1 ( 72 - 68 - 70 - 73 = 283 ) Playoff Rocco Mediate 66 Mar 29 , 2009 Arnold Palmer Invitational ( 6 ) − 5 ( 68 - 69 - 71 - 67 = 275 ) 1 stroke Sean O'Hair 67 Jun 7 , 2009 Memorial Tournament ( 4 ) − 12 ( 69 - 74 - 68 - 65 = 276 ) 1 stroke Jim Furyk 68 Jul 5 , 2009 AT&T National − 13 ( 64 - 66 - 70 - 67 = 267 ) 1 stroke Hunter Mahan 69 Aug 2 , 2009 Buick Open ( 3 ) − 20 ( 71 - 63 - 65 - 69 = 268 ) 3 strokes Greg Chalmers , John Senden Roland Thatcher 70 Aug 9 ,", "24": "2009 Bridgestone Invitational ( 7 ) − 12 ( 68 - 70 - 65 - 65 = 268 ) 4 strokes Robert Allenby , Pádraig Harrington 71 Sep 13 , 2009 BMW Championship ( 5 ) − 19 ( 68 - 67 - 62 - 68 = 265 ) 8 strokes Jim Furyk , Marc Leishman 72 Mar 25 , 2012 Arnold Palmer Invitational ( 7 ) − 13 ( 69 - 65 - 71 - 70 = 275 ) 5 strokes Graeme McDowell 73 Jun 3 , 2012 Memorial Tournament ( 5 ) − 9 ( 70 - 69 - 73 - 67 = 279 ) 2 strokes Andrés Romero , Rory Sabbatini 74 Jul 1 , 2012 AT&T National ( 2 ) − 8 ( 72 - 68 - 67 - 69 = 276 ) 2 strokes Bo Van Pelt 75 Jan 28 , 2013 Farmers Insurance Open ( 7 ) − 14 ( 68 - 65 - 69 - 72 = 274 ) 4 strokes Brandt Snedeker , Josh Teater 76 Mar 10 , 2013 Cadillac Championship ( 7 ) − 19 ( 66 - 65 - 67 - 71 = 269 ) 2 strokes Steve Stricker 77 Mar 25 , 2013 Arnold Palmer Invitational ( 8 ) − 13 ( 69 - 70 - 66 - 70 = 275 ) 2 strokes Justin Rose 78 May 12 , 2013 The Players Championship ( 2 ) − 13 ( 67 - 67 - 71 - 70 = 275 ) 2 strokes David Lingmerth , Jeff Maggert Kevin Streelman 79 Aug 4 , 2013 Bridgestone Invitational ( 8 ) − 15 ( 66 - 61 - 68 - 70 = 265 ) 7 strokes Keegan Bradley ,", "25": "Henrik Stenson PGA Tour playoff record ( 11 -- 1 ) ( edit ) No . Year Tournament Opponent ( s ) Result Las Vegas Invitational Davis Love III Won with par on first extra hole 1997 Mercedes Championships Tom Lehman Won with birdie on first extra hole 1998 Nissan Open Billy Mayfair Lost to birdie on first extra hole 1999 American Express Championship Miguel Ángel Jiménez Won with birdie on first extra hole 5 2000 Mercedes Championships Ernie Els Won with birdie on second extra hole 6 2000 PGA Championship Bob May Won three - hole playoff : Woods ( 3 - 4 - 5 = 12 ) , May ( 4 - 4 - 5 = 13 ) 7 2001 NEC Invitational Jim Furyk Won with birdie on seventh extra hole 8 2005 Masters Tournament Chris DiMarco Won with birdie on first extra hole 9 2005 WGC - American Express Championship John Daly Won with par on second extra hole 10 2006 Buick Invitational José María Olazábal , Nathan Green Won with par on second extra hole Green eliminated with par on first hole 11 2006 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Stewart Cink Won with birdie on fourth extra hole 12 2008 U.S. Open Rocco Mediate Won with par on first extra hole after 18 - hole playoff ( Woods : 71 , Mediate : 71 ) European Tour wins ( 40 ) ( edit ) Legend Major championships ( 14 ) World Golf Championships ( 18 ) Other European Tour ( 8 ) No .", "26": "Date Tournament Winning score Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Apr 13 , 1997 Masters Tournament − 18 ( 70 - 66 - 65 - 69 = 270 ) 12 strokes Tom Kite Jan 25 , 1998 Johnnie Walker Classic − 9 ( 72 - 71 - 71 - 65 = 279 ) Playoff Ernie Els May 24 , 1999 Deutsche Bank - SAP Open TPC of Europe − 15 ( 69 - 68 - 68 - 68 = 273 ) 3 strokes Retief Goosen Aug 15 , 1999 PGA Championship − 11 ( 70 - 67 - 68 - 72 = 277 ) 1 stroke Sergio García 5 Aug 29 , 1999 NEC Invitational − 10 ( 66 - 71 - 62 - 71 = 270 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 6 Nov 7 , 1999 American Express Championship − 6 ( 71 - 69 - 70 - 68 = 278 ) Playoff Miguel Ángel Jiménez 7 Jun 18 , 2000 U.S.", "27": "Open − 12 ( 65 - 69 - 71 - 67 = 272 ) 15 strokes Ernie Els , Miguel Ángel Jiménez 8 Jul 23 , 2000 The Open Championship − 19 ( 67 - 66 - 67 - 69 = 269 ) 8 strokes Thomas Bjørn , Ernie Els 9 Aug 20 , 2000 PGA Championship ( 2 ) − 18 ( 66 - 67 - 70 - 67 = 270 ) Playoff Bob May 10 Aug 27 , 2000 NEC Invitational ( 2 ) − 21 ( 64 - 61 - 67 - 67 = 259 ) 11 strokes Justin Leonard , Phillip Price 11 Nov 19 , 2000 ( 2001 season ) Johnnie Walker Classic ( 2 ) − 25 ( 68 - 65 - 65 - 65 = 263 ) 3 strokes Geoff Ogilvy 12 Apr 8 , 2001 Masters Tournament ( 2 ) − 16 ( 70 - 66 - 68 - 68 = 272 ) 2 strokes David Duval 13 May 20 , 2001 Deutsche Bank - SAP Open TPC of Europe ( 2 ) − 22 ( 69 - 68 - 63 - 66 = 266 ) 4 strokes Michael Campbell 14 Aug 26 , 2001 NEC Invitational ( 3 ) − 12 ( 66 - 67 - 66 - 69 = 268 ) Playoff Jim Furyk 15 Apr 14 , 2002 Masters Tournament ( 3 ) − 12 ( 70 - 69 - 66 - 71 = 276 ) 3 strokes Retief Goosen 16 May 19 , 2002 Deutsche Bank - SAP Open TPC of Europe ( 3 ) − 20 ( 69 - 67 - 64 - 68 = 268 ) Playoff Colin Montgomerie 17 Jun 16 , 2002 U.S.", "28": "Open ( 2 ) − 3 ( 67 - 68 - 70 - 72 = 277 ) 3 strokes Phil Mickelson 18 Sep 22 , 2002 American Express Championship ( 2 ) − 25 ( 65 - 65 - 67 - 66 = 263 ) 1 stroke Retief Goosen 19 Mar 2 , 2003 Accenture Match Play Championship 2 & 1 David Toms 20 Oct 5 , 2003 American Express Championship ( 3 ) − 6 ( 67 - 66 - 69 - 72 = 274 ) 2 strokes Stuart Appleby , Tim Herron , Vijay Singh 21 Feb 29 , 2004 Accenture Match Play Championship ( 2 ) 3 & 2 Davis Love III 22 Apr 10 , 2005 Masters Tournament ( 4 ) − 12 ( 74 - 66 - 65 - 71 = 276 ) Playoff Chris DiMarco 23 Jul 17 , 2005 The Open Championship ( 2 ) − 14 ( 66 - 67 - 71 - 70 = 274 ) 5 strokes Colin Montgomerie 24 Aug 21 , 2005 NEC Invitational ( 4 ) − 6 ( 66 - 70 - 67 - 71 = 274 ) 1 stroke Chris DiMarco 25 Oct 9 , 2005 American Express Championship ( 4 ) − 10 ( 67 - 68 - 68 - 67 = 270 ) Playoff John Daly 26 Feb 5 , 2006 Dubai Desert Classic − 19 ( 67 - 66 - 67 - 69 = 269 ) Playoff Ernie Els 27 Jul 23 , 2006 The Open Championship ( 3 ) − 18 ( 67 - 65 - 71 - 67 = 270 ) 2 strokes Chris DiMarco 28 Aug 20 ,", "29": "2006 PGA Championship ( 3 ) − 18 ( 69 - 68 - 65 - 68 = 270 ) 5 strokes Shaun Micheel 29 Aug 27 , 2006 Bridgestone Invitational ( 5 ) − 10 ( 67 - 64 - 71 - 68 = 270 ) Playoff Stewart Cink 30 Oct 1 , 2006 American Express Championship ( 5 ) − 23 ( 63 - 64 - 67 - 67 = 261 ) 8 strokes Ian Poulter , Adam Scott 31 Mar 25 , 2007 CA Championship ( 6 ) − 10 ( 71 - 66 - 68 - 73 = 278 ) 2 strokes Brett Wetterich 32 Aug 5 , 2007 Bridgestone Invitational ( 6 ) − 8 ( 68 - 70 - 69 - 65 = 272 ) 8 strokes Justin Rose , Rory Sabbatini 33 Aug 12 , 2007 PGA Championship ( 4 ) − 8 ( 71 - 63 - 69 - 69 = 272 ) 2 strokes Woody Austin 34 Feb 3 , 2008 Dubai Desert Classic ( 2 ) − 14 ( 65 - 71 - 73 - 65 = 274 ) 1 stroke Martin Kaymer 35 Feb 24 , 2008 Accenture Match Play Championship ( 3 ) 8 & 7 Stewart Cink 36 Jun 16 , 2008 U.S.", "30": "Open ( 3 ) − 1 ( 72 - 68 - 70 - 73 = 283 ) Playoff Rocco Mediate 37 Aug 9 , 2009 Bridgestone Invitational ( 7 ) − 12 ( 68 - 70 - 65 - 65 = 268 ) 4 strokes Robert Allenby , Pádraig Harrington 38 Nov 15 , 2009 JBWere Masters − 14 ( 66 - 68 - 72 - 68 = 274 ) 2 strokes Greg Chalmers 39 Mar 10 , 2013 Cadillac Championship ( 7 ) − 19 ( 66 - 65 - 67 - 71 = 269 ) 2 strokes Steve Stricker 40 Aug 4 , 2013 Bridgestone Invitational ( 8 ) − 15 ( 66 - 61 - 68 - 70 = 265 ) 7 strokes Keegan Bradley , Henrik Stenson Co-sanctioned with the PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record ( 10 -- 0 ) ( edit ) No .", "31": "Year Tournament Opponent Result 1998 Johnnie Walker Classic Ernie Els Won with birdie on second extra hole 1999 WGC - American Express Championship Miguel Ángel Jiménez Won with birdie on first extra hole 2000 PGA Championship Bob May Won three - hole playoff : Woods ( 3 - 4 - 5 = 12 ) , May ( 4 - 4 - 5 = 13 ) 2001 NEC Invitational Jim Furyk Won with birdie on seventh extra hole 5 2002 Deutsche Bank - SAP Open TPC of Europe Colin Montgomerie Won with par on third extra hole 6 2005 Masters Tournament Chris DiMarco Won with birdie on first extra hole 7 2005 WGC - American Express Championship John Daly Won with par on second extra hole 8 2006 Dubai Desert Classic Ernie Els Won with par on first extra hole 9 2006 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Stewart Cink Won with birdie on fourth extra hole 10 2008 U.S. Open Rocco Mediate Won with par on first extra hole after 18 - hole playoff ( Woods : 71 , Mediate : 71 ) Note : This table is the European Tour 's official Woods ' victories on their tour , which gives Woods a total of 40 European Tour wins . Woods ' worldwide tournament playoff record is 15 - 2 , including a loss to Pádraig Harrington at the 2006 Dunlop Phoenix . Japan Golf Tour wins ( 2 ) ( edit ) Year Date Tournament Score Margin of victory Runner - up Nov 21 Dunlop Phoenix -- 16 ( 65 - 67 - 65 - 67 = 264 ) 8 strokes Ryoken Kawagishi 2005 Nov 20 Dunlop Phoenix -- 8 ( 65 - 67 - 68 - 72 = 272 ) Playoff Kaname Yokoo Asian Tour wins ( 1 ) ( edit ) No .", "32": "Date Tournament Winning score Margin of victory Runner - up Feb 9 , 1997 Asian Honda Classic − 20 ( 70 - 64 - 66 - 68 = 268 ) 10 strokes Mo Joong - kyung PGA Tour of Australasia wins ( 1 ) ( edit ) Year Date Tournament Score Margin of victory Runner - up 2009 Nov 15 JBWere Masters - 14 ( 66 - 68 - 72 - 68 = 274 ) 2 strokes Greg Chalmers Co-sanctioned with the European Tour Other professional wins ( 16 ) ( edit ) 1998 ( 1 ) PGA Grand Slam of Golf 1999 ( 3 ) World Cup of Golf Individual Trophy , World Cup of Golf ( team event with Mark O'Meara ) , PGA Grand Slam of Golf 2000 ( 2 ) WGC - World Cup ( team event with David Duval ) , PGA Grand Slam of Golf 2001 ( 2 ) Williams World Challenge , PGA Grand Slam of Golf 2002 ( 1 ) PGA Grand Slam of Golf 2004 ( 1 ) Target World Challenge 2005 ( 1 ) PGA Grand Slam of Golf 2006 ( 2 ) PGA Grand Slam of Golf , Target World Challenge 2007 ( 1 ) Target World Challenge 2009 ( 1 ) Notah Begay III Foundation Challenge 2011 ( 1 ) Chevron World Challenge Amateur wins ( 21 ) ( edit ) 1984 ( 1 ) Junior World Golf Championships ( Boys 10 - and - under ) 1985 ( 1 ) Junior World Golf Championships ( Boys 10 - and - under ) 1988 ( 1 ) Junior World Golf Championships ( Boys 11 -- 12 ) 1989 ( 1 ) Junior World Golf Championships ( Boys 13 -- 14 ) 1990 ( 2 ) Junior World Golf Championships ( Boys 13 -- 14 ) , Insurance Youth Golf Classic 1991 ( 3 ) U.S. Junior Amateur , Junior World Golf Championships ( Boys 15 -- 17 ) , Orange Bowl International Junior 1992 ( 2 ) U.S.", "33": "Junior Amateur , Insurance Youth Golf Classic 1993 ( 1 ) U.S. Junior Amateur 1994 ( 3 ) U.S. Amateur , Western Amateur , Pacific Northwest Amateur 1995 ( 2 ) U.S. Amateur , College All - America Golf Classic 1996 ( 4 ) U.S. Amateur , NCAA Division I Championship , NCAA West Regional , Pac - 10 Championship Amateur major wins ( 3 ) ( edit ) Year Championship Winning score Runner - up 1994 U.S. Amateur 2 up Trip Kuehne 1995 U.S. Amateur 2 up Buddy Marucci U.S. Amateur 38 holes Steve Scott Results timeline ( edit ) Tournament 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 U.S. Amateur DNQ R32 R32 M = Medalist DNQ = Did not qualify for match play portion R32 , R16 , QF , SF = Round in which player lost in match play Green background for wins . Yellow background for top - 10 Source : Reign as World No. 1 Male Golfer ( introduced 1986 ) ( edit ) Woods holds the record for most consecutive weeks at No. 1 , 281 , and the most total number of weeks , 683 . Since 1997 , he has spent over twelve years atop the Official World Golf Ranking , and has been the number one player for all 52 weeks of a year a record eight times -- 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 and 2009 . He has spent 860 weeks ranked in the top - 10 , and overtook Ernie Els as the golfer with the most weeks ranked in the top 10 in 2013 . This list is complete as of May 18 , 2014 .", "34": "Start date End date Weeks Approximate time Successor June 15 , 1997 June 21 , 1997 7 days Ernie Els July 6 , 1997 September 6 , 1997 9 2 months Greg Norman January 11 , 1998 April 11 , 1998 13 3 months Ernie Els May 10 , 1998 May 16 , 1998 7 days Ernie Els June 14 , 1998 March 27 , 1999 41 9 months , 13 days David Duval July 4 , 1999 August 7 , 1999 5 1 month , 3 days David Duval August 15 , 1999 September 4 , 2004 264 5 years , 20 days Vijay Singh March 6 , 2005 March 19 , 2005 14 days Vijay Singh April 10 , 2005 May 21 , 2005 6 1 month , 11 days Vijay Singh June 12 , 2005 October 30 , 2010 281 5 years , 4.5 months Lee Westwood March 25 , 2013 May 17 , 2014 60 1 year , 2 months Adam Scott U.S.", "35": "national team appearances ( edit ) Amateur Eisenhower Trophy : 1994 ( winners ) Walker Cup : 1995 Professional Ryder Cup : 1997 , 1999 ( winners ) , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2012 Ryder Cup record ( W -- L -- H ) : 13 -- 17 -- 3 Alfred Dunhill Cup : 1998 Presidents Cup : 1998 , 2000 ( winners ) , 2003 ( tie ) , 2005 ( winners ) , 2007 ( winners ) , 2009 ( winners ) , 2011 ( winners ) , 2013 ( winners ) Presidents Cup record ( W -- L -- H ) : 24 -- 15 -- 1 World Cup : 1999 ( winners , individual winner ) , 2000 ( winners ) , 2001 Ryder Cup points record 1997 1999 2002 2006 2008 2012 Total 1.5 2.5 -- 0.5 14.5 Awards ( edit ) 1st Team -- Rolex Junior All - American Southern California Player of the Year 1991 1st Team -- Rolex Junior All - American ( 2 ) American Junior Golf Association Player of the Year Golf Digest Amateur Player of the Year GolfWeek National Amateur of the Year Southern California Player of the Year ( 2 ) 1992 1st Team -- Rolex Junior All - American ( 3 ) American Junior Golf Association Player of the Year ( 2 ) Golf Digest Amateur Player of the Year ( 2 ) GolfWeek National Amateur of the Year ( 2 ) Southern California Player of the Year ( 3 ) Golf World Player of the Year 1993 1st Team -- Rolex Junior All - American ( 4 ) Southern California Player of the Year ( 4 ) Golf World Player of the Year ( 2 ) 1994 Golf World Man of the Year L.A.", "36": "Times Player of the Year Orange County Player of the Year 1995 Pac - 10 Player of the Year NCAA First Team All - American GolfWeek Preseason First Team All - American for 1995 -- 96 Stanford University 's Male Freshman of the Year PGA Tour Rookie of the Year Sports Illustrated `` Sportsman of the Year '' Stanford University Collegiate Player of the Year Fred Haskins Award 1997 Jack Nicklaus Trophy PGA Player of the Year PGA Tour Money Leader ABC 's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1998 Mark H. McCormack Award ESPN 's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete ( for 1997 ) 1999 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 2 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 2 ) PGA Tour Money Leader ( 2 ) Vardon Trophy Byron Nelson Award Mark H. McCormack Award ( 2 ) Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year ( 2 ) Anderson Consulting Medal for best performance in WGC events Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year ( 2 ) 2000 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 3 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 3 ) PGA Tour Money Leader ( 3 ) Vardon Trophy ( 2 ) Byron Nelson Award ( 2 ) Mark H.", "37": "McCormack Award ( 3 ) Laureus World Sports Awards ( for 1999 ) Sports Illustrated `` Sportsman of the Year '' ( 2 ) ABC 's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year ( 2 ) Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year ( 3 ) Royal Canadian Golf Association Triple Crown Trophy Palm Performance Award as leading money winner on PGA Tour West Coast Swing PricewaterhouseCoopers Fall Finish Award as leading money winner on PGA Tour 's fall schedule Anderson Consulting Medal for best performance in WGC events ( 2 ) Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year ( 3 ) BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality ESPN 's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete ( for 1999 ) ( 2 ) 2001 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 4 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 4 ) PGA Tour Money Leader ( 4 ) Vardon Trophy ( 3 ) Byron Nelson Award ( 3 ) Mark H. McCormack Award ( 4 ) Laureus World Sports Awards ( for 2000 ) ( 2 ) ESPN 's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete ( for 2000 ) ( 3 ) Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year ( 4 ) 2002 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 5 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 5 ) PGA Tour Money Leader ( 5 ) Vardon Trophy ( 4 ) Byron Nelson Award ( 4 ) Mark H. McCormack Award ( 5 ) ESPN 's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete ( for 2001 ) ( 4 ) Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year ( 5 ) 2003 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 6 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 6 ) Vardon Trophy ( 5 ) Byron Nelson Award ( 5 ) Mark H. McCormack Award ( 6 ) Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year ( 6 ) Mark H.", "38": "McCormack Award ( 7 ) 2005 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 7 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 7 ) PGA Tour Money Leader ( 6 ) Vardon Trophy ( 6 ) Byron Nelson Award ( 6 ) Mark H. McCormack Award ( 8 ) Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year ( 7 ) 2006 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 8 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 8 ) PGA Tour Money Leader ( 7 ) Byron Nelson Award ( 7 ) Mark H. McCormack Award ( 9 ) Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year ( 4 ) Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year ( 8 ) 2007 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 9 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 9 ) PGA Tour Money Leader ( 8 ) Vardon Trophy ( 7 ) Byron Nelson Award ( 8 ) Mark H. McCormack Award ( 10 ) FedEx Cup Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year ( 9 ) 2008 Mark H. McCormack Award ( 11 ) 2009 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 10 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 10 ) PGA Tour Money Leader ( 9 ) Vardon Trophy ( 8 ) Byron Nelson Award ( 9 ) Mark H. McCormack Award ( 12 ) FedEx Cup ( 2 ) Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year ( 10 ) Associated Press Athlete of the Decade Mark H. McCormack Award ( 13 ) 2013 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 11 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 11 ) PGA Tour Money Leader ( 10 ) Vardon Trophy ( 9 ) Mark H. McCormack Award ( 14 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent . `` Lowest PGA Tour Vardon Trophy Scoring Averages '' . About.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Andy ( 2000 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Woods moves majestically to grand slam '' . The Independent . UK .", "39": "Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods fails to make the cut '' . The Hindi . Associated Press . 2005 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Tim Rosaforte . A streak for the ages comes to an end . Golf World . Retrieved on 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Mark Lamport - Stokes ( 1997 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Nelson target in sight for title - hungry Tiger '' . Tiscali Sport . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mike Meserole ( 2006 - 10 - 03 ) . `` ' Lord Byron ' leaves remarkable legacy '' . ESPN / GolfDigest . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Tiger Woods : With this victory Jump up ^ 2009 Buick Open -- The Daily Wrap - up , Round 4 Archived August 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Records Held By Tiger Woods '' . thegolfexpert.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Halley , Jim ( 2006 - 07 - 16 ) . `` With holes in one , no matter how you slice them , luck is vital '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Leonard Shapiro ( 2005 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Is Woods as Strong as Ever ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Sal Johnson ( 2006 - 08 - 21 ) . `` Major Tiger '' . GolfOnline . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Record '' . BobbyJones.com . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` With This Victory '' . TigerWoods.com.", "40": "2006 - 10 - 03 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Playoff points for the FedEx Cup Jump up ^ FedEx Cup Bonus Money Jump up ^ 2009 European Tour Official Guide Section 4 Page 577 PDF 21 Jump up ^ USGA Championship Database Archived December 21 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Official World Golf Ranking Archived May 25 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Number One Watch Jump up ^ `` Players who have reached the Top Ten in the Official World Golf Ranking since 1986 '' . European Tour Official Guide 09 ( 38th ed . ) . PGA European Tour . 2009 . p. 558 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Tiger Woods at the Official World Golf Ranking official site ( hide ) Tiger Woods Family Elin Nordegren ( ex-wife ) Earl Woods ( father ) Cheyenne Woods ( niece ) Golf achievements Professional career Career achievements Tournament performances Foundation Quicken Loans National Learning Center Hero World Challenge Tiger Woods Design The Cliffs at High Carolina Al Ruwaya Golf Course Punta Brava Other ventures PGA Tour Monday Night Golf Films and television The Tiger Woods Story Related Steve Williams ( caddie ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_career_achievements_by_Tiger_Woods&oldid=818091857 '' Categories : Career achievements of golfers Tiger Woods Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 14 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "41": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3105345941697760419	where is simple squamous epithelium found in the body	[ "in contact with the basal lamina (one of the two layers of the basement membrane) of the epithelium", "capillaries", "alveoli", "glomeruli", "outer layer of skin", "other tissues where rapid diffusion is required", "capillaries", "alveoli", "glomeruli", "outer layer of skin", "other tissues where rapid diffusion is required", "capillaries", "alveoli", "glomeruli", "outer layer of skin", "other tissues where rapid diffusion is required", "capillaries", "alveoli", "glomeruli", "outer layer of skin", "other tissues where rapid diffusion is required." ]	{ "0": "Simple squamous epithelium - wikipedia Simple squamous epithelium Jump to : navigation , search Simple squamous epithelium Epithelium Schematic view of simple squamous epithelium Identifiers TH H2. 00.02. 0.02002 FMA 45565 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) This article is one of a series on Epithelia Squamous epithelial cell Simple Stratified Columnar epithelial cell Simple Stratified Pseudostratified Cuboidal epithelial cell Simple Stratified Specialised epithelia Olfactory Respiratory Intestinal Transitional Germinal female male Other Table of epithelia of human organs A simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of flat cells in contact with the basal lamina ( one of the two layers of the basement membrane ) of the epithelium . This type of epithelium is often permeable and occurs where small molecules need to pass quickly through membranes via filtration or diffusion . Simple squamous epithelia are found in capillaries , alveoli , glomeruli , outer layer of skin and other tissues where rapid diffusion is required . Cells are flat with flattened and oblong nucleus . It is also called pavement epithelium due to its tile - like appearance . This epithelium is associated with filtration and diffusion. This tissue is extremely thin , and forms a delicate lining . It offers very little protection .", "1": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jason Yazbek ( 2012 ) , Simple Squamous Epithelium , retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 Jump up ^ AAMC - 2015 MCAT Question Pack Explanations Epithelial tissue Cells Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Types Simple squamous epithelium Endothelium Mesothelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Respiratory epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Stratified cuboidal epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium Transitional epithelium Urothelium Glands Types Mechanism Merocrine Eccrine Apocrine Holocrine Sebaceous Meibomian Shape Tubular gland Alveolar gland Secretion Serous glands Mucous glands Components Myoepithelial cell Serous demilune Ducts : Interlobar Interlobular Intralobular Striated Intercalated Acinus / Lobe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simple_squamous_epithelium&oldid=794008414 '' Categories : Epithelial cells Talk About Wikipedia Български 日本語 සිංහල Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2017 , at 07 : 14 . 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3786291662182153375	when did the crucifix become the symbol of christianity	[ "4th century", "the 4th century", "in the 2nd century" ]	{ "0": "Christian cross - wikipedia Christian cross Jump to : navigation , search A Greek cross A Latin cross Latin cross from the 6th - century mosaic in the Basilica of Sant ' Apollinare in Classe , Ravenna The Christian cross , seen as a representation of the instrument of the crucifixion of Jesus , is the best - known symbol of Christianity . It is related to the crucifix ( a cross that includes a usually three - dimensional representation of Jesus ' body ) and to the more general family of cross symbols . The basic forms of the cross are the Latin cross ( ✝ ) and the Greek cross ( ✚ ) , with numerous variants used in text , visual art , heraldry , and in various confessional contexts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of use 1.1 Pre-Christian 1.2 Instrument of execution 1.3 Early Christian 2 In contemporary Christianity 3 Exclusion 4 Notable individual crosses 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History of use ( edit ) Pre-Christian ( edit ) Main article : Cross This section may stray from the topic of the article . Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( July 2016 ) The cross-shaped sign , represented in its simplest form by a crossing of two lines at right angles , greatly predates the introduction of Christianity , in both East and West . It goes back to a very remote period of human civilization . It is supposed to have been used not just for its ornamental value , but also with religious significance . It may have represented the apparatus used in kindling fire , and thus as the symbol of sacred fire or as a symbol of the sun , denoting its daily rotation . It has also been interpreted as the mystic representation of lightning or of the god of the tempest , or the emblem of the Aryan pantheon and the primitive Aryan civilization . Ankh Another associated symbol is the ansated cross ( ankh or crux ansata ) used in ancient Egypt . It was often depicted in the hands of the goddess Sekhmet , and as a hieroglyphic sign of life or of the living . Egyptian Christians ( Copts ) adopted it as the emblem of the cross .", "1": "In his book , The Worship of the Dead , Colonel J. Garnier wrote : `` The cross in the form of the ' Crux Ansata ' ... was carried in the hands of the Egyptian priests and Pontiff kings as the symbol of their authority as priests of the Sun god and was called ' the Sign of Life ' . '' Ndj & nfr Another Egyptian symbol is the Ndj ( Cross-ndj ( hieroglyph ) ) - Uses for the hieroglyph : 1 -- `` to protect , guard , avenge '' , and `` protector , advocate , avenger '' 2 -- `` homage to thee '' , ( a form of salutation to gods ) 3 -- `` discuss a matter with someone '' , `` to converse '' , `` to take counsel '' . Yet another Egyptian symbol is the nfr - meaning : beauty or perfect . In the Bronze Age a representation of the cross as conceived in Christian art appeared , and the form was popularised . The more precise characterization coincided with a corresponding general change in customs and beliefs . The cross then came into use in various forms on many objects : fibulas , cinctures , earthenware fragments , and on the bottom of drinking vessels . De Mortillet believed that such use of the sign was not merely ornamental , but rather a symbol of consecration , especially in the case of objects pertaining to burial . In the proto - Etruscan cemetery of Golasecca every tomb has a vase with a cross engraved on it . True crosses of more or less artistic design have been found in Tiryns , at Mycenæ , in Crete , and on a fibula from Vulci . According to W.E. Vine , the cross was used by worshipers of Tammuz , an Ancient Near East deity of Babylonian origin who had the cross-shaped taw ( tau ) as his symbol . Instrument of execution ( edit ) Further information : Instrument of Jesus ' crucifixion , crux simplex , and tau cross John Pearson , Bishop of Chester ( c.", "2": "1660 ) wrote in his commentary on the Apostles ' Creed that the Greek word stauros originally signified `` a straight standing Stake , Pale , or Palisador '' , but that , `` when other transverse or prominent parts were added in a perfect Cross , it retained still the Original Name '' , and he declared : `` The Form then of the Cross on which our Saviour suffered was not a simple , but a compounded , Figure , according to the Custom of the Romans , by whose Procurator he was condemned to die . In which there was not only a straight and erected piece of Wood fixed in the Earth , but also a transverse Beam fastned unto that towards the top thereof '' . In this he was in accord with the Early Christian descriptions of the execution cross . A cross in Kerala Early Christian ( edit ) See also : Early Christian descriptions and Early Christian symbols The Alexamenos graffito The Sinai icon of Christ Pantocrator ( 6th century ) , showing Christ with a cruciform halo and holding a book adorned with a crux gemmata During the first two centuries of Christianity , the cross was rare in Christian iconography , as it depicts a purposely painful and gruesome method of public execution and Christians were reluctant to use it . A symbol similar to the cross , the staurogram , was used to abbreviate the Greek word for cross in very early New Testament manuscripts such as P66 , P45 and P75 , almost like a nomen sacrum ( nomina sacra ) . The extensive adoption of the cross as Christian iconographic symbol arose from the 4th century .", "3": "However , the cross symbol was already associated with Christians in the 2nd century , as is indicated in the anti-Christian arguments cited in the Octavius of Minucius Felix , chapters IX and XXIX , written at the end of that century or the beginning of the next , and by the fact that by the early 3rd century the cross had become so closely associated with Christ that Clement of Alexandria , who died between 211 and 216 , could without fear of ambiguity use the phrase τὸ κυριακὸν σημεῖον ( the Lord 's sign ) to mean the cross , when he repeated the idea , current as early as the apocryphal Epistle of Barnabas , that the number 318 ( in Greek numerals , ΤΙΗ ) in Genesis 14 : 14 was interpreted as a foreshadowing ( a `` type '' ) of the cross ( T , an upright with crossbar , standing for 300 ) and of Jesus ( ΙΗ , the first two letter of his name ΙΗΣΟΥΣ , standing for 18 ) , and his contemporary Tertullian could designate the body of Christian believers as crucis religiosi , i.e. `` devotees of the Cross '' . In his book De Corona , written in 204 , Tertullian tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross . The crucifix , a cross upon which an image of Christ is present , is not known to have been used until the 6th century AD . The oldest extant depiction of the execution of Jesus in any medium seems to be the second - century or early third - century relief on a jasper gemstone meant for use as an amulet , which is now in the British Museum in London . It portrays a naked bearded man whose arms are tied at the wrists by short strips to the transom of a T - shaped cross . An inscription in Greek on the obverse contains an invocation of the redeeming crucified Christ . On the reverse a later inscription by a different hand combines magical formulae with Christian terms .", "4": "The catalogue of a 2007 exhibition says : `` The appearance of the Crucifixion on a gem of such an early date suggests that pictures of the subject ( now lost ) may have been widespread even in the late second or early third century , most likely in conventional Christian contexts '' . The Jewish Encyclopedia says : The cross as a Christian symbol or `` seal '' came into use at least as early as the second century ( see `` Apost . Const . '' iii. 17 ; Epistle of Barnabas , xi. - xii. ; Justin , `` Apologia , '' i . 55 - 60 ; `` Dial . cum Tryph . '' 85 - 97 ) ; and the marking of a cross upon the forehead and the chest was regarded as a talisman against the powers of demons ( Tertullian , `` De Corona , '' iii. ; Cyprian , `` Testimonies , '' xi. 21 -- 22 ; Lactantius , `` Divinæ Institutiones , '' iv. 27 , and elsewhere ) . Accordingly the Christian Fathers had to defend themselves , as early as the second century , against the charge of being worshipers of the cross , as may be learned from Tertullian , `` Apologia , '' xii. , xvii. , and Minucius Felix , `` Octavius , '' xxix . Christians used to swear by the power of the cross In contemporary Christianity ( edit ) Further information : Cross necklace A crucifix on the wall of a church Christian crosses at a joint service for the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity A man holding several Orthodox Catholic pectoral crosses Catholics , Orthodox Catholic , Oriental Orthodox , members of the major branches of Christianity with other adherents as Lutheranism and Anglicans , and others often make the Sign of the Cross upon themselves . This was already a common Christian practice in the time of Tertullian . The Feast of the Cross is an important Christian feast . One of the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodox Catholic is the Exaltation of the Cross on September 14 , which commemorates the consecration of the basilica on the site where the original cross of Jesus was reportedly discovered in 326 by Helena of Constantinople , mother of Constantine the Great .", "5": "The Catholic Church celebrates the feast on the same day and under the same name ( In Exaltatione Sanctae Crucis ) , though in English it has been called the feast of the Triumph of the Cross . Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox and Anglican bishops place a cross ( + ) before their name when signing a document . The dagger symbol ( † ) placed after the name of a dead person ( often with the date of death ) is sometimes taken to be a Christian cross . Exclusion ( edit ) Death on a pole , one of the many forms presented in Justus Lipsius 's De Cruce See also : Instrument of Jesus ' crucifixion Although Christians accepted that the cross was the gallows on which Jesus died , they had already begun in the 2nd century to use it as a Christian symbol . During the first three centuries of the Christian era the cross was `` a symbol of minor importance '' when compared to the prominence given to it later , but by the second century it was nonetheless so closely associated with Christians that Tertullian could designate the body of Christian believers as crucis religiosi , i.e. `` devotees of the Cross '' . and it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross . Martin Luther at the time of the Reformation retained the cross and crucifix in the Lutheran Church . Luther wrote : `` The cross alone is our theology . '' He believed one knows God not through works but through suffering , the cross , and faith . The crucifixion of Jesus as presented in Justus Lipsius 's De Cruce The Protestant Reformation spurred a revival of iconoclasm , a wave of rejecting sacred images , which in some localities ( such as England ) included polemics against using the cross in worship . For example , during the 16th century , a minority of theologians in the Anglican and Reformed traditions Nicholas Ridley , James Calfhill , and Theodore Beza , rejected practices that they described as cross worship . Considering it a form of idolatry , there was a dispute in 16th century England over the baptismal use of the sign of the cross and even the public use of crosses .", "6": "There were more active reactions to religious items that were thought as ' relics of Papacy ' , as happened for example in September 1641 , when Sir Robert Harley , pulled down and destroyed the cross at Wigmore . Writers during the 19th century indicating a pagan origin of the cross included Henry Dana Ward , Mourant Brock , and John Denham Parsons . David Williams , writing of medieval images of monsters , says : `` The disembodied phallus is also formed into a cross , which , before it became for Christianity the symbol of salvation , was a pagan symbol of fertility . '' The study , Gods , Heroes & Kings : The Battle for Mythic Britain states : `` Before the fourth century CE , the cross was not widely embraced as a sign of Christianity , symbolizing as it did the gallows of a criminal . '' Jehovah 's Witnesses do not use the symbol of the cross in their worship , which they believe constitutes idolatry . They believe that Jesus died on a single upright torture stake rather than a two - beam cross , arguing that the Greek term stauros indicated a single upright pole . Although early Watch Tower Society publications associated with the Bible Student movement taught that Christ was executed on a cross , it no longer appeared on Watch Tower Society publications after the name Jehovah 's witnesses was adopted in 1931 , and use of the cross was officially abandoned in 1936 . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints teaches that Jesus died on a cross , however , their prophet Gordon B. Hinckley stated that `` for us the cross is the symbol of the dying Christ , while our message is a declaration of the living Christ . '' When asked what was the symbol of his religion , Hinckley replied `` the lives of our people must become the only meaningful expression of our faith and , in fact , therefore , the symbol of our worship . '' Prophet Howard W. Hunter encouraged Latter - day Saints `` to look to the temple of the Lord as the great symbol of your membership . '' Images of LDS temples and the Angel Moroni ( who is found in statue on most temples ) are commonly used to symbolize the LDS faith .", "7": "Notable individual crosses ( edit ) A wooden cross at Coventry Cathedral , constructed of the remnants of beams found after the Coventry Blitz Cross of Sacrifice or War Cross , from a Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery Cross in Valle de los Caídos near Madrid , the highest cross in the world Kottakkavu Sliva , a Persian cross founded by Mar Sabor and Mar Proth , is preserved at Kottakkavu Mar Thoma Syro - Malabar Pilgrim Center , North Paravur , India . The Millennium Cross in Skopje , Republic of Macedonia , one of the biggest crosses in the world The Cross on the Hill , a 199 - foot ( 61 m ) cross located in Bossier City , Louisiana Tile cross from Rødtvet Church in Oslo , Norway , built in 1978 The Ruthwell Cross , a stone Anglo - Saxon cross located in Ruthwell , Dumfriesshire The World Trade Center Cross rises from the World Trade Center wreckage . Altar and cross in the Chapel at Callaway Gardens USVA headstone emblem 1 USVA headstone emblem 14 Holly Cross with which the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife was founded in Spain . See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crosses . Christian symbolism Christian cross variants Crosses in heraldry Cross burning Cross of All Nations Khachkar Market cross Memorial cross Mount Samat Roodmas Rood screen Ichthys Alpha and Omega Staurogram Chi Rho IH Monogram IX Monogram Scientology cross Rose Cross References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Christianity : an introduction by Alister E. McGrath 2006 ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0901 - 7 pages 321 - 323 ^ Jump up to : Marucchi , Orazio . `` Archeology of the Cross and Crucifix . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 4 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1908 Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Cf . `` Various objects , dating from periods long anterior to the Christian era , have been found , marked with crosses of different designs , in almost every part of the old world .", "8": "India , Syria , Persia and Egypt have all yielded numberless examples ... The use of the cross as a religious symbol in pre-Christian times and among non-Christian peoples may probably be regarded as almost universal , and in very many cases it was connected with some form of nature worship '' ( Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1946 ) , Vol. 6 , p. 753 . Jump up ^ John Garnier ( 1904 ) . The worship of the Dead . p. 226 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Vine 's Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words , `` Cross , Crucify '' . See , also , Abram Herbert Lewis , Paganism surviving in Christianity , G.P. Putnam 's sons , 1892 , pp 237 , 238 . Jump up ^ John Pearson , An Exposition of the Creed ( London 1715 , 5th edition ) , p. 203 Jump up ^ Hutado , Larry ( 2006 ) . `` The staurogram in early Christian manuscripts : the earliest visual reference to the crucified Jesus ? '' . In Kraus , Thomas . New Testament Manuscripts . Leiden : Brill . pp. 207 -- 26 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 14945 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stranger , James ( 2007 ) . `` Archeological evidence of Jewish believers ? '' . In Skarsaune , Oskar . Jewish Believers in Jesus The Early Centuries . City : Baker Academic . p. 715 . ISBN 9780801047688 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Octavius ' ' '' . Ccel.org. 2005 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Minucius Felix speaks of the cross of Jesus in its familiar form , likening it to objects with a crossbeam or to a man with arms outstretched in prayer ( Octavius of Minucius Felix , chapter XXIX ) . Jump up ^ `` Stromata , book VI , chapter XI '' . Earlychristianwritings.com. 2006 - 02 - 02 .", "9": "Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Apology. , chapter xvi . In this chapter and elsewhere in the same book , Tertullian clearly distinguishes between a cross and a stake . Jump up ^ `` At every forward step and movement , at every going in and out , when we put on our clothes and shoes , when we bathe , when we sit at table , when we light the lamps , on couch , on seat , in all the ordinary actions of daily life , we trace upon the forehead the sign '' ( De Corona , chapter 3 ) Jump up ^ Stott , John ( 2006 ) . The Cross of Christ ( 20th Anniversary ed . ) . Downers Grove : InterVarsity Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3320 - X . Jump up ^ The Magic Crucifixion Gem in the British Museum Jump up ^ Extract from The Earliest Christian Art ( Yale University Press , 2007 ) , pp. 227 - 232 Jump up ^ First depiction of Jesus on cross - the Bloodstone amulet Jump up ^ British Museum Collection online : magical gem / intaglio Jump up ^ `` Jewish Encyclopedia '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . , ( see Apocalypse of Mary , viii. , in James , `` Texts and Studies , '' iii. 118 ) . Jump up ^ De Corona , chapter 3 , written in 204 . Jump up ^ Keith Houston , Shady Characters ( W.W. Norton & Company 2013 ISBN 978 - 0 - 39306442 - 1 ) , pp. 97 and 106 Jump up ^ The perhaps 1st - century Epistle of Barnabas sees the letter T as indicating the cross of Christ ( Chapter 9 , 7 ) Jump up ^ The Jewish Encyclopedia states : `` The cross as a Christian symbol or ' seal ' came into use at least as early as the 2nd century ( see ' Apost . Const . ' iii. 17 ; Epistle of Barnabas , xi. - xii. ; Justin , ' Apologia , ' i . 55 - 60 ; ' Dial . cum Tryph . '", "10": "85 - 97 ) ; and the marking of a cross upon the forehead and the chest was regarded as a talisman against the powers of demons ( Tertullian , ' De Corona , ' iii. ; Cyprian , ' Testimonies , ' xi. 21 - 22 ; Lactantius , ' Divinæ Institutiones , ' iv. 27 , and elsewhere ) . Accordingly the Christian Fathers had to defend themselves , as early as the 2nd century , against the charge of being worshipers of the cross , as may be learned from Tertullian , ' Apologia , ' xii. , xvii. , and Minucius Felix , ' Octavius , ' xxix '' 9 ( Jewish Encyclopedia , article `` Cross '' ) . Jump up ^ Jan Willem Drijvers , Helena Augusta : The mother of Constantine the Great and the legend of her finding of the True Cross , Brill 1992 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , Apology. , chapter xvi . Jump up ^ `` At every forward step and movement , at every going in and out , when we put on our clothes and shoes , when we bathe , when we sit at table , when we light the lamps , on couch , on seat , in all the ordinary actions of daily life , we trace upon the forehead the sign '' ( Tertullian , De Corona , chapter 3 ) Jump up ^ Martin Luther : Catholic Critical Analysis and Praise Jump up ^ Nicholas Ridley , A Treatise on the Worship of Images , written before 1555 . Jump up ^ James Calfhill , An aunsvvere to the Treatise of the crosse ( An answer to John Martiall 's Treatise of the cross ) at 1565 . Jump up ^ Theodore Beza , in his Answer to the Colloquium of Montheliard at 1588 , according to Jaroslav Pelikan , The Christian Tradition : A History of the Development of Doctrine , Vol. 4 , University of Chicago Press 1985 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Peter Blickle , Macht und Ohnmacht der Bilder. : Reformatorischer Bildersturm im Kontext der europäischen Geschichte , Oldenbourg Verlag , 2002 , pp.", "11": "253 - 272 . Jump up ^ Religious Politics in Post-Reformation England : Essays in Honour of Nicholas Tyacke , Boydell & Brewer , 2006 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Henry Dana Ward , History of the cross , the pagan origin , and idolatrous adoption and worship of the image , at 1871 . Jump up ^ Mourant Brock , The cross , heathen and Christian : A fragmentary notice of its early pagan existence and subsequent Christian adoption , London 1879 . Jump up ^ John Denham Parsons , The non-Christian cross ; an enquiry into the origin and history of the symbol eventually adopted as that of our religion , at 1896 . Jump up ^ David Williams , Deformed Discourse : The function of the Monster in Mediaeval thought and literature , McGill - Queen 's Press 1999 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Christopher R. Fee & David Adams Leeming , Gods , Heroes & Kings : The battle for mythic Britain , Oxford University Press , 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ What Does the Bible Really Teach ? . Watch Tower Society . pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures , appendix 5C , page 1577 Jump up ^ Franz 2007 , p. 150 Jump up ^ Riches , by J.F. Rutherford , Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society , 1936 , page 27 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , Gordon B ( May 1975 ) . `` The Symbol of Christ '' . Ensign . Jump up ^ Hinckley , Gordon B ( April 2005 ) . `` The Symbol of Our Faith '' . Ensign . Jump up ^ Hunter , Howard W. ( November 1994 ) . `` Exceeding Great and Precious Promises '' . Ensign . Jump up ^ McKeever , Bill . `` Why No Crosses ? '' . Mormonism Research Ministry . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article Archæology of the Cross and Crucifix .", "12": "Wikisource has the text of the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article The Cross and Crucifix in Liturgy . The Christian Cross of Jesus Christ , Symbols of Christianity , and representations of it as objects of devotion MSN Encarta ( Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 ) , `` Cross '' Philip Schaff , History of the Christian Church , Ch . 6th , `` Christian Art : § 77 . The Cross and the Crucifix '' An Explanation of the Russian Orthodox Three - Bar Cross Variations of Crosses - Images and Meanings Christian cross variants In modern use Anchored / St. Clement 's Cross Anuradhapura cross Cross of the Archangels Archiepiscopal cross Armenian Cross Arrow / Barby Cross Bolnisi cross Cross bottony Branch cross Byzantine cross Calvary cross Canterbury cross Catherine wheel Caucasian Albanian Cross Celtic cross Cercelée Cross of St. Chad Coptic cross Cross crosslet Cross crosslet fitchy Crucifix Cruciform halo Double cross Cross of the Evangelists Cross fitchy Cross fleury Cross fleury fitchy St. Florian Cross Forked cross Cross fourchy Fylfot St. George 's Cross Globus cruciger Gnostic cross Grapevine / St. Nino 's Cross Greek cross Huguenot cross St. James / Santiago Cross Jerusalem / Crusaders ' cross Jerusalem cross ( variant ) Kingdom of Jerusalem cross Cross of St. John Latin / Roman cross Macedonian Cross Maltese cross Marian Cross Maronite Cross Cross moline Nordic Cross Cross of Novgorod Occitan cross Orthodox cross ( Bulgarian ) Orthodox cross ( Greek ) Orthodox cross ( Slavic ) Orthodox cross ( Serbian ) Papal cross Cross patonce St. Patrick 's Saltire Cross pattée Cross pattée fitchée Patriarchal cross Cross of St. Peter Cross of St. Philip Pommy cross Portate cross / Cross of St.", "13": "Gilbert Cross potent Ringed cross Cross quadrate Cross of Salem Saltire / St. Andrew 's Cross Serbian cross Tau / St. Anthony 's Cross St. Thomas Cross Syriac cross Historical Avellane cross Avis cross Brigid 's cross Carolingian cross Consecration crosses Coptic cross Cross and Crown Cuthbert 's pectoral cross Early Coptic cross Engrailed cross Cross erminée Gammadion Crux gemmata Saint Julian 's cross Lazarus ' cross Lorraine cross Cross of Neith Cross of Peñalba Pierced cross Pierced cross quarterly Knights Templar cross Teutonic Order cross Two - barred cross Victory Cross Voided cross By function Altar cross Blessing cross Conciliation cross Crosses in heraldry Nordic Pisan High cross Market cross Mercat cross Memorial cross Mission cross Monumental cross Pectoral cross Plague cross Processional cross Rood / Triumphal cross Summit cross Wayside cross Christograms , Chrismons Chi Rho Christogram IX monogram Labarum Signum manus Staurogram / Monogrammatic cross / Tau Rho See also Ankh Armenian eternity sign Balkenkreuz Irminsul Kolovrat Mjölnir Rose Cross Sauwastika Scientology cross Shamrock Shield of the Trinity Sunwheel swastika Sun cross Swastika Triskelion / Triskele Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "14": "php?title=Christian_cross&oldid=837348224 '' Categories : Christian crosses Christian symbols Cross symbols Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2013 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Македонски Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 粵語中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 08 : 05 . 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-8052136860650205450	who wrote the song rainy days and mondays	[ "Paul Williams", "Roger Nichols", "Roger Nichols and Paul Williams", "Roger Nichols", "Paul Williams", "Roger Nichols", "Paul Williams", "Roger Nichols", "Paul Williams" ]	{ "0": "Rainy Days and Mondays - Wikipedia Rainy Days and Mondays Jump to : navigation , search `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' Single by The Carpenters from the album Carpenters B - side `` Saturday '' Released May 21 , 1971 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1971 Genre Pop Length 3 : 36 Label A&M 1260 Songwriter ( s ) Paul Williams ; Roger Nichols Producer ( s ) Jack Daugherty The Carpenters singles chronology `` For All We Know '' ( 1971 ) `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' ( 1971 ) `` Superstar '' ( 1971 ) `` For All We Know '' ( 1971 ) `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' ( 1971 ) `` Superstar '' ( 1971 ) Carpenters track listing Side one `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' `` Saturday '' `` Let Me Be the One '' `` ( A Place to ) Hideaway '' `` For All We Know '' Side two `` Superstar '' `` Druscilla Penny '' `` One Love '' `` Bacharach / David Medley '' `` Sometimes '' `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' is a 1971 song by The Carpenters , with instrumental backing by L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew , that went to number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and it was the duo 's fourth number 1 song on the Adult Contemporary singles chart . However , the song failed to chart in the United Kingdom until it went to number 63 in a reissue there in 1993 . `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' was certified Gold by the RIAA . The song was composed in 1971 by the then fairly unknown composers Roger Nichols and Paul Williams . It was released as the first track on the album Carpenters , popularly known as the Tan Album , and the B - side on the single is `` Saturday '' , written and sung by Richard Carpenter .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Compilations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Personnel ( edit ) Karen Carpenter - lead and backing vocals Richard Carpenter - backing vocals , piano , Wurlitzer electric piano , orchestration Joe Osborn - bass Hal Blaine - drums Tommy Morgan - harmonica Bob Messenger - alto saxophone Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening US Cash Box Top 100 Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary New Zealand 19 Australia 35 Japan ( Oricon ) 71 Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position United Kingdom 63 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Australia 122 Canada 42 US Billboard Hot 100 37 US Easy Listening ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 33 Compilations ( edit ) Yesterday Once More From the Top Interpretations Love Songs The Essential Collection Carpenters : Gold 35th Anniversary Edition See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1971 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hartman , Kent ( 2012 ) . The Wrecking Crew . St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 261 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 03046 - 7 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 47 .", "2": "Jump up ^ http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.5347&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.5347.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.5347 Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7590&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1971 / Top 100 Songs of 1971 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Books.google.co.uk. 1971 - 12 - 25 . p. 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 .", "3": "External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) The Carpenters Karen Carpenter Richard Carpenter Albums Offering ( Ticket to Ride ) Close to You Carpenters A Song for You Now & Then Horizon A Kind of Hush Passage Made in America Voice of the Heart Lovelines As Time Goes By Live albums Live in Japan Live at the Palladium Compilation albums The Singles : 1969 -- 1973 The Singles : 1974 -- 1978 The Very Best of the Carpenters Yesterday Once More Only Yesterday From the Top Interpretations : A 25th Anniversary Celebration Love Songs Reflections The Singles : 1969 -- 1981 The Essential Collection : 1965 -- 1997 Carpenters Perform Carpenter Gold : 35th Anniversary Edition The Ultimate Collection 40 / 40 Other Christmas Portrait An Old - Fashioned Christmas Time ( Richard Carpenter ) Karen Carpenter ( album ) Pianist , Arranger , Composer , Conductor ( Richard Carpenter ) Singles `` Looking for Love '' `` Ticket to Ride '' `` ( They Long to Be ) Close to You '' `` We 've Only Just Begun '' `` Merry Christmas , Darling '' `` For All We Know '' `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' `` Superstar '' `` Bless the Beasts and Children '' `` Hurting Each Other '' `` It 's Going to Take Some Time '' `` Goodbye to Love '' `` Sing '' `` Yesterday Once More '' `` Top of the World '' `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' `` I Wo n't Last a Day Without You '' `` Please Mr.", "4": "Postman '' `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' `` Only Yesterday '' `` Solitaire '' `` There 's a Kind of Hush ( All Over the World ) '' `` I Need to Be in Love '' `` Goofus '' `` Breaking Up Is Hard to Do '' `` All You Get from Love Is a Love Song '' `` Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft '' `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) '' `` Sweet , Sweet Smile '' `` I Believe You '' `` Touch Me When We 're Dancing '' `` ( Want You ) Back in My Life Again '' `` Those Good Old Dreams '' `` Beechwood 4 - 5789 '' `` Make Believe It 's Your First Time '' `` Your Baby Does n't Love You Anymore '' `` Now '' `` Little Altar Boy '' `` Honolulu City Lights '' `` Something in Your Eyes '' `` If I Had You '' `` Let Me Be the One '' `` Tryin ' to Get the Feeling Again '' `` Ave Maria '' `` The Rainbow Connection '' TV series / specials Make Your Own Kind of Music Live at the BBC Very First TV Special Space Encounters A Christmas Portrait Music , Music , Music DVDs Gold : Greatest Hits Interpretations Close to You : Remembering the Carpenters Related articles Discography Songs John Bettis Joe Osborn Tony Peluso If I Were a Carpenter The Karen Carpenter Story Superstar : The Karen Carpenter Story Book This 1970s single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .", "5": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainy_Days_and_Mondays&oldid=819487864 '' Categories : 1971 singles Songs written by Paul Williams ( songwriter ) Songs written by Roger Nichols ( songwriter ) The Carpenters songs Andy Williams songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles A&M Records singles 1971 songs 1970s single stubs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 17 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6778756826280337917	why wasnt agent matthews in miss congeniality 2	[ "relocated to Miami", "relocated to Miami", "gets relocated to Miami" ]	{ "0": "Miss Congeniality 2 : Armed and Fabulous - wikipedia Miss Congeniality 2 : Armed and Fabulous Jump to : navigation , search Miss Congeniality 2 : Armed and Fabulous Theatrical release poster Directed by John Pasquin Produced by Sandra Bullock Marc Lawrence Written by Marc Lawrence Based on Characters by Marc Lawrence Katie Ford Caryn Lucas Starring Sandra Bullock Regina King Enrique Murciano William Shatner Ernie Hudson Heather Burns Diedrich Bader Treat Williams Music by John Van Tongeren Cinematography Peter Menzies Jr . Edited by Garth Craven Production company Castle Rock Entertainment Village Roadshow Pictures Fortis Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures ( US ) Roadshow Entertainment ( Australia & New Zealand ) Release date March 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 24 ) ( US ) Running time 115 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $60 million Box office $101,393,569 Miss Congeniality 2 : Armed and Fabulous ( also known as Miss Congeniality 2 ) is a 2005 American comedy film directed by John Pasquin , written and produced by Mark Lawrence , and starring Sandra Bullock , Regina King , Enrique Murciano , William Shatner , Ernie Hudson , Heather Burns , Diedrich Bader , and Treat Williams . It is the sequel to the 2000 film Miss Congeniality . Bullock , who also produced the film , commented during the film 's promotion on the type of story she wanted to tell : I want women to be able to do the same thing that men get to do in comedies and say , ' That 's a comedy . ' Why does it always have to be a romantic comedy ? Why does the girl have to end up with the guy ? Why ca n't it be a buddy film ? Miss Congeniality 2 : Armed and Fabulous was released by Warner Bros. Pictures on March 24 , 2005 and grossed $101 million worldwide . It was panned by most critics and received a 15 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Several weeks after the events of the first film , FBI agent Gracie Hart has become a celebrity after she infiltrated the beauty pageant on her last assignment . Her fame resulted in her cover being blown while she is trying to prevent a bank heist . To capitalize on her publicity , the FBI decide to make Gracie the new `` face '' of the FBI . Hurt after being dumped by her boyfriend , fellow Agent Eric Matthews ( who gets relocated to Miami ) , she agrees to the reassignment . When female FBI Agent Sam Fuller gets relocated to New York City from Chicago , Hart does n't take to her at all . Eventually , the FBI makes Fuller Hart 's bodyguard , much to Fuller 's disgust , since the dislike appears to be mutual . Ten months later she begins appearing on morning television shows , such as Live with Regis and Kelly , The Oprah Winfrey Show and the Food Channel , giving out fashion advice and promoting her book . However , when her friends , Miss United States Cheryl Fraser and Stan Fields are kidnapped in Las Vegas , Hart goes undercover to try to rescue them , accompanied by Fuller , following up her own lead after video footage of the abduction suggests that Fields was the target rather than Cheryl . This puts her at odds with the FBI , as they are unwilling to lose their mascot and are unsure if she 's still up to the task . The kidnappers move Cheryl and Stan to the ship at the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino which they plan to blow up . Soon afterwards , Hart , Fuller and Joel arrive at the Oasis Drag club where they end up singing Tina Turner songs and are told by a Dolly Parton contestant where Cheryl and Stan are being held . It is then up to Hart to save the day once more , but this time with the help of Agent Fuller .", "2": "Cast ( edit ) Sandra Bullock -- Gracie Hart Regina King -- Sam Fuller Enrique Murciano -- Jeff Foreman William Shatner -- Stan Fields Ernie Hudson -- Harry McDonald Heather Burns -- Cheryl Frasier ( Miss United States ) Diedrich Bader -- Joel Treat Williams -- Walter Collins John DiResta -- Agent Clonsky Abraham Benrubi -- Lou Steele Nick Offerman -- Karl Steele Eileen Brennan -- Carol Fields Stephen Tobolowsky -- Tom Abernathy Elisabeth Röhm -- Janet Leslie Grossman -- Pam Lusia Strus -- Janine Molly Gottlieb -- Priscilla Dolly Parton -- Herself Christopher Ford -- Jason Regis Philbin -- Himself Joy Philbin -- Herself Octavia Spencer -- Herself Ross Adam -- Brian Cosford Production ( edit ) Sandra Bullock and writer Marc Lawrence initially had no plans for a sequel . While working on Two Weeks Notice , Bullock and Lawrence joked about ideas for a Miss Congeniality sequel , some of which `` were n't that far - fetched '' according to Bullock . Las Vegas was featured in an early version of the first film , but was ultimately written out of the script . A five - week shoot in southern Nevada began on April 12 , 2004 . Approximately half of the film 's scenes were scheduled to be shot in Las Vegas . Major filming locations included the Treasure Island and Venetian resorts . Scenes shot at Treasure Island included its Sirens of TI pirate show , which had never been featured in a film before and was closed to the public for filming . Other filming locations included the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign and the Klondike Hotel and Casino . In May 2004 , filming took place at the Lloyd D. George Federal District Courthouse , which served as FBI headquarters within the film . Filming in Las Vegas concluded in mid-May 2004 , and moved to Los Angeles for six weeks of shooting , followed by a brief shoot in New York . Bullock also produced the film , and said , `` It does make for a schizophrenic experience . There are times when I 'd rather be performing . '' Reception ( edit ) The film grossed $101 million worldwide .", "3": "It was generally panned by critics , and has received a 15 % approval rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 145 reviews . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Miss Congeniality 2 : Armed and Fabulous ( 2005 ) - Financial Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Cling , Carol ( April 12 , 2004 ) . `` Shooting Stars : Production on Bullock 's ' Miss Congeniality 2 ' set to start '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Cling , Carol ( April 19 , 2004 ) . `` Shooting Stars : ' Congeniality ' continues work ; ' Crossfire , ' ' Tonight Show ' on way '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Cling , Carol ( April 26 , 2004 ) . `` Shooting Stars : NBC drama ' Las Vegas ' prepares to film exterior scenes '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Cling , Carol ( May 3 , 2004 ) . `` Shooting Stars : ' Miss Congeniality 2 ' prepares to film at Treasure Island '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Cling , Carol ( May 10 , 2004 ) . `` Shooting Stars : ' Miss Congeniality 2 ' set to exit as ' Tonight Show ' set to arrive '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Congeniality 2 : Armed and Fabulous ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 2005 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Congeniality 2 - Armed and Fabulous ( 2005 ) - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes .", "4": "Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 .", "5": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Miss Congeniality 2 : Armed & Fabulous Miss Congeniality 2 : Armed and Fabulous on IMDb Miss Congeniality 2 : Armed and Fabulous at Rotten Tomatoes Miss Congeniality 2 : Armed and Fabulous at Box Office Mojo Miss Congeniality 2 : Armed and Fabulous at AllMovie Miss Congeniality 2 : Armed and Fabulous at the TCM Movie Database ( hide ) Films directed by John Pasquin The Santa Clause ( 1994 ) Jungle 2 Jungle ( 1997 ) Joe Somebody ( 2001 ) Miss Congeniality 2 : Armed and Fabulous ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miss_Congeniality_2:_Armed_and_Fabulous&oldid=829495341 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films 2000s action comedy films 2000s buddy films 2000s sequel films American action comedy films American female buddy films American films American sequel films Buddy comedy films Castle Rock Entertainment films Films about abduction Films directed by John Pasquin Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films shot in New York ( state ) Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley Police comedy films Village Roadshow Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 00 : 02 .", "6": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-465252198487955246	who played nicky on the drew carey show	[ "Kate Walsh", "Kate Walsh", "Kate Walsh", "Kate Walsh" ]	{ "0": "The Drew Carey show - wikipedia The Drew Carey show Jump to : navigation , search The Drew Carey Show Genre Sitcom Created by Drew Carey Bruce Helford Starring Drew Carey Diedrich Bader Ryan Stiles Christa Miller Kathy Kinney Craig Ferguson John Carroll Lynch Cynthia Watros Opening theme `` Moon Over Parma '' ( 1995 -- 1996 , 2002 -- 2004 ) `` Five O'Clock World '' performed by The Vogues ( 1996 -- 1997 , 2002 -- 2004 ) `` Cleveland Rocks '' performed by The Presidents of the United States of America ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Composer ( s ) W.G. Snuffy Walden Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 233 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Helford ( entire run ) Drew Carey Deborah Oppenheimer ( both ; seasons 4 -- 9 ) Clay Graham ( seasons 4 -- 5 and 7 -- 9 ) Richard Day ( season 4 ) Bruce Rasmussen ( seasons 6 -- 9 ) Robert Borden ( early season 6 ) Holly Hester ( mid-late season 6 ) Les Firestein ( seasons 6 -- 9 ) Mike Teverbaugh ( seasons 7 -- 8 ) David A. Caplan Dan O'Keefe ( both ; seasons 8 -- 9 ) Camera setup Film ; Multi-camera ( Seasons 1 -- 8 ) , Single - camera ( Season 9 ) Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Mohawk Productions Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros.", "1": "Television Distribution Release Original network ABC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ; entire run ) 720p ( HDTV ; seasons 7 -- 9 ) Original release September 13 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 13 ) -- September 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 08 ) The Drew Carey Show is an American sitcom that aired on ABC from 1995 to 2004 , and was set in Cleveland , Ohio , and revolved around the retail office and home life of `` everyman '' Drew Carey , a fictionalized version of the actor . The show was created by Carey , who had both stand - up comedy and writing experience , and Bruce Helford , who was once a writer for Roseanne . It was the first television show to have an episode simulcast on the Internet . Produced by Mohawk Productions in association with Warner Bros. Television , it debuted on September 13 , 1995 , and ranked among the Top 30 programs for four seasons before sliding in popularity . Ratings declined sharply during the final two seasons , and the last two episodes aired on September 8 , 2004 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Synopsis 2.1 Season 1 ( 1995 -- 1996 ) 2.2 Seasons 2 -- 7 ( 1996 -- 2002 ) 2.3 Seasons 8 -- 9 ( 2002 -- 2004 ) 2.4 Post-series 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main characters 3.2 Recurring characters 3.3 Regular guest stars 3.4 Guest stars 3.5 Special appearances 4 Episodes 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Viva Las Vegas 5 Syndication 6 Merchandise 7 DVD releases 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Drew Carey is a fictionalized version of himself , a self - proclaimed `` everyman '' . Drew Carey ( the actor ) has been quoted as saying his character is what the actor would have been if he had not become an actor . He has a `` gang '' of friends who embark with him on his everyday trials and tribulations .", "2": "Drew 's friends include erudite but unambitious Lewis ( Ryan Stiles ) , excitable dimwitted Oswald ( Diedrich Bader ) and his friend ( later on - off girlfriend ) Kate ( Christa Miller ) . In the final two seasons , Kate gets married and moves to Guam , in the same two - part episode that introduces and develops Drew 's relationship with Kellie ( Cynthia Watros ) , which carries on over the final two seasons . For its first seven seasons , Drew 's workplace is the office of fictional Cleveland department store Winfred - Louder , where he has worked for years and still works as Assistant Director of Personnel . One of his coworkers is Mimi Bobeck ( Kathy Kinney ) , a large woman with a clownish wardrobe , a lot of make - up ( including her trademark bright blue eye shadow ) , and a foul mutual dislike for Drew . The two eventually become closer ( although still maintaining a less heated rivalry ) , primarily because Mimi fell in love with and married Drew 's cross-dressing heterosexual brother Steve ( John Carroll Lynch ) , a frequently recurring character . In the first season they work for the unseen Mr. Bell ( Kevin Pollak ) , only seen in the season one finale , to which he is greeted with applause ; in later seasons , their boss and sometimes - co-worker is Nigel Wick ( Craig Ferguson ) , an eccentric , sadistic and unlucky Englishman . In the final two seasons , they work for peaceful , hippie - like Evan ( Kyle Howard ) and the much more professional Scott ( Jonathan Mangum ) , tech - smart but naïve twenty - somethings who own the Neverending Store , an online retailer with offices in the same location . In addition to his day job , Drew , along with Oswald , Lewis , and Kate ( replaced from around Season 5 onwards by Mimi ) , runs a small business out of his garage , selling Buzz Beer , a caffeinated alcoholic drink . It becomes popular in the region and is sold at the group 's hangout , The Warsaw Tavern . Synopsis ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1995 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) The first season 's opening credits consisted of a caricature of Carey -- consisting of his face and a yellow tie -- singing the Robert McGuire - penned `` Moon Over Parma '' .", "3": "The song was trimmed for the opening sequence , and the reference to Eastlake in the line `` Guide her to Eastlake underneath your silvery light '' was changed to a reference to Cleveland to stay in theme with the show . In the first season , Drew and Mimi worked under Mr. Bell , who existed only as a voice on Drew 's speakerphone , excluding the season finale ( his final episode ) wherein he is fired by Winfred - Louder 's new owners . Other characters that appeared exclusively in this period were Drew 's hillbilly neighbor Jules and his family . Drew 's first girlfriend Lisa was introduced in this season , as was Jay , Kate 's love interest who used to attend the same high school as Drew and his friends . Both characters lasted until Season 2 , where they were quickly written out of the show in the early episodes . Nine of the episode titles were related to chemistry in some way , with names such as `` The Joining of Two Unlike Elements Is a Mixture '' and `` Isomers Have Distinct Characteristics '' . However , this theme was abandoned by the end of the season . Seasons 2 -- 7 ( 1996 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) `` Moon Over Parma '' was phased out during the second season by `` Five O'Clock World '' sung by The Vogues . This season introduced openings that paid homage to music videos which included the cast dancing and singing around the various sets of the show . In the third season , yet another change was made to `` Cleveland Rocks '' , a cover of an Ian Hunter song performed by The Presidents of the United States of America . This change lasted until the second `` wave '' of the show ended , with the finale of Season 7 . The man who took over Mr. Bell 's job after his firing was Nigel Wick , who served as a foil for both Drew and Mimi in the workplace . During this period , Drew and Mr. Wick also periodically took the top management job away from each other . This would usually result in Drew ending up back at his old job as Assistant Director of Personnel and Mr. Wick would miraculously retain his job as manager . By the end of Season 7 , they were both Co-Managers before Winfred - Louder was closed down ( albeit after undergoing drastic changes to stay in business ) .", "4": "Kate and Oswald became closer and eventually became romantically involved and almost married during the third season , but Kate stood Oswald up at the altar . Kate and Drew also became romantically involved and were on the verge of getting married , but they called it off when they realized they did n't feel the same about the prospect of children . Drew 's cross-dressing brother Steve was introduced during this period . He eventually fell in love with Mimi and they had a child together , Gus ( whose name was decided by means of a contest ) . Drew also got married a number of times during this portion of the show . His first marriage was to Diane , a cocktail waitress in Las Vegas . This was only temporary however , as she needed Drew to retain custody of her children . His second marriage was to Mr. Wick , who forced Drew to marry him in a sham same - sex civil union in Vermont ( the only place it was legal at the time ) in hopes that the marriage would placate the Immigration and Naturalization Service . At the beginning of Season 7 , Drew married both Nikki and Kate ( the former had been a recurring character for some time since Season 3 , and suffered from weight problems ) . They found out about this and all three of these marriages ended in divorce , and Drew became known as the `` Impotent Bisexual Bigamist '' . Nikki eventually returned , and the actress , Kate Walsh , donned a fat suit again and moved in with Drew . During this period the show also had frequent `` event '' episodes . Recurring themes were `` What 's Wrong With This Episode ? '' , in which the show contained numerous deliberate continuity errors and other mistakes and invited viewers at home to find the most errors and win a prize , and live episodes , with loose plots and improvised scenes featuring cast members from Carey 's improvisational comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( Brad Sherwood , Wayne Brady , Colin Mochrie , Greg Proops , Chip Esten , Kathy Greenwood , Jeff Davis , Laura Hall , and Linda Taylor ) contributed to these episodes , with Brad Sherwood hosting . Seasons 8 -- 9 ( 2002 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Beginning in season 8 , the show rotated through 9 different opening sequences , each of which contained a new version of one of the show 's three theme songs .", "5": "Each theme ( `` Moon Over Parma '' , `` Five O'Clock World '' and `` Cleveland Rocks '' ) was seen in three different segments , in new , wildly different arrangements . The show eventually went back to having just five main characters , akin to the first season , as Kate , Mr. Wick , and Steve were eventually written out of the show . Kate 's character was married off , Mr. Wick disappeared after three appearances until the Season 8 finale , wherein it is revealed he became a weatherman ( although he continued to appear in the opening credits , unlike Kate , who was eliminated completely , and never mentioned again . ) Steve left at the beginning of the ninth season to `` find himself '' . With Winfred - Louder closed , the location became the office of online retailer Neverending Store . Drew , Mimi , and Mr. Wick were hired as employees of the new company . Mimi was hired first in a similar role to her old job , and Drew was eventually hired as `` Internal Expediting Analyst '' , and a recurring gag began wherein Drew had no clue as to what his job entailed . Before being written out , Mr. Wick was at first a janitor , and another recurring joke came in the form of Mr. Wick attempting to climb the ladder back to being the boss . Before being written out , he went from janitor to the carrier of the dessert trolley . Kate left after the first two episodes of season 8 , the same two episodes that introduced Kellie , an old high school friend of Drew 's who had been working as a stripper . She eventually became a waitress at The Warsaw Tavern , Drew 's girlfriend , and the carrier of his child . The plot of the final episode was Drew and Kellie attempting to get married before their child is born . Mr. Wick also returned and stayed on for the series finale . The show began featuring cameos from reality - TV participants in the final two seasons , such as former Road Rules star Timmy Beggy , The Real World alumna Cara Khan , and The Amazing Race winner Reichen Lehmkuhl . Tony the Bus Driver ( Bill Cobbs ) became a regular , serving as smart - alecky `` bartender '' type to whom Drew could tell his problems .", "6": "The eighth season was put in a timeslot that frequently clashed with Monday Night Football . It was pulled mid-season and the remaining episodes were shown during the summer of 2003 . The ninth season did not air until the summer of 2004 , with most of the episodes out of order . The last season 's tone changed radically from the previous seasons . The directors began experimenting with one - camera set - ups , showing the sets completely built , with four walls in most rooms , and with rooms actually linked together . The writers also began experimenting , including story lines in which Gus burns down Mimi 's house , forcing her to move in with Drew after Steve leaves her . Post-series ( edit ) On March 24 , 2009 , Kathy Kinney appeared in character as Mimi at the beginning of The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson . Kinney appeared twice on The Price Is Right as Mimi Bobeck on April Fools ' Day . Drew Carey has been the host of the show since 2007 . Carey would later revive the `` What 's Wrong with This Episode ? '' format for later April Fool 's Day episodes of The Price Is Right . At the end of the final episode of The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson on December 19 , 2014 , Ferguson woke up , revealing that the entire show was a dream of Mr. Wick 's . Drew Carey reprised his role ( the two were in bed together , as in the final episode of Newhart ) and was surprised that , in Wick 's dream , he had somehow lost weight and become a game show host . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Drew Carey Show characters Main characters ( edit ) Actor Character Role Years Seasons Episodes Drew Carey Drew Allison Carey Assistant Director of Personnel 1995 -- 2004 1 -- 9 233 Diedrich Bader Oswald Lee Harvey Delivery Man / Trainee Nurse 1995 -- 2004 1 -- 9 233 Kathy Kinney Mimi Bobeck P.A. / Floor Manager 1995 -- 2004 1 -- 9 232 Ryan Stiles Lewis Kiniski Janitor at DrugCo .", "7": "1995 -- 2004 1 -- 9 224 Christa Miller Kate O'Brien Cosmetic Saleswoman / Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 1995 -- 2002 1 -- 7 ( Starring ) , 8 ( Starring , 2 Episodes ) 184 Craig Ferguson Nigel Algernon Wick Drew 's boss 1996 -- 2003 , 2004 2 -- 8 ( Starring ) , 9 ( 2 Episodes ) 170 John Carroll Lynch Steve Carey Cosmetics Salesman / Stay - At - Home Husband 1998 -- 2004 3 -- 5 ( Recurring ) , 6 -- 8 ( Starring ) , 9 ( Guest ) 73 Cynthia Watros Kellie Newmark Waitress 2002 -- 2004 8 -- 9 52 Recurring characters ( edit ) Actor Character Role Years Seasons Episodes Ian Gomez Larry Almada Worked at Winfred - Louder / Matchmaker 1995 -- 1999 , 2002 -- 2004 1 -- 4 , 8 -- 9 38 Jane Morris Nora Co-worker at Winfred - Louder 1995 -- 2002 , 2004 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 5 , 7 , 9 14 Nan Martin Mrs. Louder Owner of Winfred - Louder 1995 -- 2000 1 -- 5 25 Kelly Perine Chuck Security Guard 1995 -- 2000 1 -- 2 , 4 - 5 17 Robert Torti Jay Clemens Kate ' boyfriend / High - School friend 1995 -- 1997 , 1999 -- 2001 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 15 Kate Walsh Nikki Fifer Drew 's girlfriend 1997 -- 1999 , 2001 -- 2003 3 -- 4 ,", "8": "7 -- 8 21 Jenica Bergere Sharon Bridges Handywoman / Drew 's girlfriend 1997 -- 2000 3 -- 5 11 Katy Selverstone Lisa Robbins Drew 's girlfriend 1995 -- 1997 1 -- 2 16 Bill Cobbs Tony Bus driver 2002 -- 2004 8 -- 9 9 Jonathan Mangum Scott Drew 's boss 2002 -- 2004 8 -- 9 18 Kyle Howard Evan Drew 's boss 2002 -- 2004 8 -- 9 14 Kaitlin Olson Traylor Works at Neverendingstore.com 2002 -- 2004 8 -- 9 14 Speedy Speedy The Dog Lisa / Drew 's Dog 1996 -- 2003 2 -- 8 41 Tim O'Rourke Tim Bartender at The Warsaw Tavern 1995 -- 2004 1 -- 9 11 Regular guest stars ( edit ) Beulah Carey ( Marion Ross ) -- Drew 's mother George Carey ( Stanley Anderson ) -- Drew 's father Kim Harvey ( Adrienne Barbeau ) -- Oswald 's mother Mother Bobeck ( Tammy Faye Bakker ) -- Mimi 's mother Gigi Bobeck ( Lynn Wanlass ) -- Mimi 's sister King Augustus Antonio Carey ( Dakota and Ryan Williams ) -- Drew 's nephew , Steve and Mimi 's son Misty Kiniski ( June Lockhart ) -- Lewis 's mother Guest stars ( edit ) Nikki Cox as Drew 's cousin Kirsten Carey , who briefly dates Mr. Wick in `` Drew 's Cousin '' .", "9": "Shirley Jones as Drew 's lady friend Celia ( Season 4 , 3 episodes ) Caroline Rhea as Drew 's date , Bonnie , ( Season 2 , 2 episodes ) Pauley Perrette as Drew 's girlfriend , Darcy ( Season 4 , 4 episodes ) Dan Castellaneta as Sal , the King of Poland in `` Two Drews and the Queen of Poland Walk into A Bar '' ( all of his scenes were cut from reruns after complaints from the Polish community ) Hal Linden as Mr. Van Zandt in the episode `` Brotherhood of Man '' ( Season 5 ) Mark Curry as Robert Soulard John Ratzenberger as himself in Drew Live III Eddie Money as himself , the former husband of Mimi Bobeck Penn & Teller as Fenn and Geller in `` Drew Meets Lawyers '' ( season 1 , episode 6 ) and `` See Drew Run '' ( season 2 , episode 17 ) David Cross as Earl in `` Drew and the Unstable Element '' ( season 1 , ep. 13 ) and `` Two Drews & the Queen of Poland Walk into a Bar '' ( season 2 , ep. 20 ) . Tim Allen as himself in `` The Front '' ( season 1 , episode 17 ) Norm Macdonald as Simon Tate in `` The Bully You Know '' ( season 2 , episode 4 ) Henry Rollins as E-Bay Ass Kicking Guy and Amy Farrington as Bonnie in `` Hickory Dickory ... Double Date '' ( season 8 , episode 5 ) Richard Chamberlain as Mr. Wick 's mother , Maggie in `` Curse of the Mummy '' ( season 7 , episode 14 ) and `` Look Mom , One Hand ! '' ( season 7 , episode 25 ) Gregory Jbara as Ron in `` Drew and the Conspiracy '' ( season 4 , episode 1 ) and `` Golden Boy '' ( season 4 , episode 3 ) . Charles Nelson Reilly as Mr.", "10": "Hathaway , Lewis 's boss , in `` The Salon '' ( season 3 ) and `` DrugCo '' ( season 4 ) Joe Walsh as Ed , a guitarist ( in several episodes ) French Stewart as Buddy in `` Drew 's Best Friend '' ( season 9 , episode 10 ) Colin Mochrie as Eugene in `` She 's Gotta Have It '' , `` Drew Live '' , and `` Drew Live II '' Brad Sherwood as himself / host of `` Drew Live '' and `` Drew Live II '' Wayne Brady as himself in `` Drew Live '' and `` Drew Live II '' Greg Proops , Chip Esten and Kathy Greenwood as themselves in `` Drew Live II '' Chris Palmer , head coach for the Cleveland Browns Susan Saint James ( Christa Miller 's real life aunt ) as Kate 's mother in `` Drew and Kate and Kate 's mother '' . Jamie Lee Curtis as Sioux in `` Playing a Unified Field '' . Steve Buscemi as Mimi 's lawyer in `` Mr. Louder 's Birthday Party '' . Micky Dolenz as Mr. Metcalf in `` Drew and the King '' ( season 7 , episode 13 ) Tom Poston as Oswald 's father Beata Pozniak as Raisa in `` What Women Do n't Want '' . Julia Duffy as Lindsey Mercer , Lord Mercer 's ex-wife who temporarily takes control of Winfred - Louder in `` Rich Woman , Poor Man '' ( season 7 , ep. 23 ) Nicholas Turturro as the New York detective in `` New York and Queens '' ( season 2 , episode 24 ) . Mike McShane as Ray in `` Drew 's Inheritance '' ( Season 6 , Episode 3 ) Phyllis Diller as Mimi 's grandmother Megyn Price as Waitress at Warsaw Tavern in `` Drew and Mr.", "11": "Bell 's Nephew '' ( Season 1 , Episode 14 ) and `` Miss Right '' ( Season 1 , Episode 2 ) Dave Winfield as himself in `` Science Names Suck '' ( Season 1 , Episode 10 ) Jenny McCarthy as various roles in `` Drew Carey 's Back - to - School Rock ' n ' Roll Comedy Hour '' ( Season 7 , Episodes 1 and 2 ) Special appearances ( edit ) Donald Trump and Carol Channing as themselves in `` New York and Queens '' ( Season 2 , Episode 24 ) . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic as himself in `` Drew Between the Rock and a Hard Place '' ( Season 4 ) Joe Alaskey as Daffy Duck ( Applies at Drew 's work place for a job in scene before opening title ) in `` My Best Friend 's Wedding '' . Rush Limbaugh as himself in `` The Salon '' ( Season 3 ) Triple H as The Disciplinarian , Pro Wrestler Sponsor for Buzz Beer The Reverend Horton Heat as The Underprivileged in `` That Thing You Do n't '' ( Season 3 , Episode 10 ) Slash , Rick Nielsen , Dusty Hill , Matthew Sweet , Joey Ramone , Lisa Loeb , Dave Mustaine , Roy Clark , Johnny Lang , and Michael Stanley as themselves and Joe Walsh as Ed in `` In Ramada Da Vida '' ( Season 4 , Episode 2 ) Ben Stein as St. Peter Lemmy Kilmister and his band Motörhead as themselves in `` Drew Gets Out of the Nut House '' in Season 7 , playing a loud song with altered lyrics from Mimi to apologize for putting Drew in a mental institution . The James Gang as themselves at the end of Season 4 , Episode 4 The Go - Go 's as themselves in `` The Pregnancy Scare '' ( season 6 , episode 6 ) Debbie Lee Carrington as Mini Mimi in Season 5 , Episode 1 Kristen Wiig as a realtor in Season 9 Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Drew Carey Show episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Production line Season premiere Season finale 22 September 13 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 13 ) May 8 ,", "12": "1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 08 ) 4570xx 24 September 18 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 18 ) May 14 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 14 ) 4659xx 28 September 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 17 ) May 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 20 ) 4662xx 27 September 23 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 23 ) May 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 26 ) 4675xx 5 26 September 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 22 ) May 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 17 ) 2254xx 6 27 October 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 04 ) May 23 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 23 ) 2263xx 7 27 September 26 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 26 ) May 22 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 22 ) 2273xx 8 26 September 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 09 ) August 27 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 27 ) 2279xx 9 26 June 2 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 02 ) September 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 08 ) 1785xx Ratings ( edit ) The show finished its first season ( 1995 -- 1996 ) barely in the Top 50 , placing 48th in the Nielsen ratings , with an average rating of 10.1 . The second season did considerably better , making it into the Top 20 finishing its second season ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 18th in the Nielsen ratings with an average rating of 11.5 .", "13": "Viewership increased 13.9 % from season one . The show finished its third season ( 1997 -- 1998 ) at a higher place in the ratings , placing 16th with an average rating of 11.1 during the season ; however , the ratings share was a drop of 3.5 % from the second season . During its fourth season ( 1998 -- 1999 ) , the series finished the season in the Nielsen ratings higher in the Top 20 making it to 14th place but with an average rating of 9.9 , a decrease of 10.8 % from the third season . The show finished its fifth season ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 24th in the Nielsen ratings , the first time since season one that the show was not in the Top 20 , with an average rating of 9.5 , a decrease of 4 % from the fourth season . This was a smaller drop than many other series experienced , given the erosion of network audiences . This was also a smaller drop than the previous season . The show 's sixth season ( 2000 -- 2001 ) finished 41st with an average rating of 8.23 , a decrease of 13.4 percent from the fifth season . ABC signed a new contract to keep the show on through a ninth season , even though the show had yet to enter its seventh season ( 2001 -- 2002 ) at that time . The season saw one of the show 's biggest drops in ratings , finishing 57th with an average rating of 5.9 , a significant drop of 28.3 % from the sixth season . The show finished its eighth season ( 2002 -- 2003 ) season 119th with an average rating of 3.29 , a drop of 44.23 percent from the seventh season . This caused ABC to put the series on hiatus , airing the rest of the season in the summer of 2003 . Unable to get out of the contract , ABC was forced to allow the show to film a ninth season , paying three million dollars per episode . Not doing well enough to receive a time slot on ABC 's fall schedule in 2003 , the show had its ninth and final season burned off during the summer of 2004 .", "14": "The series finale was viewed by a little over 5 million viewers . Season Years Rank Rating Season 1 1995 -- 1996 # 48 10.1 Season 2 1996 -- 1997 # 18 11.5 Season 3 1997 -- 1998 # 13 16.7 Season 4 1998 -- 1999 # 13 14.9 Season 5 1999 -- 2000 # 24 9.5 Season 6 2000 -- 2001 # 33 12.7 Season 7 2001 -- 2002 # 67 9.1 Season 8 2002 -- 2003 # 121 5.2 Season 9 # 150 3.1 Viva Las Vegas ( edit ) See also : Grace Under Fire § Viva Las Vegas , Coach ( TV series ) § Viva Las Vegas , and Ellen ( TV series ) § Viva Las Vegas The episode `` Drew Gets Married '' is part of a crossover with Grace Under Fire , Coach and Ellen set in Las Vegas . It features Brett Butler as Grace Kelly , Jerry Van Dyke as Luther Van Damme , Joely Fisher as Paige Clark and Jeremy Piven as Spence Kovak . Syndication ( edit ) The Drew Carey Show entered off - network syndication in September 1999 and continued until September 2007 , for example , Philadelphia 's The WB station WPHL - TV reran the show weeknights 7 : 30pm EST and 11 : 30pm EST , Chicago 's WB station WGN - TV at 6 : 30pm & 10 : 30pm CST , Cleveland 's local FOX station ( Drew 's hometown ) weeknights 7pm EST & 11pm EST both after local news on WJW - TV and New York City & Washington , D.C. 's UPN stations WWOR - TV and WDCA - TV reran the show weeknights 11 : 30pm EST .", "15": "During the early - to - mid 2000s ( decade ) , The Drew Carey Show was also seen on cable 's TBS . ION Television aired reruns of the show from 2007 to 2009 , premiering on New Year 's Eve 2007 , with the station promoting it as `` The Drew Year . '' ION Television did not air all of the episodes as it only aired the episodes that aired from seasons 1 -- 5 ; the channel also removed references to the male genitalia from certain episodes , the season 5 episode `` Do Drew and Kate Have Sex ? '' being one in particular . The CW Television Network also aired episodes during the 2008 -- 09 television season . Two back - to - back episodes were aired on Sundays at 6 : 00pm to replace the cancelled Sunday Night Block by Media Rights Capital . The show ran in syndication on Canada 's `` TVtropolis '' until June 2013 , when the channel was rebranded as `` DTour '' . LAFF began carrying the show as part of its inaugural lineup when it launched in April 2015 . Merchandise ( edit ) During the height of the show 's popularity , Barbie-esque dolls of Drew and Mimi were released , with accessories and are currently in rare supply and considered collector 's items . Matchbox also released Drew 's car , a Volkswagen Beetle with flames on the sides which Drew owned from the third season until the eighth . The soundtrack album Cleveland Rocks ! Music from The Drew Carey Show was released in May 1998 . DVD releases ( edit ) DVD release cover On February 28 , 2006 , a six - episode release of the sitcom was released on DVD titled `` The Drew Carey Show : TV Favorites '' . Initially , the DVD was exclusively sold at Best Buy , but later sold at other national retailers as well . The DVD features the episodes `` Pilot '' , `` Playing the Unified Field '' , `` We 'll Remember Always , Evaluation Day '' , `` Drew Blows His Promotion '' , `` My Best Friend 's Wedding '' and `` DrugCo . '' However , this DVD has since gone out of print . On April 24 , 2007 , Warner Home Video released the complete first season of The Drew Carey Show on DVD in Region 1 .", "16": "The WB has released a statement in which it said that the reason as to why the second season , and any of the later seasons have yet to be released as of 2016 is because of copyright issues regarding music used on the show . For the same reason , it is unlikely ever to stream on online services . The first season was released in Australia ( Region 4 ) on September 10 , 2008 . Small distribution company Madman Entertainment , usually known for releasing anime and manga , has picked up the rights to the series . DVD Name Ep # Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Special Features The Complete First Season 22 April 24 , 2007 N / A September 10 , 2008 1 - 900 - MIMI ( a phone sex spoof featuring Mimi ) Life Inside a Cubicle Featurette The Drew Carey Show : TV Favorites 6 February 28 , 2006 N / A N / A `` Pilot '' ( Season 1 , Episode 1 ) `` Playing the Unified Field '' ( Season 1 , Episode 18 ) `` We 'll Remember Always , Evaluation Day '' ( Season 2 , Episode 1 ) `` Drew Blows His Promotion '' ( Season 2 , Episode 15 ) `` My Best Friend 's Wedding '' ( Season 3 , Episode 28 ) `` DrugCo '' ( Season 4 , Episode 20 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Siano , Joseph ( October 25 , 1998 ) . `` SIGNOFF ; Now Roasting ( and Toasting ) Drew Carey '' . NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` The Capital Times '' . Sonic Foundry 's finest hour . Retrieved March 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Drew Carey Show - The Complete First Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Price is Right - Kathy Kinney Guest Appearance . YouTube . March 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy . `` Late Late Show : Craig Ferguson Says Goodbye With Incredible Twist Ending '' . Yahoo ! News .", "17": "Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Complete TV Ratings 1995 - 1996 '' . chez.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Complete TV Ratings 1996 - 1997 '' . chez.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final ratings for the 1998 - 1999 TV season '' . geocities.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NIELSEN RATINGS FOR 1999 - 2000 '' . SFGate . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Bitter End '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com - How did your favorite show rate ? '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rank And File '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Hunter Track On Drew Carey Soundtrack '' . MTV.com. April 27 , 1998 . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Welcome Back Kotter , ' ' The Drew Carey Show ' and ' Night Court ' available on DVD from Warner Home Video '' . Warner Bros. December 14 , 2005 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carey , Drew . `` I am Drew Carey , AMAA : Reddit '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 .", "18": "External links ( edit ) The Drew Carey Show on IMDb The Drew Carey Show at TV.com The Drew Carey Show ABC homepage Season 1 DVD information ( hide ) The Drew Carey Show Created by : Drew Carey & Bruce Helford Episodes `` Pilot '' `` New York and Queens '' `` The Dog and Pony Show '' `` In Ramada Da Vida '' `` The High Road to China '' `` Drew Live '' `` Drew Cam '' `` Drew Live II '' `` Drew 's in a Coma '' `` Drew Carey 's Back - to - School Rock ' n ' Roll Comedy Hour '' Related articles Characters Cleveland Rocks ! Music from The Drew Carey Show Mohawk Productions Warner Bros. Television Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Drew_Carey_Show&oldid=837169283 '' Categories : 1995 American television series debuts 2004 American television series endings 1990s American sitcoms 2000s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows Single - camera television sitcoms Television series by Mohawk Productions English - language television programs Cultural depictions of people Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television shows set in Cleveland Television shows set in Ohio Television series created by Bruce Helford Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 04 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3526073400166880544	who designed the traffic circle in long beach ca	[ "German engineer Werner Ruchti", "German engineer Werner Ruchti", "Werner Ruchti", "German engineer Werner Ruchti" ]	{ "0": "Los Alamitos Circle - wikipedia Los Alamitos Circle Jump to : navigation , search Los Alamitos Circle Map showing location of the Long Beach Traffic Circle in State of California , Southern California , and including nearby roads and interconnect with the Pacific Coast Highway . Location Long Beach , California Coordinates 33 ° 47 ′ 24 '' N 118 ° 08 ′ 33 '' W / 33.79 ° N 118.1425 ° W / 33.79 ; - 118.1425 Coordinates : 33 ° 47 ′ 24 '' N 118 ° 08 ′ 33 '' W / 33.79 ° N 118.1425 ° W / 33.79 ; - 118.1425 Roads at junction SR 1 SR 19 Los Coyotes Diagonal Construction Type Roundabout The Los Alamitos Traffic Circle , informally known as the Long Beach Traffic Circle ( or just the Traffic Circle , as there are no other high volume traffic circles in Southern California ) , is a roundabout at the intersection of Lakewood Boulevard ( State Route 19 ) , Pacific Coast Highway ( State Route 1 / former U.S. Route 101 Alternate ) and Los Coyotes Diagonal in Long Beach , California . The intersection was originally constructed as a traffic circle in 1930 and reconstructed as a modern roundabout in 1993 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Reclassification 1.2 Present day 2 See also 3 References History ( edit ) In 1930 , German engineer Werner Ruchti was contracted to design the traffic circle , which was to be based on European models . Construction was expedited in order to accommodate the increased vehicle traffic that was expected with the 1932 Summer Olympics , held in Los Angeles , as many of the aquatic and rowing events were to be held in Long Beach . The Los Alamitos Traffic Circle was one of the first of its kind to be constructed in the United States , and prior to their truncation , was also an end point of US 6 ( which connects Provincetown , Massachusetts some 3,227 miles ( 5,193 km ) to the east ) and US 91 .", "1": "Reclassification ( edit ) In 1993 , the circle was converted from an old - style traffic circle to a modern roundabout by the California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) . This was the first such conversion in the United States . Yield signs replaced Stop signs , giving drivers inside the circle the right of way , which increased traffic flow efficiency . PCH ( the main thoroughfare ) was given an additional entry lane at both north and south bound routes . Also added were widened feeder lanes , and dedicated lanes for traffic traveling only 90 of the 360 degrees of the circle - the equivalent of a right turn at a traditional American traffic light . After the conversion , both the total auto accident and the injury rate significantly dropped , making the circle one of the safest statistically in the nation . The aforementioned modifications ran a cost of $350,000 . The Los Alamitos Traffic Circle was very similar to the 1932 Garces Memorial Circle located in Bakersfield , though the Bakersfield circle has not undergone modernization to roundabout standards . Present day ( edit ) Today the circle handles over 60,000 vehicles a day , mostly commuters from Orange County in the south heading to jobs in the South Bay area of Los Angeles County . The roadway is now owned by the State of California but managed by the City of Long Beach in cooperation with the California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) . The city provides landscaping and traffic code enforcement , while the state provides road maintenance . In addition to the main traffic circle , there is also an Outer Traffic Circle that is concentric with the main roundabout . The artery Atherton Street ends at the Outer Traffic Circle and does not continue toward the main roundabout See also ( edit ) California Roads portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grobaty , Tim ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` The Traffic Circle 's roundabout history '' . Press - Telegram . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California Highways , Routes 89 through 96 '' . www.cahighways.org . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` What a brilliant , lousy idea looks like '' . www.latimes.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 .", "2": "Jump up ^ `` Tim Grobaty : The Traffic Circle 's roundabout history '' . www.presstelegram.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . `` Drivers experience fewer crashes at L.B. Traffic Circle , '' Ruth Estrada , Online Forty - Niner ( California State University , Long Beach newspaper ) . `` Converting Old Traffic Circles to Modern Roundabouts : Michigan State University Case Study , '' Timothy J. Gates , E.I.T. and Robert E. Maki , D.P.A. , P.E. , Michigan State University , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering . `` The Grand Army of the Republic ( Memorial ) Highway , '' Article 1 , 3 / 03 , US Route 6 Tourist Association , http://www.route6tour.com/history.htm . `` Ourston Roundabout Engineering - Los Alamitos Circle , '' https://web.archive.org/web/20120310123537/http://www.ourston.com/company/projects/los-alamitos.html ( hide ) Streets in Los Angeles and the metropolitan area Numbered streets 1 -- 10 1st 3rd 11 -- 40 41 -- 250 Avenues North -- south streets Alameda Alvarado Atlantic Blvd. / Atlantic Ave . Avalon Blvd . Aviation Blvd . Beverly Dr . Broadway Cahuenga Blvd . Central Ave . Crenshaw Blvd . Doheny Dr . Fairfax Ave . Figueroa Garfield Ave . Glendale Blvd. / Brand Blvd . Gower Grand Avenue Highland Ave . Hill Hoover La Brea Ave. / Hawthorne Blvd . La Cienega Blvd . Laurel Canyon Blvd. / Crescent Heights Blvd . Lincoln Blvd . Los Angeles Main Normandie Ave . Ocean Ave . Robertson Blvd . Rosemead Blvd. / Lakewood Blvd . San Fernando Rd . San Pedro Sawtelle Blvd . Sepulveda Blvd . Sierra Hwy . Soto Pacific Blvd. / Long Beach Blvd . Union Ave . Vermont Ave . Vine Van Ness Ave Western Ave . Westwood Blvd .", "3": "Wilcox Avenue East -- west streets Adams Blvd . Alondra Blvd . Arrow Hwy . Artesia Blvd . Bandini Blvd . Beverly Blvd . Carroll Ave . Carson Century Blvd . Compton Blvd. / Marine Ave . Del Amo Blvd . El Segundo Blvd . Florence Ave . Franklin Ave . Garvey Ave . Hollywood Blvd . Imperial Hwy . Jefferson Blvd . Lomita Blvd . Los Feliz Blvd . Manchester Ave. / Firestone Blvd . Manhattan Beach Blvd . Martin Luther King Jr . Boulevard Melrose Ave . Montana Ave . Mulholland Dr . Nadeau Olympic Blvd . Pico Blvd . Rosecrans Ave . Santa Monica Blvd . Slauson Ave . Sunset Blvd. / Cesar Chavez Ave . Temple Valley Blvd . Vernon Ave . Venice Blvd . Washington Blvd . Whittier Blvd . Wilshire Blvd . The Valleys Arrow Hwy . Balboa Blvd . Beverly Glen Blvd . Cahuenga Blvd . Coldwater Canyon Ave . Colorado Blvd . Foothill Blvd . Glenoaks Blvd . Lankershim Blvd . Laurel Canyon Blvd . Mulholland Dr . Reseda Blvd . Riverside Dr . San Fernando Rd . Sepulveda Blvd . Sierra Hwy . Sunland Blvd. / Vineland Ave . Topanga Canyon Blvd . Valley Blvd . Van Nuys Blvd . Ventura Blvd . Victory Blvd . Intersections and traffic circles Hollywood and Vine Los Alamitos Circle Diagonal streets Centinela Ave. / Bundy Dr . San Vicente Blvd . California Incline Streets in San Pedro Gaffey Western Ave . Alleyways Olvera Santee Alley In popular culture 77 Sunset Strip `` All I Wanna Do '' `` Blue Jay Way '' `` Dead Man 's Curve '' `` Down Rodeo '' `` I Love L.A. ''", "4": "Mulholland Drive `` Pico and Sepulveda '' `` LA Devotee '' Sunset Boulevard ( film , musical ) All un-suffixed roads are streets unless otherwise noted . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Alamitos_Circle&oldid=818916875 '' Categories : Transportation in Long Beach , California Roundabouts and traffic circles in the United States Streets in Los Angeles County , California California State Route 1 U.S. Route 6 U.S. Route 91 U.S. Route 101 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 10 : 21 . 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2235427730835430905	the first vice president of india who become the president letter was	[ "Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" ]	{ "0": "List of Vice-Presidents of India - wikipedia List of Vice-Presidents of India Jump to : navigation , search The Vice-President of India is the second highest constitutional office in the Indian Government after the President . In accordance with Article 65 of the Indian Constitution , the Vice-President discharges the functions of the President when a contingency arises due to the resignation , removal , death or the inability of the President to discharge his functions . He is also the ex officio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Parliament of India . The Vice President is elected by an electoral college consisting of all the elected members of both houses of the Parliament in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote via a secret ballot conducted by the Election Commission of India . Once elected the Vice President continues in office for a five - year term , but can continue in office irrespective of the expiry of the term , until a successor assumes office . The Vice President can be removed by a resolution passed by an effective majority in the Rajya Sabha . There have been 13 vice-president , since the inception of the post in 1950 . The first Vice-president of India took oath at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 13 May 1952 On 11 August 2017 Venkaiah Naidu was sworn in as the 15th Vice-President of India , thus becoming the 13th person to hold the office . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 See also 3 Footnotes and References 4 External links List ( edit ) The complete list of Vice-Presidents of India includes the persons sworn into the office as Vice-President of India , following the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950 . Some of whom later became presidents .", "1": "Vice-Presidents of India ( by state of birth ) Colour key Vice President was an Independent candidate Vice President was an candidate of Indian National Congress ( INC ) Vice President was an candidate of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) Vice President was an candidate of the Janata Dal ( JD ) No Name ( birth -- death ) Portrait Elected ( % votes ) Took office Left office Term ( in years ) Notes President ( s ) Candidate of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( 1888 -- 1975 ) 1952 ( Unopposed ) 1957 ( Unopposed ) 13 May 1952 12 May 1962 10 Radhakrishnan was a prominent scholar . Besides being awarded the Bharat Ratna he also held the position of vice-chancellor in the Banaras Hindu University and the Andhra college . He served as the Vice-President for two terms . Rajendra Prasad Independent Zakir Husain ( 1897 -- 1969 ) -- 1962 ( 97.59 ) 13 May 1962 12 May 1967 5 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Independent Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1894 -- 1980 ) -- 1967 ( 71.45 ) 13 May 1967 3 May 1969 Zakir Husain Independent Gopal Swarup Pathak ( 1896 -- 1982 ) -- 1969 -- 31 August 1969 30 August 1974 5 Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1974 ) Independent 5 Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1912 -- 2002 ) -- ( 78.", "2": "70 ) 31 August 1974 30 August 1979 5 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Indian National Congress 6 Mohammad Hidayatullah ( 1905 -- 1992 ) -- 1979 ( Unopposed ) 31 August 1979 30 August 1984 5 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Giani Zail Singh ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Independent 7 Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 1910 -- 2009 ) 1984 ( 71.05 ) 31 August 1984 24 July 1987 Giani Zail Singh Indian National Congress 8 Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 1918 -- 1999 ) ( Unopposed ) 3 September 1987 24 July 1992 5 Ramaswamy Venkataraman Indian National Congress 9 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1920 -- 2005 ) 1992 ( 99.86 ) 21 August 1992 24 July 1997 5 Shankar Dayal Sharma Indian National Congress 10 Krishan Kant ( 1927 -- 2002 ) -- 1997 ( 61.76 ) 21 August 1997 27 July 2002 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 2002 ) Janata Dal 11 Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ( 1923 -- 2010 ) 2002 ( 59.82 ) 19 August 2002 21 July 2007 5 A.P.J.", "3": "Abdul Kalam Bharatiya Janata Party 12 Mohammad Hamid Ansari ( 1937 -- ) 2007 ( 60.51 ) 2012 ( 67.31 ) 11 August 2007 11 August 2017 10 Pratibha Patil ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Pranab Mukherjee ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Ram Nath Kovind ( 2017 ) Indian National Congress 13 Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu ( 1949 -- ) 2017 ( 67.89 ) 11 August 2017 Incumbent -- Ram Nath Kovind Bharatiya Janata Party Notes † Died in office See also ( edit ) Vice-President of India President of India List of Presidents of India List of Prime Ministers of India Footnotes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VPI & Constitution Vice President of India Government of India '' . vicepresidentofindia.nic.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Media Division , Election Commission of India . `` Background information of Vice Presidential election for 2012 '' ( PDF ) . eci.nic.in . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President '' . The Hindu . PTI. 2017 - 08 - 11 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ List of Presidents / Vice Presidents Archived 2008 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine .", "4": "External links ( edit ) Vice-President of India ( official website ) ( hide ) Vice-presidential elections in India 1952 1957 1962 1967 1969 1979 1984 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vice-Presidents_of_India&oldid=837478210 '' Categories : Lists of vice presidents Vice-Presidents of India Lists of political office - holders in India Lists relating to the Indian presidency Lists of legislative speakers in India Vice presidents Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی संस्कृतम् தமிழ் اردو 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 02 : 43 . 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-54130238553389967	what type of tale is the pardoner's tale	[ "an extended exemplum", "a moral tale", "an extended exemplum", "an extended exemplum", "a moral tale" ]	{ "0": "The Pardoner 's tale - wikipedia The Pardoner 's tale Jump to : navigation , search For the 2002 television episode , see The Pardoner 's Tale ( Law & Order : Criminal Intent episode ) . The Pardoner , as depicted by William Blake in The Canterbury Pilgrims ( 1810 ) The Pardoner 's Tale is one of The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer . In the order of the Tales , it comes after The Physician 's Tale and before The Shipman 's Tale ; it is prompted by the Host 's desire to hear something positive after that depressing tale . The Pardoner initiates his Prologue -- briefly accounting his methods of conning people -- and then proceeds to tell a moral tale . The tale itself is an extended exemplum . Setting out to kill Death , three young men encounter an Old Man who says they will find him under a nearby tree . When they arrive they discover a hoard of treasure and decide to stay with it until nightfall and carry it away under cover of darkness . Out of greed , they murder each other . The tale and prologue are primarily concerned with what the Pardoner says is his `` theme '' : Radix malorum est cupiditas ( `` Greed is the root of ( all ) evils '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Frame 2 Synopsis 2.1 Prologue 2.2 Tale 3 Sources and composition 4 Analysis 5 Character of the teller 6 General themes 7 Adaptations 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Frame ( edit ) In the order of The Canterbury Tales , the Pardoner 's Prologue and Tale are preceded by The Physician 's Tale . The Physician 's Tale is a harrowing tale about a judge who plots with a `` churl ( low fellow ) '' to abduct a beautiful young woman ; rather than allow her to be raped , her father beheads her .", "1": "The invitation for the Pardoner to tell a tale comes after the Host declares his dissatisfaction with the depressing tale , and declares : ... but ( unless ) I have triacle ( medicine ) , Or elles a draughte of morste ( fresh ) and corny ( strong ) ale , Or but I heere anon a myrie tale , Myn herte is lost for pitee of this mayde . ( lines 314 -- 17 ) The Host then asks the Pardoner to `` telle us som mrythe or japes ( joke , jest ) right anon '' . However , the pilgrims -- aware of pardoners ' notoriety for telling lewd tales and in anticipation of hearing something objectionable -- voice their desire for no ribaldry , but instead want a moral tale . Synopsis ( edit ) Prologue ( edit ) The prologue takes the form of a literary confession in the same manner as The Wife of Bath 's Prologue . However , rather than an apology for his vices , the Pardoner boasts of his duping of his victims , for whom he has nothing but contempt . He says that his `` theme '' -- biblical text for a sermon -- is Radix malorum est cupiditas ( `` Greed is the root of ( all ) evils '' 1 Timothy 6.10 ) . He explains that his false credentials consist of official letters from high - ranking church officials and a superficial use of a few Latin words ; then he will produce some `` relics '' , and claim that among them is a bone which has miraculous powers when dipped into a well and a mitten for which : He that his hand wol putte in this mitayn , He shal have multipliyng of his greyn , ( lines 373 -- 374 ) But he will warn that any person that `` hath doon synne horrible '' will not be able to benefit from these relics . The Pardoner says to the pilgrims that by these tricks he has acquired a considerable sum of money . He goes on to relate how he stands like a clergy at the pulpit , and preaches against avarice but to gain the congregation 's money ; he does n't care for the correction of sin or for their souls .", "2": "Against anyone that offends either him or other pardoners , he will `` stynge hym with my tonge smerte '' . Although he is guilty of avarice himself , he reiterates that his theme is always Radix malorum ... and that he can nonetheless preach so that others turn away from the vice and repent -- though his `` principal entente '' is for personal gain . The Pardoner explains that he then offers many anecdotes to the `` lewed ( ignorant , unlearned ) people '' . He scorns the thought of living in poverty while he preaches ; he desires `` moneie , wolle ( wool ) , chese , and whete '' and does n't care whether it were from the poorest widow in the village , even should her children starve for famine . Yet , he concludes to the pilgrims , though he may be a `` ful vicious man '' , he can tell a moral tale and proceeds . Tale ( edit ) The tale is set in Flanders at an indeterminate time , and opens with three young men drinking , gambling and blaspheming in a tavern . The Pardoner condemns each of these `` tavern sins '' in turn -- gluttony , drinking , gambling , and swearing -- with support from the Christian scriptures , before proceeding with the tale . The rioters hear a bell signalling a burial ; their friend has been killed by a `` privee theef '' known as Death , who has also killed a thousand others . The men set out to avenge them and kill Death . An old man they brusquely query tells them that he has asked Death to take him but has failed . He then says they can find death at the foot of an oak tree . When the men arrive at the tree , they find a large amount of gold coins and forget about their quest to kill Death . They decide to sleep at the oak tree over night , so they can take the coins in the morning . The three men draw straws to see who among them should fetch wine and food while the other two wait under the tree . The youngest of the three men draws the shortest straw and departs ; while he is away , the remaining two plot to overpower and stab him upon his return . However , the one who leaves for town plots to kill the other two : he purchases rat poison and laces the wine .", "3": "When he returns with the food and drink , the other two kill him and then consume the poisoned wine , dying slow and painful deaths . Sources and composition ( edit ) The prologue -- taking the form of a literary confession -- was most probably modelled on that of `` Faus Semblaunt '' in the medieval French poem Roman de la Rose . The tale of the three rioters is a version of a folk tale with a `` remarkably wide range '' and has numerous analogues : ancient Buddhist , Persian , and African . Analysis ( edit ) The relationship between tellers and tale is distinctly significant in `` The Pardoner 's Tale . '' The Pardoner is an enigmatic character , portrayed as grotesque in the General Prologue . He is seemingly aware of his sin -- it is not clear why he tells the pilgrims about his sin in the prologue before his tale commences . His preaching is correct and the results of his methods , despite their corruption , are good . Chaucer describes him as a `` draughte of corny strong ale , '' which arguably suggests that the character candidly speaks thanks in part to intoxication . The Pardoner 's confession is similar in that there is a revelation of details buried within the prologue by `` The Wife of Bath Tale . '' The Wife of Bath gives away details about herself in the prologue to her particular tale . Chaucer describes The Pardoner as an excellent speaker in his portrait of the character in the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales , which inherently reflects the quality of the narrative attributed to him . The old man who appears before the rioters has been the subject of considerable debate . Many persons and scholars reference him as `` death in person , '' `` the Wandering Jew , '' `` Old Age itself , '' and `` Death 's messenger . `` ( 14 ) W.J.B. Owen refutes these views as he points out that `` He is seeking Death ; and that Death or his agent should find death is contrary to all the logic of allegory . '' Owen argues that a character is merely an old man and not a symbol of mortality. ( 14 ) The Old Man in The Pardoner 's Tale is oftentimes written off as one who does not provide any sort of substance to the play .", "4": "However , critic , Alfred David , refutes such claims and asserts the possibility that the Old Man in `` The Pardoner 's Tale '' is meant to symbolise more than unambiguous death , `` the old man 's identity does not admit a simple , unambiguous , and definitive answer such as Death or Death 's Messenger '' . David goes on to assert that the Old Man may actually symbolise the `` Wandering Jew '' as defined to be a symbol of death that will supposedly roam the Earth until the Second Coming of Jesus Christ . One may compare this notion to the symbol and character of the Old Man in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge . `` The Pardoner 's Tale '' finds itself widely debated among those in the literary world . The question of Chaucer 's motivation in writing the tale , as well as potential social comments made within it , have been the subject of controversy concerning The Canterbury Tales . Gregory W. Gross , as dictated in Modern Language Studies , concludes that The Pardoner finds himself publicly shamed by the Host 's reprimand at the end of the tale . There is an `` undertone '' of exclusion at this point in the work that , perhaps , leads to the question of the sexuality of The Pardoner and the social boundaries at hand . To reaffirm his claim , Gross points out the ridicule and `` laughter '' on behalf of the other pilgrims . Perhaps Chaucer is looking upon the Pardoner with a `` compassionate eye , '' as the Host offers a kiss at the end of the tale . According to Gross , this could simply be the poet 's way of easing the tension in the room , thus a sign of `` compassion '' towards the embarrassment of the Pardoner on behalf of the poet . Ultimately , it is plausible that Chaucer makes a societal statement long before his time that serves as a literary teaching moment in modern time as one further examines The Canterbury Tales . In further analysis , psychological patterns of the character of the Pardoner is frequently analysed by readers and critics alike . In 1961 , critic Eric W. Stockton defined the psychology - based research of the character , `` The psychology of the Pardoner has perhaps gotten in the way of the task of interpreting the stories ' meaning . This is indeed an age of psychology . ''", "5": "As Stockton states , the character has largely been overanalysed , especially amidst mid-century advances in psychoanaylsis in the 1960s and 1970s . Character of the teller ( edit ) The religious climate at the time that Chaucer wrote this piece was pre-Reformation . Therefore , the Sacraments were still largely considered , as explained by St. Augustine , `` outward and visible signs of an inward and invisible grace . '' The suggestion that outward appearances are reliable indicators of internal character was not considered radical or improper among contemporary audiences . Indeed , the vivid depiction of the Pardoner 's hair , those locks `` yellow as wax But smoothe as a strike ( hank ) of flex ( flax ) , '' does little to improve the reader 's opinion of his moral character . Chaucer develops his description and analysis of the Pardoner throughout the Pardoner 's Tale using suggestive analogies that provide the reader with the perception of a man of extreme sexual and spiritual poverty , willingly admitting that he abuses his authority and sells fake relics . The Pardoner 's tale matches the unctuous nature of the Pardoner in many ways . Eugene Vance illustrates one parallel effectively fostered by Chaucer 's sexual innuendoes . He writes : `` The kneeling posture to which the Pardoner summons the pilgrims would place their noses right before his deficient crotch . '' In addition , Vance expands upon this comparison , identifying a sexual innuendo implicit in the Pardoner 's many relics . `` The pardoner conspires to set himself up as a moveable shrine endowed with relics unsurpassed by those of anyone else in England . '' Yet , of course , the relics are all fakes , creating a suggestion of both the Pardoner 's impotence and his spiritual ill - worth . General themes ( edit ) Though the Pardoner preaches against greed , the irony of the character is based in the Pardoner 's hypocritical actions . He admits extortion of the poor , pocketing of indulgences , and failure to abide by teachings against jealousy and avarice . He also admits quite openly that he tricks the most guilty sinners into buying his spurious relics and does not really care what happens to the souls of those he has swindled .", "6": "The Pardoner is also deceptive in how he carries out his job . Instead of selling genuine relics , the bones he carries belong to pigs , not departed saints . The cross he carries appears to be studded with precious stones that are , in fact , bits of common metal . This irony could be an indication to Chaucer 's dislike for religious profit -- a pervasive late medieval theme hinging on anti-clericalism . Chaucer 's use of subtle literary techniques , such as satire , seem to convey this message . However , the Pardoner might also be seen as a reinforcement of the Apostolic Authority of the priesthood , which , according to the Catholic Church , functions fully even when the one possessing that authority is in a state of mortal sin , which in this case is supported by how the corrupt Pardoner is able to tell a morally intact tale and turn others from his same sin . Thomas Aquinas , an influential theologian of the late medieval period , had a philosophy concerning how God was able to work through evil people and deeds to accomplish good ends . Chaucer may have also been referencing a doctrine of St. Augustine of Hippo concerning the Donatist heresy of fourth and fifth century Northern Africa in which Augustine argued that a priest 's ability to perform valid sacraments was not invalidated by his own sin . Thus , it is possible that with the Pardoner , Chaucer was criticising the administrative and economic practices of the Church while simultaneously affirming his support for its religious authority and dogma . In the General Prologue of the Tales , the Pardoner is introduced with these lines : With hym ther rood a gentil Pardoner Of Rouncivale , his freend and his compeer , That streight was comen fro the court of Rome . Ful loude he soong `` Com hider , love , to me ! '' This Somonour bar to hym a stif burdoun ... A voys he hadde as smal as hath a goot . No berd hadde he , ne nevere sholde have ; As smothe it was as it were late shave . I trowe he were a geldyng or a mare .", "7": "The last three lines indicate that the narrator thought the Pardoner to be either a eunuch ( `` geldyng '' ) or a homosexual . Adaptations ( edit ) The Road to Canterbury : A Game of Pilgrims , Pardoners and the Seven Deadly Sins is a board game in which players play as the Pardoner from The Canterbury Tales . The 1927 novel The Treasure of the Sierra Madre is a novelisation of this tale , which was later made into the 1948 film of the same name . Rudyard Kipling in `` The King 's Ankus '' , a story in The Second Jungle Book . The Tale of the Three Brothers , a story featured in the Harry Potter universe , is partially based on The Pardoner 's Tale . Hunting Death A version in modern verse See also ( edit ) English words first attested in Chaucer Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Benson 2008 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Benson 2008 , pp. 208 , 1260 . Jump up ^ Murphy n.d. , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Benson 2008 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Murphy n.d. , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Murphy n.d. , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Murphy n.d. , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Benson 2008 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Benson 2008 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Benson 2008 , p. 905 . ^ Jump up to : Hamel & Merrill 1991 . Jump up ^ Furnivall et al . Jump up ^ Hamer 1969 . Jump up ^ David 40 Jump up ^ Stockton 118 ^ Jump up to : Vance 1989 . Jump up ^ Eagle Games n.d. Jump up ^ Murphy n.d. , p. 6 . References ( edit ) Benson , Larry D. , ed. ( 2008 ) . The Riverside Chaucer ( Third ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 955209 - 2 .", "8": "`` The Road to Canterbury '' . Eagle Games . Archived from the original on 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . Furnivall , Frederick James ; Brock , Edmund ; Clouston , W.A. ( eds . ) . Originals and Analogues of some of Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales . London : N. Trübner . Gross , Gregory W. `` Trade Secrets : Chaucer , the Pardoner , the Critics '' . Modern Language Studies . 25 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 36 . doi : 10.2307 / 3195486 . Hamel , Mary ; Merrill , Charles ( 1991 ) . `` The Analogues of the ' Pardoner 's Tale ' and a New African Version '' . The Chaucer Review . Penn State University Press . 26 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 83 . doi : 10.2307 / 25094193 . ISSN 1528 - 4204 . JSTOR 25094193 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Hamer , Douglas ( 1969 ) . `` ' The Pardoner 's Tale ' : A West - African Analogue '' . Notes and Queries . Oxford University Press . 16 ( 9 ) : 335 -- 6 . doi : 10.1093 / nq / 16.9. 335 . ISSN 0029 - 3970 . Hatcher , Elizabeth R. ( 1975 ) . `` Life without Death : The Old Man in Chaucer 's ' Pardoner 's Tale ' '' . The Chaucer Review . 9 ( 3 ) : 246 -- 52 . doi : 10.2307 / 25093311 . ISSN 1528 - 4204 . JSTOR 25093311 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Murphy , Michael . `` The Pardoner , his Prologue , and his Tale '' ( PDF ) . The Canterbury Tales : A Reader - friendly Edition of the General Prologue and sixteen tales . Brooklyn College .", "9": "Vance , Eugene ( 1989 ) . `` Chaucer 's Pardoner : Relics , Discourse , and Frames of Propriety '' . New Literary History . Johns Hopkins University Press . 20 ( 3 ) : 335 -- 6 . doi : 10.2307 / 469364 . ISSN 1080 - 661X . JSTOR 469364 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Stockton , Eric W . `` The Deadliest Sin in the Pardoner 's Tale '' . Tennessee Studies in Literature. 17 : 116 -- 124 . Hamilton , Marie P. ( 1939 ) . `` Death and the ' Old Man ' in The Pardoner 's Tale '' . Studies in Philology. 36 ( 4 ) : 571 -- 576 . David , Alfred . `` Criticism and the Old Man in Chaucer 's The Pardoner 's Tale '' . College English . 27 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 373708 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Canterbury Tales / The Pardoner 's Prologue and Tale Modern Translation of the Pardoner 's Tale and Other Resources at eChaucer The Pardoner 's Prologue and Tale e-text for reading , searching , and study -- texts.crossref-it.info `` The Pardoner 's Tale '' -- a plain - English retelling for non-scholars .", "10": "Geoffrey Chaucer Works The Canterbury Tales General Prologue The Knight 's Tale The Miller 's Tale The Reeve 's Tale The Cook 's Tale The Man of Law 's Tale The Wife of Bath 's Tale The Friar 's Tale The Summoner 's Tale The Clerk 's Tale The Merchant 's Tale The Squire 's Tale The Franklin 's Tale The Physician 's Tale The Pardoner 's Tale The Shipman 's Tale The Prioress 's Tale Sir Thopas The Tale of Melibee The Monk 's Tale The Nun 's Priest 's Tale The Second Nun 's Tale The Canon 's Yeoman 's Tale The Manciple 's Tale The Parson 's Tale Chaucer 's Retraction Other works The Romaunt of the Rose The Book of the Duchess The House of Fame Anelida and Arcite The Parliament of Fowls Boece Troilus and Criseyde The Legend of Good Women A Treatise on the Astrolabe Spurious The Cuckoo and the Nightingale The Complaint of the Black Knight The Floure and the Leafe Pierce the Ploughman 's Crede Jack Upland Tales The Tale of Gamelyn Prologue and Tale of Beryn The Plowman 's Tale The Pilgrim 's Tale Language and Texts Rhyme royal Heroic couplet English words first attested in Chaucer MSS Tradition Order of The Canterbury Tales Hengwrt Chaucer Ellesmere Chaucer Harley MS .", "11": "7334 Adam Pinkhurst Scribe D Related Chaucer 's influence on fifteenth - century Scottish literature Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer Philippa Roet ( wife ) Katherine Swynford ( wife 's sister ) Thomas Chaucer ( son ) Alice de la Pole ( granddaughter ) Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales Order of The Canterbury Tales General Prologue The Knight 's Tale The Miller 's Tale The Reeve 's Tale The Cook 's Tale The Man of Law 's Tale The Wife of Bath 's Tale The Friar 's Tale The Summoner 's Tale The Clerk 's Tale The Merchant 's Tale The Squire 's Tale The Franklin 's Tale The Physician 's Tale The Pardoner 's Tale The Shipman 's Tale The Prioress 's Tale Sir Thopas The Tale of Melibee The Monk 's Tale The Nun 's Priest 's Tale The Second Nun 's Tale The Canon 's Yeoman 's Tale The Manciple 's Tale The Parson 's Tale Addenda The Plowman 's Tale The Tale of Gamelyn Siege of Thebes Prologue and Tale of Beryn Films The Canterbury Tales ( 1972 ) Stage The Two Noble Kinsmen ( 1634 play ) The Canterbury Pilgrims ( 1917 opera ) Canterbury Tales ( 1964 musical ) Television Trinity Tales ( 1975 ) The Canterbury Tales ( 2003 ) Literature The Canterbury Puzzles A Commentary on the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales Single tale derivations The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle Chanticleer and the Fox The Book of the Dun Cow Palamon and Arcite God Spede the Plough `` The Pilgrim 's Tale '' Related Chaucer 's Retraction Ellesmere Chaucer Hengwrt Chaucer Descriptive Catalogue `` Have a nice day '' Words first used in Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "12": "php?title=The_Pardoner%27s_Tale&oldid=828975973 '' Categories : The Canterbury Tales Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Pages with login required references or sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 22 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1633243742828179624	who scored fastest 10000 runs in test cricket	[ "Brian Lara", "Sachin Tendulkar", "Kumar Sangakkara", "Alastair Cook", "Alastair Cook", "Alastair Cook", "Alastair Cook" ]	{ "0": "List of Players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket - wikipedia List of Players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket Jump to : navigation , search Sunil Gavaskar was the first player to cross the 10,000 run mark in Tests . Scoring over 10,000 runs across a playing career in any format of cricket is considered a significant achievement . As of May 2017 , thirteen players from seven different teams have scored more than 10,000 runs in Test cricket . The Indians and Australians lead the list with three players each . West Indies and Sri Lanka each have two players followed by one from South Africa , England and Pakistan . Bangladesh , New Zealand and Zimbabwe are yet to have a player breach the 10,000 - run mark in the format . In 1974 , West Indies cricketer Garfield Sobers retired as Test cricket 's most prolific run scorer with 8,032 runs from 93 matches . Sobers ' record was surpassed nine years later by England 's Geoffrey Boycott in the 1982 series against India . Boycott remained the top - scorer before being overtaken by Indian batsman Sunil Gavaskar two years later in 1983 . Four years later in March 1987 , Gavaskar became the first player to score 10,000 runs in the format , doing so while playing a match against Pakistan . Brian Lara took the least number of innings ( 195 ) to reach the 10,000 run mark , later equalled by Sachin Tendulkar and Kumar Sangakkara , while Australia 's Steve Waugh took 244 innings to achieve the feat . Alastair Cook is the fastest in terms of time span , taking 10 years and 87 days . The time taken by Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 18 years and 37 days ) is the slowest among all . As of May 2017 , Tendulkar leads the list with 15,921 runs followed by Ricky Ponting of Australia with 13,378 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 10,000 or more runs in Tests 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Key ( edit ) Mat .", "1": "-- denotes the number of matches played Inn . -- denotes the number of innings batted Date -- denotes the date in which the player crossed the 10,000 run mark -- denotes that the player is active 10,000 or more runs in Tests ( edit ) 10,000 runs in Tests No . Player Team Debut Retirement Mat . Inn . Runs Avg . 100s 50s Date Ref . Tendulkar , Sachin Sachin Tendulkar India 2013 200 329 15,921 53.73 51 68 000000002005 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2005 Ponting , Ricky Ricky Ponting Australia 1995 2012 168 287 13,378 51.85 41 62 000000002008 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 2008 Kallis , Jacques Jacques Kallis South Africa 1995 2013 166 280 13,289 55.37 45 55 000000002009 - 02 - 27 - 0000 27 February 2009 Dravid , Rahul Rahul Dravid India 2012 164 286 13,288 52.31 36 63 000000002008 - 03 - 29 - 0000 29 March 2008 5 Sangakkara , Kumar Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka 2000 2015 134 233 12,400 57.40 38 52 000000002012 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 2012 6 Cook , Alastair Alastair Cook England 2006 active 151 273 12,005 46.19 32 55 000000002016 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 2016 7 Lara ,", "2": "Brian Brian Lara West Indies 2006 131 232 11,953 52.88 34 48 000000002004 - 08 - 15 - 0000 15 August 2004 8 Chanderpaul , Shivnarine Shivnarine Chanderpaul West Indies 1994 2015 164 280 11,867 51.37 30 66 000000002012 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 2012 9 Jayawardene , Mahela Mahela Jayawardene Sri Lanka 2014 149 252 11,814 49.84 34 50 000000002011 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 2011 10 Border , Allan Allan Border Australia 1978 1994 156 265 11,174 50.56 27 63 000000001993 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 1993 11 Waugh , Steve Steve Waugh Australia 1985 168 260 10,927 51.06 32 50 000000002003 - 01 - 03 - 0000 3 January 2003 12 Gavaskar , Sunil Sunil Gavaskar India 1971 125 214 10,122 51.12 34 45 000000001987 - 03 - 07 - 0000 7 March 1987 13 Khan , Younis Younis Khan Pakistan 2000 2017 118 213 10,099 52.05 34 33 000000002017 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2017 See also ( edit ) List of Test cricket records List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ugra ,", "3": "Sharda ( 24 December 2009 ) . `` 1987 - Gavaskar is the first to score 10,000 test runs : A 10 tonne toast '' . India Today . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / Test matches / Batting records / Fastest to 10000 runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Sobers : Cricket 's greatest genius '' . Rediff.com. 28 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Third Test Match -- India vs. England 1981 -- 82 '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Botham , Ian ( 15 September 2009 ) . Head On -- Ian Botham : The Autobiography . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 091 - 92149 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / Test matches / Batting records / Most runs in career '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Finlay , Ric ( 29 October 2008 ) . `` Record - holders for most number of Test runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar Cricket Players and Officials '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Ponting Cricket Players and Officials '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jacques Kallis Cricket Players and Officials '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rahul Dravid Cricket Players and Officials '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kumar Sangakkara Cricket Players and Officials '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alastair Cook Cricket Players and Officials '' .", "4": "ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Lara Cricket Players and Officials '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shivnarine Chanderpaul Cricket Players and Officials '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mahela Jayawardene Cricket Players and Officials '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Allan Border Cricket Players and Officials '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Waugh Cricket Players and Officials '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunil Gavaskar Cricket Players and Officials '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Younis Khan Cricket Players and Officials '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Batsmen with 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket Australia Ricky Ponting ( 13,378 ) Allan Border ( 11,174 ) Steve Waugh ( 10,927 ) England Alastair Cook ( 11,956 ) India Sachin Tendulkar ( 15,921 ) Rahul Dravid ( 13,288 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 10,122 ) Pakistan Younis Khan ( 10,099 ) South Africa Jacques Kallis ( 13,289 ) Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 12,400 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 11,814 ) West Indies Brian Lara ( 11,953 ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 11,867 ) Current players are listed in italics .", "5": "Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Miscellaneous records International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_players_who_have_scored_10,000_or_more_runs_in_Test_cricket&oldid=819053257 '' Categories : Test cricket records Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা नेपाली Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 04 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "6": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6088131681835563491	who were some leaders during the progressive era that fought for equal rights	[ "Theodore Roosevelt, Robert M. La Follette, Sr., and Charles Evans Hughes on the Republican side, and William Jennings Bryan, Woodrow Wilson and Al Smith on the Democratic side", "Jane Addams, Grace Abbott, Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Breckinridge" ]	{ "0": "Progressive Era - wikipedia Progressive Era Jump to : navigation , search See also : History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) § Progressive Era Presidents Theodore Roosevelt , 1901 -- 09 ( left ) , William Howard Taft , 1909 -- 13 ( center ) , and Woodrow Wilson , 1913 -- 21 ( right ) were the main Progressive presidents ; their administrations saw intense social and political change in American society . Part of a series on Progressivism History ( show ) Atomic Age Enlightenment Industrial Age Information Age Jet Age Machine Age Progressive Era Space Age Ideas ( show ) Economic development Broad measures Economic growth Empirical evidence Direct democracy Freedom of movement Human enhancement Idea of Progress Industrialisation Linear history Modernity Philosophical progress Progressive education in Latin America Progressive rationalism Reform movement Social organization Social progress List of countries Scientific progress Social change Sustainable design Ecological engineering Self - determination Scientific management Scientific method Sustainable development Technological change Techno - progressivism Welfare Women 's suffrage People ( show ) Edith Abbott Grace Abbott Jane Addams Sophonisba Breckinridge William Jennings Bryan Marquis de Condorcet Charles Evans Hughes Robert M. La Follette , Sr . Immanuel Kant John Stuart Mill Theodore Roosevelt Al Smith William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Long Yun By region ( show ) In the Muslim world In South Korea In the United States Philosophy portal Politics portal The Progressive Era was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States , from the 1890s to the 1920s . The main objectives of the Progressive movement were eliminating problems caused by industrialization , urbanization , immigration , and corruption in government . The movement primarily targeted political machines and their bosses . By taking down these corrupt representatives in office a further means of direct democracy would be established . They also sought regulation of monopolies ( Trust Busting ) and corporations through antitrust laws . These antitrust laws were seen as a way to promote equal competition for the advantage of legitimate competitors .", "1": "Many progressives supported prohibition of alcoholic beverages , ostensibly to destroy the political power of local bosses based in saloons , but others out of a religious motivation . At the same time , women 's suffrage was promoted to bring a `` purer '' female vote into the arena . A third theme was building an Efficiency Movement in every sector that could identify old ways that needed modernizing , and bring to bear scientific , medical and engineering solutions ; a key part of the efficiency movement was scientific management , or `` Taylorism '' . Many activists joined efforts to reform local government , public education , medicine , finance , insurance , industry , railroads , churches , and many other areas . Progressives transformed , professionalized and made `` scientific '' the social sciences , especially history , economics , and political science . In academic fields the day of the amateur author gave way to the research professor who published in the new scholarly journals and presses . The national political leaders included Theodore Roosevelt , Robert M. La Follette , Sr. , and Charles Evans Hughes on the Republican side , and William Jennings Bryan , Woodrow Wilson and Al Smith on the Democratic side . Yet , leaders of the movement also existed far from presidential politics . Jane Addams , Grace Abbott , Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Breckinridge were among the most influential Progressive Era reformers . Initially the movement operated chiefly at local levels ; later , it expanded to state and national levels . Progressives drew support from the middle class , and supporters included many lawyers , teachers , physicians , ministers , and business people . Some Progressives strongly supported scientific methods as applied to economics , government , industry , finance , medicine , schooling , theology , education , and even the family . They closely followed advances underway at the time in Western Europe and adopted numerous policies , such as a major transformation of the banking system by creating the Federal Reserve System in 1913 . Reformers felt that old - fashioned ways meant waste and inefficiency , and eagerly sought out the `` one best system '' .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Government reform 2 Muckraking : exposing corruption 3 Modernization 4 Women 4.1 Women 's suffrage 5 Philanthropy 6 Democracy 7 Municipal reform 8 Rural reform 9 Race relations 10 Family and food 11 Eugenics 12 Constitutional change 13 Prohibition 14 Education 15 Medicine and law 16 Social sciences 17 Economic policy 17.1 Labor unions 17.2 Immigration 18 War 19 Decline 19.1 End of the Era 19.2 Business progressivism in 1920s 20 Notable progressive leaders 21 See also 22 References 23 Further reading 23.1 Overviews 23.2 Presidents and politics 23.3 State , local , gender , ethnic , business , labor , religion 23.4 Primary sources and year books Government Reform ( edit ) `` The Awakening '' Suffragists were successful in the West ; their torch awakens the women struggling in the East and South in this cartoon by Hy Mayer in Puck Feb. 20 , 1915 Disturbed by the waste , inefficiency , stubbornness , corruption , and injustices of the Gilded Age , the Progressives were committed to changing and reforming every aspect of the state , society and economy . Significant changes enacted at the national levels included the imposition of an income tax with the Sixteenth Amendment , direct election of Senators with the Seventeenth Amendment , Prohibition with the Eighteenth Amendment , election reforms to stop corruption and fraud , and women 's suffrage through the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . Muckraking : exposing corruption ( edit ) Further information : Muckrakers and Mass media and American politics Magazines were not a new medium but they became much more popular around 1900 , some with circulations in the hundreds of thousands of subscribers . It was an age of Mass media . Thanks to the rapid expansion of national advertising , the cover price fell sharply to about 10 cents . One cause was the heavy coverage of corruption in politics , local government and big business , especially by journalists and other writers who were labeled muckrakers .", "3": "They wrote for popular magazines to expose social and political sins and shortcomings . They relied on their own investigative journalism reporting ; muckrakers often worked to expose social ills and corporate and political corruption . Muckraking magazines -- notably McClure 's -- took on corporate monopolies and crooked political machines while raising public awareness of chronic urban poverty , unsafe working conditions , and social issues like child labor . The journalists who specialized in exposing waste , corruption , and scandal operated at the state and local level , like Ray Stannard Baker , George Creel , and Brand Whitlock . Other like Lincoln Steffens exposed political corruption in many large cities ; Ida Tarbell went after John D. Rockefeller 's Standard Oil Company . Samuel Hopkins Adams in 1905 showed the fraud involved in many patent medicines , Upton Sinclair 's 1906 novel The Jungle gave a horrid portrayal of how meat was packed , and , also in 1906 , David Graham Phillips unleashed a blistering indictment of the U.S. Senate . Roosevelt gave these journalists their nickname when he complained they were not being helpful by raking up all the muck . Modernization ( edit ) The Progressives were avid modernizers , with a belief in science and technology as the grand solution to society 's weaknesses . They looked to education as the key . Characteristics of Progressivism included a favorable attitude toward urban - industrial society , belief in mankind 's ability to improve the environment and conditions of life , belief in an obligation to intervene in economic and social affairs , and a belief in the ability of experts and in the efficiency of government intervention . Scientific management , as promulgated by Frederick Winslow Taylor , became a watchword for industrial efficiency and elimination of waste , with the stopwatch as its symbol . Women ( edit ) Main article : History of women in the United States § Progressive era : 1900 -- 1930 Across the nation , middle - class women organized on behalf of social reforms during the Progressive Era . Using the language of municipal housekeeping women were able to push such reforms as Prohibition , women 's suffrage , child - saving , and public health . Middle class women formed local clubs , which after 1890 were coordinated by the General Federation of Women 's Clubs ( GFWC ) .", "4": "Historian Paige Meltzer puts the GFWC in the context of the Progressive Movement , arguing that its policies : built on Progressive - era strategies of municipal housekeeping . During the Progressive era , female activists used traditional constructions of womanhood , which imagined all women as mothers and homemakers , to justify their entrance into community affairs : as `` municipal housekeepers , '' they would clean up politics , cities , and see after the health and wellbeing of their neighbors . Donning the mantle of motherhood , female activists methodically investigated their community 's needs and used their `` maternal '' expertise to lobby , create , and secure a place for themselves in an emerging state welfare bureaucracy , best illustrated perhaps by clubwoman Julia Lathrop 's leadership in the Children 's Bureau . As part of this tradition of maternal activism , the Progressive - era General Federation supported a range of causes from the pure food and drug administration to public health care for mothers and children to a ban on child labor , each of which looked to the state to help implement their vision of social justice . Women 's suffrage ( edit ) Main article : National American Woman Suffrage Association The National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) was an American women 's rights organization formed in May 1890 as a unification of the National Woman Suffrage Association ( NWSA ) and the American Woman Suffrage Association ( AWSA ) . The NAWSA set up hundreds of smaller local and state groups , with the goal of passing woman suffrage legislation at the state and local level . The NAWSA was the largest and most important suffrage organization in the United States , and was the primary promoter of women 's right to vote . Carrie Chapman Catt was the key leader in the early 20th century . Like AWSA and NWSA before it , the NAWSA pushed for a constitutional amendment guaranteeing women 's voting rights , and was instrumental in winning the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920 . A breakaway group , the National Woman 's Party , tightly controlled by Alice Paul , used civil disobedience to gain publicity and force passage of suffrage . Paul 's members chained themselves to the White House fence in order to get arrested , then went on hunger strikes to gain publicity .", "5": "While the British suffragettes stopped their protests in 1914 and supported the British war effort , Paul began her campaign in 1917 and was widely criticized for ignoring the war and attracting radical anti-war elements . Philanthropy ( edit ) The number of rich families climbed exponentially , from 100 or so millionaires in the 1870s , to 4000 in 1892 and 16,000 in 1916 . Many paid heed to Andrew Carnegie 's The Gospel of Wealth that said they owed a duty to society that called for philanthropic giving to colleges , hospitals , medical research , libraries , museums , religion and social betterment . In the early 20th century , American philanthropy matured , with the development of very large , highly visible private foundations created by Rockefeller , and Carnegie . The largest foundations fostered modern , efficient , business - oriented operations ( as opposed to `` charity '' ) designed to better society rather than merely enhance the status of the giver . Close ties were built with the local business community , as in the `` community chest '' movement . The American Red Cross was reorganized and professionalized . Several major foundations aided the blacks in the South , and were typically advised by Booker T. Washington . By contrast , Europe and Asia had few foundations . This allowed both Carnegie and Rockefeller to operate internationally with powerful effect . Democracy ( edit ) Many Progressives sought to enable the citizenry to rule more directly and circumvent machines , bosses and professional politicians . The initiative and referendum made it possible to pass laws by skirting the legislature . The recall allowed for the removal of bad officials . The direct primary let people vote for which candidates to nominate , avoiding the conventions that the professionals dominated . Thanks to the efforts of Oregon State Representative William S. U'Ren and his Direct Legislation League , voters in Oregon overwhelmingly approved a ballot measure in 1902 that created the initiative and referendum processes for citizens to directly introduce or approve proposed laws or amendments to the state constitution , making Oregon the first state to adopt such a system . U'Ren also helped in the passage of an amendment in 1908 that gave voters power to recall elected officials , and would go on to establish , at the state level , popular election of U.S. Senators and the first presidential primary in the United States .", "6": "In 1911 , California governor Hiram Johnson established the Oregon System of `` Initiative , Referendum , and Recall '' in his state , viewing them as good influences for citizen participation against the historic influence of large corporations on state lawmakers . These Progressive reforms were soon replicated in other states , including Idaho , Washington , and Wisconsin , and today roughly half of U.S. states have initiative , referendum and recall provisions in their state constitutions . About 16 states began using primary elections to reduce the power of bosses and machines . The Seventeenth Amendment was ratified in 1913 , requiring that all senators be elected by the people ( they were formerly appointed by state legislatures ) . The main motivation was to reduce the power of political bosses , who controlled the Senate seats by virtue of their control of state legislatures . The result , according to political scientist Henry Jones Ford , was that the United States Senate had become a `` Diet of party lords , wielding their power without scruple or restraint , in behalf of those particular interests '' that put them in office . Municipal Reform ( edit ) Further information : American urban history § Progressive era : 1890s -- 1920s A coalition of middle - class reform - oriented voters , academic experts , and reformers hostile to the political machines started forming in the 1890s and introduced a series of reforms in urban America , designed to reduce waste and inefficiency and corruption , by introducing scientific methods , compulsory education and administrative innovations . The pace was set in Detroit Michigan , where Republican mayor Hazen S. Pingree first put together the reform coalition . Many cities set up municipal reference bureaus to study the budgets and administrative structures of local governments . Progressive mayors took the lead in many key cities , such as Cleveland , Ohio ( especially Mayor Tom Johnson ) ; Toledo , Ohio ; Jersey City , New Jersey ; Los Angeles ; Memphis , Tennessee ; Louisville , Kentucky ; and many other cities , especially in the western states . In Illinois , Governor Frank Lowden undertook a major reorganization of state government . In Wisconsin , the stronghold of Robert La Follette Sr. , the Wisconsin Idea used the state university as a major source of ideas and expertise . Rural Reform ( edit ) Further information : Country life movement As late as 1920 , half the population lived in rural areas .", "7": "They experienced their own progressive reforms , typically with the explicit goal of upgrading country life . By 1910 most farmers subscribed to a farm newspaper , where editors promoted efficiency as applied to farming . Special efforts were made to reach the rural South and remote areas , such as the mountains of Appalachia and the Ozarks . The most urgent need was better transportation to get out of the mud . The railroad system was virtually complete ; the need was for much better roads . The traditional method of putting the burden on maintaining roads on local landowners was increasingly inadequate . New York State took the lead in 1898 , and by 1916 the old system had been discarded in every area . Demands grew for local and state government to take charge . With the coming of the automobile after 1910 , urgent efforts were made to upgrade and modernize dirt roads designed for horse - drawn wagon traffic . The American Association for Highway Improvement was organized in 1910 . Funding came from automobile registration , and taxes on motor fuels , as well as state aid . In 1916 , federal - aid was first made available to improve post-roads , and promote general commerce . Congress appropriated $75 million over a five - year period , with the Secretary of Agriculture in charge through the Bureau of Public Roads , in cooperation with the state highway departments . There were 2.4 million miles of rural dirt rural roads in 1914 ; 100,000 miles had been improved with grading and gravel , and 3000 miles were given high quality surfacing . The rapidly increasing speed of automobiles , and especially trucks , made maintenance and repair a high priority . Concrete was first used in 1933 , and expanded until it became the dominant surfacing material in the 1930s . The South had fewer cars and trucks and much less money , but it worked through highly visible demonstration projects like the `` Dixie Highway . '' Rural schools were often poorly funded , one room operations . Typically , classes were taught by young local women before they married , with only occasional supervision by county superintendents . The progressive solution was modernization through consolidation , with the result of children attending modern schools . There they would be taught by full - time professional teachers who had graduated from the states ' teachers colleges , were certified , and were monitored by the county superintendents .", "8": "Farmers complained at the expense , and also at the loss of control over local affairs , but in state after state the consolidation process went forward . Numerous other programs were aimed at rural youth , including 4 - H clubs , Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts . County fairs not only gave prizes for the most productive agricultural practices , they also demonstrated those practices to an attentive rural audience . Programs for new mothers included maternity care and training in baby care . The movement 's attempts at introducing urban reforms to rural America often met resistance from traditionalists who saw the country - lifers as aggressive modernizers who were condescending and out of touch with rural life . The traditionalists said many of their reforms were unnecessary and not worth the trouble of implementing . Rural residents also disagreed with the notion that farms needed to improve their efficiency , as they saw this goal as serving urban interests more than rural ones . The social conservatism of many rural residents also led them to resist attempts for change led by outsiders . Most important , the traditionalists did not want to become modern , and did not want their children inculcated with alien modern values through comprehensive schools that were remote from local control . The most successful reforms came from the farmers who pursued agricultural extension , as their proposed changes were consistent with existing modernizing trends toward more efficiency and more profit in agriculture . Race relations ( edit ) Across the South black communities developed their own Progressive reform projects . Typical projects involved upgrading the schools , modernizing church operations , expanding business opportunities , fighting for a larger share of state budgets , and engaging in legal action to secure equal rights . Reform projects were especially notable in rural areas , where the great majority of Southern blacks lived . George Washington Carver ( 1860 - 1943 ) was well known for his research projects , especially involving agriculture . He was also a leader in promoting environmentalism . Rural blacks were specially involved in environmental issues , in which they developed their own traditions and priorities . Although there were some achievements that improved conditions for African Americans and other non-white minorities , the Progressive Era was the nadir of American race relations . While white Progressives in principle believed in improving conditions for minority groups , there were wide differences in how this was to be achieved . Some , such as Lillian Wald , fought to ameliorate the plight of poor African Americans .", "9": "Many , though , were concerned with enforcing , not eradicating , racial segregation . In particular , the mixing of black and white pleasure - seekers in ' black - and - tan ' clubs troubled Progressive reformers . The Progressive ideology espoused by many of the era attempted to correct societal problems created by racial integration following the Civil War by segregating the races and allowing each group to achieve its own potential . That is to say that most Progressives saw racial integration as a problem to be solved , rather than a goal to be achieved . As white progressives sought to help the white working - class , clean - up politics , and improve the cities , the country instated the system of racial segregation known as Jim Crow . Legal historian Herbert Hovenkamp , argues that while many early progressives inherited the racism of the Jim Crow , as they begin to innovate their own ideas , they would embrace behaviorism , cultural relativism and marginalism which stress environmental influences on humans rather than inheritance . He states that ultimately progressives `` were responsible for bringing scientific racism to an end '' . Family and food ( edit ) Colorado judge Ben Lindsey a pioneer in the establishment of juvenile court systems . Progressives believed that the family was the foundation stone of American society , and the government , especially municipal government , must work to enhance the family . Local public assistance programs were reformed to try to keep families together . Inspired by crusading Judge Ben Lindsey of Denver , cities established juvenile courts to deal with disruptive teenagers without sending them to adult prisons . The purity of food , milk and drinking water became a high priority in the cities . At the state and national levels new food and drug laws strengthened urban efforts to guarantee the safety of the food system . The 1906 federal Pure Food and Drug Act , which was pushed by drug companies and providers of medical services , removed from the market patent medicines that had never been scientifically tested . With the decrease in standard working hours , urban families had more leisure time . Many spent this leisure time at movie theaters . Progressives advocated for censorship of motion pictures as it was believed that patrons ( especially children ) viewing movies in dark , unclean , potentially unsafe theaters , might be negatively influenced in witnessing actors portraying crimes , violence , and sexually suggestive situations .", "10": "Progressives across the country influenced municipal governments of large urban cities , to build numerous parks where it was believed that leisure time for children and families could be spent in a healthy , wholesome environment , thereby fostering good morals and citizenship . Eugenics ( edit ) Main article : Eugenics in the United States Some Progressives sponsored eugenics as a solution to excessively large or underperforming families , hoping that birth control would enable parents to focus their resources on fewer , better children . Progressive leaders like Herbert Croly and Walter Lippmann indicated their classically liberal concern over the danger posed to the individual by the practice of Eugenics . The Catholics strongly opposed birth control proposals such as eugenics . Constitutional change ( edit ) The Progressives fixed some of their reforms into law by adding amendments 16 , 17 , 18 , and 19 to the US Constitution . The 16th amendment made an income tax legal ( this required an amendment due to Article One , Section 9 of the Constitution , which required that direct taxes be laid on the States in proportion to their population as determined by the decennial census ) . The Progressives also made strides in attempts to reduce political corruption through the 17th amendment ( direct election of U.S. Senators ) . The most radical and controversial amendment came during the anti-German craze of World War I that helped the Progressives and others push through their plan for prohibition through the 18th amendment ( once the Progressives fell out of power the 21st amendment repealed the 18th in 1933 ) . The ratification of the 19th amendment in 1920 , which recognized women 's suffrage was last amendment during the progressive era . Another significant constitutional change that began during the progressive era was the incorporation of the Bill of Rights so that those rights would apply to the states . In 1920 , Benjamin Gitlow was convicted under the Espionage Act of 1917 and the case went all the way to the Supreme Court , where the justices decided that the First Amendment applied to the states as well as the federal government . Prior to that time , the Bill of Rights was considered to apply only to the federal government , not the states . Prohibition ( edit ) Prohibition was the outlawing of the manufacture , sale and transport of alcohol . Drinking itself was never prohibited .", "11": "Throughout the Progressive Era , it remained one of the prominent causes associated with Progressivism at the local , state and national level , though support across the full breadth of Progressives was mixed . It pitted the minority urban Catholic population against the larger rural Protestant element , and Progressivism 's rise in the rural communities was aided in part by the general increase in public consciousness of social issues of the temperance movement , which achieved national success with the passage of the 18th Amendment by Congress in late 1917 , and the ratification by three - fourths of the states in 1919 . Prohibition was essentially a religious movement backed by the Methodists , Baptists , Congregationalists , Scandinavian Lutherans and other evangelical churches . Activists were mobilized by the highly effective Anti-Saloon League . Timberlake ( 1963 ) argues the dries sought to break the liquor trust , weaken the saloon base of big - city machines , enhance industrial efficiency , and reduce the level of wife beating , child abuse , and poverty caused by alcoholism . Agitation for prohibition began during the Second Great Awakening in the 1840s when crusades against drinking originated from evangelical Protestants . Evangelicals precipitated the second wave of prohibition legislation during the 1880s , which had as its aim local and state prohibition . During the 1880s , referendums were held at the state level to enact prohibition amendments . Two important groups were formed during this period . The Woman 's Christian Temperance Union ( WCTU ) was formed in 1874 . The Anti-Saloon League was formed in 1893 , uniting activists from different religious groups . The third wave of prohibition legislation , of which national prohibition was the grand climax , began in 1907 , when Georgia passed a statewide prohibition law . By 1917 , two thirds of the states had some form of prohibition laws and roughly three quarters of the population lived in dry areas . In 1913 , the Anti-Saloon League first publicly appealed for a prohibition amendment . They preferred a constitutional amendment over a federal statute because although harder to achieve , they felt it would be harder to change . In 1913 , Congress passed the Webb - Kenyon Act , which forbade the transport of liquor into dry states .", "12": "As the United States entered World War I , the Conscription Act banned the sale of liquor near military bases . In August 1917 , the Lever Food and Fuel Control Act banned production of distilled spirits for the duration of the war . The War Prohibition Act , November , 1918 , forbade the manufacture and sale of intoxicating beverages ( more than 2.75 % alcohol content ) until the end of demobilization . The drys worked energetically to secure two - third majority of both houses of Congress and the support of three quarters of the states needed for an amendment to the federal constitution . Thirty - six states were needed , and organizations were set up at all 48 states to seek ratification . In late 1917 , Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment ; it was ratified in 1919 and took effect in January 1920 . It prohibited the manufacturing , sale or transport of intoxicating beverages within the United States , as well as import and export . The Volstead Act , 1919 , defined intoxicating as having alcohol content greater than 0.5 % and established the procedures for federal enforcement of the Act . The states were at liberty to enforce prohibition or not , and most did not try . Consumer demand , however , led to a variety of illegal sources for alcohol , especially illegal distilleries and smuggling from Canada and other countries . It is difficult to determine the level of compliance , and although the media at the time portrayed the law as highly ineffective , even if it did not eradicate the use of alcohol , it certainly decreased alcohol consumption during the period . The Eighteenth Amendment was repealed in 1933 , with the passage of the Twenty - First Amendment , thanks to a well - organized repeal campaign led by Catholics ( who stressed personal liberty ) and businessmen ( who stressed the lost tax revenue ) . Education ( edit ) The Progressives sought to reform and modernize the schools at the local level . The era was notable for a dramatic expansion in the number of schools and students served , especially in the fast - growing metropolitan cities . After 1910 the smaller cities began building high schools . By 1940 , 50 % of young adults had earned a high school diploma . The result was the rapid growth of the educated middle class , who typically were the grass roots supporters of Progressive measures .", "13": "During the Progressive Era , many states began passing compulsory schooling laws . An emphasis on hygiene and health was made in education , with physical and health education becoming more important and widespread . Medicine and law ( edit ) The `` Flexner Report '' of 1910 , sponsored by the Carnegie Foundation , professionalized American medicine by discarding the scores of local small medical schools and focusing national funds , resources , and prestige on larger , professionalized medical schools associated with universities . Prominent leaders included the Mayo Brothers whose Mayo Clinic in Rochester , Minnesota , became world - famous for innovative surgery . In the legal profession , the American Bar Association set up in 1900 the Association of American Law Schools ( AALS ) . It established national standards for law schools , which led to the replacement of the old system of young men studying law privately with established lawyers by the new system of accredited law schools associated with universities . Social sciences ( edit ) Progressive scholars , based at the emerging research universities such as Harvard , Columbia , Johns Hopkins , Chicago , Michigan , Wisconsin and California , worked to modernize their disciplines . The heyday of the amateur expert gave way to the research professor who published in the new scholarly journals and presses . Their explicit goal was to professionalize and make `` scientific '' the social sciences , especially history , economics , and political science . Professionalization meant creating new career tracks in the universities , with hiring and promotion dependent on meeting international models of scholarship . Economic policy ( edit ) President Wilson uses tariff , currency , and anti-trust laws to prime the pump and get the economy working . The Progressive Era was one of general prosperity after the Panic of 1893 -- a severe depression -- ended in 1897 . The Panic of 1907 was short and mostly affected financiers . However , Campbell ( 2005 ) stresses the weak points of the economy in 1907 -- 1914 , linking them to public demands for more Progressive interventions . The Panic of 1907 was followed by a small decline in real wages and increased unemployment , with both trends continuing until World War I. Campbell emphasizes the resulting stress on public finance and the impact on the Wilson administration 's policies . The weakened economy and persistent federal deficits led to changes in fiscal policy , including the imposition of federal income taxes on businesses and individuals and the creation of the Federal Reserve System .", "14": "Government agencies were also transformed in an effort to improve administrative efficiency . In the Gilded Age ( late 19th century ) the parties were reluctant to involve the federal government too heavily in the private sector , except in the area of railroads and tariffs . In general , they accepted the concept of laissez - faire , a doctrine opposing government interference in the economy except to maintain law and order . This attitude started to change during the depression of the 1890s when small business , farm , and labor movements began asking the government to intercede on their behalf . By the start of the 20th century , a middle class had developed that was leery of both the business elite and the radical political movements of farmers and laborers in the Midwest and West . The Progressives argued the need for government regulation of business practices to ensure competition and free enterprise . Congress enacted a law regulating railroads in 1887 ( the Interstate Commerce Act ) , and one preventing large firms from controlling a single industry in 1890 ( the Sherman Antitrust Act ) . These laws were not rigorously enforced , however , until the years between 1900 and 1920 , when Republican President Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) , Democratic President Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) , and others sympathetic to the views of the Progressives came to power . Many of today 's U.S. regulatory agencies were created during these years , including the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission . Muckrakers were journalists who encouraged readers to demand more regulation of business . Upton Sinclair 's The Jungle ( 1906 ) was influential and persuaded America about the supposed horrors of the Chicago Union Stock Yards , a giant complex of meat processing that developed in the 1870s . The federal government responded to Sinclair 's book and The Neill - Reynolds Report with the new regulatory Food and Drug Administration . Ida M. Tarbell wrote a series of articles against Standard Oil , which was perceived to be a monopoly . This affected both the government and the public reformers . Attacks by Tarbell and others helped pave the way for public acceptance of the breakup of the company by the Supreme Court in 1911 . When Democrat Woodrow Wilson was elected President with a Democratic Congress in 1912 he implemented a series of Progressive policies in economics .", "15": "In 1913 , the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified , and a small income tax was imposed on high incomes . The Democrats lowered tariffs with the Underwood Tariff in 1913 , though its effects were overwhelmed by the changes in trade caused by the World War that broke out in 1914 . Wilson proved especially effective in mobilizing public opinion behind tariff changes by denouncing corporate lobbyists , addressing Congress in person in highly dramatic fashion , and staging an elaborate ceremony when he signed the bill into law . Wilson helped end the long battles over the trusts with the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 . He managed to convince lawmakers on the issues of money and banking by the creation in 1913 of the Federal Reserve System , a complex business - government partnership that to this day dominates the financial world . In 1913 , Henry Ford dramatically increased the efficiency of his factories by large - scale use of the moving assembly line , with each worker doing one simple task in the production of automobiles . Emphasizing efficiency , Ford more than doubled wages ( and cut hours from 9 a day to 8 ) , attracting the best workers and sharply reducing labor turnover and absenteeism . His employees could and did buy his cars , and by cutting prices over and over he made the Model T cheap enough for millions of people to buy in the U.S. and in every major country . Ford 's profits soared and his company dominated the world 's automobile industry . Henry Ford became the world - famous prophet of high wages and high profits . Labor unions ( edit ) Labor unions , especially the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) , grew rapidly in the early 20th century , and had a Progressive agenda as well . After experimenting in the early 20th century with cooperation with business in the National Civic Federation , the AFL turned after 1906 to a working political alliance with the Democratic party . The alliance was especially important in the larger industrial cities . The unions wanted restrictions on judges who intervened in labor disputes , usually on the side of the employer . They finally achieved that goal with the Norris -- La Guardia Act of 1932 . Immigration ( edit ) The level of immigration grew steadily after 1896 , with most new arrivals unskilled workers from eastern and southern Europe , who found jobs working in the steel mills , slaughterhouses , and construction crews in the mill towns and industrial cities .", "16": "The start of World War I in 1914 suddenly stopped most international movement , which only resumed after 1919 . Starting in the 1880s , the labor unions aggressively promoted restrictions on immigration , especially restrictions on Chinese and other Asians . The basic fear was that large numbers of unskilled , low - paid workers would defeat the union 's efforts to raise wages through collective bargaining . Other groups , such as the prohibitionists , opposed immigration because it was the base of strength of the saloon power , and the West generally . Rural Protestants distrusted the urban Catholics and Jews who comprised most of the immigrants after 1890 . On the other hand , the rapid growth of the industry called for large numbers of new workers , so large corporations generally opposed immigration restriction . By the early 1920s a consensus had been reached that the total influx of immigration had to be restricted , and a series of laws in the 1920s accomplished that purpose . A handful of eugenics advocates were also involved in immigration restriction . Immigration restriction continued to be a national policy until after World War II . During World War I , the Progressives strongly promoted Americanization programs , designed to modernize the recent immigrants and turn them into model American citizens , while diminishing loyalties to the old country . These programs often operated through the public school system , which expanded dramatically . War ( edit ) Although the Progressive Era was characterized by public support for World War I under Woodrow Wilson , there was also a substantial opposition to World War I . Decline ( edit ) In the 1940s typically historians saw the Progressive Era as a prelude to the New Deal and dated it from 1901 ( when Roosevelt became president ) to the start of World War I in 1914 or 1917 . Historians have moved back in time emphasizing the Progressive reformers at the municipal and state levels in the 1890s . End of the Era ( edit ) Much less settled is the question of when the era ended . Some historians who emphasize civil liberties decry their suppression during World War I and do not consider the war as rooted in Progressive policy . A strong anti-war movement headed by noted Progressives including Jane Addams , was suppressed after Wilson 's 1916 re-election , a victory largely enabled by his campaign slogan , `` He kept us out of the war . ''", "17": "The slogan was no longer accurate by April 6 of the following year , when Wilson surprised much of the Progressive base that twice elected him and asked a joint session of Congress to declare war on Germany . The Senate voted 82 -- 6 in favor ; the House agreed , 373 -- 50 . Some historians see the so - called `` war to end all wars '' as a globalized expression of the American Progressive movement , with Wilson 's support for a League of Nations as its climax . The politics of the 1920s was unfriendly toward the labor unions and liberal crusaders against business , so many if not most historians who emphasize those themes write off the decade . Urban cosmopolitan scholars recoiled at the moralism of prohibition and the intolerance of the nativists of the KKK , and denounced the era . Richard Hofstadter , for example , in 1955 wrote that prohibition , `` was a pseudo-reform , a pinched , parochial substitute for reform '' that `` was carried about America by the rural - evangelical virus '' . However , as Arthur S. Link emphasized , the Progressives did not simply roll over and play dead . Link 's argument for continuity through the twenties stimulated a historiography that found Progressivism to be a potent force . Palmer , pointing to leaders like George Norris , says , `` It is worth noting that progressivism , whilst temporarily losing the political initiative , remained popular in many western states and made its presence felt in Washington during both the Harding and Coolidge presidencies . '' Gerster and Cords argue that , `` Since progressivism was a ' spirit ' or an ' enthusiasm ' rather than an easily definable force with common goals , it seems more accurate to argue that it produced a climate for reform which lasted well into the 1920s , if not beyond . '' Even the Klan has been seen in a new light , as social historians now see Klansmen as `` ordinary white Protestants '' primarily interested in purification of the system , which had long been a core Progressive goal . While some Progressive leaders became reactionaries , that usually happened in the 1930s , not in the 1920s , as exemplified by William Randolph Hearst , Herbert Hoover , Al Smith and Henry Ford .", "18": "Business Progressivism in 1920s ( edit ) What historians have identified as `` business progressivism '' , with its emphasis on efficiency and typified by Henry Ford and Herbert Hoover reached an apogee in the 1920s . Wik , for example , argues that Ford 's `` views on technology and the mechanization of rural America were generally enlightened , progressive , and often far ahead of his times . '' Tindall stresses the continuing importance of the Progressive movement in the South in the 1920s involving increased democracy , efficient government , corporate regulation , social justice , and governmental public service . William Link finds political Progressivism dominant in most of the South in the 1920s . Likewise it was influential in the Midwest . Historians of women and of youth emphasize the strength of the Progressive impulse in the 1920s . Women consolidated their gains after the success of the suffrage movement , and moved into causes such as world peace , good government , maternal care ( the Sheppard -- Towner Act of 1921 ) , and local support for education and public health . The work was not nearly as dramatic as the suffrage crusade , but women voted and operated quietly and effectively . Paul Fass , speaking of youth , says `` Progressivism as an angle of vision , as an optimistic approach to social problems , was very much alive . '' International influences that sparked many reform ideas likewise continued into the 1920s , as American ideas of modernity began to influence Europe . There is general agreement that the Era was over by 1932 , especially since a majority of the remaining Progressives opposed the New Deal . Notable progressive leaders ( edit ) Jane Addams , social reformer Susan B. Anthony , suffragist Robert P. Bass , New Hampshire politician Charles A. Beard , historian and political scientist Louis Brandeis , Supreme Court justice William Jennings Bryan , Democratic presidential nominee in 1896 , 1900 , 1908 ; Secretary of State Lucy Burns , suffragist Andrew Carnegie , steel magnate , philanthropist Carrie Chapman Catt , suffragist Winston Churchill , author ( not the British politician ) Herbert Croly , journalist Clarence Darrow , lawyer John Dewey , philosopher W.E.B.", "19": "Du Bois , Black scholar Thomas Edison , inventor Irving Fisher , economist Abraham Flexner , education Henry Ford , automaker Henry George , writer on political economy Charlotte Perkins Gilman , feminist Susan Glaspell , playwright , novelist Emma Goldman , anarchist , philosopher , writer Lewis Hine , photographer Charles Evans Hughes , statesman William James , philosopher Hiram Johnson , Governor of California Mary Harris `` Mother '' Jones , union activist Samuel M. Jones , politician , reformer Florence Kelley , child advocate Robert M. La Follette , Sr. , Governor of Wisconsin Fiorello LaGuardia , U.S. Congressman from New York ; New York City mayor Walter Lippmann , journalist Mayo Brothers , medicine Fayette Avery McKenzie , sociology John R. Mott , YMCA leader George Mundelein , Catholic leader Alice Paul , suffragist Ulrich B. Phillips , historian Gifford Pinchot , conservationist Walter Rauschenbusch , theologian of Social Gospel Jacob Riis , reformer John D. Rockefeller , Jr.", "20": ", philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt , President Elihu Root , statesman Margaret Sanger , birth control activist Anna Howard Shaw , suffragist Upton Sinclair , novelist Albion Small , sociologist Ellen Gates Starr , sociologist Lincoln Steffens , reporter Henry Stimson , statesman William Howard Taft , President and Chief Justice Ida Tarbell , muckraker Frederick Winslow Taylor , efficiency expert Frederick Jackson Turner , historian Thorstein Veblen , economist Lester Frank Ward , sociologist Woodrow Wilson , President Ida B. Wells , Black leader Burton Kendall Wheeler , Montana politician See also ( edit ) Trust - busting Wisconsin Idea Georgism Edwardian era , for the United Kingdom Woman 's club movement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John D. Buenker , John C. Burnham , and Robert M. Crunden , Progressivism ( 1986 ) pp 3 -- 21 Jump up ^ James H. Timberlake , Prohibition and the progressive movement , 1900 -- 1920 ( 1970 ) pp 1 -- 7 Jump up ^ On purification , see David W. Southern , The Malignant Heritage : Yankee Progressives and the Negro Question , 1900 -- 1915 ( 1968 ) ; Southern , The Progressive Era And Race : Reaction And Reform 1900 -- 1917 ( 2005 ) ; Norman H. Clark , Deliver Us from Evil : An Interpretation of American Prohibition ( 1976 ) p 170 ; and Aileen Kraditor , The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement : 1890 -- 1920 ( 1967 ) . 134 -- 36 ^ Jump up to : Richard Hofstadter , The Progressive Historians : Turner , Beard , Parrington ( 1968 ) ^ Jump up to : Joseph Dorfman , The economic mind in American civilization , 1918 -- 1933 vol 3 , 1969 ^ Jump up to : Barry Karl , Charles E. Merriam and the Study of Politics ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ George Mowry , The California Progressives ( 1963 ) p 91 .", "21": "Jump up ^ Daniel T. Rodgers , Atlantic Crossings : Social Politics in a Progressive Age ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Michael Kazin ; et al. ( 2011 ) . The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political Turn up History . Princeton University Press . p. 181 . ISBN 9781400839469 . Jump up ^ Lewis L. Gould , America in the Progressive Era , 1890 -- 1914 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ David B. Tyack , The One Best System : A History of American Urban Education ( Harvard UP , 1974 ) , p. 39 Jump up ^ David E. Kyvig , Explicit and authentic acts : amending the U.S. Constitution , 1776 -- 1995 ( Kansas UP , 1996 ) pp. 208 -- 14 ; Hedwig Richter : TRANSNATIONAL REFORM AND DEMOCRACY : ELECTION REFORMS IN NEW YORK CITY AND BERLIN AROUND 1900 , in : Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 15 ( 2016 ) , 149 - 175 ( URL : https://www.academia.edu/25338056/_TRANSNATIONAL_REFORM_AND_DEMOCRACY_ELECTION_REFORMS_IN_NEW_YORK_CITY_AND_BERLIN_AROUND_1900_in_Journal_of_the_Gilded_Age_and_Progressive_Era_15_2016_149-175 Jump up ^ Peter C. Holloran et al. eds. ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of the Progressive Era . Scarecrow Press . p. 266 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Herbert Shapiro , ed. , The muckrakers and American society ( Heath , 1968 ) , contains representative samples as well as academic commentary . Jump up ^ Robert Miraldi , ed . The Muckrakers : Evangelical Crusaders ( Praeger , 2000 ) Jump up ^ Harry H. Stein , `` American Muckrakers and Muckraking : The 50 - Year Scholarship , '' Journalism Quarterly , ( 1979 ) 56 # 1 pp. 9 -- 17 Jump up ^ John D. Buenker , and Robert M. Crunden .", "22": "Progressivism ( 1986 ) ; Maureen Flanagan , America Reformed : Progressives and Progressivisms , 1890 -- 1920s ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Samuel Haber , Efficiency and Uplift Scientific Management in the Progressive Era 1890 -- 1920 ( 1964 ) 656 Jump up ^ Daniel Nelson , Frederick W. Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ J. - C. Spender ; Hugo Kijne ( 2012 ) . Scientific Management : Frederick Winslow Taylor 's Gift to the World ? . Springer . p. 63 . Jump up ^ Paige Meltzer , `` The Pulse and Conscience of America '' The General Federation and Women 's Citizenship , 1945 -- 1960 , '' Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies ( 2009 ) , Vol. 30 Issue 3 , pp. 52 -- 76 . online Jump up ^ Eleanor Flexner , Century of Struggle ( 1959 ) , pp. 208 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Corrine M. McConnaughy , The Woman Suffrage Movement in America : A Reassessment ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Nancy F. Cott , The Grounding of Modern Feminism ( 1989 ) pp. 51 -- 82 Jump up ^ Olivier Zunz , Philanthropy in America : A History ( 2012 ) ch 1 excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Nikki Mandell , `` Allies or Antagonists ? Philanthropic Reformers and Business Reformers in the Progressive Era , '' Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era ( 2012 ) , 11 # 1 71 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Branden Little . `` Review of Jones , Marian Moser , The American Red Cross from Clara Barton to the New Deal '' H - SHGAPE , H - Net Reviews . August , 2013 , online Jump up ^ Zunz , p. 42 Jump up ^ John M. Allswang , The initiative and referendum in California , 1898 -- 1998 , ( 2000 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ `` State Initiative and Referendum Summary '' .", "23": "State Initiative & Referendum Institute at USC . Archived from the original on 11 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Alan Ware , The American direct primary : party institutionalization and transformation ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Christopher Hoebeke , The road to mass democracy : original intent and the Seventeenth Amendment ( 1995 ) p. 18 Jump up ^ Melvin G. Holli , Reform in Detroit : Hazen S. Pingree and Urban Politics ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth Finegold , `` Traditional Reform , Municipal Populism , and Progressivism , '' Urban Affairs Review , ( 1995 ) 31 # 1 pp 20 - 42 Jump up ^ Arthur E. DeMatteo , `` The Progressive As Elitist : ' Golden Rule ' Jones And The Toledo Charter Reform Campaign of 1901 , '' Northwest Ohio Quarterly , ( 1997 ) 69 # 1 pp 8 -- 30 Jump up ^ Eugene M. Tobin , `` The Progressive as Single Taxer : Mark Fagan and the Jersey City Experience , 1900 -- 1917 , '' American Journal of Economics & Sociology , ( 1974 ) 33 # 3 pp 287 -- 298 Jump up ^ Martin J. Schiesl , `` Progressive Reform in Los Angeles under Mayor Alexander , 1909 -- 1913 , '' California Historical Quarterly , ( 1975 ) 534 # 1 , pp : 37 -- 56 Jump up ^ G. Wayne Dowdy , `` ' A Business Government by a Business Man ' : E.H. Crump as a Progressive Mayor , 1910 -- 1915 , '' Tennessee Historical Quarterly , ( 2001 ) 60 # 3 3 , pp 162 -- 175 Jump up ^ William E. Ellis , `` Robert Worth Bingham and Louisville Progressivism , 1905 -- 1910 , '' Filson Club History Quarterly , ( 1980 ) 54 # 2 pp 169 -- 195 Jump up ^ William Thomas Hutchinson , Lowden of Illinois : the life of Frank O. Lowden ( 1957 ) vol 2 Jump up ^ `` Progressivism and the Wisconsin Idea '' . Wisconsin Historical Society . 2008 .", "24": "Jump up ^ William L. Bowers , `` Country - Life Reform , 1900 -- 1920 : A Neglected Aspect of Progressive Era History . '' Agricultural History 45 # 3 ( 1971 ) : 211 -- 21 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Stuart W. Shulman , `` The Progressive Era Farm Press , '' Journalism History ( 1999 ) 25 # 1 pp. 27 -- 36 . Jump up ^ William A. Link , A Hard Country and a Lonely Place : Schooling , Society , and Reform in Rural Virginia , 1870 -- 1920 ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Harold U. Faulkner , The Decline of Laissez Faire , 1897 -- 1917 ( 1951 ) pp. 233 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Charles Lee Dearing , American highway policy ( 1942 ) . Jump up ^ Tammy Ingram , Dixie Highway : Road Building and the Making of the Modern South , 1900 -- 1930 ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ David R. Reynolds , There goes the neighborhood : Rural school consolidation at the grass roots in early twentieth - century Iowa ( University of Iowa Press , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Danbom , David B. ( April 1979 ) . `` Rural Education Reform and the Country Life Movement , 1900 -- 1920 '' . Agricultural History . 53 ( 2 ) : 464 -- 66 . JSTOR 3742421 . Jump up ^ Ellen Natasha Thompson , `` The Changing Needs of Our Youth Today : The Response of 4 - H to Social and Economic Transformations in Twentieth - century North Carolina . '' ( PhD Diss . University of North Carolina at Greensboro , 2012 ) . online Jump up ^ Marilyn Irvin Holt , Linoleum , Better Babies , and the Modern Farm Woman , 1890 -- 1930 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Danbom 1979 , p. 473 . Jump up ^ Richard Jensen and Mark Friedberger , Education and Social Structure : An Historical Study of Iowa , 1870 -- 1930 ( Chicago : Newberry Library , 1976 , online ) .", "25": "Jump up ^ John Dittmer , Black Georgia in the Progressive era , 1900 -- 1920 ( 1980 ) . Jump up ^ David W. Southern , The Progressive Era and Race : Reaction and Reform , 1900 -- 1917 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Angela Jones , African American Civil Rights : Early Activism and the Niagara Movement ( 2011 ) online Jump up ^ Debra Reid , `` Rural African Americans and Progressive Reform , '' Agricultural History ( 2000 ) 74 # 2 pp. 322 -- 41 on Texas . Jump up ^ Mark D. Hersey , My Work Is That of Conservation : An Environmental Biography of George Washington Carver ( 2011 ) online Jump up ^ Dianne D. Glave , `` ' A Garden so Brilliant With Colors , so Original in its Design ' : Rural African American Women , Gardening , Progressive Reform , and the Foundation of an African American Environmental Perspective . '' Environmental History 8 # 3 ( 2003 ) : 395 -- 411 . Jump up ^ Dianne D. Glave and Mark Stoll , eds. , To Love the Wind and the Rain ' : African Americans and Environmental History . ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Keire , Mara L. ( 2001 ) . `` The Vice Trust : A Reinterpretation of the White Slavery Scare in the United States , 1907 -- 1917 '' . Journal of Social History . 35 : 5 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Durrheim , Kevin ; Dixon , John ( 2005 ) . Racial Encounter : The Social Psychology of Contact and Desegregation . Routledge . pp. 134 -- 135 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Luebke , Paul ( 2000 ) . Tar Heel Politics 2000 . The University of North Carolina Press . p. 134 . Jump up ^ Noel , Hans ( 2014 ) . Political Ideologies and Political Parties in America . Cambridge University Press . p. 147 . Jump up ^ Woodward , C. Vann ( 1955 ) . The Strange Career of Jim Crow . Jump up ^ Hovenkamp , H.", "26": "2017 ( scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/1765/ The Progressives : Racism and Public Law ) Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series , 59 Ariz . L. Rev. 947 Jump up ^ Gwendoline Alphonso , `` Hearth and Soul : Economics and Culture in Partisan Conceptions of the Family in the Progressive Era , 1900 -- 1920 , '' Studies in American Political Development , Oct 2010 , Vol. 24 Issue 2 , pp. 206 -- 32 Jump up ^ D'Ann Campbell , `` Judge Ben Lindsey and the Juvenile Court Movement , 1901 -- 1904 , '' Arizona and the West , 1976 , Vol. 18 Issue 1 , pp. 5 -- 20 Jump up ^ James Marten , ed . Children and Youth during the Gilded Page and Progressive Era ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Marc T. Law , `` The Origins of State Pure Food Regulation , '' Journal of Economic History , Dec 2003 , Vol. 63 Issue 4 , pp. 1103 -- 31 Jump up ^ Black , Gregory D. Hollywood Censored : Morality Codes , Catholics , and the Movies . Cambridge University Press 1994 Jump up ^ Leonard , Thomas C. ( 2005 ) Retrospectives : Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era Journal of Economic Perspectives , 19 ( 4 ) : 207 -- 24 Jump up ^ Nancy Cohen , The reconstruction of American liberalism , 1865 -- 1914 ( 2002 ) p. 243 Jump up ^ Celeste Michelle Condit , The meanings of the gene : public debates about human heredity ( 1999 ) p. 51 Jump up ^ David E. Kyvig , Explicit and authentic acts : amending the U.S. Constitution , 1776 -- 1995 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ K. Austin Kerr , Organized for Prohibition : A New History of the Anti-Saloon League ( 1985 ) .", "27": "Jump up ^ James Timberlake , Prohibition and the Progressive Movement , 1900 -- 1920 ( Harvard UP , 1963 ) Jump up ^ Jack S. Blocker , American Temperance Movements : Cycles of Reform ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Jed Dannenbaum , Drink and Disorder : Temperance Reform in Cincinnati from the Washingtonian Revival to the WCTU ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Kerr , Organized for Prohibition : A New History of the Anti-Saloon League ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ S.J. Mennell , `` Prohibition : A Sociological View , '' Journal of American Studies 3 , no . 2 ( 1969 ) : 159 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : David E. Kyvig , Repealing National Prohibition ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ David B. Tyack , The One Best System : A History of American Urban Education ( Harvard University Press , 1974 ) Jump up ^ `` State Compulsory School Attendance Laws '' . Infoplease.com. 1999 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Engs , Ruth C. ( 2003 ) . The progressive era 's health reform movement : a historical dictionary . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . pp. 20 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97932 - 6 . Jump up ^ Abraham Flexner , Flexner Report on Medical Education in the United States and Canada 1910 ( new edition 1960 ) Jump up ^ Lawrence Friedman and Mark McGarvie , Charity , philanthropy , and civility in American history ( 2003 ) p. 231 Jump up ^ W. Bruce Fye , `` The Origins and Evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939 : A Minnesota Family Practice Becomes an International ' Medical Mecca ' '' , Bulletin of the History of Medicine Volume 84 , Number 3 , Fall 2010 pp. 323 -- 57 in Project MUSE Jump up ^ Steven J. Diner , A Very Different Age : Americans of the Progressive Era ( 1998 ) p.", "28": "186 Jump up ^ Ballard Campbell , `` Economic Causes of Progressivism , '' Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era , Jan 2005 , Vol. 4 Issue 1 , pp. 7 -- 22 ^ Jump up to : Harold U. Faulkner , The Decline of Laissez Faire , 1897 -- 1917 ( 1951 ) Jump up ^ Vincent W. Howard , `` Woodrow Wilson , The Press , and Presidential Leadership : Another Look at the Passage of the Underwood Tariff , 1913 , '' CR : The Centennial Review , 1980 , Vol. 24 Issue 2 , pp. 167 -- 14 Jump up ^ Arthur S. Link , Woodrow Wilson and the progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 ( 1954 ) pp. 25 -- 80 Jump up ^ Faith Jaycox ( 2005 ) . The Progressive Era : Eyewitness History . Infobase . p. 403 . ISBN 9780816051595 . Jump up ^ Julie Greene , Pure and Simple Politics : The American Federation of Labor and Political Activism , 1881 -- 1917 ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Robert D. Parmet , Labor and immigration in industrial America ( 1987 ) p. 146 Jump up ^ Gwendolyn Mink , Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development : Union , Party and State , 1875 -- 1920 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Daniel J. Tichenor , Dividing lines : the politics of immigration control in America ( 2002 ) p.", "29": "71 Jump up ^ Claudia Golden , `` The Political Economy of Immigration Restriction in the United States , 1890 to 1921 , '' in Goldin , The regulated economy ( 1994 ) ch 7 Jump up ^ Thomas C. Leonard , `` Retrospectives : Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era '' Journal of Economic Perspectives , ( 2005 ) 19 ( 4 ) : 207 -- 24 Jump up ^ James R. Barrett , `` Americanization from the Bottom , Up : Immigration and the Remaking of the American Working Class , 1880 -- 1930 , '' Journal of American History 79 ( December 1992 ) : 996 -- 1020 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Christina A. Ziegler - McPherson , Americanization in the States : Immigrant Social Welfare Policy , Citizenship , and National Identity in the United States , 1908 -- 1929 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Eric Goldman , Rendezvous with Destiny : A History of Modern American Reform ( 1952 ) Jump up ^ Melvin G. Holli , Reform in Detroit : Hazen S. Pingree and Urban Politics ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ David P. Thelen , The New Citizenship : Origins of Progressivism in Wisconsin , 1885 -- 1900 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Paul L. Murphy , World War I and the Origin of Civil Liberties in the United States ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Jane Addams , Bread and Peace in Time of War ( 1922 ) Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter , The Age of Reform ( 1955 ) p. 287 Jump up ^ Arthur S. Link , `` What Happened to the Progressive Movement in the 1920s ? , '' American Historical Review Vol. 64 , No. 4 ( Jul. , 1959 ) , pp. 833 -- 51 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Niall A. Palmer , The Twenties in America : Politics and History ( 2006 ) p.", "30": "176 Jump up ^ Patrick Gerster and Nicholas Cords , Myth in American History ( 1977 ) p. 203 Jump up ^ Stanley Coben , `` Ordinary white Protestants : The KKK of the 1920s , '' Journal of Social History , ( 1994 ) 28 # 1 pp. 155 -- 65 Jump up ^ Rodney P. Carlisle , Hearst and the New Deal : The Progressive as Reactionary ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ T.H. Watkins ( 2000 ) . The Hungry Years : A Narrative History of the Great Depression in America . p. 313 . Jump up ^ Steven Watts ( 2009 ) . The People 's Tycoon : Henry Ford and the American Century . Knopf Doubleday . p. 430 . Jump up ^ Joan Hoff Wilson , Herbert Hoover : Forgotten Progressive ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ Reynold M. Wik , `` Henry Ford 's Science and Technology for Rural America , '' Technology & Culture , July 1962 , Vol. 3 Issue 3 , pp. 247 -- 57 Jump up ^ George B. Tindall , `` Business Progressivism : Southern Politics in the Twenties , '' South Atlantic Quarterly 62 ( Winter 1963 ) : 92 -- 106 . Jump up ^ George B. Tindall , The Emergence of the New South , 1913 -- 1945 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ William A. Link , The Paradox of Southern Progressivism , 1880 -- 1930 ( 1997 ) p. 294 Jump up ^ Judith Sealander , Grand Plans : Business Progressivism and Social Change in Ohio 's Miami Valley , 1890 -- 1929 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Maureen A. Flanagan , America Reformed : Progressives and Progressivisms , 1890s -- 1920s ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Susan Zeiger , `` Finding a cure for war : Women 's politics and the peace movement in the 1920s , '' Journal of Social History , Fall 1990 , Vol. 24 Issue 1 , pp.", "31": "69 -- 86 in JSTOR Jump up ^ J. Stanley Lemons , `` The Sheppard - Towner Act : Progressivism in the 1920s , '' Journal of American History Vol. 55 , No. 4 ( Mar. , 1969 ) , pp. 776 -- 86 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jayne Morris - Crowther , `` Municipal Housekeeping : The Political Activities of the Detroit Federation of Women 's Clubs in the 1920s , '' Michigan Historical Review , March 2004 , Vol. 30 Issue 1 , pp. 31 -- 57 Jump up ^ Kristi Andersen , After suffrage : women in partisan and electoral politics before the New Deal ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Paula S. Fass , The damned and the beautiful : American youth in the 1920s ( 1977 ) p. 30 Jump up ^ Daniel T. Rodgers , Atlantic Crossings : Social Politics in a Progressive Age ( 2000 ) ch 9 Jump up ^ Otis L. Graham , An Encore for Reform : The Old Progressives and the New Deal ( 1968 ) Further reading ( edit ) Overviews ( edit ) Buenker , John D. , John Chynoweth Burnham , and Robert Morse Crunden . Progressivism ( Schenkman Books , 1977 ) . online Buenker , John D. , and Edward R. Kantowicz , eds . Historical dictionary of the Progressive Era , 1890 -- 1920 ( Greenwood , 1988 ) . Cocks , Catherine , Peter C. Holloran and Alan Lessoff . Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era ( 2009 ) Dawley , Alan . Changing the World : American Progressives in War and Revolution ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Diner , Steven J. A Very Different Age : Americans of the Progressive Era ( 1998 ) Flanagan , Maureen . America Reformed : Progressives and Progressivisms , 1890s -- 1920s ( 2007 ) Glad , Paul W. `` Progressives and the Business Culture of the 1920s , '' Journal of American History , Vol. 53 , No. 1 . ( June 1966 ) , pp.", "32": "75 -- 89 . in JSTOR Gould , Lewis L. America in the Progressive Era , 1890 -- 1914 '' ( 2000 ) Gould Lewis L. ed. , The Progressive Era ( 1974 ) Hays , Samuel P . The Response to Industrialism , 1885 -- 1914 ( 1957 ) , Hofstadter , Richard , The Age of Reform ( 1954 ) , Pulitzer Prize Jensen , Richard . `` Democracy , Republicanism and Efficiency : The Values of American Politics , 1885 -- 1930 , '' in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger , eds , Contesting Democracy : Substance and Structure in American Political History , 1775 -- 2000 ( U of Kansas Press , 2001 ) pp. 149 -- 80 ; online version Kennedy , David M. ed. , Progressivism : The Critical Issues ( 1971 ) , readings Kloppenberg , James T. Uncertain victory : social democracy and progressivism in European and American thought , 1870 -- 1920 1986 online at ACLS e-books Lasch , Christopher . The True and Only Heaven : Progress and its Critics ( 1991 ) Lears , T.J. Jackson . Rebirth of a Nation : The Remaking of Modern America , 1877 - 1920 ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Leuchtenburg , William E. `` Progressivism and Imperialism : The Progressive Movement and American Foreign Policy , 1898 -- 1916 , '' The Mississippi Valley Historical Review , 39 # 3 ( 1952 ) , pp. 483 -- 504 . JSTOR Link , William A . The Paradox of Southern Progressivism , 1880 -- 1930 ( 1992 ) online Mann , Arthur . ed. , The Progressive Era ( 1975 ) excerpts from scholars and from primary sources McGerr , Michael . A Fierce Discontent : The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America , 1870 -- 1920 ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Mowry , George . The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America , 1900 -- 1912 .", "33": "( 1954 ) general survey of era Noggle , Burl . `` The Twenties : A New Historiographical Frontier , '' The Journal of American History , Vol. 53 , No. 2 . ( Sep. , 1966 ) , pp. 299 -- 314 . in JSTOR Painter , Nell Irvin . Standing at Armageddon : The United States , 1877 - 1919 ( 1987 ) excerpt and text search Pease , Otis , ed . The Progressive Years : The Spirit and Achievement of American Reform ( 1962 ) , primary documents Rodgers , Daniel T. Atlantic Crossings : Social Politics in a Progressive Age ( 2000 ) . stresses links with Europe online edition Solty , Ingar . `` Social Imperialism as Trasformismo : A Political Economy Case Study on the Progressive Era , the Federal Reserve Act , and the U.S. 's Entry into World War One , 1890 -- 1917 '' , in M. Lakitsch , Ed. , Bellicose Entanglements 1914 : The Great War as a Global War ( LIT , 2015 ) , pp. 91 -- 121 . Thelen , David P. `` Social Tensions and the Origins of Progressivism , '' Journal of American History 56 ( 1969 ) , 323 -- 41 online at JSTOR Wiebe , Robert . The Search For Order , 1877 -- 1920 ( 1967 ) . Young , Jeremy C. The Age of Charisma : Leaders , Followers , and Emotions in American Society , 1870 - 1940 ( 2017 ) excerpt and text search Presidents and politics ( edit ) Beale Howard K. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power . ( 1956 ) . Blum , John Morton . The Republican Roosevelt . ( 1954 ) . Series of essays that examine how TR did politics Brands , H.W. Theodore Roosevelt ( 2001 ) . Clements , Kendrick A . The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson ( 1992 ) . Coletta , Paolo . The Presidency of William Howard Taft ( 1990 ) .", "34": "Cooper , John Milton The Warrior and the Priest : Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt . ( 1983 ) . Cooper , John Milton Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2009 ) Dalton , Kathleen . `` Changing interpretations of Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive era . '' in Christopher M. Nichols and Nancy C. Unger , eds A Companion to the Gilded Age and Progressive Era ( 2017 ) : 296 - 307 . Gould , Lewis L. The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt ( 1991 ) . Harbaugh , William Henry . Power and Responsibility The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt ( 1961 ) , a standard scholarly biography emphasizing politics . online Harrison , Robert . Congress , Progressive Reform , and the New American State ( 2004 ) . Hofstadter , Richard . The American Political Tradition ( 1948 ) , ch. 8 -- 9 -- 10 . Kolko , Gabriel ( 1963 ) . The Triumph of Conservatism : A Reinterpretation of American History , 1900 - 1916 . New York , NY : The Free Press . Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 ( 1972 ) standard political history of the era online Morris , Edmund Theodore Rex. ( 2001 ) , biography of T. Roosevelt covers 1901 -- 1909 Mowry , George E. Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement. ( 1946 ) . Pestritto , R.J. `` Woodrow Wilson and the Roots of Modern Liberalism . '' ( 2005 ) . Rothbard , Murray N. The Progressive Era ( 2017 ) , libertarian interpretation online excerpt Sanders , Elizabeth . Roots of Reform : Farmers , Workers and the American State , 1877 -- 1917 ( 1999 ) . Wilson , Joan Hoff . Herbert Hoover , Forgotten Progressive ( 1965 ) . State , local , gender , ethnic , business , labor , religion ( edit ) Abell , Aaron I. American Catholicism and Social Action : A Search for Social Justice , 1865 -- 1950 ( 1960 ) . Bruce , Kyle and Chris Nyland .", "35": "`` Scientific Management , Institutionalism , and Business Stabilization : 1903 -- 1923 '' Journal of Economic Issues , Vol. 35 , 2001 . in JSTOR Buenker , John D. Urban Liberalism and Progressive Reform ( 1973 ) . Buenker , John D . The History of Wisconsin , Vol. 4 : The Progressive Era , 1893 -- 1914 ( 1998 ) . Feffer , Andrew . The Chicago Pragmatists and American Progressivism ( 1993 ) . Frankel , Noralee and Nancy S. Dye , eds . Gender , Class , Race , and Reform in the Progressive Era ( 1991 ) . Hahn , Steven . A Nation under Our Feet : Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration ( 2003 ) . Huthmacher , J. Joseph . `` Urban Liberalism and the Age of Reform '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review 49 ( 1962 ) : 231 -- 41 , in JSTOR ; emphasized urban , ethnic , working class support for reform Link , William A . The Paradox of Southern Progressivism , 1880 -- 1930 ( 1992 ) . Maxwell , Robert S. La Follette and the Rise of the Progressives in Wisconsin . Madison , Wis. : State Historical Society of Wisconsin , 1956 . Montgomery , David . The Fall of the House of Labor : The workplace , the state , and American labor activism , 1865 -- 1925 ( 1987 ) . Muncy , Robyn . Creating A Feminine Dominion in American Reform , 1890 -- 1935 ( 1991 ) . Lubove , Roy . The Progressives and the Slums : Tenement House Reform in New York City , 1890 -- 1917 Greenwood Press : 1974 . Pollack , Norman ( 1962 ) . The Populist Response to Industrial America : Midwestern Populist Thought . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . Recchiuti , John Louis . Civic Engagement : Social Science and Progressive - Era Reform in New York City ( 2007 ) . Stromquist , Shelton .", "36": "Reinventing ' The People ' : The Progressive Movement , the Class Problem , and the Origins of Modern Liberalism , ( U. of Illinois Press , 2006 ) . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07269 - 3 . Thelen , David . The New Citizenship , Origins of Progressivism in Wisconsin , 1885 -- 1900 ( 1972 ) . Wesser , Robert F. Charles Evans Hughes : politics and reform in New York , 1905 -- 1910 ( 1967 ) . Wiebe , Robert . `` Business Disunity and the Progressive Movement , 1901 -- 1914 , '' The Mississippi Valley Historical Review , 44 # 4 ( 1958 ) , pp. 664 -- 85 . in JSTOR Primary sources and year books ( edit ) New International year book : 1909 History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial America 's Critical Period 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S.", "37": "history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier America 's Critical Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive", "38": "Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street", "39": "Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States , 1901 -- 1909 25th Vice President of the United States , 1901 33rd Governor of New York , 1899 -- 1900 Assistant Secretary of the Navy ,", "40": "1897 -- 1898 New York City Police Commissioner , 1895 -- 1897 New York State Assemblyman , 1882 1883 1884 Presidency First inauguration historic site Second inauguiration `` Square Deal '' Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument Other National Monuments United States Forest Service , United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big Stick ideology Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo - Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris incident Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address , 1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Other events Spanish -- American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill `` Bull Moose '' Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian -- Roosevelt African Expedition `` River of Doubt '' Amazonian expedition Life and homes Birthplace ,", "41": "boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Oyster Bay Elkhorn Ranch Maltese Cross Cabin Pine Knot cabin Gravesite Writings and speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 book ) `` The Strenuous Life '' ( 1899 speech ) `` Citizenship in a Republic '' ( 1910 speech ) `` I have just been shot '' ( 1912 speech ) Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography ( 1913 book ) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections New York state election , 1898 Republican National Convention , 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential election , 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Mount Rushmore Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Award Roosevelt Road U.S. Postage stamps Theodore Roosevelt , Rough Rider sculpture Equestrian statue Popular culture Teddy bear `` Speak softly , and carry a big stick '' Books Films Roosevelt in Africa 1910 documentary The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Related Political positions `` Bully pulpit '' Ananias Club `` Nature fakers '' Progressive Era A Guest of Honor Porcellian Club `` Muckraker '' National Collegiate Athletic Association `` Roosevelt Republican '' Family Alice Hathaway Lee ( first wife ) Edith Kermit Carow ( second wife ) Alice Lee Roosevelt ( daughter ) Theodore Roosevelt III ( son ) Kermit Roosevelt ( son ) Ethel Carow Roosevelt ( daughter ) Archibald Roosevelt ( son ) Quentin Roosevelt ( son ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr.", "42": "( father ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( mother ) Anna Roosevelt ( sister ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( brother ) Corinne Roosevelt ( sister ) Cornelius Roosevelt ( grandfather ) James Stephens Bulloch ( grandfather ) James A. Roosevelt ( uncle ) Robert Roosevelt ( uncle ) James Dunwoody Bulloch ( half - uncle ) Irvine Bulloch ( uncle ) Theodore Douglas Robinson ( nephew ) Corinne Robinson ( niece ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( niece ) Hall Roosevelt ( nephew ) ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → Category William Howard Taft 10th Chief Justice of the United States ( 1921 -- 1930 ) 27th President of the United States ( 1909 -- 1913 ) 3rd Provisional Governor of Cuba ( 1904 ) 42nd United States Secretary of War ( 1904 -- 1908 ) Governor - General of the Philippines ( 1901 - 1904 ) 6th Solicitor General of the United States ( 1890 -- 1892 ) Presidency 1909 inauguration Dollar diplomacy Income Tax amendment Payne -- Aldrich Tariff Act Mann -- Elkins Act Defense Secrets Act of 1911 Commission on Economy and Efficiency U.S. occupation of Nicaragua United States Chamber of Commerce Ceremonial first pitch State of the Union Address 1912 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court First Oval Office Chief Justice , Supreme Court Supreme Court career Judiciary Act of 1925 Creation of the Supreme Court Building Taft Court cases Other actions Taft Commission Insular Government of the Philippine Islands Philippines Civil Governor , 1901 -- 1904 Taft -- Katsura agreement 1906 -- 1909 Occupation of Cuba League to Enforce Peace National War Labor Board Life and legacy Early life Birthplace , home , and historic site Woodbury Point Taft Bridge Bibliography U.S. Postage stamps Elections 1908 Republican National Convention 1908 U.S. presidential election 1912 Republican National Convention 1912 U.S.", "43": "presidential election Family Helen Herron Taft ( wife ) Robert Taft ( son ) Helen Taft Manning ( daughter ) Charles Phelps Taft II ( son ) Robert Taft Jr.", "44": "( grandson ) William Howard Taft III ( grandson ) Seth Taft ( grandson ) Alphonso Taft ( father ) Louise Taft ( mother ) Charles Phelps Taft ( brother ) Henry Waters Taft ( brother ) Horace Dutton Taft ( brother ) Peter Rawson Taft ( paternal grandfather ) Related Progressive Era ← Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson → Category Woodrow Wilson 28th President of the United States ( 1913 -- 1921 ) 34th Governor of New Jersey ( 1911 -- 1913 ) 13th President of Princeton University ( 1902 -- 1910 ) Presidency 1913 inauguration Suffrage Parade 1917 inauguration The New Freedom Clayton Antitrust Act Farm Loan Act Federal Employees ' Compensation Act Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Act Federal Income Tax amendment Federal Trade Commission Act Federal Trade Commission Revenue Act of 1913 Flag Day National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Occupation of Haiti Bryan -- Chamorro Treaty Philippine Autonomy Act World War I entry campaigns home front Committee on Public Information Espionage Act of 1917 Selective Service Act of 1917 Four Minute Men Sedition Act of 1918 National War Labor Board The Inquiry American Commission to Negotiate Peace Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Treaty of Versailles The Big Four Fourteen Points League of Nations charter 1919 Nobel Peace Prize Wilsonian Armenia Silent Sentinels Women 's Suffrage amendment Roosevelt desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet State of the Union Address 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1920 Life Birthplace and Presidential Library papers and manuscripts Boyhood home in Georgia Boyhood home in South Carolina Princeton University president Summer White House ( Harlakenden Shadow Lawn ) Woodrow Wilson House Gravesite Books Congressional Government When a Man Comes to Himself The New Freedom ( 1913 ) Elections New Jersey gubernatorial election , 1910 1912 Democratic National Convention 1912 U.S.", "45": "presidential election 1916 Democratic National Convention 1916 U.S. presidential election Legacy Wilsonianism Woodrow Wilson Foundation Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial Woodrow Wilson Bridge Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation U.S. Postage stamps U.S. Currency Popular culture Wilson ( 1944 film ) Profiles in Courage ( 1965 series ) Wilson ( 2013 book ) Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century ( 2002 documentary ) Family Joseph Ruggles Wilson ( father ) Jessie Janet Woodrow ( mother ) Ellen Axson Wilson ( wife , 1885 -- 1914 ; death ) Edith Bolling Wilson ( wife , 1915 -- 1924 ) Margaret Wilson ( daughter ) Jessie Wilson Sayre ( daughter ) Eleanor Wilson McAdoo ( daughter ) William McAdoo ( son - in - law ) Francis Sayre , Jr. ( grandson ) James Woodrow ( maternal uncle ) Related Progressive Era Jefferson Literary and Debating Society ← William Howard Taft Warren G. Harding → Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Era&oldid=819534006 '' Categories : American political philosophy Eras of United States history Progressivism in the United States Progressive Era in the United States Social ethics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from November 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bân - lâm - gú Dansk فارسی Français 한국어 日本語 Polski Русский සිංහල Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 22 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.", "46": ", a non-profit organization . 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3593786118993246315	when did red dead redemption 1 come out	[ "May 2010", "May 18, 2010", "May 2010", "May 2010", "May 2010" ]	{ "0": "Red Dead Redemption - Wikipedia Red Dead Redemption Jump to : navigation , search Red Dead Redemption Developer ( s ) Rockstar San Diego Publisher ( s ) Rockstar Games Producer ( s ) Steve Martin Josh Needleman David Kunkler John Ricchio Designer ( s ) Christian Cantamessa Leslie Benzies Programmer ( s ) Ted Carson Artist ( s ) Joshua Bass Daren Bader George Davis Nick Trifunovic Writer ( s ) Dan Houser Michael Unsworth Christian Cantamessa Composer ( s ) Bill Elm Woody Jackson Series Red Dead Engine RAGE Platform ( s ) PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Release NA : May 18 , 2010 PAL : May 21 , 2010 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Red Dead Redemption is a Western - themed action - adventure video game developed by Rockstar San Diego and published by Rockstar Games . It was released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles in May 2010 . It is the second title in the Red Dead franchise , after 2004 's Red Dead Revolver . The game , set during the decline of the American frontier in the year 1911 , follows John Marston , a former outlaw whose wife and son are taken hostage by the government in ransom for his services as a hired gun . Having no other choice , Marston sets out to bring the three members of his former gang to justice . The game is played from a third - person perspective in an open world environment , allowing the player to interact with the game world at their leisure . The player can travel the virtual world , a fictionalized version of the Western United States and Mexico , primarily by horseback and on foot . Gunfights emphasize a gunslinger gameplay mechanic called `` Dead Eye '' that allows players to mark multiple shooting targets on enemies in slow motion . The game makes use of a morality system , by which the player 's actions in the game affect their character 's levels of honor and fame and how other characters respond to the player . An online multiplayer mode is included with the game , allowing up to 16 players to engage in both cooperative and competitive gameplay in a recreation of the single - player setting .", "1": "Upon its release , Red Dead Redemption was acclaimed by many reviewers , with praise directed at the game 's visuals , dynamically - generated music , voice acting , gameplay , and story . The game has shipped over 15 million copies and won year - end accolades , including Game of the Year awards from several gaming publications . It is widely considered one of the greatest video games of all time . After the game 's release , several downloadable content additions were released ; Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare , later released as a standalone game , added a new single - player experience in which Marston searches for a cure for an infectious zombie plague that has swept across the Old West . A Game of the Year Edition containing all additional content was released in October 2011 . A prequel , Red Dead Redemption 2 , was announced in October 2016 , and is scheduled to be released in October 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Combat 1.2 Multiplayer 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Additional content 4 Reception 4.1 Accolades 4.2 John Marston 5 Legacy 5.1 Prequel 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Red Dead Redemption is a Western - themed action - adventure game played from a third - person perspective . The player controls John Marston and completes missions , linear scenarios with set objectives , to progress through the story . Outside of missions , players may freely roam the open world . The player can interact with the environment and engage in combat with enemies , using various firearms . Different breeds of horses are the main forms of transportation , each with different attributes . These horses must be tamed in order to use them . Marston can utilize trains for quick travelling , but he can also stop the train by threatening or killing the passengers or driver . The game 's undeveloped land makes up the largest portion of the game world , featuring various rugged and vast landscapes with occasional travelers , bandits , and wildlife . Urban settlements range from isolated farmhouses to crowded towns . Besides the American West , the player can also traverse a fictional Mexican state bordering the United States .", "2": "In addition to following the main storyline , the player character will witness and can take part in random events they encounter as they explore the game world . These include public hangings , ambushes , pleas for assistance , encounters with strangers , ride - by shootings , and dangerous animal attacks . For example , if a group of people ride into town firing guns in the air , Marston can kill them , and will receive a bonus of honor and fame for protecting the town . The player character can also take part in optional side activities , most of which give the player money . These side activities include dueling , in which the player character must be a faster draw than their opponent ; bounty hunting , where Marston can hunt down bounties on wanted posters ; herb collecting , which involves gathering exotic plants from around the game map for town medics ; gambling , where people can be found playing games such as poker and Five Finger Fillet ; and hunting , in which the player can kill wild animals and skin their hides . Red Dead Redemption makes use of a morality system where players have the ability to gain positive or negative honor . Honor can be gained by making morally positive choices , such as taking in an outlaw alive or saving a woman from a kidnapping . The player character 's overall honor standard is lowered for committing crimes or other negative choices . This works in conjunction with another system , fame , which affects how people react based on Marston 's honor status . If Marston has little honor , non-player characters will feel insecure around him . If he has a high amount of honor , other characters will usually greet him and feel safe around him . He will also receive discounts in some stores , more pay for jobs and other bonuses . A very low honor rating can result in a town 's establishments closing their doors when Marston arrives . To combat this he can disguise himself by wearing a bandana when performing criminal acts ; alternatively , a very negative or criminal reputation warrants the player a large amount of respect and steep discounts from bandits and fencers at criminal hideouts , such as Thieves ' Landing . Combat ( edit ) Red Dead Redemption features a cover system that lets the player character hide behind objects and reach out to fire on people and animals . Gunfights are a major gameplay mechanic in Red Dead Redemption . The player can take cover , target a specific person or animal , blindfire , and free aim .", "3": "Individual body parts can also be targeted , in order to take targets down non-lethally . When the player shoots an enemy , the game engine uniquely creates the AI reactions and movements depending on where they were hit . The player character can choose from period - accurate weapons including revolvers , pistols , lever or bolt - action rifles , shotguns , sniper rifles , knives , explosives , lassos , mounted Gatling guns , and cannons . Duels utilize a gunslinger gameplay mechanic known as Dead Eye . Dead Eye is a targeting system that is used in a bullet time - like manner , allowing the player to slow down time to place a precise shot or paint in multiple shots . When the targeting sequence ends , Marston automatically fires to all marked locations in extremely quick succession . Adopted from the Grand Theft Auto series , Red Dead Redemption has a modified wanted system . When the player commits a crime such as killing people near witnesses , some will run to the nearest police station . The player can bribe them or kill them before they reach the station . If a crime is committed near a police officer , the wanted meter immediately appears along with a bounty count which increases with each crime committed . If Marston 's bounty becomes high enough he will be pursued by either the U.S. Marshals or by the Mexican Army depending on his locations . To evade law enforcement in pursuit , John Marston must escape a circular zone until the wanted meter disappears . Alternatively , the player character can kill all lawmen in a town to have the wanted meter disappear . Despite the chase being aborted , a bounty is placed upon John which will cause bounty hunters to come after him in the wilderness . It is impossible to surrender to these bounty hunters by putting away Marston 's weapon and standing still as they will kill him regardless . Only law enforcement in towns and a posse will accept surrenders . The law will continue to chase Marston unless he pays his bounty at a telegraph station or presents a pardon letter . When arrested , Marston pays off his bounty and is then released . If the player does not have enough money to pay back the bounty , the law will assign bounty hunting activities . Multiplayer ( edit ) Red Dead Redemption includes online multiplayer with a maximum of 16 players per session .", "4": "Every multiplayer game , both free - for - all and team based , will begin with a Mexican standoff . Survivors of the standoff will be able to move to any part of the battlefield in preparation for respawning enemies . Crates in the environment contain extra weapons , ammo , and other powerups . Players can level up and complete weapon challenges which earn them rewards such as new character models , golden weapon skins , new titles , and new breeds of animal mounts . Additional multiplayer modes were added via downloadable content ( DLC ) . Stronghold is an attack or defend scenario , with teams switching roles as the round ends . It is included in the Liars and Cheats pack . The Undead Nightmare pack included two new games modes : Undead overrun mode , and Land Grab . It also included eight new zombie characters . The free - for - all and team versions of Shootout mode both follow a traditional deathmatch scenario where players or teams must accumulate the most kills . Many capture the flag variants are also available . Hold Your Own is a traditional mode where each team has to defend their bag of gold from the enemy team whilst capturing the other . Grab The Bag has both teams attacking one bag placed in a section of the map . Gold Rush is a free - for - all variant , trying to grab and keep as many bags as possible . The multiplayer portion Red Dead Redemption also features open world gameplay . All players in the server can form or join a group of other players , known as a posse , of up to eight players and take part in activities such as hunting or attacking computer - controlled gang hideouts or another player 's posse . In some game modes , players are unable to kill other players . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) Red Dead Redemption spans two fictitious United States counties and a fictitious Mexican state : New Austin , West Elizabeth , and Nuevo Paraiso . New Austin and West Elizabeth are adjacent to each other and share a southern border with Mexico . Nuevo Paraiso is a Mexican state , separated from U.S. territory by the San Luis river . The game takes place primarily in the year 1911 , featuring the final decade of the American Frontier and the cowboy and outlaw archetypes that shaped it .", "5": "The landscape of the Wild West is beginning to fade and modern technologies like automobiles , machine guns , and oil drilling projects are beginning to appear . Plot ( edit ) The game begins in 1911 , where former outlaw John Marston ( Rob Wiethoff ) is taken from his family by the Bureau of Investigation , and will only be granted amnesty when he brings the remaining members of his old gang to justice . Marston sets off to track down Bill Williamson ( Steve J. Palmer ) , who now runs his own gang . Marston confronts Williamson at his stronghold , Fort Mercer , only to be shot and left for dead . Local rancher Bonnie MacFarlane ( Kimberly Irion ) finds him critically wounded and takes him to her ranch for recovery . Several days later , Marston begins repaying the MacFarlanes for their help in the form of odd - jobs around the ranch . During this time he works with U.S. Marshal Leigh Johnson ( Anthony De Longis ) and his deputies , con artist Nigel West Dickens ( Don Creech ) , treasure hunter and grave robber Seth Briars ( Kevin Glikmann ) , and an unreliable alcoholic arms dealer known only as Irish ( K. Harrison Sweeney ) . Marston performs various tasks and favours in exchange for their help with organizing an attack on Fort Mercer . Marston and his group then breach the fort and defeat Williamson 's gang only to find that Williamson had fled to Mexico to seek help from Javier Escuella ( Antonio Jaramillo ) , another member of Marston 's former gang . In Mexico , Marston sides with Mexican Army Colonel Agustín Allende ( Gary Carlos Cervantes ) and his right - hand man Captain Vincente de Santa ( Hector Luis Bustamante ) , to help end a rebellion in return for Allende delivering Escuella and Williamson to him . However , Allende betrays Marston , who then sides with the rebels . With the initial help of elderly gunslinger Landon Ricketts ( Ross Hagen ) , Marston , along with rebel leader Abraham Reyes ( Josh Segarra ) and one of his lovers Luisa ( Francesca Galeas ) , eventually turns the tide in favour of the rebels , killing de Santa and launching an assault on the El Presidio fortress .", "6": "They find Escuella , who attempts to bargain for his life by revealing that Williamson has been under Allende 's protection . Marston is given the option to either kill Escuella or turn him over to the Bureau . Marston and Reyes then take the fight to Allende , where Luisa is killed during the attack . As Allende 's palace is stormed by the rebels , both he and Williamson flee , but are apprehended and executed . Reyes then takes charge of the local government and plans to advance on the capital , while Marston leaves to meet with the Bureau in Blackwater . Agents Edgar Ross ( Jim Bentley ) and Archer Fordham ( David Wilson Barnes ) refuse to let Marston return to his family until he assists the Bureau in hunting down Dutch van der Linde ( Benjamin Byron Davis ) , the leader of Marston 's former gang . Marston learns that Dutch has been forming his own gang , and joins Ross , Fordham and a group of U.S. soldiers in an attack on Dutch 's hideout . During the assault , Marston chases Dutch up to a cliff , where the latter commits suicide by backing off the cliff and falling to his death . Marston is released from his deal with Ross and returns to his ranch where his wife Abigail ( Sophie Marzocchi ) and son Jack ( Josh Blaylock ) are waiting . Marston devotes his time tending to the ranch , having sworn to keep himself and his family away from the outlaw lifestyle forever . He is then suddenly forced to repel a surprise attack from a combined force of soldiers , lawmen and government agents led by Ross . Marston is able to fend off several waves of attackers and get his family to safety but stays behind to hold back the rest . Despite a valiant last stand , he dies after being shot numerous times by Ross and his men , and is buried by his family on the hill overlooking the ranch . Three years later , following the death of his mother , Jack tracks down the now - retired Ross , and kills him in a duel .", "7": "The fates of Marston 's companions are later summarized : Marshal Leigh Johnson retired from Armadillo and moved away ; Reyes was consumed by power and became a tyrant ; Bonnie MacFarlane eventually married ; Irish shot himself dead in an outhouse when his gun accidentally discharged ; Seth Briars eventually found treasure and became rich ; and Landon Ricketts died quietly in his sleep . Development ( edit ) Main article : Development of Red Dead Redemption Rockstar San Diego began to develop Red Dead Redemption in 2005 . Development was conducted by a team of more than 800 people , including Rockstar San Diego 's core team and staff from parent company Rockstar Games 's studios around the world . The game runs on the proprietary Rockstar Advanced Game Engine ( RAGE ) , which was improved for the game to improve its draw distance rendering capabilities . The Euphoria and Bullet software handle additional animation and rendering tasks . Having exhausted the use of previous hardware on previous projects , Rockstar felt inspired after realising the potential power of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . Analyst estimations place the game 's combined development and marketing budget between US $80 million and US $100 million , which would make it one of the most expensive video games ever made . The open world was created to represent iconic features of the American frontier . Key members of the game world product team took research trips to Washington and the Library of Congress in their extensive research on the American frontier . They also captured a multitude of photographs , and analyzed various classic Western films . The team considered creating the open world one of the most technically demanding aspect of the game 's production , in terms of filling the world with enough content to interest players . The team chose 1911 as the game 's setting as they felt that exploring the transformation from `` the old West '' into a modern world was intriguing . The team viewed Red Dead Redemption as a spiritual successor to Red Dead Revolver , and designed it to improve upon the gameplay mechanics . They sought to maintain the shooting mechanic and expand on other game features , attempting to achieve realism with every feature of the game . In particular , the team faced a challenge in creating realistic movement for the horse , resulting in the engagement of a stunt horse to simulate movement for the designers . After an audition process , Rob Wiethoff was selected to portray John Marston .", "8": "The cast 's performances were mostly recorded using motion capture technology , with additional dialogue and sound effects recorded in a studio . Red Dead Redemption also features an original score , which was composed by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson , collaborating with each other over fifteen months . Rockstar also consulted musicians who played traditional Western instruments , such as harmonica player Tommy Morgan . Though a technology demonstration was shown in 2005 , Red Dead Redemption was first formally announced by Rockstar Games on February 3 , 2009 . They released its debut trailer on December 1 , 2009 , introducing the game 's protagonist . The game missed its original projected April 2010 release date , pushed back to May 18 , 2010 to allow for further polishing . To spur pre-order game sales , Rockstar collaborated with several retail outlets to provide pre-order bonuses . These included exclusive in - game outfits , weapons and horses , as well as the game 's official soundtrack . Additional content ( edit ) See also : Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare Post-release content was added to Red Dead Redemption as downloadable content ( DLC ) packs . Outlaws to the End , released on June 22 , 2010 , added six new cooperative side missions for the game 's multiplayer . The Legends and Killers pack was released on August 10 , 2010 ; it added eight multiplayer characters from Red Dead Revolver , nine map locations , and a Tomahawk weapon . The Liars and Cheats pack was released on September 21 , 2010 ; it added competitive multiplayer modes and mini-games , additional characters from the single - player game and the Explosive Rifle weapon . The Hunting and Trading pack was released on October 12 , 2010 ; it added a jackalope to the game 's world , and some additional outfits . Undead Nightmare , released on October 26 , 2010 , added a new single - player campaign with ghost towns and cemeteries full of zombies ; in the game 's story , players continue to assume control of Marston as he searches for a cure to the zombie outbreak . The Myths and Mavericks pack , released for free on September 13 , 2011 , added additional characters from the single - player campaign .", "9": "A Game of the Year Edition containing all downloadable content was released for both PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , on 11 October 2011 in North America and on 14 October 2011 internationally . Additionally , Microsoft added the game to its backwards compatibility list for Xbox One platforms in July 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 95 / 100 Review scores Publication Score 1UP.com Edge 10 / 10 Eurogamer 8 / 10 Game Informer 9.75 / 10 GamePro GameSpot 9.5 / 10 GameSpy GameTrailers 9.5 / 10 IGN 9.7 / 10 Award Publication Award PlayStation Official Magazine - UK 3rd best PS3 game of all time Red Dead Redemption was released to critical acclaim . Review aggregator website Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating in the 0 -- 100 range , calculated an average score of 95 out of 100 , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , based on 73 reviews for the PlayStation 3 version and 96 reviews for the Xbox 360 version . Commercially , the game has also been very successful . By August 2011 , the game had shipped over 11 million copies , 2 million of which were retail units of Undead Nightmare . As of February 2017 , Red Dead Redemption has shipped over 15 million units . Many critics praised the landscape , environment and graphics of Red Dead Redemption . Erik Brudvig of IGN lauded the environmental details , noting the player can even scare a flock of birds from the bushes as they ride past . He also noted that the game 's dynamic events , weather and ambient sounds provide a rich experience for players . He summarized by stating `` you can also expect a fantastic game that offers the Western experience we 've all been waiting for . '' Game Informer called the scenery `` breathtaking '' , and the cinematic cutscenes `` vastly improved '' over Grand Theft Auto IV , and named it the `` best - looking Rockstar game to date '' . Play media The portion of the game in which Marston enters Mexico was acclaimed by critics and players .", "10": "The usage of the song `` Far Away '' by José González led to the scene being regarded as `` perfect '' and `` beautiful '' by gaming journalists . ( 0 : 30 ) The music , sound and voice acting in the game was also widely praised and spoken about . It won the Best Original Music and Best Voice Acting awards from GameSpot . When talking about the sound design of Red Dead Redemption , Game Informer said `` From pitch - perfect gunshots to the daunting rumble of prairie thunderstorms , the remarkable attention to audio detail brings the world to life '' . Critics and reviewers spoke about the successful use of the game engine , and made similarities of the controls and physics to the Grand Theft Auto series . Game Informer said that Rockstar `` ( transposed ) the Grand Theft Auto gameplay template onto a Wild West setting '' . Good Game reviewer Stephanie `` Hex '' Bendixsen said that `` ( Rockstar ) really looked at what people liked and did n't like in their game design from ( Grand Theft Auto IV ) , and included it here '' . Eurogamer 's Simon Parkin felt Red Dead Redemption successfully `` re-clothes '' the Grand Theft Auto framework in an `` exciting , distinct and expertly realised scenario '' . The multiplayer aspect of Red Dead Redemption received mixed commentary from critics . GamePro 's Will Herring praised the variety of multiplayer modes and the open gameplay , but noted that it put more responsibility on the players for keeping the game interesting . Justin Calvert of GameSpot also gave high marks for the game 's variety of multiplayer modes , but felt that there was a lack in customization options for players . In a more critical view of multiplayer , Scott Sharkey of 1UP.com noted that games can suffer from griefing due to the open nature of multiplayer gameplay . He also criticized the leveling and unlocking aspects , noting that `` The first few minutes spent as a toothless miner riding a balky mule can be pretty humiliating '' . G4TV 's Jake Gaskill echoed this sentiment . He noted that the game often respawns players in a similar location to their death , which allows the killing player to repeatedly grief the other player . Rockstar has since added a feature which allows for players being griefed to transport to another area upon respawn .", "11": "Accolades ( edit ) Since its release , Red Dead Redemption has received a large number of awards . It won several Game of the Year awards from media outlets such as GameSpy , GameSpot , Good Game , Computer and Video Games , and Machinima , among others . The game 's music also received awards for its original score from GameSpot , Machinima.com , and Spike TV . José González also received an award from Spike for his original song `` Far Away '' . The graphics received honors at the Korean Games Conference , and from the television program Good Game . Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare also received Best Downloadable content awards from Spike TV , G4 TV and Game Revolution . At the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards , Red Dead Redemption won the Game of the Year , Best Song in a Game ( `` Far Away '' by José González ) , Best Original Score and Best DLC ( Undead Nightmare ) awards . Red Dead Redemption was not nominated for any of the jury based awards at the BAFTA Video Game Awards due to Rockstar 's refusal to submit the title for consideration ; BAFTA can not enter games without permission from the developers and publishers . ( show ) List of awards and nominations for Red Dead Redemption Year Awards Outcome Ref GameSpot Best of 2010 Best Story Won Best New Character ( John Marston ) Won Best Atmosphere Won Best Original Music Won Best Voice Acting Won Best Improved Sequel Won Best Writing / Dialogue Won Best Ending Won Best Action / Adventure Game Won Best PS3 Game Won Best Xbox 360 Won Game of the Year Won Best Downloadable Content ( Undead Nightmare ) Nominated Best Graphics ,", "12": "Artistic Nominated Best Sound Design Nominated Best Original Game Mechanic Nominated IGN Best of 2010 Funniest Game ( Xbox 360 ) ( Undead Nightmare ) Won Best Story ( PlayStation 3 ) Won Best Character ( PlayStation 3 ) ( John Marston ) Won Best Story ( Xbox 360 ) Nominated Coolest Atmosphere ( Xbox 360 ) Nominated Best Character ( Xbox 360 ) ( John Marston ) Nominated Best Visuals ( Xbox 360 ) Nominated Best Horror Game ( Xbox 360 ) ( Undead Nightmare ) Nominated Best Xbox 360 Game of the Year Nominated Funniest Game ( PlayStation 3 ) ( Undead Nightmare ) Nominated Coolest Atmosphere ( PlayStation 3 ) Nominated Most Addictive Game ( PlayStation 3 ) Nominated Best Visuals ( PlayStation 3 ) Nominated Most Bang for Your Buck ( PlayStation 3 ) Nominated Best Horror Game ( PlayStation 3 ) ( Undead Nightmare ) Nominated Best PS3 Game of the Year Nominated GameSpy Game of the Year 2010 Best Action Adventure Game of the Year Won Overall Game of the Year Won Spike Video Game Awards 2010 Game of the Year Won Best Song in a Game ( `` Far Away '' by José González ) Won Best Original Score Won Best DLC ( Undead Nightmare ) Won Best Original Game Won Best Zombie Game ( Undead Nightmare ) Won Studio of the Year ( Rockstar San Diego ) Nominated Character of the Year ( John Marston ) Nominated Best PS3 Game Nominated Best Action Adventure Game Nominated Best Graphics Nominated Best Performance by a Human Male ( Rob Wiethoff as John Marston ) Nominated 2011 14th Annual D.I.C.E.", "13": "Awards Action Game of the Year Won Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Play Engineering Won Outstanding Character Performance ( Rob Wiethoff as John Marston ) Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Won Game of the Year Nominated Outstanding Innovation in Gaming Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design Nominated 2011 British Academy Video Games Awards GAME Award of 2010 Nominated 11th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards Game of the Year Won Best Game Design Won Best Technology Won Best Audio Won Best Writing Nominated 2012 2012 Spike Video Game Awards Entertainment Weekly and Spike VGA Best Game of the Decade Nominated 2016 Giant Bomb 's 2016 Game of the Year Awards Xbox One Backwards Compatible Game of the Year Nominated John Marston ( edit ) GameSpot and IGN named Marston the year 's best new character . Marston was a nominee for character and voice acting awards at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards and 14th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards . In 2013 , Complex remembered Rob Wiethoff 's voice acting performance as the second best in a video game . Network World stated John Marston `` is a complicated character , having been a bad person who is trying to make things right . '' The New York Times stated that `` ( John ) and his creators conjure such a convincing , cohesive and enthralling re-imagination of the real world that it sets a new standard for sophistication and ambition in electronic gaming . '' Marston has been included in multiple lists of top video game character traits . GamesRadar placed Marston fifth in their list of best game characters of the generation , and GameSpy called John Marston a noticeable omission from the 2011 Guinness World Records Gamer 's Edition 's top 50 video game characters . Legacy ( edit ) Critics concurred that Red Dead Redemption was one of the best games of the seventh generation era of video game consoles . Dan Whitehead of Eurogamer wrote that he hoped the eighth generation of consoles would offer `` similarly powerful experiences '' .", "14": "IGN ranked the game third on its 2011 list of the top modern video games , and seventh on its 2014 list of the best games of the generation . GamesRadar listed Red Dead Redemption at second on its list of the best games of all time , in February 2013 , and sixth on its list of the best video game stories , in July 2013 . In September 2013 , the game was ranked the thirteenth best PlayStation 3 game , and the seventh best Xbox 360 game , by IGN . In November 2013 , the game was ranked at fourth and eighth place on Eurogamer and Hardcore Gamer 's list of the best games of the generation , respectively . In January 2014 , Computer and Video Games ranked the game at number fifteen on its list of the best games of the generation . In June 2014 , the game placed at number five on IGN 's list of the `` Games of a Generation : Your Top 100 '' as voted by readers of the site . In August 2014 , the game placed seventh on Good Game 's Top 100 list . In July 2015 , the game placed 10th on USgamer 's The 15 Best Games Since 2000 list . Prequel ( edit ) Main article : Red Dead Redemption 2 In March 2013 , Karl Slatoff , chief operating officer of Take - Two Interactive , revealed that the company has an `` extensive pipeline of unannounced titles in development '' and mentioned that the Red Dead franchise was important to the company . Concept art for a future game in the series was reportedly leaked online in April 2016 . Images released by Rockstar in October 2016 sparked speculation regarding a sequel . Red Dead Redemption 2 was confirmed by Rockstar in October 2016 , scheduled for release on October 26 , 2018 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Additional work by Rockstar North , Rockstar Leeds and Rockstar New England . ^ Jump up to : Rockstar addressed the game 's griefing problem by introducing a Friendly Free Roam in an update on October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Edge originally gave the game 9 / 10 , but retroactively changed the score to 10 / 10 .", "15": "Footnotes Jump up ^ Rockstar San Diego ( May 18 , 2010 ) . Red Dead Redemption . PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . Rockstar Games . Level / area : Credits . ^ Jump up to : Rockstar San Diego ( 2010 ) . Red Dead Redemption Game Manual ( PDF ) . Rockstar Games . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ R * Y ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Rockstar Games Tips : Becoming an Ace Online Poker Player ( Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare Collection / Liars and Cheats Pack ) '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Eyes - On Impressions '' . Kotaku . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cocker , Guy ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Hands - On -- Xbox 360 Previews at GameSpot '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Features : Weapons '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yoon , Andrew ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 's online ' Multiplayer Free Roam ' revealed '' . Joystiq . Retrieved April 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bramwell , Tom ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Red Dead 's Liars and Cheats Pack dated '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Rockstar details RDR 's Land Grab Mode '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ R * Q ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Multiplayer in Red Dead Redemption '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved April 8 , 2010 .", "16": "^ Jump up to : R * Q ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Friendly Free Roam , Coming Very Soon to Red Dead Redemption Multiplayer '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ingham , Tim ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` News : Red Dead Redemption gets another winning review '' . Computer and Video Games . Future plc . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cabral , Matt ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` Interview : Christian Cantamessa -- Red Dead Redemption '' . GameFan . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( February 11 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Exclusive Q&A '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Onyett , Charles ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption : A Man and His Horse '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . p. 1 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schiesel , Seth ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` Video Game Review - ' Red Dead Redemption ' Brings Old West to Life '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Onyett , Charles ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption : A Man and His Horse '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . p. 3 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Onyett , Charles ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption : A Man and His Horse '' .", "17": "IGN . Ziff Davis . p. 2 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ James , Dean . `` Five Years Later , Where Is Red Dead Redemption 2 ? '' . Attack of the Fanboy . Modern Media Group LLC . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ GameSpot Staff ( May 10 , 2010 ) . `` Breaking in the Digital Horses of Red Dead Redemption '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stafford , Patrick ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` What happened to John Marston '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray , Charlie ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Rob Wietoff ( AKA John Marston ) Nave360 Interview '' . Nave360 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` Redemption songs : the making of the Red Dead Redemption soundtrack '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ R * Q ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Behind the Scenes of the Red Dead Redemption Soundtrack '' . Rockstar Newswire . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rockstar Games ( May 26 , 2007 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 2005 Teaser '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( February 4 , 2009 ) .", "18": "`` Red Dead Redemption Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ R * Q ( December 1 , 2009 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Official Trailer : `` My Name Is John Marston '' `` . Rockstar Newswire . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Mike ( March 4 , 2010 ) . `` News : Red Dead Redemption delayed to May '' . Computer And Video Games . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ R * Q ( February 9 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Exclusive Pre-Order Bonuses : The Referendum , The Golden Guns , The War Horse and More '' . Rockstar Newswire . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ R * Q ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption : Deadly Assassin Outfit , Golden Guns Weapon Pack and War Horse Now Available on Xbox LIVE and PlayStation Network '' . Rockstar Newswire . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Totilo , Stephen ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Adding Zombies , Multiplayer Poker , More '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ R * Q ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Free Hunting and Trading Outfits Pack for Red Dead Redemption Coming October 12th '' . Rockstar Newswire . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reparaz , Mikel ( October 14 , 2010 ) .", "19": "`` Red Dead Redemption -- Undead Nightmare hands - on '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ R * Y ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` FREE Fan Appreciation DLC for Red Dead Coming Soon '' . Rockstar Newswire . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ R * S ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` Release Date & Details on the Free Red Dead Redemption Myths and Mavericks Bonus Pack '' . Rockstar Newswire . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Red Dead GOTY Edition This Fall '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption will finally be backward compatible with Xbox One '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Dead Redemption for PlayStation 3 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Dead Redemption for Xbox 360 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sharkey , Scott ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Review '' . 1UP . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The ten amendments : we crown seven games from the last 20 years of Edge with a retrospective 10 '' . Edge Magazine . Future Publishing . Retrieved 22 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Edge Staff ( May 17 , 2010 ) .", "20": "`` Review : Red Dead Redemption '' . Edge Online . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Parkin , Simon ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bertz , Matt ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Rockstar Wrangles The Best Video Game Western Of All Time '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Herring , Will ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption review from GamePro '' . GamePro . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tuttle , Will ( May 19 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption - Xbox 360 '' . GameSpy . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` News : Red Dead Redemption Review '' . GameTrailers . May 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Calvert , Justin ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brudvig , Erik ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hall of Fame listing , PlayStation Official Magazine issue 107 , Future Publishing , March 2015 Jump up ^ Graft , Kris ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` Take - Two : Red Dead Redemption Ships 11M Units '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 7 February 2017 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Shipped 15M Copies ; Take - Two Promises Major Marketing For Sequel '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive .", "21": "Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Sources that compliment the usage of the song `` Far Away '' during gameplay include : Serrels , Mark ( 24 December 2010 ) . `` Gaming Moments of 2010 # 1 : Red Dead Redemption '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Plunkett , Luke ( 8 June 2010 ) . `` My Highlight Of Red Dead Redemption Is ... This Song '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Cundy , Matt ( 5 July 2010 ) . `` Amazing . It 's another classic gaming moment , courtesy of Rockstar '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Houghton , David ( 9 July 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 's most perfect moment , ruined by Red Dead Redemption '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Original Music - The Best Games of 2010 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Voice Acting - The Best Games of 2010 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Good Game ( May 31 , 2010 ) . `` Good Game stories -- Red Dead Redemption '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ Gaskill , Jake ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Review '' . G4TV . Retrieved May 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Escapist : Forums : The News Room : Rockstar Bringing New Law to Red Dead Redemption 's Multiplayer '' . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GameSpy Game of the Year 2010 '' . GameSpy . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Kwag , Sophia ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` KGC AWARDS , to go forward a step with the Global Game Awarding Ceremony '' . AVING USA . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Good Game . `` GG Awards 2010 - Best Graphics '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2010 : Best DLC '' . G4TV . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reboucas , Eduardo . `` Game Revolution : 2010 GR Awards -- Best DLC Add - on '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Minkley , Johnny ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` BAFTA explains Red Dead snub '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 .", "23": "Jump up ^ Brown , Nathan ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` No Red Dead Redemption at BAFTAs '' . Edge . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best Story - The Best Games of 2010 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best New Character - The Best Games of 2010 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Atmosphere - The Best Games of 2010 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Voice Acting - The Best Games of 2010 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Improved Sequel - The Best Games of 2010 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Writing / Dialogue - The Best Games of 2010 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Ending - The Best Games of 2010 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Action / Adventure Game - The Best Games of 2010 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Game - The Best Games of 2010 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox 360 Game - The Best Games of 2010 '' .", "24": "GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year - The Best Games of 2010 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Downloadable Content - The Best Games of 2010 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Graphics , Artistic - The Best Games of 2010 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sound Design - The Best Games of 2010 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Original Game Mechanic - The Best Games of 2010 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funniest Game 2010 - Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare - Xbox 360 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Story 2010 - Red Dead Redemption - PS3 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Character 2010 - John Marston ( Red Dead Redemption ) - PS3 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Story 2010 - Mass Effect 2 - Xbox 360 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 .", "25": "Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coolest Atmosphere 2010 - Limbo - Xbox 360 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . 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Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best game characters of the generation '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Mike ( February 16 , 2011 ) . `` Guinness Ranks Your 50 Favorite Video Game Characters of All Time '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Martin ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Eurogamer 's Games of the Generation : The top 50 '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Whitehead , Dan ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Games of the Generation : Red Dead Redemption '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ IGN ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption - # 3 Top Modern Games '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption - # 7 Top Games of a Generation '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ GamesRadar Staff ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` The 100 best games of all time '' .", "29": "GamesRadar . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ GamesRadar Staff ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` The best videogame stories ever '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin ; Goldfarb , Andrew ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` The Top 25 Xbox 360 Games ( 3 ) '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ IGN Staff ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Top 25 Xbox 360 Games ( 2 ) '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ HG Staff ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Top 100 Games of the Generation : The Top Ten Games of the Generation '' . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ CVG Staff ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` CVG 's Games of the Generation 20 - 1 '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ IGN Staff ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Games of a Generation : Your Top 100 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Good Game ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Good Game Stories - Good Game Top 100 - Final List '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rignall , Jaz ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` The 15 Best Games Since 2000 , Number 10 : Red Dead Redemption '' . USgamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Take - Two has ' extensive pipeline ' of unannounced titles in development '' .", "30": "GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Passalacqua , Michael ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 2 Map Leaked , Will Be a Prequel '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` New Red Dead Redemption image shows seven silhouettes '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 2 ? Why people have gone crazy over a teasing image '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tamoor ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 2 Release Date Updated On PS4 And Xbox One '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 .", "31": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Red Dead Redemption Official website Red Dead Redemption on IMDb ( hide ) Red Dead series Red Dead Revolver Red Dead Redemption Undead Nightmare Development Music Red Dead Redemption 2 Game Developers Choice Award for Game of the Year The Sims ( 2000 ) Grand Theft Auto III ( 2001 ) Metroid Prime ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic ( 2003 ) Half - Life 2 ( 2004 ) Shadow of the Colossus ( 2005 ) Gears of War ( 2006 ) Portal ( 2007 ) Fallout 3 ( 2008 ) Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves ( 2009 ) Red Dead Redemption ( 2010 ) The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim ( 2011 ) Journey ( 2012 ) The Last of Us ( 2013 ) Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ( 2014 ) The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt ( 2015 ) Overwatch ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "32": "php?title=Red_Dead_Redemption&oldid=837408319 '' Categories : 1911 in fiction 1914 in fiction 2010 video games Action - adventure games Euphoria ( software ) games Interactive Achievement Award winners Multiplayer and single - player video games Open world video games PlayStation 3 games Red Dead Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Advanced Game Engine games Rockstar Games Take - Two Interactive games Video games developed in the United States Video games set in Mexico Video games set in the 1910s Video games set in the United States Video games with downloadable content Video games with expansion packs Western ( genre ) video games Works about atonement Xbox 360 games Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Use mdy dates from June 2012 Use American English from April 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Good articles Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 16 : 51 . 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-7721509949632484180	when was the first driver's license required	[ "1888", "1 January 1904", "1 January 1904[2] after the Motor Car Act 1903 received royal assent in the United Kingdom" ]	{ "0": "Driver 's license - wikipedia Driver 's license Jump to : navigation , search `` Driving permit '' redirects here . In some countries , this term could also mean Learner 's permit . Not to be confused with Vehicle licence or Pilot licensing and certification . A license from Spain , in the format of the European driving licence A driver 's license is an official document permitting a specific individual to operate one or more types of motorized vehicles , such as a motorcycle , car , truck , or bus on a public road . The term driver 's license is American English ; the Canadian English equivalent is driver 's licence , and in British English it is driving licence . In this article , the American terminology and spelling is used except where the section refers specifically to British practice . The laws relating to the licensing of drivers vary between jurisdictions . In some jurisdictions , a license is issued after the recipient has passed a driving test , while in others , a person acquires a license before beginning to drive . Different categories of license often exist for different types of motor vehicles , particularly large trucks and passenger vehicles . The difficulty of the driving test varies considerably between jurisdictions , as do factors such as age and the required level of practice . In some international agreements the wording driver 's permit is used , for instance in the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Driver 's licenses used for identification purposes 2.1 Europe 2.2 Asia 2.2. 1 Japan 2.3 North America 2.4 South America 3 Licenses for different categories of vehicles 3.1 Africa 3.1. 1 Egypt 3.1. 2 Ghana 3.1. 3 Kenya 3.1. 4 Morocco 3.1. 5 Nigeria 3.1. 6 South Africa 3.1. 7 Tanzania 3.2 Asia 3.2. 1 Hong Kong 3.2. 2 India 3.2. 3 Indonesia 3.2. 4 Israel 3.2. 5 Lebanon 3.2. 6 Malaysia 3.2. 7 Pakistan 3.2. 8 Singapore 3.2.", "1": "9 South Korea 3.2. 10 Sri Lanka 3.2. 11 Vietnam 3.3 European Economic Area 3.3. 1 Austria 3.3. 2 Belgium 3.3. 3 Bulgaria 3.3. 4 Croatia 3.3. 5 Cyprus 3.3. 6 Denmark 3.3. 7 Finland 3.3. 8 France 3.3. 9 Germany 3.3. 10 Greece 3.3. 11 Iceland 3.3. 12 Ireland 3.3. 13 Italy 3.3. 14 The Netherlands 3.3. 15 Norway 3.3. 16 Poland 3.3. 17 Romania 3.3. 18 Spain 3.3. 19 Sweden 3.3. 20 United Kingdom 3.4 Rest of Europe 3.4. 1 Albania 3.4. 2 Azerbaijan 3.4. 3 Macedonia 3.4. 4 Russia 3.4. 5 Switzerland 3.4. 6 Turkey 3.5 North America 3.5. 1 Canada 3.5. 2 Barbados 3.5. 3 Costa Rica 3.5. 4 El Salvador 3.5. 5 Jamaica 3.5. 6 Mexico 3.5. 7 United States 3.6 Oceania 3.6. 1 Australia 3.6. 2 Cook Islands 3.6. 3 New Zealand 3.7 South America 3.7. 1 Brazil 3.7. 2 Peru 4 Organ donations 5 International and interstate considerations 5.1 Issues when moving permanently from one country or one state to another 5.1. 1 Australia 5.1. 2 Canada 5.1. 3 France 5.1. 4 Germany 5.1. 5 Hong Kong 5.1.", "2": "6 Singapore 5.1. 7 Sweden 5.1. 8 United Kingdom 5.1. 9 United States 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The world 's first license to drive a motor vehicle , issued to Karl Benz upon his request . Karl Benz , inventor of the modern automobile , had to receive written permission from the Grand Ducal authorities to operate his car on public roads in 1888 after residents complained about the noise and smell of his Motorwagen . Up until the start of the 20th century , European authorities issued licenses to drive motor vehicles similarly ad hoc , if at all . Mandatory licensing for drivers came into force on 1 January 1904 after the Motor Car Act 1903 received royal assent in the United Kingdom . Every car owner had to register their vehicle with their local government authority and be able to prove registration of their vehicle on request . The minimum qualifying age was set at 17 . The licence gave its holder ' freedom of the road ' with a maximum 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) speed limit . Compulsory testing was introduced in 1934 , with the passing of the Road Traffic Act . Prussia , then a state within the German Empire , introduced compulsory licensing on September 29 , 1903 . A test on mechanical aptitude had to be passed and the Dampfkesselüberwachungsverein ( `` steam boiler supervision association '' ) was charged with conducting these tests . In 1910 , the German imperial government mandated the licensing of drivers on a national scale , establishing a system of tests and driver 's education requirements that was adopted in other countries . In 1909 , the Convention with Respect to the International Circulation of Motor Vehicles recognize the need of qualifications , examination , and authorization for international driving . In 1929 , the notion of International Driving Permit is addressed by international Convention . In 1977 , the Convention on road traffic address the notion of driving license for a number of countries , under the wording `` driving permit '' . Other countries in Europe also introduced driving tests during the twentieth century , the last of them being Belgium where , until 1977 , it was possible to purchase and hold a license without having to undergo a driving test .", "3": "As automobile - related fatalities soared in North America , public outcry provoked legislators to begin studying the French and German statutes as models . On August 1 , 1910 , North America 's first licensing law for motor vehicles went into effect in the US state of New York , though it initially applied only to professional chauffeurs . In July 1913 , the state of New Jersey became the first to require all drivers to pass a mandatory examination before receiving a license . Driver 's licenses used for identification purposes ( edit ) Many countries , including Australia , New Zealand , Canada , the United Kingdom , and the United States , have no national identification cards . As many people have driver 's licenses , they are often accepted as de facto proof of identity . Most identity cards and driver 's licenses are credit card size -- the `` ID - 1 '' size and shape defined in ISO / IEC 7810 . Europe ( edit ) Many European countries require drivers to produce their license on demand when driving . Some European countries require adults to carry proof of identity at all times , but a driving license is not valid for identification in every European country . In the United Kingdom most drivers are not required to carry their licence . A driver may be required by a constable or vehicle examiner to produce their licence , but may provide it in a specified police station within seven days ; the police issue a form for this purpose . In Denmark , Finland , Norway , Spain and Sweden , the driver 's license number is the same as the citizen 's ID number . Banks and authorities use the same number for customer databases , making the licence fully useful for identification purposes . Asia ( edit ) In Hong Kong a driving license carries the same number as the holder 's ID card , but has no photograph . Upon inspection both must be presented . Plans to make the newly phased in Smart ID contain driving license information have been shelved . Similarly , the Saudi Arabian government require all drivers to carry an ID card in addition to a license and present them whenever requested . In Saudi Arabia using a license instead is only permitted if the request is made for on - site inspection / identification purposes , especially at checkpoints . Expatriates may be requested to present their visas as well . In Japan , South Korea , and Singapore driving license cards are widely used as identification .", "4": "Japan ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Japan Japanese driver 's licenses bear one of the following 3 colors on the expiration date . Green New Drivers ( First license in Japan ) Valid for 2 to 3 years . Drivers with under one year of driving experience are required to display a `` Shoshinsha mark '' ( Young Leaf Mark ) on their vehicle . This holds true if the driver acquires a license for a different class of vehicle , regardless of the length of driving experience on their previous license . However , such a mark does not indicate necessarily the color on the driver 's license . A driver with a young leaf mark on their car could very well be a gold driver . This is because the gold status does not disappear with a change in vehicle class . Blue Drivers who have fewer than 5 years of clean driving history or who do not have a clean driving record but more than 5 years of driving history . Valid for 3 to 5 years depending on age , violation history , etc . Gold In addition to the regular license , the Gold Driver 's License ( ゴールド免許 , Gōrudo Menkyo ) , or Superior Drivers License ( 優良運転者免許証 , Yūryō Untensha Menkyoshō ) , is a special designation of license given to `` superior drivers '' ( 優良運転者 ) in Japan . Holders of such licenses can be identified by the gold band printed over the expiration date of their driver 's license . Superior Driver 's License , ( Gold License ) The Gold License is granted to any driver who , at the point of license renewal , has at least five years of clean driving history ( no driving infractions ) . According to implications in the Road Traffic Laws Reforms that took place on May 10 , 1995 , all such licenses are marked with a gold band over the license 's expiration date as well as the word 優良 printed in black , below . Those who hold a gold license have the added benefit of qualifying for the Superior Drivers Course at the time of renewal , a significantly shorter and less - expensive renewal process .", "5": "In some cases , they can bypass the main license center and have their license renewed at a separate Superior Drivers License Renewal Center . Moreover , because such license holders are proven to have been free of accidents and moving violations for at least five years , they are deemed low - risk and qualify for optional car insurance discounts . To qualify , drivers must be accident and violation - free for 5 years and 41 days prior to their birthday on their license 's expiration . The period in which the license holder 's driving history is reviewed begins on the 40th day prior to their birthday of that year . Should the license holder be deemed to qualify , they will receive a decision in the mail with the word 優良 printed on it . Even the so - called `` Paper Drivers '' who hold licenses but never drive , who technically are without violation or accident , can lose their eligibility to obtain a gold license for several reasons including if their car is used by a drunk driver or to support drunk driving in any way . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , driver 's licenses are issued by the states and provinces ( or territories ) , respectively , and do not look the same nationwide . They are also used as a de facto or government - issued identification document for the holder . Most government issuers of driver 's licenses also provide a government - issued identification card with similar attributes to a driver 's license to those residents within their jurisdictions who do not have or maintain a valid driver 's license , making it easier for them to do things such as open a bank account , and perform any other activities that require official identification . Identification cards serve as government - issued photo ID but do not enable a person to operate a motor vehicle , a fact typically noted on the ID via the phrase ' Not a driver 's license ' or similar wording . This type of photo ID is referred to as a Photo card in some jurisdictions ( for example , Ontario Photo Card ) . South America ( edit ) In Venezuela , the driver 's license number is the same as the citizen 's ID number . The number of a driving license issued by the Dominican Republic has the same number as the holder 's Dominican Republic ID card . Licenses for different categories of vehicles ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources .", "6": "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a number of countries ( including the United States , New Zealand , Australia , UK , Ireland and sometimes Canada as well ) people who drive commercially are required to have special licenses . The cost of taking the series of tests and examinations to obtain these licenses usually means that an employer would subsidize his or her drivers . Africa ( edit ) Egypt ( edit ) Egyptian citizens are entitled to a driver 's license once they have reached the age of 18 . To obtain their licenses , applicants must pass a driving test as well as several computer tests . In order to pass , all a person had to do was drive six meters forward and then reverse six meters . However , the test was updated to make it more difficult , now the applicant has to answer 8 out of 10 correct answers in a computer test , then pass a forward & reverse S - track test in addition to an assessment of parking skills . Ghana ( edit ) Main article : Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority ( Ghana ) Driver 's licensing in Ghana is conducted by the nation 's Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority . The legal driving age is 18 . Kenya ( edit ) The legal driving age is 18 years old . The license must include : Id number Name Date of issue Class of vehicle Morocco ( edit ) The legal driving age of Moroccan citizens is 18 . Nigeria ( edit ) In Nigeria , the minimum age to qualify for a driver 's license is 18 . The applicant would first attend training at an accredited driving school . Then , the driving school will then present the applicant to a Vehicle Inspection Officer ( VIO ) for a driving test. Upon passing the driving test and the applicant would obtain a certificate of proficiency from the VIO. The applicant then completes a driver 's licence application form at the Driver 's Licence Centre ( DLC ) or download the form online. Afterwards he pays a license fee online or at the Bank and presents his application form to the Board of Internal Revenue ( BIR ) Officer and VIO at the DLC for endorsement . After all these he proceeds to the Federal Road Safety Corps ( FRSC ) Officer at the DLC for biometric data capture.", "7": "He is given a temporary driver 's licence which is valid for 60 days . He picks up original driver 's licence at the BIR Office after 60 days . South Africa ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in South Africa The minimum driving age in South Africa is 17 , when you may drive with an adult whom holds a valid driving license , after passing your learners license theory test . At 18 you can obtain a driving license after passing the road test . Small motorcycles may be driven from the age of 16 . To obtain a license , applicants must pass a written or computer - based test to obtain a learner 's license , and then pass a road test to obtain the driving license . Categories for licenses include CODE B ( normal vehicles ) , CODE C1 ( LDV ) , CODE EC ( heavy trucks ) , CODE A ( motorcycle ) . The learners license theory test will contain three sets of questions with multiple answer options ; you will have to select the correct answer . Some driving license test centres use computers for the test , whereas other centres require you to complete the test using a test paper and pen . Tanzania ( edit ) Driver 's licenses are issued by the Tanzania Revenue Authority . The legal driving age for motor vehicles is 18 and for motorcycles is 16 . Asia ( edit ) Hong Kong ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Hong Kong India ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in India The minimum driving age in India is 16 for mopeds under 50 cc ( 3.1 cu in ) , and 18 for cars and motorcycles . Access to motorcycles producing more than 50 cc ( 3.1 cu in ) is restricted to riders aged 18 and above . The Regional Transport Office ( RTO / RTA ) issue their own driving licences in various states . Drivers are legally obliged to carry a valid driving license in India whilst driving , and must be produced if required to do so by a police officer . In India , people aged 50 or more , have to undergo strict medical tests in order to obtain a license that has limited validity and requires renewal every five years . A commercial driving license is valid for 3 years and requires to be renewed .", "8": "Indonesia ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Indonesia Front side of the Indonesian Driving License card `` A '' class for driving normal 4 wheel car / jeep vehicle Rear / back side of the Indonesian driving license card In Indonesia , to drive a motor vehicle , one must own a legal Indonesian Driving License which is called ( Surat Izin Mengemudi ) or SIM in Indonesian . It is a card which legally permits one to drive a motor vehicle . In Indonesia , there are classes for each driving license for which is allowed to drive a type of motor vehicle : A -- to drive private passenger or cargo vehicle with weight allowed not exceeding 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) A Public ( A UMUM ) - to drive commercial vehicles and goods carrier to the amount of weight that is allowed does not exceed 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) B1 -- to drive private passenger or cargo vehicle with weight allowed exceeding 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) B1 Public ( B1 UMUM ) - to drive passenger vehicles and general freight allowed amount of weight over 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) B2 - to drive heavy equipment vehicles , towing vehicles , or motor vehicles with attractive patch or trailer train individuals with severe or patches are allowed to train more than 1,000 kg ( 2,200 lb ) trailer / s B2 Public ( B2 UMUM ) - to drive commercial vehicles for towing or pull cart trailer with heavy patch that are allowed to train more than 1,000 kg trailer C -- to drive motorcycles ( two - wheeled motor vehicle ) D -- special vehicle for disabled person The classes above are also allowed by the age of the driver according to the class of the driving license . The ages are accordingly issued to the different classes of the driver 's choice : 17 years old for issue of Driving License class : A , C , and D 20 years old for issue of Driving License class : B1 21 years old for issue of Driving License class : B2 Israel ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Israel Lebanon ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Lebanon Malaysia ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Malaysia The front side of a typical Malaysian driver 's license .", "9": "The minimum age for obtaining driving license varies between 16 and 21 , although there is a concern about teenage driving safety . As of November 2011 , any drivers could renew their license on his or her birthday , rather than expiry date . Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Pakistan The minimum age for eligibility for learner 's permit is 18 years ; as the driver 's information is saved against the Computerized National ID Card number which is issued at the age of 18 . The License Issuing Authorities vary to each district and work under the relative District Police . New credit card format driving license has been introduced . The license bears the digital photo , signature and blood group information of card holder . The record of violation is stored automatically in the database . To obtain a driving license one must register for the learner 's permit at any of the local District Police 's designated license offices and after 42 days can apply for test for a regular full license . The test phase consists of a theory based test followed by a short practical test . Only the ones who pass the theory test are allowed to take the practical test . The whole test stage is a single day process where both the tests are to be taken the same day . The driving license currently issued holds basic information of the Driver including Name , Father 's Name , Date of birth , Address , Authorized Vehicle Types , Emergency Contact , Blood Group , Fingerprint Impression , Driver Photo . The license also has a magnetic strip though its viability is yet to be made public . Singapore ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Singapore Driving licences in Singapore are issued by the traffic police . The minimum age to obtain a provisional driving licence ( PDL ) , which allows the holder to practise driving while under the supervision of an authorised driving instructor , is 18 . A provisional driving licence is obtained once the individual has passed the basic theory test . PDL holders are then required to sit for and pass the final theory test before they are allowed to sit for the practical driving test . Once they have passed the practical driving test , they are issued with a driving licence which allows for driving without supervision , though new drivers are required to display probationary plates when driving for the 1st year after their licence is issued .", "10": "South Korea ( edit ) In South Korea , one must be holding a driving license called `` 운전 면허증 '' or an international driving license . The International driving license is valid for 1 years starting from the date of entry . If one is going to stay in South Korea longer than a year , it is necessary to change the international license to a local license by visiting the police office or driving license testing center . For South Korean driving license , there are classes for each driving license for which is allowed to drive a type of motor vehicle : Type 1 ( 1 종 ) -- Commercial Vehicles Large ( 대형 ) -- A license which allows one to drive every vehicle except trailers and wreckers . It allows one to drive cargo truck , passenger bus , construction equipment for commercial purposes . Normal ( 보통 ) -- Allows one to drive a vehicle with less than 15 seats , an emergency motor vehicle with less than 12 seats , a cargo truck with a load limit of 12 tonnes , a construction equipment which weighs less than 3 tonnes ( does n't include trailers and wreckers ) , a special motor vehicle which weighs less than 10 tonnes ( does n't include trailers and wreckers ) . Small ( 소형 ) -- Allows one to drive a vehicle with three wheels and a motorcycle . Type 2 ( 2 종 ) -- Non-Commercial Vehicles Normal ( 보통 ) -- Allows one to drive a vehicle with less than 10 seats , a cargo truck with a load limit of 4 tonnes , a special motor vehicle which weighs less than 3.5 tonnes ( does n't include trailers and wreckers ) . Small ( 소형 ) -- Allows one to drive a motorcycle . Practice Licence Type 1 ( 1 종 ) -- Allows one to drive a vehicle with less than 15 seats , a cargo truck with a load limit of 12 tonnes , when the driver is driving with somebody with a licence which is n't a practice licence . Type 2 ( 2 종 ) -- Allows one to drive a vehicle with less than 10 seats , a cargo truck with a load limit of 4 tonnes , when the driver is driving with somebody with a licence which is n't a practice licence . Besides the type of the licence , the licence may have a special condition .", "11": "Depending on the special condition given , the driver must satisfy the condition below to be able to drive . Drving a vehicle without satisfying the given condition is considered as unlicensed driving . A -- Automatic Transmission Only B -- Drive with prosthetic hand or arm C -- Drive with prosthetic leg D -- Wear hearing aid when driving E -- Drive with Hearing - Impaired Sign + Convex Mirror I -- Drive a car with a gas pedal located in the left . Sri Lanka ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Sri Lanka New E-Smart Card driving licenses are available in Sri Lanka . These cards are intended for the use in the proposed `` Point System '' . In Sri Lanka , a driving license is the official document which authorizes its holder to operate various types of motor vehicles on public roads . They are administered by the Department of Motor Traffic ( DMT ) . The minimum age is 18 years for all vehicle types . Vietnam ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Vietnam In Vietnam , to drive a vehicle , one must own a legal Vietnamese Driving License which is called `` bằng lái '' . It is a card which legally permits one to drive a motor vehicle . In Vietnam , there are classes for each driving license for which is allowed to drive a type of motor vehicle : A -- to drive private passenger or cargo vehicle with weight allowed exceeding 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) . B1 -- to drive private passenger or cargo vehicle with weight allowed not exceeding 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) . B1 is issued to drivers who are younger than 21 years old . B1 license is valid for 5 years . B2 - to drive private passenger or cargo vehicle with weight allowed not exceeding 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) . B2 license is identical to B1 license but issued for drivers who are 21 years old or older . B2 license is valid for 10 years . C -- to drive motorcycles ( two - wheeled motor vehicle ) D -- special vehicle for disabled person The classes above are also allowed by the age of the driver according to the class of the driving license .", "12": "The ages are accordingly issued to the different classes of the driver 's choice : 17 years old for issue of Driving License class : A , C 20 years old or younger for issue of Driving License class : B1 21 years old for issue of Driving License class : B2 European Economic Area ( edit ) Main article : European driving licence Driver 's licenses within the European Union are subdivided into different categories . The European Union has adopted a common format for driving licenses within all 31 European Economic Area member states ( EU , Iceland , Liechtenstein and Norway ) , and a common set of driving license categories . They were introduced to replace the 110 different plastic and paper driving licenses . The common format with the same information in the same place on all licenses allows the driving license to be understood , even if it is in a different language . The system for handling the penalty points remains different in each country , for the existence of points , initial number of points , revolving , and number of points removed ( or added ) for each penalty . Austria ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Austria Belgium ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Belgium Bulgaria ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Bulgaria Croatia ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Croatia Cyprus ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Cyprus Denmark ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Denmark Finland ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Finland France ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in France Germany ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Germany Greece ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Greece Iceland ( edit ) The minimum age for getting a driver 's license in Iceland is 17 for a B class license , a B class license will qualify a person to drive low powered motorcycles ( 50 cc ( 3.1 cu in ) two stroke or equivalent , for more powerful bikes one will have to obtain an A class license ) , Tractors , ATVs and Automobiles that do not exceed a GVWR of 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) or 8 passengers .", "13": "The minimum age in Iceland to get a C1 class ( vehicles up to 7,500 kg ( 16,500 lb ) GVWR ) is 18 , for a C class ( vehicles exceeding 7,500 kg ) one will have to have obtained a 12 - point license ( obtainable without getting a ticket for a whole year ) and have reached the age of 21 years . The minimum age in Iceland for a D1 class license is 21 years old and D class ( and DE class ) license is 23 years old , the same rules apply as with a C / CE class license . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Ireland Italy ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Italy The Netherlands ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in the Netherlands Norway ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Norway The minimum age for getting a driver 's license in Norway is 16 for A1 , T ( tractor ) , 18 for A-C and 21 for D . The driver 's licenses are always revoked when he / she has reached an age of 100 . Poland ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Poland Romania ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Romania The minimum age for obtaining a driver 's license in Romania is 18 ( `` Minimum legal age in Romania '' ) Spain ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Spain Sweden ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Sweden United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in the United Kingdom The minimum driving age in the United Kingdom is 16 for mopeds under 50 cc ( 3.1 cu in ) , and 17 for cars and motorcycles . Access to motorcycles producing more than 25 kW ( 34 hp ) is restricted to riders with two years experience or aged 21 . The British Overseas Territories and the British Crown dependencies issue their own driving licences . There is no legal requirement for a non-professional driver to carry a driving licence in the UK whilst driving , although it must be produced at a police station within seven days , if required to do so by a police officer .", "14": "In the United Kingdom , one must hold a Passenger Carrying Vehicle ( PCV ) licence to drive a vehicle with more than eight passenger seats for hire or reward , or a Large Goods Vehicle ( LGV ) licence to drive a vehicle with a Gross Vehicle Weight ( Maximum Authorized Mass ) in excess of 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) . Licences and Driver Certificate of Professional Competence qualification cards must be carried whilst driving vehicles in such categories . Special licences are also required in order to transport hazardous materials . Rest of Europe ( edit ) Albania ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Albania Azerbaijan ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Azerbaijan Macedonia ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in the Republic of Macedonia Russia ( edit ) Driving licence. 2014 The Russian Empire was one of the first countries to create a driving licence . Russia 's first licences were issued in 1900 by Saint Petersburg authorities , and Russia joined an international convention in 1909 . However , due to relatively small number of cars , the attempts to create a standardised Russian licence were rather sporadic and limited to major urban areas . No comprehensive system of driver licensing was present until 1936 , when the Soviet government organised and standardised traffic and driving regulations , with the statewide system regulated by specialised police authorities . Russia employs a system of driver 's licenses very similar to the EU standard . Since 2014 there are 14 main categories that require a driving licence : A , A1 , B , B1 , C , C1 , D , D1 , BE , CE , C1E , DE , D1E , M and two additional categories : Tm ( tram ) and Tb ( trolleybus ) . The current licence style , introduced in 1999 , is a laminated plastic card similar to the European driving licence card in dimensions and outward appearance , with the bearer 's photo and name ( in Latin and Cyrillic scripts ) to the left , place / date of issue , allowed categories and signature to the right . The reverse of the card features a detailed list of allowed categories in Russian . Older booklet - style licenses are also occasionally seen although they are no longer issued and are increasingly rare as a result .", "15": "The Russian driving license is also sometimes supplemented by a special card called `` временное разрешение '' ( temporary permission ) , which serves for registering offense points and as a temporary licence if the primary licence has been seized by the authorities for serious traffic offences . This supplement has been abolished and reinstated a countless number of times as the views of the traffic police change . The legal driving age within the Russian Federation is 18 years ( 16 for motorcycles ( A1 and M categories only , not A ) and 20 for buses ) and to obtain a licence one must be physically fit to drive ( including certificates of mental fitness and no record of substance abuse ) . One must also pass a test administered at a local traffic police authority and pay a fee . Tests are divided into theory and practice . The theory test is usually a computerized multiple - choice test on various traffic rules . Twenty multiple - choice questions are asked , only two incorrect answers allowed for a passing grade . A road test is then administered which includes a demonstration of basic driving skills ( steering , slope starting for manual transmission vehicles and backing - up ) , obstacle course as well as a skills examination for road driving . Four minor errors are allowed for the road driving examination -- the obstacle course is pass - fail . The number of retries is unlimited . Switzerland ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Even though Switzerland is a EFTA member state , it is not a member of the European Economic Area . Switzerland has , however , generally adopted much of the harmonised EU legislation with regard to driving licences . Swiss licences can be exchanged in most EEA countries . Switzerland has , since the 2000s , used the EU system of vehicle categories and issued EEA - style credit - card licences . To apply for a car driving licence ( category B ) , the applicant must be 18 years old . They must first attend first aid courses , and pass an eyesight test . Passing a theory exam is required to receive a learner 's permit valid for two years .", "16": "This allows holders to drive a car only if accompanied by an adult aged 23 or more who has had a full driving licence for a minimum of three years . Before passing the practical exam , the candidate must attend 10 hours of theory lessons on `` sensibilisation ( familiarisation ) to road traffic '' . Practical driving lessons are not legally required , but are considered a de facto prerequisite for passing the practical exam taken with a government official Driving Test Examiner . Upon succeeding the practical exam , a probationary driving licence is issued for three years . To obtain the full , unlimited , driving licence after these three years , the candidate must not commit a serious traffic offence , and attend two days of further driving training . For motorcycles and heavier vehicles , the regulations are different , and some agrarian vehicles can be driven without a licence . As of 2011 , a 45 - minute driving lesson costs around CHF 90 , while the various fees and theoretical instruction costs associated with getting a car driving licence can amount to up to CHF 600 , without counting the costs for the two days of further training . The theoretical exam must be taken in either German , French or Italian . In some cantons it is possible to take it in English . Turkey ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Turkey Turkey has been an associate member since 1963 , and application to accede to the European Economic Community , the predecessor of the European Union ( EU ) , was made on 14 April 1987 . Turkey signed a Customs Union agreement with the EU in 1995 and was officially recognised as a candidate for full membership on 12 December 1999 , at the Helsinki summit of the European Council . On 1st January 2016 new Turkish laws concerning driving licences were implemented . The changes are intended to bring Turkey more in line with existing EU driving regulations and concern all road users in Turkey . A foreign national can drive in Turkey with an EU license for 6 months . After 6 months he / she has to change it to a Turkish licence . Application can be made to any Traffic Registration office , and the foreign driving licences will not be returned to holders . Instead they will be sent to the issuing authority of the country of origin i.e. for British nationals , DVLA .", "17": "The DVLA says that expats can drive in the UK on a Turkish licence for up to 12 months , and if they wish to settle back in the UK , the Turkish license can be exchanged for a UK license . In Turkey you must be at least 18 years old in order to drive a car and at least 17 to drive a motorbike . The driving test comprises a practical and theory test , which has been recently made tougher in order to meet European Union regulations . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Main article : Driver 's licence in Canada The age to obtain a driver 's license in Canada varies by province , as do the necessary procedures . The minimum age for obtaining a driver 's license to drive unaccompanied in most provinces is 16 . Barbados ( edit ) In Barbados , a person 16 years or over can apply for a Learner 's Permit which allows them to drive for a specified period with an accompanying tutor . During that period they will be tested on their driving skill and their knowledge of road signs and traffic laws . On passing both the written and driving test the license is issued . Once issued a driver 's license is valid for a period of one to five years depending on which period of time the driver chooses to pay for . On the expiry of the period for which the license is issued , it will become renewable on the last day of the driver 's birth month and will again be valid for the time period for which payment is made . Visitors and non-nationals who are the holders of a valid driver 's license issued in their country of residence or origin are not allowed to drive automatically in Barbados but must go to a police station to have a temporary local driver 's license issued . The license is issued on payment of a fee and the production of the visitor 's existing license . Costa rica ( edit ) Every vehicle driver must carry a driver 's license ( Licencia de Conducir ) , which is issued by COSEVI ( Consejo de Seguridad Vial ) of the ministry of transportation and public infrastructure ( Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transporte ) .", "18": "For this license to be granted there are three needed tests , practical driving ( includes driving a car in simulated streets ) , theoretical driving ( a multiple selection written test based on booklet issued by the education department or after taking a special course ) , and finally a medical test performed by a medical practitioner that tests eyesight , blood pressure and attests the presence of other diseases and behavior of the driver . Every citizen can solicit a driver 's license at age 18 , after being issued the first time , the license must be renewed after two years , and every successive occasion after five years . Foreigners may also obtain a drivers ' license if they have residency . Besides this document the driver must carry the national identity card ( Cédula de Identidad ) , however both documents use the same identification number , the national identity card being the basis of the driver 's license number . El Salvador ( edit ) All driver 's licenses are given by the government agency SERTRACEN ( Servicios de Tránsito Centroamericanos S.A. de C.V. ) . One needs a minimum of 15 years to receive a driver 's license ( a juvenile license ) . To get a new license , one needs to pass a vision test , a written test , and a driving test . These tests are given at accredited driving schools . Foreigners with a license from another country can obtain an El Salvador license if they have residency . They will also have to pass a vision test . The driver 's license number is the same as the person 's Tax ID number . El Salvador licenses ( as well as vehicle circulation cards ) contain a chip which can be read by putting the card in a chip reader . There are several categories of drivers ' licenses in El Salvador : Juvenil Particular -- License for minors , allowing them to drive cars and pickup trucks Motociclista -- Motorcycle license Particular -- License for adults , for cars , vans up to 17 passengers , and pickup trucks . Liviana -- Taxis , Light trucks up to 5 tons , and buses up to 30 passengers . Pesada -- Buses greater than 30 passengers , and trucks greater than 5 tons . Pesada T -- Trucks with more than 3 axles .", "19": "Jamaica ( edit ) A citizen may obtain a learner 's permit once he or she is age 17 . A learner will get their driver 's license upon being proven competent through the results of both a written and practical test . This license expires on the holder 's fifth birthday after the date of issue . Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Mexico Driving licenses in Mexico are regulated by each state , and they all have different rules and requirements . However , all state driving licenses are recognized across Mexico , and international licenses with an IDP are also recognized as well . A driver is allowed a learner 's permit at the age of 15 ( in some states ) , with the cost of approximately 100 dollars , a duration of a year , and requiring to drive with an adult at all times . At the age of 16 , the fee drops to 30 dollars , and a driving permit is issued with some usage restrictions , depending on the state ( like a curfew ) . When a driver turns 18 , he or she is allowed a full license . United states ( edit ) Main article : Driver 's licenses in the United States The eligible age to first obtain a driver 's license varies substantially from state to state , from 14 years , three months , in South Dakota to 17 in New Jersey . In a majority of states one can obtain a license that allows driving without adult supervision by age 16 , after passing the requisite tests . Since the driver 's license is a commonplace document that carries much of the necessary information needed for identification , it has become the primary method of identification in the United States . In the United States , a holder of a driver 's license is typically legally allowed to operate a motor vehicle up to 26,000 pounds if no hazardous materials and no more than 16 persons ( driver included ) are in the vehicle . Most jurisdictions that grant driver 's licenses only permit the holder to operate a roadworthy vehicle consisting of four or more wheels . To operate a two - wheel motorized vehicle with a sustainable speed greater than 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) requires an endorsement on the license , typically after successful completion of a theory ( written ) and practical test .", "20": "On the federal level , motor vehicles with a curb weight of GCWR of 26,001 lb ( 11,794 kg ) or more , a vehicle designed to transport 16 or more passengers ( driver included ) , or a vehicle transporting hazardous materials can only be driven by an operator carrying a Commercial Driver License ( Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986 ) . Upon successful completion of theory and practical testing , endorsements can be applied to a CDL to allow legal transport of specialty types of goods : T Semi trailer Double or Triple ( Written Test ) Certain states prohibit triple trailers statewide , such as California , Florida , Michigan , and New York A Class A license is required to obtain the T endorsement P Passenger Vehicle ( Written and Driving Tests ) S School Bus ( Written and Driving Test , Background Check , Sex Offender Registry Check and P endorsement ) N Tank Truck ( Written Test ) H Hazardous materials ( Written Test and Background Check through the Transportation Security Administration ) X Combination of Tank Vehicle and Hazardous Materials ( Written Test ) W Tow truck . ( Written Test ) M Motorcycle License ( Written Test and practical ) Various state statutes also mandate that CDL must be held to operate vehicles not covered by federal statutes . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Main article : Driver 's licence in Australia The minimum driving age varies between 16 and 18 years of age in different States and Territories . After the minimum age , a graduated licensing scheme operates , with state variations . Cook Islands ( edit ) A Cook Islands `` License to Drive a Motor Vehicle '' is issued at police headquarters on Rarotonga , on production of a valid license from the visitor 's home country . To use a scooter or motor cycle ( the main hire vehicles for tourists ) a short test has to be taken by anyone whose home license is only valid for cars , in which a police officer observes the applicant riding up and down the main street of the capital . New Zealand ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in New Zealand Since August 2011 , the minimum age to obtain a learner licence is 16 years old in New Zealand ; formerly it was 15 years old . There are three different types of drivers licence in New Zealand : learners , restricted and full licence . Learners licences allow the person to drive , with a wide number of restrictions .", "21": "Restricted licenses allow driving alone between the hours of 5am to 10pm , and require the person to be 161⁄2 . Full licences are restricted to those 18 and over , or 171⁄2 years if an approved advanced driving course has been successfully completed . There are six different classes of vehicle that are licensed : Class Number Vehicle Requirements for learners licence Requirements for restricted licence Requirements for full licence Class 1 Car Must be 16 years or over Must be 161⁄2 or over , must have learners licence for at least 6 months Must be 18 or over , must have restricted licence for at least 12 months Class 2 Medium rigid vehicle Hold a full class 1 licence for at least 6 months and pass a theory test N / A 6 months on the class 2 learner licence plus a practical test , or immediately upon passing an approved course Class 3 Medium combination vehicle Get a full licence in Class 1 N / A TBA Class 4 Heavy rigid vehicle Hold a full class 2 licence for at least 6 months ( under 25 ) or 3 months ( 25 and over ) . No theory test required . Apply and pay the required fee N / A 6 months on the class 4 learner licence plus a practical test , or immediately upon passing an approved course Class 5 Heavy combination vehicle Hold a full class 4 licence for at least 6 months ( under 25 ) and pass a theory test N / A 6 months on the class 5 learner licence plus a practical test , or immediately upon passing an approved course Class 6 Motorcycle Must be 16 years or over Must be 161⁄2 or over , must have learners licence for at least 6 months Must be 18 or over , must have restricted licence for at least 12 months South America ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Brazil Peru ( edit ) The minimum age for a driving license is 18 years old . It is obtained via a test in a car , a computer and the applicant must present a vision test which says they are permitted to drive Organ donations ( edit ) Licensing bureaus in many countries add an organ donation option on license forms .", "22": "Sometimes a small picture of a heart or the term Organ Donor is printed on the driver 's license , to indicate that he or she has agreed to donate his or her organs in case of sudden death , such as after a collision . In the United States , this is governed by the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act . In New Zealand and the Republic of Ireland , willingness to donate organs for transplant is also listed on driver 's licenses . In Australia , the system of notating organ donation requests on licenses was replaced in July 2005 with a national registration system and the issue of special cards . In Great Britain ( England , Wales and Scotland ) , code `` 115 '' is printed on the reverse of the licence to indicate that details are on the National Health Service ( NHS ) Organ Donor Register . International and interstate considerations ( edit ) Many groups of countries have agreed to recognize driver 's licenses issued by authorities of any of its members . Examples include the European Union and the GCC , where holders of driver 's licenses issued by any member state can drive in all member states . Most countries worldwide will also recognize the licenses of citizens of foreign states wishing to drive as visitors . All EU member countries now issue licenses in a standard format , regardless of the language of the license . The International Driving Permit ( IDP ) ( sometimes erroneously called the International Driver 's License ) is a booklet which is an authorized translation of a driver 's home license into many languages ( especially languages with non-Latin scripts such as Russian , Arabic , Chinese , Japanese , Korean , etc . ) . In some cases , it is obtained from a motoring organization such as the Automobile Association or the equivalent in the driver 's home country . In other cases , it is delivered by the same government services that deliver ordinary licenses . The IDP has no validity except when used in conjunction with the driver 's own license . The existence of the IDP is necessitated by many countries refusing to recognize driver 's licenses written in foreign languages without accompanying translations . Temporary visitors from the United States to France ( less than 90 days ) are permitted to drive with a valid US state driver 's license . In addition to holding a US driver 's license , visitors are advised ( but not required ) to carry an International Driving permit , or attach a French translation to their US state driver 's license .", "23": "China , at present , does not recognize IDPs and requires drivers to get an additional Chinese license before being officially allowed on all roads . Holders of foreign licenses are exempt from certain requirements when obtaining a Chinese license . A minimum driving age often exists regardless of possession of a foreign license ; an American can not drive below the local minimum age in Europe , nor can a 17 - year - old Briton drive in mainland Europe where the minimum age is 18 . Many countries have established a driver 's license exchange arrangement after reviews of the foreign jurisdiction 's licensing processes . Where standards in the other jurisdiction are comparable in areas such as medical standards , minimum driving age , and knowledge and road testing , an exchange ( or honoring ) of the foreign jurisdiction 's license may occur . This may also be called Driver 's License Reciprocity . Issues when moving permanently from one country or one state to another ( edit ) Most license - issuing authorities require holders of foreign licenses taking up residence in their jurisdiction to obtain a local driver 's license within a limited time , typically 6 months or 1 year . In most cases , the driver must follow the full local procedure for obtaining a license , but some jurisdictions have mutual recognition agreements and will exchange the foreign license for a local one without the need to undertake an additional driving test . An exception is the EU , where licenses do not need to be exchanged since the introduction of the common EU - driver 's - license scheme . Australia ( edit ) Each state in Australia has different rules for how long a visitor can drive on an international licence or a licence from a different state . For example , New South Wales allows three months whereas Victoria allows six months . Drivers that move permanently to another state must change their licence to a local state licence within the prescribed time . This is usually free . In some states , drivers with a full New Zealand licence are treated as interstate drivers . Canada ( edit ) British Columbia has a reciprocal license exchange scheme with other Canadian provinces and territories as well other countries provided the license is valid or has been expired for less than three years . Ontario If you have a ( 7L ) licensing , which is given out by British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan , you are not restricted to being accompanied by a supervisor while driving in Ontario , until you get your Full License at the age of 18 .", "24": "Ontario has a reciprocal license exchange scheme for Canadian provinces and territories , Canadian Forces Europe , and some other countries . Quebec has a reciprocal license exchange scheme for Canadian provinces and territories , Canadian Forces Europe , American states and other countries . France ( edit ) US state driver 's licenses can be exchanged from the 15 states below during the first year of legal residence in France : Arkansas , Colorado , Connecticut , Delaware , Florida , Illinois , Iowa , Maryland , New Hampshire , Ohio , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , Texas , Virginia and Wisconsin . If you are a resident of France ( holder of a carte de séjour or carte de residence ) , you may drive in France with a valid US state driver 's license for a one - year recognition period , beginning on the date of validity of the first carte de séjour ( exception for students who are allowed to use their driver 's license for the duration of their studies ) . In addition to having s US state driver 's license , residents are also required to attach a French translation done by a sworn translator , or expert traducteur or traducteur assermenté . Germany ( edit ) The US Embassy , supported by the American Chamber of Commerce in Germany , continues to actively press all US states , territories , and the federal district to reach an agreement on the reciprocal recognition of driver 's licenses with Germany , essentially a waiver of testing requirements . If approved , drivers from Alabama , Arizona , Arkansas , Colorado , Delaware , Idaho , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Massachusetts , Maryland , Michigan , New Mexico , Ohio , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , Puerto Rico , South Carolina , South Dakota , Texas , Utah , Virginia , West Virginia , Washington State , Wisconsin , and Wyoming will be exempted from road and written driving tests . If approved , drivers from Connecticut , District of Columbia , Florida , Indiana , Minnesota , Mississippi , Missouri , Nebraska , North Carolina , Oregon , Tennessee will be exempted from the road tests only . Hong Kong ( edit ) As stated on the application form for direct issue of full Hong Kong driving license ( Rev.", "25": "11 / 2008 ) , when a person has documentary evidence to the Commissioner for Transport 's satisfaction that all of the following apply , the person is eligible to direct issue of a Hong Kong license : The person has held a full driving license ( not an International Driving Permit ) for three years issued by one of the following countries or territories : Australia , Austria , Bangladesh , Belgium , Bermuda , Canada , China , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Guernsey , Iceland , India , Ireland , the Isle of Man , Israel , Italy , Japan , Jersey , Luxembourg , Macao , Malaysia , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Nigeria , Norway , Pakistan , Portugal , Singapore , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , South Africa , South Korea , Namibia , Taiwan , the United Kingdom and the United States . The driving entitlement ( s ) for which one is applying must be equivalent to the class ( es ) which are authorized to drive by the issuing country or place ; and The driving license was obtained by passing the relevant driving test ( s ) in the issuing country or territory ; and Satisfies one of the three requirements below : The license was originally issued on any date during a period of residence of not less than 6 months in the country or place of issue ( entry and departure stamps on a passport , school transcript or employer 's testimonial with employment period specified are accepted as proof ) ; or The license has been issued for not less than 5 years immediately before the application ; or Hold a passport or an equivalent travel document of the country or territory in which the license was issued . Singapore ( edit ) A foreigner 18 years of age or older and holding a Work Pass / Dependent Pass / Student Pass may drive in Singapore with a valid class 3 , 3A or 2B foreign license , for a period of not more than 12 months . A Singaporean driving licence is required after 12 months . Those on short term social visits may drive with their foreign license for up to 12 months each time they enter into Singapore . For licences not written in the English language , an International Driving Permit or translation is required . Foreign licence conversion is only granted for class 2B and class 3 qualified driving licences . In order to convert your foreign licence to a Singapore driving licence , you are required to pass the Basic Theory Test ( BTT ) .", "26": "Overseas theory test results are not admissible for consideration . Sweden ( edit ) Residents in Sweden having a foreign license can exchange it to a Swedish license , if it is from an EU country , an EEA country , Switzerland or Japan . Foreign licenses are valid if the holder has not been living in Sweden for more than a year ( and some more requirements ) . United Kingdom ( edit ) The Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency ( DVLA ) , which licences drivers in Great Britain ( England , Scotland and Wales ) , but not Northern Ireland , exchanges full licences issued by : Northern Ireland ( although being part of the UK , driving licences are issued by the Driver and Vehicle Agency ( DVA ) in Northern Ireland ) , Countries within the EEA and Switzerland , The British Crown dependencies ( Guernsey , Jersey and the Isle of Man ) Gibraltar and other British Overseas Territories , Australia , Barbados , the Faroe Islands , Hong Kong , Japan , Monaco , New Zealand , Singapore , South Korea , South Africa , and Zimbabwe . Canada ( by default , Canadian driver 's licences will only be exchanged for licences to drive automatic transmission cars , unless documentary evidence is provided that a manual gearbox ( shift ) test was passed in Canada ) United states ( edit ) A Driver 's License from any US state is valid for temporary use in any other US state , although most states require that a person have a license issued by their state of primary residence . Most states allow residents to convert an out - of - state license to an in - state license without any additional written or road tests . Delaware has a reciprocal license exchange for Germany , France , and Taiwan to allow holders of those licenses to obtain a Delaware license without any additional written or road tests . A District of Columbia driver 's license may be obtained while maintaining out - of - country driver 's license . D.C. driver 's licenses may vary for non-US citizens , depending on visa classification . The written test is required for non-US citizens who possess an out - of - country driver 's license . Florida has a reciprocal license agreement with South Korea , allowing South Korea licenses to be exchanged for a Florida license , and vice versa , without taking a written or road test . A New York State driver 's license may be obtained by a resident of another country .", "27": "If the driver has a driver license from any nation except Canada , they must pass a written test , complete a 5 - hour pre-licensing course and pass a road test to qualify for a driver 's license . Texas does n't require drivers from Canada , France , Germany , nor Taiwan to take the written and practical tests . But drivers must still agree to a vision test . Washington State has a reciprocal license exchange , allowing holders of valid licenses from any other US state , British Columbia , Germany , South Korea , and Taiwan to exchange their license for a Washington State license without taking any written or road tests . Virginia has a reciprocal agreement with Canada , France and Germany . The knowledge and skills tests may be waived if the driver meets residency and other requirements . See also ( edit ) Commercial driver 's license Driver 's Education Learner 's permit International Driving Permit Road - traffic safety Vehicle category List of countries by minimum driving age References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lutteroth , Johanna . `` Der Lappen , der die Welt bedeutet '' . einestages ( in German ) . Spiegel Online . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Motor Car Act , 1903 - The Motor Miscellany '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Driver Education in the UK '' . Jump up ^ `` A Potted History of Driving , and the UK Driving Licence '' . Jump up ^ `` Convention with Respect to the International Circulation of Motor Vehicles '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 4 ( 4 Supplement : Official Documents ) : 316 -- 328 . October 1910 . Jump up ^ Paris International Convention relative to Motor Traffic ( PDF ) . London : His Majesty 's Stationery Office . 1930 . Jump up ^ Convention on Road Traffic ( PDF ) . United Nations Conference on Road Traffic . 1968 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Altes vom Auto : Meldungen aus 125 Jahren : Tops und Flops ( a summary of the highlights and lowlights of the first 125 years of motoring history ) '' . Auto Motor u . Sport .", "28": "Heft 4 2011 : Seite 16 . 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Anonymous , `` Better Auto Laws Are Now Needed , '' New York Times , 1907 - 08 - 18 , S3 . Jump up ^ Frederick H. Elliott , `` Working Out New Auto Law In New York , '' New York Times 1910 - 10 - 16 , 3 . Jump up ^ `` New York 's Auto Exports Increase - Big Jump in Cars Shipped Last Year - New Jersey Examines All Drivers '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . 1913 - 07 - 14 . p. 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Travel documents for EU nationals '' . Your Europe . 2017 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Road Traffic Act 1988 '' . Gov.UK . HM Government . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Section 7b refers to providing licence within 7 days . Jump up ^ `` Road traffic '' . Home Office . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` For organ donor entry column of driver 's license ( Japanese ) '' . Ministry of Health , Labour and Welfare. 2013 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 愛知県警察 / 運転免許に関すること '' ( Aichi Prefectural Police / Driver 's License Concerns ) ( in Japanese ) . 愛知県警察 ( Aichi Prefectural Police ) . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 免許更新時講習について '' ( Regarding the Driver 's License Renewal Period Training ) ( in Japanese ) . Fukui Prefecture . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 09 .", "29": "Jump up ^ `` 福岡県警察渡辺通優良運転者免許更新センター ( 渡辺通ゴールド免許センター '' ( Fukuoka Prefectural Police Watanabe Avenue Excellent Driver License Renewal Center ( Watanabe Avenue Gold License Center ) ) ( in Japanese ) . 福岡県警察 ( Fukuoka Prefectural Police ) . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Applying driving license for the first time '' . tra.go.tz . Tanzania Revenue Authority . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Driving License in India - Indian Driving Schools '' . Indian Driving Schools . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Haron , Sharif ( 2012 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Concern over teenage driving safety '' . New Straits Times . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Drivers can renew license on birthday from Nov 21 '' . The Malaysian Insider. 2011 - 11 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Motorcycles you can ride '' . Directgov . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Sussex Police - Production of Documents Jump up ^ Mopeds , a variant name of European AM category Jump up ^ `` Russia Driver License Translation '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ГАИ РУ - Информационный портал : автомобильные новости , оплата штрафов ГИБДД - Форум автомобилистов - Справочная информация для автовладельцев '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Driving in Moscow -- Russian road rules '' .", "30": "We heart Moscow . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Бесплатный онлайн экзамен ПДД 2015 , тест на вождение онлайн скачать , сдать экзамены в ГИБДД - ГАИ РУ '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` EU - Turkey relations '' . European Information on Enlargement & Neighbours . EurActiv.com. 23 September 2004 . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Changes to Turkish driving licence laws affect expats '' . The Kalkan Turkey Web Site. 2016 - 01 - 07 . 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Jump up ^ `` Transport - Driving license '' . Ec.europa.eu. 2003 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Living in France '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement Promotes Safety And Convenience For New Residents '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Administrative Code '' . Info.sos.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Driving on a foreign licence in New South Wales '' . Jump up ^ `` Driving on a foreign licence in Victoria '' .", "32": "Jump up ^ `` ICBC - Driver licensing '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` DriveTest - Exchanging a Reciprocal License '' . Drivetest.ca . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` New Residents of Québec and Holders of a Driver 's Licence Issued Outside Québec '' . Saaq.gouv.qc.ca. 2011 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Permis de conduire étranger - Echange en France '' . Maison des Français de l'étranger ( MFE ) . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` American Driver 's License - Germany - United States Diplomatic Mission '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Application For Direct Issue Of Full Hong Kong Driving Licence '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Driver 's Licences '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Directgov * ' exchange driving licence ' interactive tool '' . Direct.gov.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` State of Delaware Division of Motor Vehicles - Driver 's License Over 18 FAQ 's '' . Dmv.de.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia : Department of Motor Vehicles - Services - Drivers ' Licenses - Getting Your Learners ' Permit '' . Dmv.dc.gov . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 04 .", "33": "Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` New York State Department of Motor Vehicles - NYS DMV - NYSDMV - Driver - Vehicle '' . Nydmv.state.ny.us . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Department of Public Safety '' . xdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` WA State Licensing : Moving ? Get WA license '' . Dol.wa.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Motor Vehicles Virginia '' ( PDF ) . dmv.virginia.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Driver 's licenses . Information from the European Union in driving licences throughout the Community Drivers License General Information Office ( Japanese ) Driving licence in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union", "34": "Driving licence in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Driving licence in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan", "35": "Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Traffic law and safety Rules of the road All - way stop Assured Clear Distance Ahead Australian Road Rules Boulevard rule Green Cross Code Move over law New Zealand Road Code Overtaking Right - and left - hand traffic Right - of - way School bus traffic stop laws Traffic code Turn on red Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Road user guides Driver 's manual The Highway Code The Highway Code ( Malta ) Road Users ' Code Rules of the Road ( Ireland ) Enforcement Breathalyzer Camera Enforcement Red light Highway patrol / State police Parking enforcement Road traffic control Textalyzer Traffic court Traffic guard Traffic stop Traffic ticket Warning Speed limit Advisory speed limit Assured Clear Distance Ahead National Maximum Speed Law School zone Speed limit enforcement Speed limits by country Category : Speed limits by country Moving violations Driving under the influence Canada United States Distracted driving Mobile phones and driving Texting while driving Reckless driving Street racing Tailgating Vehicular homicide Wrong - way driving Driver licensing Commercial driver 's license European driving licence Graduated driver licensing Inter-American", "36": "Driving Permit International Driving Permit Learner 's permit Point system Driving licences by country List of countries by minimum driving age Traffic violations reciprocity Commercial Driver 's License Information System Driver License Agreement Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Parking Alternate - side parking Decriminalised parking enforcement Disabled parking permit Double parking Parking chair Parking violation Wheel clamp Car safety Seat belt laws Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Tachograph Digital tachograph Drivers ' working hours ( Europe ) Epilepsy and driving Hours of service ( US ) `` How 's my driving ? '' sign Old age and driving Sleep deprived driving Slow moving vehicle Vision Zero Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "37": "php?title=Driver%27s_license&oldid=817231783 '' Categories : Car safety Identity documents Driving licences Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles needing additional references from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 01 : 58 .", "38": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8235146511499235503	list of books written by abul kalam azad	[ "India Wins Freedom", "Ghubar-e-Khatir", "Tazkirah", "Tarjumanul Quran" ]	{ "0": "Abul Kalam Azad - Wikipedia Abul Kalam Azad Jump to : navigation , search This article is about an Indian scholar . For the Indian minister , see Abul Kalam Azad ( Indian politician ) . For the Indian photographer , see Abul Kalam Azad ( photographer ) . For the former Indian president , see A.P.J Abdul Kalam . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Abul Kalam Azad Sayyid Maulana Abul Kalam Ghulam Mohiuddin Ahmed bin Khairuddin AlHussaini Azad 1st Minister of Education In office 15 August 1947 -- 2 February 1958 Preceded by Post Created Succeeded by K.L. Shrimali Personal details ( 1888 - 11 - 11 ) 11 November 1888 Makkah , Hejaz Vilayet , Ottoman Empire ( now Saudi Arabia ) 22 February 1958 ( 1958 - 02 - 22 ) ( aged 69 ) Delhi , India Cause of death Stroke Political party Indian National Congress Spouse ( s ) Zulaikha Begum Awards Bharat Ratna Signature Maulana Sayyid Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed bin Khairuddin AlHussaini Azad ( pronunciation ( help info ) ; 11 November 1888 -- 22 February 1958 ) was an Indian Bengali scholar and the senior Muslim leader of the Indian National Congress during the Indian independence movement . Following India 's independence , he became the first Minister of Education in the Indian government . He is commonly remembered as Maulana Azad ; the word Maulana is an honorific meaning ' Our Master ' , and he had adopted Azad ( Free ) as his pen name . His contribution to establishing the education foundation in India is recognised by celebrating his birthday as `` National Education Day '' across India . As a young man , Azad composed poetry in Urdu language , as well as treaties on religion and philosophy .", "1": "He rose to prominence through his work as a journalist , publishing works critical of the British Raj and espousing the causes of Indian nationalism . Azad became the leader of the Khilafat Movement , during which he came into close contact with the Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi . Azad became an enthusiastic supporter of Gandhi 's ideas of non-violent civil disobedience , and worked to organise the non-co - operation movement in protest of the 1919 Rowlatt Acts . Azad committed himself to Gandhi 's ideals , including promoting Swadeshi ( indigenous ) products and the cause of Swaraj ( Self - rule ) for India . In 1923 , at an age of 35 , he became the youngest person to serve as the President of the Indian National Congress . In October 1920 , Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was elected as a member of foundation committee to establish Jamia Millia Islamia at Aligarh in U.P. without taking help from British colonial government . He helped a lot in shifting of the campus of the university to New Delhi from Aligarh in 1934 . The main gate ( Gate No. 7 ) to main campus of the university is named after him . Azad was one of the main organizers of the Dharasana Satyagraha in 1931 , and emerged as one of the most important national leaders of the time , prominently leading the causes of Hindu - Muslim unity as well as espousing secularism and socialism . He served as Congress president from 1940 to 1945 , during which the Quit India rebellion was launched . Azad was imprisoned , together with the entire Congress leadership . Amidst communal turmoil following the partition of India , he worked for religious harmony . As India 's Education Minister , Azad oversaw the establishment of a national education system with free primary education and modern institutions of higher education . He is also credited with the establishment of the Indian Institutes of Technology and the foundation of the University Grants Commission , an important institution to supervise and advance the higher education in the nation . National Education Day ( India ) an annual observance in India to commemorate the birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , the first education minister of independent India , who served from 15 August 1947 until 2 February 1958 .", "2": "National Education Day of India is celebrated on 11 November every year in India . He also worked for Hindu - Muslim unity through the Al - Hilal newspaper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Revolutionary and journalist 3 Literary works 3.1 Ghubar - e-Khatir 4 Non-co - operation 5 Congress leader 6 Quit India 7 Partition of India 8 Post-Independence 9 Criticism 10 Legacy and influence 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Early life ( edit ) Azad was born on 11 November 1888 in Mecca , then a part of the Ottoman Empire . His real name was Sayyid Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed bin Khairuddin AlHussaini , but he eventually became known as Maulana AbulKalam Azad . Azad 's father was a scholar who lived in Delhi with his maternal grandfather , as his father had died at a very young age . During the Sepoy Mutiny , he left India and settled in Mecca . His father Maulana Sayyid Muhammad Khairuddin bin Ahmed AlHussaini wrote twelve books , had thousands of disciples , and claimed ancestry from Imam Hussain , while his mother was Sheikha Alia bint Mohammad , the daughter of Sheikh Mohammad bin Zaher AlWatri , himself a reputed scholar from Medina who had a reputation that extended even outside of Arabia . Maulana Azad returned to Calcutta with his family in 1890 . Azad began to master several languages , including Urdu , Hindi , Persian , Bengali , Arabic , and English . He was also trained in the Mazahibs of Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i and Hanbali fiqh , Shariat , mathematics , philosophy , world history , and science by tutors hired by his family .", "3": "An avid and determined student , the precocious Azad was running a library , a reading room , and a debating society before he was twelve ; wanted to write on the life of Ghazali at twelve ; was contributing learned articles to Makhzan ( a literary magazine ) at fourteen ; was teaching a class of students , most of whom were twice his age , when he was fifteen ; and completed the traditional course of study at the age of sixteen , nine years ahead of his contemporaries , and brought out a magazine at the same age . In fact , he was publishing a poetical journal ( Nairang - e-Aalam ) and was already an editor of a weekly ( Al - Misbah ) in 1900 , at the age of twelve and , in 1903 , brought out a monthly journal , Lissan - us - Sidq , which soon gained popularity . At the age of thirteen , he was married to a young Muslim girl , Zulaikha Begum . Azad compiled many treatises interpreting the Qur'an , the Hadis , and the principles of Fiqh and Kalam . Revolutionary and journalist ( edit ) Azad developed political views considered radical for most Muslims of the time and became a full - fledged Indian nationalist . He fiercely criticised the British for racial discrimination and ignoring the needs of common people across India . He also criticised Muslim politicians for focusing on communal issues before the national interest and rejected the All India Muslim League 's communal separatism . Azad developed curiosity and interest in the pan-Islamic doctrines of Jamal al - Din al - Afghani and visited Afghanistan , Iraq , Egypt , Syria and Turkey . But his views changed considerably when he met revolutionary activists in Iraq and was influenced by their fervent anti-imperialism and nationalism . Against common Muslim opinion of the time , Azad opposed the partition of Bengal in 1905 and became increasingly active in revolutionary activities , to which he was introduced by the prominent Hindu revolutionaries Aurobindo Ghosh and Shyam Sundar Chakravarty . Azad initially evoked surprise from other revolutionaries , but Azad won their praise and confidence by working secretly to organise revolutionaries activities and meetings in Bengal , Bihar and Bombay ( now called Mumbai ) .", "4": "Azad 's education had been shaped for him to become a cleric , but his rebellious nature and affinity for politics turned him towards journalism . Maulana Azad worked for `` Vakil '' , a newspaper from Amritsar . As per Allama Mashriqi 's book titled `` Dahulbab '' `` ( Translation ) In 1903 , Maulvi Shibli Nomani ... sent the respected Abul Kalam Azad ... to Qibla - au - Kaaba ( Khan Ata ) in Amritsar so that he could shape his ( Azad ) future . Therefore he ( Azad ) stayed with him ( Khan Ata ) for five years and was part of the editorial team of the ... Vakil . '' For further information , visit : https://www.facebook.com/TheVakilAmritsar He established an Urdu weekly newspaper in 1912 called Al - Hilal , and openly attacked British policies while exploring the challenges facing common people , but it was banned in 1914 . Espousing the ideals of Indian nationalism , Azad 's publications were aimed at encouraging young Muslims into fighting for independence and Hindu - Muslim unity . His work helped improve the relationship between Hindus and Muslims in Bengal , which had been soured by the controversy surrounding the partition of Bengal and the issue of separate communal electorates . With the onset of World War I , the British stiffened censorship and restrictions on political activity . Azad 's Al - Hilal was consequently banned in 1914 under the Press Act . Azad started a new journal , the Al - Balagh , which increased its active support for nationalist causes and communal unity . In this period Azad also became active in his support for the Khilafat agitation to protect the position of the Sultan of Ottoman Turkey , who was considered the Caliph or Khalifa for Muslims worldwide . The Sultan had sided against the British in the war and the continuity of his rule came under serious threat , causing distress amongst Muslim conservatives . Azad saw an opportunity to energise Indian Muslims and achieve major political and social reform through the struggle . With his popularity increasing across India , the government outlawed Azad 's second publication under the Defence of India Regulations Act and arrested him .", "5": "The governments of the Bombay Presidency , United Provinces , Punjab and Delhi prohibited his entry into the provinces and Azad was moved to a jail in Ranchi , where he was incarcerated until 1 January 1920 . Literary works ( edit ) Maulana Azad is considered one of the greatest Urdu writers of the 20th century . He has written many books including India Wins Freedom , Ghubar - e-Khatir , Tazkirah , Tarjumanul Quran , etc . Ghubar - e-Khatir ( edit ) Ghubar - e-Khatir ( Sallies of Mind ) , ( Urdu : غُبارِخاطِر ‬ ‎ ) is one of the most important works of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , written primarily during 1942 to 1946 when he was imprisoned in Ahmednagar Fort in Maharashtra by British Raj while he was in Bombay ( now Mumbai ) to preside over the meeting of All India Congress Working Committee . The book is basically a collection of 24 letters he wrote addressing his close friend Maulana Habibur Rahman Khan Sherwani . These letters were never sent to him because there was no permission for that during the imprisonment and after the release in 1946 , he gave all these letters to his friend Ajmal Khan who let it published for the first time in 1946 . Although the book is a collection of letters but except one or two letters , all other letters are unique and most of the letters deal with complex issues such as existence of God , the origin of religions , the origin of music and its place in religion , etc . The book is primarily an Urdu language book ; however , there are over five hundred of couplets , mostly in Persian and Arabic languages . It is because , Maulana was born in a family where Arabic and Persian were used more frequently than Urdu . He was born in Mekkah , given formal education in Persian and Arabic languages but he was never taught Urdu . It is often said that his book India wins Freedom is about his political life and Ghubar - e-Khatir deals with his social and spiritual life . Non-co - operation ( edit ) Main article : Non-Cooperation Movement Upon his release , Azad returned to a political atmosphere charged with sentiments of outrage and rebellion against British rule .", "6": "The Indian public had been angered by the passage of the Rowlatt Acts in 1919 , which severely restricted civil liberties and individual rights . Consequently , thousands of political activists had been arrested and many publications banned . The killing of unarmed civilians at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on 13 April 1919 had provoked intense outrage all over India , alienating most Indians , including long - time British supporters , from the authorities . The Khilafat struggle had also peaked with the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I and the raging Turkish War of Independence , which had made the caliphate 's position precarious . India 's main political party , the Indian National Congress came under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi , who had aroused excitement all over India when he led the farmers of Champaran and Kheda in a successful revolt against British authorities in 1918 . Gandhi organised the people of the region and pioneered the art of Satyagraha -- combining mass civil disobedience with complete non-violence and self - reliance . Taking charge of the Congress , Gandhi also reached out to support the Khilafat struggle , helping to bridge Hindu - Muslim political divides . Azad and the Ali brothers - Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali - warmly welcomed Congress support and began working together on a programme of non-co - operation by asking all Indians to boycott British - run schools , colleges , courts , public services , the civil service , police and military . Non-violence and Hindu - Muslim unity were universally emphasised , while the boycott of foreign goods , especially clothes were organised . Azad joined the Congress and was also elected president of the All India Khilafat Committee . Although Azad and other leaders were soon arrested , the movement drew out millions of people in peaceful processions , strikes and protests . This period marked a transformation in Azad 's own life . Along with fellow Khilafat leaders Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari , Hakim Ajmal Khan and others , Azad grew personally close to Gandhi and his philosophy . The three men founded the Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi as an institution of higher education managed entirely by Indians without any British support or control . Both Azad and Gandhi shared a deep passion for religion and Azad developed a close friendship with him .", "7": "He adopted the Prophet Muhammad 's ideas by living simply , rejecting material possessions and pleasures . He began to spin his own clothes using khadi on the charkha , and began frequently living and participating in the ashrams organised by Gandhi . Becoming deeply committed to ahimsa ( non-violence ) himself , Azad grew close to fellow nationalists like Jawaharlal Nehru , Chittaranjan Das and Subhas Chandra Bose . He strongly criticised the continuing suspicion of the Congress amongst the Muslim intellectuals from the Aligarh Muslim University and the Muslim League . The movement had a sudden decline with rising incidences of violence ; a nationalist mob killed 22 policemen in Chauri Chaura in 1922 . Fearing degeneration into violence , Gandhi asked Indians to suspend the revolt and undertook a five - day fast to repent and encourage others to stop the rebellion . Although the movement stopped all over India , several Congress leaders and activists were disillusioned with Gandhi . The following year , the caliphate was overthrown by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the Ali brothers grew distant and critical of Gandhi and the Congress . Azad 's close friend Chittaranjan Das co-founded the Swaraj Party , breaking from Gandhi 's leadership . Despite the circumstances , Azad remained firmly committed to Gandhi 's ideals and leadership . In 1923 , he became the youngest man to be elected Congress president . Azad led efforts to organise the Flag Satyagraha in Nagpur . Azad served as president of the 1924 Unity Conference in Delhi , using his position to work to re-unite the Swarajists and the Khilafat leaders under the common banner of the Congress . In the years following the movement , Azad travelled across India , working extensively to promote Gandhi 's vision , education and social reform . Congress leader ( edit ) At Simla Conference ( 1946 ) with Rajendra Prasad , Jinnah and C. Rajagopalachari Azad became an inspiring personality in the field of politics . Azad became an important national leader , and served on the Congress Working Committee and in the offices of general secretary and president many times . The political environment in India re-energised in 1928 with nationalist outrage against the Simon Commission appointed to propose constitutional reforms .", "8": "The commission included no Indian members and did not even consult Indian leaders and experts . In response , the Congress and other political parties appointed a commission under Motilal Nehru to propose constitutional reforms from Indian opinions . In 1928 , Azad endorsed the Nehru Report , which was criticised by the Ali brothers and Muslim League politician Muhammad Ali Jinnah . Azad endorsed the ending of separate electorates based on religion , and called for an independent India to be committed to secularism . At the 1928 Congress session in Guwahati , Azad endorsed Gandhi 's call for dominion status for India within a year . If not granted , the Congress would adopt the goal of complete political independence for India . Despite his affinity for Gandhi , Azad also drew close to the young radical leaders Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Bose , who had criticised the delay in demanding full independence . Azad developed a close friendship with Nehru and began espousing socialism as the means to fight inequality , poverty and other national challenges . Azad decided the name of Muslim political party Majlis - e-Ahrar - ul - Islam . He was also a friend of Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari , founder of All India Majlis - e-Ahrar . When Gandhi embarked on the Dandi Salt March that inaugurated the Salt Satyagraha in 1930 , Azad organised and led the nationalist raid , albeit non-violent on the Dharasana salt works to protest the salt tax and restriction of its production and sale . The biggest nationalist upheaval in a decade , Azad was imprisoned along with millions of people , and would frequently be jailed from 1930 to 1934 for long periods of time . Following the Gandhi - Irwin Pact in 1931 , Azad was amongst millions of political prisoners released . When elections were called under the Government of India Act 1935 , Azad was appointed to organise the Congress election campaign , raising funds , selecting candidates and organising volunteers and rallies across India . Azad had criticised the Act for including a high proportion of un-elected members in the central legislature , and did not himself contest a seat . He again declined to contest elections in 1937 , and helped head the party 's efforts to organise elections and preserve co-ordination and unity amongst the Congress governments elected in different provinces .", "9": "At the 1936 Congress session in Lucknow , Azad was drawn into a dispute with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Dr. Rajendra Prasad and Chakravaachari regarding the espousal of socialism as the Congress goal . Azad had backed the election of Nehru as Congress president , and supported the resolution endorsing socialism . In doing so , he aligned with Congress socialists like Nehru , Subhash Bose and Jayaprakash Narayan . Azad also supported Nehru 's re-election in 1937 , at the consternation of many conservative Congressmen . Azad supported dialogue with Jinnah and the Muslim League between 1935 and 1937 over a Congress - League coalition and broader political co-operation . Less inclined to brand the League as obstructive , Azad nevertheless joined the Congress 's vehement rejection of Jinnah 's demand that the League be seen exclusively as the representative of Indian Muslims . Quit India ( edit ) Main article : Quit India Movement In 1938 , Azad served as an intermediary between the supporters of and the Congress faction led by Congress president Subhash Bose , who criticised Gandhi for not launching another rebellion against the British and sought to move the Congress away from Gandhi 's leadership . Azad stood by Gandhi with most other Congress leaders , but reluctantly endorsed the Congress 's exit from the assemblies in 1939 following the inclusion of India in World War II . Nationalists were infuriated that Viceroy Lord Linlithgow had entered India into the war without consulting national leaders . Although willing to support the British effort in return for independence , Azad sided with Gandhi when the British ignored the Congress overtures . Azad 's criticism of Jinnah and the League intensified as Jinnah called Congress rule in the provinces as `` Hindu Raj '' , calling the resignation of the Congress ministries as a `` Day of Deliverance '' for Muslims . Jinnah and the League 's separatist agenda was gaining popular support amongst Muslims . Muslim religious and political leaders criticised Azad as being too close to the Congress and placing politics before Muslim welfare . As the Muslim League adopted a resolution calling for a separate Muslim state ( Pakistan ) in its session in Lahore in 1940 , Azad was elected Congress president in its session in Ramgarh .", "10": "Speaking vehemently against Jinnah 's Two - Nation Theory -- the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations -- Azad lambasted religious separatism and exhorted all Muslims to preserve a united India , as all Hindus and Muslims were Indians who shared deep bonds of brotherhood and nationhood . In his presidential address , Azad said : `` ... Full eleven centuries have passed by since then . Islam has now as great a claim on the soil of India as Hinduism . If Hinduism has been the religion of the people here for several thousands of years Islam also has been their religion for a thousand years . Just as a Hindu can say with pride that he is an Indian and follows Hinduism , so also we can say with equal pride that we are Indians and follow Islam . I shall enlarge this orbit still further . The Indian Christian is equally entitled to say with pride that he is an Indian and is following a religion of India , namely Christianity . '' Azad , Patel and Gandhi at an AICC meeting in Bombay , 1940 . In face of increasing popular disenchantment with the British across India , Gandhi and Patel advocated an all - out rebellion demanding immediate independence . Azad was wary and sceptical of the idea , aware that India 's Muslims were increasingly looking to Jinnah and had supported the war . Feeling that a struggle would not force a British exit , Azad and Nehru warned that such a campaign would divide India and make the war situation even more precarious . Intensive and emotional debates took place between Azad , Nehru , Gandhi and Patel in the Congress Working Committee 's meetings in May and June 1942 . In the end , Azad became convinced that decisive action in one form or another had to be taken , as the Congress had to provide leadership to India 's people and would lose its standing if it did not . Supporting the call for the British to `` Quit India '' , Azad began exhorting thousands of people in rallies across the nation to prepare for a definitive , all - out struggle . As Congress president , Azad travelled across India and met with local and provincial Congress leaders and grass - roots activists , delivering speeches and planning the rebellion . Despite their previous differences , Azad worked closely with Patel and Dr. Rajendra Prasad to make the rebellion as effective as possible .", "11": "On 7 August 1942 at the Gowalia Tank in Mumbai , Congress president Azad inaugurated the struggle with a vociferous speech exhorting Indians into action . Just two days later , the British arrested Azad and the entire Congress leadership . While Gandhi was incarcerated at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune , Azad and the Congress Working Committee were imprisoned at a fort in Ahmednagar , where they would remain under isolation and intense security for nearly four years . Outside news and communication had been largely prohibited and completely censored . Although frustrated at their incarceration and isolation , Azad and his companions attested to feeling a deep satisfaction at having done their duty to their country and people . Azad occupied the time playing bridge and acting as the referee in tennis matches played by his colleagues . In the early mornings , Azad began working on his classic Urdu work , the Ghubhar - i - Khatir . Sharing daily chores , Azad also taught the Persian and Urdu languages , as well as Indian and world history to several of his companions . The leaders would generally avoid talking of politics , unwilling to cause any arguments that could exacerbate the pain of their imprisonment . However , each year on 26 January , which was then considered Poorna Swaraj ( Complete Independence ) Day , the leaders would gather to remember their cause and pray together . Azad , Nehru and Patel would briefly speak about the nation and the future . Azad and Nehru proposed an initiative to forge an agreement with the British in 1943 . Arguing that the rebellion had been mistimed , Azad attempted to convince his colleagues that the Congress should agree to negotiate with the British and call for the suspension of disobedience if the British agreed to transfer power . Although his proposal was overwhelmingly rejected , Azad and a few others agreed that Gandhi and the Congress had not done enough . When they learnt of Gandhi holding talks with Jinnah in Mumbai in 1944 , Azad criticised Gandhi 's move as counter-productive and ill - advised . Partition of India ( edit ) At Wardha Railway Station : Maulana Azad , Acharya Kripalani , Sardar Patel , Subhash Bose . With the end of the war , the British agreed to transfer power to Indian hands .", "12": "All political prisoners were released in 1946 and Azad led the Congress in the elections for the new Constituent Assembly of India , which would draft India 's constitution . He headed the delegation to negotiate with the British Cabinet Mission , in his sixth year as Congress president . While attacking Jinnah 's demand for Pakistan and the mission 's proposal of 16 June 1946 that envisaged the partition of India , Azad became a strong proponent of the mission 's earlier proposal of 16 May . The proposal advocated a federal system with a limited central government and autonomy for the provinces . The central government would have Defence , Foreign Affairs and Communication while the provinces would win all other subjects unless they voluntarily relinquished selected subjects to the Central Government . Additionally , the proposal called for the `` grouping '' of provinces on religious lines , which would informally band together the Muslim - majority province in the West as Group B , Muslim - majority provinces of Bengal and Assam as Group C and the rest of India as Group A. While Gandhi and others expressed scepticism of this clause , Azad argued that Jinnah 's demand for Pakistan would be buried and the concerns of the Muslim community would be assuaged . Under Azad and Patel 's backing , the Working Committee approved the resolution against Gandhi 's advice . Azad also managed to win Jinnah 's agreement to the proposal citing the greater good of all Indian Muslims . Azad had been the Congress president since 1939 , so he volunteered to resign in 1946 . He nominated Nehru , who replaced him as Congress president and led the Congress into the interim government . Azad was appointed to head the Department of Education . However , Jinnah 's Direct Action Day agitation for Pakistan , launched on 16 August sparked communal violence across India . Thousands of people were killed as Azad travelled across Bengal and Bihar to calm the tensions and heal relations between Muslims and Hindus . Despite Azad 's call for Hindu - Muslim unity , Jinnah 's popularity amongst Muslims soared and the League entered a coalition with the Congress in December , but continued to boycott the constituent assembly . Later in his autobiography , Azad indicated Patel having become more pro-partition than the Muslim League , largely due to the League 's not co-operating with the Congress in the provisional government on any issue .", "13": "Azad had grown increasingly hostile to Jinnah , who had described him as the `` Muslim Lord Haw - Haw '' and a `` Congress Showboy . '' Muslim League politicians accused Azad of allowing Muslims to be culturally and politically dominated by the Hindu community . Azad continued to proclaim his faith in Hindu - Muslim unity : `` I am proud of being an Indian . I am part of the indivisible unity that is Indian nationality . I am indispensable to this noble edifice and without me this splendid structure is incomplete . I am an essential element , which has gone to build India . I can never surrender this claim . '' Amidst more incidences of violence in early 1947 , the Congress - League coalition struggled to function . The provinces of Bengal and Punjab were to be partitioned on religious lines , and on 3 June 1947 the British announced a proposal to partition India on religious lines , with the princely states free to choose between either dominion . The proposal was hotly debated in the All India Congress Committee , with Muslim leaders Saifuddin Kitchlew and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan expressing fierce opposition . Azad privately discussed the proposal with Gandhi , Patel and Nehru , but despite his opposition was unable to deny the popularity of the League and the unworkability of any coalition with the League . Faced with the serious possibility of a civil war , Azad abstained from voting on the resolution , remaining silent and not speaking throughout the AICC session , which ultimately approved the plan . Post-independence ( edit ) India 's partition and independence on 15 August 1947 brought with it a scourge of violence that swept the Punjab , Bihar , Bengal , Delhi and many other parts of India . Millions of Hindus and Sikhs fled the newly created Pakistan for India , and millions of Muslims fled for West Pakistan and East Pakistan , created out of East Bengal . Violence claimed the lives of an estimated one million people , almost entirely in Punjab . Azad took up responsibility for the safety of Muslims in India , touring affected areas in Bengal , Bihar , Assam and the Punjab , guiding the organisation of refugee camps , supplies and security . Azad gave speeches to large crowds encouraging peace and calm in the border areas and encouraging Muslims across the country to remain in India and not fear for their safety and security .", "14": "Focusing on bringing the capital of Delhi back to peace , Azad organised security and relief efforts , but was drawn into a dispute with the Deputy prime minister and Home Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel when he demanded the dismissal of Delhi 's police commissioner , who was a Sikh accused by Muslims of overlooking attacks and neglecting their safety . Patel argued that the commissioner was not biased , and if his dismissal was forced it would provoke anger amongst Hindus and Sikhs and divide the city police . In Cabinet meetings and discussions with Gandhi , Patel and Azad clashed over security issues in Delhi and Punjab , as well as the allocation of resources for relief and rehabilitation . Patel opposed Azad and Nehru 's proposal to reserve the houses vacated by Muslims who had departed for Pakistan for Muslims in India displaced by the violence . Patel argued that a secular government could not offer preferential treatment for any religious community , while Azad remained anxious to assure the rehabilitation of Muslims in India , secularism , religious freedom and equality for all Indians . He supported provisions for Muslim citizens to make avail of Muslim personal law in courts . Azad remained a close confidante , supporter and advisor to prime minister Nehru , and played an important role in framing national policies . Azad masterminded the creation of national programmes of school and college construction and spreading the enrolment of children and young adults into schools , to promote universal primary education . Elected to the lower house of the Indian Parliament , the Lok Sabha in 1952 and again in 1957 , Azad supported Nehru 's socialist economic and industrial policies , as well as the advancing social rights and economic opportunities for women and underprivileged Indians . In 1956 , he served as president of the UNESCO General Conference held in Delhi . Azad spent the final years of his life focusing on writing his book India Wins Freedom , an exhaustive account of India 's freedom struggle and its leaders , which was published in 1959 . As India 's first Minister of Education , he emphasised on educating the rural poor and girls . As Chairman of the Central Advisory Board of Education , he gave thrust to adult literacy , universal primary education , free and compulsory for all children up to the age of 14 , girls education , and diversification of secondary education and vocational training .", "15": "Addressing the conference on All India Education on 16 January 1948 , Maulana Azad emphasised , We must not for a moment forget , it is a birthright of every individual to receive at least the basic education without which he can not fully discharge his duties as a citizen . He oversaw the setting up of the Central Institute of Education , Delhi , which later became the Department of Education of the University of Delhi as `` a research centre for solving new educational problems of the country '' . Under his leadership , the Ministry of Education established the first Indian Institute of Technology in 1951 and the University Grants Commission in 1953. , He also laid emphasis on the development of the Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore and the Faculty of Technology of the Delhi University . He foresaw a great future in the IITs for India : I have no doubt that the establishment of this Institute will form a landmark in the progress of higher technological education and research in the country . Criticism ( edit ) During his life and in contemporary times , Maulana Azad has been criticised for not doing enough to prevent the partition of India although he was committed to united India till his last attempt . He was condemned by the advocates of Pakistan , especially Muslim League . Legacy and influence ( edit ) Azad is remembered as one of the leading Indian nationalists of his time . His firm belief in Hindu - Muslim unity earned him the respect of the Hindu community and he still remains one of the most important symbols of communal harmony in modern India . His work for education and social uplift in India made him an important influence in guiding India 's economic and social development . Abulkalam Azad tomb The Ministry of Minority Affairs of the central Government of India set up the Maulana Azad Education Foundation in 1989 on the occasion of his birth centenary to promote education amongst educationally backward sections of the Society . The Ministry also provides the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad National Fellowship , an integrated five - year fellowship in the form of financial assistance to students from minority communities to pursue higher studies such as M. Phil and PhD Numerous institutions across India have also been named in his honour .", "16": "Some of them are the Maulana Azad Medical College in New Delhi , the Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology in Bhopal , the Maulana Azad National Urdu University in Hyderabad , Maulana Azad Centre for Elementary and Social Education ( MACESE Delhi University ) , the Maulana Azad College , Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies , and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology , in Kolkata , Bab - e - Maulana Abul Kalam Azad ( Gate No. 7 ) , Jamia Millia Islamia , A Central ( Minority ) University in New Delhi , the Maulana Azad library in the Aligarh Muslim University in Aligarh and Maulana Azad Stadium in Jammu . His home housed the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies earlier , and is now the Maulana Azad Museum . He is celebrated as one of the founders and greatest patrons of the Jamia Millia Islamia . Azad 's tomb is located next to the Jama Masjid in Delhi . In recent years great concern has been expressed by many in India over the poor maintenance of the tomb . On 16 November 2005 the Delhi High Court ordered that the tomb of Maulana Azad in New Delhi be renovated and restored as a major national monument . Azad 's tomb is a major landmark and receives large numbers of visitors annually . Jawaharlal Nehru referred to him as Mir - i - Karawan ( the caravan leader ) , `` a very brave and gallant gentleman , a finished product of the culture that , in these days , pertains to few ''. Mahatma Gandhi remarked about Azad by counting him as `` a person of the calibre of Plato , Aristotle and Pythagorus '' . Azad was portrayed by actor Virendra Razdan in the 1982 biographical film , Gandhi , directed by Richard Attenborough . His birthday , 11 November is celebrated as National Education Day in India . See also ( edit ) Cyrus the Great as Dhul - Qarnayn , a theory first proposed by Azad Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` International Urdu conference from Nov. 10 '' . The Hindu . 7 November 2010 . Retrieved 13 April 2012 .", "17": "Jump up ^ Muhammad Chawla , `` Maulana Azad and the Demand for Pakistan : A Reappraisal , '' Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society ( July - Sept 2016 ) 64 # 3 pp 7 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Biography - Maulana Azad Indian Freedom Fighter - Information on Maulana Azad - History of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad '' . www.iloveindia.com . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Remembering Maulana Abul Kalam Azad : A Short Biography '' . Institute of Asian Studies . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was born on November 11 , 1888 , in Mecca . He came back to Calcutta with his family in 1890 . Jump up ^ BIOGRAPHY OF MAULANA AZAD Jump up ^ Abul Kalam Azad , India Wins Freedom , Orient Blackswan ( 2003 ) , pp. 1 - 2 Jump up ^ Azad , Abul Kalam ( 2003 ) ( First published 1959 ) . India Wins Freedom : An Autobiographical Narrative . New Delhi : Orient Longman . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 81 - 250 - 0514 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Islam , Sirajul ( 2012 ) . `` Azad , Maulana Abul Kalam '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . ^ Jump up to : Gandhi , Rajmohan ( 1986 ) . Eight Lives : A Study of the Hindu - Muslim Encounter . USA : State University of New York Press . p. 219 . ISBN 0 - 88706 - 196 - 6 . Jump up ^ S.M. Ikram ( 1995 ) . Indian Muslims and Partition of India . Atlantic Publishers and Distributors . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Maulana Abul Kalam Azad -- The Builder of Modern India Jump up ^ K.R.", "18": "Gupta , Amita Gupta ( 2006 ) . Concise Encyclopaedia of India , Vol # 3 . Atlantic Publishers & Distributors . p. 1040 Jump up ^ Various . Encyclopaedia of Indian literature . Sahitya Akademi . p. 315 ^ Jump up to : Huq , Mushirul ( 23 July 2006 ) . `` President Azad '' . Archived from the original ( PHP ) on 9 April 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Azad , Abul Kalam ( 2010 ) . Ghubar - e-Khatir . New Delhi : Sahitya Akademi . p. 5 , 7 . ISBN 81 - 260 - 0132 - 1 . Jump up ^ Azad , Abul Kalam ( 2010 ) . Ghubar - e-Khatir . New Delhi : Sahitya Akademi . p. 106 . ISBN 81 - 260 - 0132 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nandurkar . Sardarshri Ke Patra ( 2 ) . p. 390 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . pp. 330 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Menon , V.P. Transfer of Power in India . p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Azad ( 2003 ) . India Wins Freedom : the Complete Version . Orient Blackswan . ISBN 9788125005148 . Jump up ^ Azad ( 2007 ) . The Elephant , the Tiger and the Cellphone : Reflections on India in the Twenty - first Century . PENGUIN INDIA . ISBN 9780670081455 . Jump up ^ `` The man who stayed behind '' . The Hindu . 11 November 2007 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mushirul Hasan ( January 2000 ) . `` One hundred people who shaped India in the 20th century , Maulana Abul Kalam Azad -- II '' .", "19": "India Today , special millennium issue , January 2000 . Archived from the original ( PHP ) on 22 November 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . p. 402 . ^ Jump up to : Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . pp. 432 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . pp. 502 -- 05 . ^ Jump up to : Speech of Hon'ble Human Resource Minister on National Education Day 2009 , Ministry of HRD , Government of India Archived 7 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ About us Central Institute of Education Jump up ^ UGC Genesis Archived 6 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ IIT Kharagpur , History Archived 13 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Proceedings of the 19th meeting of The Central Advisory Board of Education , New Delhi on 15 and 16 March 1952 Archived 16 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Maulana Azad Education Foundation website Jump up ^ Shri Salman Khurshid Launches Maulana Abul Kalam Azad National Fellowship , Press Information Bureau , Government of India , Tuesday , 22 December 2009 Jump up ^ `` VISIT MAULANA AZAD MUSEUM '' . makaias.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Restore Maulana Azad 's grave : HC '' ( PHP ) . Express News Service , Expressindia.com. 17 November 2005 . Retrieved 6 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Virendra Razdan dead '' . The Deccan Herald , The Free Press Journal . Ministry of Information and Broadcasting ( India ) Bulletin on Film Volume XLVII No. 6 . 15 June 2003 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . References ( edit ) Ashraf , Muhammad Arslan . Why Partition of India ?", "20": ": Gandhi , Jinnah , Nehru , Azad - Congress and Muslim League ( 2016 ) online , 20pp Chawla , Muhammad , `` Maulana Azad and the Demand for Pakistan : A Reappraisal , '' Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society ( July - Sept 2016 ) 64 # 3 pp 7 -- 24 . Maulana Azad 's commentary on the Holy Qur'an -- Tarjuman al - Quran Ghubar - e-Khatir ( Sallies of the Mind ) Tazkirah Die politische Willensbildung in Indien 1900 -- 1960 ; 1965 von Dietmar Rothermund Life and Works of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , from Ravindra Kumar , published by Atlantic Publishers & Distributors , 1991 Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , by Mahadev Haribhai Desai The Educational Ideas of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , by G. Rasool Abduhu , published by Sterling Publishers , 1973 India 's Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , by Abulkalam Azad , Syeda Saiyidain Hameed , Mujib Rizvi , Sughra Mahdi , published by Indian Council for Cultural Relations , 1990 Maulana Azad ek Muttala by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman , Jawahar aur Azad , Edited by Professor Abdul Qavi Desnavi , Saifia College , Bhopal , 1990 . Maulana Azad Aur Bhopal by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman , Fikro Nazar ( Maulana Azad Number ) , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , 1989 , p. 107 -- 112 . Gandhi , R ( 1990 ) . Patel : A Life . Navajivan , Ahmedabad . Pattabhi , Sitaramayya ( 1946 ) . Feathers & Stones `` my study windows '' . Padma Publications , . Azad , Abul Kalam ( 2003 ) ( First published 1959 ) . India Wins Freedom : An Autobiographical Narrative . New Delhi : Orient Longman .", "21": "ISBN 81 - 250 - 0514 - 5 . Nandurkar , G.M. ( 1981 ) . Sardar 's letters , mostly unknown . Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Smarak Bhavan , . `` Brief sketch of life and thinking of Maulana Azad '' . Liveindia.com . `` Life of Azad '' . CIS - CA . `` Maulana Abul Kalam Azad : The Odd Secularist '' . India Today . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMaulana Abul Kalam Azadat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad . Azad 's Careers -- Roads taken and roads not taken -- Lineages of the Present : Ideology and Politics in Contemporary South Asia By Aijaz Ahmad An Introduction to Abul Kalam Azad & collection of his quotes -- Eminent Indian freedom fighters Vol2 Chapter 11 Pg 310 By S.K. Sharma Abu'l Kalam Azad , Chapter 44 , Pg 325 -- 333 , Modernist Islam , 1840 -- 1940 : a sourcebook By Charles Kurzman Abul Kalam Azad , Chapter 9 , Pg 138 - Pg 153 , Indian Muslims and partition of India By S.M.", "22": "Ikram National Education Day 2012 Celebrated at Sangam University Bhilwara Rajasthan Web Portal dedicated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad First Cabinet of Independent India Nehru ( Prime Minister , External Affairs ) Patel ( Deputy Prime Minister , Home Affairs ) Baldev Singh ( Defence ) Chetty ( Finance ) Maulana Azad ( Education ) Jagjivan Ram ( Labour ) Ambedkar ( Law ) Gadgil ( Public Works , Power ) R. A. Kidwai ( Communications ) S. P. 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Bose Dutt Chandavarkar Wacha Banerjee L. Ghosh H. Cotton Gokhale Naoroji R. Ghosh ( 1907 -- 1908 ) Malaviya Wedderburn Dar Mudholkar Bahadur B.N.", "23": "Bose Sinha Mazumdar Besant Malaviya Imam M. Nehru Rai C. Vijayaraghavachariar Khan Das M. Ali A.K. Azad Mahatma Gandhi Naidu Iyengar Ansari Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru S.V. Patel Malaviya ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Nellie Sengupta Rajendra Prasad ( 1934 -- 1935 ) Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1936 -- 1937 ) S.C. Bose ( 1938 -- 1939 ) A.K. Azad ( 1940 -- 1946 ) J.B. Kripalani Sitaramayya ( 1948 -- 1949 ) Tandon Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1951 -- 1954 ) Dhebar ( 1955 -- 1959 ) Indira Gandhi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1960 -- 1963 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1964 -- 1967 ) S. Nijalingappa ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Jagjivan Ram ( 1970 -- 1971 ) S.D. Sharma ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Baruah ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1978 -- 1984 ) Rajiv Gandhi ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Narasimha Rao ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Kesri ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Sonia Gandhi ( 1998 -- 2017 ) Rahul Gandhi ( 2017 - present ) Leaders in the Lok Sabha Gandhi Rao Pawar S.", "24": "Gandhi Mukherjee Shinde Kharge Leaders in the Rajya Sabha Manmohan Singh Vora Patel Sharma Azad Ramesh Antony Digvijay Chidambaram Singhvi Sibal Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident ,", "25": "1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indische Legion Cripps ' mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V.", "26": "Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N.", "27": "Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Bharat Ratna laureates 1954 -- 1960 C. Rajagopalachari , Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and C.V.", "28": "Raman ( 1954 ) Bhagwan Das , Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya , and Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1955 ) Govind Ballabh Pant ( 1957 ) Dhondo Keshav Karve ( 1958 ) 1961 -- 1980 Bidhan Chandra Roy and Purushottam Das Tandon ( 1961 ) Rajendra Prasad ( 1962 ) Zakir Husain and Pandurang Vaman Kane ( 1963 ) Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1966 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1971 ) V.V. Giri ( 1975 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1976 ) Mother Teresa ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Vinoba Bhave ( 1983 ) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( 1987 ) M.G. Ramachandran ( 1988 ) B.R. Ambedkar and Nelson Mandela ( 1990 ) Rajiv Gandhi , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Morarji Desai ( 1991 ) Abul Kalam Azad , J.R.D. Tata , and Satyajit Ray ( 1992 ) Gulzarilal Nanda , Aruna Asaf Ali , and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 1997 ) M.S. Subbulakshmi and Chidambaram Subramaniam ( 1998 ) Jayaprakash Narayan , Amartya Sen , Gopinath Bordoloi , and Ravi Shankar ( 1999 ) 2001 -- present Lata Mangeshkar and Bismillah Khan ( 2001 ) Bhimsen Joshi ( 2008 ) C.N.R.", "29": "Rao and Sachin Tendulkar ( 2014 ) Madan Mohan Malaviya and Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 2015 ) Muslim scholars of the Hanbali School by century ( AH CE ) 3rd / 9th Ahmad ibn Hanbal ( founder of the school ) Abu Dawood Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub al - Juzajani 4th / 10th Abu Bakr al - Ajurri Abu Bakr al - Khallal Al - Hasan ibn Ali al - Barbahari Ibn Battah Ibn Manda 5th / 11th Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi Al - Qadi Abu Ya'la Ibn Aqil Khwaja Abdullah Ansari 6th / 12th Abdul - Razzaq Gilani Abdul - Qadir Gilani Awn ad - Din ibn Hubayra Diya al - Din al - Maqdisi Hammad al - Harrani Ibn al - Jawzi 7th / 13th Abd al - Ghani al - Maqdisi Ibn Qudamah Zayn al - Din al - Amidi 8th / 14th Ibn Abd al - Hadi Ibn Muflih Ibn Qayyim al - Jawziyya Ibn Rajab Ibn Taymiyyah 11th / 17th Al - Bahūtī 12th / 18th Muhammad ibn Abd al - Wahhab 14th / 20th Abd al - Aziz ibn Baz Abdul Rahman Al - Sudais Abdullah Ibn Jibreen Abul Kalam Azad Ibn Humaid Jonathan A.C.", "30": "Brown Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen Saeed Abubakr Zakaria Saleh Al - Fawzan Saud Al - Shuraim Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence Hanafi Maliki Shafi'i Zahiri VIAF : 71439924 LCCN : n50038846 ISNI : 0000 0003 6855 6649 GND : 118896814 SUDOC : 050153315 BNF : cb122131527 ( data ) BIBSYS : 96011756 NLA : 35967258 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abul_Kalam_Azad&oldid=838496307 '' Categories : First Nehru ministry 1888 births 1958 deaths Politicians from Kolkata Indian independence activists from Delhi Indian religious writers 20th - century Muslim scholars of Islam Indian people of Arab descent Hanbalis Presidents of the Indian National Congress Recipients of the Bharat Ratna Indian Muslims Hashemite people Indian nationalists 1st Lok Sabha members Members of the Constituent Assembly of India 2nd Lok Sabha members Prisoners and detainees of British India People of British India Founders of Indian schools and colleges Indian revolutionaries Indian editors Indian male journalists Journalists from Delhi People from Mecca Translators of the Quran into Urdu Education Ministers of India 20th - century Indian journalists Scholars from Kolkata Writers from Kolkata Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh People from Rampur district Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Urdu - language text Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles", "31": "with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ कॉशुर / کٲشُر Latina मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाल भाषा ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् سنڌي தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe", "32": "Українська اردو Winaray 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 11 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8747637469328088527	who is next in line to inherit the british throne	[ "Charles, Prince of Wales", "Charles, Prince of Wales", "Charles, Prince of Wales", "her eldest son, Charles, Prince of Wales", "Charles, Prince of Wales" ]	{ "0": "Succession to the British throne - wikipedia Succession to the British throne Jump to : navigation , search The Sovereign 's Throne in the House of Lords , from which the speech is delivered at State Openings of Parliament Succession to the British throne is determined by descent , gender ( for people born before October 2011 ) , legitimacy , and religion . Under common law , the Crown is inherited by a sovereign 's children or by a childless sovereign 's nearest collateral line . The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 , restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover that are in `` communion with the Church of England '' . Spouses of Roman Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015 . Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible . Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign , and her heir apparent is her eldest son , Charles , Prince of Wales . Next in line after him is Prince William , Duke of Cambridge , the Prince of Wales 's elder son . Third in line is Prince George , the son of the Duke of Cambridge , followed by his sister , Princess Charlotte . Fifth in line is Prince Henry of Wales , the younger son of the Prince of Wales . Sixth in line is Prince Andrew , Duke of York , the Queen 's second - eldest son . Any of the first six in line marrying without the sovereign 's consent would be disqualified from succession . The first four individuals in the line of succession who are over 21 , and the sovereign 's consort , may be appointed Counsellors of State . Counsellors of State perform some of the sovereign 's duties in the United Kingdom while he or she is out of the country or temporarily incapacitated . Otherwise , individuals in the line of succession need not have specific legal or official roles . The United Kingdom is one of the 16 Commonwealth realms . Each of those countries has the same person as monarch and the same order of succession .", "1": "In 2011 , the prime ministers of the realms agreed unanimously to adopt a common approach to amending the rules on the succession to their respective Crowns so that absolute primogeniture would apply for persons born after the date of the agreement , instead of male - preference primogeniture , and the ban on marriages to Roman Catholics would be lifted , but the monarch would still need to be in communion with the Church of England . After the necessary legislation had been enacted in accordance with each realm 's constitution , the changes took effect on 26 March 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current line of succession 2 History 2.1 England 2.2 Scotland 2.3 After the union of the crowns 2.3. 1 Stuarts 2.3. 2 Hanoverians and Windsors 2.4 Commonwealth realms , 20c. and after 3 Current rules 3.1 Marriages 3.2 Religion 3.3 Treason 4 Accession 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links Current line of succession ( edit ) First six in line from 2 May 2015 1 . The Prince of Wales 2 . The Duke of Cambridge 3 . Prince George of Cambridge 4 . Princess Charlotte of Cambridge 5 . Prince Henry of Wales 6 . The Duke of York No official , complete version of the line of succession is currently maintained . The exact number , in remoter collateral lines , of the persons who would be eligible is uncertain . In 2001 genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner compiled a list of 4,973 living descendants of the Electress Sophia in order of succession , but did so disregarding Roman Catholic status . When updated in January 2011 , the number was more than five thousand . The annotated list below covers the first part of this line of succession , being limited to descendants of the sons of George V ( the present Queen 's grandfather ) . Persons named in italics are unnumbered either because they are deceased or because sources report them to be excluded from the succession .", "2": "The order of the first sixteen numbered in the list is given on the official website of the British Monarchy ; other list numbers and exclusions are explained by annotations ( `` Notes and sources '' below ) and footnotes . King George V ( 1865 -- 1936 ) King Edward VIII ( 1894 -- 1972 ) King George VI ( 1895 -- 1952 ) Queen Elizabeth II ( born 1926 ) ( 1 ) Charles , Prince of Wales ( b . 1948 ) ( 2 ) Prince William , Duke of Cambridge ( b . 1982 ) ( 3 ) Prince George of Cambridge ( b . 2013 ) ( 4 ) Princess Charlotte of Cambridge ( b . 2015 ) ( 5 ) Prince Henry of Wales ( Prince Harry ) ( b . 1984 ) ( 6 ) Prince Andrew , Duke of York ( b . 1960 ) ( 7 ) Princess Beatrice of York ( b . 1988 ) ( 8 ) Princess Eugenie of York ( b . 1990 ) ( 9 ) Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex ( b . 1964 ) ( 10 ) James , Viscount Severn ( b . 2007 ) ( 11 ) Lady Louise Windsor ( b . 2003 ) ( 12 ) Anne , Princess Royal ( b . 1950 ) ( 13 ) Peter Phillips ( b . 1977 ) ( 14 ) Savannah Phillips ( b . 2010 ) ( 15 ) Isla Phillips ( b . 2012 ) ( 16 ) Zara Tindall ( née Phillips ; b . 1981 ) ( 17 ) Mia Tindall ( b . 2014 ) Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon ( 1930 -- 2002 ) ( 18 ) David Armstrong - Jones , 2nd Earl of Snowdon ( b . 1961 ) ( 19 ) Charles Armstrong - Jones , Viscount Linley ( b . 1999 ) ( 20 ) Lady Margarita Armstrong - Jones ( b . 2002 ) ( 21 ) Lady Sarah Chatto ( née Armstrong - Jones ; b . 1964 ) ( 22 ) Samuel Chatto ( b .", "3": "1996 ) ( 23 ) Arthur Chatto ( b . 1999 ) Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester ( 1900 -- 1974 ) ( 24 ) Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester ( b . 1944 ) ( 25 ) Alexander Windsor , Earl of Ulster ( b . 1974 ) ( 26 ) Xan Windsor , Lord Culloden ( b . 2007 ) ( 27 ) Lady Cosima Windsor ( b . 2010 ) ( 28 ) Lady Davina Lewis ( née Windsor ; b . 1977 ) ( 29 ) Senna Lewis ( b . 2010 ) ( 30 ) Tāne Lewis ( b . 2012 ) ( 31 ) Lady Rose Gilman ( née Windsor ; b . 1980 ) ( 32 ) Lyla Gilman ( b . 2010 ) ( 33 ) Rufus Gilman ( b . 2012 ) Prince George , Duke of Kent ( 1902 -- 1942 ) ( 34 ) Prince Edward , Duke of Kent ( b . 1935 ) ( 35 ) George Windsor , Earl of St Andrews ( b . 1962 ) Edward Windsor , Lord Downpatrick ( b . 1988 ) Lady Marina Charlotte Windsor ( b . 1992 ) ( 36 ) Lady Amelia Windsor ( b . 1995 ) Lord Nicholas Windsor ( b . 1970 ) ( 37 ) Albert Windsor ( b . 2007 ) ( 38 ) Leopold Windsor ( b . 2009 ) ( 39 ) Louis Windsor ( b . 2014 ) ( 40 ) Lady Helen Taylor ( née Windsor ; b . 1964 ) ( 41 ) Columbus Taylor ( b . 1994 ) ( 42 ) Cassius Taylor ( b . 1996 ) ( 43 ) Eloise Taylor ( b . 2003 ) ( 44 ) Estella Taylor ( b . 2004 ) ( 45 ) Prince Michael of Kent ( b . 1942 ) ( 46 ) Lord Frederick Windsor ( b . 1979 ) ( 47 ) Maud Windsor ( b . 2013 ) ( 48 ) Isabella Windsor ( b .", "4": "2016 ) ( 49 ) Lady Gabriella Windsor ( b . 1981 ) ( 50 ) Princess Alexandra , The Honourable Lady Ogilvy ( b . 1936 ) ( 51 ) James Ogilvy ( b . 1964 ) ( 52 ) Alexander Ogilvy ( b . 1996 ) ( 53 ) Flora Ogilvy ( b . 1994 ) ( 54 ) Marina Mowatt ( née Ogilvy ; b . 1966 ) ( 55 ) Christian Mowatt ( b . 1993 ) ( 56 ) Zenouska Mowatt ( b . 1990 ) Notes and sources : Excluded as Roman Catholics . This exclusion is not affected by changes subsequent to the Perth Agreement . These people were excluded through marriage to a Roman Catholic . This exclusion was repealed on 26 March 2015 , restoring them to the line of succession , when the Perth Agreement came into effect . Listed by the official website of the British Monarchy , `` Succession '' , retrieved 13 May 2015 . Listed on Debrett 's website ( as of 20 June 2015 ) : `` The Line of Succession '' Listed by Whitaker 's Almanack 2015 , London : Bloomsbury , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4729 - 0929 - 9 , p. 22 Succession as published on the accession of Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The current succession law in the United Kingdom evolved from succession law in both England and Scotland . Originally in both countries , there were no fixed rules governing succession to the throne . The individual could have relied on inheritance , statute , election ( by Parliament or by another body ) , nomination ( by a reigning sovereign in his or her will ) , conquest or prescription ( de facto possession of the Crown ) .", "5": "It was often unclear which of these bases should take precedence ; often , the outcome depended not on the legal strength of the claims , but on the political or military power of the claimants . However , over time , the default rule became male primogeniture : later monarchs coming to the throne by exception to this rule went to great lengths to explain and justify going against these rules , and to prove their rivals illegitimate . Eventually , Parliament asserted control of succession . England ( edit ) The Coronation Chair constructed in 1296 , with the Stone of Scone visible beneath the seat , has been used at the coronation of English and British monarchs for 700 years . In 1485 , Henry Tudor , a female - line descendant of a legitimated branch of the royal house of Lancaster , the House of Beaufort , assumed the English crown as Henry VII , after defeating Richard III , who was killed at the battle of Bosworth when leading a charge against Henry 's standard . Richard was the last king of the House of York , and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty . Henry declared himself king retroactively from 21 August 1485 , the day before his victory over Richard at Bosworth Field , and caused Richard 's Titulus Regius to be repealed and expunged from the Rolls of Parliament . After Henry 's coronation in London in October that year , his first parliament , summoned to meet at Westminster in November , enacted that `` the inheritance of the crown should be , rest , remain and abide in the most royal person of the then sovereign lord , King Henry VII , and the heirs of his body lawfully coming . '' Henry VII was followed by his son , Henry VIII . Though his father descended from the Lancastrians , Henry VIII could also claim the throne through the Yorkist line , as his mother Elizabeth was the sister and heiress of Edward V. In 1542 Henry also assumed the title King of Ireland ; this would pass down with the monarchs of England , and later Great Britain , until the Acts of Union 1800 merged the separate crowns into that of the United Kingdom . Henry VIII 's numerous marriages led to several complications over succession . Henry VIII was first married to Catherine of Aragon , by whom he had a daughter named Mary . His second marriage , to Anne Boleyn , resulted in a daughter named Elizabeth .", "6": "Henry VIII had a son , Edward , by his third wife , Jane Seymour . An Act of Parliament passed in 1533 declared Mary illegitimate ; another passed in 1536 did the same for Elizabeth . Though the two remained illegitimate , an Act of Parliament passed in 1544 allowed reinserting them , providing further `` that the King should and might give , will , limit , assign , appoint or dispose the said imperial Crown and the other premises ... by letters patent or last will in writing . '' Mary and Elizabeth , under Henry VIII 's will , were to be followed by descendants of the King 's deceased sister Mary Tudor , Duchess of Suffolk ( he however excluded his niece Frances Brandon , Duchess of Suffolk ) . This will also excluded from the succession the descendants of Henry 's eldest sister Margaret Tudor , who were the rulers of Scotland . Queen Elizabeth I enthroned in Parliament When Henry VIII died in 1547 , the young Edward succeeded him , becoming Edward VI . Edward VI was the first Protestant Sovereign to succeed to the rule of England . He attempted to divert the course of succession in his will to prevent his Catholic half - sister , Mary , from inheriting the throne . He excluded Mary and Elizabeth , settling on the Duchess of Suffolk 's daughter , Lady Jane Grey . Jane was also originally excluded on the premise that no woman could reign over England . Nonetheless , the will , which originally referred to Jane 's heirs - male , was amended to refer to Jane and her heirs - male . Upon Edward VI 's death in 1553 , Jane was proclaimed Queen of England . She was not universally recognised and after nine days she was overthrown by the popular Mary . As Henry VIII 's will had been approved by an Act of Parliament in 1544 , Edward 's contravening will was unlawful and ignored . Mary was succeeded by her half - sister , Elizabeth , who broke with the precedents of many of her predecessors , and refused to name an heir . Whilst previous monarchs ( including Henry VIII ) had specifically been granted authority to settle uncertain successions in their wills , the Treasons Act 1571 asserted that Parliament had the right to settle disputes , and made it treason to deny Parliamentary authority .", "7": "Wary of threats from other possible heirs , Parliament further passed the Act of Association 1584 , which provided that any individual involved in attempts to murder the Sovereign would be disqualified from succeeding . ( The Act was repealed in 1863 . ) Scotland ( edit ) The House of Stewart ( later Stuart ) had ruled in Scotland since 1371 . It had followed strict rules of primogeniture until the deposition and exile of Mary I in 1567 ; even then she was succeeded by her son , James VI . After the Union of the Crowns ( edit ) Stuarts ( edit ) Elizabeth I of England was succeeded by King James VI of Scotland , her first cousin twice removed , even though his succession violated Henry VIII 's will , under which Lady Anne Stanley , heiress of Mary Tudor , Duchess of Suffolk , was supposed to succeed . James asserted that hereditary right was superior to statutory provision , and as King of Scotland was powerful enough to deter any rival . He reigned as James I of England , thus effecting the Union of the Crowns , although England and Scotland remained separate sovereign states until 1707 . His succession was rapidly ratified by Parliament . center James 's eldest surviving son and successor , Charles I , was overthrown and beheaded in 1649 . The monarchy itself was abolished . A few years later , it was replaced by the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell , effectively a monarch with the title of Lord Protector rather than King . Cromwell had the right to name his own successor , which he exercised on his deathbed by choosing his son , Richard Cromwell . Richard was ineffective , and was quickly forced from office . Shortly afterwards , the monarchy was restored , with Charles I 's son Charles II as King . After the death of her last child in 1700 , Princess Anne became the last individual left in the line of succession determined by the Bill of Rights . James II and VII , a Roman Catholic , followed his brother Charles II , despite efforts in the late 1670s to exclude him in favour of Charles 's illegitimate Protestant son , the Duke of Monmouth . James was deposed when his Protestant opponents forced him to flee from England in 1688 .", "8": "Parliament then deemed that James had , by fleeing the realms , abdicated the thrones and offered the Crowns not to the King 's infant son James but to his Protestant daughter Mary and to her husband William , who as James 's nephew was the first person in the succession not descended from him . The two became joint Sovereigns ( a unique circumstance in British history ) as William III of England and Ireland ( and II of Scotland ) and Mary II of England , Scotland and Ireland . William had insisted on this unique provision as a condition of his military leadership against James . The English Bill of Rights passed in 1689 determined succession to the English , Scottish and Irish Thrones . First in the line were the descendants of Mary II . Next came Mary 's sister Princess Anne and her descendants . Finally , the descendants of William by any future marriage were added to the line of succession . Only Protestants were allowed to succeed to the Thrones , and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded . After Mary II died in 1694 , her husband continued to reign alone until his own death in 1702 . The line of succession provided for by the Bill of Rights was almost at an end ; William and Mary never had any children , and Princess Anne 's children had all died . Therefore , Parliament passed the Act of Settlement . The Act maintained the provision of the Bill of Rights whereby William would be succeeded by Princess Anne and her descendants , and thereafter by his own descendants from future marriages . The Act , however , declared that they would be followed by James I & VI 's granddaughter Sophia , Electress and Dowager Duchess of Hanover ( the daughter of James 's daughter Elizabeth Stuart ) , and her heirs . As under the Bill of Rights , non-Protestants and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded . Electress Sophia of Hanover ( 1630 -- 1714 ) Upon William 's death , Anne became Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland . Because the Parliament of England settled on Sophia , Electress of Hanover as Anne 's heir - presumptive without consulting Scottish leaders , the Estates of Scotland retaliated by passing the Scottish Act of Security .", "9": "The Act provided that , upon the death of Anne , the Estates would meet to select an heir to the throne of Scotland , who could not be the same person as the English Sovereign unless numerous political and economic conditions were met . Anne originally withheld the Royal Assent , but was forced to grant it when the Estates refused to raise taxes and sought to withdraw troops from the Queen 's army . England 's Parliament responded by passing the Alien Act 1705 , which threatened to cripple Scotland 's economy by cutting off trade with them . Thus , Scotland had little choice but to unite with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 ; the Crown of the new nation ( along with the Crown of Ireland ) was subject to the rules laid down by the English Act of Settlement . Hanoverians and windsors ( edit ) Benjamin Harris 's Protestant Tutor , a primer popular for decades and the source for the New England Primer . Edition of 1713 . Hanoverian propaganda extended to books for children 's education . Anne was predeceased by Sophia , Electress of Hanover , and was therefore succeeded by the latter 's son , who became George I in 1714 . Attempts were made in the risings of 1715 and 1745 to restore Stuart claimants to the Throne , supported by those who recognised the Jacobite succession . The House of Hanover nonetheless remained undeposed , and the Crown descended in accordance with the appointed rules . In 1801 , following the Acts of Union 1800 , the separate crowns of Great Britain and Ireland were merged and became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Between 1811 and 1820 , when George III was deemed unfit to rule , the Prince of Wales ( later George IV ) acted as his regent . Some years later the Regency Act 1830 made provision for a change in the line of succession had a child been born to William IV after his death , but this event did not come about . George VI receiving homage at his coronation in 1937 The succession was next called into doubt in 1936 , when Edward VIII abdicated in the same year as he succeeded to the throne immediately on his father 's death .", "10": "Edward was proclaimed King in January 1936 , and mounted the throne in the House of Lords for the first and last time at the opening of Parliament in November 1936 , but he had not yet been crowned when he renounced the throne in December . Edward VIII had desired to marry Wallis Simpson , a divorcee , but the Church of England , of which the British Sovereign is Supreme Governor , would not authorise the marriage of divorcees . Consequently , Parliament passed His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 , by which Edward VIII ceased to be Sovereign `` immediately upon '' his royal assent as King being signified in Parliament on 11 December . The Act provided that he and his descendants , if any , were not to have any `` right , title or interest in or to the succession to the Throne '' . ( In fact Edward died childless in 1972 . ) Edward 's abdication was `` a demise of the Crown '' ( in the words of the Act ) , and the Duke of York , his brother who was then next in the line , immediately succeeded to the throne and to its `` rights , privileges , and dignities '' , taking the regnal name George VI . He in turn was succeeded in 1952 by his own elder daughter , Elizabeth II . By that time the monarch of the United Kingdom no longer reigned in the greater part of Ireland ( which had become a republic in 1949 ) , but was the monarch of a number of independent sovereign states ( Commonwealth realms ) . Commonwealth realms , 20c. and after ( edit ) Further information : Perth Agreement Queen Elizabeth II at her coronation in 1953 Each of the Commonwealth realms has the same person as monarch and , to maintain that arrangement , they have agreed to continue the same line of succession ; some realms do so through domestic succession laws , while others stipulate whoever is monarch of the United Kingdom will also be monarch of that realm . In February 1952 , on her accession , Elizabeth II was proclaimed as sovereign separately throughout her realms .", "11": "In October 2011 , the heads of government of all 16 realms agreed unanimously at a meeting held in Perth , Australia , to proposed changes to the royal succession laws that would see the order of succession for people born after 28 October 2011 governed by absolute primogeniture -- wherein succession passes to an individual 's children according to birth order , regardless of gender -- instead of male - preference primogeniture . They also agreed to lift a ban on those who marry Roman Catholics . The ban on Catholics themselves was retained to ensure that the monarch would be in communion with the Church of England . The changes came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015 , after legislation was made according to each realm 's constitution . Following the changes coming into effect , the positions of the first 27 in line remained unchanged , including Princess Anne and her children and grandchildren , until the birth of Princess Charlotte of Cambridge on 2 May 2015 . The first to be affected by the changes , on the day they came into effect in March , were the children of Lady Davina Lewis -- her son Tāne ( born 2012 ) and her daughter Senna ( born 2010 ) -- who were reversed in the order of succession , becoming 29th and 28th in line respectively . Current rules ( edit ) The Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement ( restated by the Acts of Union ) still govern succession to the throne . They were amended in the United Kingdom by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 , which was passed mainly `` to make succession to the Crown not depend on gender '' and `` to make provision about Royal Marriages '' ( according to its long title ) , thereby implementing the Perth Agreement in the UK and in those realms that , by their laws , have as their monarch automatically whoever is monarch of the UK . Other realms passed their own legislation . Anyone ineligible to succeed is treated as if they were `` dead '' . That individual 's descendants are not also disqualified , unless they are personally ineligible . Marriages ( edit ) The Act of Settlement 1701 provides that Protestant `` heirs of the body '' ( that is , legitimate descendants ) of Sophia , Electress of Hanover , are eligible to succeed to the throne , unless otherwise disqualified .", "12": "The meaning of heir of the body is determined by the common law rules of male preference primogeniture ( the `` male - preference '' criterion is no longer applicable , in respect of succession to the throne , to persons born after 28 October 2011 ) , whereby older children and their descendants inherit before younger children , and a male child takes precedence over a female sibling . Children born out of wedlock and adopted children are not eligible to succeed . Illegitimate children whose parents subsequently marry are legitimated , but remain ineligible to inherit the Crown . The Royal Marriages Act 1772 ( repealed by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 ) further required descendants of George II to obtain the consent of the reigning monarch to marry . ( The requirement did not apply to descendants of princesses who married into foreign families , as well as , from 1936 , any descendants of Edward VIII , of which there are none . ) The Act provided , however , that if a dynast older than twenty - five years notified the Privy Council of his or her intention to marry without the consent of the Sovereign , then he or she may have lawfully done so after one year , unless both houses of Parliament expressly disapproved of the marriage . A marriage that contravened the Royal Marriages Act was void , and the resulting offspring illegitimate and thus ineligible to succeed , though the succession of the dynast who failed to obtain consent was not itself affected . This also had the consequence that marriage to a Roman Catholic without permission was void , so that the dynast was not disqualified from succeeding on account of being married to a Roman Catholic . Thus when the future George IV attempted to marry the Roman Catholic Maria Fitzherbert in 1785 without obtaining permission from George III he did not disqualify himself from inheriting the throne in due course . A marriage voided by the 1772 act prior to its repeal remains void `` for all purposes relating to the succession to the Crown '' under the 2013 act . The constitutional crisis arising from Edward VIII 's decision to marry a divorcee in 1936 led to His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 , which provided that Edward VIII and his descendants would have no claim to the throne . The Act is no longer applicable , because Edward died in 1972 without issue .", "13": "Under the 2013 Succession to the Crown Act , the first six persons in line to the throne must obtain the sovereign 's approval before marrying . Marriage without the Sovereign 's consent disqualifies the person and the person 's descendants from the marriage from succeeding to the Crown , but the marriage is still legally valid . Religion ( edit ) Rules relating to eligibility established by the Bill of Rights are retained under the Act of Settlement . The preamble to the Act of Settlement notes that the Bill of Rights provides `` that all and every person and persons that then ( at the time of the Bill of Right 's passage ) were , or afterwards should be reconciled to , or shall hold communion with the see or Church of Rome , or should profess the popish religion , or marry a papist , should be excluded . '' The Act of Settlement continues , providing `` that all and every Person and Persons who shall ... is , are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold Communion with the See or Church of Rome or shall profess the Popish religion or shall marry a papist shall be subject to such Incapacities '' as the Bill of Rights established . The precise meaning of the aforementioned clauses is subject to contention . Under one interpretation , the religion of an individual at the precise moment of succession is relevant . Under another interpretation , anyone who has been a Roman Catholic at any time since 1689 ( `` then ... or afterwards '' ) is forever ineligible to succeed . The former interpretation allows a Roman Catholic to convert to Protestantism and succeed to the Throne just before a vacancy on the throne occurs devolving the crown on the first dynast in the line of succession ; the latter does not . In either case , however , other denominations of faith are not affected ; it is clear that any non-Catholic may convert to Protestantism and succeed to the Throne . It is a requirement that the monarch must be a Protestant . The Act of Settlement further provided that anyone who married a Roman Catholic was ineligible to succeed . The Act did not require that the spouse be Protestant ; it only barred those who marry Roman Catholics . Since the passage of the Act it has been determined ( in the case of Prince Edward , Duke of Kent ) that an individual is not barred because his or her spouse later converts to Roman Catholicism after their marriage .", "14": "The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 removed the bar on individuals married to Roman Catholics , though not on Roman Catholics themselves . Treason ( edit ) Under the Treason Act 1702 and the Treason ( Ireland ) Act 1703 , it is treason to `` endeavour to deprive or hinder any person who shall be the next in succession to the crown ... from succeeding ... to the imperial crown of this realm '' . Since the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 , the maximum penalty has been life imprisonment . Accession ( edit ) The Accession Council normally meets in St James 's Palace to proclaim the new sovereign . In the Commonwealth realms , upon the death of a sovereign , the heir apparent or heir presumptive succeeds to the throne immediately , with no need for confirmation or further ceremony . Nevertheless , the Accession Council meets and decides upon the making of the accession proclamation , which by custom has for centuries been ceremonially proclaimed in public places , in London , York , Edinburgh and other cities . The anniversary is observed throughout the sovereign 's reign as Accession Day , including royal gun salutes in the United Kingdom . Formerly , a new sovereign proclaimed his or her own accession . But on the death of Elizabeth I an Accession Council met to proclaim the accession of James I to the throne of England . James was then in Scotland and reigning as King James VI of Scotland . This precedent has been followed since . Now , the Accession Council normally meets in St James 's Palace . Proclamations since James I 's have usually been made in the name of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal , the Privy Council , the Lord Mayor , Aldermen and citizens of the City of London and `` other principal Gentlemen of quality '' , though there have been variations in some proclamations . The proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II was the first to make mention of representatives of members of the Commonwealth . Upon his or her accession , a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths . The Bill of Rights of 1689 first required the sovereign to make a public declaration of non-belief in Roman Catholicism . This declaration , known as the Accession Declaration , is required to be taken at either the first meeting of parliament of his or her reign ( i.e.", "15": "during the State Opening of Parliament ) or at his or her coronation , whichever occurs first . The current wording of this declaration was adopted in 1910 as the previous wording was deemed to be controversial and overtly anti-Catholic . Rather than denouncing Roman Catholicism , the sovereign now declares him or herself to be a Protestant and that he or she will `` uphold and maintain '' the Protestant succession . In addition to the Accession Declaration , the new sovereign is required by the Acts of Union 1707 to make an oath to `` maintain and preserve '' the Church of Scotland . This oath is normally made at the sovereign 's first meeting of the Privy Council following his or her accession . According to the Regency Act 1937 , should the sovereign be under the age of 18 , such oaths and declarations required to be taken by the sovereign shall be made upon his attainment of that age . After a period of mourning , the new sovereign is usually consecrated and crowned in Westminster Abbey . Normally , the Archbishop of Canterbury officiates , though the sovereign may designate any other bishop of the Church of England . A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign ; for example , Edward VIII was never crowned , yet during his short reign was the undoubted king . See also ( edit ) Biography portal Royalty portal United Kingdom portal Accession Declaration Act 1910 Alternative successions of the English crown British prince British princess Family tree of the British royal family Jacobite succession List of descendants of George V List of heirs to the British throne List of heirs to the English throne List of heirs of Scotland List of monarchs in the British Isles Patrilineal descent of Elizabeth II Posthumous birth Royal Succession Act 2013 ( New Zealand ) Royal Succession Bills and Acts Succession to the Crown Act 2013 ( United Kingdom ) Succession to the Crown Act 2015 ( Australia ) Succession to the Throne Act , 2013 ( Canada ) Perth Agreement 2011 and other articles , linked directly or indirectly -- Wikipedia book Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Succession to the Crown Act 2013 , s .", "16": "3 : `` A person who ( when the person marries ) is one of the 6 persons next in the line of succession to the Crown must obtain the consent of Her Majesty before marrying . '' Jump up ^ Most sources , including Whitaker 's Almanack , exclude her as a confirmed Catholic , but Debrett 's includes her in line . Jump up ^ Albert and Leopold Windsor were listed on The Official Website of the British Monarchy until 2015 and in the 2013 edition of Whitaker 's Almanack as following Estella Taylor ( b 2004 ) and eligible to succeed ; MSN News , Debrett 's and Whitaker 's Almanack 2015 lists them after Lady Amelia Windsor and before Lady Helen Taylor . They were baptised as Catholics , and are not listed in line in editions of Whitaker 's earlier than 2012 . Jump up ^ Neither the Legitimacy Act 1926 nor the Legitimacy Act 1959 changed the Law of Succession . Jump up ^ Per the His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 . Jump up ^ A letter from Tony Newton as Lord President of the Council to Tony Benn indicated this was the effect of the Act of Settlement after Benn had indicated he intended to block the next accession at the Privy Council . Jump up ^ This declaration was similar to what members of both Houses of Parliament were originally required to take by the Test Acts . Eventually , by the time it was changed in 1910 , the monarch was the only one left required to make the declaration . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Succession '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bogdanor ( 1995 ) , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Reitwiesner , W.A. `` Persons eligible to succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2001 '' . wargs.com . Archived from the original on 18 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Lewis , David . `` Persons eligible to succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2011 '' . wargs.com . Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 .", "17": "Jump up ^ `` Line of succession to the throne '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 7 February 1952 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Chrimes , S.B. ( 1999 ) . Henry VII . Yale University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780300078831 . Jump up ^ `` Rotuli Parliamentorum A.D. 1485 1 Henry VII '' . Jump up ^ Smith , G. Barnett ( 1892 ) . History of the English Parliament . Ward , Lock , Bowden & Co. p. 298 . Jump up ^ `` Succession to the Crown Act 1603 '' . Jump up ^ UPI , London , 21 January 1936http://www.upi.com/Archives/1936/01/21/Prince-of-Wales-proclaimed-King-Edward-VIII/7807693511214/ ) Jump up ^ `` Girls equal in British throne succession '' . BBC News . 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 ( Commencement ) Order 2015 legislation.gov.uk Jump up ^ Clegg , Nick ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` Commencement of Succession to the Crown Act 2013 : Written statement '' . UK Parliament . Jump up ^ `` What do the new royal succession changes mean ? '' . Royal Central . 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Blackstone ( 1765 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Succession to the Crown Act 2013 '' . UK Parliament . Section 3 . Jump up ^ His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 , section 2 Jump up ^ Act of Settlement , preamble Jump up ^ Act of Settlement , section 2 Jump up ^ `` Accession '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Bogdanor ( 1995 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Salutes '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 .", "18": "Jump up ^ Accession Declaration Act 1910 , schedule Jump up ^ Union with Scotland Act 1706 , article XXV . `` ... And Lastly that after the Decease of Her Present Majesty ( whom God long preserve ) the Soveraign succeeding to her in the Royal Government of the Kingdom of Great Britain shall in all time comeing at his or her accession to the Crown Swear and Subscribe That they shall inviolably maintain and preserve the foresaid settlement of the True Protestant Religion with the Government Worship Discipline Right and Priviledges of this Church as above established by the Laws of this Kingdom in prosecution of the Claim of Right ... '' Jump up ^ Regency Act 1937 , section 1 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Coronation '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Blackstone , William ( 1765 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Of The King , and His Title '' . Commentaries on the Laws of England , Vol. 1 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Bogdanor , Vernon ( 1995 ) . The Monarchy and the Constitution . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 829334 - 7 . Bryant , A. ( 1975 ) . A Thousand Years of British Monarchy . London : Collins . Cox , Noel ( 1999 ) . `` The Law of Succession to the Crown in New Zealand '' . Waikato Law Review . 7 : 49 -- 72 . External links ( edit ) Text of the Bill of Rights 1689 Text of the Act of Settlement 1701 Full text of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 .", "19": "Succession to the British throne Legislation Succession Act 1533 Succession Act 1536 Succession Act 1543 Coronation Oath Act 1688 Bill of Rights 1689 Act of Settlement 1701 Act of Union 1706 Accession Declaration Act 1910 Perth Agreement 2011 Succession to the Crown Act 2013 Regency Acts Orders of succession Monarchies Bahrain Belgium Bhutan Brunei Denmark Japan Jordan Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malaysia Monaco Morocco Netherlands Norway Saudi Arabia Spain Swaziland Sweden Thailand Tonga United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms Presidencies Argentina Austria Brazil Colombia D.R. Congo Dominican Republic France Finland Germany Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy South Korea Mexico Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Sri Lanka Taiwan United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Succession_to_the_British_throne&oldid=819380344 '' Categories : British monarchy Succession to the British crown Constitution of the United Kingdom British royalty British Royal Family Lines of succession Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2015 Use dmy dates from November 2011 Use British English from November 2011 Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bosanski Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 01 : 46 . 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-8330750687314909009	when does rick and morty play on tv	[ "late-night" ]	{ "0": "Rick and Morty - wikipedia Rick and Morty Jump to : navigation , search Rick and Morty Genre Adventure Science fiction Comedy Created by Justin Roiland Dan Harmon Voices of Justin Roiland Chris Parnell Spencer Grammer Sarah Chalke Composer ( s ) Ryan Elder Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 31 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Harmon Justin Roiland James A. Fino ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Joe Russo II ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Producer ( s ) J. Michael Mendel Kenny Micka ( pilot ) Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Justin Roiland 's Solo Vanity Card Productions Harmonious Claptrap Rick and Morty , LLC . ( Season 2 - present ) Starburns Industries ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Williams Street Distributor Cartoon Network Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Adult Swim Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Original release December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) -- present External links Website Rick and Morty is an American adult animated science fiction comedy series created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon for Cartoon Network 's late - night programming block Adult Swim . The series follows the misadventures of cynical mad scientist Rick Sanchez and his fretful , easily influenced grandson Morty Smith , who split their time between domestic life and interdimensional adventures . The series premiered on December 2 , 2013 , and the third season concluded on October 1 , 2017 . A fourth season has been mentioned , first by Harmon in a September 2017 interview , and later in the post-credits scene of the third season 's finale . However , as of April 2018 , its future remains uncertain . Roiland voices the eponymous characters , with Chris Parnell , Spencer Grammer and Sarah Chalke voicing the rest of the family .", "1": "The series originated from an animated short parody film of Back to the Future , The Real Animated Adventures of Doc and Mharti , created by Roiland for Channel 101 , a short film festival co-founded by Harmon . When Adult Swim approached Harmon for television show ideas , he and Roiland decided to develop a program based on the short . The series has received universal acclaim for its originality , creativity and humor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Writing 2.3 Animation and voice recording 2.4 Future 3 Themes and analysis 4 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Awards and nominations 5.3 Cultural impact 6 Other media and products 6.1 Comics 6.2 Video games 6.3 Tabletop games 6.4 Other 7 References 8 External links Premise See also : List of Rick and Morty characters The members of the Smith household . From the left : Jerry Smith , Beth Smith , Summer Smith , Morty Smith and Rick Sanchez The show revolves around the adventures of the members of the Smith household , which consists of parents Jerry and Beth , their kids Summer and Morty , and Beth 's father , Rick Sanchez , who lives with them as a guest . According to Justin Roiland , the family lives outside of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington . The adventures of Rick and Morty , however , take place across an infinite number of realities , with the characters travelling to other planets and dimensions through portals and Rick 's flying car . Rick is an eccentric and alcoholic mad scientist , who eschews many ordinary conventions such as school , marriage , love , and family . He frequently goes on adventures with his 14 - year - old grandson , Morty , a kind but easily distressed boy , whose naive but grounded moral compass plays counterpoint to Rick 's Machiavellian ego . Morty 's 17 - year - old sister , Summer , is a more conventional teenager , who worries about improving her status among her peers and sometimes follows Rick and Morty on their adventures .", "2": "The kids ' mother , Beth , is a generally level - headed person and assertive force in the household , though self - conscious about her professional role as a horse doctor . She is dissatisfied with her marriage with Jerry , a simple - minded and insecure person , who disapproves of Rick 's influence over his family . Different versions of the characters inhabit other dimensions throughout the multiverse and their personal characteristics can vary from one reality to another . The show 's original Rick identifies himself as `` Rick Sanchez of Earth Dimension C - 137 '' , in reference to his original universe , but this does not necessarily apply to every other member of the Smith household . For instance , in the first - season episode `` Rick Potion # 9 '' , after turning the entire world population into monsters , Rick and Morty move to a different dimension , leaving Summer , Beth and Jerry behind . Production Development Creators Dan Harmon ( left ) and Justin Roiland Rick and Morty was created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon . The duo first met at Channel 101 , a non-profit monthly short film festival in Los Angeles co-founded by Harmon . At Channel 101 , participants submit a short film in the format of a pilot , and a live audience decides which pilots continue as a series . Roiland , then a producer on reality programming , began submitting content to the festival a year after its launch , in 2004 . His pilots typically consisted of shock value -- `` sick and twisted '' elements that received a confused reaction from the audience . Nevertheless , Harmon took a liking to his humor and the two began collaborating . In 2006 , Roiland was fired from working on a television series he regarded as intensely creatively stifling , and funneled his creative energies into creating a webisode for Channel 101 . The result was The Real Animated Adventures of Doc and Mharti , an animated short starring parodies of Doc Brown and Marty McFly , characters from the Back to the Future film trilogy . In the short , which Harmon would dub `` a bastardization , a pornographic vandalization '' , Doc Smith urges Mharti that the solution to all of his problems is to give him oral sex . The audience reacted to it wildly , and Roiland began creating more shorts involving the characters , which soon evolved beyond his original intentions and their obvious origin within the film from which it was culled .", "3": "Harmon would later create and produce Community , an NBC sitcom , while Roiland would work primarily in voice acting for Disney 's Fish Hooks and Cartoon Network 's Adventure Time . In 2012 , Harmon was briefly fired from Community . Adult Swim , searching for a more prime - time , `` hit '' show , approached Harmon shortly afterward , who initially viewed the channel as unfit for his style . He also was unfamiliar with animation , and his process for creating television focuses more heavily on dialogue , characters , and story . Instead , he phoned Roiland to inquire if he had any ideas for an animated series . Roiland immediately brought up the idea of using the Doc and Mharti characters , renamed Rick and Morty . Roiland initially wanted the show 's run time to consist of one eleven - minute segment , but Adult Swim pushed for a half - hour program . Harmon felt the best way to extend the voices into a program would be to build a family around the characters , while Adult Swim development executive Nick Weidenfeld suggested that Rick be Morty 's grandfather . Having pitched multiple television programs that did not get off the ground , Roiland was initially very unreceptive to others attempting to give notes on his pitch . Prior to developing Rick and Morty , he had created three failed animated pilots for Fox , and he had begun to feel `` burned out '' with developing television . The first draft was completed in six hours on the Paramount Pictures lot in Dan Harmon 's unfurnished Community office . The duo had broken the story that day , sold the pilot , and then sat down to write . Roiland , while acknowledging a tendency for procrastination , encouraged Harmon to stay and write the entire first draft . `` We were sitting on the floor , cross-legged with laptops and I was about to get up and go home and he said , ' Wait , if you go home , it might take us three months to write this thing . Stay here right now and we can write it in six hours . ' He just had a premonition about that , '' recalled Harmon . Adult Swim was initially unsure of Roiland doing both voices , partially due to the undeveloped nature of the character of Morty . Harmon wrote four short premises in which Morty took a more assertive role and sent it to Mike Lazzo .", "4": "Adult Swim placed a tamer TV - 14 rating on the program , which initially was met with reluctance from the show 's staff . The network 's reason behind the rating was that it would soon begin broadcasting in prime - time , competing with major programs . The main theme for Rick and Morty by Ryan Elder was originally used in a rejected Cartoon Network pilot Roiland made called `` Dog World '' , which was referenced in the episode `` Lawnmower Dog '' . Writing The general formula of Rick and Morty consists of the juxtaposition of two conflicting scenarios : an extremely selfish , alcoholic grandfather dragging his grandson along for intergalactic and / or interdimensional adventures , intercut with domestic family drama . This has led Harmon to describe the series as a cross between Matt Groening 's two shows The Simpsons and Futurama , balancing family life with heavy science fiction . The series is inspired by British - style storytelling , as opposed to traditional American family TV stories . Roiland has stated his and Harmon 's intentions for the series to lack traditional continuity , opting for discontinuous storylines `` not bound by rules '' . In producing the series ' first season , episodes were occasionally written out of order . For example , `` Rick Potion # 9 '' was the second episode written for the series , but was instructed to be animated as the fifth , as it would make more sense within the series ' continuity . Many episodes are structured with use of a story circle , a Harmon creation based largely on Joseph Campbell 's monomyth , or The Hero 's Journey . Its two - act structure places the act break at an odd location in the stages of the monomyth : after The Meeting with the Goddess , instead of Atonement with the Father . Harmon has stated that his inspiration behind much of the concept and humor for the series comes from various British television series , such as The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy and Doctor Who . He figures that the audience will only understand developments from Morty 's point of view , but stated `` we do n't want to be the companions . We want to hang out with the Doctor , we idolize the Doctor , but we do n't think like him , and that 's really interesting , Rick is diseased , he 's mentally ill , he 's an absolute lunatic because he lives on this larger scale . ''", "5": "Harmon has noted that the writers room at the show 's studio bears a striking resemblance to the one used for Community . In comparing the two , he noted that the writing staff of Rick and Morty was significantly smaller , and more `` rough and tumble verbally '' . The first season writing staff consisted of Roiland , Harmon , Tom Kauffman , Ryan Ridley , Wade Randolph , and Eric Acosta , while writer 's assistant Mike McMahan was also given writing credit . Described as a `` very , very tiny little writers ' room with a lot of heavy lifting from everybody , '' the show 's writing staff , like many Adult Swim productions , is not unionized with the Writers ' Guild of America . The writing staff first meets and discusses ideas , which evolve into a story . Discussions often include anecdotes from personal life as well as thoughts on the science fiction genre . After breaking the story -- which consists of developing its consistency and logical beginning , middle , and conclusion -- a writer is assigned to create an outline . Roiland and Harmon do a `` pass '' on the outline , and from there the episode undergoes several more drafts . The final draft of the script is last approved by either of the co-creators . Harmon has admitted that his perfectionism can some times be disruptive and cause writing schedule delays . For the most part , this was the reason why the third season of the show consisted of only ten episodes instead of fourteen , as was initially intended . Animation and Voice recording Animation for the show is done using Toon Boom Harmony , post-production work is done in Adobe After Effects , and background art is done in Adobe Photoshop . Production of animation is handled by Bardel Entertainment in Canada . Roiland 's cartooning style is heavily indebted to The Simpsons , a factor he acknowledged in a 2013 interview , while also comparing his style to that of Pendleton Ward ( Adventure Time ) and J.G. Quintel ( Regular Show ) : `` You 'll notice mouths are kind of similar and teeth are similar , but I think that 's also a stylistic thing that ... all of us are kind of the same age , and we 're all inspired by The Simpsons and all these other shows we 're kind of subconsciously tapping into . ''", "6": "John Kricfalusi 's The Ren & Stimpy Show was another strong influence for Rick and Morty , which is why , according to Roiland , the small `` w - shaped mouths '' that the characters occasionally make is a reference to a similar expression that Ren frequently makes . When recording dialogue , Roiland does a considerable amount of improvisation , in order to make the characters feel more natural . Future Although there has not been an official renewal announcement by Adult Swim , Dan Harmon talked about the possibility of creating more than ten episodes per season , in a September 2017 interview , where he stated `` I 'm about to do season 4 of Rick and Morty and want to prove that I 've grown '' . On October 1 , 2017 , similarly to the second - season finale , the animated character Mr. Poopybutthole re-appeared in the post-credits scene of the third - season finale and said that it will be a long wait until the fourth season of the show . Writer Ryan Ridley , in a December 2017 interview with The Detroit Cast , said that he `` highly doubts '' there will not be a fourth season , but he does not expect it to air any sooner than late 2019 . In January 2018 , Adult Swim told Variety that `` there is no timing to share on premiere or status of production '' . On March 16 , 2018 , Harmon tweeted that he had not begun writing new episodes for season four , in part because Adult Swim had not ordered any new episodes yet nor have they picked up the show for a fourth season . As a reason for the delay , Harmon explained that the contract negotiations for the season `` ( have ) gotten complicated this time around . '' Themes and analysis Nobody exists on purpose , nobody belongs anywhere , everybody 's gon na die . Come watch TV . `` '' Morty Smith ( character ) , `` Rixty Minutes '' Rick and Morty has been described as `` a never - ending fart joke wrapped around a studied look into nihilism . '' The series addresses the insignificance of human existence as compared to the size of the universe , with no recognizable divine presence , as described by Lovecraft 's philosophy of cosmicism .", "7": "The characters of the show find ways to deal with cosmic horror and existential dread , either by asserting the utility of science over magic or by choosing a life in ignorant bliss . Co-creator Dan Harmon , talking about the philosophy guiding the show and Rick 's nihilistic apathy , stated that `` the knowledge that nothing matters , while accurate , gets you nowhere . '' To find a sense of purpose and live a better life , one needs to focus on human relationships and experiences , and not preoccupy our minds with unanswerable questions . According to Harmon , this contrast is evident in the final scene of `` Auto Erotic Assimilation '' , where Jerry is joyfully removing the weeds from his driveway , while Rick appears in the background passed out drunk , after a failed suicide attempt . Occasionally , characters will acknowledge an episode 's narrative or hint at the presence of a fourth wall , suggesting that they are aware of the fact that they are characters of a TV show . Thereunder , Troy Patterson of The New Yorker notes that Rick and Morty `` supplies an artful answer to the question of what follows postmodernism : a decadent regurgitation of all its tropes , all at once , leavened by some humanistic wistfulness . '' Other philosophies that have been referenced in the characters ' behavior and observations include : existentialism , anarchism , absurdism , and the work of Friedrich Nietzsche . Home media The 11 - episode first season , was released on DVD ( 2 - disc set ) and Blu - ray ( single BD - 50 disc ) on October 7 , 2014 . Special features include commentary and animatics for every episode , deleted scenes , behind the scenes featurette and commentaries by special guests Matt Groening , Robert Kirkman , Pendleton Ward , Al Jean and others . The 10 - episode second season , was released on DVD ( 2 - disc set ) and Blu - ray ( single BD - 50 disc ) on June 7 , 2016 . Special features include behind the scenes , commentary and animatics for every episode , deleted animatic sketches and a `` Plumbus Owner 's Manual '' booklet . The 10 - episode third season , will be released on DVD and Blu - ray on May 15 , 2018 .", "8": "Special features include exclusive commentary and animatics for every episode , `` inside the episode '' , the origins of Rick and Morty , and an exclusive `` inside the recording booth '' session . Uncensored versions of the show are also available to purchase on various digital platforms , including iTunes and Amazon , with the digital releases of each season containing bonus material . The digital release of the first season includes the 2013 Rick and Morty Comic - Con panel , the digital release of the second season includes the 2015 ATX Television Festival panel , and the digital release of the third season includes commentary on every episode , as well as seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland . The show is available to watch on Netflix in a number of countries outside the United States , including the United Kingdom , while the first two seasons are available to stream on Hulu . Following the conclusion of the show 's third season , Adult Swim has made a livestream marathon of Rick and Morty available to watch on its official website in select regions , hoping to dissuade viewers from watching other illegal livestreams . Reception Critical reception Rick and Morty has received universal critical acclaim , holding a 97 % approval rating by critics on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes . David Weigand of San Francisco Chronicle described it as `` offbeat and occasionally coarse ... the take - away here is that it works '' . He praised the animation direction by James McDermott for being `` fresh , colorful and as wacky as the script '' , and states that the series possesses `` shades of Futurama , South Park and even Beetlejuice '' , ultimately opining that its humor felt `` entirely original '' . Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times praised the series and stated that it was `` Grandparenting at its unhinged finest . '' Todd Spangler of Variety gave the series a lukewarm review ; while he found the series was passable , he contrasted it with other Adult Swim series as `` often seems overly reliant on simply being frenetic at the expense of being witty '' and enjoyed it as `` a welcome attempt to dream just a little bigger '' . David Sims of The A.V. Club gave the series an `` A − '' . In reviewing the first two episodes , he complimented the animation for its `` clean , simple style '' .", "9": "He stated that while the series has `` a dark , sick sensibility '' , he praised its `` effort to give each character a little bit of depth '' , further applauding Roiland 's voice talent for the eponymous characters . Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref .", "10": "2014 BTVA Voice Acting Awards Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role -- Comedy / Musical Chris Parnell Nominated Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role -- Comedy / Musical Sarah Chalke Nominated IGN Awards Best TV Animated Series Rick and Morty Nominated IGN People 's Choice Award Best TV Animated Series Rick and Morty Nominated 2015 BTVA Voice Acting Awards Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series -- Comedy / Musical Justin Roiland Won Annie Awards Best General Audience Animated TV / Broadcast Production Rick and Morty Nominated IGN Awards Best Animated Series Rick and Morty Won IGN People 's Choice Award Best Animated Series Rick and Morty Won 2016 BTVA Voice Acting Awards Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series Justin Roiland Nominated Best Vocal Ensemble in a Television Series Rick and Morty Nominated Gold Derby Awards Best Animated Series Rick and Morty Nominated 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Animated TV Show Rick and Morty Nominated IGN Awards TV Series of the Year Rick and Morty Nominated Best TV Episode `` The Ricklantis Mixup '' Nominated Best Animated Series Rick and Morty Won Best Comedy Series Rick and Morty Nominated Best Comedic TV Performance Justin Roiland Won IGN People 's Choice Award TV Series of the Year Rick and Morty Won Best TV Episode `` The Ricklantis Mixup '' Nominated Best Animated Series Rick and Morty Won Best Comedy Series Rick and Morty Won Best Comedic TV Performance Justin Roiland Won 2018 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Animated Series Rick and Morty Won Annie Awards Best General Audience Animated Television / Broadcast Production `` Pickle Rick '' Won Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production Ryan Ridley , Dan Guterman ( for `` The Ricklantis Mixup '' ) Won Golden Reel Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Animation Short Form Hunter Curra , Kailand Reily , Andrew Twite , Joy Elett ,", "11": "Jeff Halbert , Konrad Pinon ( for `` Pickle Rick '' ) Nominated Saturn Awards Best Animated Series or Film on Television Rick and Morty Pending Cultural impact On October 7 , 2017 , McDonald 's served Szechuan sauce , months after it was referenced several times in the Season 3 premiere , `` The Rickshank Redemption '' . The event was marked with criticism from fans when not enough of the sauces were provided . The sauce was announced to return to all McDonald 's stores on February 26 , 2018 due to popular demand . Other media and products Comics At New York Comic Con 2014 , editor - in - chief of Oni Press , James Lucas Jones , announced that a Rick and Morty comic book adaptation would be released in early 2015 . On April 1 , 2015 , the series debuted with its first monthly issue , entitled `` BAM ! '' The series is written by Zac Gorman and illustrated by CJ Cannon . Artist Tom Fowler wrote a multi-issue story arc that began in March 2016 . Using the television series ' established premise of alternate timelines , the comic book expressly features the Rick and Morty ( and supporting cast ) of a different timeline , allowing the comics to tell stories without conflicting with the canon of the show . Video games In 2014 , Rick and Morty 's Rushed Licensed Adventure , a Flash point - and - click adventure game , was released on the Adult Swim website . In December 2014 , Rick and Morty : Jerry 's Game was released for iOS and Android . The game consists of the player popping balloons and air filled condoms endlessly . Characters show up from time to time . The amount of balloons popped is counted and used as currency for unlocking special balloons , backdrops , and features . The game is based on a game Jerry was seen playing in an episode . The game includes micro-transactions . On August 10 , 2015 , a Rick and Morty - themed announcer pack was released for the competitive multiplayer video game Dota 2 . The announcer pack can be purchased by players and replaces the Default announcer and Mega-Kills announcer with characters from Rick and Morty , voiced by Justin Roiland .", "12": "Pocket Mortys is a Pokémon parody game set in the `` Rick and Morty Rickstaverse '' , released on iOS and Android as a free - to - play game from Adult Swim Games , released early on January 13 , 2016 . Coinciding with the many - worlds interpretation , the game follows versions of Rick and Morty that belong to an alternate timeline , rather than the duo followed in the show . The game uses a style and concept similar to the Pokémon games , with catching various `` wild '' Mortys , battling them with a variety of Aliens , Ricks , and Jerrys . The game features voice acting from Roiland and Harmon . Rick and Morty : Virtual Rick - ality , announced on July 15 , 2016 and released on April 20 , 2017 , is a VR game for HTC Vive VR and Oculus Rift developed by Owlchemy Labs , the developers of Job Simulator . Tabletop games On June 22 , 2016 , Cryptozoic Entertainment released Total Rickall , a co-operative strategy card game based on the plot of the second - season episode of the same name , where players must determine which characters are real or parasites . On August 3 , 2016 , Cryptozoic Entertainment released Mr. Meeseeks ' Box o ' Fun , a game combining elements of dice games and truth or dare featuring the popular Mr. Meeseeks character from the first - season episode `` Meeseeks and Destroy '' . On July 12 , 2017 , Cryptozoic Entertainment released Anatomy Park -- The Game , a co-operative tile - placing strategy game based on the plot of the first - season episode of the same name , where players score points by placing park tiles into the best spots within the body . Other On May 11 , 2017 , the Rickmobile , a traveling shop with exclusive merchandise , made its first stop in Atlanta for the Rick and Morty Do n't Even Trip Road Trip , which concluded in Hoboken , New Jersey on October 8 , 2017 . The Rickmobile went on a short Holiday Tour , making its first stop in Louisville on November 16 , 2017 , and its final stop in Atlanta on December 10 , 2017 .", "13": "References Jump up ^ Rick and Morty co-creator Justin Roiland F * * * the union ( Retrieved from CartoonBrew.com 23 March 2018 ) Jump up ^ Justin Roiland ( @ JustinRoiland ) ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Washington state - outside of Seattle '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Ivan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland on Rick and Morty , How Community Is Like Star Trek , and Puberty '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Thompson , Barry ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Incoming Rick and Morty Comic Writer Tom Fowler Takes Series to Sad , Absurd Extremes '' . Paste . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heintz , Cody ( March 23 , 2014 ) .", "21": "`` Flash Game of the Week : Rick and Morty 's Rushed Licensed Adventure '' . Leviathyn . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' mobile game lets you pop balloons all day like Jerry '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty Announcer Pack '' . Valve Corporation . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mufson , Beckett ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Wubba Lubba Dub Dub ! ' Rick and Morty ' Becomes a Pokémon - Style Game '' . The Creators Project . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Derrick ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Review : POCKET MORTYS Is A Funny & Somewhat Deep Ode to POKEMON '' . Nerdist . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Watch the stunning first trailer for the Rick and Morty VR game '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Devore , Jordan ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` The HTC Vive is getting an official Rick and Morty simulator '' . Destructoid . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty `` Total Rickall '' Cooperative Card Game `` . Cryptozoic Entertainment . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty Mr. Meeseeks Box ' o Fun : Game of Dice & Dares '' . Cryptozoic Entertainment . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty : Anatomy Park -- The Game '' . Cryptozoic Entertainment . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Dekan ( February 20 , 2017 ) .", "22": "`` Rick and Morty : Anatomy Park -- The Game -- Gameplay Basics , Part 1 : Theme and Actions '' . Cryptozoic Entertainment . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty 's Do n't Even Trip Road Trip '' . Adult Swim . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Page , Justin ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty Is Touring America in a ' Rickmobile ' Merch Truck Shaped Like Rick Sanchez '' . Laughing Squid . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laurel , Drei ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` This giant Rick Sanchez is getting schwifty all over the US '' . Top Gear Philippines . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ RICKMOBILE ( @ rickmobile ) ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` This leg of the # rickmobile is officially over '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ RICKMOBILE ( @ rickmobile ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` The # rickmobile is back at it - kicking off the Holiday Tour in lovely Louisville '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ RICKMOBILE ( @ rickmobile ) ( December 6 , 2018 ) . `` We 've still got a few stops left on our Holiday Tour ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rick and Morty .", "23": "Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rick and Morty Official website Rick and Morty on IMDb Rick and Morty at TV.com ( hide ) Rick and Morty Characters Rick Sanchez Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Lawnmower Dog '' `` Meeseeks and Destroy '' `` Rick Potion # 9 '' `` Rixty Minutes '' Season 2 `` A Rickle in Time '' `` The Ricks Must Be Crazy '' `` The Wedding Squanchers '' Season 3 `` The Rickshank Rickdemption '' `` Pickle Rick '' Video games Pocket Mortys Rick and Morty : Virtual Rick - ality Related `` Mathlete 's Feat '' ( The Simpsons episode ) `` Terryfold '' Bobby Tarantino II ( Logic mixtape ) Category Dan Harmon TV Heat Vision and Jack ( 1999 ) The Sarah Silverman Program ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Acceptable.TV ( 2007 ) Community ( 2009 -- 2015 ) Rick and Morty ( 2013 -- present ) Great Minds with Dan Harmon ( 2016 ) HarmonQuest ( 2016 -- present ) Film Monster House ( 2006 ) Related Channel 101 Harmontown Adult Swim original programming Former 2000s debuts 12 oz .", "24": "Mouse ( 2005 -- 06 ) Aqua Teen Hunger Force ( alternative titles ) ( 2001 -- 15 ) Assy McGee ( 2006 -- 08 ) The Boondocks ( 2005 -- 14 ) The Brak Show ( 2001 -- 03 ) Delocated ( 2009 -- 13 ) The Drinky Crow Show ( 2008 -- 09 ) Fat Guy Stuck in Internet ( 2008 ) Frisky Dingo ( 2006 -- 08 ) Harvey Birdman , Attorney at Law ( 2001 -- 07 ) Home Movies ( 2001 -- 04 ) Lucy , the Daughter of the Devil ( 2007 ) Metalocalypse ( 2006 -- 13 ) Minoriteam ( 2006 ) Moral Orel ( 2005 -- 08 ; 2012 ) Perfect Hair Forever ( 2004 -- 07 ; 2014 ) The Rising Son ( 2009 ) Saul of the Mole Men ( 2007 ) Sealab 2021 ( 2001 -- 05 ) Space Ghost Coast to Coast ( 2001 -- 04 ) Stroker and Hoop ( 2004 -- 05 ) Superjail ! 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( since 2017 ) Mike Tyson Mysteries ( since 2014 ) Mr.", "26": "Pickles ( since 2013 ) Neon Joe , Werewolf Hunter ( since 2015 ) Off the Air ( since 2011 ) Rick and Morty ( since 2013 ) Robot Chicken ( since 2005 ) Squidbillies ( since 2005 ) Tender Touches ( since 2017 ) Tim & Eric 's Bedtime Stories ( since 2013 ) The Venture Bros.", "27": "( since 2004 ) Your Pretty Face Is Going to Hell ( since 2013 ) Upcoming FLCL ( 2018 ) Mostly 4 Millennials ( 2018 ) See also : Adult Swim pilots and specials Annie Award for Best Animated Television Production The Simpsons ( 1992 ) The Simpsons ( 1993 ) The Simpsons ( 1994 ) The Simpsons ( 1995 ) The Simpsons ( 1996 ) The Simpsons ( 1997 ) The Simpsons / The New Batman / Superman Adventures ( 1998 ) The Simpsons ( 1999 ) The Simpsons / Mickey Mouse Works ( 2000 ) The Simpsons / Batman Beyond ( 2001 ) The Simpsons ( 2002 ) The Simpsons ( 2003 ) SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2005 ) Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends ( 2006 ) Creature Comforts / El Tigre : The Adventures of Manny Rivera ( 2007 ) Robot Chicken / Avatar : The Last Airbender ( 2008 ) Prep & Landing / The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2009 ) Futurama / SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2010 ) The Simpsons / The Amazing World of Gumball ( 2011 ) Robot Chicken / DreamWorks Dragons / Bubble Guppies ( 2012 ) Futurama / Adventure Time / Sofia the First ( 2013 ) The Simpsons / Gravity Falls / Tumble Leaf ( 2014 ) The Simpsons / Wander Over Yonder / Tumble Leaf ( 2015 ) Bob 's Burgers / Adventure Time / Tumble Leaf ( 2016 ) Rick and Morty / We Bare Bears / The Octonauts ( 2017 ) Animation portal Cartoon portal Television portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "28": "php?title=Rick_and_Morty&oldid=837811283 '' Categories : Rick and Morty 2010s American adult animated television series 2010s American comic science fiction television series 2013 American television series debuts Adult Swim original programs Alcohol abuse in television American adult animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Animated duos Cartoons animated with Adobe After Effects English - language television programs Metafictional television series Parallel universes in fiction Television series about dysfunctional families Television series by Williams Street Television series created by Dan Harmon Television shows set in Washington ( state ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from August 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 05 : 23 . 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-3916198822947717701	how many writes does a flash drive have	[ "around 3,000-5,000 program-erase cycles,[51] but some flash drives have single-level cell (SLC) based memory that is good for around 100,000 writes", "up to 100,000" ]	{ "0": "USB flash drive - wikipedia USB flash drive Jump to : navigation , search `` JumpDrive '' redirects here . For the fictional propulsion system , see Jump drive . For the USB flash drive brand of the same name , see Lexar . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain improper references to self - published sources . Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources , where they are used inappropriately . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A SanDisk Cruzer USB drive from 2011 , with 4GB of storage capacity . A USB flash drive , also variously known as a thumb drive , pen drive , gig stick , jump drive , disk key , disk on key , flash - drive , memory stick or USB memory , is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface . It is typically removable , rewritable and much smaller than an optical disc . Most weigh less than 30 g ( 1 ounce ) . Since first appearing on the market in late 2000 , as with virtually all other computer memory devices , storage capacities have risen while prices have dropped . As of March 2016 , flash drives with anywhere from 8 to 256 GB are frequently sold ; less frequent are 512 GB and 1 TB units . Storage capacities as large as 2 TB are planned , with steady improvements in size and price per capacity expected . Some allow up to 100,000 write / erase cycles , depending on the exact type of memory chip used , and are thought to last between 10 and 100 years under normal circumstances ( shelf storage time ) . USB flash drives are often used for the same purposes for which floppy disks or CDs were once used ; i.e. for storage , data back - up and transfer of computer files .", "1": "They are smaller , faster , have thousands of times more capacity , and are more durable and reliable because they have no moving parts . Additionally , they are immune to electromagnetic interference ( unlike floppy disks ) , and are unharmed by surface scratches ( unlike CDs ) . Until about 2005 , most desktop and laptop computers were supplied with floppy disk drives in addition to USB ports , but floppy disk drives have become obsolete after widespread adoption of USB ports and the larger USB drive capacity compared to the 1.44 MB 3.5 - inch floppy disk . USB flash drives use the USB mass storage device class standard , supported natively by modern operating systems such as Windows , Linux , macOS and other Unix - like systems , as well as many BIOS boot ROMs . USB drives with USB 2.0 support can store more data and transfer faster than much larger optical disc drives like CD - RW or DVD - RW drives and can be read by many other systems such as the Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , DVD players , automobile entertainment systems , and in a number of handheld devices such as smartphones and tablet computers , though the electronically similar SD card is better suited for those devices . A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board carrying the circuit elements and a USB connector , insulated electrically and protected inside a plastic , metal , or rubberised case , which can be carried in a pocket or on a key chain , for example . The USB connector may be protected by a removable cap or by retracting into the body of the drive , although it is not likely to be damaged if unprotected . Most flash drives use a standard type - A USB connection allowing connection with a port on a personal computer , but drives for other interfaces also exist . USB flash drives draw power from the computer via the USB connection . Some devices combine the functionality of a portable media player with USB flash storage ; they require a battery only when used to play music on the go .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Patent controversy 1.2 First commercial product 1.3 Second generation 1.4 Third generation 1.5 Fourth generation 1.6 Storage capacity 2 Design and implementation 3 Technology 3.1 Essential components 3.2 Additional components 3.3 Size and style of packaging 3.4 File system 3.5 Longevity 4 Counterfeit products 5 File transfer speeds 6 Uses 6.1 Personal data transport 6.2 Secure storage of data , application and software files 6.3 Computer forensics and law enforcement 6.4 Updating motherboard firmware 6.5 Booting operating systems 6.6 Operating system installation media 6.7 Windows ReadyBoost 6.8 Application carriers 6.9 Backup 6.10 Audio players 6.11 Media storage and marketing 6.12 Brand and product promotion 6.13 Arcades 7 Conveniences 8 Comparison with other portable storage 8.1 Tape 8.2 Floppy disk 8.3 Optical media 8.4 Flash memory cards 8.5 External hard disk 8.6 Obsolete devices 8.7 Encryption and security 9 Controversies 9.1 Criticisms 9.1. 1 Failures 9.1. 2 Storage capacity 9.1. 3 Robustness 9.2 Security threats 9.3 `` Flash drives for freedom '' 10 Naming 11 Current and future developments 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References History ( edit ) Patent controversy ( edit ) USB flash drives were invented at M - Systems , an Israeli company , in a US patent filed in April 5 , 1999 by Amir Ban , Dov Moran and Oron Ogdan , all M - Systems employees at the time . The product was announced by the company in September 2000 , and was first sold by IBM in 8MB capacity starting December 15 , 2000 .", "3": "Pua Khein - Seng from Malaysia is considered by many to be the `` Father of Pen Drive '' . He is notable for incorporating the world 's first single chip USB flash controller . Pua hails from Sekinchan , Selangor , Malaysia . Pua founded Phison Electronics based in Taiwan with four other partners and is believed to have produced the world 's first USB flash drive with system - on - chip technology . Competing claims have been made by Singaporean company Trek Technology and Chinese company Netac Technology , Both Trek Technology and Netac Technology have attempted to enforce their patent claims . Trek won a Singaporean suit , but a court in the United Kingdom revoked one of Trek 's UK patents . While Netac Technology has brought lawsuits against PNY Technologies , Lenovo , aigo , Sony , and Taiwan 's Acer and Tai Guen Enterprise Co , most companies that manufacture USB flash drives do not license Trek and Netac 's patents . First commercial product ( edit ) An original IBM DiskOnKey USB flash drive , providing 8 MB of storage Trek Technology and IBM began selling the first USB flash drives commercially in 2000 . Trek Technology sold a model under the brand name `` ThumbDrive '' , and IBM marketed the first such drives in North America with its product named the `` DiskOnKey '' , which was developed and manufactured by the Israeli company M - Systems . IBM 's USB flash drive became available on December 15 , 2000 , and had a storage capacity of 8 MB , more than five times the capacity of the then - common 31⁄2 - inch floppy disks ( of 1440 KB ) . In 2000 , Lexar introduced a Compact Flash ( CF ) card with a USB connection , and a companion card read / writer and USB cable that eliminated the need for a USB hub . Second generation ( edit ) By 2003 , most USB flash drives had USB 2.0 connectivity , which has 480 Mbit / s as the transfer rate upper bound ; after accounting for the protocol overhead that translates to a 35 MB / s effective throughput . That is considerably slower than what a hard disk drive or solid - state drive can achieve when connected via the SATA interface .", "4": "Transfer rates may be given in megabytes per second ( MB / s ) , megabits per second ( Mbit / s ) , or in optical drive multipliers such as `` 180X '' ( 180 times 150 KiB / s ) . File transfer rates vary considerably among devices ; typical fast drives from this generation claim to read at up to 30 MB / s and write at about half that rate , which is about 20 times faster than the theoretical transfer rate achievable by USB 1.1 , which is limited to 12 Mbit / s ( 1.5 MB / s ) with accounted overhead . The effective transfer rate of a device is significantly affected by the data access pattern ; for example , small writes to random locations are much slower ( and cause more wear ) than long sequential writes . Third generation ( edit ) Like USB 2.0 before it , USB 3.0 dramatically improved data transfer rates compared to its predecessor . It was announced in late 2008 , but consumer devices were not available until the beginning of 2010 . The USB 3.0 interface specifies transfer rates up to 5 Gbit / s ( 625 MB / s ) , compared to USB 2.0 's 480 Mbit / s ( 60 MB / s ) . All USB 3.0 devices are backward compatible with USB 2.0 ports . As of April 2016 most consumer desktop and laptop computers have one or more USB 3.0 ports available on the back IO plane or through PCB headers . USB 3.0 expansion cards are also available to upgrade older systems . Fourth generation ( edit ) As of March 2015 , some manufacturers have announced USB 3.1 type - C flash drives with read / write speeds of around 530 MB / s . Storage capacity ( edit ) The first USB flash drive appeared on the market in late 2000 , providing a storage capacity of 8 MB . Later , the maximum available storage capacity gradually doubled ( 16 MB , 32 MB , etc . ) all the way up to reaching capacities of 512 GB and 1 TB by January 2013 . As of January 2013 , drives of up to 512 gigabytes ( GB ) were available .", "5": "A one - terabyte ( TB ) drive was unveiled at the 2013 Consumer Electronics Show and became available later that year . As of July 2016 , flash drives with anywhere from 8 to 256 GB are frequently sold , and less frequently 512 GB and 1 TB units . At the 2017 International Consumer Electronics Show a 2 TB flash drive was announced . Design and implementation ( edit ) Internals of a typical USB flash drive USB Standard - A , `` male '' plug USB mass storage controller device Test point Flash memory chip 5 Crystal oscillator 6 LED ( Optional ) 7 Write - protect switch ( Optional ) 8 Space for second flash memory chip On a USB flash drive , one end of the device is fitted with a single Standard - A USB plug ; some flash drives additionally offer a micro USB plug , facilitating data transfers between different devices . Flash drives with a USB - C interface and other not so common interfaces ( such as FireWire 400 , FireWire 800 , and ThunderBolt ) are also available . Inside the plastic casing is a small printed circuit board , which has some power circuitry and a small number of surface - mounted integrated circuits ( ICs ) . Typically , one of these ICs provides an interface between the USB connector and the onboard memory , while the other is the flash memory . Drives typically use the USB mass storage device class to communicate with the host . Technology ( edit ) A Kingston card reader which accepts Micro SD memory cards ( Transcend card shown partially inserted ) , and acts as a USB flash drive ; resulting size is approximately 2 cm in length , 1 cm in width , and 2 mm in thickness . Main articles : Flash memory and USB Flash memory combines a number of older technologies , with lower cost , lower power consumption and small size made possible by advances in microprocessor technology . The memory storage was based on earlier EPROM and EEPROM technologies . These had limited capacity , were slow for both reading and writing , required complex high - voltage drive circuitry , and could be re-written only after erasing the entire contents of the chip . Hardware designers later developed EEPROMs with the erasure region broken up into smaller `` fields '' that could be erased individually without affecting the others .", "6": "Altering the contents of a particular memory location involved copying the entire field into an off - chip buffer memory , erasing the field , modifying the data as required in the buffer , and re-writing it into the same field . This required considerable computer support , and PC - based EEPROM flash memory systems often carried their own dedicated microprocessor system . Flash drives are more or less a miniaturized version of this . The development of high - speed serial data interfaces such as USB made semiconductor memory systems with serially accessed storage viable , and the simultaneous development of small , high - speed , low - power microprocessor systems allowed this to be incorporated into extremely compact systems . Serial access requires far fewer electrical connections for the memory chips than does parallel access , which has simplified the manufacture of multi-gigabyte drives . Computers access modern flash memory systems very much like hard disk drives , where the controller system has full control over where information is actually stored . The actual EEPROM writing and erasure processes are , however , still very similar to the earlier systems described above . Many low - cost MP3 players simply add extra software and a battery to a standard flash memory control microprocessor so it can also serve as a music playback decoder . Most of these players can also be used as a conventional flash drive , for storing files of any type . Essential components ( edit ) The internal mechanical and electronic parts of a Kingston 2 GB flash drive There are typically five parts to a flash drive : Standard - A USB plug -- provides a physical interface to the host computer . Some USB flash drives use USB plug that does not protect the 4 contacts , with the possibility of plugging it into the USB port the other way around . USB mass storage controller -- a small microcontroller with a small amount of on - chip ROM and RAM . NAND flash memory chip ( s ) -- stores data ( NAND flash is typically also used in digital cameras ) . Crystal oscillator -- produces the device 's main 12 MHz clock signal and controls the device 's data output through a phase - locked loop . Cover -- typically made of plastic or metal , protecting the electronics against mechanical stress and even possible short circuits . Additional components ( edit ) The typical device may also include : Jumpers and test pins -- for testing during the flash drive 's manufacturing or loading code into its microcontroller .", "7": "LEDs -- indicate data transfers or data reads and writes . Write - protect switches -- Enable or disable writing of data into memory . Unpopulated space -- provides space to include a second memory chip . Having this second space allows the manufacturer to use a single printed circuit board for more than one storage size device . USB connector cover or cap -- reduces the risk of damage , prevents the entry of dirt or other contaminants , and improves overall device appearance . Some flash drives use retractable USB connectors instead . Others have a swivel arrangement so that the connector can be protected without removing anything . Transport aid -- the cap or the body often contains a hole suitable for connection to a key chain or lanyard . Connecting the cap , rather than the body , can allow the drive itself to be lost . Some drives offer expandable storage via an internal memory card slot , much like a memory card reader . Size and style of packaging ( edit ) Flash drives come in various shapes and sizes , sometimes bulky or novelty , such as the shape of ikura gunkan - maki . A USB Drive in the shape of a key Most USB flash drives weigh less than 30 g ( 1 ounce ) . While some manufacturers are competing for the smallest size with the biggest memory , some manufacturers differentiate their products by using elaborate housings , which are often bulky and make the drive difficult to connect to the USB port . Because the USB port connectors on a computer housing are often closely spaced , plugging a flash drive into a USB port may block an adjacent port . Such devices may carry the USB logo only if sold with a separate extension cable . Such cables are USB - compatible but do not conform to the USB standard . USB flash drives have been integrated into other commonly carried items , such as watches , pens , and even the Swiss Army Knife ; others have been fitted with novelty cases such as toy cars or Lego bricks . USB flash drives with images of dragons , cats or aliens are very popular in Asia . The small size , robustness and cheapness of USB flash drives make them an increasingly popular peripheral for case modding . File system ( edit ) Main article : Flash file system Most flash drives ship preformatted with the FAT32 , or exFAT file systems . The ubiquity of the FAT32 file system allows the drive to be accessed on virtually any host device with USB support .", "8": "Also , standard FAT maintenance utilities ( e.g. , ScanDisk ) can be used to repair or retrieve corrupted data . However , because a flash drive appears as a USB - connected hard drive to the host system , the drive can be reformatted to any file system supported by the host operating system . Defragmenting Flash drives can be defragmented . There is a widespread opinion that defragmenting brings little advantage ( as there is no mechanical head that moves from fragment to fragment ) , and that defragmenting shortens the life of the drive by making many unnecessary writes . However , some sources claim that defragmenting a flash drive can improve performance ( mostly due to improved caching of the clustered data ) , and the additional wear on flash drives may not be significant . Even distribution Some file systems are designed to distribute usage over an entire memory device without concentrating usage on any part ( e.g. , for a directory ) to prolong the life of simple flash memory devices . Some USB flash drives have this ' wear leveling ' feature built into the software controller to prolong device life , while others do not , so it is not necessarily helpful to install one of these file systems . Hard disk drive Sectors are 512 bytes long , for compatibility with hard disk drives , and the first sector can contain a master boot record and a partition table . Therefore , USB flash units can be partitioned just like hard disk drives . Longevity ( edit ) The memory in flash drives is commonly engineered with multi-level cell ( MLC ) based memory that is good for around 3,000 - 5,000 program - erase cycles , but some flash drives have single - level cell ( SLC ) based memory that is good for around 100,000 writes . There is virtually no limit to the number of reads from such flash memory , so a well - worn USB drive may be write - protected to help ensure the life of individual cells . Estimation of flash memory endurance is a challenging subject that depends on the SLC / MLC / TLC memory type , size of the flash memory chips , and actual usage pattern . As a result , a USB flash drive can last from a few days to several hundred years . Regardless of the endurance of the memory itself , the USB connector hardware is specified to withstand only around 1,500 insert - removal cycles .", "9": "Counterfeit products ( edit ) Counterfeit USB flash drives are sometimes sold with claims of having higher capacities than they actually have . These are typically low capacity USB drives which are modified so that they emulate larger capacity drives ( for example , a 2 GB drive being marketed as a 64 GB drive ) . When plugged into a computer , they report themselves as being the larger capacity they were sold as , but when data is written to them , either the write fails , the drive freezes up , or it overwrites existing data . Software tools exist to check and detect fake USB drives , and in some cases it is possible to repair these devices to remove the false capacity information and use its real storage limit . File transfer speeds ( edit ) Transfer speeds are technically determined by the slowest of three factors : the USB version used , the speed in which the USB controller device can read and write data onto the flash memory , and the speed of the hardware bus , especially in the case of add - on USB ports . USB flash drives usually specify their read and write speeds in megabytes per second ( MB / s ) ; read speed is usually faster . These speeds are for optimal conditions ; real - world speeds are usually slower . In particular , circumstances that often lead to speeds much lower than advertised are transfer ( particularly writing ) of many small files rather than a few very large ones , and mixed reading and writing to the same device . In a typical well - conducted review of a number of high - performance USB 3.0 drives , a drive that could read large files at 68 MB / s and write at 46 MB / s , could only manage 14 MB / s and 0.3 MB / s with many small files . When combining streaming reads and writes the speed of another drive , that could read at 92 MB / s and write at 70 MB / s , was 8 MB / s . These differences differ radically from one drive to another ; some drives could write small files at over 10 % of the speed for large ones . The examples given are chosen to illustrate extremes ... ′ Uses ( edit ) Personal data transport ( edit ) The most common use of flash drives is to transport and store personal files , such as documents , pictures and videos . Individuals also store medical information on flash drives for emergencies and disaster preparation .", "10": "Secure storage of data , application and software files ( edit ) With wide deployment ( s ) of flash drives being used in various environments ( secured or otherwise ) , the issue of data and information security remains important . The use of biometrics and encryption is becoming the norm with the need for increased security for data ; on - the - fly encryption systems are particularly useful in this regard , as they can transparently encrypt large amounts of data . In some cases a secure USB drive may use a hardware - based encryption mechanism that uses a hardware module instead of software for strongly encrypting data . IEEE 1667 is an attempt to create a generic authentication platform for USB drives . It is supported in Windows 7 and Windows Vista ( Service Pack 2 with a hotfix ) . Computer forensics and Law enforcement ( edit ) A recent development for the use of a USB Flash Drive as an application carrier is to carry the Computer Online Forensic Evidence Extractor ( COFEE ) application developed by Microsoft . COFEE is a set of applications designed to search for and extract digital evidence on computers confiscated from suspects . Forensic software is required not to alter , in any way , the information stored on the computer being examined . Other forensic suites run from CD - ROM or DVD - ROM , but can not store data on the media they are run from ( although they can write to other attached devices , such as external drives or memory sticks ) . Updating motherboard firmware ( edit ) Motherboard firmware ( including BIOS and UEFI ) can be updated using USB flash drives . Usually , new firmware image is downloaded and placed onto a FAT16 - or FAT32 - formatted USB flash drive connected to a system which is to be updated , and path to the new firmware image is selected within the update component of system 's firmware . Some motherboard manufacturers are also allowing such updates to be performed without the need for entering system 's firmware update component , making it possible to easily recover systems with corrupted firmware . Also , HP has introduced a USB floppy drive key , which is an ordinary USB flash drive with additional possilibility for performing floppy drive emulation , allowing its usage for updating system firmware where direct usage of USB flash drives is not supported . Desired mode of operation ( either regular USB mass storage device or of floppy drive emulation ) is made selectable by a sliding switch on the device 's housing .", "11": "Booting operating systems ( edit ) Most current PC firmware permits booting from a USB drive , allowing the launch of an operating system from a bootable flash drive . Such a configuration is known as a Live USB . Original flash memory designs had very limited estimated lifetimes . The failure mechanism for flash memory cells is analogous to a metal fatigue mode ; the device fails by refusing to write new data to specific cells that have been subject to many read - write cycles over the device 's lifetime . Premature failure of a `` live USB '' could be circumvented by using a flash drive with a write - lock switch as a WORM device , identical to a live CD . Originally , this potential failure mode limited the use of `` live USB '' system to special - purpose applications or temporary tasks , such as : Loading a minimal , hardened kernel for embedded applications ( e.g. , network router , firewall ) . Bootstrapping an operating system install or disk cloning operation , often across a network . Maintenance tasks , such as virus scanning or low - level data repair , without the primary host operating system loaded . As of 2011 , newer flash memory designs have much higher estimated lifetimes . Several manufacturers are now offering warranties of 5 years or more . Such warranties should make the device more attractive for more applications . By reducing the probability of the device 's premature failure , flash memory devices can now be considered for use where a magnetic disk would normally have been required . Flash drives have also experienced an exponential growth in their storage capacity over time ( following the Moore 's Law growth curve ) . As of 2013 , single - packaged devices with capacities of 1 TB are readily available , and devices with 16 GB capacity are very economical . Storage capacities in this range have traditionally been considered to offer adequate space , because they allow enough space for both the operating system software and some free space for the user 's data . Operating system installation media ( edit ) Installers of some operating systems can be stored to a flash drive instead of a CD or DVD , including various Linux distributions , Windows 7 and newer versions , and macOS .", "12": "In particular , Mac OS X 10.7 is distributed only online , through the Mac App Store , or on flash drives ; for a MacBook Air with Boot Camp and no external optical drive , a flash drive can be used to run installation of Windows or Linux . However , for installation of Windows 7 and later versions , using USB flash drive with hard disk drive emulation as detected in PC 's firmware is recommended in order to boot from it . Transcend is the only manufacturer of USB flash drives containing such feature . Furthermore , for installation of Windows XP , using USB flash drive with storage limit of at most 2 GB is recommended in order to boot from it . Windows Readyboost ( edit ) In Windows Vista and later versions , ReadyBoost feature allows flash drives ( from 4 GB in case of Windows Vista ) to augment operating system memory . Application carriers ( edit ) Flash drives are used to carry applications that run on the host computer without requiring installation . While any standalone application can in principle be used this way , many programs store data , configuration information , etc. on the hard drive and registry of the host computer . The U3 company works with drive makers ( parent company SanDisk as well as others ) to deliver custom versions of applications designed for Microsoft Windows from a special flash drive ; U3 - compatible devices are designed to autoload a menu when plugged into a computer running Windows . Applications must be modified for the U3 platform not to leave any data on the host machine . U3 also provides a software framework for independent software vendors interested in their platform . Ceedo is an alternative product , with the key difference that it does not require Windows applications to be modified in order for them to be carried and run on the drive . Similarly , other application virtualization solutions and portable application creators , such as VMware ThinApp ( for Windows ) or RUNZ ( for Linux ) can be used to run software from a flash drive without installation . In October 2010 , Apple Inc. released their newest iteration of the MacBook Air , which had the system 's restore files contained on a USB hard drive rather than the traditional install CDs , due to the Air not coming with an optical drive .", "13": "A wide range of portable applications which are all free of charge , and able to run off a computer running Windows without storing anything on the host computer 's drives or registry , can be found in the list of portable software . Backup ( edit ) Some value - added resellers are now using a flash drive as part of small - business turnkey solutions ( e.g. , point - of - sale systems ) . The drive is used as a backup medium : at the close of business each night , the drive is inserted , and a database backup is saved to the drive . Alternatively , the drive can be left inserted through the business day , and data regularly updated . In either case , the drive is removed at night and taken offsite . This is simple for the end - user , and more likely to be done . The drive is small and convenient , and more likely to be carried off - site for safety . The drives are less fragile mechanically and magnetically than tapes . The capacity is often large enough for several backup images of critical data . Flash drives are cheaper than many other backup systems . Flash drives also have disadvantages . They are easy to lose and facilitate unauthorized backups . A lesser setback for flash drives is that they have only one tenth the capacity of hard drives manufactured around their time of distribution . Audio players ( edit ) Many companies make small solid - state digital audio players , essentially producing flash drives with sound output and a simple user interface . Examples include the Creative MuVo , Philips GoGear and the first generation iPod shuffle . Some of these players are true USB flash drives as well as music players ; others do not support general - purpose data storage . Other applications requiring storage , such as digital voice or sound recording , can also be combined with flash drive functionality . Many of the smallest players are powered by a permanently fitted rechargeable battery , charged from the USB interface . Fancier devices that function as a digital audio player have a USB host port ( type A female typically ) . Media storage and marketing ( edit ) The German band Wizo 's Stick EP , released in 2004 , was the first album released on a USB stick . Digital audio files can be transported from one computer to another like any other file , and played on a compatible media player ( with caveats for DRM - locked files ) .", "14": "In addition , many home Hi - Fi and car stereo head units are now equipped with a USB port . This allows a USB flash drive containing media files in a variety of formats to be played directly on devices which support the format . Some LCD monitors for consumer HDTV viewing have a dedicated USB port through which music and video files can also be played without use of a personal computer . Artists have sold or given away USB flash drives , with the first instance believed to be in 2004 when the German punk band Wizo released the Stick EP , only as a USB drive . In addition to five high - bitrate MP3s , it also included a video , pictures , lyrics , and guitar tablature . Subsequently , artists including Nine Inch Nails and Kylie Minogue have released music and promotional material on USB flash drives . The first USB album to be released in the UK was Kiss Does ... Rave , a compilation album released by the Kiss Network in April 2007 . Brand and product promotion ( edit ) Ubuntu - branded USB flash drive and lanyard . The availability of inexpensive flash drives has enabled them to be used for promotional and marketing purposes , particularly within technical and computer - industry circles ( e.g. , technology trade shows ) . They may be given away for free , sold at less than wholesale price , or included as a bonus with another purchased product . Usually , such drives will be custom - stamped with a company 's logo , as a form of advertising . The drive may be blank , or preloaded with graphics , documentation , web links , Flash animation or other multimedia , and free or demonstration software . Some preloaded drives are read - only , while others are configured with both read - only and user - writable segments . Such dual - partition drives are more expensive . Flash drives can be set up to automatically launch stored presentations , websites , articles , and any other software immediately on insertion of the drive using the Microsoft Windows AutoRun feature . Autorunning software this way does not work on all computers , and it is normally disabled by security - conscious users . Arcades ( edit ) In the arcade game In the Groove and more commonly In The Groove 2 , flash drives are used to transfer high scores , screenshots , dance edits , and combos throughout sessions .", "15": "As of software revision 21 ( R21 ) , players can also store custom songs and play them on any machine on which this feature is enabled . While use of flash drives is common , the drive must be Linux compatible . In the arcade games Pump it Up NX2 and Pump it Up NXA , a specially produced flash drive is used as a `` save file '' for unlocked songs , as well as for progressing in the WorldMax and Brain Shower sections of the game . In the arcade game Dance Dance Revolution X , an exclusive USB flash drive was made by Konami for the purpose of the link feature from its Sony PlayStation 2 counterpart . However , any USB flash drive can be used in this arcade game . Conveniences ( edit ) Flash drives use little power , have no fragile moving parts , and for most capacities are small and light . Data stored on flash drives is impervious to mechanical shock , magnetic fields , scratches and dust . These properties make them suitable for transporting data from place to place and keeping the data readily at hand . Flash drives also store data densely compared to many removable media . In mid-2009 , 256 GB drives became available , with the ability to hold many times more data than a DVD ( 54 DVDs ) or even a Blu - ray disc ( 10 BDs ) . Flash drives implement the USB mass storage device class so that most modern operating systems can read and write to them without installing device drivers . The flash drives present a simple block - structured logical unit to the host operating system , hiding the individual complex implementation details of the various underlying flash memory devices . The operating system can use any file system or block addressing scheme . Some computers can boot up from flash drives . Specially manufactured flash drives are available that have a tough rubber or metal casing designed to be waterproof and virtually `` unbreakable '' . These flash drives retain their memory after being submerged in water , and even through a machine wash . Leaving such a flash drive out to dry completely before allowing current to run through it has been known to result in a working drive with no future problems . Channel Five 's Gadget Show cooked one of these flash drives with propane , froze it with dry ice , submerged it in various acidic liquids , ran over it with a jeep and fired it against a wall with a mortar .", "16": "A company specializing in recovering lost data from computer drives managed to recover all the data on the drive . All data on the other removable storage devices tested , using optical or magnetic technologies , were destroyed . Comparison with other portable storage ( edit ) Punched cards in storage at a U.S. Federal records center in 1959 . All the data visible here could fit on a 4 GB flash drive ( with minimal ZIP compression ) . Tape ( edit ) The applications of current data tape cartridges hardly overlap those of flash drives : on tape , cost per gigabyte is very low for large volumes , but the individual drives and media are expensive . Media have a very high capacity and very fast transfer speeds , but store data sequentially and are very slow for random access of data . While disk - based backup is now the primary medium of choice for most companies , tape backup is still popular for taking data off - site for worst - case scenarios and for very large volumes ( more than a few hundreds of TB ) . See LTO tapes . Floppy disk ( edit ) Size comparison of a flash drive and a 3.5 - inch floppy disk . The flash drive can hold about 11,380 times more data . Floppy disk drives are rarely fitted to modern computers and are obsolete for normal purposes , although internal and external drives can be fitted if required . Floppy disks may be the method of choice for transferring data to and from very old computers without USB or booting from floppy disks , and so they are sometimes used to change the firmware on , for example , BIOS chips . Devices with removable storage like older Yamaha music keyboards are also dependent on floppy disks , which require computers to process them . Newer devices are built with USB flash drive support . Optical media ( edit ) The various writable and rewritable forms of CD and DVD are portable storage media supported by the vast majority of computers as of 2008 . CD - R , DVD - R , and DVD + R can be written to only once , RW varieties up to about 1,000 erase / write cycles , while modern NAND - based flash drives often last for 500,000 or more erase / write cycles . DVD - RAM discs are the most suitable optical discs for data storage involving much rewriting . Optical storage devices are among the cheapest methods of mass data storage after the hard drive .", "17": "They are slower than their flash - based counterparts . Standard 12 cm optical discs are larger than flash drives and more subject to damage . Smaller optical media do exist , such as business card CD - Rs which have the same dimensions as a credit card , and the slightly less convenient but higher capacity 8 cm recordable MiniCD and MiniDVD . The small discs are more expensive than the standard size , and do not work in all drives . Universal Disk Format ( UDF ) version 1.50 and above has facilities to support rewritable discs like sparing tables and virtual allocation tables , spreading usage over the entire surface of a disc and maximising life , but many older operating systems do not support this format . Packet - writing utilities such as DirectCD and InCD are available but produce discs that are not universally readable ( although based on the UDF standard ) . The Mount Rainier standard addresses this shortcoming in CD - RW media by running the older file systems on top of it and performing defect management for those standards , but it requires support from both the CD / DVD burner and the operating system . Many drives made today do not support Mount Rainier , and many older operating systems such as Windows XP and below , and Linux kernels older than 2.6. 2 , do not support it ( later versions do ) . Essentially CDs / DVDs are a good way to record a great deal of information cheaply and have the advantage of being readable by most standalone players , but they are poor at making ongoing small changes to a large collection of information . Flash drives ' ability to do this is their major advantage over optical media . Flash memory cards ( edit ) Three different Micro Center - branded digital media , showing a USB flash drive , an SD card , and a Micro-SD card , all having a capacity of 8 GiB , next to a U.S 5 - cent coin for size comparison Flash memory cards , e.g. , Secure Digital cards , are available in various formats and capacities , and are used by many consumer devices . However , while virtually all PCs have USB ports , allowing the use of USB flash drives , memory card readers are not commonly supplied as standard equipment ( particularly with desktop computers ) . Although inexpensive card readers are available that read many common formats , this results in two pieces of portable equipment ( card plus reader ) rather than one .", "18": "Some manufacturers , aiming at a `` best of both worlds '' solution , have produced card readers that approach the size and form of USB flash drives ( e.g. , Kingston MobileLite , SanDisk MobileMate ) These readers are limited to a specific subset of memory card formats ( such as SD , microSD , or Memory Stick ) , and often completely enclose the card , offering durability and portability approaching , if not quite equal to , that of a flash drive . Although the combined cost of a mini-reader and a memory card is usually slightly higher than a USB flash drive of comparable capacity , the reader + card solution offers additional flexibility of use , and virtually `` unlimited '' capacity . The ubiquity of SD cards is such that , circa 2011 , due to economies of scale , their price is now less than an equivalent - capacity USB flash drive , even with the added cost of a USB SD card reader . An additional advantage of memory cards is that many consumer devices ( e.g. , digital cameras , portable music players ) can not make use of USB flash drives ( even if the device has a USB port ) , whereas the memory cards used by the devices can be read by PCs with a card reader . External hard disk ( edit ) Particularly with the advent of USB , external hard disks have become widely available and inexpensive . External hard disk drives currently cost less per gigabyte than flash drives and are available in larger capacities . Some hard drives support alternative and faster interfaces than USB 2.0 ( e.g. , IEEE 1394 and eSATA ) . For consecutive sector writes and reads ( for example , from an unfragmented file ) , most hard drives can provide a much higher sustained data rate than current NAND flash memory , though mechanical latencies seriously impact hard drive performance . Unlike solid - state memory , hard drives are susceptible to damage by shock ( e.g. , a short fall ) and vibration , have limitations on use at high altitude , and although they are shielded by their casings , they are vulnerable when exposed to strong magnetic fields . In terms of overall mass , hard drives are usually larger and heavier than flash drives ; however , hard disks sometimes weigh less per unit of storage . Like flash drives , hard disks also suffer from file fragmentation , which can reduce access speed .", "19": "Obsolete devices ( edit ) Audio tape cassettes and high - capacity floppy disks ( e.g. , Imation SuperDisk ) , and other forms of drives with removable magnetic media , such as the Iomega Zip and Jaz drives , are now largely obsolete and rarely used . There are products in today 's market that will emulate these legacy drives for both tape and disk ( SCSI1 / SCSI2 , SASI , Magneto optic , Ricoh ZIP , Jaz , IBM3590 / Fujitsu 3490E and Bernoulli for example ) in state - of - the - art Compact Flash storage devices -- CF2SCSI . Encryption and security ( edit ) Main article : USB flash drive security As highly portable media , USB flash drives are easily lost or stolen . All USB flash drives can have their contents encrypted using third - party disk encryption software , which can often be run directly from the USB drive without installation ( for example , FreeOTFE ) , although some , such as BitLocker , require the user to have administrative rights on every computer it is run on . Archiving software can achieve a similar result by creating encrypted ZIP or RAR files . Some manufacturers have produced USB flash drives which use hardware - based encryption as part of the design , removing the need for third - party encryption software . In limited circumstances these drives have been shown to have security problems , and are typically more expensive than software - based systems , which are available for free . A minority of flash drives support biometric fingerprinting to confirm the user 's identity . As of mid-2005 , this was an expensive alternative to standard password protection offered on many new USB flash storage devices . Most fingerprint scanning drives rely upon the host operating system to validate the fingerprint via a software driver , often restricting the drive to Microsoft Windows computers . However , there are USB drives with fingerprint scanners which use controllers that allow access to protected data without any authentication . Some manufacturers deploy physical authentication tokens in the form of a flash drive . These are used to control access to a sensitive system by containing encryption keys or , more commonly , communicating with security software on the target machine . The system is designed so the target machine will not operate except when the flash drive device is plugged into it . Some of these `` PC lock '' devices also function as normal flash drives when plugged into other machines .", "20": "Controversies ( edit ) Criticisms ( edit ) Main article : Flash memory : Limitations Failures ( edit ) Like all flash memory devices , flash drives can sustain only a limited number of write and erase cycles before the drive fails . This should be a consideration when using a flash drive to run application software or an operating system . To address this , as well as space limitations , some developers have produced special versions of operating systems ( such as Linux in Live USB ) or commonplace applications ( such as Mozilla Firefox ) designed to run from flash drives . These are typically optimized for size and configured to place temporary or intermediate files in the computer 's main RAM rather than store them temporarily on the flash drive . When used in the same manner as external rotating drives ( hard drives , optical drives , or floppy drives ) , i.e. in ignorance of their technology , USB drives ' failure is more likely to be sudden : while rotating drives can fail instantaneously , they more frequently give some indication ( noises , slowness ) that they are about to fail , often with enough advance warning that data can be removed before total failure . USB drives give little or no advance warning of failure . Furthermore , when internal wear - leveling is applied to prolong life of the flash drive , once failure of even part of the memory occurs it can be difficult or impossible to use the remainder of the drive , which differs from magnetic media , where bad sectors can be marked permanently not to be used . Most USB flash drives do not include a write protection mechanism . This feature , which gradually became less common , consists of a switch on the housing of the drive itself , that prevents the host computer from writing or modifying data on the drive . For example , write protection makes a device suitable for repairing virus - contaminated host computers without the risk of infecting a USB flash drive itself . In contrast to SD cards , write protection on USB flash drives ( when available ) is connected to the drive circuitry , and is handled by the drive itself instead of the host ( on SD cards handling of the write - protection notch is optional ) . A drawback to the small size of flash drives is that they are easily misplaced or otherwise lost . This is a particular problem if they contain sensitive data ( see data security ) .", "21": "As a consequence , some manufacturers have added encryption hardware to their drives , although software encryption systems which can be used in conjunction with any mass storage medium will achieve the same result . Most drives can be attached to keychains or lanyards . The USB plug is usually retractable or fitted with a removable protective cap . Storage capacity ( edit ) Storage capacity of USB flash drives in 2013 was up to 1 TB while hard disk can be as large as 10 TB . As of 2011 , USB flash drives were more expensive per unit of storage than large hard drives , but were less expensive in capacities of a few tens of gigabytes . Robustness ( edit ) Most USB - based flash technology integrates a printed circuit board with a metal tip , which is simply soldered on . As a result , the stress point is where the two pieces join . The quality control of some manufacturers does not ensure a proper solder temperature , further weakening the stress point . Since many flash drives stick out from computers , they are likely to be bumped repeatedly and may break at the stress point . Most of the time , a break at the stress point tears the joint from the printed circuit board and results in permanent damage . However , some manufacturers produce discreet flash drives that do not stick out , and others use a solid metal uni-body that has no easily discernible stress point . SD cards serve as a good alternative to USB drives since they can be inserted flush . Security threats ( edit ) See also : BadUSB Flash drives may present a significant security challenge for some organizations . Their small size and ease of use allows unsupervised visitors or employees to store and smuggle out confidential data with little chance of detection . Both corporate and public computers are vulnerable to attackers connecting a flash drive to a free USB port and using malicious software such as keyboard loggers or packet sniffers . For computers set up to be bootable from a USB drive , it is possible to use a flash drive containing a bootable portable operating system to access the files of the computer , even if the computer is password protected . The password can then be changed , or it may be possible to crack the password with a password cracking program and gain full control over the computer . Encrypting files provides considerable protection against this type of attack .", "22": "USB flash drives may also be used deliberately or unwittingly to transfer malware and autorun worms onto a network . Some organizations forbid the use of flash drives , and some computers are configured to disable the mounting of USB mass storage devices by users other than administrators ; others use third - party software to control USB usage . The use of software allows the administrator to not only provide a USB lock but also control the use of CD - RW , SD cards and other memory devices . This enables companies with policies forbidding the use of USB flash drives in the workplace to enforce these policies . In a lower - tech security solution , some organizations disconnect USB ports inside the computer or fill the USB sockets with epoxy . Some of the security measures taken to prevent confidential data from being taken have presented some side effects such as curtailing user privileges of recharging mobile devices off the USB ports on the systems . `` Flash drives for freedom '' ( edit ) Flash drives with American movies and television shows were smuggled into North Korea by the Human Rights Foundation to spread pro-Western sentiment there in 2016 . Naming ( edit ) In 2005 , Microsoft was using the term `` USB Flash Drive '' as the common name for these devices when they introduced the Microsoft USB Flash Drive Manager also known as a `` usb drive '' in Australia application . Alternative names are commonly used , many of which are trademarks of various manufacturers . Current and future developments ( edit ) The internals of a 32 GB Toshiba USB 3.0 flash drive . The USB 3.0 standard is becoming increasingly popular . This drive has a write speed of 60 MB / s and a read speed of 120 MB / s , making it faster than the USB 2.0 standard . Semiconductor corporations have worked to reduce the cost of the components in a flash drive by integrating various flash drive functions in a single chip , thereby reducing the part - count and overall package - cost . Flash drive capacities on the market increase continually . High speed has become a standard for modern flash drives . Capacities exceeding 256 GB were available on the market as early as 2009 . Lexar is attempting to introduce a USB FlashCard , which would be a compact USB flash drive intended to replace various kinds of flash memory cards .", "23": "Pretec introduced a similar card , which also plugs into any USB port , but is just one quarter the thickness of the Lexar model . Until 2008 , SanDisk manufactured a product called SD Plus , which was a SecureDigital card with a USB connector . SanDisk has also introduced a new technology to allow controlled storage and usage of copyrighted materials on flash drives , primarily for use by students . This technology is termed FlashCP . See also ( edit ) Information technology portal List of computer hardware Nonvolatile BIOS memory Portable application ReadyBoost Solid - state drive ( SSD ) USB dead drop USB Flash Drive Alliance Windows To Go Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : For an incomplete list of alternative names , see the list of redirects to this article . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Madison , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Keychain Not Included : The Five Highest - Capacity USB Flash Drives for Your Digital Life '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Athow , Desire ( 2016 - 07 - 04 ) . `` The best USB flash drives 2016 '' . Tech Radar . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mearian , Lucas ( 2011 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Is Transcend Planning a 2TB USB Thumb Drive ? '' . PCworld . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Memory Card Reliability '' . Allmemorycards.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ AboutCom - Swivel - Pro-Flash `` Imation Swivel Pro Flash Drive '' , About.com , 2008 Jump up ^ USB flash drives allow reading , writing , and erasing of data , with some allowing 1 billion write / erase cycles in each cell of memory : if there were 100 uses per day , 1 billion cycles could span 10,000 days or over 27 years . Some devices level the usage by auto - shifting activity to underused sections of memory . Jump up ^ `` US6148354. pdf '' ( PDF ) . docs.google.com .", "24": "Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ pamperchu ( 2012 - 12 - 30 ) , First USB Flash Drive 8MB ( 2000 ) , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 15 Jump up ^ `` Up close & personal with Pua Khein - Seng '' . TheStar . September 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Father of pen drive now a Datuk '' . TheStar . July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Carey , Dachary . `` Who Invented the Computer Jump Drive ? '' . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore firm wins patent on thumb drive '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Trek 2000 and the ThumbDrive '' . nlb.gov.sg . March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Intellectual Property Office - Patents Decision '' . Ipo.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Netac Timeline Netac Official Website Jump up ^ Netac And Huaqi Settle Suit JLM Pacific Epoch Jump up ^ G. Frank Deng : An IPR warrior leading a new industry Netac Official Site Jump up ^ `` Recent Hot Topics / Issues : Section 2 : The fight for flash memory market '' ( Slide presentation ) . Xiaoguang YANG , Zhongzi Law Office . IPO.org . Jump up ^ Flash memory disk market under fire Archived 2016 - 02 - 01 at the Wayback Machine ... XinhuaNet.com English October 17 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gathering Storm '' . Netac Official Website Jump up ^ `` All - Time 100 Gadgets '' . Time . 2010 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 8MB USB Memory Key -- Overview '' . Ibm.com . 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Jump up ^ `` Kingston Technology Boosts DataTraveler 150 Capacity to 64GB '' . Kingston.com. 19 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Kingston Technology First to Market with 128GB USB Flash Drive '' . Kingston.com. 15 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Kingston Digital onthult nieuw design 512GB USB flash drive '' . Kingston.com. 7 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jane McEntegart ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Hands - on with Kingston 's 1TB USB Stick '' . Tomshardware.com .", "26": "Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Kirsch , Nathan ( 13 January 2013 ) . `` Kingston DataTraveler HyperX Predator 512GB USB 3.0 Flash Drive Review '' . LegitReviews.com . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Cuala , Angel . `` 1TB flash drive unveiled at CES 2013 , Kingston DataTraveler HyperX Predator 3.0 , world 's largest capacity USB '' . Batangas Today . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Kingston Digital Doubles Capacity for World 's Largest USB Flash Drive '' . Kingston Technology . Jump up ^ Broida , Rick ( 2013 - 12 - 10 ) . `` PKparis unveils world 's smallest Android flash drive Android Atlas - CNET Reviews '' . Reviews.cnet.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ PNY USB Flash Drive -- CES 2006 -- LetsGoDigital . Ces-show.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ BlueTrek Bizz -- an expandable USB and a Bluetooth headset in one . TechChee.com ( 2008 - 05 - 20 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions About USB Flash Drives . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Newman , Jared ( 2015 - 06 - 17 ) . `` World 's smallest 128GB USB 3.0 drive : PKParis K'1 picks a fight with SanDisk Ultra Fit '' . PCWorld . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Marino , Robert ( 2015 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Guide : The 20 Best Small USB Flash Drives '' . Computershopper.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 .", "27": "Jump up ^ `` USB 2.0 Specification Engineering Change Notice ( ECN ) # 1 : Mini-B connector '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Bizarre USB flash drives from the Far East ( German ) , t3n ( 2012 - 03 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Should I defragment my USB Flash drive ? . Ask-leo.com ( 2008 - 02 - 19 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Flash Memory Fragmentation -- Myths and Facts Wizcode 's articles HowTos , Guides , Hints and Tips , Articles '' . Wizcode.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` TN - 29 - 42 : Wear - Leveling Techniques in NAND Flash Devices '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kingston HyperX 3K ( 240GB ) SSD Review '' . Anandtec.com. 2012 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` How Long Does a USB Flash Drive Last ? ( Part II ) '' . Promotional USB Flash Drives and Accessories . Jump up ^ Blanchard , Richard ( March 8th , 2007 ) `` What is the Life Cycle of a USB Flash Drive ? '' , GetUSB.info , retrieved June 14 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` H2testw USB flash drive test tool '' , www.heise.de , retrieved November 16 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Определение модели контроллера и памяти флешки '' ( Detecting controller model and memory type of flash drive ) ( in Russian ) . usbdev.ru . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 .", "28": "Jump up ^ `` About VID PID Repairing Counterfeit Flash Drives -- Steps To Succeed '' , fixfakeflash.wordpress.com , retrieved November 16 , 2010 Jump up ^ Tom 's Hardware : Nine USB 3.0 Flash Drives For Road Warriors , 26 April 2011 Jump up ^ `` An update is available that enables the support of Enhanced Storage devices in Windows Vista and in Windows Server 2008 '' . Microsoft Support . November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Romano , Benjamin J. ( 2008 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Microsoft device helps police pluck evidence from cyberscene of crime '' . The Seattle Times . 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Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 .", "29": "Jump up ^ X ( USB ) : Kylie Minogue : Amazon.co.uk : Music . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Albums arrive on USB format '' . Music Week . 23 April 2007 . ISSN 0265 - 1548 . OCLC 60620772 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ USB flash drive auto run setup , article from Flashbay.com ^ Jump up to : Baker , Jeff ( July 20 , 2009 ) `` Kingston unveils 256GB thumb '' , MobileWhack.com Jump up ^ testing removable media on YouTube on the Gadget Show . Jump up ^ `` Global Sources - Product Search : USB flash '' . globalsources.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MobileLite 9 - in - 1 Reader '' . Kingston Technology . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` MobileMate Memory Stick Plus 4 - in - 1 Reader '' . Sandisk Corporation . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Arlen Walker . `` Technical Specifications - PKZIP Server - PKWARE - server - pkzip - software '' . pkware.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WinRAR archiver , a powerful tool to process RAR and ZIP files '' . rarlab.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` heise online - IT - News , Nachrichten und Hintergründe '' . heise online . Jump up ^ How Long Does a Flash Drive Last ? -- Josh 's Blog.", "30": "2008 - 05 - 23 , Bress.net . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ What is flash drive wear leveling Archived February 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mass Storage Devices . Linux-usb.sourceforge.net . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Notenboom , Leo A. ( 2008 - 05 - 06 ) . `` How do I fix bad sectors on a flash drive ? '' . Ask-leo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Western Digital Corporation Is Now Shipping World 's First Helium - filled 10TB PMR HDD To Meet Exponential Growth In Data - HGST '' . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flash Memory vs. HDD - which will win ? - SSD article on '' . Storagesearch.com. 2008 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia entry `` Soldering Defects in Electronics Jump up ^ Wikipedia entry `` Processes -- Electronic Components ( PCBs ) '' Jump up ^ Hands , Jack ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Flashdrives for freedom ? 20,000 USBs to be smuggled into North Korea '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bragg , Austin ; Bragg , Meredith ; Detrick , Paul ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` # SXSW : How Activists Are Using Technology to Fight Dictators '' . Reason Foundation . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft USB Flash Drive Manager application '' . Microsoft.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Administrator . `` Pretec - Small size , Big impact '' . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SanDisk Ultra II SD Plus Cards '' . SanDisk . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 02 .", "31": "( hide ) Basic computer components Input devices Keyboard Image scanner Microphone Pointing device Graphics tablet Joystick Light pen Mouse Optical Pointing stick Touchpad Touchscreen Trackball Webcam Softcam Refreshable braille display Output devices Monitor Refreshable braille display Printer Speakers Plotter Removable data storage Optical disc CD DVD Blu - ray Disk pack Floppy disk Memory card USB flash drive Computer case Central processing unit ( CPU ) HDD / SSD / SSHD Motherboard Network interface controller Power supply Random - access memory ( RAM ) Sound card Video card Fax modem Expansion card Ports Ethernet FireWire ( IEEE 1394 ) Parallel port Serial port PS / 2 port USB Thunderbolt HDMI / DVI / VGA eSATA Audio jack Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USB_flash_drive&oldid=838475873 '' Categories : USB Solid - state computer storage Israeli inventions 2000 in computer science 2000 in technology Computer - related introductions in 2000 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles with dead external links from May 2017 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with self - published sources from June 2017 All articles with self - published sources Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from", "32": "2005 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2010 Articles lacking reliable references from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Коми Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina", "33": "Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon 吴语粵語中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 07 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2175263027345747679	what does the c stand for chrysler 300c	[ "coupe" ]	{ "0": "Chrysler 300C - wikipedia Chrysler 300C Jump to : navigation , search The Chrysler Corporation has used the designation Chrysler 300C to refer to two separate unrelated vehicles from different eras : The 1957 Chrysler 300C is that year 's version of the Chrysler 300 `` letter series '' ; a large , high - performance luxury coupe sold in very limited numbers . The 2005 Chrysler 300C , launched in 2004 , the top - of - the - line Chrysler 300 , usually outfitted with a 5.7 L Hemi V8 Magnum engine . This article includes a list of related items that share the same name ( or similar names ) . If an internal link incorrectly led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysler_300C&oldid=762681909 '' Categories : Set indices on automobiles Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 30 January 2017 , at 04 : 15 . About Wikipedia", "1": null, "2": null, "3": null, "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0 ]	[ 0 ]
-3200873089876979747	how many ammendments to the constitution have there been	[ "Thirty-three", "Twenty-seven", "Twenty-seven", "Thirty-three", "Twenty-seven" ]	{ "0": "List of amendments to the United States Constitution - wikipedia List of amendments to the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 33 constitutional amendments approved by Congress and sent to the states for ratification since 1789 . For proposals to amend the United States Constitution introduced in but not approved by the U.S. Congress , see List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Thirty - three amendments to the United States Constitution have been proposed by the United States Congress and sent to the states for ratification since the Constitution was put into operation on March 4 , 1789 . Twenty - seven of these , having been ratified by the requisite number of states , are part of the Constitution . The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights . Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states . Four of these amendments are still technically open and pending , one is closed and has failed by its own terms , and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it . Article Five of the United States Constitution detailed the two - step process for amending the nation 's frame of government . Amendments must be properly Proposed and Ratified before becoming operative .", "1": "This process was designed to strike a balance between the excesses of constant change and inflexibility . An amendment may be proposed and sent to the states for ratification by either : The United States Congress , whenever a two - thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives deem it necessary ; OR A national convention , called by Congress for this purpose , on the application of the legislatures of two - thirds ( currently 34 ) of the states . To become part of the Constitution , an amendment must be ratified by either ( as determined by Congress ) : The legislatures of three - fourths ( currently 38 ) of the states , within the stipulated time period -- if any ; OR State ratifying conventions in three - fourths ( currently 38 ) of the states , within the stipulated time period -- if any . Upon being properly ratified , an amendment becomes an operative addition to the Constitution . Approximately 11,539 proposals to amend the Constitution have been introduced in Congress since 1789 ( as of December 2014 ) . Collectively , members of the House and Senate typically propose around 200 amendments during each two -- year term of Congress . Most , however , never get out of the Congressional committees in which they were proposed , and only a fraction of those that do receive enough support to win Congressional approval to go through the constitutional ratification process . Beginning in the early 20th century , Congress has usually , but not always , stipulated that an amendment must be ratified by the required number of states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states in order to become part of the Constitution . Congress ' authority to set ratification deadline was affirmed by the United States Supreme Court in Coleman v. Miller , 307 U.S. 433 ( 1939 ) . The thirty - three amendments to the United States Constitution -- both ratified and unratified -- are listed and detailed in the tables below .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Ratified amendments 1.1 Synopsis of each ratified amendment 1.2 Summation of ratification data for each ratified amendment 2 Unratified amendments 2.1 Synopsis of each unratified amendment 2.2 Summation of ratification data for each unratified amendment 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links Ratified amendments Synopsis of each ratified amendment No . Subject Date submitted for Ratification Date ratification completed Ratification time span 1st Prohibits Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion , impeding the free exercise of religion , abridging the freedom of speech , infringing on the freedom of the press , interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances . September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 2 years 2 months 20 days 2nd Protects the right to keep and bear arms . September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 2 years 2 months 20 days 3rd Places restrictions on the quartering of soldiers in private homes without the owner 's consent , prohibiting it during peacetime . September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 2 years 2 months 20 days 4th Prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and sets out requirements for search warrants based on probable cause as determined by a neutral judge or magistrate . September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 2 years 2 months 20 days 5th Sets out rules for indictment by grand jury and eminent domain , protects the right to due process , and prohibits self - incrimination and double jeopardy . September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 2 years 2 months 20 days 6th Protects the right to a fair and speedy public trial by jury , including the rights to be notified of the accusations , to confront the accuser , to obtain witnesses and to retain counsel .", "3": "September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 2 years 2 months 20 days 7th Provides for the right to trial by jury in certain civil cases , according to common law . September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 2 years 2 months 20 days 8th Prohibits excessive fines and excessive bail , as well as cruel and unusual punishment . September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 2 years 2 months 20 days 9th Protects rights not enumerated in the Constitution . September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 2 years 2 months 20 days 10th Reinforces the principle of federalism by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the states or the people through the Constitution . September 25 , 1789 December 15 , 1791 2 years 2 months 20 days 11th Makes states immune from suits from out - of - state citizens and foreigners not living within the state borders ; lays the foundation for sovereign immunity . March 4 , 1794 February 7 , 1795 11 months 3 days 12th Revises presidential election procedures by having the President and Vice President elected together as opposed to the Vice President being the runner up . December 9 , 1803 June 15 , 1804 6 months 6 days 13th Abolishes slavery , and involuntary servitude , except as punishment for a crime . January 31 , 1865 December 6 , 1865 10 months 6 days 14th Defines citizenship , contains the Privileges or Immunities Clause , the Due Process Clause , the Equal Protection Clause , and deals with post -- Civil War issues . June 13 , 1866 July 9 , 1868 2 years 0 months 26 days 15th Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race , color or previous condition of servitude .", "4": "February 26 , 1869 February 3 , 1870 11 months 8 days 16th Permits Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census . July 12 , 1909 February 3 , 1913 3 years 6 months 22 days 17th Establishes the direct election of United States Senators by popular vote . May 13 , 1912 April 8 , 1913 10 months 26 days 18th Prohibited the manufacturing or sale of alcohol within the United States . ( Repealed December 5 , 1933 , via 21st Amendment . ) December 18 , 1917 January 16 , 1919 1 year 0 months 29 days 19th Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex . June 4 , 1919 August 18 , 1920 1 year 2 months 14 days 20th Changes the date on which the terms of the President and Vice President ( January 20 ) and Senators and Representatives ( January 3 ) end and begin . March 2 , 1932 January 23 , 1933 10 months 21 days 21st Repeals the 18th Amendment and makes it a federal offense to transport or import intoxicating liquors into US states and territories where such transport or importation is prohibited by the laws of those states and territories . February 20 , 1933 December 5 , 1933 9 months 15 days 22nd Limits the number of times that a person can be elected president : a person can not be elected president more than twice , and a person who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected can not be elected more than once . March 24 , 1947 February 27 , 1951 3 years 11 months 6 days 23rd Grants the District of Columbia electors ( the number of electors being equal to the least populous state ) in the Electoral College .", "5": "June 16 , 1960 March 29 , 1961 9 months 12 days 24th Prohibits the revocation of voting rights due to the non-payment of a poll tax or any other tax . September 14 , 1962 January 23 , 1964 1 year 4 months 27 days 25th Addresses succession to the Presidency and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President , as well as responding to Presidential disabilities . July 6 , 1965 February 10 , 1967 1 year 7 months 4 days 26th Prohibits the denial of the right of US citizens , eighteen years of age or older , to vote on account of age . March 23 , 1971 July 1 , 1971 3 months 8 days 27th Delays laws affecting Congressional salary from taking effect until after the next election of representatives . September 25 , 1789 May 5 , 1992 202 years 7 months 10 days Summation of ratification data for each ratified amendment `` Y '' indicates that state ratified amendment `` N '' indicates that state rejected amendment `` Y '' indicates that state ratified amendment after first rejecting it `` Y '' indicates that state ratified amendment , later recinded that ratification , but subsequently re-ratified it `` -- '' indicates that state did not complete action on amendment `` '' indicates that amendment was ratified before state joined the Union State ( in order of statehood ) 1 -- 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Delaware Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Pennsylvania Y -- Y Y", "6": "Y Y -- Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- New Jersey Y -- Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Georgia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y -- Y -- -- -- Y Y Connecticut Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Massachusetts Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Maryland Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y South Carolina Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y -- -- Y Y Y New Hampshire Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Virginia Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y Y --", "7": "Y Y Y Y New York Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- North Carolina Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y -- Y Y Y Y Rhode Island Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y Y Vermont Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Kentucky Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y -- -- Y Y -- Y Tennessee Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Ohio Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Louisiana Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y -- -- Y Y Y Indiana Y Y Y Y", "8": "Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Mississippi Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y -- Y -- Y -- -- Illinois Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Alabama Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Maine Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Missouri Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Arkansas Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Michigan Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Florida Y Y Y -- -- Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y -- Y Texas Y Y Y Y", "9": "Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y Iowa Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Wisconsin Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y California Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Minnesota Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Oregon Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Kansas Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y Y Y West Virginia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y Y Nevada Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Nebraska Y", "10": "Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y Y Y Colorado Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y North Dakota Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y -- -- Y South Dakota Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y -- -- Y Montana Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Washington Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Y Y Idaho Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Wyoming Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Y Y Utah Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Oklahoma Y Y Y Y Y --", "11": "Y -- Y Y Y New Mexico Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y Arizona Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y -- Y Y Y Alaska Y Y Y Y Y Hawaii Y Y Y Y Y State ( in order of statehood ) 1 -- 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Unratified amendments Synopsis of each unratified amendment Title Subject Status Congressional Apportionment Amendment Would strictly regulate the size of congressional districts for representation in the House of Representatives . Pending since September 25 , 1789 Titles of Nobility Amendment Would strip citizenship from any United States citizen who accepts a title of nobility from a foreign country . Pending since May 1 , 1810 Corwin Amendment Would make the states ' `` domestic institutions '' ( slavery ) impervious to the constitutional amendment procedures established in Article V and immune to abolition or interference from Congress . Pending since March 2 , 1861 Child Labor Amendment Would empower the federal government to limit , regulate , and prohibit child labor .", "12": "Pending since June 2 , 1924 Equal Rights Amendment Would have prohibited deprivation of equality of rights by the federal or state governments on account of sex . Initial ratification period ended March 22 , 1979 , and extension period ended June 30 , 1982 ; amendment failed District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment Would have treated the District of Columbia as if it were a state regarding representation in the United States Congress ( including repealing the 23rd Amendment ) , representation in the Electoral College and participation in the process by which the Constitution is amended . Ratification period ended August 22 , 1985 ; amendment failed Summation of ratification data for each unratified amendment `` Y '' indicates that state ratified amendment `` N '' indicates that state rejected amendment `` Y '' indicates that state ratified amendment after first rejecting it `` Y '' indicates that state ratified amendment , but later recinded that ratification `` ⋈ '' indicates that state did not complete action on amendment during stated ratification period . `` '' An empty cell indicates that state has not completed action on pending amendment . State ( in alphabetical order ) Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Alabama ⋈ ⋈ Alaska Y ⋈ Arizona Y ⋈ ⋈ Arkansas Y ⋈ ⋈ California Y Y ⋈ Colorado Y Y ⋈ Connecticut Y Y Delaware Y Y Y Florida ⋈ ⋈ Georgia Y ⋈ ⋈ Hawaii", "13": "Y Y Idaho Y Y ⋈ Illinois Y Y ⋈ ⋈ Indiana Y Y ⋈ Iowa Y Y Y Kansas Y Y ⋈ Kentucky Y Y Y Y Y ⋈ Louisiana ⋈ Y Maine Y Y Y Maryland Y Y Y Y Y Massachusetts Y Y Y Michigan Y Y Y Minnesota Y Y Y Mississippi ⋈ ⋈ Missouri ⋈ ⋈ Montana Y Y ⋈ Nebraska Y ⋈ Nevada Y Y ⋈ New Hampshire Y Y Y Y ⋈ New Jersey Y Y Y Y Y New Mexico Y Y ⋈ New York Y Y ⋈ North Carolina Y Y ⋈", "14": "⋈ North Dakota Y Y ⋈ Ohio Y Y Y Y Y Oklahoma Y ⋈ ⋈ Oregon Y Y Y Pennsylvania Y Y Y Y ⋈ Rhode Island Y Y Y Y South Carolina Y ⋈ ⋈ South Dakota Y ⋈ Tennessee Y Y ⋈ Texas Y ⋈ Utah Y ⋈ ⋈ Vermont Y Y Y ⋈ Virginia Y ⋈ ⋈ Washington Y Y ⋈ West Virginia Y Y Y Wisconsin Y Y Y Wyoming Y Y ⋈ Number of ratifications : 11 12 5 28 36 16 See also History of the United States Constitution Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution References Jump up ^ England , Trent & Spalding , Matthew . `` Essays on Article V : Amendments '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 .", "15": "Jump up ^ `` Measures Proposed to Amend the Constitution '' . Statistics & Lists . United States Senate . Jump up ^ `` C - SPAN 's Capitol Questions '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Congress , House . The Constitution of the United States of America , As Amended , H. Doc . 102 - 188 , 102nd Cong. , 2nd sess. , ( Washington : GPO , 1992 ) . Jump up ^ The U.S. Constitution and Constitutional Law . Britannica Educational Publishing . 2012 . pp. 105 -- 108 . ISBN 9781615307555 . Sources Congressional Research Service . ( 1992 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation . ( Senate Document No. 103 -- 6 ) . ( Johnny H. Killian and George A. Costello , Eds . ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . External links U.S. Constitution , FindLaw.com The United States Constitution , USConstitution.net Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25", "16": "26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy", "17": "Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=837474539 '' Categories : Amendments to the United States Constitution United States history - related lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Magyar Polski Русский Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 02 : 03 . 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-1911895037920386756	who sang the american anthem at the super bowl	[ "Pink", "Pink", "Pink" ]	{ "0": "List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl - wikipedia List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl Jump to : navigation , search Jennifer Hudson sings the national anthem at Super Bowl XLIII . This article is a list of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl . The U.S. national anthem ( `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' ) has been performed at all but one Super Bowl since its first year in 1967 ; Vikki Carr sang `` America the Beautiful '' in place of the anthem at Super Bowl XI in 1977 . Since Super Bowl XVI in 1982 , famous singers or music groups have performed the anthem at the vast majority of Super Bowl games . Beginning with Super Bowl XLIII in 2009 , `` America the Beautiful '' is sung before the national anthem every year . Some early Super Bowls featured marching bands performing the anthem , and the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Performances 2 Multiple and hometown performances 3 Notable performances 4 Controversies 5 Other patriotic performances 6 See also 7 References Performances ( edit ) No . Year Venue Performer ( s ) 1967 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , California The Pride of Arizona , Michigan Marching Band , and UCLA choir II 1968 Orange Bowl , Miami GSU Tiger Marching Band III 1969 Lloyd Geisler of the Washington National Symphony Orchestra An NFL.com reference ( ) states that Anita Bryant performed the anthem , but NBC 's broadcast of game , available from the Paley Center for Media 's collection , shows that Geisler performed it . IV 1970 Tulane Stadium , New Orleans Al Hirt V 1971 Orange Bowl , Miami Tommy Loy ( trumpet ) VI 1972 Tulane Stadium , New Orleans U.S.", "1": "Air Force Academy Chorale VII 1973 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Little Angels ( children 's choir ) of Chicago 's Holy Angels Church VIII Rice Stadium , Houston , Texas Charley Pride IX Tulane Stadium , New Orleans GSU Tiger Marching Band ( 2 ) X 1976 Orange Bowl , Miami Tom Sullivan XI 1977 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , California None ( Vikki Carr sang `` America the Beautiful '' ) XII 1978 Louisiana Superdome , New Orleans Phyllis Kelly of Northeast Louisiana University XIII 1979 Orange Bowl , Miami The Colgate Thirteen XIV 1980 Rose Bowl , Pasadena Cheryl Ladd XV 1981 Superdome , New Orleans Helen O'Connell XVI 1982 Pontiac Silverdome , Pontiac , Michigan Diana Ross XVII Rose Bowl , Pasadena Leslie Easterbrook XVIII 1984 Tampa Stadium , Tampa , Florida Barry Manilow XIX 1985 Stanford Stadium , Stanford , California San Francisco Boys Chorus , San Francisco Girls Chorus , Piedmont Children 's Chorus , and San Francisco Children 's Chorus XX 1986 Superdome , New Orleans Wynton Marsalis ( trumpet ) XXI Rose Bowl , Pasadena Neil Diamond XXII Jack Murphy Stadium , San Diego Herb Alpert ( trumpet ) XXIII Joe Robbie Stadium , Miami Billy Joel XXIV Superdome , New Orleans Aaron Neville XXV 1991 Tampa Stadium , Tampa Whitney Houston with The Florida Orchestra directed by Jahja Ling XXVI Metrodome , Minneapolis Harry Connick , Jr .", "2": "ASL ( American Sign Language ) : Lori Hilary XXVII Rose Bowl , Pasadena Garth Brooks ASL : Marlee Matlin XXVIII Georgia Dome , Atlanta Natalie Cole ASL : Courtney Keel Foley XXIX 1995 Joe Robbie Stadium , Miami Kathie Lee Gifford ASL : Heather Whitestone XXX Sun Devil Stadium , Tempe , Arizona Vanessa L. Williams ASL : Mary Kim Titla XXXI Superdome , New Orleans Luther Vandross ASL : Erika Rachael Schwarz XXXII 1998 Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego Jewel ASL : Phyllis Frelich XXXIII 1999 Pro Player Stadium , Miami Cher ASL : Speaking Hands XXXIV 2000 Georgia Dome , Atlanta Faith Hill ASL : Briarlake Elementary School Signing Choir XXXV Raymond James Stadium , Tampa Backstreet Boys AASL : Tom Cooney XXXVI 2002 Superdome , New Orleans Mariah Carey ASL : Joe Narcisse XXXVII 2003 Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego Dixie Chicks ASL : Janet Maxwell XXXVIII Reliant Stadium , Houston Beyoncé ASL : Suzanna Christy XXXIX 2005 Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida Combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy ( 2 ) , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy , and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets ASL : Wesley Tallent XL 2006 Ford Field , Detroit Aaron Neville ( 2 ) and Aretha Franklin , Dr.", "3": "John ( piano accompaniment ) ASL : Angela LaGuardia XLI 2007 Dolphin Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida Billy Joel ( 2 ) ASL : Marlee Matlin ( 2 ) XLII 2008 University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , Arizona Jordin Sparks ASL : A Dreamer XLIII 2009 Raymond James Stadium , Tampa , Florida Jennifer Hudson ASL : Kristen Santos XLIV Sun Life Stadium , Miami Gardens Carrie Underwood ASL : Kinesha Battles XLV 2011 Cowboys Stadium , Arlington , Texas Christina Aguilera ASL : Candice Villesca XLVI 2012 Lucas Oil Stadium , Indianapolis Kelly Clarkson ASL : Rachel Mazique XLVII 2013 Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans Alicia Keys ASL : John Maucere XLVIII 2014 MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey Renée Fleming ASL : Amber Zion XLIX 2015 University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , Arizona Idina Menzel ASL : Treshelle Edmond 50 2016 Levi 's Stadium , Santa Clara , California Lady Gaga ASL : Marlee Matlin ( 3 ) LI 2017 NRG Stadium , Houston , Texas Luke Bryan ASL : Kriston Lee Pumphery . LII 2018 U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Pink ASL : Alexandria Wailes . Multiple and hometown performances ( edit ) Acts that have performed three times : Marlee Matlin ( ASL ) , ( XXVII , XLI , and 50 ) Acts that have performed two times : GSU Tiger Marching Band ( II and IX ) Billy Joel ( XXIII and XLI ) Aaron Neville ( XXIV and XL ) U.S.", "4": "Air Force Academy Chorale ( VI and XXXIX ) Singers that performed in or near their hometown metropolitan area : Beyoncé ( XXXVIII , Houston ) Aretha Franklin ( XL , Detroit ) Al Hirt ( IV , New Orleans ) Aaron Neville ( XXIV & XL , New Orleans ) Diana Ross ( XVI , Detroit ) Jordin Sparks ( XLII , Phoenix ) Notable performances ( edit ) The performance by Whitney Houston at Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , during the Gulf War , had been for many years regarded as one of the best renditions ever . It was released as a single a few weeks later , appeared on the album Whitney : The Greatest Hits , and was re-released as a single in 2001 shortly after the September 11 attacks . The 1992 performance marked the first time American Sign Language was used alongside the lead singer . Faith Hill performed the anthem at Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000 . It became popular in country radio . Following the September 11 attacks , her version entered the country singles chart at number 35 , despite not being released as an official single , and reentered the same chart at number 49 in July 2002 . At Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 , in an emotional and groundbreaking performance , soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the national anthem , scoring the highest ratings for a Fox Network program in its history , and the second - highest ratings for any television program in history . Controversies ( edit ) Just days after Super Bowl XXV , a report surfaced that Whitney Houston lip synced her performance . It was confirmed that she was actually singing into a dead microphone , but the performance heard in the stadium and on television was prerecorded . Since 1993 , the NFL has required performers to supply a backup track . This came after Garth Brooks walked out of the stadium prior to his XXVII performance . Only 45 minutes before kickoff , he refused to take the stage , due to a dispute with NBC . Brooks requested that the network premiere his new music video `` We Shall Be Free '' during the pregame . The network chose not to air the video , due to content some felt was disturbing imagery .", "5": "Brooks had also refused to pre-record the anthem , which meant the league had nothing to play if he left . Television producers spotted Jon Bon Jovi in the grandstands , and were prepared to use him as a replacement . After last - minute negotiations , NBC agreed to air a clip of the video during the broadcast of the game , and Brooks was coaxed back into the stadium and sang . Following the `` wardrobe malfunction '' controversy during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 , all scheduled performers for Super Bowl XXXIX were chosen under heavy scrutiny . Game organizers decided not to use a popular music vocalist . The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the Naval Academy , Air Force Academy , Coast Guard Academy , and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets were invited to perform . This was the first time since the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 that all four service academies sang together . Two days after Super Bowl XLIII , it was revealed that Jennifer Hudson also had lip synced . At the beginning of Super Bowl XLV , Christina Aguilera sang the lyrics incorrectly . Instead of singing `` O'er the ramparts we watched , were so gallantly streaming '' , the pop star sang `` What so proudly we watched at the twilight 's last gleaming '' . According to the New York Times , she also changed `` gleaming '' to `` reaming '' . Other patriotic performances ( edit ) The Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus performs at Super Bowl XLVII . The following Super Bowls featured other patriotic performances besides the national anthem . Since 2009 , `` America the Beautiful '' is sung before the national anthem .", "6": "Pledge of Allegiance 1969 : Apollo 8 crew 1970 : Apollo astronauts 1973 : Apollo 17 crew `` America the Beautiful '' 1977 : Vikki Carr ( in place of the national anthem ) 2001 : Ray Charles 2002 : Mary J. Blige , Marc Anthony and the Boston Pops Orchestra 2005 : Alicia Keys and a tribute video to the recently deceased Ray Charles 2009 : Faith Hill 2010 : Queen Latifah 2011 : Lea Michele 2012 : Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert 2013 : Jennifer Hudson with the Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus 2014 : Queen Latifah with the New Jersey Youth Chorus 2015 : John Legend 2016 : U.S. Armed Forces Chorus 2017 : Phillipa Soo , Renee Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones . 2018 : Leslie Odom Jr ... . `` God Bless America '' 2003 : Céline Dion See also ( edit ) Super Bowl List of Super Bowl halftime shows References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl -- Entertainment '' . National Football League . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Broadcast of Super Bowl III '' . Paley Center for Media . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wong , Scott ( January 29 , 2008 ) . `` Living the dream : Prof to sign anthem for deaf '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Texan to Sign the National Anthem at the Super Bowl '' . National Association of the Deaf . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVI : PepsiCo and the NAD '' . National Association of the Deaf . February 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ King ( January 19 , 2013 ) . `` Alicia Keys to Perform National Anthem at Super Bowl XLVII '' .", "7": "KING Says . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NAD , NFL , & CBS Rally to Improve the Super Bowl Experience '' . National Association of the Deaf . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Tickets 2015 '' . Ticketexchangebyticketmaster.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Idina Menzel to sing National Anthem at Super Bowl '' . National Football League . January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga will sing national anthem at Super Bowl 50 '' . National Football League . Associated Press . February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LI '' . National Football League . January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pink will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Byron , Master Sgt . David ( February 1 , 2005 ) . `` Super Bowl goes super blue '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hudson 's Super Bowl Lip - Sync No Surprise to Insiders '' . ABC News . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` A fitting wartime rendition '' . St. Petersburg Times . February 4 , 1991 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Warner ca n't match ' 07 magic vs. Steelers '' . Chicago Tribune . February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Our National Anthem : The Good , the Bad and the Ugly '' . Rolling Stone . July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 .", "8": "Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXV Highlight Film , NFL Films , 1991 ^ Jump up to : `` Oh , Say , Can She Sing '' . St. John 's Downtown . January 31 , 2004 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dunkerley , Beville ; Leahhey , Andrew ; Parton , Chris ; Moss , Marissa R. ; Shelburne , Craig ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Faith Hill 's 10 Greatest Live Performances '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opera star Renee Fleming to sing national anthem at Super Bowl '' . CBS Sports . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cuomo , Chris ; Paparella , Andrew ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Home > Entertainment Whitney Houston 's Star - Spangled Secret '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Discography '' . The Official Garth Brooks Official Website . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ; James , Meg ( February 4 , 2005 ) . `` The Nation ; After ' 04 Fiasco , Super Bowl Wants to Avoid Going Offsides '' . The Los Angeles Times ( Home ed . ) . p . A01 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( February 14 , 2005 ) . `` Football ? They Play a Game ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . January 25 , 2005 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Callow , James ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Super Bowl 2011 : Christina Aguilera defends national anthem gaffe '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Schabner , Dean ( February 6 , 2011 ) .", "9": "`` Christina Aguilera Mangles ' Star - Spangled Banner ' at Super Bowl '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Harris , Elizabeth A. ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` Singing , Aguilera Trips O'er Ramparts '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Entertainment '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weseling , Chris ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sandy Hook , Newtown to be represented in Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Jennifer ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` I 'm blessed & honored to be singing `` America The Beautiful '' with Sandy Hook elementary school chorus at the Super Bowl Sunday `` . Twitter . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://proplayerinsiders.com/nfl-player-team-news-features/armed-forces-chorus-will-sing-america-beautiful-super-bowl-50/ Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' Is Coming to the Super Bowl '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NFL.com ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Leslie Odom Jr To Sing America The Beautiful At Super Bowl '' . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . 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About Wikipedia", "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 7, 2, 1, 10, 8, 3, 6, 9, 5, 0, 4, 11 ]	[ 7, 2, 1, 10, 8, 3 ]
-4445560055142980535	what is the mass number of hydrogen isotope that contains 2 neutrons	[ "3.01604928199(23) u", "7000301604928199000♠3.01604928199(23) u)", "3.01604928199(23) u", "3.01604928199(23) u", "3.01604928199(23) u" ]	{ "0": "Isotopes of hydrogen - wikipedia Isotopes of hydrogen Jump to : navigation , search The three most stable isotopes of hydrogen : protium ( A = 1 ) , deuterium ( A = 2 ) , and tritium ( A = 3 ) . Main isotopes of hydrogen Isotope Decay abundance half - life ( t ) mode product 99.98 % stable 0.02 % stable trace 12.32 y β He Standard atomic weight ( A ) ( 7000100784000000000 ♠ 1.007 84 , 7000100811000000000 ♠ 1.008 11 ) Conventional : 1.008 view talk Hydrogen ( H ) has three naturally occurring isotopes , sometimes denoted H , H , and H. The first two of these are stable while H has a half - life of 12.32 years . All heavier isotopes are synthetic and have a half - life less than one zeptosecond ( 10 second ) . Of these , H is the most stable , and H is the least . Hydrogen is the only element whose isotopes have different names that are in common use today . The H ( or hydrogen - 2 ) isotope is usually called deuterium , while the H ( or hydrogen - 3 ) isotope is usually called tritium . The symbols D and T ( instead of H and H ) are sometimes used for deuterium and tritium . The IUPAC states in the 2005 Red Book that while the use of D and T is common , it is not preferred because it can cause problems in the alphabetic sorting of chemical formulas . The ordinary isotope of hydrogen , with no neutrons , is sometimes called `` protium '' . ( During the early study of radioactivity , some other heavy radioactive isotopes were given names , but such names are rarely used today . )", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Hydrogen - 1 ( protium ) 2 Hydrogen - 2 ( deuterium ) 3 Hydrogen - 3 ( tritium ) 4 Hydrogen - 4 5 Hydrogen - 5 6 Hydrogen - 6 7 Hydrogen - 7 8 List of isotopes 8.1 Notes 9 Decay chains 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading Hydrogen - 1 ( protium ) ( edit ) Protium , the most common isotope of hydrogen , consists of one proton and one electron . Unique among all stable isotopes , it has no neutrons . ( see diproton for a discussion of why others do not exist ) For more details on this topic , see hydrogen atom . H ( atomic mass 7000100782503224100 ♠ 1.007 825 032 241 ( 94 ) u ) is the most common hydrogen isotope with an abundance of more than 99.98 % . Because the nucleus of this isotope consists of only a single proton , it is given the formal name protium . The proton has never been observed to decay , and hydrogen - 1 is therefore considered a stable isotope . Some grand unified theories proposed in the 1970s predict that proton decay can occur with a half - life between 10 and 10 years . If this prediction is found to be true , then hydrogen - 1 ( and indeed all nuclei now believed to be stable ) are only observationally stable . To date , however , experiments have shown that the minimum proton half - life is in excess of 10 years . Hydrogen - 2 ( deuterium ) ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see deuterium . A deuterium atom contains one proton , one neutron , and one electron H ( atomic mass 7000201410177811000 ♠ 2.014 101 778 11 ( 12 ) u ) , the other stable hydrogen isotope , is known as deuterium and contains one proton and one neutron in its nucleus . The nucleus of deuterium is called a deuteron .", "2": "Deuterium comprises 0.0026 -- 0.0184 % ( by population , not by mass ) of hydrogen samples on Earth , with the lower number tending to be found in samples of hydrogen gas and the higher enrichment ( 0.015 % or 150 ppm ) typical of ocean water . Deuterium on Earth has been enriched with respect to its initial concentration in the Big Bang and the outer solar system ( about 27 ppm , by atom fraction ) and its concentration in older parts of the Milky Way galaxy ( about 23 ppm ) . Presumably the differential concentration of deuterium in the inner solar system is due to the lower volatility of deuterium gas and compounds , enriching deuterium fractions in comets and planets exposed to significant heat from the Sun over billions of years of solar system evolution . Deuterium is not radioactive , and does not represent a significant toxicity hazard . Water enriched in molecules that include deuterium instead of protium is called heavy water . Deuterium and its compounds are used as a non-radioactive label in chemical experiments and in solvents for H - NMR spectroscopy . Heavy water is used as a neutron moderator and coolant for nuclear reactors . Deuterium is also a potential fuel for commercial nuclear fusion . Hydrogen - 3 ( tritium ) ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see tritium . A tritium atom contains one proton , two neutrons , and one electron H ( atomic mass 7000301604928199000 ♠ 3.016 049 281 99 ( 23 ) u ) is known as tritium and contains one proton and two neutrons in its nucleus . It is radioactive , decaying into helium - 3 through β − decay with a half - life of 12.32 years . Trace amounts of tritium occur naturally because of the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric gases . Tritium has also been released during nuclear weapons tests . It is used in thermonuclear fusion weapons , as a tracer in isotope geochemistry , and specialized in self - powered lighting devices . The most common method of producing tritium is by bombarding a natural isotope of lithium , lithium - 6 , with neutrons in a nuclear reactor .", "3": "Tritium was once used routinely in chemical and biological labeling experiments as a radiolabel , which has become less common in recent times . D-T nuclear fusion uses tritium as its main reactant , along with deuterium , liberating energy through the loss of mass when the two nuclei collide and fuse at high temperatures . Hydrogen - 4 ( edit ) H ( atomic mass is 7000402643000000000 ♠ 4.026 43 ( 11 ) u ) contains one proton and three neutrons in its nucleus . It is a highly unstable isotope of hydrogen . It has been synthesised in the laboratory by bombarding tritium with fast - moving deuterium nuclei . In this experiment , the tritium nucleus captured a neutron from the fast - moving deuterium nucleus . The presence of the hydrogen - 4 was deduced by detecting the emitted protons . It decays through neutron emission into hydrogen - 3 ( tritium ) with a half - life of about 139 ± 10 yoctoseconds , or ( 1.39 ± 0.10 ) × 10 seconds . In the 1955 satirical novel The Mouse That Roared , the name quadium was given to the hydrogen - 4 isotope that powered the Q - bomb that the Duchy of Grand Fenwick captured from the United States . Hydrogen - 5 ( edit ) H is a highly unstable isotope of hydrogen . The nucleus consists of a proton and four neutrons . It has been synthesised in the laboratory by bombarding tritium with fast - moving tritium nuclei . In this experiment , one tritium nucleus captures two neutrons from the other , becoming a nucleus with one proton and four neutrons . The remaining proton may be detected , and the existence of hydrogen - 5 deduced . It decays through double neutron emission into hydrogen - 3 ( tritium ) and has a half - life of at least 910 yoctoseconds ( 9.1 × 10 seconds ) .", "4": "Hydrogen - 6 ( edit ) H decays either through triple neutron emission into hydrogen - 3 ( tritium ) or quadruple neutron emission into hydrogen - 2 ( deuterium ) and has a half - life of 290 yoctoseconds ( 2.9 × 10 seconds ) . Hydrogen - 7 ( edit ) H consists of a proton and six neutrons . It was first synthesised in 2003 by a group of Russian , Japanese and French scientists at RIKEN 's Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory by bombarding hydrogen with helium - 8 atoms . In the resulting reaction , all six of the helium - 8 's neutrons were donated to the hydrogen 's nucleus . The two remaining protons were detected by the `` RIKEN telescope '' , a device composed of several layers of sensors , positioned behind the target of the RI Beam cyclotron . Hydrogen - 7 has a half life of 23 yoctoseconds ( 2.3 × 10 seconds ) .", "5": "List of isotopes ( edit ) nuclide symbol Z ( p ) N ( n ) isotopic mass ( u ) half - life decay mode ( s ) Daughter Isotope ( s ) nuclear spin representative isotopic composition ( mole fraction ) range of natural variation ( mole fraction ) 0 7000100782503224000 ♠ 1.007 825 032 24 ( 9 ) Stable ⁄ 6999999885000000000 ♠ 0.999 885 ( 70 ) 6999999816000000000 ♠ 0.999 816 -- 6999999974000000000 ♠ 0.999 974 H ( D ) 7000201410177811000 ♠ 2.014 101 778 11 ( 12 ) Stable 6996115000000000000 ♠ 0.000 115 ( 70 ) 6995259999999999999 ♠ 0.000 026 -- 6996184000000000000 ♠ 0.000 184 H ( T ) 7000301604928199000 ♠ 3.016 049 281 99 ( 23 ) 7008388789632000000 ♠ 12.32 ( 2 ) y β He ⁄ Trace 7000402643000000000 ♠ 4.026 43 ( 11 ) 6978139000000000000 ♠ 1.39 ( 10 ) × 10 s ( 6987737001184020000 ♠ 4.6 ( 9 ) MeV ) n 5 7000503531000000000 ♠ 5.035 31 ( 10 ) > 6978910000000000000 ♠ 9.1 × 10 s ?", "6": "2n ( ⁄ ) 6 5 7000604496000000000 ♠ 6.044 96 ( 27 ) 6978290000000000000 ♠ 2.90 ( 70 ) × 10 s ( 6987256348237920000 ♠ 1.6 ( 4 ) MeV ) 3n 2 # 4n 7 6 7000705275000000000 ♠ 7.052 75 ( 108 ) # 6977229999999999999 ♠ 2.3 ( 6 ) × 10 s # 4n ⁄ # Jump up ^ Bold for stable isotopes Jump up ^ Refers to that in water . Jump up ^ Greater than 7041347133600000000 ♠ 1.1 × 10 yr . See proton decay . Jump up ^ This and He are the only stable nuclides with more protons than neutrons . Jump up ^ Produced during Big Bang nucleosynthesis Jump up ^ Tank hydrogen has a 2 abundance as low as 6995320000000000000 ♠ 3.2 × 10 ( mole fraction ) . Jump up ^ Produced during Big Bang nucleosynthesis , but not primordial , as all such atoms have since decayed to He Jump up ^ Cosmogenic Notes ( edit ) Commercially available materials may have been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation . Substantial deviations from the given mass and composition can occur . Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data , but at least partly from systematic trends . Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses . Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits . Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation , except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC , which use expanded uncertainties . Isotope abundances are given by IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights ( CIAAW ) Decay chains ( edit ) The majority of heavy hydrogen isotopes decay directly to H , which then decays to the stable isotope He . However , H has occasionally been observed to decay directly to stable H . 1 3 H → 12.", "7": "32 y 2 3 H e + e − ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathrm ( ( ) _ ( 1 ) ^ ( 3 ) H ) \\ ( \\ xrightarrow ( \\ \\ mathrm ( 12.32 \\ y ) ) ) \\ \\ mathrm ( ( ) _ ( 2 ) ^ ( 3 ) He ) + \\ mathrm ( e ( ) _ ( ) ^ ( - ) ) ) 1 4 H → 139 y s 1 3 H + 0 1 n ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathrm ( ( ) _ ( 1 ) ^ ( 4 ) H ) \\ ( \\ xrightarrow ( \\ \\ mathrm ( 139 \\ ys ) ) ) \\ \\ mathrm ( ( ) _ ( 1 ) ^ ( 3 ) H ) + \\ mathrm ( ( ) _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) n ) ) 1 5 H → > 910 y s 1 3 H + 2 0 1 n ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathrm ( ( ) _ ( 1 ) ^ ( 5 ) H ) \\ ( \\ xrightarrow ( \\ \\ mathrm ( > 910 \\ ys ) ) ) \\ \\ mathrm ( ( ) _ ( 1 ) ^ ( 3 ) H ) + \\ mathrm ( 2 ( ) _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) n ) ) 1 6 H → 290 y s 1 3 H + 3 0 1 n ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathrm ( ( ) _ ( 1 ) ^ ( 6 ) H ) \\ ( \\ xrightarrow ( \\ \\ mathrm ( 290 \\ ys ) ) ) \\ \\ mathrm ( ( ) _ ( 1 ) ^ ( 3 ) H ) + \\ mathrm ( 3 ( ) _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) n ) ) 1 6 H → 290 y s 1 2 H + 4 0 1 n ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathrm ( ( ) _ ( 1 ) ^ ( 6 ) H ) \\ ( \\ xrightarrow ( \\ \\ mathrm ( 290 \\ ys ) ) ) \\ \\ mathrm ( ( ) _ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) H ) + \\ mathrm ( 4 ( ) _ (", "8": "0 ) ^ ( 1 ) n ) ) 1 7 H → 23 y s 1 3 H + 4 0 1 n ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathrm ( ( ) _ ( 1 ) ^ ( 7 ) H ) \\ ( \\ xrightarrow ( \\ \\ mathrm ( 23 \\ ys ) ) ) \\ \\ mathrm ( ( ) _ ( 1 ) ^ ( 3 ) H ) + \\ mathrm ( 4 ( ) _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) n ) ) Note that the decay times are in yoctoseconds for all isotopes except H , which is expressed in years . See also ( edit ) Book : Hydrogen Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry Muonium References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure Appl . Chem. 88 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 91 . doi : 10.1515 / pac - 2015 - 0305 . Jump up ^ Y.B. Gurov ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Spectroscopy of superheavy hydrogen isotopes in stopped - pion absorption by nuclei '' . Physics of Atomic Nuclei. 68 ( 3 ) : 491 -- 497 . Bibcode : 2005PAN ... 68 ... 491G . doi : 10.1134 / 1.1891200 . ^ Jump up to : A.A. Korsheninnikov ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Experimental Evidence for the Existence of H and for a Specific Structure of He '' . Physical Review Letters. 90 ( 8 ) : 082501 . Bibcode : 2003PhRvL ... 90h2501K . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 90.082501 . Jump up ^ G.L. Miessler ; D.A. Tarr ( 2004 ) . Inorganic Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . Pearson Prentice Hall .", "9": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 035471 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : G.M. Ter - Akopian ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Hydrogen - 4 and Hydrogen - 5 from t + t and t + d transfer reactions studied with a 57.5 - MeV triton beam '' . AIP Conference Proceedings . 610 : 920 . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1470062 . ^ Jump up to : G. Audi ; A.H. Wapstra ; C. Thibault ; J. Blachot ; O. Bersillon ( 2003 ) . `` The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties '' ( PDF ) . Nuclear Physics A. 729 : 3 -- 128 . Bibcode : 2003NuPhA. 729 ... 3A . doi : 10.1016 / j. nuclphysa. 2003.11. 001 . Jump up ^ A.A. Korsheninnikov ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Superheavy Hydrogen H '' . Physical Review Letters. 87 ( 9 ) : 92501 . Bibcode : 2001PhRvL ... 87i2501K . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 87.092501 . Jump up ^ http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx General references Isotope masses from : W.J. Huang ; G. Audi ; M. Wang ; F.G. Kondev ; S. Naimi ; X. Xu ( 2017 ) . `` The Ame2016 atomic mass evaluation ( I ) . Evaluation of input data ; and adjustment procedures '' ( PDF ) . Chinese Physics C. 41 ( 3 ) : 7 . Bibcode : 2017ChPhC ... 41c0002H . doi : 10.1088 / 1674 - 1137 / 41 / 3 / 030002 . M. Wang ; G. Audi ; F.G. Kondev ; W.J.", "10": "Huang ; S. Naimi ; X. Xu ( 2017 ) . `` The Ame2016 atomic mass evaluation ( II ) . Tables , graphs , and references '' ( PDF ) . Chinese Physics C. 41 ( 3 ) : 7 . Bibcode : 2017ChPhC ... 41c0003W . doi : 10.1088 / 1674 - 1137 / 41 / 3 / 030003 . Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from : J.R. de Laeter ; J.K. Böhlke ; P. De Bièvre ; H. Hidaka ; H.S. Peiser ; K.J.R. Rosman ; P.D.P. Taylor ( 2003 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements . Review 2000 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 75 ( 6 ) : 683 -- 800 . doi : 10.1351 / pac200375060683 . M.E. Wieser ( 2006 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2005 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 78 ( 11 ) : 2051 -- 2066 . doi : 10.1351 / pac200678112051 . Lay summary . Half - life , spin , and isomer data selected from the following sources . See editing notes on this article 's talk page . G. Audi ; A.H. Wapstra ; C. Thibault ; J. Blachot ; O. Bersillon ( 2003 ) . `` The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties '' ( PDF ) . Nuclear Physics A. 729 : 3 -- 128 . Bibcode : 2003NuPhA. 729 ... 3A . doi : 10.1016 / j. nuclphysa. 2003.11. 001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 09 - 23 . National Nuclear Data Center . `` NuDat 2.1 database '' . Brookhaven National Laboratory . Retrieved 23 February 2017 .", "11": "N.E. Holden ( 2004 ) . `` Table of the Isotopes '' . In D.R. Lide . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 85th ed . ) . CRC Press . Section 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 0485 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isotopes of hydrogen . B. Dumé ( 7 March 2003 ) . `` Hydrogen - 7 makes its debut '' . Physics World . Neutron Isotopes of hydrogen Isotopes of helium Table of nuclides ( hide ) Isotopes of the chemical elements He Li Be 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 16 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba", "12": "57 La 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 89 Ac 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Rg 112 Cn 113 Nh 114 Fl 115 Mc 116 Lv 117 Ts 118 Og 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr Table of nuclides Categories : Isotopes Tables of nuclides Metastable isotopes Isotopes by element GND : 4189274 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "13": "php?title=Isotopes_of_hydrogen&oldid=806397643 '' Categories : Hydrogen Isotopes of hydrogen Lists of isotopes by element Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Català Чӑвашла Čeština Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 19 : 30 . 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8391452533341141122	original cast of natasha pierre and the great comet of 1812	[ "Dave Malloy", "Phillipa Soo", "Lucas Steele", "Amber Gray", "Brittain Ashford", "Nick Choksi", "Shaina Taub", "Blake DeLong", "Amelia Workman", "Paul Pinto" ]	{ "0": "Natasha , Pierre & the Great Comet of 1812 - wikipedia Natasha , Pierre & the Great Comet of 1812 Jump to : navigation , search `` Great Comet of 1812 '' redirects here . For the eponymous comet , see Great Comet of 1811 . Natasha , Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 The Great Comet Music Dave Malloy Lyrics Dave Malloy Book Dave Malloy Basis War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy Productions 2012 Off - Broadway 2014 Quito 2015 Cambridge 2016 Broadway Awards Richard Rodgers Award for Musical Theater Natasha , Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 is a sung - through musical adaptation of a segment of Leo Tolstoy 's War and Peace written by composer / lyricist Dave Malloy and directed by Rachel Chavkin . It is based on Volume 2 , Part 5 of Tolstoy 's novel , focusing on Natasha 's affair with Anatole and Pierre 's search for meaning in his life . After its original run at the Ars Nova in 2012 , a staging in both the Meatpacking District and the Theater District of Manhattan in 2013 , a 2014 Spanish - language staging in Quito , Ecuador , and a remounting at the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge , Massachusetts , in 2015 , the musical premiered on Broadway in November 2016 at the Imperial Theatre . The musical received positive reviews , particularly for Phillipa Soo , Denée Benton , and Josh Groban 's leading performances , as well as for the production 's score and direction . The show was nominated for 12 awards -- the highest number of nominations in the 2016 -- 2017 season -- for the 2017 Tony Awards , including Best Musical , Best Original Score , Best Book of a Musical , Best Actress in a Musical for Benton , Best Actor in a Musical for Groban , Best Featured Actor in a Musical for Lucas Steele , and Best Direction of a Musical for Chavkin . It won two awards : Best Scenic Design and Best Lighting Design in a Musical .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Act 1 1.2 Act 2 2 Music 2.1 Musical numbers 3 Productions 3.1 Off - Broadway 3.1. 1 Ars Nova 3.1. 2 Kazino 3.2 American Repertory Theater ( A.R.T. ) 3.3 Broadway 3.4 National Tour 3.5 International productions 4 Characters 5 Original principal casts 5.1 Broadway Understudies 5.2 Notable cast replacements 6 Critical response 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Original Off - Broadway production 7.2 Original Cambridge production 7.3 Original Broadway production 8 Recordings 9 Book 10 References 11 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Act 1 ( edit ) The story is set in Moscow , 1812 , just before Napoleon 's invasion of Russia and the burning of the city . As the story begins ( `` Prologue '' ) , Pierre , a wealthy aristocrat , is having an existential crisis , living a slothful life of wine , philosophy , and inaction ( `` Pierre '' ) . He is best friends with Prince Andrey Bolkonsky , who has left to go to war . Andrey has recently become engaged to the young , beautiful countess Natasha Rostova . Natasha and her cousin Sonya arrive in Moscow to stay the winter with Natasha 's godmother , Marya D. , while Natasha waits for Andrey to return from the war . Marya D. is an old friend of Pierre 's ( `` Moscow '' ) . Marya D. advises Natasha that she must visit her future in - laws , the demented old Prince Bolkonsky and his pitiable spinster daughter Mary ( `` The Private and Intimate Life of the House '' ) , to win their affection in advance of the marriage , which is critical to the status and fortune of the Rostov family . However , Natasha 's visit with Mary and Bolkonsky ends in disaster ( `` Natasha & Bolkonskys '' ) , as Mary finds Natasha vain , Natasha finds Mary cold , and Bolkonsky behaves bizarrely .", "2": "Natasha leaves their home missing Andrey more than ever ( `` No One Else '' ) . The next night Natasha is introduced to decadent Moscow society after an extravagant performance at `` The Opera '' . There she meets Prince Anatole Kuragin , a young and handsome man and , it turns out , a notorious rogue ( `` Natasha & Anatole '' ) ; their interaction leaves them both feeling confused . Anatole , his friend Dolokhov , and Pierre go out drinking ; they are met by Pierre 's unpleasant wife , Hélène ( Anatole 's sister ) , who taunts Pierre and flirts with Dolokhov . Anatole plots with Dolokhov and Hélène to have the young woman he just met , although he is already married . Pierre finds his wife 's familiarity with Dolokhov offensive and drunkenly challenges him to a duel , accidentally wounding Dolokhov . When it is Dolokhov 's turn to shoot , Pierre stands openly in front of the bullet , but Dolokhov miraculously misses him ( `` The Duel '' ) . Alone , Pierre reflects on his near - death experience and realizes that despite wasting his life , he wishes to live ( `` Dust and Ashes '' ) . Natasha and her family go to church ( `` Sunday Morning '' ) . Hélène finds it amusing to encourage her brother Anatole 's conquest of the young countess Natasha , which she knows would lead to Natasha 's ruin . Hélène visits Natasha and invites her to the ball that night ( `` Charming '' ) . That night , Natasha is scared of what she feels for Anatole , Anatole tells her he loves her . He then kisses Natasha , leading her to fall in love with him in return ( `` The Ball '' ) . Act 2 ( edit ) Anatole and Natasha make plans to elope ( she still does not know that he is married ) , and Natasha tearfully breaks off her engagement with Andrey ( `` Letters '' ) . Sonya finds out about the plan and realizes it will mean Natasha 's ruin ( `` Sonya & Natasha '' ) ; Sonya determines to save Natasha from herself even if it means she will lose her closest friend ( `` Sonya Alone '' ) .", "3": "That evening Anatole and Dolokhov plan for the elopement ( `` Preparations '' ) , and Dolokhov tries to change Anatole 's mind with no success . Balaga , their trusted troika driver ( `` Balaga '' ) , soon arrives to take them to Natasha 's house and a wild party ensues as Anatole bids farewell to his friends . However , they are thwarted at the last moment by Marya D . ( `` The Abduction '' ) . Marya D. scolds Natasha but then tries to comfort her with Sonya 's help . Natasha screams at them , breaks down and waits for Anatole to come back for her all night ( `` In My House '' ) . Marya D. calls on Pierre in the middle of the night ( `` A Call to Pierre '' ) , begging him to handle the crisis , and Pierre finally learns that the object of Anatole 's conquest is Natasha . Marya D. finds out that Anatole is married and tells a grief - stricken Natasha . Pierre , outraged , searches for Anatole ( `` Find Anatole '' ) . When Pierre finds Anatole , he comes close to attacking him in rage , but instead gives him money and orders him to leave Moscow ( '' Pierre & Anatole '' ) . Natasha poisons herself with arsenic ( `` Natasha Very Ill '' ) but lives . The next day Andrey returns . Pierre explains the scandal to him and asks him to be compassionate , but Andrey is unable to forgive Natasha and will not ask for her hand in marriage again ( `` Pierre & Andrey '' ) . Finally , Pierre visits Natasha ( `` Pierre & Natasha '' ) and he comforts the distraught girl , giving her hope . After their meeting , Pierre experiences a moment of enlightenment himself while seeing The Great Comet of 1812 in the night sky . Music ( edit ) Malloy 's original score ( orchestrated by the composer ) merges Russian folk and classical music with indie rock and EDM influences . The piece is described by the composer as an `` electropop opera '' and is through - composed , with just one line of spoken dialogue , in Pierre and Natasha 's only scene together . On stage , nearly all of the actors play musical instruments augmenting the show 's orchestra .", "4": "Groban plays the accordion briefly , and plays large sections of the score on the orchestra 's piano . The libretto contains many passages taken word - for - word from Aylmer and Louise Maude 's 1922 translation of Tolstoy 's novel . Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I `` Prologue '' -- Ensemble `` Pierre '' -- Pierre , Ensemble `` Moscow '' -- Marya D. , Natasha , Sonya `` The Private and Intimate Life of the House '' -- Bolkonsky , Mary `` Natasha & Bolkonskys '' -- Mary , Natasha , Bolkonsky `` No One Else '' -- Natasha `` The Opera '' -- Natasha , Sonya , Marya D. , Hélène , Ensemble `` Natasha & Anatole '' -- Natasha , Anatole `` The Duel '' -- Anatole , Dolokhov , Pierre , Hélène , Ensemble `` Dust and Ashes '' -- Pierre , Ensemble `` Sunday Morning '' -- Natasha , Sonya , Marya D . `` Charming '' -- Hélène `` The Ball '' -- Natasha , Anatole Act II `` Letters '' -- Natasha , Pierre , Mary , Anatole , Ensemble `` Sonya & Natasha '' -- Sonya , Natasha `` Sonya Alone '' -- Sonya `` Preparations '' -- Anatole , Dolokhov , Pierre `` Balaga '' -- Balaga , Anatole , Dolokhov , Ensemble `` The Abduction '' -- Ensemble `` In My House '' -- Marya D. , Natasha , Sonya `` A Call to Pierre '' -- Marya D. , Pierre `` Find Anatole '' -- Pierre , Anatole , Hélène , Natasha `` Pierre & Anatole '' -- Pierre , Anatole `` Natasha Very Ill '' -- Sonya `` Pierre & Andrey '' -- Andrey , Pierre `` Pierre & Natasha '' -- Pierre , Natasha `` The Great Comet of 1812 '' -- Pierre , Ensemble Note : An aria for Natasha , `` Natasha Lost '' , was cut from the Broadway production but is included on the original cast recording between number 8 ( `` Natasha & Anatole '' ) and number 9 ( `` The Duel '' ) . In addition , `` Dust and Ashes '' was added for the Broadway production .", "5": "Productions ( edit ) Off - Broadway ( edit ) Ars Nova ( edit ) The musical premiered on October 16 , 2012 , at Ars Nova ; directed by Rachel Chavkin the show was staged as an immersive production , with action happening around and among the audience . The set designed by Mimi Lien and lights by Bradley King transformed Ars Nova into a Russian supper club . The creative team was completed by Paloma Young as costume designer , Matt Hubbs as sound designer , and Dave Malloy as musical director . The cast included Malloy as Pierre , Phillipa Soo as Natasha , Lucas Steele as Anatole , Amber Gray as Hélène , Brittain Ashford as Sonya , Nick Choksi as Dolokhov , Shaina Taub as Mary , Blake DeLong as Andrey / Prince Bolkonsky , Amelia Workman as Marya D. and Paul Pinto ( who also served as associate music director ) as Balaga . The show was the first production of Ars Nova to ever transfer to Broadway . Kazino ( edit ) In May 16 , 2013 , the show opened in the Meatpacking District at Kazino , a temporary structure designed as an opulent Russian club , where the immersive production was staged , again by the same creative team . The cast reprised their roles , except Choksi , now replaced by Ian Lassiter , and Workman , replaced by Grace McLean . David Abeles took over the role of Pierre on July 9 , 2013 . The show closed on September 1 , 2013 . The show opened for a 14 - week limited engagement in September 2013 at the Kazino and moved to the Theater District , with the final cast of the previous production . On December 10 , 2013 , the two - disc cast recording was released . The show was extended and ran until March 2 , 2014 . American Repertory Theater ( A.R.T. ) ( edit ) The team behind the original production remounted the show at the American Repertory Theatre ( A.R.T. ) in Cambridge , Massachusetts , with performances beginning December 1 , 2015 to January 2016 .", "6": "Now expanded to a proscenium stage , the set put audience onstage , with unique seating options , with banquette and dining tables added . Scott Stangland took over the role of Pierre , Denée Benton starred as Natasha , Lilli Cooper as Hélène , Nicholas Belton as Andrey / Prince Bolkonsky and the rest of the cast reprised their roles . Broadway ( edit ) The Broadway production at the Imperial Theatre began previews on October 18 , 2016 and opened on November 14 , 2016 , starring Josh Groban as Pierre and Denée Benton as Natasha , both making their Broadway debuts , with choreography by Sam Pinkleton , sets by Mimi Lien , costumes by Paloma Young , lights by Bradley King , sound by Nicholas Pope and music direction by Or Matias . With sets similar to the A.R.T. remounting , the production took the proscenium stage , but removed almost 200 seats from the audience to accommodate the design . Again , the options of stage seats , in banquettes or dining tables is available . The Broadway production cost about $14 million to stage . Following Groban 's departure on July 2 , 2017 , Dave Malloy assumed the role of Pierre from July 3 to 9 , 2017 . Okieriete Onaodowan and Ingrid Michaelson assumed the roles of Pierre and Sonya on July 11 through August 13 ; Onaodowan was originally supposed to begin performances on July 3 . Mandy Patinkin was set to replace Onaodowan as Pierre on August 15 through September 3 , 2017 , but withdrew after criticism from Black Twitter . The Broadway production played its final performance on September 3 , 2017 , having played 32 previews and 336 performances . National Tour ( edit ) Plans for a national tour of The Great Comet are underway with an expected launch in 2019 International productions ( edit ) In September 2014 , the show had its South American premiere , at Teatro Parapluie in Quito , Ecuador , in a Spanish language production .", "7": "Characters ( edit ) Character Voice Description Natasha Rostova Soprano G3 -- F # 5 `` Natasha is young '' : A nineteen - year - old ingenue who is innocent , doe - eyed , and profoundly , lethally romantic . She is betrothed to Andrey and loves him dearly . She goes to Moscow under the care of her godmother , Marya D , with her cousin and best friend Sonya . During her first 3 days there , she meets Anatole and falls for him . Pierre Bezukhov Baritenor G2 -- B4 `` Dear , bewildered , and awkward Pierre ... rich , unhappily married Pierre '' : The illegitimate son of an aristocratic Russian family . Socially awkward with a melancholy streak , he is an outsider in society despite his wealth . He is a good friend of Andrey and keeps an eye on Natasha for him while Andrey is away at war . Anatole Kuragin Tenor C3 -- C # 5 `` Anatole is hot '' : An aristocratic , seductive hedonist , who spends his money on women and wine . He is the brother of Hélène and best friend of Dolokhov . He is an otherworldly , David Bowie type . During the course of the show , he develops feelings and falls in love with Natasha . Sonya Rostova Mezzo F # 3 -- E5 `` Sonya is good '' : Natasha 's cousin and closest friend . She is fiercely dedicated to her cousin and will do anything and everything to keep her safe . Hélène Bezukhova Alto E3 -- F5 `` Hélène is a slut '' : Anatole 's sister who married Pierre for money . She is highly sexualized and dedicated to her brother . Marya Dmitriyevna Alto G3 -- E5 `` Marya is old - school , a grand dame of Moscow '' : She is Natasha 's godmother , an old friend of Pierre , and a very strict woman . However , she is also kind . Natasha and Sonya live with her during their time in the city . She loves Natasha very much , and is very protective of her .", "8": "Fedya Dolokhov Baritone D3 -- F4 `` Dolokhov is fierce , but not too important '' : Anatole 's friend and an extremely talented marksman . He is possibly having an affair with Hélène , Pierre 's wife . Andrey Bolkonsky / Old Prince Bolkonsky Baritone Ab3 -- Eb4 `` Andrey is n't here '' : He is fighting in the war for much of the show , and is betrothed to Natasha . He is serious and bitter . `` Old Prince Bolkonsky is crazy '' and suffering from many age - related ailments . He is taken care of by his daughter Mary , but he torments her regardless . Mary Bolkonskaya Mezzo G3 -- F5 `` Mary is plain '' : the daughter of Bolkonsky and Andrey 's sister . She lives at home with her father as his caretaker , where she is tormented and abused by him . She is confined to the home and has no friends . Balaga Baritone A2 -- E4 `` Balaga 's just for fun '' : He 's a famous troika driver , and assists Anatole with his plot for escaping Moscow to go to Poland . He is wild and mystical . ( Lines in quotations are lyrics from the opening song , `` Prologue ,", "9": "'' which introduces the characters ) Original principal casts ( edit ) Character Ars Nova ( 2012 ) Off - Broadway Kazino Meatpacking District ( 2013 ) Off - Broadway Kazino Times Square ( 2013 ) American Repertory Theater ( 2015 ) Broadway ( 2016 ) Natasha Rostova Phillipa Soo Denée Benton Pierre Bezukhov Dave Malloy David Abeles Scott Stangland Josh Groban Anatole Kuragin Lucas Steele Sonya Rostova Brittain Ashford Hélène Bezukhova Amber Gray Lilli Cooper Amber Gray Marya Dmitriyevna Amelia Workman Grace McLean Fedya Dolokhov Nick Choksi Ian Lassiter Nick Choksi Andrey Bolkonsky / Old Prince Bolkonsky Blake DeLong Nicholas Belton Mary Bolkonskaya Gelsey Bell Shaina Taub Gelsey Bell Balaga Paul Pinto Ashkon Davaran Paul Pinto Broadway Understudies ( edit ) For Natasha Rostova : Shoba Narayan , Lauren Zakrin For Pierre Bezukhov : Scott Stangland ( standby ) , Heath Saunders , Nick Gaswirth For Anatole Kuragin : Josh Canfield , Blaine Alden Krauss For Sonya Rostova : Ashley Pérez Flanagan , Courtney Bassett For Hélène Bezukhova : Lulu Fall , Kennedy Caughell , Erica Dorfler For Marya Dmitriyevna : Lulu Fall , Kennedy Caughell , Erica Dorfler For Fedya Dolokhov : Azudi Onyejekwe , Ken Clark For Andrey Bolkonsky / Old Prince Bolkonsky : Ken Clark , Blaine Alden Krauss For Mary Bolkonskaya / Maid Servant : Courtney Bassett , Ashley Pérez Flanagan For Balaga : Heath Saunders , Nick Gaswirth Notable cast replacements ( edit ) Composer Dave Malloy temporarily replaced Josh Groban as Pierre on several performances from May 4 to June 27 and July 3 to July 9 , 2017 .", "10": "He replaced Scott Stangland as Pierre on August 22 , 2017 . Multi-platinum singer - songwriter Ingrid Michaelson temporarily replaced Brittain Ashford as Sonya on July 3 through August 13 , 2017 . Ashford returned to the role on August 15 . Okieriete Onaodowan , best known for originating the roles of James Madison and Hercules Mulligan in the 2015 musical Hamilton , took over the role of Pierre from Dave Malloy on July 11 through August 13 , 2017 . Scott Stangland replaced Okieriete Onaodowan as Pierre from August 15 through 20 , 2017 . Critical response ( edit ) The piece was very well received by the New York press ; Charles Isherwood in the New York Times called it `` a vibrant , transporting new musical , '' and both Times theater critics included the show on their Best of the Year lists . The Times ' classical critic , Anthony Tommasini , called it `` a breathless , roughish and ravishing quasi-opera . This is a pastiche score of a cavalier sort . Mr. Malloy lifts styles with such abandon , making willful shifts -- from punk riffs to agitated Broadway ballads , mock - pompous recitative to gritty Russian folk songs or drinking choruses with klezmer clarinets -- that you lose track of what is being appropriated and really do n't care . '' Time Out New York gave the piece five out of five stars , and also included it on both critics ' Best of lists , stating `` this is theater like no other in New York . It grounds you and transports you at once , and leaves you beaming with pleasure . ''", "11": "Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Off - Broadway production ( edit ) Sources : TheaterMania Internet Off - Broadway Database Village Voice Year Award Category Nominee Result 2013 Obie Award Special Citations Dave Malloy & Rachel Chavkin Won Drama League Award Distinguished Performance Award Phillipa Soo Nominated Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Musical Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Nominated Outstanding Music Dave Malloy Nominated Outstanding Lyrics Nominated Outstanding Director of a Musical Rachel Chavkin Nominated Outstanding Costume Design Paloma Young Nominated Off - Broadway Alliance Awards Best New Musical Won 2014 Lucille Lortel Award Outstanding Musical Nominated Outstanding Director Rachel Chavkin Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Musical Phillipa Soo Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Lucas Steele Won Blake DeLong Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Brittain Ashford Nominated Shaina Taub Nominated Outstanding Scenic Design Mimi Lien Won Outstanding Costume Design Paloma Young Won Outstanding Lighting Design Bradley King Nominated Outstanding Sound Design Matt Hubbs Nominated Original Cambridge production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2016 Elliot Norton Award Outstanding Musical Production by a Large Theatre Won Outstanding Design , Large Theatre Won Outstanding Director , Large Theatre Rachel Chavkin Won Outstanding Performance by an Actor Lucas Steele Nominated Scott Stangland Won Outstanding Performance by an Actress Denée Benton Nominated Outstanding Ensemble ,", "12": "Large Theatre Nominated Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2017 Tony Award Best Musical Nominated Best Book of a Musical Dave Malloy Nominated Best Original Score Nominated Best Orchestrations Nominated Best Actor in a Musical Josh Groban Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Denée Benton Nominated Best Featured Actor in a Musical Lucas Steele Nominated Best Scenic Design in a Musical Mimi Lien Won Best Costume Design in a Musical Paloma Young Nominated Best Lighting Design in a Musical Bradley King Won Best Direction of a Musical Rachel Chavkin Nominated Best Choreography Sam Pinkleton Nominated Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Director of a Musical Rachel Chavkin Won Outstanding Set Design Mimi Lien Won Outstanding Lighting Design for a Musical Bradley King Won Outstanding Sound Design in a Musical Nicholas Pope Won Drama League Award Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Musical Nominated Distinguished Performance Award Denée Benton Nominated Josh Groban Nominated Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Set Design Mimi Lien Won Outstanding Lighting Design Bradley King Won Outstanding Sound Design Nicholas Pope Nominated Theatre World Award Denée Benton Honoree Josh Groban Honoree Amber Gray Honoree Dave Malloy Special Award Honoree Chita Rivera Awards for Dance and Choreography Outstanding Ensemble in a Broadway Show Won ACCA Award for Outstanding Broadway Chorus Sumayya Ali , Courtney Bassett , Josh Canfield , Kennedy Caughell , Ken Clark , Erica Dorfler , Lulu Fall , Ashley Pérez Flanagan , Paloma Garcia - Lee , Nick Gaswirth , Alex Gibson , Billy Joe Kiessling , Mary Spencer Knapp , Blaine Alden Krauss , Reed Luplau , Brandt Martinez , Andrew Mayer , Mary Page Nance , Shoba Narayan , Azudi Onyejekwe , Pearl Rhein , Celia Mei Rubin , Heath Saunders , Ani Taj , Cathryn Wake , Katrina Yaukey ,", "13": "and Lauren Zakrin Recipient Extraordinary Excellence in Diversity Recipient Recordings ( edit ) On December 10 , 2013 Ghostlight Records released a two - disc original cast album of the entire score . Later , another disc containing highlights from the show was released . The original Broadway cast recording was released on May 19 , 2017 . Book ( edit ) On November 22 , 2016 the book Natasha , Pierre , and the Great Comet of 1812 : The Journey of a New Musical to Broadway was released . The book , edited and compiled by Steven Suskin , includes interviews with many of the original cast members , as well as the annotated script and photos of both the Kazino and Broadway casts . The book also includes a CD with five songs from the show : three from the original cast recording , and two featuring Josh Groban and a 25 piece orchestra . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vincentelli , Elisabeth ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Over the Moon For Comet '' . The NY Post . New York . ^ Jump up to : Original Cast Recording ( CD booklet ) . New York : Sh - k - boom Records . Jump up ^ Clarke , David . `` Natasha , Pierre and the Great Comet of 1812 ( Original Cast Recording ) is Astonishingly Complex '' , Broadway World , December 22 , 2013 , accessed April 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ Amodio , Joseph V. `` Josh Groban talks Broadway debut in Great Comet of 1812 '' , Newsday , January 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Natasha , Pierre and the Great Comet of 1812 '' . ARS NOVA. 2016 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Rodgers Award - Winning Musical Natasha , Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 Opens May 16 at NYC 's Kazino Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Natasha , Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 Will Play the Imperial '' , Playbill , March 7 , 2016 . accessed March 7 , 2016 .", "14": "Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles . `` Review : Natasha , Pierre and the Great Comet of 1812 , on the Heels of Hamilton '' The New York Times , November 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael ( 2017 - 08 - 29 ) . `` Race , Money and Broadway : How ' Great Comet ' Burned Out '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Sblendorio , Marissa ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Hamilton 's Okieriete Onaodowan Will Make His Great Comet Debut on July 11 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Gans , Andrew ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Mandy Patinkin Will Return to Broadway in The Great Comet Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` What About Oak ? GREAT COMET Producer Explains Okieriete Onaodowan 's Exit '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 2017 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Lefkowitz , Andy ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Natasha , Pierre & the Great Comet of 1812 Will Close on Broadway ; Creator Dave Malloy to Rejoin Cast '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Natasha , Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 Samuel French '' . www.samuelfrench.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Audition for NATASHA , PIERRE & THE GREAT COMET OF 1812 at Off Broadway Theatre TBA in New York on 01 / 25 '' . www.broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 23 .", "15": "Jump up ^ `` Audition for NATASHA , PIERRE & THE GREAT COMET OF 1812 at Off Broadway Theatre TBA in New York on 01 / 25 '' . www.broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Malloy ( Ft . Dave Malloy & Phillipa Soo ) -- Prologue '' . Genius . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.playbill.com/article/onces-david-abeles-will-join-off-broadways-natasha-pierre-the-great-comet-of-1812-com-206737 Jump up ^ `` Person List '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) . `` Ingrid Michaelson Will Make Broadway Debut in The Great Comet Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Henry , Alan ( 2017 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Brittain Ashford Confirms Great Comet Return ; Who Will Play Pierre ? '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) . `` A Hamilton Star Is to Replace Josh Groban in Great Comet '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles . `` Review '' , The New York Times , May 16 , 2013 Jump up ^ Tommasini , Anthony . `` Pastiche , Parody , Homage and Theft '' , The New York Times , May 22 , 2014 Jump up ^ Feldman , Adam . `` Review '' Time Out New York , October 16 , 2012 Jump up ^ Levitt , Hayley .", "16": "`` ' Here Lies Love ' and ' Natasha , Pierre & the Great Comet of 1812 ' Break Lucille Lortel Award Records '' theatermania.com , April 2 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` ' Natasha , Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 ' Off - Broadway '' lortel.org , accessed May 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Obies '' villagevoice.com , accessed May 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` 2013 Obie Awards '' . Obie Awards . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Miller , Gregory E. ( 2013 - 04 - 23 ) . `` 2013 Drama League Awards nominations announced '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The 58th Annual Drama Desk Award Winners Are Announced ! '' . TheaterMania.com. 2013 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 OBA Awards -- Off Broadway Alliance '' . offbroadwayalliance.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Nominations '' . www.lortelaward.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` THEATER : 2016 ELLIOT NORTON AWARD NOMINATIONS ! '' . Joyce 's Choices . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Elliot Norton Awards '' . Elliot Norton Awards . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Tony Awards -- And the Nominees Are ... Complete List ! NATASHA , PIERRE & THE GREAT COMET OF 1812 and HELLO , DOLLY ! Lead Pack '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 2017 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Drama Desk Award Nominations Announced Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 .", "17": "Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( 2017 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Daniel Craig , Cate Blanchett , Allison Janney Nominated for Drama League Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Outer Critics Circle Nominations Announced : Hello , Dolly ! , Anastasia , Groundhog Day and More ! '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 2017 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News : HELLO , DOLLY ! & COME FROM AWAY Top Outer Critics Circle Winners ; Full List ! '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 2017 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : Stars from GREAT COMET , ANASTASIA , MISS SAIGON & More Earn 2017 Theatre World Awards ! '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 2017 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Bandstand , Cats , Holiday Inn , Sweet Charity Among 2017 Chita Rivera Award Nominees '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 2017 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Lefkowitz , Andy ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Corbin Bleu , Megan Sikora & More Win Chita Rivera Awards '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Actors ' Equity Association Honors GREAT COMET with Outstanding Broadway Chorus Award '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 2017 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` A Doll 's House , Part 2 , Come From Away , Great Comet Receive Equity Diversity Award '' . TheaterMania.com. 2017 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael ( September 24 , 2013 ) .", "18": "`` Two Disc Cast Album of Natasha Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 Will Be Released in 2013 '' . Playbill . New York . External links ( edit ) Internet Off - Broadway Database Internet Broadway Database ( hide ) Leo Tolstoy 's War and Peace ( 1869 ) Main characters Pierre Bezukhov Andrei Bolkonsky Natasha Rostova Marya Bolkonskaya Nikolai Rostov Hélène Kuragina Sonya Rostova Anatole Kuragin All characters Historical characters Napoleon Mikhail Kutuzov Barclay de Tolly Pyotr Bagration Fyodor Rostopchin Alexander I of Russia Events Battle of Schöngrabern Battle of Austerlitz Treaties of Tilsit Battle of Borodino Fire of Moscow Battle of Krasnoi French invasion of Russia Napoleonic Wars Adaptations War and Peace ( 1942 opera ) War and Peace ( 1956 film ) War and Peace ( 1966 -- 67 film series ) War and Peace ( 1972 TV series ) War and Peace ( 2007 miniseries ) Natasha , Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 ( 2012 musical ) War & Peace ( 2016 TV series ) Related War and Peace ( 1980 board game ) War and Peace : 1796 -- 1815 ( 2002 video game ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natasha,_Pierre_%26_The_Great_Comet_of_1812&oldid=807275693 '' Categories : 2012 musicals Off - Broadway musicals Broadway musicals Adaptations of works by Leo Tolstoy Musicals based on novels Rock operas War and Peace Plays set in Russia Plays set in the 19th century Sung - through musicals Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 00 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "19": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1747539378277902434	who sang smoke gets in your eyes first	[ "Tamara Drasin", "Tamara Drasin", "Tamara Drasin", "Gertrude Niesen" ]	{ "0": "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes - wikipedia Smoke Gets in Your Eyes Jump to : navigation , search For the Homicide episode , see Smoke Gets in Your Eyes ( Homicide : Life on the Street ) . For the Mad Men episode , see Smoke Gets in Your Eyes ( Mad Men ) . For the book about death care , see Caitlin Doughty . This article is about the song . For other uses , see Smoke Gets in Your Eyes ( disambiguation ) . `` ( When Your Heart 's on Fire ) Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' Single by Gertrude Niesen ( with Ray Sinatra and his Orchestra ) B - side `` Jealousy '' Released 1933 Format 10 '' Recorded October 13 , 1933 Label Victor Songwriter ( s ) Otto Harbach Jerome Kern Producer ( s ) Ray Sinatra `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' is a show tune written by American composer Jerome Kern and lyricist Otto Harbach for their 1933 musical Roberta . The song was sung in the original Broadway show by Tamara Drasin . Its first recorded performance was by Gertrude Niesen , who recorded the song with orchestral direction from Ray Sinatra , Frank Sinatra 's second cousin , on October 13 , 1933 . Niesen 's recording of the song was released by Victor , catalog # VE B 24454 , with the B - side , `` Jealousy '' , featuring Isham Jones and his Orchestra . Paul Whiteman had the first hit recording of the song on the record charts in 1934 . The song was later reprised by Irene Dunne , who performed it in the original 1935 film adaptation of the musical , co-starring Fred Astaire , Ginger Rogers and Randolph Scott . The song was also included in the 1952 remake of Roberta , Lovely to Look At , in which it was performed by Kathryn Grayson , and was a chart hit in 1958 for The Platters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Later recordings 1.1 1930s -- 1950s 1.1. 1 Eartha Kitt versions 1.1. 2 The Platters version 1.1.", "1": "2.1 Charts 1.2 1960s -- 1980s 1.3 1990s -- 2010s 2 List of notable recordings 3 In popular culture 3.1 In film 3.2 In television 3.3 In music 3.4 In literature 3.5 In other uses 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Later recordings ( edit ) 1930s -- 1950s ( edit ) The song has been covered by numerous artists ; the first being Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra , with a vocal performance from Bob Lawrence . This version of the song topped music charts in 1934 . Other early covers of the song include that of the Tommy Dorsey orchestra , who released their contemporary version in 1938 , with His Master 's Voice . The B - side to Dorsey 's single was `` Night And Day '' . During the mid-to - late 1930s Larry Adler and Henry Hall recorded live radio performances of the song on BBC Radio broadcasts ; Adler 's rendition , a complex , syncopated , harmonic arrangement , and Hall 's , a full orchestral performance with the BBC orchestra and a vocal performance from Dan Donovan . Henry Hall 's version was also released as a 10 '' single . Art Tatum said in an introduction to a 1955 performance of the song that he performed `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' in the 1930s , contributing to the song 's popularity . However , it is unclear whether Tatum recorded the song during that decade ; if a recording was made at that time , it may not have survived to the present day . Benny Goodman and his orchestra performing with Peggy Lee . In 1941 the Benny Goodman Orchestra first performed the song during recorded radio performances with Helen Forrest . Forrest chose to leave the ensemble during the early part of 1941 , and Goodman then began performing the song with her replacement Peggy Lee , whose recording , from a Mutual sustaining broadcast , was later released on a double long - play album ; named Benny And Sid `` Roll ' Em '' , the album consisted of an assortment of live radio broadcasts by the group . Glenn Miller conducted his rendition of the song at Abbey Road Studios in 1944 .", "2": "Owing to his sudden death later that year , his orchestral version of the song was not released until 1995 . On October 30 , 1946 Nat `` King '' Cole recorded the song , with Oscar Moore playing guitar and Johnny Miller playing bass as the `` King Cole Trio '' . Cole 's recording was made during a live WMCA radio broadcast from New York . Later , in 1957 , Cole performed the song live on his television variety show The Nat King Cole Show . Though it was not released until some years later , Harry Belafonte made a recording of the song in 1949 with jazz saxophonist Zoot Sims . This was one of Belafonte 's first recordings . Sims ' performance on the track would later be parodied by the character inspired by him , in episode 2.02 of The Muppet Show , which aired on December 10 , 1977 . The song was covered by multiple artists during this time including Nat King Cole ( left ) , Jo Stafford ( center ) , and Sarah Vaughan ( right ) . In 1950 Charlie Parker and Jo Stafford each released versions of the song on their respective albums , Bird at St. Nick 's and Autumn in New York . Thelonious Monk released the song in 1954 on his album Monk . On his 1955 album Clifford Brown with Strings , Clifford Brown released a cover of the song . In 1956 Vic Damone covered the song , with a very different arrangement , as a part of his album That Towering Feeling ! . Damone 's version became one of his most famous songs . Dinah Washington released the song in 1956 , on her album Dinah ! . Jeri Southern named her 1957 album When Your Heart 's On Fire after a lyric from the song ; the album features her version of the song . The same year as Nat King Cole 's televised performance of the song , Polly Bergen performed the song during the series premiere of her variety show The Polly Bergen Show , originally airing September 21 , 1957 . In 1958 Sarah Vaughan released her rendition on her album , No Count Sarah .", "3": "Eartha Kitt versions ( edit ) In a series of recording sessions with Henri René and his Orchestra in 1952 , sessions that garnered the tracks for her first five albums , RCA Victor Presents Eartha Kitt , That Bad Eartha ( 2xEP ) , That Bad Eartha ( LP ) , Down To Eartha , and Thursday 's Child , as well as her hit single , `` Santa Baby '' , Eartha Kitt first recorded `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' for RCA Victor . This version of the song was first released on her 1954 album That Bad Eartha . A complete list of orchestra members used during the Henri René recording sessions can be read here . In the early 1990s Kitt re-recorded the song , as part of her work with a small jazz combo in Germany , in a recording session arranged by brothers Rolf Kühn and Joachim Kühn . These recordings were preserved by the 1998 release of Thinking Jazz . Kitt re-recorded the song again for the release of her MAC Cosmetics Smoke Signals collection . The new recording of the song was played at all MAC locations carrying the collection for the month . In addition , she performed the song in a music video that was showcased on the MAC website the same month . The Platters version ( edit ) `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' Single by The Platters from the album Remember When ? B - side `` No Matter What You Are '' Released November 1958 Format 45 rpm Genre Doo - wop Length 2 : 40 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Otto Harbach Jerome Kern Producer ( s ) Buck Ram The Platters singles chronology `` I Wish '' ( 1958 ) `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' ( 1958 ) `` Enchanted '' ( 1959 ) `` I Wish '' ( 1958 ) `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' ( 1958 ) `` Enchanted '' ( 1959 ) Possibly the most well - known version of `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' was recorded in 1958 by The Platters , for their album Remember When ? . The group 's cover became a number one hit in the U.S.", "4": "on the Billboard Hot 100 music chart . In 1959 the version went on to peak at number three on the Rhythm and Blues chart . The song spent 20 weeks on the UK charts , peaking at Number 1 for one week on 20 March of that same year . The Platters ' producer , Buck Ram , reported that Harbach `` congratulated Buck Ram and the Platters for reviving his song with taste . '' Jerome Kern 's widow , on the other hand , disliked the recording so much she considered taking legal action to prevent its distribution . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1958 -- 59 ) Peak position Australia United Kingdom United States Billboard Hot 100 United States Billboard Hot R&B 1960s -- 1980s ( edit ) Margaret Whiting released the song on her 1960 album Margaret Whiting Sings the Jerome Kern Songbook . In 1961 Cannonball Adderley released the song on his album African Waltz . Bandleader Ray Conniff first released his arrangement of the song in 1962 , on his double album The Ray Conniff Hi - Fi Companion ; it became one of the signature songs of his career . Saxophone player Boots Randolph released an instrumental version of the song on the B - side of his LP Yakety Sax in 1963 . On February 2 , 1964 , Judy Garland performed the song in a comical performance on the nineteenth episode of her variety television series , The Judy Garland Show . In her performance she sings longingly , sitting at a small table , as the house around her burns down ; firefighters hack down the door behind her as she sits unfazed singing to the camera . A number of firefighters flee up the staircase , for which smoke billows down , in an attempt to douse the fire . When their attempts fail , they proceed to empty the room of its contents , presumably running them to the street . Eventually , after the room has been completely emptied , one man returns to save Garland ; he grabs her by her waist , throwing her over his shoulder . Garland is still clutching the back of the chair she once sat on , now dragging it across the room as the firefighter carries her out . Throughout the scene , she never stops singing .", "5": "The song was covered by multiple artists in this period including Bryan Ferry , Judy Garland ( left ) , and Ray Conniff ( center ) ; Freddie Mercury ( right ) is rumored to have recorded the song for an unfinished album . A remake of the song by British band Blue Haze , formed by Johnny Arthey and Phil Swern , also became popular ; it was released as a lead single in 1972 , and the following year on their eponymous album , Blue Haze . In 1973 the group Byron Lee and the Dragonaires released a version of the song on their studio album Reggae Round The World . Bryan Ferry recorded a quavering version of the song in 1974 on the album Another Time , Another Place , which reached number 17 on the UK charts in September 1974 . Penny McLean , of the West German band Silver Convention , released a solo version in 1975 on her album Lady Bump ; her version reached # 6 on Billboard Disco Singles . In 1982 country singer Narvel Felts released the song as a 7 - inch single ; it charted at number eighty - four in the US on Billboards 's country chart . Freddie Mercury is rumored to have recorded the song for an unreleased album of cover versions in 1986 . The only cover Mercury is confirmed to have finished from the project is `` The Great Pretender '' ; all other recordings are reported to be no more than fragments . A cover of `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' was released by Patti Austin in 1988 on her number - four jazz album The Real Me . In 1989 , the same year Dinah Washington 's rendition of the song was used in the film Kill Me Again , J.D. Souther performed the song on stage in the film Always . 1990s -- 2010s ( edit ) Further information : Smoke Gets in Your Eyes § Eartha Kitt versions Jerry Garcia ( left ) and Barbra Streisand ( right ) have both covered the song . In 1993 Elaine Paige released a version of the song on her album Romance & the Stage . Jerry Garcia , who was named after Jerome Kern , released a music video in the early 1990s covering the song , with actress Ashley Judd sitting in the background listening .", "6": "Garcia 's rendition of the song was later used in the independent film Smoke , released in 1995 . The film also had an official soundtrack release which included The Jerry Garcia Band 's version . David Sanborn released a cover of the song in 1995 on his album Pearls . John Alford released the song as a CD single from his eponymous debut album in 1996 ; the single peaked at number thirteen on the UK Singles Chart . In the 1999 film Tea With Mussolini , Cher 's character sings the last verse of the song , tenderly . Kurt Elling covered the song on his 2000 live album Live in Chicago ; the album was nominated for a Grammy the following year for Best Vocal Jazz Album . Clare Fischer and Bert van den Brink released their version of the song on their joint album , Bert van den Brink Invites Clare Fischer , in 2001 . The song has also been translated into Lithuanian by Vytautas Bložė around 2003 ; in Lithuanian the song is `` Žiedų Pūga '' . Alison Jiear recorded a version of the song with new orchestral arrangements written by Mychael Danna in 2004 for the film Being Julia , the song was also featured in the official soundtrack for the film . Deborah Cox released her cover of the song on her 2007 jazz album Destination Moon ; she recorded the track in a live session with a forty - piece orchestra . In 2008 , on his album Let It Be Me , Jason Donovan covered the song . Barbra Streisand recorded the song for her thirty - second album Love Is the Answer , released on September 29 , 2009 . Johnny Dankworth covered the song on his 2010 album Too Cool For The Blues . List of notable recordings ( edit ) Performer ( s ) Year Original appearance ( s ) Whiteman , Paul and his Orchestra ! Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra ( with Bob Lawrence ) 1934 10 '' single Adderley , Cannonball ! Cannonball Adderley 1961 African Waltz Adler , Larry ! Larry Adler 1935 ! 1934 - 37 live radio broadcast from London Alford , John !", "7": "John Alford CD single John Alford Austin , Patti ! Patti Austin The Real Me Belafonte , Harry ! Harry Belafonte ( with Zoot Sims ) 1949 ! rec : 1949 Unreleased cut from either Close Your Eyes or Ballads by Belafonte . Bergen , Polly ! Polly Bergen 1957 The Polly Bergen Show ( episode 1 ) Blue Haze ( Johnny Arthey and Phil Swern ) 1972 Blue Haze Boggess , Sierra ! Sierra Boggess 2013 Awakening : Live at 54 Below Clayderman , Richard ! Richard Clayderman 2003 Romantic Nights Brown , Clifford ! Clifford Brown 1955 Clifford Brown with Strings Byron Lee and the Dragonaires 1973 Reggae Round The World Cher ! Cher ( last verse only ) 1999 Tea With Mussolini ( film ) Cole , Nat King ! Nat King Cole 1946 WMCA broadcast ( radio ) 1957 The Nat King Cole Show Conniff , Ray ! Ray Conniff 1962 The Ray Conniff Hi - Fi Companion Cox , Deborah ! Deborah Cox 2007 - 06 ! 2007 Destination Moon Damone , Vic ! Vic Damone 1956 That Towering Feeling ! Dankworth , Johnny ! Johnny Dankworth Too Cool For The Blues Donovan , Jason ! Jason Donovan 2008 Let It Be Me Dorsey , Tommy ! Tommy Dorsey and his Orchestra 1938 10 '' single Elling , Kurt ! Kurt Elling 2000 Live in Chicago Felts , Narvel ! Narvel Felts 1982 7 '' single Ferry , Bryan ! Bryan Ferry Another Time , Another Place Fischer , Clare ! Clare Fischer and Bert van den Brink Bert van den Brink Invites Clare Fischer Gainsbourg , Serge ! Serge Gainsbourg Rock Around the Bunker Garland , Judy !", "8": "Judy Garland 1964 The Judy Garland Show ( episode 19 ) Goodman , Benny Orchestra ! Benny Goodman Orchestra ( with Forrest , Helen ! Helen Forrest ) 1940 -- 41 original release is unclear ; re-released to multiple compilation albums Goodman , Benny Orchestra ! Benny Goodman Orchestra ( with Lee , Peggy ! Peggy Lee ) 1941 Mutual sustaining broadcast ( radio ) Benny And Sid `` Roll ' Em '' ( a collection of live radio performances ) Hall , Henry ! Henry Hall and the BBC Orchestra ( with Dan Donovan ) 1935 ! 1934 - 38 BBC Broadcast ( radio ) 10 '' single Hannibal Peterson , Marvin ! `` Hannibal '' Marvin Peterson ( as a member of New York Unit ) Now 's The Time Hawkins , Coleman ! Coleman Hawkins 1962 On Broadway Humperdinck , Engelbert ! Engelbert Humperdinck 1995 Love Unchained Jarrett , Keith ! Keith Jarrett 2009 Yesterdays Jerry Garcia Band , The ! The Jerry Garcia Band 1995 Smoke ( Original Soundtrack ) Jiear , Alison ! Alison Jiear Being Julia ( Original Soundtrack ) Jolson , Al ! Al Jolson 1948 ! rec : 1947 - 49 Kraft Music Hall broadcast ( radio ) 1995 Live ! Juozapaitis , Vytautas ! Vytautas Juozapaitis ( Lithuanian translation `` Žiedų Pūga '' ) Negaliu Nemylėti Kitt , Eartha ! Eartha Kitt 1954 That Bad Eartha 1991 ! rec : 1991 Thinking Jazz ( 1998 ) 2007 - 08 ! 2007 MAC Cosmetics Smoke Signals collection promotion McLean , Penny ! Penny McLean Lady Bump Melachrino , George ! George Melachrino ( as The Melachrino Strings and Orchestra ) 1961 The Music Of Jerome Kern Mercury , Freddie ! Freddie Mercury 1986 !", "9": "rec : 1986 rumored recording made for an album of cover versions Miller , Glenn ! Glenn Miller 1944 ! rec : 1944 Missing Chapters , Vol. 5 : The Complete Abbey Road Recordings ( recording not released until 1995 ) Monk , Thelonious ! Thelonious Monk 1954 Monk Mouskouri , Nana ! Nana Mouskouri 1962 Nana Mouskouri in New York ( The Girl from Greece Sings ) Niesen , Gertrude ! Gertrude Niesen ( with Ray Sinatra and his Orchestra ) 1933 10 '' single Paige , Elaine ! Elaine Paige Romance & the Stage Parker , Charlie ! Charlie Parker 1950 Bird at St. Nick 's Platters , The ! The Platters 1958 Remember When ? Randolph , Boots ! Boots Randolph 1963 Yakety Sax Sanborn , David ! David Sanborn 1995 Pearls Souther , JD ! JD Souther 1989 - 12 ! 1989 Always ( film ) Southern , Jeri ! Jeri Southern 1957 When Your Heart 's On Fire Stafford , Jo ! Jo Stafford 1950 Autumn in New York Streisand , Barbra ! Barbra Streisand 2009 Love Is The Answer Tatum , Art ! Art Tatum 1936 ! 1930s unrecorded or lost recordings 1955 live radio broadcast 1965 Great Jazz Pianists ( Oscar Peterson / Erroll Garner / Art Tatum ) Vaughan , Sarah ! Sarah Vaughan 1958 No Count Sarah Veloso , Caetano ! Caetano Veloso A Foreign Sound Washington , Dinah ! Dinah Washington 1956 Dinah ! Whiting , Margaret ! Margaret Whiting 1960 Margaret Whiting Sings the Jerome Kern Songbook Yuro , Timi ! Timi Yuro 1981 All Alone Am I Zoot and Rowlf !", "10": "Zoot and Rowlf 1977 The Muppet Show ( episode 2.02 : `` Zero Mostel '' ) Vov Dylan and Glenn Amer 2014 Timeless Other recordings Tamara Sinyavskaya Tatsuro Yamashita In popular culture ( edit ) In film ( edit ) The song has been featured in several films , including : Roberta ( 1935 ) , performed by Irene Dunne 's character Lovely to Look At ( 1952 ) , performed by Kathryn Grayson 's character The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant ( 1972 ) , performed by The Platters American Graffiti ( 1973 ) , performed by The Platters Night of the Creeps ( 1986 ) , performed by The Platters Terrorizers ( 1986 ) Kill Me Again ( 1989 ) , performed by Dinah Washington Always ( 1989 ) , performed by J.D. Souther Smoke ( 1995 ) , performed by Jerry Garcia Tea With Mussolini ( 1999 ) , performed by Cher 's character Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) , performed by The Platters with Mychael Danna Being Julia ( 2004 ) , performed by Alison Jiear with Mychael Danna Traumschiff Surprise -- Periode 1 ( 2004 ) , performed by The Platters Three Times ( 2005 ) , features significantly in both the plot and soundtrack Blue Valentine ( 2010 ) , performed by The Platters 45 Years ( 2015 ) , performed by The Platters Hello , My Name Is Doris ( 2015 ) , performed by The Platters In television ( edit ) The Polly Bergen Show ( 1957 ) ; Polly Bergen sings the song during the series premiere of her NBC variety show , it originally aired September 21 , 1957 . The Nat King Cole Show ( 1957 ) ; Nat King Cole performed the song during an episode of his television show . The Judy Garland Show ( 1964 ) ; Judy Garland performs a comical version during episode 19 .", "11": "The Morecambe and Wise Show ( 1971 ) ; the song was performed by Shirley Bassey , with assistance ( in the form of well - meaning but less - than - competent stagehands ) from the two comedians . The Muppet Show ( 1977 ) ; the song was performed by the characters Zoot and Rowlf on episode 2.02 , Zero Mostel . Sliders ( 1995 ) ; Rembrandt Brown ( Cleavant Derricks ) sings the song while panhandling for change in a park . 90 Days , Time to Love ( 2006 ) ; the song is used as background music throughout the Korean drama . CSI ( 2008 ) ; In 09.08 , `` Young Man With a Horn , '' the song is used in both the opening and closing scenes as the song sung by contestants of a singing competition . Mad Men ( 2007 ) ; `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' is the title of the pilot episode of the AMC TV series which aired July 19 , 2007 . Criminal Minds ( 2012 ) ; The Platters ' version of the song was featured in a 2012 episode of the show , entitled `` Heathridge Manor '' . Endeavour ( 2014 ) ; in the episode `` Sway '' , episode 2.03 , which is set in 1965 Oxford , one victim 's `` fancy man '' is given a cigarette lighter which she has engraved with the words `` They asked me how I knew . '' Upon learning of this , Endeavour 's mentor , Fred Thursday , immediately responds : `` Smoke Gets In Your Eyes . '' In music ( edit ) Led Zeppelin performed a few seconds of the song at a live performance at Osaka , Japan on September 9 , 1971 . It was later released to a bootleg album entitled Live in Japan ' 69 . Allan Sherman sang a parody version in 1961 , entitled `` Smog Gets in Your Eyes '' . Sha Na Na ( with Johnny Contardo ) performed the song live some time between 1970 and 1985 . Their performance has strong similarities to The Platters ' version .", "12": "In Cake 's song `` Wheels '' , from their 2004 album Pressure Chief , the song is referenced in the lyrics : `` In a seedy karaoke bar ... there 's a Japanese man in a business suit singing ' Smoke Gets In Your Eyes ' '' . BoA performed the song live at the 10th Busan Film Festival on October 7 , 2005 . In literature ( edit ) In Catcher in the Rye , Holden Caulfield listens to this song when he is at the carousel . Caitlin Doughty 's memoir , Smoke Gets in Your Eyes : And Other Lessons from the Crematory , about life in the death industry is named after the song . In other uses ( edit ) In 1943 Giuliana Camerino and her husband fled Italy to escape the persecution of Jews in Italy ; they returned in 1945 , when Giuliana launched her fashion house Roberta di Camerino . `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' was the last song the Camerinos danced to before becoming refugees , so Giuliana named her fashion house after the Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers film as a reminder of happier times . See also ( edit ) Jazz portal List of 1930s jazz standards List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1950s List of number - one singles from the 1950s ( UK ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1959 ( U.S. ) List of number - one hits of 1959 ( Italy ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ray Sinatra : Frank 's cousin , sinatrafamily.com , retrieved July 25 , 2014 Jump up ^ Victor 24454 : Gertrude Niesen and Isham Jones -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes / Jealousy , popsike.com , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gioia , Ted. The Jazz Standards : A Guide to the Repertoire . NY : Oxford University Press , 2012 , p. 371 . Jump up ^ Tsort . `` Song artist 12 - Paul Whiteman '' .", "13": "^ Jump up to : Tommy Dorsey And His Orchestra -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes / Night And Day , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Larry Adler In The Thirties CD ( read `` Product Description '' section ) , CD Universe , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Henry Hall Orch -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes , Internet Archive , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Art Tatum plays `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' ( 1955 ) , YouTube , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Great Encounters # 24 : When Peggy Lee Joined Benny Goodmans Band , jerryjazzmusician.com , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Peggy Lee official discography , peggylee.com , retrieved July 23 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Benny and Sid `` Roll ' Em '' , discogs , retrieved July 23 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Missing Chapters , Vol. 5 : The Complete Abbey Road Recordings , Allmusic , retrieved July 23 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Nat King Cole : An Informal Discography ( Sessions of 1946 ) , alongthehall.com , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Nat King Cole . Smoke Gets In Your Eyes. 1957. , YouTube , Johnny Brown ( user ) , NBC ( original ) , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Vic Damone -- That Towering Feeling ! , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` The Polly Bergen Show '' . Classic Television Archives . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Eartha Kitt M.A.C. Cosmetics by Michel Comte , YouTube , MAC Cosmetics ( original / user ) , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Buck Ram interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 463 .", "14": "Jump up ^ Frith , Simon ; Gillett , Charlie ( 1976 ) . Rock File 4 . Panther Books Ltd. p. 388 . Jump up ^ Fred Bronson , The Billboard Book of Number One Hits , Billboard Publications , 1985 , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Conniff his Orchestra and Chorus -- The Ray Conniff Hi - Fi Companion , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Boots Randolph -- Boots Randolph 's Yakety Sax , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Judy Garland -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes ( The Judy Garland Show ) , YouTube , TheManThatGetsAway ( user ) , CBS ( original ) , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Verity , Michael . `` One Hit Wonders : Blue Haze 's `` Smoke Gets In Your Eyes '' `` . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Blue Haze ( 2 ) -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Blue Haze ( 2 ) -- Blue Haze , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Byron Lee And The Dragonaires -- Reggae Round The World , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ ALLMusic Awards > > Penny McLean at the Wayback Machine ( archived June 5 , 2016 ) . AllMusic . ^ Jump up to : Queen band members discographies , queen.wz.cz , retrieved July 23 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Smoke ( Original Soundtrack ) , Allmusic , retrieved July 23 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Pearls overview '' . Allmusic.com .", "15": "^ Jump up to : John Alford -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes , discogs , retrieved July 22 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : John Alford -- John Alford , discogs , retrieved July 22 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Being Julia ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , Allmusic , retrieved July 31 , 2014 Jump up ^ Belafonte Sings the Blues CD ( Bonus Tracks ) ( read `` Product Description '' section ) , CD Universe , retrieved July 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Belafonte discography ( ' 49 -- ' 59 ) , belafontetracks.ca , retrieved July 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Awakening : Live at 54 Below -- Sierra Boggess , iTunes and Apple Inc. , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Richard Clayderman -- Romantic Nights CD , CD Universe , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Now 's the Time '' by New York Unit , Allmusic , retrieved July 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Hannibal discogrophy , oocities.org , retrieved July 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Engelbert Humperdinck -- Love Unchained , Allmusic , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Live ! CD -- Al Jolson , CD Universe , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Oscar Peterson / Erroll Garner / Art Tatum -- Great Jazz Pianists , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Timi Yuro -- All Alone Am I , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Timeless by Vov Dylan on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tatsuro Yamashita - = = - Smoke Gets In Your Eyes , YouTube , shaggy line ( user ) , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Three Times Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2006 ) Roger Ebert '' . www.rogerebert.com . Retrieved 19 December 2016 .", "16": "Jump up ^ CSI : Crime Scene Investigation : Young Man With a Horn , retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds episode Heathridge Manor '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Led Zeppelin -- Led Zeppelin Live in Japan ' 69 , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Sha Na Na / Johnny Contardo -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes , YouTube , faerydancer ( user ) , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Kwon BoA -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes , YouTube , Brian Rafferty Brian Rafferty ( user ) , retrieved July 25 , 2014 Jump up ^ Doughty , Caitlin ( 2014 - 09 - 15 ) . Smoke Gets in Your Eyes : And Other Lessons from the Crematory ( 1 ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . Jump up ^ Bellafante , Ginia ( 11 September 1999 ) . `` Front Row : To Have and To Hold '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 January 2012 .", "17": "External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Narvel Felts singles `` Drift Away '' `` Reconsider Me '' `` Lonely Teardrops '' `` I Do n't Hurt Anymore '' `` Runaway '' `` Everlasting Love '' `` Roll Over Beethoven '' `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' The Platters Wayne Miller Valerie Victoria Frank Pizarro Cheo Bourne Cornell Gunter Barbara Randolph Herb Reed Zola Taylor Sonny Turner Tony Williams Singles `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' `` The Great Pretender '' `` My Prayer '' `` You 'll Never Never Know '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' `` Harbor Lights '' `` Ebb Tide '' `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' `` If I Did n't Care '' `` I 'll Never Smile Again '' `` It 's Magic '' Penny McLean Studio albums Lady Bump Penny Midnight Explosion Singles `` Lady Bump '' `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' `` 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 ... Fire ! ''", "18": "`` Devil Eyes '' `` Nobody 's Child '' `` Dance , Bunny Honey , Dance '' `` Words '' Related Silver Convention Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smoke_Gets_in_Your_Eyes&oldid=800309868 '' Categories : 1933 songs 1930s jazz standards 1958 singles 1959 singles 1972 singles Barbra Streisand songs Benny Goodman songs The Platters songs Songs with music by Jerome Kern Songs with lyrics by Otto Harbach Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Italy Penny McLean songs Songs from musicals Torch songs Eartha Kitt songs Nana Mouskouri songs Mercury Records singles Carly Simon songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 18 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6570496346595660652	what are the main crops grown in the united states	[ "Corn", "Soybeans", "Wheat", "Alfalfa", "Cotton", "Hay, (non-Alfalfa)", "Tobacco", "Rice", "Sorghum", "Barley", "Corn", "Soybeans", "Wheat", "Alfalfa", "Cotton", "Hay, (non-Alfalfa)", "Tobacco", "Rice", "Sorghum", "Barley", "Corn", "Soybeans", "Wheat", "Alfalfa", "Cotton", "Hay", "Tobacco", "Rice", "Sorghum", "Barley" ]	{ "0": "Agriculture in the United States - wikipedia Agriculture in the United States Jump to : navigation , search A wheat harvest in Idaho This photo from a 1921 encyclopedia shows a tractor plowing a crop field . Agriculture is a major industry in the United States , which is a net exporter of food . As of the 2007 census of agriculture , there were 2.2 million farms , covering an area of 922 million acres ( 3,730,000 km ) , an average of 418 acres ( 169 hectares ) per farm . Although agricultural activity occurs in all states , it is particularly concentrated in the Great Plains , a vast expanse of flat , arable land in the center of the United States and in the region around the Great Lakes known as the Corn Belt . The United States was a leader in seed improvement i.e. hybridization and in expanding uses for crops from the work of George Washington Carver to the development of bioplastics and biofuels . The mechanization of farming and intensive farming have been major themes in U.S. history , including John Deere 's steel plow , Cyrus McCormick 's mechanical reaper , Eli Whitney 's cotton gin to the widespread success of the Fordson tractor and the combine harvesters first made from them . Modern agriculture in the U.S. ranges from the common hobby farms , small - scale producers to large commercial farming covering thousands of acres of cropland or rangeland . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Major agricultural products 2.1 Crops 2.1. 1 Value of production 2.1.", "1": "2 Yield 2.2 Livestock 3 Farm type or majority enterprise type 4 Governance 5 Employment 6 Occupational safety and health 6.1 Research centers 7 Women in agriculture 7.1 Pesticide exposure in relationship to female agricultural workers 7.2 Health effects 7.3 Epigenetic effects 7.4 Scientific limitations 7.5 Challenges and means of exposure 7.6 Occupational Safety 7.7 Home Safety 7.8 Social Determinants of Health 7.9 Socioeconomic challenges 7.10 Policy implications 8 See also 9 Additional reading 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of agriculture in the United States Cotton farming on a Southern plantation in 1921 Corn , turkeys , tomatoes , potatoes , peanuts , and sunflower seeds constitute some of the major holdovers from the agricultural endowment of the Americas . European agricultural practices greatly affected the New England landscape . Colonists brought livestock over from Europe which caused many changes to the land . Grazing animals required a lot of land and food and the act of grazing itself destroyed native grasses , which were being replaced by European species . New species of weeds were introduced and began to thrive as they were capable of withstanding the grazing of animals , whereas native species could not . The practices associated with keeping livestock also contributed to the deterioration of the forests and fields . Colonists would cut down the trees and then allow their cattle and livestock to graze freely in the forest and never plant more trees . The animals trampled and tore up the ground so much as to cause long - term destruction and damage . Soil exhaustion was a huge problem in New England agriculture . Farming with oxen did allow the colonist to farm more land but it increased erosion and decreased soil fertility . This was due to deeper plow cuts in the soil that allowed the soil more contact with oxygen causing nutrient depletion . In grazing fields , the large number of cattle in the New England , the soil was being compacted by the cattle and this did not give the soil enough oxygen to sustain life . In the United States , farms spread from the colonies westward along with the settlers .", "2": "In cooler regions , wheat was often the crop of choice when lands were newly settled , leading to a `` wheat frontier '' that moved westward over the course of years . Also very common in the antebellum Midwest was farming corn while raising hogs , complementing each other especially since it was difficult to get grain to market before the canals and railroads . After the `` wheat frontier '' had passed through an area , more diversified farms including dairy cattle generally took its place . Warmer regions saw plantings of cotton and herds of beef cattle . In the early colonial south , raising tobacco and cotton was common , especially through the use of slave labor until the Civil War . In the northeast , slaves were used in agriculture until the early 19th century . In the Midwest , slavery was prohibited by the Freedom Ordinance of 1787 . The introduction and broad adoption of scientific agriculture since the mid-19th century contributed to economic growth in the United States . This development was facilitated by the Morrill Act and the Hatch Act of 1887 which established in each state a land - grant university ( with a mission to teach and study agriculture ) and a federally funded system of agricultural experiment stations and cooperative extension networks which place extension agents in each state . Soybeans were not widely cultivated in the United States until the early 1930s , and by 1942 it became the world 's largest soybean producer , due in part to World War II and the `` need for domestic sources of fats , oils , and meal '' . Between 1930 and 1942 , the United States ' share of world soybean production skyrocketed from 3 % to 46.5 % , and by 1969 it had risen to 76 % . By 1973 soybeans were the United States ' `` number one cash crop , and leading export commodity , ahead of both wheat and corn '' . Significant areas of farmland were abandoned during the Great Depression and incorporated into nascent national forests . Later , `` Sodbuster '' and `` Swampbuster '' restrictions written into federal farm programs starting in the 1970s reversed a decades - long trend of habitat destruction that began in 1942 when farmers were encouraged to plant all possible land in support of the war effort .", "3": "In the United States , federal programs administered through local Soil and Water Conservation Districts provide technical assistance and partial funding to farmers who wish to implement management practices to conserve soil and limit erosion and floods . Major agricultural products ( edit ) Satellite image of circular crop fields characteristic of center pivot irrigation in Kansas ( June 2001 ) . Tonnes of United States agriculture production , as reported by the FAO in 2003 and 2013 ( ranked roughly in order of value ) : Millions of Tonnes in 2003 2013 Corn 256.0 354.0 Cattle meat 12.0 11.7 Cow 's milk , whole , fresh 77.0 91.0 Chicken meat 14.7 17.4 Soybeans 67.0 89.0 Pig meat 9.1 10.5 Wheat 64.0 58.0 Cotton lint 4.0 2.8 Hen eggs 5.2 5.6 Turkey meat 2.5 2.6 Tomatoes 11.4 12.6 Potatoes 20.8 19.8 Grapes 5.9 7.7 Oranges 10.4 7.6 Rice , paddy 9.1 8.6 Apples 3.9 4.1 Sorghum 10.4 9.9 Lettuce 4.7 3.6 Cottonseed 6.0 5.6 Sugar beets 30.7 29.8 The only other crops to ever appear in the top 20 in the last 40 years were , commonly : tobacco , barley , and oats , and , rarely : peanuts , almonds , and sunflower seeds . Alfalfa and hay would both be in the top ten in 2003 if they were tracked by FAO .", "4": "Crops ( edit ) Value of production ( edit ) Rice paddy , California Major Crops in the USA 1997 ( in US $ billions ) 2014 ( in US $ billions ) Corn $24.4 $52.4 Soybeans $17.7 $40.3 Wheat $8.6 $11.9 Alfalfa $8.3 $10.8 Cotton $6.1 $5.1 Hay , ( non-Alfalfa ) $5.1 $8.4 Tobacco $3.0 $1.8 Rice $1.7 $3.1 Sorghum $1.4 $1.7 Barley $. 9 $. 9 Source 1997 USDA - NASS reports , 2015 USDA - NASS reports , Note alfalfa and hay are not tracked by the FAO and the production of tobacco in the United States has fallen 60 % between 1997 and 2003 . Yield ( edit ) Heavily mechanized , U.S. agriculture has a high yield relative to other countries . As of 2004 : Corn for grain , average of 160.4 bushels harvested per acre ( 10.07 t / ha ) Soybean for beans , average of 42.5 bushels harvested per acre ( 2.86 t / ha ) Wheat , average of 43.2 bushels harvested per acre ( 2.91 t / ha , was 44.2 bu / ac or 2.97 t / ha in 2003 ) Livestock ( edit ) Density of cattle and calves by county in 2007 . The major livestock industries in the United States : Dairy cattle Beef cattle Pig Poultry Sheep U.S.", "5": "livestock and poultry inventory Type 1997 2002 2007 2012 Cattle and calves 99,907,017 95,497,994 96,347,858 89,994,614 Hogs and pigs 61,188,149 60,405,103 67,786,318 66,026,785 Sheep and lambs 8,083,457 6,341,799 5,819,162 5,364,844 Broilers & other meat chickens 1,214,446,356 1,389,279,047 1,602,574,592 1,506,276,846 Laying hens 314,144,304 334,435,155 349,772,558 350,715,978 Goats , horses , turkeys and bees are also raised , though in lesser quantities . Inventory data is not as readily available as for the major industries . For the three major goat - producing states -- Arizona , New Mexico , and Texas -- there were 1.2 million goats at the end of 2002 . There were 5.3 million horses in the United States at the end of 1998 . There were 2.5 million colonies of bees at the end of 2002 . Farm type or majority enterprise type ( edit ) Farm type is based on which commodities are the majority crops grown on a farm . Nine common types include : Cash grains includes corn , soybeans and other grains ( wheat , oats , barley , sorghum ) , dry edible beans , peas , and rice . Tobacco Cotton Other field crops includes peanuts , potatoes , sunflowers , sweet potatoes , sugarcane , broomcorn , popcorn , sugar beets , mint , hops , seed crops , hay , silage , forage , etc . Tobacco and cotton can be included here if not in their own separate category . High - value crops includes fruits , vegetables , melons , tree nuts , greenhouse , nursery crops , and horticultural specialties . Cattle Hogs Dairy Poultry and eggs Governance ( edit ) Agriculture subsidy , from a Congressional Budget Office report .", "6": "Note : chart does not show sugar subsidies . Main articles : Agricultural policy in the United States and Agricultural subsidy Agriculture in the United States is primarily governed by periodically renewed U.S. farm bills . Governance is both a federal and a local responsibility with the United States Department of Agriculture being the federal department responsible . Government aid includes research into crop types and regional suitability as well as many kinds of subsidies , some price supports and loan programs . U.S. farmers are not subject to production quotas and some laws are different for farms compared to other workplaces . Labor laws prohibiting children in other workplaces provide some exemptions for children working on farms with complete exemptions for children working on their family 's farm . Children can also gain permits from vocational training schools or the 4 - H club which allow them to do jobs they would otherwise not be permitted to do . A large part of the U.S. farm workforce is made up of migrant and seasonal workers , many of them recent immigrants from Latin America . Additional laws apply to these workers and their housing which is often provided by the farmer . Employment ( edit ) In 1870 , almost 50 percent of the US population was employed in agriculture . As of 2008 , less than 2 percent of the population is directly employed in agriculture . In 2012 , there were 3.2 million farmers , ranchers and other agricultural managers and an estimated 757,900 agricultural workers were legally employed in the US . Animal breeders accounted for 11,500 of those workers with the rest categorized as miscellaneous agricultural workers . According to a study the farm laborers declined by 20 % between 2002 and 2014 . The median pay was $9.12 per hour or $18,970 per year . In 2009 , about 519,000 people under age 20 worked on farms owned by their family . In addition to the youth who lived on family farms , an additional 230,000 youth were employed in agriculture . In 2004 , women made up approximately 24 % of farmers ; that year , there were 580,000 women employed in agriculture , forestry , and fishing . From 1999 - 2009 , roughly 50 % of hired crop farmworkers in the US were noncitizens working without legal authorization .", "7": "Occupational Safety and Health ( edit ) Main article : Agricultural safety and health Agriculture ranks among the most hazardous industries due to the use of chemicals and risk of injury . Farmers are at high risk for fatal and nonfatal injuries ( general traumatic injury and musculoskeletal injury ) , work - related lung diseases , noise - induced hearing loss , skin diseases , chemical - related illnesses , and certain cancers associated with chemical use and prolonged sun exposure . In an average year , 516 workers die doing farm work in the U.S. ( 1992 -- 2005 ) . Every day , about 243 agricultural workers suffer lost - work - time injuries , and about 5 % of these result in permanent impairment . Tractor overturns are the leading cause of agriculture - related fatal injuries , and account for over 90 deaths every year . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends the use of roll over protection structures on tractors to reduce the risk of overturn - related fatal injuries . Farming is one of the few industries in which families ( who often share the work and live on the premises ) are also at risk for injuries , illness , and death . Agriculture is the most dangerous industry for young workers , accounting for 42 % of all work - related fatalities of young workers in the U.S. between 1992 and 2000 . In 2011 , 108 youth , less than 20 years of age , died from farm - related injuries . Unlike other industries , half the young victims in agriculture were under age 15 . For young agricultural workers aged 15 -- 17 , the risk of fatal injury is four times the risk for young workers in other workplaces Agricultural work exposes young workers to safety hazards such as machinery , confined spaces , work at elevations , and work around livestock . The most common causes of fatal farm - related youth injuries involve machinery , motor vehicles , or drowning . Together these three causes comprise more than half of all fatal injuries to youth on U.S. farms . Women in agriculture ( including the related industries of forestry and fishing ) numbered 556,000 in 2011 . Agriculture in the US makes up approximately 75 % of the country 's pesticide use . Agricultural workers are at high risk for being exposed to dangerous levels of pesticides , whether or not they are directly working with the chemicals .", "8": "Research centers ( edit ) Some US research centers are focused on the topic of health and safety in agricultural practices . These centers not only conduct research on the subject of occupational disease and injury prevention , but also promote agricultural health and safety through educational outreach programs . Most of these groups are funded by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , the US Department of Agriculture , or other state agencies . Centers include : Central States Center for Agricultural Safety and Health , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE Great Plains Center for Agricultural Health , University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA High Plains Intermountain Center for Agricultural Health and Safety , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO National Children 's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety , Marshfield , WI Northeast Center for Agricultural and Occupational Health , New York Center for Agricultural Medicine and Health , Cooperstown , NY Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center , University of Washington , Seattle , WA Southeast Center for Agricultural Health and Injury Prevention , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY Southwest Center for Agricultural Health , Injury Prevention and Education , University of Texas , Tyler , TX Upper Midwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center , a collaboration between the University of Minnesota School of Public Health , Minneapolis , MN , University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine , St. Paul , MN , Minnesota Department of Health , St. Paul , MN and the National Farm Medicine Center , Marshfield , WI with Migrant Clinicians Network , Salisbury , MD Western Center for Agricultural Health and Safety , University of California , Davis , CA Women in agriculture ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Women In Agriculture - United States . ( Discuss ) ( November 2016 ) Women who work in agriculture face different occupational hazards than men . Women in agriculture are poisoned by pesticides at twice the rate of their male counterparts . Exposure to pesticides can also affect fertility ; women exposed to pesticides take longer to conceive ( men are unaffected ) . Women are also at risk for bronchitis from exposure to grain , pesticides , and dust . Pesticide exposure in relationship to female agricultural workers ( edit ) In many developing countries worldwide , women make up a significant proportion of agricultural workers , accounting for between 44 - 75 % of agricultural workers , depending on which country is being examined .", "9": "In developed countries , approximately 36 % of the entire agricultural workforce are women , with approximately one in five agricultural workers in the United States being women . Women agricultural workers in the United States are exposed to various categories of pesticides , which include insecticides , fungicides , disinfectants , herbicides , and fumigants . These pesticides are applied in order to protect a multitude of crops , including but not limited to , fruits , vegetables , grains , and fiber crops . The exposures can occur via application as well as residues left in the soil and on the crops after application has occurred ; pesticide may also be present in ambient air . Women may acquire acute pesticide poisoning , which has classified as being based on three criteria . These criteria include the strength of evidence that a pesticide exposure occurred , whether adverse health effects were observed by a healthcare professional , and if there is sufficient evidence that the known toxicology of the agent was consistent with the observed health effects . The WHO defines acute pesticide poisoning as any illness or health effect resulting from suspected or confirmed exposure to a pesticide within 48 hours . Female agricultural workers are less likely to wear Personal Protective Equipment , which is made of chemical resistance material that prevents chemicals from coming in contact with skin for a limited period of time , . Only 51 % of women pesticide handlers utilize PPE , while 26 % of women non-handlers use PPE ; this is significantly less than male workers in the agricultural field and is largely a result of ill - fitting equipment , including glasses , gloves , respirators , and protective outerwear , . Acute Pesticide Poisoning Case Definition Matrix Health effects ( edit ) Surveillance for occupational pesticide - related illnesses and injuries are tracked by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) and the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) through the SENSOR - Pesticides program . The EPA estimates between 10,000 - 20,000 physician related pesticide poisonings are reported among hired US agricultural workers each year . `` While poisonings comprise a relatively small portion of total agricultural worker occupational illness , this is likely underestimated due to inadequate state surveillance programs , lack of physician training to recognize poisonings , lack of health insurance among farm workers , worker reluctance to report poisonings , and the transient nature of agricultural workers '' . Female agricultural workers face the same potential acute exposure and chronic conditions as do their male counterparts .", "10": "Acute Exposure Conditions dizziness ; confusion ; abnormal skin sensations ; contact dermatitis ; eye irritation ; chest tightness ; gastrointestinal problems ; vomiting ; convulsions ; and even death in cases of acute exposure . Chronic Conditions dermatological sensitivity ; respiratory disease including lung fibrosis and chronic bronchitis ; asthma - like syndromes ; cancer ; and neurological symptoms . The issue of preconceptional prenatal exposure is another factor in the health of female agricultural workers . It has been documented in the literature that pesticide exposure before or during pregnancy has been associated with increased risk of infertility , perinatal death , spontaneous abortion / stillbirth , premature birth , and congenital malformations . These health ramifications not only impact the physical and mental health of women but also future generations . Epigenetic effects ( edit ) The female agricultural workers are not the only ones that suffer damage from pesticide exposure . Husbands of the agricultural worker as well as the children and grandchildren and great - grandchildren are also affected . This is due to exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides because they have been shown to cause damage to DNA in sperm cells . When DNA damage is done in gamete cells ( sperm and egg cells ) then the future generations will all be affected . The damage may not cause any noticeable abnormalities in the development of the child born to a father with sperm cell DNA damage . However , it could lead to such serious complications as Autism ( caused by chromosomal abnormalities ) or Leukemia . Female agricultural workers that are exposed to pesticides can expose their family members by bringing home some of the pesticides from work on their clothes , or skin . The husband 's DNA can be compromised through this exposure pathway , as well as any other children already born and living in the house . Scientific limitations ( edit ) The two most common limitations in studying the health effects of pesticide exposure in women are the small sample sizes and the lack of toxicological data , . Ensuring that the proper exposure is measured relies heavily on the study participants not moving residences throughout the study period . However , this is nearly impossible because migrant workers and seasonal employees do not typically live in the same place throughout the year . Scientific studies require consistency within the group of participants being studied so that confounders are adjusted for , and transient residents do not make for very consistent study participants .", "11": "Such living arrangements also make agricultural workers difficult to get in contact with . The most common methods for scientific researchers to find a person 's contact information are not available for these populations . Health insurance information is not available and contact information left with an employer may not be correct year - round . Additionally , there is a very limited amount of quantifiable data on the pesticides the study participants are exposed to . The specific names of the pesticides may not be available . The units of pesticide applied per field may not accurately represent the units that a worker is exposed to . The number of days or hours that an agricultural worker is exposed is rarely recorded . This is due to the inconsistencies in the end of an agricultural work day practices - such as removing work clothing before going home , showering before going home , etc . Additionally , the proximity of agricultural workers ' homes to the fields they harvest results in more exposure to the pesticides , and the amount of exposure at home is even more difficult to measure . Challenges and means of exposure ( edit ) Occupational Safety ( edit ) In addition to the scientific limitations regarding pesticide exposure data , a variety of challenges exist in the industry for female farmworkers . Occupational safety measures are not always well defined and rarely enforced . This means that not all laborers are subject to safety training through their provider . Furthermore , as many as 35 % of female farmworkers do not know of any health risks associated with pesticide spraying at all . When workers are unaware of best practices in pesticide application and the subsequent health risks , they are unable to protect themselves and their families appropriately from pesticide exposure . One of the first steps of protection against exposure is through personal protective equipment ( PPEs ) . However , PPEs are not regularly used and rarely includes all the recommended protective measures such as goggles and gloves . Some women also report not having the necessary equipment to mix the pesticides and ultimately resort to using household items like broomsticks or even their hands . Home Safety ( edit ) Home safety provides its own challenges for women . It is possible for non-laborers to be exposed to pesticides through clothing contamination . In order to maintain a safe home environment , clothing from spraying pesticides should be cleaned and stored separately from other clothing in the household . Exposure can also be limited by having workers shower within 15 minutes of returning home at the end of the work day .", "12": "The pesticides used in the agricultural industry in the United States often have a strong odor that helps to remind families of the presence of toxins which makes it more likely that they PPEs and equipment will be stored appropriately . Family members are also subject to contamination through food and water supplies . Many people reported reusing pesticide containers for laundry or to carry water . Social determinants of Health ( edit ) Finally , all of these factors are compounded by social determinants affecting agricultural workers . Studies have shown that as many as 97 % of female farm laborers take their children with them to work , thereby directly exposing them to pesticide contamination . Farm workers have literacy rates significantly lower than the rest of the population . This negatively impacts health outcomes because employees that have not received safety training are not able to read the warning labels and instructions on the pesticides . In one study , `` Only 85 ( 23.2 % ) of the women could read English and 69 ( 18.9 % ) reported ever reading the pesticide labels . '' . Housing is usually cramped without adequate laundry or bathroom facilities to wash and store equipment . Such dwellings are often occupied by multiple laborers thereby multiplying the overall contaminants . Lastly , women in the agricultural industry report accessing prenatal health care services at nearly half the rate of the national average , 42 % vs. 76 % , respectively . Socioeconomic challenges ( edit ) Female farm workers may often face social challenges and adverse mental health effects while working , with one of the biggest challenges being social inequality . The number of women working in agriculture has risen and the 2002 census of agriculture recorded a 40 % increase in the number of female farm workers . Inequality and respect are common issues for these workers , as many have reported that they are not being respected , listened to , or taken seriously due to traditional views of women as housewives and caretakers . Women may also face resistance when attempting to advance to higher positions . Other issues reported by female farm workers include receiving less pay than their male counterparts and a refusal or reluctance by their employers to offer their female workers the same additional benefits given to male workers such as housing . This inequality in pay can cause some women to seek off - farm jobs , which can be difficult if the women are older or have no education or related experience . The risk of injury for farm workers is high .", "13": "Studies have shown that safety recautions and regulations tend to focus on the male 's work because of the traditional idea that the male farm workers work is more dangerous and risky than the females , despite women also engaging in equally risky work such as caring for farm animals or using farming machinery . Women in the farming industry are more likely than men to experience depression and women who experience higher rates of depression are more likely to have been through traumatic events such as sexual abuse and stress due to gender inequality . They are also at a disadvantage when beginning farm work due to some female workers lacking knowledge about the chemical hazards on farms , which can pose issues for pregnant farm workers who are exposed to chemicals that can harm the pregnancy . Some farm workers may also be immigrants who may not be educated on the importance of prenatal care , especially when being exposed to harmful chemicals , which can cause them to experience complications during pregnancy and have children born with birth defects . Policy Implications ( edit ) Protection of women 's reproductive health is needed for female agricultural workers . Farm work is one of three most dangerous occupations in the United States . According to the National Agricultural Workers Survey ( 1994 - 1995 ) , the proportion of women in farming declined from 25 % in the 1980s to less than 20 % in the 1990s . As a result of `` a larger portion of the farm worker population being U.S. born ( 1994 - 1995 ) which means that every third U.S. born farm worker was a woman while only one in eight foreign - born farm workers was a woman . '' Due to their occupation , women and their families are at risk to higher exposure from pesticides than the general population from direct contact and pesticide drift as result of their housing proximity to agricultural lands . To ensure the safety and health of women , they need additional surveillance and monitoring for any toxic effects caused by working and living in close proximity to commercial spraying operations , . Moreover , this is important to women 's reproductive health , because the quality of healthcare they receive in the United States during their lifespan has a direct impact on their reproductive health and well - being and that of their US - born children , . Furthermore , `` U.S.", "14": "born workers , women tended to be older than their male counterparts ( 32 and 25 years old , respectively ) while among the foreign - born farm workers , there was no meaningful difference in age between men and women ( 29 and 30 years old , respectively ) . '' The key issues confronting women in agriculture 's healthcare are : access to health care ; lack of affordable health insurance ; and lack of a medical home due to the seasonality of the work which forces migrant workers to follow the crops . Increased enforcement and compliance of existing EPA 's Worker Protection Standards is needed to protect women workers from pesticide exposures as well as new policies that specifically address women 's reproductive health and to their families and unborn children . This is complicated due to the composition of the workforce which consists primarily of migrants with a mixed immigrant status and the United States government 's policies about not providing nonemergency health care to nonresidents . This includes prenatal care for undocumented workers whose child born in the United States is considered an American by the 14 Amendment of the US Constitution or the Citizenship Clause . Additional work on compliance onsite by OSHA . See also ( edit ) Agriculture and Agronomy portal 2010 United States tomato shortage Agribusiness Banana production in the United States Beekeeping in the United States Child nutrition programs Electrical energy efficiency on United States farms Fishing industry in the United States Genetic engineering in the United States History of agriculture in the United States Poultry farming in the United States Soil in the United States List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities List of turkey meat producing companies in the United States Additional reading ( edit ) Winterbottom , Jo ; Huffstutter , P.J. ( Feb. 2015 ) . Rent walkouts point to strains in U.S. farm economy , Reuters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Latest U.S. Agricultural Trade Data . '' USDA Economic Research Service . Ed . Stephen MacDonald . USDA , 4 Sept. 2013 . Web . 28 Sept. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US Census of Agriculture , 2007 '' . Agcensus.usda.gov. 2009 - 02 - 04 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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